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[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "were there any popular songs on those?", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\"," ]

[ "Iz*One was a twelve-member South Korean and Japanese girl group formed in 2018 through Produce 48, a music competition reality show. The group achieved significant commercial success with its debut extended play Color*Iz (2018), released under Off the Record Entertainment, and won several new artist awards, including Best New Artist at the 20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, Rookie of the Year at the 33rd Golden Disc Awards, and the New Artist Award at the 28th Seoul Music Awards. The group's second EP, Heart*Iz (2019), was released to greater commercial success than its predecessor, and received Disc Bonsang nominations at the 34th Golden Disc Awards and the 29th Seoul Music Awards respectively. The EP's lead single, \"Violeta\", received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 21st Mnet Asian Music Awards.\n\nThe group earned its first ever daesang award nominations for its first studio album Bloom*Iz, released in February 2020. The album was nominated for Album of the Year at both the 12th Melon Music Awards and the 10th Gaon Chart Music Awards, while its lead single \"Fiesta\" was also nominated at both ceremonies for Best Dance – Female and Song of the Year – February respectively. Iz*One did not win any of the nominations but the group received its second Artist of the Year bonsang at the Melon Music Awards. Bloom*Iz garnered an additional Bonsang Award nomination at the 30th Seoul Music Awards. The group's follow-up EP, Oneiric Diary, released in June 2020, was also nominated alongside its predecessor at the Gaon Awards, for Album of the Year – 3rd Quarter. The group won its third Artist of the Year bonsang at the 3rd Fact Music Awards in December 2020.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nIz*One\nAwards", "The 54th Academy of Country Music Awards was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 7, 2019. Nominations were announced on February 20, 2019 by Reba McEntire during CBS This Morning, with Chris Stapleton and Dan + Shay leading with six nominations each. McEntire returned to host the awards for the sixteenth time.\n\nJason Aldean was presented with the ACM's rare honor \"Artist of the Decade\" by previous holder George Strait.\n\nWinners and Nominees \nThe winners are shown in bold.\n\nPerformances\n\nPresenters\n\nReception \nIn its review of the event, Rolling Stone Country praised that the ACMs took the opportunity to bring seasoned musicians Amanda Shires and Charlie Worsham \"into the fold\" by having them appear alongside Luke Combs and Keith Urban respectively but criticised that the ACMs did not introduce either of them or even feature them on screen. Worsham, who the reviewer believed should have been nominated for his own awards, performed \"mostly in the shadows\" and Shires, who \"helped transform [Combs' performance] with her lyrical playing\" was barely seen. Rolling Stone also praised Reba McEntire's hosting and the performances by Dierks Bentley and Brandi Carlile, Little Big Town, Miranda Lambert and Ashley McBryde but stated that it was \"baffling\" that Kacey Musgraves, who had five nominations and won the CMA Award for Album of the Year and four Grammy Awards including Best Country Album and the all-genre Album of the Year for Golden Hour, did not perform. Musgraves' win made her only the third artist (after Taylor Swift and the artists that appeared on Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?) to win the ACM, CMA and Grammy Awards for Best Country Album as well as the all-genre Grammy for Album of the Year.\n\nSee also\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\n\nReferences\n\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards" ]

[ "Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, winning local contests by the age of 10 and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.", "She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989. Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.", "soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time.", "When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time. On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021. Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss. Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology.", "Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology. He later went into the business of real estate. Her mother, an American of German and Italian descent, is the daughter of artists, and works as an illustrator of magazines and textbooks. Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor. Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra.", "Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra. Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist. At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five.", "At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five. Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven. Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\". Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby.", "Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby. In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene. Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar.", "Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar. Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth. (This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.) Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version.", "Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version. In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang. In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument.", "In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument. At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\". She was also called \"virtuoso\" by Vanity Fair magazine. Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society. Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals.", "Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals. 1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss. From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn. Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail.", "Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail. Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band. Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways.", "Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways. The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\". Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990.", "Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990. It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart.", "It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart. The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video.", "The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video. 1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year. She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21. She was the youngest cast member at the time, and the first bluegrass artist to join the Opry in 29 years. She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow.", "She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow. Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994. Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.", "Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album. Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995. Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado.", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado. A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album.", "A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album. Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them. So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.", "So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\". Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999.", "Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999. Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\". The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart.", "The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart. In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 2000–present: Current career Adam Steffey left Union Station in 1998, and was replaced with renowned dobro player Jerry Douglas. Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry.", "Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry. Their next album, New Favorite, was released on August 14, 2001. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well. New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003.", "New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003. Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum. Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights. Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album.", "Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album. Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded. Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand.", "Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand. She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\". The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year.", "The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year. In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand.", "In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand. RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\"). Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008.", "Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008. Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004). Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines.", "Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines. Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts. In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three.", "In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three. Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017. Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance.", "Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance. In August 2021, Krauss announced she was releasing a sequel album to Raising Sand with Robert Plant called Raise the Roof. In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour. Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle.", "Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle. In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo. In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles. In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan.", "In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan. In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind. Krauss had her only number one hit in 2000, receiving vocal credit for \"Buy Me a Rose\". She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000).", "(2000). (2000). She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\". In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character. The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002.", "The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002. Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass. She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music. She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming.", "She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming. In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster. The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics.", "The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics. One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single. On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album. Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\".", "Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\". Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain. She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips.", "She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips. The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award. She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting.", "She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting. She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer. Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues. She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\".", "She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\". Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation. Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company.", "Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company. Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO. She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence.", "She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence. Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\".", "Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\". Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two.", "Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two. As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\". While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\".", "While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\". Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums.", "Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums. In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson.", "In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\". Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\".", "Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\". In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\". Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\".", "Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\". She has said her musical influences include J. D. Crowe, Ricky Skaggs, and Tony Rice. Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love. Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself.", "Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself. She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood.", "She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood. She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music. Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career.", "Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career. After recording her first she was convinced it was so bad that she would never do another. Nonetheless, she has continued to make further videos. Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists. Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos.", "Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos. She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video. The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed.", "The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed. The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music.", "The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music. While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern.", "While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern. In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her.", "In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her. Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances. Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert.", "Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert. She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station. The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack. Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss.", "Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss. She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore.", "She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore. She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances.", "She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances. She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill.", "She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill. She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\".", "She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\". She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris.", "She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris. Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer.", "Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards. She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night).", "She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award.", "She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.", "Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum.", "At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum. Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?'", "Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?' I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\" In addition to the fairy-tale-inspired shoes, Weitzman outfitted Krauss with a Palm Trēo 600 smartphone, bejeweled with 3,000 clear-and-topaz-colored Swarovski crystals. The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone. Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music.", "Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music. In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In March 2015, her hometown of Champaign, Illinois, designated the 400 block of West Hill Street as \"Honorary Alison Krauss Way\". Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001. Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999.", "Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999. Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a.", "Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a. Sources vary on birth place; see talk page discussion References External links Rounder Records site for Alison Krauss [ Alison Krauss] on Allmusic database 1971 births Living people Union Station (band) members American bluegrass fiddlers American women country singers Grammy Award winners Musicians from Champaign, Illinois American people of German descent American people of Italian descent Grand Ole Opry members American performers of Christian music American sopranos Rounder Records artists Musicians from Decatur, Illinois 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Country musicians from Illinois United States National Medal of Arts recipients" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "were there any popular songs on those?", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\",", "did the album win any awards", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "is she still making music today", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles", "Lorraine Crosby (born 27 November 1960) is an English singer and songwriter. She was the female vocalist on Meat Loaf's 1993 hit single \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\". Her debut album, Mrs Loud was released in 2008.\n\nEarly life\nCrosby was born in Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne. Her father died in a road accident when his car collided with a bus when she was two years old, leaving her mother to raise Lorraine, her two sisters, and one brother. She attended Walker Comprehensive school. She sang in school and church choirs and played the violin in the orchestra, but did not start singing professionally until she was 20.\n\nWork with Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman\nInspired by Tina Turner, Crosby searched the noticeboard for bands wanting singers at the guitar shop Rock City in Newcastle. After joining several bands she set up a five-piece cabaret band which toured extensively, playing to British and American servicemen throughout the early 1980s.\n\nBack in Newcastle, she met Stuart Emerson, who was looking for a singer for his band. They began writing together, and also became a couple. In the early 1990s, Crosby sent songwriter and producer Jim Steinman some demos of songs she had written with Emerson. Steinman asked to meet them so they decided to move to New York. They then followed Steinman after he moved to Los Angeles. Steinman became their manager and secured them a contract with Meat Loaf's recording label MCA. While visiting the label's recording studios on Sunset Boulevard, Crosby was asked to provide guide vocals for Meat Loaf, who was recording the song \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\". Cher, Melissa Etheridge and Bonnie Tyler were considered for the role. The song was a commercial success, becoming number one in 28 countries. However, as Crosby had recorded her part as guide vocals, she did not receive any payment for the recording but she receives royalties from PRS, and so the credit \"Mrs. Loud\" was used on the album. Also, Crosby did not appear in the Michael Bay-directed music video, where model Dana Patrick mimed her vocals. Meat Loaf promoted the single with American vocalist Patti Russo performing the live female vocals of this song at his promotional appearances and concerts. Crosby also sang additional and backing vocals on the songs \"Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back\", \"Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are\", and \"Everything Louder Than Everything Else\" from the album Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell. On these three selections, she was credited under her real name rather than the alias of Mrs. Loud.\n\nSolo work\nCrosby regularly performed at holiday camps and social clubs in England until April 2005 when she took a break from live work.\n\nIn 2005, she sang a duet with Bonnie Tyler for the track \"I'll Stand by You\" from the album Wings. The song was written and composed by Stuart Emerson about Crosby's and Tyler's relationship. Also in 2005, Crosby appeared as a contestant on ITV's The X Factor. She performed \"You've Got a Friend\" and progressed to the second round after impressing judges Louis Walsh and Sharon Osbourne but Simon Cowell expressed doubt saying she \"lacked star quality.\"\n\nCrosby returned to live performances in April 2007. In November 2007, she appeared on the BBC Three television show Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate to Love discussing the Meat Loaf track \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" which featured at No. 76.\n\nIn November 2008, Crosby appeared at Newcastle City Hall with special guest Bonnie Tyler to launch her self-produced album entitled Mrs Loud. The concert was later repeated in March 2011. In April 2009, she was also featured on The Justin Lee Collins Show and performed a duet with Justin, singing the Meat Loaf song \"Dead Ringer for Love\". She also performed \"I'd Do Anything for Love\" with Tim Healy for Sunday for Sammy in 2012.\n\nCrosby performs in cabaret shows with her band along with her partner Stuart Emerson.\n\nCrosby appeared in the first round of BBC's second series of The Voice on 6 April 2013. She failed to progress when she was rejected by all four coaches.\n\nOther work\nIn the mid-1990s, Crosby appeared as an extra in several television series episodes.\n\nIn 2019, she joined Steve Steinman Productions in the show Steve Steinman's Anything for Love which toured the UK during 2019 and 2020, performing hits such as \"Good Girls Go to Heaven\", \"Holding Out for a Hero\" and dueting with Steinman on \"What About Love\" and \"I'd Do Anything for Love\", amongst others.\n\nIn 2020, she released a duet with Bonnie Tyler, \"Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)\" as a charity single in aid of the charity Teenage Cancer Trust.\n\nDiscography\nCrosby has provided backing vocals on Bonnie Tyler's albums Free Spirit (1995) and Wings (2005).\n\nStudio albums\n Mrs Loud (2008)\n\nSingles\n \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" (with Meat Loaf) (1993)\n \"Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)\" (with Bonnie Tyler) (2020)\n\nOther recordings\n \"I'll Stand by You\" (with Bonnie Tyler) (2005)\n \"Double Take\" (with Frankie Miller) (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Newcastle upon Tyne (district)\nThe Voice UK contestants\n21st-century English women singers" ]

[ "Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, winning local contests by the age of 10 and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.", "She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989. Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.", "soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time.", "When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time. On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021. Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss. Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology.", "Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology. He later went into the business of real estate. Her mother, an American of German and Italian descent, is the daughter of artists, and works as an illustrator of magazines and textbooks. Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor. Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra.", "Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra. Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist. At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five.", "At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five. Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven. Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\". Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby.", "Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby. In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene. Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar.", "Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar. Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth. (This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.) Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version.", "Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version. In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang. In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument.", "In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument. At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\". She was also called \"virtuoso\" by Vanity Fair magazine. Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society. Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals.", "Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals. 1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss. From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn. Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail.", "Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail. Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band. Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways.", "Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways. The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\". Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990.", "Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990. It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart.", "It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart. The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video.", "The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video. 1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year. She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21. She was the youngest cast member at the time, and the first bluegrass artist to join the Opry in 29 years. She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow.", "She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow. Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994. Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.", "Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album. Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995. Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado.", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado. A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album.", "A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album. Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them. So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.", "So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\". Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999.", "Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999. Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\". The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart.", "The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart. In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 2000–present: Current career Adam Steffey left Union Station in 1998, and was replaced with renowned dobro player Jerry Douglas. Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry.", "Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry. Their next album, New Favorite, was released on August 14, 2001. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well. New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003.", "New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003. Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum. Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights. Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album.", "Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album. Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded. Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand.", "Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand. She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\". The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year.", "The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year. In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand.", "In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand. RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\"). Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008.", "Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008. Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004). Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines.", "Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines. Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts. In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three.", "In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three. Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017. Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance.", "Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance. In August 2021, Krauss announced she was releasing a sequel album to Raising Sand with Robert Plant called Raise the Roof. In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour. Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle.", "Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle. In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo. In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles. In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan.", "In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan. In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind. Krauss had her only number one hit in 2000, receiving vocal credit for \"Buy Me a Rose\". She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000).", "(2000). (2000). She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\". In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character. The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002.", "The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002. Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass. She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music. She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming.", "She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming. In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster. The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics.", "The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics. One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single. On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album. Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\".", "Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\". Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain. She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips.", "She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips. The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award. She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting.", "She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting. She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer. Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues. She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\".", "She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\". Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation. Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company.", "Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company. Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO. She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence.", "She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence. Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\".", "Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\". Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two.", "Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two. As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\". While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\".", "While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\". Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums.", "Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums. In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson.", "In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\". Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\".", "Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\". In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\". Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\".", "Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\". She has said her musical influences include J. D. Crowe, Ricky Skaggs, and Tony Rice. Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love. Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself.", "Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself. She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood.", "She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood. She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music. Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career.", "Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career. After recording her first she was convinced it was so bad that she would never do another. Nonetheless, she has continued to make further videos. Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists. Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos.", "Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos. She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video. The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed.", "The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed. The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music.", "The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music. While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern.", "While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern. In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her.", "In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her. Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances. Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert.", "Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert. She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station. The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack. Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss.", "Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss. She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore.", "She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore. She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances.", "She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances. She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill.", "She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill. She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\".", "She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\". She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris.", "She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris. Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer.", "Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards. She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night).", "She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award.", "She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.", "Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum.", "At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum. Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?'", "Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?' I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\" In addition to the fairy-tale-inspired shoes, Weitzman outfitted Krauss with a Palm Trēo 600 smartphone, bejeweled with 3,000 clear-and-topaz-colored Swarovski crystals. The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone. Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music.", "Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music. In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In March 2015, her hometown of Champaign, Illinois, designated the 400 block of West Hill Street as \"Honorary Alison Krauss Way\". Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001. Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999.", "Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999. Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a.", "Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a. Sources vary on birth place; see talk page discussion References External links Rounder Records site for Alison Krauss [ Alison Krauss] on Allmusic database 1971 births Living people Union Station (band) members American bluegrass fiddlers American women country singers Grammy Award winners Musicians from Champaign, Illinois American people of German descent American people of Italian descent Grand Ole Opry members American performers of Christian music American sopranos Rounder Records artists Musicians from Decatur, Illinois 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Country musicians from Illinois United States National Medal of Arts recipients" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production" ]

[ "Polish Film Chronicle () (1944–95) was a 10-minute-long newsreel shown in Polish cinemas prior to the main film. It continued the traditions of the pre-war Polish Telegraphic Agency, and in Communist Poland was often used as propaganda tool. The chronicle was for the first time presented in Polish cinemas on December 1, 1944. It was produced biweekly by Warsaw's Wytwornia Filmow Dokumentalnych i Fabularnych (Documentary and Feature Film Studio, WFDiF), with cooperation of Film Studio “Czolowka”.\n\nThe chronicle served as a propaganda tool of the government of the People's Republic of Poland. It presented current events, economy, sports and culture news, commentaries and opinion journalism, also entertainment, like private life of Irena Szewińska. Usually one newsreel consisted of five parts, each describing a different topic. In some cases, such as official holiday (e.g. International Workers' Day), whole newsreel was dedicated to the events of this holiday. Apart from cinemas, the chronicle was also presented in the 1960s by the Polish Television. In few selected cases the chronicle presented news from outside of Poland, but this was rare, as it concentrated on domestic issues. \n\nFirst editor-in-chief of the Polish Film Chronicle was Jerzy Bossak, and among its speakers were such renowned actors, as Władysław Hańcza and Andrzej Łapicki. Among other personalities who cooperated with the chronicle were Andrzej Munk and Władysław Szpilman. Almost all newsreels are black and white, although already in the 1950s, first colour productions were made, with the Sovcolor technology. Among colour newsreels are those which describe events of special importance, such as 1952 construction of the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, 1953 reconstruction of Warsaw Old Town, the 1000 years of Poland Parade (1966), or Mirosław Hermaszewski’s flight (1978). \n\nPolish Film Chronicle was cancelled at cinemas on January 1, 1995. Warsaw's Documentary and Feature Film Studio still exists, and continues to make newsreels.\n\nSources \n Historia o historii, czyli Polska Kronika Filmowa. Polish Radio article about the chronicle. 28.01.2013\n\nExternal links \n 1979 Polish Film Chronicle about winter of the century\n\nNewsreels\nBroadcasting in Poland\n1944 establishments in Poland\n1995 disestablishments in Europe\nShort film series", "No-Do is the colloquial name for Noticiario y Documentales, (\"News and Documentaries\"), a state-controlled series of cinema newsreels produced in Spain from 1943 to 1981 and closely associated with the 1939–1975 Francisco Franco's dictatorial regime.\n\nIn their heyday, the No-Do newsreels predictably contained a good deal of propaganda and effervescent reporting in favour of the Francoist State. They were a way in which Franco could have a monopoly over the news and supply public information, censorship and propaganda for the formation of public opinion favorable to the Spanish State. \n\nThe No-Do newsreels, tainted by their indelible association with the Francoist State, fell out of favour within a few years of Spain's transition to democratic government after Franco's death. The last No-Do was produced in 1981 prior to the operation's absorption into RTVE, Spain's state-controlled television and radio broadcaster.\nThe No-Do archive is an important asset of RTVE and is often mined for nostalgia programmes.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nRTVE\nFilm series introduced in 1943\n1981 disestablishments in Spain\nFilm organisations in Spain\nFrancoist Spain\nNewsreels\nPropaganda film units\nState-owned film companies\nSpanish films\n1943 establishments in Spain" ]

[ "Zelig is a 1983 American mockumentary film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Allen and Mia Farrow. Allen plays Leonard Zelig, a nondescript enigma, who, apparently out of his desire to fit in and be liked, unwittingly takes on the characteristics of strong personalities around him. The film, presented as a documentary, recounts his period of intense celebrity in the 1920s, including analyses by contemporary intellectuals. The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design.", "The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design. It was well received by critics, receiving a 100% rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Style Zelig was photographed and narrated in the style of 1920s black-and-white newsreels, which are interwoven with archival footage from the era and re-enactments of real historical events. Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag.", "Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag. Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him.", "Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him. He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat.", "He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat. He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\".", "He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\". Interviewed in one of the witness shots, Bruno Bettelheim makes the following comment: Dr. Eudora Fletcher (Mia Farrow) is a psychiatrist who wants to help Zelig with this strange disorder when he is admitted to her hospital. Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him.", "Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him. Dr. Fletcher eventually cures Zelig of his compulsion to assimilate, but goes too far in the other direction; for a brief period he is so intolerant of others' opinions that he gets into a brawl over whether or not it is a nice day. Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig.", "Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig. Because of the media coverage of the case, both patient and doctor become part of the popular culture of their time. However, fame is the main cause of their division. Numerous women claim that he married and impregnated them, causing a public scandal. The same society that made Zelig a hero destroys him. Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears.", "Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears. Dr. Fletcher finds him in Germany working with the Nazis before the outbreak of World War II. Together they escape, as Zelig uses his ability to imitate one more time, mimicking Fletcher's piloting skills and flying them back home across the Atlantic upside down. They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives.", "They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives. Cast With Susan Sontag, Irving Howe, Saul Bellow, Bricktop, Dr. Bruno Bettelheim, and Professor John Morton Blum as themselves. Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology.", "Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology. To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage. The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish.", "The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish. The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect. Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened.", "Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened. They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop.", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop. Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI.", "Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI. In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose.", "In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose. This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America.", "This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America. Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10.", "Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Wryly amusing, technically impressive, and ultimately thought-provoking, Zelig represents Woody Allen in complete command of his craft\". In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\".", "In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\". Time Out described it as \"a strong contender for Allen's most fascinating film\", while TV Guide said, \"Allen's ongoing struggles with psychoanalysis and his Jewish identity – stridently literal preoccupations in most of his work – are for once rendered allegorically. The result is deeply satisfying\".", "The result is deeply satisfying\". The result is deeply satisfying\". Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, calling it \"a beautifully made but slight fable.\" Pauline Kael wrote that when the film was over \"I felt good, but I was still a little hungry for a movie. There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\"", "There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\" Colin Greenland reviewed Zelig for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"Woody Allen's most irresistable film for quite a while. He has found a new way to make fun of his own neuroses without exposing us to the egoism which became so overbearing in Manhattan or Stardust Memories.\" It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.", "It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\"", "Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\" The Daily Telegraph film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey also named it as a career highlight and argued, \"The special effects, in which Allen is seamlessly inserted into vintage newsreels, are still astonishing, and draw out the aching tragicomedy of Zelig's plight. He's the original man who wasn't there.\"", "He's the original man who wasn't there.\" Calum Marsh of Slant magazine wrote, \"We are infinitely pliable. That's the thesis of Zelig, Allen's wisest film, which has much to say about the way a person can be bent and contorted in the name of acceptance. Its ostensibly wacky conceit ... is grounded in an emotional and psychological reality all too familiar to shrug off as farce. We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict.", "We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict. Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\"", "Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\" Awards and nominations 56th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design (Santo Loquasto, nominee) 37th British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Editing (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Makeup (nominee) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen (nominee) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) 41st Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy (nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen, nominee) Saturn Award for Best Direction (nominee) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography (winner) Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (Mia Farrow, winner; tied with Linda Hunt for The Year of Living Dangerously) Belgian Film Critics Association: Grand Prix (winner) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor (Allen, winner) Venice Film Festival Pasinetti Award for Best Film (winner) Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film (winner) Soundtrack Leonard the Lizard (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Doin' the Chameleon (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Chameleon Days (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Performed by Mae Questel You May Be Six People, But I Love You (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Reptile Eyes (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Rose Marie Jun The Changing Man Concerto (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling (1929) - Music by Fats Waller (as Thomas 'Fats' Waller) and Harry Link - Sung by Roz Harris I'm Sitting on Top of the World (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Sung by Norman Brooks Ain't We Got Fun (1921) - Music by Richard A. Whiting - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Sunny Side Up (1929) - Music and Lyrics by Ray Henderson, Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars I'll Get By (1928) - Music by Fred E. Ahlert - Performed by The Ben Bernie Orchestra I Love My Baby, My Baby Loves Me (1925) - Music by Harry Warren - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Runnin' Wild (1922) - Music by A.H. Gibbs - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars A Sailboat in the Moonlight (1937) - Written by Carmen Lombardo and John Jacob Loeb (as John Loeb) - Performed by The Guy Lombardo Orchestra Charleston (1923) - Music by James P. Johnson - Performed by Dick Hyman Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)(1922) - Written by Fred Fisher - Performed by Dick Hyman Five Feet Two, Eyes of Blue (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Performed by Dick Hyman Anchors Aweigh (1906) - Music by Charles A. Zimmerman - Modified by Domenico Savino (1950) - Performed by Dick Hyman Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1908) - Music by Albert von Tilzer The Internationale (1888) - Music by Pierre De Geyter See also Environmental dependency syndrome The Belonging Kind References Bibliography External links American films 1983 films American fantasy-comedy films American independent films American satirical films American black-and-white films 1980s fantasy-comedy films English-language films Films directed by Woody Allen Films set in the 1920s Films set in 1928 Films set in 1929 Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1930 Films set in 1931 Films set in 1932 Films set in New York City Films shot in New Jersey Great Depression films American mockumentary films Orion Pictures films Films with screenplays by Woody Allen Films produced by Robert Greenhut Cultural depictions of Charles Lindbergh Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin Cultural depictions of Al Capone Cultural depictions of William Randolph Hearst Cultural depictions of Josephine Baker Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring Cultural depictions of James Cagney Cultural depictions of Babe Ruth 1983 comedy films" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras" ]

[ "The shooting ratio or \"Bertolo code\" in filmmaking and television production is the ratio between the total duration of its footage created for possible use in a project and that which appears in its final cut.\n\nA film with a shooting ratio of 2:1 would have shot twice the amount of footage than was used in the film. In real terms this means that 120 minutes of footage would have been shot to produce a film of 60 minutes in length.\n\nWhile shooting ratios can vary greatly between productions, a typical shooting ratio for a production using film stock will be between 6:1 and 10:1, whereas a similar production using video is likely to be much higher. This is a direct result of the significant difference in price between video tape stock and film stock and the necessary processing. Although the decisions, styles and preferences of the filmmakers can affect the shooting ratio of a project greatly, the nature of the production (genre, form, single camera, multi-camera, etc.) greatly affects the typical range of the ratios seen – documentary films typically have the highest (often exceeding 100:1 following the rise of video and digital media) and animated films have the lowest (typically as close to 1:1 as possible, since the creation of footage frame by frame makes the time costs of animation extremely high compared to live action). Animated productions will often shoot acting reference (by animators of themselves and or others), location reference, and performance reference (taken of voice actors), but these pieces of reference footage are not regarded as counting towards the shooting ratio, as they were never intended to appear in the projects they were created for. Audition footage, screen tests, and location reference are similarly not counted towards a narrative film's shooting ratio, live action or animated, for the same reason. Since a documentary may potentially use any footage that is shot at any point for any reason, documentary productions do not have similar exceptions. Head slates, tail slates, and outtakes are counted live action shooting ratios because, although the footage is not intended for use in the final picture, it is contained on the same reels and masters as the footage that is intended for final picture. Animated and visual effects projects typically do not include slates as part of the shooting ratio, since they virtually are instantaneous and zero-cost to create in digital formats.\n\nIn modern productions, due to the rise of digital cinema, shooting ratios are less limited by price of stock and storage, since the vast majority of productions are now entirely or partially digital. Shooting ratios instead defined and limited by the expense (in time, labor, and money, and memory) of actually shooting and editing the film, rather than cost of raw media.\n\nReferences\n\nFilm and video terminology\nRatios\nTelevision terminology", "In the later years of The Three Stooges shorts, a tactic was used to cut costs by recycling footage from previous shorts. A typical example consists of using wrap-arounds: new footage is used for an opening, old footage is used for the middle, and new footage is used at the end to wrap things up.\n\nOne example involves the short Husbands Beware. Moe and Larry are shown enduring the agony of married life. As such, they feel that Shemp should be married too. They decide to trick him into getting married. Cut to footage from Brideless Groom where Moe falsely tells Shemp he will inherit $500,000 if he is married by the end of the day. Shemp is married, and the short then ends with new footage of Moe and Larry telling Shemp it was all a lie because he let Moe and Larry marry his two overweight sisters and got divorced.\n\nThis was mostly done with shorts featuring Shemp Howard as the previous third stooge Curly Howard was no longer involved in production. There are, however, exceptions, especially when Joe Besser came on board, and far-away shots of Curly could sort of pass for a shot of Joe. After Shemp's death in November 1955, four entries even went so far as to use recycled footage, and a double posing as Shemp (\"Fake Shemp\") in his place.\n\nThe following is a list of what shorts were recycled into new shorts, followed by a list of what new shorts used old footage.\n\nThree Stooges\n\nThree Stooges" ]

[ "Zelig is a 1983 American mockumentary film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Allen and Mia Farrow. Allen plays Leonard Zelig, a nondescript enigma, who, apparently out of his desire to fit in and be liked, unwittingly takes on the characteristics of strong personalities around him. The film, presented as a documentary, recounts his period of intense celebrity in the 1920s, including analyses by contemporary intellectuals. The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design.", "The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design. It was well received by critics, receiving a 100% rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Style Zelig was photographed and narrated in the style of 1920s black-and-white newsreels, which are interwoven with archival footage from the era and re-enactments of real historical events. Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag.", "Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag. Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him.", "Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him. He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat.", "He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat. He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\".", "He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\". Interviewed in one of the witness shots, Bruno Bettelheim makes the following comment: Dr. Eudora Fletcher (Mia Farrow) is a psychiatrist who wants to help Zelig with this strange disorder when he is admitted to her hospital. Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him.", "Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him. Dr. Fletcher eventually cures Zelig of his compulsion to assimilate, but goes too far in the other direction; for a brief period he is so intolerant of others' opinions that he gets into a brawl over whether or not it is a nice day. Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig.", "Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig. Because of the media coverage of the case, both patient and doctor become part of the popular culture of their time. However, fame is the main cause of their division. Numerous women claim that he married and impregnated them, causing a public scandal. The same society that made Zelig a hero destroys him. Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears.", "Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears. Dr. Fletcher finds him in Germany working with the Nazis before the outbreak of World War II. Together they escape, as Zelig uses his ability to imitate one more time, mimicking Fletcher's piloting skills and flying them back home across the Atlantic upside down. They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives.", "They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives. Cast With Susan Sontag, Irving Howe, Saul Bellow, Bricktop, Dr. Bruno Bettelheim, and Professor John Morton Blum as themselves. Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology.", "Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology. To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage. The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish.", "The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish. The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect. Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened.", "Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened. They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop.", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop. Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI.", "Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI. In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose.", "In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose. This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America.", "This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America. Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10.", "Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Wryly amusing, technically impressive, and ultimately thought-provoking, Zelig represents Woody Allen in complete command of his craft\". In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\".", "In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\". Time Out described it as \"a strong contender for Allen's most fascinating film\", while TV Guide said, \"Allen's ongoing struggles with psychoanalysis and his Jewish identity – stridently literal preoccupations in most of his work – are for once rendered allegorically. The result is deeply satisfying\".", "The result is deeply satisfying\". The result is deeply satisfying\". Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, calling it \"a beautifully made but slight fable.\" Pauline Kael wrote that when the film was over \"I felt good, but I was still a little hungry for a movie. There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\"", "There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\" Colin Greenland reviewed Zelig for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"Woody Allen's most irresistable film for quite a while. He has found a new way to make fun of his own neuroses without exposing us to the egoism which became so overbearing in Manhattan or Stardust Memories.\" It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.", "It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\"", "Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\" The Daily Telegraph film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey also named it as a career highlight and argued, \"The special effects, in which Allen is seamlessly inserted into vintage newsreels, are still astonishing, and draw out the aching tragicomedy of Zelig's plight. He's the original man who wasn't there.\"", "He's the original man who wasn't there.\" Calum Marsh of Slant magazine wrote, \"We are infinitely pliable. That's the thesis of Zelig, Allen's wisest film, which has much to say about the way a person can be bent and contorted in the name of acceptance. Its ostensibly wacky conceit ... is grounded in an emotional and psychological reality all too familiar to shrug off as farce. We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict.", "We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict. Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\"", "Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\" Awards and nominations 56th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design (Santo Loquasto, nominee) 37th British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Editing (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Makeup (nominee) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen (nominee) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) 41st Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy (nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen, nominee) Saturn Award for Best Direction (nominee) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography (winner) Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (Mia Farrow, winner; tied with Linda Hunt for The Year of Living Dangerously) Belgian Film Critics Association: Grand Prix (winner) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor (Allen, winner) Venice Film Festival Pasinetti Award for Best Film (winner) Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film (winner) Soundtrack Leonard the Lizard (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Doin' the Chameleon (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Chameleon Days (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Performed by Mae Questel You May Be Six People, But I Love You (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Reptile Eyes (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Rose Marie Jun The Changing Man Concerto (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling (1929) - Music by Fats Waller (as Thomas 'Fats' Waller) and Harry Link - Sung by Roz Harris I'm Sitting on Top of the World (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Sung by Norman Brooks Ain't We Got Fun (1921) - Music by Richard A. Whiting - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Sunny Side Up (1929) - Music and Lyrics by Ray Henderson, Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars I'll Get By (1928) - Music by Fred E. Ahlert - Performed by The Ben Bernie Orchestra I Love My Baby, My Baby Loves Me (1925) - Music by Harry Warren - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Runnin' Wild (1922) - Music by A.H. Gibbs - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars A Sailboat in the Moonlight (1937) - Written by Carmen Lombardo and John Jacob Loeb (as John Loeb) - Performed by The Guy Lombardo Orchestra Charleston (1923) - Music by James P. Johnson - Performed by Dick Hyman Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)(1922) - Written by Fred Fisher - Performed by Dick Hyman Five Feet Two, Eyes of Blue (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Performed by Dick Hyman Anchors Aweigh (1906) - Music by Charles A. Zimmerman - Modified by Domenico Savino (1950) - Performed by Dick Hyman Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1908) - Music by Albert von Tilzer The Internationale (1888) - Music by Pierre De Geyter See also Environmental dependency syndrome The Belonging Kind References Bibliography External links American films 1983 films American fantasy-comedy films American independent films American satirical films American black-and-white films 1980s fantasy-comedy films English-language films Films directed by Woody Allen Films set in the 1920s Films set in 1928 Films set in 1929 Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1930 Films set in 1931 Films set in 1932 Films set in New York City Films shot in New Jersey Great Depression films American mockumentary films Orion Pictures films Films with screenplays by Woody Allen Films produced by Robert Greenhut Cultural depictions of Charles Lindbergh Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin Cultural depictions of Al Capone Cultural depictions of William Randolph Hearst Cultural depictions of Josephine Baker Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring Cultural depictions of James Cagney Cultural depictions of Babe Ruth 1983 comedy films" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage." ]

[ "Saturation 70 is an incomplete film written by American writer-director Tony Foutz, and was to star then-five-year-old Julian Brian Jones, the son of Rolling Stone Brian Jones. The film also starred Michelle Phillips and Gram Parsons, as well as Stash Klossowski de Rola and Nudie Cohn. Douglas Trumbull was also attached to the project to provide special effects.\n\nThe plot of the story is an update of Alice in Wonderland. A Victorian-era child falls through a wormhole and ends up in a dystopian future Los Angeles where he meets a group of aliens, called the \"Kosmic Kiddies,\" who have come to Earth to save it from pollution.\n\nMuch of the principal photography for the film was already complete by the time the funding fell through in April 1970. Filmed scenes included: a shoot out in the Mayfair Market supermarket in Century City, a procession of Ford Edsels in a flying-V formation through the City of Industry, as well as scenes shot on Skid Row in Los Angeles and documentary footage of the 19th Annual Space Convention at Giant Rock, near Joshua Tree, organized by George Van Tassel. All of the scenes were shot guerrilla-style without permits.\n\nLegacy\nGram Parsons convinced the members of his band, The Flying Burrito Brothers, to pose wearing costumes for the film, and the picture appears on the cover of their album Burrito Deluxe. All that exists of the footage from the film is five minutes of footage of the original sixty set to The Flying Burrito Brothers' cover of the Rolling Stones song \"Wild Horses\" which also appears on Burrito Deluxe.\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n\n1960s lost films\n1960s unfinished films\nAmerican films\nLost American films\n1960s science fiction films", "Ten Years in Manitoba is a Canadian documentary film, directed by James Freer and released in 1898. Although now lost, it is generally credited as the first known film by a Canadian filmmaker. Consisting of footage of various scenes from the province of Manitoba, the film was exhibited in the United Kingdom in April 1898 as part of a promotional campaign, sponsored by the Canadian Pacific Railway, to encourage immigration to the province.\n\nThe film was a compilation of short scenes, with titles including \"Six Binders at Work in Hundred Acre Wheatfield\", \"Harvesting Scene, with Trains Passing By\", \"Pacific and Atlantic Mail Trains\" and \"Arrival of CPR Express at Winnipeg\". Other scenes whose titles are not confirmed reportedly depicted Freer's own home and family, as well as footage of Thomas Greenway, the Premier of Manitoba, stooking grain on his own farm.\n\nThe Manitoba Historical Society has, however, confirmed that at least part of Freer's film appears to have consisted of footage filmed by other people; several months earlier, a Winnipeg bartender named Richard Hardie, an American filmmaker named E. H. Amet and an entertainment producer named Cosgrove were known to have been exhibiting kinetographs in various Manitoba communities that included farm harvesting footage, including Greenway stooking grain, although they engaged in a dispute through letters to the Winnipeg Free Press as to who had been the creator of the films. Freer appears to have acquired their films, and included them in Ten Years in Manitoba along with some of his own original footage.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1898 films\nCanadian films\nCanadian documentary films\nFilms shot in Manitoba\nLost Canadian films\nCompilation films\nFilms set in Manitoba\n1890s documentary films\nCanadian anthology films\n1890s lost films" ]

[ "Zelig is a 1983 American mockumentary film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Allen and Mia Farrow. Allen plays Leonard Zelig, a nondescript enigma, who, apparently out of his desire to fit in and be liked, unwittingly takes on the characteristics of strong personalities around him. The film, presented as a documentary, recounts his period of intense celebrity in the 1920s, including analyses by contemporary intellectuals. The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design.", "The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design. It was well received by critics, receiving a 100% rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Style Zelig was photographed and narrated in the style of 1920s black-and-white newsreels, which are interwoven with archival footage from the era and re-enactments of real historical events. Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag.", "Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag. Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him.", "Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him. He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat.", "He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat. He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\".", "He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\". Interviewed in one of the witness shots, Bruno Bettelheim makes the following comment: Dr. Eudora Fletcher (Mia Farrow) is a psychiatrist who wants to help Zelig with this strange disorder when he is admitted to her hospital. Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him.", "Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him. Dr. Fletcher eventually cures Zelig of his compulsion to assimilate, but goes too far in the other direction; for a brief period he is so intolerant of others' opinions that he gets into a brawl over whether or not it is a nice day. Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig.", "Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig. Because of the media coverage of the case, both patient and doctor become part of the popular culture of their time. However, fame is the main cause of their division. Numerous women claim that he married and impregnated them, causing a public scandal. The same society that made Zelig a hero destroys him. Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears.", "Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears. Dr. Fletcher finds him in Germany working with the Nazis before the outbreak of World War II. Together they escape, as Zelig uses his ability to imitate one more time, mimicking Fletcher's piloting skills and flying them back home across the Atlantic upside down. They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives.", "They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives. Cast With Susan Sontag, Irving Howe, Saul Bellow, Bricktop, Dr. Bruno Bettelheim, and Professor John Morton Blum as themselves. Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology.", "Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology. To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage. The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish.", "The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish. The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect. Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened.", "Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened. They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop.", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop. Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI.", "Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI. In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose.", "In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose. This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America.", "This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America. Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10.", "Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Wryly amusing, technically impressive, and ultimately thought-provoking, Zelig represents Woody Allen in complete command of his craft\". In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\".", "In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\". Time Out described it as \"a strong contender for Allen's most fascinating film\", while TV Guide said, \"Allen's ongoing struggles with psychoanalysis and his Jewish identity – stridently literal preoccupations in most of his work – are for once rendered allegorically. The result is deeply satisfying\".", "The result is deeply satisfying\". The result is deeply satisfying\". Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, calling it \"a beautifully made but slight fable.\" Pauline Kael wrote that when the film was over \"I felt good, but I was still a little hungry for a movie. There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\"", "There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\" Colin Greenland reviewed Zelig for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"Woody Allen's most irresistable film for quite a while. He has found a new way to make fun of his own neuroses without exposing us to the egoism which became so overbearing in Manhattan or Stardust Memories.\" It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.", "It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\"", "Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\" The Daily Telegraph film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey also named it as a career highlight and argued, \"The special effects, in which Allen is seamlessly inserted into vintage newsreels, are still astonishing, and draw out the aching tragicomedy of Zelig's plight. He's the original man who wasn't there.\"", "He's the original man who wasn't there.\" Calum Marsh of Slant magazine wrote, \"We are infinitely pliable. That's the thesis of Zelig, Allen's wisest film, which has much to say about the way a person can be bent and contorted in the name of acceptance. Its ostensibly wacky conceit ... is grounded in an emotional and psychological reality all too familiar to shrug off as farce. We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict.", "We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict. Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\"", "Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\" Awards and nominations 56th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design (Santo Loquasto, nominee) 37th British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Editing (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Makeup (nominee) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen (nominee) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) 41st Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy (nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen, nominee) Saturn Award for Best Direction (nominee) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography (winner) Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (Mia Farrow, winner; tied with Linda Hunt for The Year of Living Dangerously) Belgian Film Critics Association: Grand Prix (winner) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor (Allen, winner) Venice Film Festival Pasinetti Award for Best Film (winner) Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film (winner) Soundtrack Leonard the Lizard (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Doin' the Chameleon (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Chameleon Days (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Performed by Mae Questel You May Be Six People, But I Love You (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Reptile Eyes (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Rose Marie Jun The Changing Man Concerto (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling (1929) - Music by Fats Waller (as Thomas 'Fats' Waller) and Harry Link - Sung by Roz Harris I'm Sitting on Top of the World (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Sung by Norman Brooks Ain't We Got Fun (1921) - Music by Richard A. Whiting - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Sunny Side Up (1929) - Music and Lyrics by Ray Henderson, Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars I'll Get By (1928) - Music by Fred E. Ahlert - Performed by The Ben Bernie Orchestra I Love My Baby, My Baby Loves Me (1925) - Music by Harry Warren - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Runnin' Wild (1922) - Music by A.H. Gibbs - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars A Sailboat in the Moonlight (1937) - Written by Carmen Lombardo and John Jacob Loeb (as John Loeb) - Performed by The Guy Lombardo Orchestra Charleston (1923) - Music by James P. Johnson - Performed by Dick Hyman Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)(1922) - Written by Fred Fisher - Performed by Dick Hyman Five Feet Two, Eyes of Blue (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Performed by Dick Hyman Anchors Aweigh (1906) - Music by Charles A. Zimmerman - Modified by Domenico Savino (1950) - Performed by Dick Hyman Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1908) - Music by Albert von Tilzer The Internationale (1888) - Music by Pierre De Geyter See also Environmental dependency syndrome The Belonging Kind References Bibliography External links American films 1983 films American fantasy-comedy films American independent films American satirical films American black-and-white films 1980s fantasy-comedy films English-language films Films directed by Woody Allen Films set in the 1920s Films set in 1928 Films set in 1929 Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1930 Films set in 1931 Films set in 1932 Films set in New York City Films shot in New Jersey Great Depression films American mockumentary films Orion Pictures films Films with screenplays by Woody Allen Films produced by Robert Greenhut Cultural depictions of Charles Lindbergh Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin Cultural depictions of Al Capone Cultural depictions of William Randolph Hearst Cultural depictions of Josephine Baker Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring Cultural depictions of James Cagney Cultural depictions of Babe Ruth 1983 comedy films" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "Who appears in the old footage?", "The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect." ]

[ "Crimson Dragon Miniatures is a generic line of miniatures published by TAG Industries of Castalia, Ohio.\n\nContents\nCrimson Dragon Miniatures included 25mm scale figures that can be used in fantasy role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons or RuneQuest.\n\nTAG Industries went out of business in the 1980s, and its assets, including the Crimson Dragon Miniatures line, were purchased by Ravens Forge Miniatures in 1996.\n\nReception\nIn the January 1984 edition of Dragon (Issue 81), Kim Eastland reviewed the first offerings in the Crimson Dragon Miniatures line, and commented, \"this initial line is... impressive.\" He liked the sculpts, noting the \"good detail and some nice touches (like the fighter mage's armor and magical sword.).\" Eastman was also impressed by size of some of the figurines, saying, \"What is most noticeable about the line is the company's fearlessness in casting big figures. The Messenger of the Gods is nearly 40 mm tall, and looks like he could be from some fantasy pantheon as he towers over most other figures.\" \n\nIn the May 1984 edition of Dragon (Issue 85), Eastland reviewed two of the company's fantasy dinosaur miniatures and commented, \"For those miniaturists who love the unusual, TAG has created some fascinating creatures... A particularly nice touch is the crawling, lizardlike appearance of the Dragon, reminiscent of the old Lost World-type movies.\" \n\nIn the March-April 1985 edition of Space Gamer (No. 73), Edwin J. Rotondaro commented that \"CDM's strength lies in the unusual figures they produce. [...] If you are looking for something different in 25mm miniatures, check out their line. They may have just what you are looking for.\"\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nList of lines of miniatures\n\nMiniature figures", "The Outcasts is a set of miniatures published by RAFM Company.\n\nContents\nThe Outcasts was a line of 25mm figures consisting of nine individual figures, and two multi-figure sets.\n\nReception\nEdwin J. Rotondaro reviewed The Outcasts in Space Gamer No. 73. Rotondaro commented that \"If you play Aftermath or The Morrow Project, if you need some strange aliens for Traveller, or if you just want some extraordinary figures for whatever system you use, check these miniatures out.\"\n\nBob Kindel reviewed The Outcasts in Space Gamer No. 76. Kindel commented that \"The Outcasts, offered by Rafm, have a Road Warrior feel. Odd hairdos, primitive weapons, and little technological detail make them usable as reverted tribes/gangs.\"\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nList of lines of miniatures\n\nMiniature figures" ]

[ "Zelig is a 1983 American mockumentary film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Allen and Mia Farrow. Allen plays Leonard Zelig, a nondescript enigma, who, apparently out of his desire to fit in and be liked, unwittingly takes on the characteristics of strong personalities around him. The film, presented as a documentary, recounts his period of intense celebrity in the 1920s, including analyses by contemporary intellectuals. The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design.", "The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design. It was well received by critics, receiving a 100% rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Style Zelig was photographed and narrated in the style of 1920s black-and-white newsreels, which are interwoven with archival footage from the era and re-enactments of real historical events. Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag.", "Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag. Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him.", "Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him. He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat.", "He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat. He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\".", "He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\". Interviewed in one of the witness shots, Bruno Bettelheim makes the following comment: Dr. Eudora Fletcher (Mia Farrow) is a psychiatrist who wants to help Zelig with this strange disorder when he is admitted to her hospital. Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him.", "Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him. Dr. Fletcher eventually cures Zelig of his compulsion to assimilate, but goes too far in the other direction; for a brief period he is so intolerant of others' opinions that he gets into a brawl over whether or not it is a nice day. Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig.", "Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig. Because of the media coverage of the case, both patient and doctor become part of the popular culture of their time. However, fame is the main cause of their division. Numerous women claim that he married and impregnated them, causing a public scandal. The same society that made Zelig a hero destroys him. Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears.", "Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears. Dr. Fletcher finds him in Germany working with the Nazis before the outbreak of World War II. Together they escape, as Zelig uses his ability to imitate one more time, mimicking Fletcher's piloting skills and flying them back home across the Atlantic upside down. They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives.", "They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives. Cast With Susan Sontag, Irving Howe, Saul Bellow, Bricktop, Dr. Bruno Bettelheim, and Professor John Morton Blum as themselves. Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology.", "Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology. To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage. The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish.", "The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish. The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect. Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened.", "Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened. They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop.", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop. Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI.", "Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI. In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose.", "In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose. This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America.", "This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America. Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10.", "Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Wryly amusing, technically impressive, and ultimately thought-provoking, Zelig represents Woody Allen in complete command of his craft\". In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\".", "In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\". Time Out described it as \"a strong contender for Allen's most fascinating film\", while TV Guide said, \"Allen's ongoing struggles with psychoanalysis and his Jewish identity – stridently literal preoccupations in most of his work – are for once rendered allegorically. The result is deeply satisfying\".", "The result is deeply satisfying\". The result is deeply satisfying\". Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, calling it \"a beautifully made but slight fable.\" Pauline Kael wrote that when the film was over \"I felt good, but I was still a little hungry for a movie. There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\"", "There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\" Colin Greenland reviewed Zelig for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"Woody Allen's most irresistable film for quite a while. He has found a new way to make fun of his own neuroses without exposing us to the egoism which became so overbearing in Manhattan or Stardust Memories.\" It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.", "It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\"", "Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\" The Daily Telegraph film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey also named it as a career highlight and argued, \"The special effects, in which Allen is seamlessly inserted into vintage newsreels, are still astonishing, and draw out the aching tragicomedy of Zelig's plight. He's the original man who wasn't there.\"", "He's the original man who wasn't there.\" Calum Marsh of Slant magazine wrote, \"We are infinitely pliable. That's the thesis of Zelig, Allen's wisest film, which has much to say about the way a person can be bent and contorted in the name of acceptance. Its ostensibly wacky conceit ... is grounded in an emotional and psychological reality all too familiar to shrug off as farce. We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict.", "We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict. Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\"", "Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\" Awards and nominations 56th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design (Santo Loquasto, nominee) 37th British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Editing (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Makeup (nominee) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen (nominee) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) 41st Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy (nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen, nominee) Saturn Award for Best Direction (nominee) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography (winner) Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (Mia Farrow, winner; tied with Linda Hunt for The Year of Living Dangerously) Belgian Film Critics Association: Grand Prix (winner) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor (Allen, winner) Venice Film Festival Pasinetti Award for Best Film (winner) Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film (winner) Soundtrack Leonard the Lizard (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Doin' the Chameleon (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Chameleon Days (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Performed by Mae Questel You May Be Six People, But I Love You (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Reptile Eyes (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Rose Marie Jun The Changing Man Concerto (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling (1929) - Music by Fats Waller (as Thomas 'Fats' Waller) and Harry Link - Sung by Roz Harris I'm Sitting on Top of the World (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Sung by Norman Brooks Ain't We Got Fun (1921) - Music by Richard A. Whiting - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Sunny Side Up (1929) - Music and Lyrics by Ray Henderson, Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars I'll Get By (1928) - Music by Fred E. Ahlert - Performed by The Ben Bernie Orchestra I Love My Baby, My Baby Loves Me (1925) - Music by Harry Warren - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Runnin' Wild (1922) - Music by A.H. Gibbs - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars A Sailboat in the Moonlight (1937) - Written by Carmen Lombardo and John Jacob Loeb (as John Loeb) - Performed by The Guy Lombardo Orchestra Charleston (1923) - Music by James P. Johnson - Performed by Dick Hyman Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)(1922) - Written by Fred Fisher - Performed by Dick Hyman Five Feet Two, Eyes of Blue (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Performed by Dick Hyman Anchors Aweigh (1906) - Music by Charles A. Zimmerman - Modified by Domenico Savino (1950) - Performed by Dick Hyman Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1908) - Music by Albert von Tilzer The Internationale (1888) - Music by Pierre De Geyter See also Environmental dependency syndrome The Belonging Kind References Bibliography External links American films 1983 films American fantasy-comedy films American independent films American satirical films American black-and-white films 1980s fantasy-comedy films English-language films Films directed by Woody Allen Films set in the 1920s Films set in 1928 Films set in 1929 Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1930 Films set in 1931 Films set in 1932 Films set in New York City Films shot in New Jersey Great Depression films American mockumentary films Orion Pictures films Films with screenplays by Woody Allen Films produced by Robert Greenhut Cultural depictions of Charles Lindbergh Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin Cultural depictions of Al Capone Cultural depictions of William Randolph Hearst Cultural depictions of Josephine Baker Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring Cultural depictions of James Cagney Cultural depictions of Babe Ruth 1983 comedy films" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "Who appears in the old footage?", "The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect.", "Can you name some of the academic figures?", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow,", "Are there any famous people of the era that appear in the movie?", "Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Rio," ]

[ "The pull-off bottle cap (also known as RingCrown, RipCap or Ring-pull closure or pull off caps) is a bottle closure that can be opened without any tools. It has a ring that can be pulled in order to detach the cap from the bottle. The cap splits along scores in the cap, therefore loosens and can be removed from the bottle. Drink companies use ring pull caps to differentiate themselves from competitors.\n\nHistory\nALKA, the predecessor of the modern ring-pull caps, was introduced during the 1930s. ALKA had a seal made of natural cork. It became popular in Nordic countries and Mediterranean countries as an easy-to-open cap. ALKA was made of aluminium and had a tab or twin tabs that were pulled to remove the cap. There was no scoring on an ALKA cap. Production of the ALKA cap took place on the bottling line.\n\nIn 1974 AB Wicanders Korkfabriker of Sweden patented the MaxiCap. The MaxiCap was produced from 1979 at Wicanders’ factory in Hämeenlinna Finland, now known has Finn-Korkki Oy. A MaxiCap is an aluminium closure with scoring and a tab to pull. They were easier to use than the ALKA and pre-manufactured outside of the bottling plant. This allowed for increased production speeds on the bottling line.\nSoon after the MaxiCap came the RingCrown closure. Invented in the early 1980s it was originally called MaxiCrown and later became known as RingCrown. The RingCrown is easier to use than its predecessors because it has an attached ring rather than a static pull off tab.\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nStainless Steel Water Bottle\n\nBottles\nSeals (mechanical)", "The pull-off test, also called stud pull test in which an adhesive connection is made between a stud and the carrier (or object to be tested) by using a glue, possibly an epoxy or polyester resin, that is stronger than the bond that needs to be tested. The force required to pull the stud from the surface, together with the carrier, is measured. Simple mechanical hand-operated loading equipment has been developed for this purpose. When higher accuracy is required, tests can be performed with more advanced equipment called a bond tester. A bond tester provides more control and possibly automation. Applying the glue automatically and curing with UV light is the next step in automation. This methodology can also be used to measure direct tensile strength or/and the bond strength between two different layers.\n\nMIL-STD-883 methods 2011.9 destructive bond pull test and 2031.1 flip chip pull off test apply, as well as JEDEC JESD22-B109.\n\nPartial coring may be used, if necessary, to eliminate surface skin effects.\n\nReferences\n\nConcrete\nTests" ]

[ "Zelig is a 1983 American mockumentary film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Allen and Mia Farrow. Allen plays Leonard Zelig, a nondescript enigma, who, apparently out of his desire to fit in and be liked, unwittingly takes on the characteristics of strong personalities around him. The film, presented as a documentary, recounts his period of intense celebrity in the 1920s, including analyses by contemporary intellectuals. The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design.", "The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design. It was well received by critics, receiving a 100% rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Style Zelig was photographed and narrated in the style of 1920s black-and-white newsreels, which are interwoven with archival footage from the era and re-enactments of real historical events. Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag.", "Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag. Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him.", "Plot Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him. He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat.", "He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat. He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\".", "He soon gains international fame as a \"human chameleon\". Interviewed in one of the witness shots, Bruno Bettelheim makes the following comment: Dr. Eudora Fletcher (Mia Farrow) is a psychiatrist who wants to help Zelig with this strange disorder when he is admitted to her hospital. Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him.", "Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him. Dr. Fletcher eventually cures Zelig of his compulsion to assimilate, but goes too far in the other direction; for a brief period he is so intolerant of others' opinions that he gets into a brawl over whether or not it is a nice day. Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig.", "Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig. Because of the media coverage of the case, both patient and doctor become part of the popular culture of their time. However, fame is the main cause of their division. Numerous women claim that he married and impregnated them, causing a public scandal. The same society that made Zelig a hero destroys him. Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears.", "Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears. Dr. Fletcher finds him in Germany working with the Nazis before the outbreak of World War II. Together they escape, as Zelig uses his ability to imitate one more time, mimicking Fletcher's piloting skills and flying them back home across the Atlantic upside down. They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives.", "They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives. Cast With Susan Sontag, Irving Howe, Saul Bellow, Bricktop, Dr. Bruno Bettelheim, and Professor John Morton Blum as themselves. Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology.", "Production Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology. To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage. The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish.", "The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish. The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect. Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened.", "Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened. They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop.", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop. Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI.", "Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI. In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose.", "In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose. This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America.", "This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros. Release Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America. Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10.", "Critical reaction Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Wryly amusing, technically impressive, and ultimately thought-provoking, Zelig represents Woody Allen in complete command of his craft\". In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\".", "In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed: Variety said the film was \"consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier\", and the Christian Science Monitor called it \"amazingly funny and poignant\". Time Out described it as \"a strong contender for Allen's most fascinating film\", while TV Guide said, \"Allen's ongoing struggles with psychoanalysis and his Jewish identity – stridently literal preoccupations in most of his work – are for once rendered allegorically. The result is deeply satisfying\".", "The result is deeply satisfying\". The result is deeply satisfying\". Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, calling it \"a beautifully made but slight fable.\" Pauline Kael wrote that when the film was over \"I felt good, but I was still a little hungry for a movie. There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\"", "There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig.\" Colin Greenland reviewed Zelig for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"Woody Allen's most irresistable film for quite a while. He has found a new way to make fun of his own neuroses without exposing us to the egoism which became so overbearing in Manhattan or Stardust Memories.\" It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.", "It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\"", "Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as \"a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique.\" The Daily Telegraph film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey also named it as a career highlight and argued, \"The special effects, in which Allen is seamlessly inserted into vintage newsreels, are still astonishing, and draw out the aching tragicomedy of Zelig's plight. He's the original man who wasn't there.\"", "He's the original man who wasn't there.\" Calum Marsh of Slant magazine wrote, \"We are infinitely pliable. That's the thesis of Zelig, Allen's wisest film, which has much to say about the way a person can be bent and contorted in the name of acceptance. Its ostensibly wacky conceit ... is grounded in an emotional and psychological reality all too familiar to shrug off as farce. We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict.", "We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict. Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\"", "Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it.\" Awards and nominations 56th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design (Santo Loquasto, nominee) 37th British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Editing (nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Makeup (nominee) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen (nominee) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee) 41st Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy (nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen, nominee) Saturn Award for Best Direction (nominee) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography (winner) Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (Mia Farrow, winner; tied with Linda Hunt for The Year of Living Dangerously) Belgian Film Critics Association: Grand Prix (winner) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor (Allen, winner) Venice Film Festival Pasinetti Award for Best Film (winner) Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film (winner) Soundtrack Leonard the Lizard (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Doin' the Chameleon (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Chameleon Days (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Performed by Mae Questel You May Be Six People, But I Love You (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells Reptile Eyes (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Rose Marie Jun The Changing Man Concerto (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling (1929) - Music by Fats Waller (as Thomas 'Fats' Waller) and Harry Link - Sung by Roz Harris I'm Sitting on Top of the World (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Sung by Norman Brooks Ain't We Got Fun (1921) - Music by Richard A. Whiting - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Sunny Side Up (1929) - Music and Lyrics by Ray Henderson, Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars I'll Get By (1928) - Music by Fred E. Ahlert - Performed by The Ben Bernie Orchestra I Love My Baby, My Baby Loves Me (1925) - Music by Harry Warren - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars Runnin' Wild (1922) - Music by A.H. Gibbs - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars A Sailboat in the Moonlight (1937) - Written by Carmen Lombardo and John Jacob Loeb (as John Loeb) - Performed by The Guy Lombardo Orchestra Charleston (1923) - Music by James P. Johnson - Performed by Dick Hyman Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)(1922) - Written by Fred Fisher - Performed by Dick Hyman Five Feet Two, Eyes of Blue (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Performed by Dick Hyman Anchors Aweigh (1906) - Music by Charles A. Zimmerman - Modified by Domenico Savino (1950) - Performed by Dick Hyman Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1908) - Music by Albert von Tilzer The Internationale (1888) - Music by Pierre De Geyter See also Environmental dependency syndrome The Belonging Kind References Bibliography External links American films 1983 films American fantasy-comedy films American independent films American satirical films American black-and-white films 1980s fantasy-comedy films English-language films Films directed by Woody Allen Films set in the 1920s Films set in 1928 Films set in 1929 Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1930 Films set in 1931 Films set in 1932 Films set in New York City Films shot in New Jersey Great Depression films American mockumentary films Orion Pictures films Films with screenplays by Woody Allen Films produced by Robert Greenhut Cultural depictions of Charles Lindbergh Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin Cultural depictions of Al Capone Cultural depictions of William Randolph Hearst Cultural depictions of Josephine Baker Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring Cultural depictions of James Cagney Cultural depictions of Babe Ruth 1983 comedy films" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry" ]

[ "Casuistry ( ) is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (as in sophistry). It is the \"[s]tudy of cases of conscience and a method of solving conflicts of obligations by applying general principles of ethics, religion, and moral theology to particular and concrete cases of human conduct. This frequently demands an extensive knowledge of natural law and equity, civil law, ecclesiastical precepts, and an exceptional skill in interpreting these various norms of conduct.\" It remains a common tool for applied ethics.\n\nEtymology\nThe term and its agent noun \"casuist\" from 1600, ultimately derive from Latin noun (\"case, occurrence, etc.\"); even from the earliest attestations, the concept was intended as pejorative. Indeed, the Oxford English Dictionary says, quoting the Viscount Bolingbroke (1749), that the word \"[o]ften (and perhaps originally) applied to a quibbling or evasive way of dealing with difficult cases of duty.\" Its textual references, except for certain technical usages, are consistently pejorative (e.g., \"Casuistry destroys by distinctions and exceptions, all morality, and effaces the essential difference between right and wrong\"). Often since the 17th century, the word has always carried a connotation of \"over-subtle reasoner, sophist.\"\n\nHistory\nCasuistry dates from Aristotle (384–322 BC), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance (or \"confession\"). The term casuistry or Jesuitism quickly became pejorative with Blaise Pascal's attack on the misuse of casuistry. Some Jesuit theologians, in view of promoting personal responsibility and the respect of freedom of conscience, stressed the importance of the 'case by case' approach to personal moral decisions and ultimately developed and accepted a casuistry (the study of cases of consciences) where at the time of decision, individual inclinations were more important than the moral law itself.\n\nIn Provincial Letters (1656–57) the French mathematician, religious philosopher and Jansenist sympathiser, Blaise Pascal vigorously attacked the moral laxism of Jesuits who used casuistic reasoning in confession to placate wealthy Church donors, while punishing poor penitents. Pascal charged that aristocratic penitents could confess their sins one day, re-commit the sin the next day, generously donate the following day, then return to re-confess their sins and only receive the lightest punishment; Pascal's criticisms darkened casuistry's reputation.\n\nA British encyclopedia of 1900 claimed that it was \"popularly regarded as an attempt to achieve holy ends by unholy means.\"\n\nIt was not until publication of The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), by Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin, that a revival of casuistry occurred. They argue that the abuse of casuistry is the problem, not casuistry per se (itself an example of casuistic reasoning). Properly used, casuistry is powerful reasoning. Jonsen and Toulmin offer casuistry in dissolving the contradictory tenets of moral absolutism and the common secular moral relativism: \"the form of reasoning constitutive of classical casuistry is rhetorical reasoning\". Moreover, the ethical philosophies of Utilitarianism (especially preference utilitarianism) and Pragmatism commonly are identified as greatly employing casuistic reasoning.\n\nEarly modernity\nThe casuistic method was popular among Catholic thinkers in the early modern period, and not only among the Jesuits, as it is commonly thought. Famous casuistic authors include Antonio Escobar y Mendoza, whose Summula casuum conscientiae (1627) enjoyed a great success, Thomas Sanchez, Vincenzo Filliucci (Jesuit and penitentiary at St Peter's), Antonino Diana, Paul Laymann (Theologia Moralis, 1625), John Azor (Institutiones Morales, 1600), Etienne Bauny, Louis Cellot, Valerius Reginaldus, Hermann Busembaum (d. 1668), etc. One of the main theses of casuists was the necessity to adapt the rigorous morals of the Early Fathers of Christianity to modern morals, which led in some extreme cases to justify what Innocent XI later called \"laxist moral\" (i.e. justification of usury, homicide, regicide, lying through \"mental reservation\", adultery and loss of virginity before marriage, etc.—all due cases registered by Pascal in the Provincial Letters).\n\nThe progress of casuistry was interrupted toward the middle of the 17th century by the controversy which arose concerning the doctrine of probabilism, which stipulated that one could choose to follow a \"probable opinion\", that is, supported by a theologian or another, even if it contradicted a more probable opinion or a quotation from one of the Fathers of the Church. The controversy divided Catholic theologians into two camps, Rigorists and Laxists.\n\nCertain kinds of casuistry were criticized by early Protestant theologians, because it was used in order to justify many of the abuses that they sought to reform. It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity. By the mid-18th century, \"casuistry\" had become a synonym for specious moral reasoning. However, Puritans were known for their own development of casuistry.\n\nIn 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five of the more radical propositions (stricti mentalis), taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. Despite this papal condemnation, both Catholicism and Protestantism permit the use of ambiguous and equivocal statements in specific circumstances.\n\nLater modernity\nG. E. Moore dealt with casuistry in chapter 1.4 of his Principia Ethica, in which he claims that \"the defects of casuistry are not defects of principle; no objection can be taken to its aim and object. It has failed only because it is far too difficult a subject to be treated adequately in our present state of knowledge\". Furthermore, he asserted that \"casuistry is the goal of ethical investigation. It cannot be safely attempted at the beginning of our studies, but only at the end\".\n\nSince the 1960s, applied ethics has revived the ideas of casuistry in applying ethical reasoning to particular cases in law, bioethics, and business ethics, so the reputation of casuistry is somewhat rehabilitated.\n\nPope Francis, a Jesuit, has criticized casuistry as \"the practice of setting general laws on the basis of exceptional cases\" in instances where a more holistic approach would be preferred.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n \n Bliton, Mark J. (1993). The Ethics of Clinical Ethics Consultation: On the Way to Clinical Philosophy (Diss. Vanderbilt)\n \n \n \n \n \n Carney, Bridget Mary. (1993). Modern Casuistry: An Essential But Incomplete Method for Clinical Ethical Decision-Making. (Diss., Graduate Theological Union).\n \n Carson, Ronald A. (1988). \"Paul Ramsey, Principled Protestant Casuist: A Retrospective.\" Medical Humanities Review, Vol. 2, pp. 24–35.\n Chidwick, Paula Marjorie (1994). Approaches to Clinical Ethical Decision-Making: Ethical Theory, Casuistry and Consultation. (Diss., U of Guelph)\n \n \n \n Drane, J.F. (1990). \"Methodologies for Clinical Ethics.\" Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, Vol. 24, pp. 394–404.\n Dworkin, R.B. (1994). \"Emerging Paradigms in Bioethics: Symposium.\" Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 69, pp. 945–1122.\n Elliot, Carl (1992). \"Solving the Doctor's Dilemma?\" New Scientist, Vol. 133, pp. 42–43.\n Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (1991). The Ends of Human Life: Medical Ethics in a Liberal Polity (Cambridge).\n Franklin, James (2001). The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Johns Hopkins), ch. 4.\n Gallagher, Lowell (1991). Medusa's Gaze: Casuistry and Conscience in the Renaissance (Stanford)\n \n Green, Bryan S. (1988). Literary Methods and Sociological Theory: Case Studies of Simmel and Weber (Albany)\n \n Houle, Martha Marie (1983). The Fictions of Casuistry and Pascal's Jesuit in \"Les Provinciales\" (Diss. U California, San Diego)\n \n \n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. (1986). \"Casuistry\" in J.F. Childress and J. Macgvarrie, eds. Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics (Philadelphia)\n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. and Stephen Toulmin (1988). The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (California).\n Keenan, James F., S.J. and Thomas A. Shannon. (1995). The Context of Casuistry (Washington).\n Kirk, K. (1936). Conscience and Its Problems, An Introduction to Casuistry (London)\n \n \n \n \n Kuczewski, Mark G. (1994). Fragmentation and Consensus in Contemporary Neo-Aristotelian Ethics: A Study in Communitarianism and Casuistry (Diss., Duquesne U).\n \n \n Long, Edward LeRoy, junior (1954). Conscience and Compromise: an Approach to Protestant Casuistry (Philadelphia, Penn.: Westminster Press)\n \n \n Mackler, Aaron Leonard. Cases of Judgments in Ethical Reasoning: An Appraisal of Contemporary Casuistry and Holistic Model for the Mutual Support of Norms and Case Judgments (Diss., Georgetown U).\n \n \n McCready, Amy R. (1992). \"Milton's Casuistry: The Case of 'The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.' \" Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 393–428.\n \n \n \n Odozor, Paulinus Ikechukwu (1989). Richard A. McCormick and Casuistry: Moral Decision-Making in Conflict Situations (M.A. Thesis, St. Michael's College).\n Pack, Rolland W. (1988). Case Studies and Moral Conclusions: The Philosophical Use of Case Studies in Biomedical Ethics (Diss., Georgetown U).\n Pascal, Blaise (1967). The Provincial Letters (London).\n \n Río Parra, Elena del (2008). Cartografías de la conciencia española en la Edad de Oro (Mexico).\n \n Seiden, Melvin (1990). Measure for Measure: Casuistry and Artistry (Washington).\n \n \n Smith, David H. (1991). \"Stories, Values, and Patient Care Decisions.\" in Charles Conrad, ed. The Ethical Nexus: Values in Organizational Decision Making. (New Jersey).\n \n \n Starr, G. (1971). Defoe and Casuistry (Princeton).\n \n Tallmon, James Michael (2001). \"Casuistry\" in The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–88.\n Tallmon, James Michael (1993). Casuistry and the Quest for Rhetorical Reason: Conceptualizing a Method of Shared Moral Inquiry (Diss., U of Washington).\n \n Taylor, Richard (1984). Good and Evil – A New Direction: A Foreceful Attack on the Rationalist Tradition in Ethics (Buffalo).\n \n \n \n Toulmin, Stephen (1988). \"The Recovery of Practical Philosophy.\" The American Scholar, Vol. 57, pp. 337–352.\n \n \n \n \n Weinstein, Bruce David (1989). The Possibility of Ethical Expertise (Diss. Georgetown U).\n \n \n Wildes, Kevin Wm., S.J. (1993). The View for Somewhere: Moral Judgment in Bioethics (Diss. Rice U).\n \n Zacker, David J. (1991). Reflection and Particulars: Does Casuistry Offer Us Stable Beliefs About Ethics? (M.A. Thesis, Western Michigan U).\n\nExternal links\n\n Dictionary of the History of Ideas: \"Casuistry\"\n Accountancy as computational casuistics, article on how modern compliance regimes in accountancy and law apply casuistry\n Mortimer Adler's Great Ideas – Casuistry\n Summary of casuistry by Jeramy Townsley\n Casuistry – Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy\n Casuistry – Oxford Encyclopedia of Rhetoric catalogued at she-philosopher.com\n\n \nScholasticism\nApplied ethics\nCommon law\nLegal reasoning", "Puritan casuistry is a genre of British religious literature, in the general area of moral theology, and recognised as founded about 1600. The work A Case of Conscience (1592) of William Perkins is considered foundational for the genre. So-called \"case divinity\" has been described as fundamental to Puritan culture. The underlying theological trend is said to be visible in George Gifford: evidence from life accentuated as \"proof of election\", to be obtained reflectively, and matching \"biblically promised effects\".\n\nIn line with the tenets of Reformed theology, the assurance of salvation could produce dilemmas on a spiritual level, and Puritan casuistry in part was a response to the need to address these issues as practical problems. Perkins, Richard Greenham, William Ames and Joseph Alleine were noted as authors who wrote in this area. From Ames, it was considered that reprobation can almost never know itself. More accurately, the issue is election, and the assurance of it, and Perkins addressed it as a preoccupation.\n\nOtherwise, the content of \"Puritan casuistry\" is still somewhat contested by scholars, because the element of casuistry is apparently lower than would be expected, if it were simply the casuistry of Puritanism. One explanation lies in a transformed, Protestant, meaning of \"casuistry\", as the \"sifting of the conscience\". Some of the content of confession is therefore implied, and so of devotional life. In terms of genre, devotional literature can be closer to the mark, than moral literature. It has been argued by a Jesuit author that \"casuistry\" here is a misnomer, and \"practical divinity\" more accurate.\n\nBackground in Early Modern casuistry\nThe medieval tradition in casuistry went under the name casus conscientiae, \"cases of conscience\". It took the form of moral principles shown as applied to particular situations. It was taken up by 17th century writers, both Catholic and Protestant. When Reformed theologians adopted casuistry, it was in a distinctive style: concise and biblical, and largely denying the separation of moral philosophy from theology. In the early 17th century the term \"practical theology\" was coming in, to cover \"cases of conscience\", though its scope could be wider than that.\n\nNotes\n\nPuritanism in England\nEthics literature\nSalvation in Protestantism\nBritish literature" ]

[ "Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments.", "His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published in his 1958 book The Uses of Argument, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science. Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin.", "Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1943, where he was a Cambridge Apostle. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany.", "Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950).", "At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work.", "While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work. After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953).", "After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953). Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959.", "Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959. While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic.", "While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic. Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959.", "Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959. While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments.", "While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments. In 1960, Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation. In 1965, Toulmin returned to the United States, where he held positions at various universities. In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R.", "In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R. Hanson, helping in the posthumous publication of several volumes. While at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Toulmin published Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972), which examines the causes and the processes of conceptual change. In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process.", "In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well.", "The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\").", "In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\"). From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress.", "From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress. During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases.", "During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases. One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science.", "One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science. Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations.", "Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations. In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.", "In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\".", "His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\". The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\".", "The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\". On 2 March 2006 Toulmin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science.", "He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science. His children are Greg, of McLean, Va., Polly Macinnes of Skye, Scotland, Camilla Toulmin in the UK and Matthew Toulmin of Melbourne, Australia. On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California.", "On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California. Meta-philosophy Objection to absolutism and relativism Throughout many of his works, Toulmin pointed out that absolutism (represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value. Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context.", "Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context. By contrast, Toulmin contends that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered by human beings in daily life. To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields.", "To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin claims that some aspects of arguments vary from field to field, and are hence called \"field-dependent\", while other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields, and are hence called \"field-invariant\". The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.", "The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant. In Human Understanding (1972), Toulmin suggests that anthropologists have been tempted to side with relativists because they have noticed the influence of cultural variations on rational arguments. In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements.", "In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements. In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.", "In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas. In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition.", "In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition. Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues.", "Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues. The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy.", "The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy. Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb.", "Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb. To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions.", "To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions. He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries.", "He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries. Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments).", "Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments). In contrast to absolutists' theoretical arguments, Toulmin's practical argument is intended to focus on the justificatory function of argumentation, as opposed to the inferential function of theoretical arguments. Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it.", "Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it. Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas—an act achievable through the process of justification. Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim.", "Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim. This, he believed, will ensure it stands up to criticism and earns a favourable verdict. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments: Claim (Conclusion) A conclusion whose merit must be established. In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis.", "In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis. For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be \"I am a British citizen\" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2).", "For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2). Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim.", "Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim. In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3).", "In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3). Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners.", "Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\".", "For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\". Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim.", "Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim. It is exemplified as follows: \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and has become a spy for another country\". Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim.", "Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include \"probably\", \"possible\", \"impossible\", \"certainly\", \"presumably\", \"as far as the evidence goes\", and \"necessarily\". The claim \"I am definitely a British citizen\" has a greater degree of force than the claim \"I am a British citizen, presumably\". (See also: Defeasible reasoning.)", "(See also: Defeasible reasoning.) (See also: Defeasible reasoning.) The first three elements, claim, ground, and warrant, are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier, backing, and rebuttal, may not be needed in some arguments. When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom.", "When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom. Toulmin did not realize that this layout could be applicable to the field of rhetoric and communication until his works were introduced to rhetoricians by Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger. Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate.", "Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate. Only after Toulmin published Introduction to Reasoning (1979) were the rhetorical applications of this layout mentioned in his works. One criticism of the Toulmin model is that it does not fully consider the use of questions in argumentation. The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions.", "The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions. In the example \"Harry was born in Bermuda, so Harry must be a British subject\", the question \"Is Harry a British subject?\" is ignored, which also neglects to analyze why particular questions are asked and others are not. (See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.)", "(See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.) Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software.", "Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software. Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning.", "Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning. The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism. Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues. Although casuistry largely fell silent during the modern period, in The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), Toulmin collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to demonstrate the effectiveness of casuistry in practical argumentation during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument. Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism.", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case.", "Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim.", "If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim. Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case.", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case. Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism.", "Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism. Philosophy of science The evolutionary model In 1972, Toulmin published Human Understanding, in which he asserts that conceptual change is an evolutionary process. In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).", "In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another.", "Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another. Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms.", "Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms. In contrast to Kuhn's revolutionary model, Toulmin proposed an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution. Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection.", "Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection. Innovation accounts for the appearance of conceptual variations, while selection accounts for the survival and perpetuation of the soundest conceptions. Innovation occurs when the professionals of a particular discipline come to view things differently from their predecessors; selection subjects the innovative concepts to a process of debate and inquiry in what Toulmin considers as a \"forum of competitions\". The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions.", "The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions. From the absolutists' point of view, concepts are either valid or invalid regardless of contexts. From the relativists' perspective, one concept is neither better nor worse than a rival concept from a different cultural context. From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts.", "From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts. Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.", "The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism. See also Argumentation theory Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club Notes References Further reading External links Stephen Toulmin Interview with Stephen Toulmin in JAC Obituary in The Guardian William Long (2004) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) 1922 births 2009 deaths 20th-century English philosophers English rhetoricians Philosophers of science Moral philosophers Wittgensteinian philosophers Academics of the University of Leeds Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club New York University faculty Stanford University faculty Columbia University faculty University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty Michigan State University faculty University of Chicago faculty Northwestern University faculty University of Southern California faculty English sceptics Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art British expatriates in the United States" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism." ]

[ "You Can Hold Me Down is the debut album by William Tell, first released on March 13, 2007 through Universal Records and New Door Records.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Jeannie\" (William Tell) 3:01\n \"Slipping Under (Sing Along to Your Favorite Song)\" (PJ Smith, William Tell) 3:34\n \"Trouble\" (William Tell) 2:55\n \"Fairfax (You’re Still the Same)\" (William Tell) 2:49\n \"Like You, Only Sweeter\" (Darren Tehrani, William Tell) 3:41\n \"Maybe Tonight\" (William Tell, Mike Green) 3:13\n \"Young at Heart\" (William Tell) 2:46\n \"Sounds\" (William Tell, PJ Smith) 3:05\n \"Just For You\" (William Tell, Mike Green) 3:33\n \"You Can Hold Me Down\" (William Tell, Darren Tehrani) 3:23\n\nBest Buy hidden track:\n<li> \"You Can Hold Me Down\" (Tell, Tehrani) – 9:31\n features the hidden track \"After All\", beginning at about 4:30\n\niTunes Store bonus track:\n<li> \"Yesterday is Calling\" (James Bourne, Smith) – 3:43\n\nTarget bonus track:\n<li> \"Young at Heart (Acoustic)\" (Tell) – 2:46\n\nWal-Mart bonus tracks:\n<li> \"This Mess\" – 3:23\n<li> \"Katie (Where'd You Go?)\" – 3:48\n\nPersonnel\nWilliam Tell - vocals, guitars, bass\nBrian Ireland - drums, percussion\nAndrew McMahon - piano\n\nReferences\n\nYou Can Hold Me Down (William Tell album)", "\"Tell Me How You Feel\" is a song by American singer and actress Joy Enriquez. It samples \"Mellow Mellow Right On\" by Lowrell Simon. The song was released as the second single from her debut self-titled studio album in September 2000, peaking at number 17 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number 24 in Australia and number 14 in New Zealand, where it was certified Gold for sales of over 5,000.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUS CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" – 4:06\n Snippets from Joy Enriquez\n \"Shake Up the Party\"\n \"Situation\"\n \"I Can't Believe\"\n\nAustralian maxi-CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" – 4:06\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (Full Crew remix) – 4:04\n \"Between You and Me\" – 4:21\n \"How Can I Not Love You\" – 4:33\n\nEuropean CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (album version) – 4:06\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (Full Crew remix) – 4:05\n\nEuropean maxi-CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (album version) – 4:06\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (Full Crew remix) – 4:05\n \"Dime mi amor\" (Spanish version) – 3:59\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (instrumental) – 4:05\n\nJapanese CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\"\n \"How Can I Not Love You\"\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n at Discogs\n\n2000 singles\n2000 songs\n2001 singles\nArista Records singles\nSong recordings produced by Soulshock and Karlin\nSongs written by Kenneth Karlin\nSongs written by Soulshock" ]

[ "Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments.", "His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published in his 1958 book The Uses of Argument, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science. Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin.", "Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1943, where he was a Cambridge Apostle. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany.", "Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950).", "At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work.", "While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work. After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953).", "After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953). Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959.", "Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959. While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic.", "While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic. Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959.", "Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959. While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments.", "While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments. In 1960, Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation. In 1965, Toulmin returned to the United States, where he held positions at various universities. In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R.", "In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R. Hanson, helping in the posthumous publication of several volumes. While at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Toulmin published Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972), which examines the causes and the processes of conceptual change. In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process.", "In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well.", "The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\").", "In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\"). From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress.", "From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress. During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases.", "During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases. One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science.", "One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science. Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations.", "Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations. In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.", "In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\".", "His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\". The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\".", "The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\". On 2 March 2006 Toulmin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science.", "He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science. His children are Greg, of McLean, Va., Polly Macinnes of Skye, Scotland, Camilla Toulmin in the UK and Matthew Toulmin of Melbourne, Australia. On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California.", "On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California. Meta-philosophy Objection to absolutism and relativism Throughout many of his works, Toulmin pointed out that absolutism (represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value. Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context.", "Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context. By contrast, Toulmin contends that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered by human beings in daily life. To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields.", "To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin claims that some aspects of arguments vary from field to field, and are hence called \"field-dependent\", while other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields, and are hence called \"field-invariant\". The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.", "The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant. In Human Understanding (1972), Toulmin suggests that anthropologists have been tempted to side with relativists because they have noticed the influence of cultural variations on rational arguments. In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements.", "In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements. In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.", "In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas. In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition.", "In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition. Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues.", "Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues. The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy.", "The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy. Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb.", "Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb. To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions.", "To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions. He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries.", "He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries. Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments).", "Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments). In contrast to absolutists' theoretical arguments, Toulmin's practical argument is intended to focus on the justificatory function of argumentation, as opposed to the inferential function of theoretical arguments. Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it.", "Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it. Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas—an act achievable through the process of justification. Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim.", "Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim. This, he believed, will ensure it stands up to criticism and earns a favourable verdict. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments: Claim (Conclusion) A conclusion whose merit must be established. In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis.", "In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis. For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be \"I am a British citizen\" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2).", "For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2). Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim.", "Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim. In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3).", "In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3). Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners.", "Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\".", "For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\". Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim.", "Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim. It is exemplified as follows: \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and has become a spy for another country\". Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim.", "Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include \"probably\", \"possible\", \"impossible\", \"certainly\", \"presumably\", \"as far as the evidence goes\", and \"necessarily\". The claim \"I am definitely a British citizen\" has a greater degree of force than the claim \"I am a British citizen, presumably\". (See also: Defeasible reasoning.)", "(See also: Defeasible reasoning.) (See also: Defeasible reasoning.) The first three elements, claim, ground, and warrant, are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier, backing, and rebuttal, may not be needed in some arguments. When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom.", "When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom. Toulmin did not realize that this layout could be applicable to the field of rhetoric and communication until his works were introduced to rhetoricians by Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger. Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate.", "Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate. Only after Toulmin published Introduction to Reasoning (1979) were the rhetorical applications of this layout mentioned in his works. One criticism of the Toulmin model is that it does not fully consider the use of questions in argumentation. The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions.", "The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions. In the example \"Harry was born in Bermuda, so Harry must be a British subject\", the question \"Is Harry a British subject?\" is ignored, which also neglects to analyze why particular questions are asked and others are not. (See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.)", "(See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.) Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software.", "Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software. Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning.", "Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning. The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism. Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues. Although casuistry largely fell silent during the modern period, in The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), Toulmin collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to demonstrate the effectiveness of casuistry in practical argumentation during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument. Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism.", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case.", "Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim.", "If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim. Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case.", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case. Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism.", "Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism. Philosophy of science The evolutionary model In 1972, Toulmin published Human Understanding, in which he asserts that conceptual change is an evolutionary process. In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).", "In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another.", "Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another. Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms.", "Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms. In contrast to Kuhn's revolutionary model, Toulmin proposed an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution. Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection.", "Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection. Innovation accounts for the appearance of conceptual variations, while selection accounts for the survival and perpetuation of the soundest conceptions. Innovation occurs when the professionals of a particular discipline come to view things differently from their predecessors; selection subjects the innovative concepts to a process of debate and inquiry in what Toulmin considers as a \"forum of competitions\". The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions.", "The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions. From the absolutists' point of view, concepts are either valid or invalid regardless of contexts. From the relativists' perspective, one concept is neither better nor worse than a rival concept from a different cultural context. From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts.", "From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts. Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.", "The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism. See also Argumentation theory Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club Notes References Further reading External links Stephen Toulmin Interview with Stephen Toulmin in JAC Obituary in The Guardian William Long (2004) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) 1922 births 2009 deaths 20th-century English philosophers English rhetoricians Philosophers of science Moral philosophers Wittgensteinian philosophers Academics of the University of Leeds Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club New York University faculty Stanford University faculty Columbia University faculty University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty Michigan State University faculty University of Chicago faculty Northwestern University faculty University of Southern California faculty English sceptics Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art British expatriates in the United States" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case." ]

[ "Puritan casuistry is a genre of British religious literature, in the general area of moral theology, and recognised as founded about 1600. The work A Case of Conscience (1592) of William Perkins is considered foundational for the genre. So-called \"case divinity\" has been described as fundamental to Puritan culture. The underlying theological trend is said to be visible in George Gifford: evidence from life accentuated as \"proof of election\", to be obtained reflectively, and matching \"biblically promised effects\".\n\nIn line with the tenets of Reformed theology, the assurance of salvation could produce dilemmas on a spiritual level, and Puritan casuistry in part was a response to the need to address these issues as practical problems. Perkins, Richard Greenham, William Ames and Joseph Alleine were noted as authors who wrote in this area. From Ames, it was considered that reprobation can almost never know itself. More accurately, the issue is election, and the assurance of it, and Perkins addressed it as a preoccupation.\n\nOtherwise, the content of \"Puritan casuistry\" is still somewhat contested by scholars, because the element of casuistry is apparently lower than would be expected, if it were simply the casuistry of Puritanism. One explanation lies in a transformed, Protestant, meaning of \"casuistry\", as the \"sifting of the conscience\". Some of the content of confession is therefore implied, and so of devotional life. In terms of genre, devotional literature can be closer to the mark, than moral literature. It has been argued by a Jesuit author that \"casuistry\" here is a misnomer, and \"practical divinity\" more accurate.\n\nBackground in Early Modern casuistry\nThe medieval tradition in casuistry went under the name casus conscientiae, \"cases of conscience\". It took the form of moral principles shown as applied to particular situations. It was taken up by 17th century writers, both Catholic and Protestant. When Reformed theologians adopted casuistry, it was in a distinctive style: concise and biblical, and largely denying the separation of moral philosophy from theology. In the early 17th century the term \"practical theology\" was coming in, to cover \"cases of conscience\", though its scope could be wider than that.\n\nNotes\n\nPuritanism in England\nEthics literature\nSalvation in Protestantism\nBritish literature", "Casuistry ( ) is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (as in sophistry). It is the \"[s]tudy of cases of conscience and a method of solving conflicts of obligations by applying general principles of ethics, religion, and moral theology to particular and concrete cases of human conduct. This frequently demands an extensive knowledge of natural law and equity, civil law, ecclesiastical precepts, and an exceptional skill in interpreting these various norms of conduct.\" It remains a common tool for applied ethics.\n\nEtymology\nThe term and its agent noun \"casuist\" from 1600, ultimately derive from Latin noun (\"case, occurrence, etc.\"); even from the earliest attestations, the concept was intended as pejorative. Indeed, the Oxford English Dictionary says, quoting the Viscount Bolingbroke (1749), that the word \"[o]ften (and perhaps originally) applied to a quibbling or evasive way of dealing with difficult cases of duty.\" Its textual references, except for certain technical usages, are consistently pejorative (e.g., \"Casuistry destroys by distinctions and exceptions, all morality, and effaces the essential difference between right and wrong\"). Often since the 17th century, the word has always carried a connotation of \"over-subtle reasoner, sophist.\"\n\nHistory\nCasuistry dates from Aristotle (384–322 BC), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance (or \"confession\"). The term casuistry or Jesuitism quickly became pejorative with Blaise Pascal's attack on the misuse of casuistry. Some Jesuit theologians, in view of promoting personal responsibility and the respect of freedom of conscience, stressed the importance of the 'case by case' approach to personal moral decisions and ultimately developed and accepted a casuistry (the study of cases of consciences) where at the time of decision, individual inclinations were more important than the moral law itself.\n\nIn Provincial Letters (1656–57) the French mathematician, religious philosopher and Jansenist sympathiser, Blaise Pascal vigorously attacked the moral laxism of Jesuits who used casuistic reasoning in confession to placate wealthy Church donors, while punishing poor penitents. Pascal charged that aristocratic penitents could confess their sins one day, re-commit the sin the next day, generously donate the following day, then return to re-confess their sins and only receive the lightest punishment; Pascal's criticisms darkened casuistry's reputation.\n\nA British encyclopedia of 1900 claimed that it was \"popularly regarded as an attempt to achieve holy ends by unholy means.\"\n\nIt was not until publication of The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), by Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin, that a revival of casuistry occurred. They argue that the abuse of casuistry is the problem, not casuistry per se (itself an example of casuistic reasoning). Properly used, casuistry is powerful reasoning. Jonsen and Toulmin offer casuistry in dissolving the contradictory tenets of moral absolutism and the common secular moral relativism: \"the form of reasoning constitutive of classical casuistry is rhetorical reasoning\". Moreover, the ethical philosophies of Utilitarianism (especially preference utilitarianism) and Pragmatism commonly are identified as greatly employing casuistic reasoning.\n\nEarly modernity\nThe casuistic method was popular among Catholic thinkers in the early modern period, and not only among the Jesuits, as it is commonly thought. Famous casuistic authors include Antonio Escobar y Mendoza, whose Summula casuum conscientiae (1627) enjoyed a great success, Thomas Sanchez, Vincenzo Filliucci (Jesuit and penitentiary at St Peter's), Antonino Diana, Paul Laymann (Theologia Moralis, 1625), John Azor (Institutiones Morales, 1600), Etienne Bauny, Louis Cellot, Valerius Reginaldus, Hermann Busembaum (d. 1668), etc. One of the main theses of casuists was the necessity to adapt the rigorous morals of the Early Fathers of Christianity to modern morals, which led in some extreme cases to justify what Innocent XI later called \"laxist moral\" (i.e. justification of usury, homicide, regicide, lying through \"mental reservation\", adultery and loss of virginity before marriage, etc.—all due cases registered by Pascal in the Provincial Letters).\n\nThe progress of casuistry was interrupted toward the middle of the 17th century by the controversy which arose concerning the doctrine of probabilism, which stipulated that one could choose to follow a \"probable opinion\", that is, supported by a theologian or another, even if it contradicted a more probable opinion or a quotation from one of the Fathers of the Church. The controversy divided Catholic theologians into two camps, Rigorists and Laxists.\n\nCertain kinds of casuistry were criticized by early Protestant theologians, because it was used in order to justify many of the abuses that they sought to reform. It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity. By the mid-18th century, \"casuistry\" had become a synonym for specious moral reasoning. However, Puritans were known for their own development of casuistry.\n\nIn 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five of the more radical propositions (stricti mentalis), taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. Despite this papal condemnation, both Catholicism and Protestantism permit the use of ambiguous and equivocal statements in specific circumstances.\n\nLater modernity\nG. E. Moore dealt with casuistry in chapter 1.4 of his Principia Ethica, in which he claims that \"the defects of casuistry are not defects of principle; no objection can be taken to its aim and object. It has failed only because it is far too difficult a subject to be treated adequately in our present state of knowledge\". Furthermore, he asserted that \"casuistry is the goal of ethical investigation. It cannot be safely attempted at the beginning of our studies, but only at the end\".\n\nSince the 1960s, applied ethics has revived the ideas of casuistry in applying ethical reasoning to particular cases in law, bioethics, and business ethics, so the reputation of casuistry is somewhat rehabilitated.\n\nPope Francis, a Jesuit, has criticized casuistry as \"the practice of setting general laws on the basis of exceptional cases\" in instances where a more holistic approach would be preferred.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n \n Bliton, Mark J. (1993). The Ethics of Clinical Ethics Consultation: On the Way to Clinical Philosophy (Diss. Vanderbilt)\n \n \n \n \n \n Carney, Bridget Mary. (1993). Modern Casuistry: An Essential But Incomplete Method for Clinical Ethical Decision-Making. (Diss., Graduate Theological Union).\n \n Carson, Ronald A. (1988). \"Paul Ramsey, Principled Protestant Casuist: A Retrospective.\" Medical Humanities Review, Vol. 2, pp. 24–35.\n Chidwick, Paula Marjorie (1994). Approaches to Clinical Ethical Decision-Making: Ethical Theory, Casuistry and Consultation. (Diss., U of Guelph)\n \n \n \n Drane, J.F. (1990). \"Methodologies for Clinical Ethics.\" Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, Vol. 24, pp. 394–404.\n Dworkin, R.B. (1994). \"Emerging Paradigms in Bioethics: Symposium.\" Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 69, pp. 945–1122.\n Elliot, Carl (1992). \"Solving the Doctor's Dilemma?\" New Scientist, Vol. 133, pp. 42–43.\n Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (1991). The Ends of Human Life: Medical Ethics in a Liberal Polity (Cambridge).\n Franklin, James (2001). The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Johns Hopkins), ch. 4.\n Gallagher, Lowell (1991). Medusa's Gaze: Casuistry and Conscience in the Renaissance (Stanford)\n \n Green, Bryan S. (1988). Literary Methods and Sociological Theory: Case Studies of Simmel and Weber (Albany)\n \n Houle, Martha Marie (1983). The Fictions of Casuistry and Pascal's Jesuit in \"Les Provinciales\" (Diss. U California, San Diego)\n \n \n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. (1986). \"Casuistry\" in J.F. Childress and J. Macgvarrie, eds. Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics (Philadelphia)\n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. and Stephen Toulmin (1988). The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (California).\n Keenan, James F., S.J. and Thomas A. Shannon. (1995). The Context of Casuistry (Washington).\n Kirk, K. (1936). Conscience and Its Problems, An Introduction to Casuistry (London)\n \n \n \n \n Kuczewski, Mark G. (1994). Fragmentation and Consensus in Contemporary Neo-Aristotelian Ethics: A Study in Communitarianism and Casuistry (Diss., Duquesne U).\n \n \n Long, Edward LeRoy, junior (1954). Conscience and Compromise: an Approach to Protestant Casuistry (Philadelphia, Penn.: Westminster Press)\n \n \n Mackler, Aaron Leonard. Cases of Judgments in Ethical Reasoning: An Appraisal of Contemporary Casuistry and Holistic Model for the Mutual Support of Norms and Case Judgments (Diss., Georgetown U).\n \n \n McCready, Amy R. (1992). \"Milton's Casuistry: The Case of 'The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.' \" Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 393–428.\n \n \n \n Odozor, Paulinus Ikechukwu (1989). Richard A. McCormick and Casuistry: Moral Decision-Making in Conflict Situations (M.A. Thesis, St. Michael's College).\n Pack, Rolland W. (1988). Case Studies and Moral Conclusions: The Philosophical Use of Case Studies in Biomedical Ethics (Diss., Georgetown U).\n Pascal, Blaise (1967). The Provincial Letters (London).\n \n Río Parra, Elena del (2008). Cartografías de la conciencia española en la Edad de Oro (Mexico).\n \n Seiden, Melvin (1990). Measure for Measure: Casuistry and Artistry (Washington).\n \n \n Smith, David H. (1991). \"Stories, Values, and Patient Care Decisions.\" in Charles Conrad, ed. The Ethical Nexus: Values in Organizational Decision Making. (New Jersey).\n \n \n Starr, G. (1971). Defoe and Casuistry (Princeton).\n \n Tallmon, James Michael (2001). \"Casuistry\" in The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–88.\n Tallmon, James Michael (1993). Casuistry and the Quest for Rhetorical Reason: Conceptualizing a Method of Shared Moral Inquiry (Diss., U of Washington).\n \n Taylor, Richard (1984). Good and Evil – A New Direction: A Foreceful Attack on the Rationalist Tradition in Ethics (Buffalo).\n \n \n \n Toulmin, Stephen (1988). \"The Recovery of Practical Philosophy.\" The American Scholar, Vol. 57, pp. 337–352.\n \n \n \n \n Weinstein, Bruce David (1989). The Possibility of Ethical Expertise (Diss. Georgetown U).\n \n \n Wildes, Kevin Wm., S.J. (1993). The View for Somewhere: Moral Judgment in Bioethics (Diss. Rice U).\n \n Zacker, David J. (1991). Reflection and Particulars: Does Casuistry Offer Us Stable Beliefs About Ethics? (M.A. Thesis, Western Michigan U).\n\nExternal links\n\n Dictionary of the History of Ideas: \"Casuistry\"\n Accountancy as computational casuistics, article on how modern compliance regimes in accountancy and law apply casuistry\n Mortimer Adler's Great Ideas – Casuistry\n Summary of casuistry by Jeramy Townsley\n Casuistry – Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy\n Casuistry – Oxford Encyclopedia of Rhetoric catalogued at she-philosopher.com\n\n \nScholasticism\nApplied ethics\nCommon law\nLegal reasoning" ]

[ "Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments.", "His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published in his 1958 book The Uses of Argument, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science. Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin.", "Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1943, where he was a Cambridge Apostle. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany.", "Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950).", "At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work.", "While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work. After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953).", "After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953). Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959.", "Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959. While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic.", "While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic. Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959.", "Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959. While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments.", "While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments. In 1960, Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation. In 1965, Toulmin returned to the United States, where he held positions at various universities. In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R.", "In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R. Hanson, helping in the posthumous publication of several volumes. While at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Toulmin published Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972), which examines the causes and the processes of conceptual change. In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process.", "In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well.", "The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\").", "In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\"). From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress.", "From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress. During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases.", "During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases. One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science.", "One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science. Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations.", "Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations. In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.", "In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\".", "His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\". The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\".", "The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\". On 2 March 2006 Toulmin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science.", "He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science. His children are Greg, of McLean, Va., Polly Macinnes of Skye, Scotland, Camilla Toulmin in the UK and Matthew Toulmin of Melbourne, Australia. On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California.", "On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California. Meta-philosophy Objection to absolutism and relativism Throughout many of his works, Toulmin pointed out that absolutism (represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value. Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context.", "Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context. By contrast, Toulmin contends that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered by human beings in daily life. To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields.", "To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin claims that some aspects of arguments vary from field to field, and are hence called \"field-dependent\", while other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields, and are hence called \"field-invariant\". The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.", "The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant. In Human Understanding (1972), Toulmin suggests that anthropologists have been tempted to side with relativists because they have noticed the influence of cultural variations on rational arguments. In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements.", "In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements. In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.", "In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas. In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition.", "In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition. Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues.", "Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues. The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy.", "The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy. Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb.", "Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb. To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions.", "To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions. He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries.", "He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries. Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments).", "Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments). In contrast to absolutists' theoretical arguments, Toulmin's practical argument is intended to focus on the justificatory function of argumentation, as opposed to the inferential function of theoretical arguments. Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it.", "Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it. Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas—an act achievable through the process of justification. Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim.", "Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim. This, he believed, will ensure it stands up to criticism and earns a favourable verdict. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments: Claim (Conclusion) A conclusion whose merit must be established. In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis.", "In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis. For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be \"I am a British citizen\" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2).", "For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2). Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim.", "Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim. In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3).", "In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3). Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners.", "Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\".", "For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\". Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim.", "Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim. It is exemplified as follows: \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and has become a spy for another country\". Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim.", "Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include \"probably\", \"possible\", \"impossible\", \"certainly\", \"presumably\", \"as far as the evidence goes\", and \"necessarily\". The claim \"I am definitely a British citizen\" has a greater degree of force than the claim \"I am a British citizen, presumably\". (See also: Defeasible reasoning.)", "(See also: Defeasible reasoning.) (See also: Defeasible reasoning.) The first three elements, claim, ground, and warrant, are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier, backing, and rebuttal, may not be needed in some arguments. When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom.", "When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom. Toulmin did not realize that this layout could be applicable to the field of rhetoric and communication until his works were introduced to rhetoricians by Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger. Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate.", "Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate. Only after Toulmin published Introduction to Reasoning (1979) were the rhetorical applications of this layout mentioned in his works. One criticism of the Toulmin model is that it does not fully consider the use of questions in argumentation. The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions.", "The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions. In the example \"Harry was born in Bermuda, so Harry must be a British subject\", the question \"Is Harry a British subject?\" is ignored, which also neglects to analyze why particular questions are asked and others are not. (See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.)", "(See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.) Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software.", "Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software. Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning.", "Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning. The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism. Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues. Although casuistry largely fell silent during the modern period, in The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), Toulmin collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to demonstrate the effectiveness of casuistry in practical argumentation during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument. Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism.", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case.", "Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim.", "If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim. Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case.", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case. Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism.", "Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism. Philosophy of science The evolutionary model In 1972, Toulmin published Human Understanding, in which he asserts that conceptual change is an evolutionary process. In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).", "In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another.", "Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another. Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms.", "Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms. In contrast to Kuhn's revolutionary model, Toulmin proposed an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution. Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection.", "Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection. Innovation accounts for the appearance of conceptual variations, while selection accounts for the survival and perpetuation of the soundest conceptions. Innovation occurs when the professionals of a particular discipline come to view things differently from their predecessors; selection subjects the innovative concepts to a process of debate and inquiry in what Toulmin considers as a \"forum of competitions\". The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions.", "The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions. From the absolutists' point of view, concepts are either valid or invalid regardless of contexts. From the relativists' perspective, one concept is neither better nor worse than a rival concept from a different cultural context. From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts.", "From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts. Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.", "The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism. See also Argumentation theory Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club Notes References Further reading External links Stephen Toulmin Interview with Stephen Toulmin in JAC Obituary in The Guardian William Long (2004) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) 1922 births 2009 deaths 20th-century English philosophers English rhetoricians Philosophers of science Moral philosophers Wittgensteinian philosophers Academics of the University of Leeds Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club New York University faculty Stanford University faculty Columbia University faculty University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty Michigan State University faculty University of Chicago faculty Northwestern University faculty University of Southern California faculty English sceptics Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art British expatriates in the United States" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case.", "what else is interesting about casuistry?", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues." ]

[ "Harry Aubrey Toulmin Sr. (1858 – May 17, 1942) was the American lawyer located in Springfield, Ohio, who wrote the \"flying machine\" patent application that resulted in the patent granted to Dayton inventors Wilbur and Orville Wright on May 22, 1906.\n\nEarly life\nNot much is known about Toulmin's early years. Born in 1858 to Joshua Morton S. Toulmin (1823–1896) and Frances Hellen (1828–1916), Toulmin had four brothers and three sisters. In 1882 at age 24, Toulmin graduated from The George Washington University Law School. For the next four years after graduating from law school, Toulmin practiced patent law in Washington, D.C.\n\nBefore the hiring\n\nToulmin arrived in Springfield, Ohio from Washington D.C. in 1886 because it was a center of innovation and invention that required legal representation for patent proceedings. He set up his law firm in the Bushnell Building located at 14 East Main Street in Springfield. In 1888, Toulmin married Rosamond Evans (d. 1947); they had two children who lived past infancy: Morton Warwick Evans and Harry Aubrey Toulmin Jr. (1890–1965). When Harry Aubrey Toulmin Jr. joined the law firm, his father renamed the firm Toulmin & Toulmin.\n\nThe hiring\nApplying for a U.S. Patent on their flying machine was never far from the Wrights' minds. Their first attempt to get a patent on their invention failed, largely because they wrote the patent application themselves. Also contributing to its demise was their inability to demonstrate a \"practical flying machine.\" At that time, the U.S. Patent Office had begun to receive a flood of patent applications for aerial craft of all descriptions, real and imagined, and had adopted a policy of only approving applications for inventions involving flying machines if the benchmark of \"practicality\" could be met and demonstrated. The practicality benchmark has long since been discarded by the U.S. Patent Office as being unworkable.\n\nFollowing the U.S. Patent Office examiner's advice for the brothers to work with a patent attorney, Wilbur began searching for a qualified lawyer. Two friends, John Kirby and Will Ohmer, recommended that Wilbur contact Toulmin.\n\nOn January 14, 1904, Wilbur Wright wrote to Toulmin for an appointment for advice and assistance with filing a new application. Eight days later, on January 22, Wilbur traveled to Springfield, Ohio, to see Toulmin. Toulmin took Wilbur and Orville seriously when they came to announce that they wanted to patent a flying machine. The Wright brothers hired Toulmin that day and placed the Wright patent case in his hands.\n\nToulmin was confident that he could use the original application as a starting point for a broad, airtight patent that would protect the brothers' invention. But he warned Wilbur and Orville that the process would be lengthy, and he recommended that they keep quiet about the details of their aircraft. Based on Toulmin's direction, the Wrights decided on secrecy until their patent was secured, during which time they continued to work at building a real, practical machine.\n\nToulmin urged that the Wrights not seek a patent on their aircraft but only on its system for in-air control. They followed his recommendation that they apply for a patent based on the three-axis control system of their 1902 Glider instead of their powered 1903 or 1904 Flyers in order to avoid having to present a working model to a highly doubting Patent Office. In addition, Toulmin advised the Wrights to patent not just the mechanisms that allowed them to warp or flex a wing but, more importantly, to patent the idea of roll control itself.\n\nToulmin was able to interpret the Wrights' complex laboratory and field work down to their essential breakthrough. Wilbur walked into Toulmin's office wanting to patent an airplane and walked out wanting to patent only the control system. According to Wilbur, he and Orville immediately liked Toulmin and his services.\n\nOrville and/or Wilbur would travel to Springfield by the interurban streetcar from Dayton to meet with Toulmin at the Patent Law Office of Toulmin & Toulmin. After their initial meeting, Wilbur met Toulmin thirteen days later on February 4, 1904 to discuss foreign patent applications, while Orville and Charlie Taylor started constructing three new engines to replace the 1903 engine wrecked beyond repair after the end of the fourth flight of December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk.\n\nOn June 21, 1907, Orville journeyed to Springfield, Ohio, to consult Toulmin regarding a new patent on a device for maintaining automatic stability in an airplane. Orville made a second trip on June 26. It is also known that on January 20, 1908 and June 15, 1908 Orville traveled to Springfield to consult Toulmin on Wright patents.\n\nThe patent\n\nThe patent application Toulmin drew up gave the Wrights sole claim to the only system ever devised for the in-air control of a fixed-wing flying machine. By April 1904, the Wrights' patent had been filed not only in the United States but in Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy, and, Wilbur wrote, \"probably Russia.\" The U.S. patent issued in 1906.\n\nClaim 1 of the patent reads: In a flying-machine, a normally flat aeroplane having lateral marginal portions capable of movement to different positions above or below [sic] the normal plane of the body of the aeroplane, such movement being about an axis traverse to the line of flight, whereby said lateral marginal portions may be moved to different angles relative to the normal plane of the body of the aeroplane so as to present to the atmosphere different angles of incidence, and means for so moving said lateral marginal portions, substantially described.\n\nOn deciphering the patent legalese, it becomes apparent that Toulmin did not patent the airplane. Rather, Toulmin patented airplane (flying-machine) wing edges (lateral marginal portions) that normally are flat but may move up and down in a direction that is different from the airplane's line of flight and may be moved to different angles. Although the patent particularly addressed a solid wing with a portion of the wing (the marginal portions) being flexed (warped) to provide lift, the patent claim was not so limiting. In particular, Toulmin's genius as a patent attorney predicated and helped the Wright Brothers patent slats, the spoiler, the aileron, the flaps, the elevator, and the Rudder for an airplane (see picture above). Without these, an airplane cannot be controlled any more than a car can be controlled without movable wheels. Without a license to the Wright brothers' patent, it was not legally possible to build or fly a controllable airplane in the early 20th century. Unsurprisingly, the verbal and legal attacks by competitors on the Wright Brothers began almost immediately.\n\nAfter the patent\nPatent litigation was a costly endeavor. In a January 22, 1910 letter to Wilbur, Toulmin suggested that the most economical way for the Wright brothers to proceed would be to enter into a retainer agreement with Toulmin & Toulmin, paying US$12,000 (about US$132,000 in 2006 inflation-adjusted dollars) for the first two years and US$10,000 per year (US$110,000 inflation adjusted to 2006) for the subsequent five. This would permit Toulmin to devote his full attention to the Wright brothers litigation, he suggested. Even though the amounts requested were reasonable, it took the Wright brothers only two days to reject that proposal. It may have been money that ended the relationship between Toulmin and the Wright brothers.\n\nIn April 1910, Toulmin issued a statement saying that attacks on the Wright brothers was wholly unjustified.\n\nBy 1911 Toulmin's prized clients were operating the world's first aircraft factory and the world's first flight-training school while fighting an armful of patent-infringement suits.\n\nOn February 13 and 15, 1911, William Joseph Hammer, consulting engineer, and James W. See, mechanical engineer, gave depositions that were taken at the office of H. A. Toulmin, Dayton, Ohio.\n\nOn January 9–10, 1912. Wilbur and Orville give depositions in Dayton in Erastus E. Winkley v. Orville & Wilbur Wright lawsuit. Testimony was given on the conception of their patent no. 1,075,533, filed by Toulmin on February 10, 1908. Several drawings used for their patent application and correspondence with Katharine Wright and Harry A. Toulmin regarding it are introduced into the record.\n\nLater in life\nToulmin handled five patent applications for the Wright brothers over a period of 17 years, spurring more than 13 years of fierce legal battles over the intellectual property rights he helped to create. As a result of Toulmin's success in keeping others from using the Wright brothers' ideas, aircraft manufacturers established the Aircraft Manufacturers Association to coordinate the World War I wartime aircraft manufacturing in the United States and formed a patent pool four months after the United States joined the war, in July, 1917, with the approval of the U.S. government. All patent litigation ceased automatically and royalties were reduced to one percent and free exchange of inventions and ideas took place among all the airframe builders. Toulmin channeled his success and notoriety into authoring more than 30 books on a wide variety of topics, including the Truman Committee of President Harry S. Truman. Several of Toulmin's books were published well after his death in 1942.\n\nHistory's view\n\nToulmin was a pioneer patent lawyer who assisted the Wright brothers in the creation of the age of flight. In honor of the patent's centennial anniversary and the 101st anniversary of the last flight of the 1905 Wright Flyer, commemorative groups in Dayton and Springfield, Ohio on October 5, 2006, distributed a commemorative booklet (see above images) and unveiled the Harry A. Toulmin Sr. Memorial Sculpture on downtown Springfield's Fountain Square, across from the restored Bushnell Building where Toulmin maintained his office. The 8-foot (2.4 m) sculpture, a bronze work by artist Michael Major, received a ceremonial flyover by a replica of the 1911 Wright model B. The Bushnell Building is recognized as part of Ohio's National Road Scenic Byway for its being the place where Toulmin helped the Wrights acquire patents for their flying machine. The Harry Toulmin Room in the Bushnell Building seats 50 people.\n\nThe collection of Wilbur's and Orville Wright's papers in the Library of Congress includes significant correspondence with the Wrights' lawyers concerning their business affairs, including Toulmin, as well as lawyers Frederick P. Fish, H. Springmann, and Pliny W. Williamson.\n\nLegacy\nDespite his death in 1942, the legacy of Harry Toulmin Sr. affected those around him through the 1990s.\n\nIn 1852, Toulmin's father-in-law, Warwick Evans, was the first medical school graduate from Georgetown University Medical Center. Evans went on to become an anatomy professor and prominent physician.\n\nIn 1888, Toulmin Sr. married Rosamond Evans (d. 1947); they had two children: Morton Warwick Evans and Harry Aubrey Toulmin Jr. (1890–1965). Toulmin Jr. graduated from Wittenberg University in Ohio and the University of Virginia School of Law. Following in his father's footsteps, Toulmin Jr. became a patent attorney and joined his father's law firm, renamed Toulmin & Toulmin. To distinguish the two, Toulmin Sr. was known by family and close friends as Aubrey \"Aircraft\" and Toulmin Jr. was known as \"Lawyer\" Harry. There are no living descendants of Harry Aubrey Toulmin Sr. \n\nEventually, the Toulmin & Toulmin law firm moved to the Schwind Building, in Dayton, Ohio (a building which played a role in the Dayton Woman's Suffrage Association and subsequently became the Moraine Embassy Apartments). Among Toulmin & Toulmin's clients was the Tucker Corporation, and the firm name appears on the design patent covering Preston Tucker's design for the Tucker Sedan.\n\nLike many patent attorneys, Toulmin Jr. eventually began working as an in-house lawyer for a corporation. In April 1947, Toulmin Jr. was elected the chairman of the board of the Tucker Corporation. Five months later, on September 26, 1947, Harry A. Toulmin Jr. resigned as chairman of the board from the Tucker Corporation in a letter to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This letter contributed to the SEC investigation of Preston Tucker and the demise of the Tucker Corporation.\n\nHarry Jr. was a prolific inventor. Over 200 patents in a wide field of technologies were issued to him. Toulmin Jr. went on to form Central Pharmaceuticals Inc.\n\nAt the time of his death in 1965, Toulmin Jr. left his shares in his company, Central Pharmaceuticals Inc., worth $1 million at the time, in a trust fund to be managed by his widow, Virginia B. Toulmin. By the terms of the trust, the balance at the time of Virginia's death was to be transferred to Georgetown University Medical Center in honor of Harry Toulmin Jr.'s grandfather Warwick Evans. Georgetown University is the rival school of George Washington University, the school where Harry Toulmin Sr. received his law degree.\n\nMrs. Toulmin took control of Central Pharmaceuticals as president and built Central into a thriving drug manufacturer. In 1995, Mrs. Toulmin sold Central Pharmaceuticals for $178 million to the German pharmaceutical giant Schwarz Pharma.\n\nThe Toulmin trusts were the subject of substantial legal problems. Both Toulmin Sr. and Toulmin Jr. had testamentary trusts, and some of the $178 million was shared between the two trusts. Toulmin Jr.'s first wife, Margaret McCarty, was a life beneficiary under Toulmin Sr.'s trust, where the remainder after Toulmin Jr.'s first wife death was to be allotted to the living descendants of Toulmin Sr.'s grandfather. After the death of Margaret McCarty on September 29, 1994, the Toulmin Sr. remainder trust money had grown to a considerable sum. Since the Toulmin Sr. remainder trust money was to revert under Toulmin Sr.'s will to descendants of his grandfather per stirpes, it became necessary for the executors of Harry Aubrey Toulmin Sr. to trace the living descendants of Toulmin Sr.'s grandfather, Theophilus Lindsey Toulmin (1820?–1895?). On April 21, 1996, eighty-two senior representatives of every surviving branch of Theophilus Lindsey Toulmin received a letter addressing the trust and their potential inheritance from Toulmin Sr.\n\nBy 1997, Virginia had reached the age of 72 and the Georgetown University trust fund grew to $62 million. At that time, the donation was the biggest to a Washington-area university and the 17th largest private gift to U.S. higher education. The largest previous private gift to the school was $17 million, which was donated anonymously in 1996.\n\nVirginia died in 2010.\n\nWorks\n\nPublished books\n Social historians, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1911)\n Bothering business, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1925)\n Trade-mark profits and protection, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1926)\n Air service, American expeditionary force, 1918, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1927)\n Millions in mergers by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1929)\n Executives' business law, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1931)\n Graphic course of patentable inventions, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1935)\n With Pershing in Mexico, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1935)\n Digest of federal laws pertaining to fair competition in industry,: With chart of government departments, bureaus and commissions in charge of the administration of these laws, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n Inventions and patents, (The Ohio state university. Research foundation lectures 1st) (The Ohio state university. Research foundation lectures 1st) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n Trade agreements and the anti-trust laws: Including forms and an analysis of the Robinson-Patman Act by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n The Truman Committee of President Harry S. Truman by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n The importance of invention to the nation, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1938)\n The law of foods, drugs and cosmetics by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1942)\n The law of foods, drugs and cosmetics: 1945 pocket supplement by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1945)\n The Trade-mark act of 1946,: Analyzed, annotated and explained by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1946)\n Trade agreements and the anti-trust laws: Supplement. 1946– by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1946)\n Diary of democracy;: The Senate War Investigating Committee by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1947)\n International contracts and the anti-trust laws: With typical forms of agreements, indictments, complaints, and decrees by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1947)\n How to keep invention records, together with an explanation of the nature of industrial property by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1948)\n A treatise on the anti-trust laws of the United States: And including all related trade regulatory laws by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1949)\n Patents and the anti-trust laws of the United States,: Including trade-marks and copyrights by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1950)\n \"Antitrust laws of the United States\" and leading antitrust cases of 1954 by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1955)\n Trade-mark handbook by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1957)\n A treatise on the law of foods, drugs, and cosmetics by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1958)\n Patent law for the executive and engineer by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1958)\n Making mergers pay (American Management Association. General management series) (American Management Association. General management series) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1967)\n A treatise on the law of foods, drugs and cosmetics: 1969 supplement,(combined supplement to volumes 1,2,3 and 4, 2d ed.) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1969)\n The city manager;: A new profession (Metropolitan America) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1974)\n Light duty vehicle driveability investigation by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1978)\n Handbook of patents by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1980)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n compiled by Bruce Calvert-Toulmin. Toulmin Sr. is identified by number 13311643 and Bruce Calvert-Toulmin is identified by number 13215A2822, making Toulmin Sr. the great uncle(?) of Bruce Calvert-Toulmin.\n\nAmerican lawyers\nPatent attorneys\n1858 births\n1942 deaths\nPeople from Springfield, Ohio\nWright brothers\nGeorge Washington University Law School alumni", "The unseen species problem is commonly referred to in ecology and deals with the estimation of the number of species represented in an ecosystem that were not observed by samples. It more specifically relates to how many new species would be discovered if more samples were taken in an ecosystem. The study of the unseen species problem was started in the early 1940s by Alexander Steven Corbet. He spent 2 years in British Malaya trapping butterflies and was curious how many new species he would discover if he spent another 2 years trapping. Many different estimation methods have been developed to determine how many new species would be discovered given more samples. The unseen species problem also applies more broadly, as the estimators can be used to estimate any new elements of a set not previously found in samples. An example of this is determining how many words William Shakespeare knew based on all of his written works. The unseen species problem can be broken down mathematically as follows:\n\nIf independent samples are taken, , and then if more independent samples were taken, the number of unseen species that will be discovered by the additional samples is given by with being the second set of samples.\n\nHistory\nIn the early 1940s Alexander Steven Corbet spent 2 years in British Malaya trapping butterflies. He kept track of how many species he observed, and how many members of each species were captured. For example, he captured only 2 members of 74 different species. When he returned to the United Kingdom, he approached statistician Ronald Fisher, and asked how many new species of butterflies he could expect to catch if he went trapping for another two years. In essence, Corbet was asking how many species he observed zero times. Fisher responded with a simple estimation: for an additional 2 years of trapping, Corbet could expect to capture 75 new species. He did this using a simple summation (data provided by Orlitsky in Table 1 below in the Example section):Here, corresponds to the number of individual species which were observed times. Fisher's sum was later confirmed by Good–Toulmin.\n\nEstimators \nTo estimate the number of unseen species, let be number of future samples () divided by the number of past samples (), or . Let be the number of individual species observed times (for example, if there were 74 species of butterflies with 2 observed members throughout the samples, then ).\n\nThe Good–Toulmin estimator \nThe Good–Toulmin estimator was developed by I. J. Good and G. H. Toulmin in 1953. The estimate of the unseen species based on the Good–Toulmin estimator is given byThe Good–Toulmin Estimator has been shown to be a good estimate for values of . The Good–Toulmin estimator also approximates that This means that estimates to within as long as .  However, for , the Good–Toulmin estimator fails to capture accurate results. This is because, if , increases by for with , meaning that if , grows super-linearly in , but can grow at most linearly with . Therefore, when , grows faster than and does not approximate the true value.\n\nTo compensate for this, Efron and Thisted showed that a truncated Euler transform can also be a usable estimate: with and where is the location chosen to truncate the Euler transform.\n\nThe smoothed Good–Toulmin estimator \nSimilar to the approach by Efron and Thisted, Alon Orlitsky, Ananda Theertha Suresh, and Yihong Wu developed the smooth Good–Toulmin estimator. They realized that the Good–Toulmin estimator failed for because of the exponential growth, and not its bias. Therefore, they estimated the number of unseen species by truncating the series. Orlitsky, Suresh, and Wu also noted that for distributions with , the driving term in the summation estimate is the term, regardless of which value of is chosen. To solve this, they selected a random nonnegative integer , truncated the series at , and then took the average over a distribution about . The resulting estimator is. This method was chosen because the bias of shifts signs due to the coefficient. Averaging over a distribution of therefore reduces the bias. This means that the estimator can be written as the linear combination of the prevalence: Depending on the distribution of chosen, the results will vary. With this method, estimates can be made for , and this is the best possible.\n\nSpecies discovery curve \nThe species discovery curve can also be used. This curve relates the number of species found in an area as a function of the time. These curves can also be created by using estimators (such as the Good–Toulmin estimator) and plotting the number of unseen species at each value for .\n\nA species discovery curve is always increasing, as there is never a sample that could decrease the number of discovered species. Furthermore, the species discovery curve is also decelerating; the more samples taken, the fewer unseen species are expected to be discovered. The species discovery curve will also never asymptote, as it is assumed that although the discovery rate might become infinitely slow, it will never actually stop. Two common models for a species discovery curve are the logarithmic and the exponential function.\n\nExample – Corbet's butterflies \nAs an example, consider the data Corbet provided Fisher in the 1940s. Using the Good–Toulmin model, the number of unseen species is found using. This can then be used to create a relationship between and .\n\nThis relationship is shown in the plot below.\nFrom the plot, it is seen that at , which was the value of that Corbet brought to Fisher, the resulting estimate of is 75, matching what Fisher found. This plot also acts as a species discovery curve for this ecosystem, and defines how many new species will be discovered as increases (and more samples are taken).\n\nOther uses \nThere are numerous uses for the predictive algorithm. Knowing that the estimators are accurate, it allows scientists to extrapolate accurately the results of polling people by a factor of 2. They can predict the number of unique answers based on the number of people that have answered similarly. The method can also be used to determine the extent of someone's knowledge. A prime example is determining how many unique words Shakespeare knew based on the written works we have today.\n\nExample – How many words did Shakespeare know? \nBased on research done by Thisted and Efron, of Shakespeare's known works, there are 884,647 total words. The research also found that there are at total of different words that appear more than 100 times. Therefore, the total number of unique words was found to be 31,534. Applying the Good–Toulmin model, if an equal number of works by Shakespeare were discovered, then it is estimated that unique words would be found. The goal would be to derive for . Thisted and Efron estimate that , meaning that Shakespeare most likely knew over twice as many words as he actually used in all of his writings.\n\nSee also \n\n Species discovery curve\n Alexander Steven Corbet\n Ronald Fisher\n German tank problem\n\nReferences \n\nEcology\nBiostatistics" ]

[ "Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments.", "His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published in his 1958 book The Uses of Argument, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science. Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin.", "Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1943, where he was a Cambridge Apostle. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany.", "Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950).", "At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work.", "While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work. After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953).", "After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953). Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959.", "Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959. While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic.", "While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic. Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959.", "Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959. While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments.", "While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments. In 1960, Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation. In 1965, Toulmin returned to the United States, where he held positions at various universities. In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R.", "In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R. Hanson, helping in the posthumous publication of several volumes. While at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Toulmin published Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972), which examines the causes and the processes of conceptual change. In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process.", "In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well.", "The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\").", "In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\"). From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress.", "From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress. During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases.", "During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases. One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science.", "One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science. Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations.", "Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations. In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.", "In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\".", "His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\". The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\".", "The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\". On 2 March 2006 Toulmin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science.", "He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science. His children are Greg, of McLean, Va., Polly Macinnes of Skye, Scotland, Camilla Toulmin in the UK and Matthew Toulmin of Melbourne, Australia. On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California.", "On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California. Meta-philosophy Objection to absolutism and relativism Throughout many of his works, Toulmin pointed out that absolutism (represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value. Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context.", "Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context. By contrast, Toulmin contends that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered by human beings in daily life. To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields.", "To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin claims that some aspects of arguments vary from field to field, and are hence called \"field-dependent\", while other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields, and are hence called \"field-invariant\". The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.", "The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant. In Human Understanding (1972), Toulmin suggests that anthropologists have been tempted to side with relativists because they have noticed the influence of cultural variations on rational arguments. In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements.", "In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements. In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.", "In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas. In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition.", "In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition. Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues.", "Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues. The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy.", "The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy. Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb.", "Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb. To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions.", "To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions. He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries.", "He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries. Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments).", "Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments). In contrast to absolutists' theoretical arguments, Toulmin's practical argument is intended to focus on the justificatory function of argumentation, as opposed to the inferential function of theoretical arguments. Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it.", "Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it. Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas—an act achievable through the process of justification. Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim.", "Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim. This, he believed, will ensure it stands up to criticism and earns a favourable verdict. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments: Claim (Conclusion) A conclusion whose merit must be established. In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis.", "In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis. For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be \"I am a British citizen\" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2).", "For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2). Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim.", "Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim. In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3).", "In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3). Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners.", "Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\".", "For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\". Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim.", "Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim. It is exemplified as follows: \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and has become a spy for another country\". Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim.", "Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include \"probably\", \"possible\", \"impossible\", \"certainly\", \"presumably\", \"as far as the evidence goes\", and \"necessarily\". The claim \"I am definitely a British citizen\" has a greater degree of force than the claim \"I am a British citizen, presumably\". (See also: Defeasible reasoning.)", "(See also: Defeasible reasoning.) (See also: Defeasible reasoning.) The first three elements, claim, ground, and warrant, are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier, backing, and rebuttal, may not be needed in some arguments. When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom.", "When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom. Toulmin did not realize that this layout could be applicable to the field of rhetoric and communication until his works were introduced to rhetoricians by Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger. Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate.", "Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate. Only after Toulmin published Introduction to Reasoning (1979) were the rhetorical applications of this layout mentioned in his works. One criticism of the Toulmin model is that it does not fully consider the use of questions in argumentation. The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions.", "The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions. In the example \"Harry was born in Bermuda, so Harry must be a British subject\", the question \"Is Harry a British subject?\" is ignored, which also neglects to analyze why particular questions are asked and others are not. (See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.)", "(See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.) Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software.", "Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software. Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning.", "Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning. The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism. Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues. Although casuistry largely fell silent during the modern period, in The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), Toulmin collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to demonstrate the effectiveness of casuistry in practical argumentation during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument. Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism.", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case.", "Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim.", "If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim. Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case.", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case. Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism.", "Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism. Philosophy of science The evolutionary model In 1972, Toulmin published Human Understanding, in which he asserts that conceptual change is an evolutionary process. In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).", "In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another.", "Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another. Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms.", "Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms. In contrast to Kuhn's revolutionary model, Toulmin proposed an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution. Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection.", "Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection. Innovation accounts for the appearance of conceptual variations, while selection accounts for the survival and perpetuation of the soundest conceptions. Innovation occurs when the professionals of a particular discipline come to view things differently from their predecessors; selection subjects the innovative concepts to a process of debate and inquiry in what Toulmin considers as a \"forum of competitions\". The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions.", "The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions. From the absolutists' point of view, concepts are either valid or invalid regardless of contexts. From the relativists' perspective, one concept is neither better nor worse than a rival concept from a different cultural context. From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts.", "From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts. Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.", "The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism. See also Argumentation theory Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club Notes References Further reading External links Stephen Toulmin Interview with Stephen Toulmin in JAC Obituary in The Guardian William Long (2004) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) 1922 births 2009 deaths 20th-century English philosophers English rhetoricians Philosophers of science Moral philosophers Wittgensteinian philosophers Academics of the University of Leeds Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club New York University faculty Stanford University faculty Columbia University faculty University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty Michigan State University faculty University of Chicago faculty Northwestern University faculty University of Southern California faculty English sceptics Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art British expatriates in the United States" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case.", "what else is interesting about casuistry?", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "How did Toulmin relate this to moral issues?", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning:" ]

[ "Problematic integration theory is a theory of communication that addresses the processes and dynamics of how people receive, evaluate, and respond to information and experiences. The premises of PI are based on the view that message processing, specifically the development of probabilistic and evaluative orientations (our perceptions of something's likelihood of occurring and its value, respectively), is a social and cultural construction. In situations where there is agreement between probabilistic orientation (a person's constructed belief about an object's likelihood, i.e., how likely something is to occur) and evaluative orientation (a person's constructed belief about an object's value), integration is in harmony, i.e., not problematic. However, when there is disagreement between these orientations about an object (i.e., an event, thing, person, idea, outcome, etc.), then integration becomes problematic. This disharmony leads to conflict and discomfort, which can manifest itself as cognitive, communicative, affective, and/or motivational.\n\nHistory \nAustin Babrow first introduced the theory of Problematic Integration (PI) in 1992. Babrow brought together a diverse and interdisciplinary literature (from the field of communication and related disciplines, like psychology, sociology, and philosophy) to serve as building blocks for his new theory. Among the theoretical underpinnings that support PI are: uncertainty reduction theory; the theory of belief in a just world; analysis of decision-making; the theory of and motivation and self-esteem; and cognitive dissonance. However, despite integrating elements from these theories, PI has striking differences (e.g., unlike URT, PI does not assume that uncertainty is an undesirable situation, nor does it suggest that resolution of uncertainty is always necessary or desirable).\n\nConcepts \n\nProblematic Integration is a type of message-processing communication theory that relates to theories of decision making and persuasion. Problematic Integration Theory (PI) proposes that: (1) people orient themselves to the world by forming both probabilistic and evaluative orientations; (2) that probability and evaluation are not independent from one another; (3) that probability and evaluation are socially based and socially constructed, and that probability and evaluation are integral to our daily experience; and, (4) that integration of these orientations can be problematic. Probabilistic orientation is an assessment of the likelihood of an event or outcome. Evaluative orientation is an assessment of the favorability of an outcome. Often, assessments of probability and value are cooperative and easily integrated. However, as the theory's title implies, there are occasions when integration becomes problematic. PI proposes that integration becomes more difficult as:\n clarity of object probability decreases\n object value conflicts increase\n or, there is an increase in the divergence between object expectation and desire\n\nEssentially, problematic integration is what we experience when our probabilistic and evaluative orientations conflict with one another, causing instability and disharmony. Conflict arising from problematic integration may or may not be significant. The more important a value and the more central an issue (or object, to use PI terminology) is to one's beliefs or cultural values, the more likely that problematic integration will cause greater discomfort.\n\nAssumptions of problematic integration theory\n\nBabrow identified four distinct manifestations, or forms, of problematic integration:\n Divergence\n Ambiguity\n Ambivalence\n Impossibility\n\nThe first of these integrative predicaments, divergence, arises when there is a discrepancy between what we believe to be true or to be likely to occur and what we want to be true (the desired outcome). Ambiguity arises when the probability or value of an object (i.e., situation, outcome, thing, etc.) is unclear or highly uncertain. Babrow explained, that “in ambiguous situations, neither the outcome, nor the probability of the outcome is known, though the latter has restrictions” (Babrow, 1992, p. 112). Uncertainty occurs when an unknown factor obscures or complicates the development of one's orientation (probability and evaluation) toward an outcome. Ambiguity has also been described as uncertainty about what is unknown. Ambivalence is borne from one of two conditions: (1) an individual is forced to choose between two similarly valued alternatives; or (2) an individual is forced to choose between mutually exclusive alternatives. The last form of PI, impossibility, occurs upon the realization or belief that an outcome is will not happen. Impossibility is recognized as different from a form of divergence, because only impossibility denotes a sense of certainty. Responses to impossibility can range from a sense of futility, to one of increased motivation to deny the impossibility. All of these situations give rise to conflict.\n\nThe role of communication in problematic integration theory\n\nCommunication is both a source of, a medium, and a method for resolving conflict. Communication is a source of problematic integration in that knowledge and evaluative orientations are the result of communication, probabilistic and evaluative orientations are based on and developed through message and meaning-making (forms of communication), and communication is itself \"an object of thought\" and is therefore an object \"of probabilistic and evaluative orientations.\" It is also possible that a person experiencing problematic integration will seek new information or new sources of information to bolster or reinforce a desired probabilistic or evaluative orientation. This could also be seen engaging in as a form of cognitive dissonance. Communication is seen as a medium of problematic integration because communication inherently involves or is based on probabilistic and evaluative orientations, or communication is about probability and value. Communication is influenced by and formed from culture; thus, communication is a medium of PI, as and the formation of probabilistic and evaluative orientations derives from cultural frameworks. Lastly, communication is a resource for PI as we try to resolve and manage conflict caused by problematic integration through communication (internal, interpersonal, etc.).\n\nBecause communication may be a source, medium, and/or method for resolving problematic integration, it is possible for conflict to manifest as \"extended chains\" of problematic integration. Such extended chains occur through forms, foci, and layers of experience. By extended chains, it is meant that experiences of problematic integration and efforts to resolve problematic integration may lead to development of a new form of PI. As conflict between probability and value develops around a focal point (or topic), it can lead to conflict regarding a new topic (e.g., stress and anxiety about earning an end-of-year bonus at work can lead to new worries about personal finances, sense of self-worth, and/or one's status and career prospects at work). Problematic integration becomes shared (or chained) through layers of experience when people discuss and relate their struggles with others. In this process of communicating our conflicts, others may share in our problematic integration through empathy and sympathy. Babrow proposed that communication becomes more important to resolve problematic integration as the conflict or integration becomes more difficult.\n\nCritique and analysis\n\nAs mentioned above, Problematic Integration Theory is a type of communication theory that examines how we make meaning of information and experiences, and how we handle uncertainty. PI differs from Uncertainty Reduction Theory and other axiomatic and predictive communication theories in a number of ways. PI proposes that there are numerous and varied meanings of the term uncertainty. Unlike URT, PI predicts that experiencing uncertainty does not automatically lead to a desire to reduce the uncertainty. Further, PI proposes that: (1) uncertainty is not always \"bad; (2) uncertainty has a single or narrow meaning; (3) reduction of uncertainty is not always possible; (4) any resolution of uncertainty is not necessarily final; and, (5) integrative dilemmas do not necessarily have an identifiable or singular cause.\n\nProblematic Integration Theory (PI) falls under the socio-psychological and socio-cultural communication traditions. PI began with a focus on intra- and inter-personal contexts, but has been applicable in many contexts, including interpersonal, small group, and organizational; thus, it has a broad scope of application. PI is considered an interpretive/hermeneutic approach of theory rather than positivistic/empirical (i.e., predictive) or critical.\n\nRelated work: uncertainty management theory\n\nBabrow's theory shares some common ideas with Uncertainty Management Theory (UMT), which was developed by Dale Brashers (2007, A theory of communication and uncertainty management. In B. Whaley & W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication theory (pp. 201–218). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum). For a comparison of the perspectives, see Bradac (2001).\n\nCurrent usage \n\nThe complexity of PI and the multiplicity of its manifestations makes it difficult to operationalize, measure, and apply. However, this breadth of scope also indicates that it may have extremely wide-ranging applications and opportunities for research. Because the concepts within PI are based on cultural definitions, PI is seen as being overly responsive to external conceptual influences; thus, making it potentially falsifiable.\n\nPI has been used within the realm of Health Communication studies in order to assess methods of educating, and communicating with, patients facing a variety chronic or life-threatening conditions. In 2003, Babrow received the prestigious Woolbert Award for scholarship of exceptional originality and influence from the National Communication Association for his work with PI.\n\nPI has been used extensively in analysis of the health care system, particularly in regard to communication between health care providers and patients. The health-care system inherently involves communication between health-care providers (e.g., doctors, nurses, various therapists, dietitians, social workers, counselors, etc.), patients, and members of the patient's social and support network (e.g., family members, friends, members of support groups, etc.). Because understanding and communicating diagnoses, prognoses, treatment plans, expectations, and more can be complicated and because this communication relies on the communication skills of the various people involved, health-care situations offer ample opportunity to examine problematic integration. Research in this area has revealed that information is used to decrease and increase uncertainty, depending on the situation. In some cases, patients may seek information to reduce stressful uncertainty. However, in other cases, the care team and the patient may need to increase uncertainty in order to increase optimism and allow for re-evaluation of a given situation. PI has been used to study communication involving various medical issues, including breast cancer, the treatment of diabetes in the elderly, end-of-life issues, and pregnancy.\n\nProblematic Integration has also been used to evaluate organizational communication. Organizations, comprising networks and hierarchies of individuals, by their very nature, create complex webs of various dynamic social and cultural relationships. Moreover, most organizations do not exist for themselves, but for an external audience, client, or consumer; thereby, increasing the nature, types, and numbers of relationships. Communication within these relationships will very likely give rise to instances of uncertainty. In the context of such complex systems of communication, PI takes on a much different appearance than intrapersonal situations. An organization's structure, system design, and strategy can create, maintain, or help reduce problematic integration.\n\nOne area of this study has been problematic integration arising from internal bureaucracy or organizational rules or objectives and how this conflict involves matters of formal rationality (a quantitative calculation of an action or choice) or substantive rationality (a value judgment of consequences of an action or choice).\n\nIn examining marketing strategies for tourism, PI has been used to suggest methods for decreasing uncertainty for potential customers and thereby increasing transactions from the on-line shoppers for the related retail businesses (\"converting lookers to bookers\").\n\nAs mentioned above, PI lends itself to application to a broad scope of issues. A few other examples of areas of interest to which PI has been applied include:\n Risk study and evaluation\n Family and relationships\n Narrative communication\n Mass media and media Studies (e.g., news reporting)\n Marketing and advertising\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nBabrow, Austin S. (1992). Communication and problematic integration: Understanding and diverging probability and value, ambiguity, ambivalence, and impossibility. Communication Theory, 2(2), 95-130.\n\nBerger, C. R. (1986). Uncertain outcome values in predicted relationships: Uncertainty reduction theory then and now. Human Communication Research, 13, 34-38.\n\nBerger, C. R. (1987). Communicating under uncertainty. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.\n\nBerger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.\n\nEinhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1987). Decision making under ambiguity. In R. M. Hogarth & M. W. Reder (Eds.), Rational choice: The contrast between economics and psychology (pp. 41–66). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.\n\nFestinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.\n\nHines, S.C., Babrow, A.S., Badzek, L., & Moss, A. (2001). From coping with life to coping with death: Problematic integration for the seriously ill elderly. Health Communication, 13(3), 327-342.\n\nLerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum.\n\nRaynor, J. O., & McFarlin, D. B. (1986). Motivation and self-esteem. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 315–349). New York: Guilford.\n\nWest, Richard and Turner, Lynn; Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application, McGraw Hill, 2010, Print.\n\nCommunication\nCommunication theory", "\"Problematic\" is the name of Five Star's very first single, released 30 September 1983.\n\nThe song was performed on BBC TV's Pebble Mill at One show, which brought the band to public attention. According to Five Star's father/manager, Buster Pearson, RCA records were on the phone offering the band a record contract before the end of their performance.\n\nFive Star were asked to perform \"Problematic\" on the show as that particular edition was focusing on unemployment, trying to find work, and the problems that come with it. The song was simply about a young girl leaving school, trying to find work.\n\nAlthough credited to Five Star, the b-side \"Big Funk\" is an instrumental track written, arranged and produced by Buster Pearson with no involvement from the band members. He had already released the track as a single in 1973 credited to the Buster Pearson Band.\n\n\"Problematic\" failed to chart in the UK.\n\n7” Single:\n\n1. Problematic\n\n2. Big Funk \n \n\n12” Single:\n \n1. Problematic (Extended Version)\n\n2. Problematic\n\n3. Big Funk \n\nThe 12\" single and a picture disc version of the 7\" single were re-pressed by the Five Star Fan Club in 1989 and sold to members.\n\nThe 7\" and 12\" versions of \"Problematic\" were released as digital downloads on 18 July 2011.\n\nReferences\n\nFive Star songs\n1983 singles\nSongs written by George Hargreaves (politician)\n1983 songs" ]

[ "Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments.", "His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published in his 1958 book The Uses of Argument, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science. Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin.", "Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1943, where he was a Cambridge Apostle. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany.", "Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950).", "At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work.", "While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work. After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953).", "After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953). Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959.", "Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959. While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic.", "While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic. Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959.", "Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959. While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments.", "While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments. In 1960, Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation. In 1965, Toulmin returned to the United States, where he held positions at various universities. In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R.", "In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R. Hanson, helping in the posthumous publication of several volumes. While at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Toulmin published Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972), which examines the causes and the processes of conceptual change. In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process.", "In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well.", "The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\").", "In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\"). From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress.", "From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress. During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases.", "During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases. One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science.", "One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science. Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations.", "Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations. In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.", "In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\".", "His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\". The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\".", "The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\". On 2 March 2006 Toulmin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science.", "He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science. His children are Greg, of McLean, Va., Polly Macinnes of Skye, Scotland, Camilla Toulmin in the UK and Matthew Toulmin of Melbourne, Australia. On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California.", "On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California. Meta-philosophy Objection to absolutism and relativism Throughout many of his works, Toulmin pointed out that absolutism (represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value. Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context.", "Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context. By contrast, Toulmin contends that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered by human beings in daily life. To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields.", "To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin claims that some aspects of arguments vary from field to field, and are hence called \"field-dependent\", while other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields, and are hence called \"field-invariant\". The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.", "The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant. In Human Understanding (1972), Toulmin suggests that anthropologists have been tempted to side with relativists because they have noticed the influence of cultural variations on rational arguments. In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements.", "In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements. In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.", "In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas. In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition.", "In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition. Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues.", "Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues. The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy.", "The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy. Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb.", "Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb. To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions.", "To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions. He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries.", "He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries. Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments).", "Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments). In contrast to absolutists' theoretical arguments, Toulmin's practical argument is intended to focus on the justificatory function of argumentation, as opposed to the inferential function of theoretical arguments. Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it.", "Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it. Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas—an act achievable through the process of justification. Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim.", "Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim. This, he believed, will ensure it stands up to criticism and earns a favourable verdict. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments: Claim (Conclusion) A conclusion whose merit must be established. In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis.", "In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis. For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be \"I am a British citizen\" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2).", "For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2). Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim.", "Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim. In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3).", "In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3). Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners.", "Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\".", "For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\". Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim.", "Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim. It is exemplified as follows: \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and has become a spy for another country\". Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim.", "Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include \"probably\", \"possible\", \"impossible\", \"certainly\", \"presumably\", \"as far as the evidence goes\", and \"necessarily\". The claim \"I am definitely a British citizen\" has a greater degree of force than the claim \"I am a British citizen, presumably\". (See also: Defeasible reasoning.)", "(See also: Defeasible reasoning.) (See also: Defeasible reasoning.) The first three elements, claim, ground, and warrant, are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier, backing, and rebuttal, may not be needed in some arguments. When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom.", "When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom. Toulmin did not realize that this layout could be applicable to the field of rhetoric and communication until his works were introduced to rhetoricians by Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger. Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate.", "Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate. Only after Toulmin published Introduction to Reasoning (1979) were the rhetorical applications of this layout mentioned in his works. One criticism of the Toulmin model is that it does not fully consider the use of questions in argumentation. The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions.", "The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions. In the example \"Harry was born in Bermuda, so Harry must be a British subject\", the question \"Is Harry a British subject?\" is ignored, which also neglects to analyze why particular questions are asked and others are not. (See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.)", "(See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.) Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software.", "Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software. Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning.", "Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning. The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism. Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues. Although casuistry largely fell silent during the modern period, in The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), Toulmin collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to demonstrate the effectiveness of casuistry in practical argumentation during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument. Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism.", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case.", "Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim.", "If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim. Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case.", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case. Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism.", "Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism. Philosophy of science The evolutionary model In 1972, Toulmin published Human Understanding, in which he asserts that conceptual change is an evolutionary process. In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).", "In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another.", "Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another. Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms.", "Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms. In contrast to Kuhn's revolutionary model, Toulmin proposed an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution. Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection.", "Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection. Innovation accounts for the appearance of conceptual variations, while selection accounts for the survival and perpetuation of the soundest conceptions. Innovation occurs when the professionals of a particular discipline come to view things differently from their predecessors; selection subjects the innovative concepts to a process of debate and inquiry in what Toulmin considers as a \"forum of competitions\". The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions.", "The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions. From the absolutists' point of view, concepts are either valid or invalid regardless of contexts. From the relativists' perspective, one concept is neither better nor worse than a rival concept from a different cultural context. From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts.", "From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts. Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.", "The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism. See also Argumentation theory Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club Notes References Further reading External links Stephen Toulmin Interview with Stephen Toulmin in JAC Obituary in The Guardian William Long (2004) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) 1922 births 2009 deaths 20th-century English philosophers English rhetoricians Philosophers of science Moral philosophers Wittgensteinian philosophers Academics of the University of Leeds Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club New York University faculty Stanford University faculty Columbia University faculty University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty Michigan State University faculty University of Chicago faculty Northwestern University faculty University of Southern California faculty English sceptics Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art British expatriates in the United States" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case.", "what else is interesting about casuistry?", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "How did Toulmin relate this to moral issues?", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning:", "what were the three problematic situations?", "first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways;" ]

[ "Paradise is the third release, by the Christian third-wave ska band, The Insyderz. Released in 1998, paradise is the band's only CD single. The song \"Our Wars\" contains numerous references to Star Wars, and \"Just What I Needed\" is a cover of The Cars song.\n\nTrack listing \n \"Paradise\"\n \"Our Wars\"\n \"Just What I Needed\"\n \"Our Wars\" (Dark Fader mix)\n \"Paradise\" (Karaoke mix)\n\nReferences\n\nThe Insyderz albums\n1998 EPs", "What Is the Third Estate? () is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French writer and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836). The pamphlet was Sieyès' response to finance minister Jacques Necker's invitation for writers to state how they thought the Estates-General should be organized.\n\nIn the pamphlet, Sieyès argues that the third estate – the common people of France – constituted a complete nation within itself and had no need of the \"dead weight\" of the two other orders, the first and second estates of the clergy and aristocracy. Sieyès stated that the people wanted genuine representatives in the Estates-General, equal representation to the other two orders taken together, and votes taken by heads and not by orders. These ideas came to have an immense influence on the course of the French Revolution.\n\nSummary\nThe pamphlet is organized around three hypothetical questions and Sieyès' responses. The questions and responses are: \nWhat is the Third Estate? Everything.\nWhat has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing.\nWhat does it desire to be? To become something...\n\nThroughout the pamphlet, Sieyès argues that the first and second estates are simply unnecessary, and that the Third Estate is in truth France's only legitimate estate, representing as it does the entire population. Thus, he asserts, it should replace the other two estates entirely. \nThe Third Estate bears the weight of the majority of tax.\n\nSee also\nEstates of the realm\nPluralism (political philosophy)\nModernism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nExcerpts from What is the Third Estate? Internet History Sourcebooks – Fordham University. Retrieved 9 January 2013.\n\nPolitical history of the Ancien Régime\n1789 non-fiction books\nPamphlets of the French Revolution" ]

[ "Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments.", "His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published in his 1958 book The Uses of Argument, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science. Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin.", "Biography Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1943, where he was a Cambridge Apostle. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany.", "Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950).", "At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work.", "While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work. After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953).", "After graduating from Cambridge, he was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954, during which period he wrote a second book, The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953). Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959.", "Soon after, he was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955, after which he returned to England, and served as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959. While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic.", "While at Leeds, he published one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric, The Uses of Argument (1958), which investigated the flaws of traditional logic. Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959.", "Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as \"Toulmin's anti-logic book\" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoricians in the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959. While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments.", "While in the States, Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger introduced Toulmin's work to communication scholars, as they recognized that his work provided a good structural model useful for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments. In 1960, Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation. In 1965, Toulmin returned to the United States, where he held positions at various universities. In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R.", "In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R. Hanson, helping in the posthumous publication of several volumes. While at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Toulmin published Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972), which examines the causes and the processes of conceptual change. In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process.", "In this book, Toulmin uses a novel comparison between conceptual change and Charles Darwin's model of biological evolution to analyse the process of conceptual change as an evolutionary process. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well.", "The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. The book confronts major philosophical questions as well. In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\").", "In 1973, while a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Allan Janik, a philosophy professor at La Salle University, on the book Wittgenstein's Vienna, which advanced a thesis that underscores the significance of history to human reasoning: Contrary to philosophers who believe the absolute truth advocated in Plato's idealized formal logic, Toulmin argues that truth can be a relative quality, dependent on historical and cultural contexts (what other authors have termed \"conceptual schemata\"). From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress.", "From 1975 to 1978, he worked with the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established by the United States Congress. During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases.", "During this time, he collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), which demonstrates the procedures for resolving moral cases. One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science.", "One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990), written while Toulmin held the position of the Avalon Foundation Professor of the Humanities at Northwestern University, specifically criticizes the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science. Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations.", "Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and the University of Southern California School of International Relations. In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.", "In 1997 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Toulmin for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\".", "His lecture, \"A Dissenter's Story\" (alternatively entitled \"A Dissenter's Life\"), discussed the roots of modernity in rationalism and humanism, the \"contrast of the reasonable and the rational\", and warned of the \"abstractions that may still tempt us back into the dogmatism, chauvinism and sectarianism our needs have outgrown\". The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\".", "The NEH report of the speech further quoted Toulmin on the need to \"make the technical and the humanistic strands in modern thought work together more effectively than they have in the past\". On 2 March 2006 Toulmin received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science.", "He was married four times, once to June Goodfield and collaborated with her on a series of books on the history of science. His children are Greg, of McLean, Va., Polly Macinnes of Skye, Scotland, Camilla Toulmin in the UK and Matthew Toulmin of Melbourne, Australia. On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California.", "On 4 December 2009 Toulmin died of a heart failure at the age of 87 in Los Angeles, California. Meta-philosophy Objection to absolutism and relativism Throughout many of his works, Toulmin pointed out that absolutism (represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value. Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context.", "Absolutism is derived from Plato's idealized formal logic, which advocates universal truth; accordingly, absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles, regardless of context. By contrast, Toulmin contends that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered by human beings in daily life. To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields.", "To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin claims that some aspects of arguments vary from field to field, and are hence called \"field-dependent\", while other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields, and are hence called \"field-invariant\". The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.", "The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant. In Human Understanding (1972), Toulmin suggests that anthropologists have been tempted to side with relativists because they have noticed the influence of cultural variations on rational arguments. In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements.", "In other words, the anthropologist or relativist overemphasizes the importance of the \"field-dependent\" aspect of arguments, and neglects or is unaware of the \"field-invariant\" elements. In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.", "In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas. In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition.", "In Cosmopolis (1990), he traces philosophers' \"quest for certainty\" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, and lauds John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition. Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues.", "Humanizing modernity In Cosmopolis Toulmin seeks the origins of the modern emphasis on universality (philosophers' \"quest for certainty\"), and criticizes both modern science and philosophers for having ignored practical issues in preference for abstract and theoretical issues. The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy.", "The pursuit of absolutism and theoretical arguments lacking practicality, for example, is, in his view, one of the main defects of modern philosophy. Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb.", "Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb. To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions.", "To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to the local, or to concrete cultural and historical contexts; and, finally, a return to the timely, from timeless problems to things whose rational significance depends on the time lines of our solutions. He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries.", "He follows up on this critique in Return to Reason (2001), where he seeks to illuminate the ills that, in his view, universalism has caused in the social sphere, discussing, among other things, the discrepancy between mainstream ethical theory and real-life ethical quandaries. Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments).", "Argumentation The Toulmin model of argument Arguing that absolutism lacks practical value, Toulmin aimed to develop a different type of argument, called practical arguments (also known as substantial arguments). In contrast to absolutists' theoretical arguments, Toulmin's practical argument is intended to focus on the justificatory function of argumentation, as opposed to the inferential function of theoretical arguments. Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it.", "Whereas theoretical arguments make inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim, practical arguments first find a claim of interest, and then provide justification for it. Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas—an act achievable through the process of justification. Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim.", "Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim. This, he believed, will ensure it stands up to criticism and earns a favourable verdict. In The Uses of Argument (1958), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments: Claim (Conclusion) A conclusion whose merit must be established. In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis.", "In argumentative essays, it may be called the thesis. For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be \"I am a British citizen\" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2).", "For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data \"I was born in Bermuda\" (2). Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim.", "Warrant A statement authorizing movement from the ground to the claim. In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3).", "In order to move from the ground established in 2, \"I was born in Bermuda\", to the claim in 1, \"I am a British citizen\", the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between 1 and 2 with the statement \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\" (3). Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners.", "Backing Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\".", "For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant in 3 as credible, the speaker will supply the legal provisions: \"I trained as a barrister in London, specialising in citizenship, so I know that a man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen\". Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim.", "Rebuttal (Reservation) Statements recognizing the restrictions which may legitimately be applied to the claim. It is exemplified as follows: \"A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and has become a spy for another country\". Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim.", "Qualifier Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include \"probably\", \"possible\", \"impossible\", \"certainly\", \"presumably\", \"as far as the evidence goes\", and \"necessarily\". The claim \"I am definitely a British citizen\" has a greater degree of force than the claim \"I am a British citizen, presumably\". (See also: Defeasible reasoning.)", "(See also: Defeasible reasoning.) (See also: Defeasible reasoning.) The first three elements, claim, ground, and warrant, are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier, backing, and rebuttal, may not be needed in some arguments. When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom.", "When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom. Toulmin did not realize that this layout could be applicable to the field of rhetoric and communication until his works were introduced to rhetoricians by Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger. Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate.", "Their Decision by Debate (1963) streamlined Toulmin's terminology and broadly introduced his model to the field of debate. Only after Toulmin published Introduction to Reasoning (1979) were the rhetorical applications of this layout mentioned in his works. One criticism of the Toulmin model is that it does not fully consider the use of questions in argumentation. The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions.", "The Toulmin model assumes that an argument starts with a fact or claim and ends with a conclusion, but ignores an argument's underlying questions. In the example \"Harry was born in Bermuda, so Harry must be a British subject\", the question \"Is Harry a British subject?\" is ignored, which also neglects to analyze why particular questions are asked and others are not. (See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.)", "(See Issue mapping for an example of an argument-mapping method that emphasizes questions.) Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software.", "Toulmin's argument model has inspired research on, for example, goal structuring notation (GSN), widely used for developing safety cases, and argument maps and associated software. Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning.", "Ethics Good reasons approach In Reason in Ethics (1950), his doctoral dissertation, Toulmin sets out a Good Reasons approach of ethics, and criticizes what he considers to be the subjectivism and emotivism of philosophers such as A. J. Ayer because, in his view, they fail to do justice to ethical reasoning. The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "The revival of casuistry By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism. Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues. Although casuistry largely fell silent during the modern period, in The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), Toulmin collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to demonstrate the effectiveness of casuistry in practical argumentation during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, effectively reviving it as a permissible method of argument. Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism.", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases\", without resorting to absolutism. It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case. Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case.", "Given an individual case that is completely identical to the type case, moral judgments can be made immediately using the standard moral principles advocated in the type case. If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim.", "If the individual case differs from the type case, the differences will be critically assessed in order to arrive at a rational claim. Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case.", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning: first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways; third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case. Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism.", "Through the use of casuistry, Toulmin demonstrated and reinforced his previous emphasis on the significance of comparison to moral arguments, a significance not addressed in theories of absolutism or relativism. Philosophy of science The evolutionary model In 1972, Toulmin published Human Understanding, in which he asserts that conceptual change is an evolutionary process. In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).", "In this book, Toulmin attacks Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another.", "Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another. Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms.", "Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis, arguing that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison, and that Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the \"field variant\" while ignoring the \"field invariant\" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms. In contrast to Kuhn's revolutionary model, Toulmin proposed an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution. Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection.", "Toulmin states that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection. Innovation accounts for the appearance of conceptual variations, while selection accounts for the survival and perpetuation of the soundest conceptions. Innovation occurs when the professionals of a particular discipline come to view things differently from their predecessors; selection subjects the innovative concepts to a process of debate and inquiry in what Toulmin considers as a \"forum of competitions\". The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions.", "The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions. From the absolutists' point of view, concepts are either valid or invalid regardless of contexts. From the relativists' perspective, one concept is neither better nor worse than a rival concept from a different cultural context. From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts.", "From Toulmin's perspective, the evaluation depends on a process of comparison, which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts. Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Works An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950) The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction (1953) The Uses of Argument (1958) 2nd edition 2003: Metaphysical Beliefs, Three Essays (1957) with Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre The Riviera (1961) Seventeenth century science and the arts (1961) \t Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science (1961) The Fabric of the Heavens (The Ancestry of Science, volume 1) (1961) with June Goodfield The Architecture of Matter (The Ancestry of Science, volume 2) (1962) with June Goodfield Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) The Discovery of Time (The Ancestry of Science, volume 3) (1965) with June Goodfield Physical Reality (1970) Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) with Allan Janik On the Nature of the Physician's Understanding (1976) Knowing and Acting: An Invitation to Philosophy (1976) An Introduction to Reasoning (1979) with Allan Janik and Richard D. Rieke 2nd edition 1997: The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (1985) The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) with Albert R. Jonsen Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) Social Impact of AIDS in the United States (1993) with Albert R. Jonsen Beyond theory – changing organizations through participation (1996) with Björn Gustavsen (editors) Return to Reason (2001) Pantheon of skeptics At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Toulmin was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.", "The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism. See also Argumentation theory Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club Notes References Further reading External links Stephen Toulmin Interview with Stephen Toulmin in JAC Obituary in The Guardian William Long (2004) Wittgenstein's Vienna (1973) 1922 births 2009 deaths 20th-century English philosophers English rhetoricians Philosophers of science Moral philosophers Wittgensteinian philosophers Academics of the University of Leeds Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club New York University faculty Stanford University faculty Columbia University faculty University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty Michigan State University faculty University of Chicago faculty Northwestern University faculty University of Southern California faculty English sceptics Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art British expatriates in the United States" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut" ]

[ "Lee Shin-young (born January 24, 1998) is a South Korean actor. He had roles in the Korean television series Crash Landing on You (2019) and How to Buy a Friend (2020).\n\nEarly life\nLee was born on January 24, 1998, in South Korea.\n\nCareer\n\n2018–present: Acting debut\nLee made his acting debut in the web series Just One Bite (2018). He went on to roles in It's Okay To Be Sensitive 2 (2019) and Just One Bite 2 (2019). He played First Lieutenant Park Kwang-beom in the hit drama Crash Landing on You. Lee also starred in the KBS drama How to Buy a Friend alongside Shin Seung-ho in 2020.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision series\n\nWeb series\n\nMusic video appearances\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal \n (in Korean)\n \n \n \n\n1998 births\nLiving people\nSouth Korean male television actors\n21st-century South Korean male actors", "Harold Saul Guskin (May 25, 1941 – May 10, 2018) was an American actor and acting coach. He coached Glenn Close, James Gandolfini and Gabriel Macht.\n\nEarly life \nHe learned playing the trombone in high school but replaced it with theatre, then he started attending acting classes and did bachelor's degree in drama at Rutgers University, then earned a master's from Indiana University.\n\nCareer \n\nIn 1970, Guskin began teaching at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, then moved to the New York University Tisch School of the Arts, where he was not happy with academic world. In the 1980 he joined the Public Theater for three years where he did workshops to introduced his acting techniques.\n\nHe published a book \"How to Stop Acting\" (2003) a book about acting techniques.\n\nDeath \nOn May 10, 2018, he died in Park Ridge, New Jersey. His wife reported the cause of death as a pulmonary embolism. He had contracted primary progressive aphasia, a rare form of dementia, over decade before his death.\n\nReferences \n\n1941 births\n2018 deaths\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican acting coaches\n20th-century American male actors\nMale actors from New York City\nDeaths from pulmonary embolism\nTisch School of the Arts faculty\nIllinois Wesleyan University faculty\nIndiana University alumni\nRutgers University alumni" ]

[ "Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. According to Billboard, Brown is one of the most influential and successful R&B singers ever, with several considering him the \"King of R&B\" alongside Usher and R. Kelly. His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music.", "His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music. His lyrics develop predominantly over themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, fast life, desire, and the difficulty of managing emotions. Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer.", "Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer. Born in Tappahannock, Virginia, he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age. Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). With his first single \"Run It!\" peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist since 1995 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\".", "His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\". In 2009, Brown pled guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend, singer Rihanna. In the same year of the episode there was the release of his third album Graffiti, which was considered to be a commercial failure compared to his previous works. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E.", "Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. (2011) became one of his biggest successes, being his first to top the Billboard 200, containing internationally successful singles such as \"Yeah 3x\", \"Look at Me Now\" and \"Beautiful People\", also earning him the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200.", "His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200. Following the releases of X and Royalty, his 2017 double-disc album, Heartbreak on a Full Moon, consisting of 45 tracks, was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units after one week, and in 2019 it has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album.", "Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album. It included the Drake featured track \"No Guidance\" which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Its chart success was outdone with the single \"Go Crazy\" released the following year, alongside Young Thug as part of their collaborative mixtape Slime & B (2020). The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100.", "The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. Brown has sold over 193 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Additionally, he is tied for the most digital single sales among R&B artists in the United States with Bruno Mars. Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards.", "Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards. According to Billboard, Brown has the seventh most Billboard Hot 100 entries with 106 - which is the most of any R&B artist in history. Brown was also ranked 3rd in the Billboard top R&B/Hip-Hop artists of the decade for the 2010s, behind peers Rihanna and Drake in 2nd and 1st, respectively. Brown has also pursued an acting career.", "Brown has also pursued an acting career. Brown has also pursued an acting career. In 2007, he made his on-screen feature film debut in Stomp the Yard, and appeared as a guest on the television series The O.C. Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013).", "Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013). Early life Christopher Maurice Brown was born on May 5, 1989, in the small town of Tappahannock, Virginia, to Joyce Hawkins, a former day care center director, and Clinton Brown, a corrections officer at a local prison. He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank.", "He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank. Music was always present in Brown's life beginning in his childhood. He would listen to soul albums that his parents owned, and eventually began to show interest in the hip-hop scene. Brown taught himself to sing and dance at a young age and often cites Michael Jackson as his inspiration. He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows.", "He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows. When he mimicked an Usher performance of \"My Way\", his mother recognized his vocal talent, and they began to look for the opportunity of a record deal. At the same time, Brown was going through personal issues. His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence.", "His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence. Career 2002–2004: Career beginnings At age 13, Brown was discovered by Hitmission Records, a local production team that visited his father's gas station while searching for new talent. Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal.", "Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal. Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career.", "Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career. Tina Davis, senior A&R executive at Def Jam Recordings, was impressed when Brown auditioned in her New York office, and she immediately took him to meet the former president of the Island Def Jam Music Group, Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, who offered to sign him that day, but Brown refused his proposal. \"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis.", "\"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis. \"I just knew I wanted to be part of it.\" The negotiations with Def Jam continued for two months, and ended when Davis lost her job due to a corporate merger. Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records.", "Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records. According to Mark Pitts, in an interview with HitQuarters, Davis presented Brown with a video recording, and Pitts' reaction was: \"I saw huge potential ... I didn't love all the records, but I loved his voice. It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\"", "It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\" Brown ultimately chose Jive due to its successful work with then-young acts such as Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake. Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\"", "Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\" Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records.", "Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records. 2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005.", "2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005. By May, there were 50 songs already recorded, 14 of which were picked to the final track listing. The singer worked with several producers and songwriters—Scott Storch, Cool & Dre, Sean Garrett and Jazze Pha among them—commenting that they \"really believed in [him]\". Brown co-wrote half of the tracks.", "Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. \"I write about the things that 16 year olds go through every day,\" says Brown. \"Like you just got in trouble for sneaking your girl into the house, or you can't drive, so you steal a car or something.\" The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce.", "The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce. Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 154,000 copies. Chris Brown was a commercial success with the time; selling over three million copies in the United States—where it was certified three times platinum by the RIAA—and six million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Run It!", "The album's lead single, \"Run It! The album's lead single, \"Run It! \", made Brown the first male act (since Montell Jordan in 1995) to have his debut single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot 100—later remaining for four additional weeks. Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart.", "Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart. On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers.", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers. On August 17, 2006, to further promote the album, Brown began his major co-headlining tour, The Up Close and Personal Tour. Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months.", "Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received $10,000 in ticket proceeds from Brown's 2006 \"Up Close & Personal\" tour. Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode.", "Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode. 2007–2008: Exclusive In January 2007, Brown landed a small role as a band geek in the fourth season of the American television series The O.C.. Brown then made his film debut in Stomp the Yard, alongside Ne-Yo, Meagan Good and Columbus Short on January 12, 2007. In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour.", "In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour. On July 9, 2007, Brown was featured in an episode of MTV's My Super Sweet 16 (for the event, it was retitled: Chris Brown: My Super 18) celebrating his eighteenth birthday in New York City. Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive.", "Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive. When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time.", "When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time. However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\"", "However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\" in 2005.", "in 2005. in 2005. \"With You\", produced by Stargate (duo of producers known at the time for their work with R&B singer Ne-Yo), was released as the third single from Exclusive, had even bigger success than \"Kiss Kiss\", becoming one of the all-time best-selling singles, and reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007.", "Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007. The album is musically R&B, having slight pop influences that were absent in the previous hip hop soul-influenced disc, reaching a big international success. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 294,000 copies in its first week, and received generally positive reviews from music critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States.", "As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States. In November 2007, Brown starred as a video host for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's Math-A-Thon program. He showed his support by encouraging students to use their math skills to help children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King.", "On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King. To further support the album Exclusive, Brown embarked on his The Exclusive Holiday Tour, visiting over thirty venues in United States. The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii.", "The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii. In March 2008, Brown was featured on Jordin Sparks' single \"No Air\", which had worldwide success peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc.", "He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc. The song peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot 100, and number two on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version.", "Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version. The re-released version featured four new tracks, including the Eurodisco single \"Forever\", which became one of his most known singles, reaching number two on Billboard Hot 100. In August 2008, Brown guest-starred on Disney's The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as himself. Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine.", "Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine. 2009–2010: Graffiti and mixtapes In 2008, Brown began work on his third studio album, to be called Graffiti, promising to experiment with a different musical direction inspired by singers Prince and Michael Jackson. He stated, \"I wanted to change it up and really be different. Like my style nowadays, I don't try to be typical urban. I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were.", "I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were. They can cross over to any genre of music.\" Following the domestic violence scandal involving the singer and Rihanna on February 8, 2009, the majority of media took positions against the singer. The incident also caused Brown to lose significant commercial contracts, including one with Doublemint. The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it.", "The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it. Graffiti 's lead single \"I Can Transform Ya\" was released on September 29, 2009. The song peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. \"Crawl\" was released as the album's second single on November 23, 2009. The song reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock.", "Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock. Brown, with this album, started to take full control of his art, managing the artistic direction, and writing every song of the album (with the exception of the song \"I'll Go\", written and produced by Brian Kennedy and James Fauntleroy). Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects.", "Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects. He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\".", "He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\". The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics.", "The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold 341,000 copies in the United States. While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\".", "While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\". The performance and his emotional turmoil resonated with several celebrities present at the ceremony, including Trey Songz, Diddy and Taraji P. Henson. Songz said, \"He left his heart on the stage. He gave genuine emotion. I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\".", "I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\". Michael's brother, Jermaine Jackson, expressed similar sentiments stating, \"it was very emotional for me, because it was an acceptance from his fans from what has happened to him and also paying tribute to my brother\". Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize.", "Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize. In August 2010, Brown starred alongside an ensemble cast, including Matt Dillon, Paul Walker, Idris Elba, Hayden Christensen and T.I. in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film.", "in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film. During 2010 Brown released the 3 free mixtapes In My Zone (Rhythm & Streets), Fan of a Fan (collaborative mixtape with Tyga), and In My Zone 2, which featured a new style of writing with grown themes, and a different musical style, mixing R&B with hip hop. For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall.", "For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall. The mixtapes were highly appreciated by the artist's loyal audience, consolidating it. The single \"Deuces\", extracted from the Fan of a Fan mixtape, obtained critical acclaim, also achieving a good success, peaking at number 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I.", "The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I. He later released the solo track \"No BS\" as his second single from Fan of a Fan, and decided to include the two singles from the mixtape as anticipation singles for his next album. 2011–2012: F.A.M.E. and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E.", "and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E. [backronym for \"Forgiving All My Enemies\"], releasing in October the first official single from the album, \"Yeah 3x\", a dance-pop song, different from his previous songs on the urban mixtapes. The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom..", "The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.. It was succeeded by the hip-hop single \"Look at Me Now\", featuring rappers Lil Wayne and Busta Rhymes, that reached number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it remained for eight consecutive weeks. It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart.", "It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. The single became the best-selling rap song of 2011, as well as one of all-time best-selling singles in the United States. Brown's fourth studio album F.A.M.E. was first released on March 18, 2011. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States.", "The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States. The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi.", "The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi. \"She Ain't You\" was released as the album's fourth US single, while \"Next 2 You\", featuring Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, served as the album's fourth international single. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E. Tour in Australia and North America. Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\".", "Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\". He also won three awards at the 2011 BET Hip Hop Awards, including the People's Champ Award, Reese's Perfect Combo Award and Best Hip Hop Video for \"Look at Me Now\". At the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards, F.A.M.E. won Album of the Year.", "won Album of the Year. won Album of the Year. The album has also earned Brown three Grammy Award nominations at the 54th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Album, as well as Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song for \"Look at Me Now\". On February 12, 2012, Brown won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. During the ceremony, Brown performed several songs marking his first appearance at the awards show since his conviction of felony assault. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E.", "Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. to be a double-disc consistent of 25–30 tracks, but the label was contrary to that. Right before the release of F.A.M.E. Brown decided to follow his intentions in an acceptable way for the label, working on a sequel of F.A.M.E. called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it.", "called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it. The artist later decided to take more time to work on the album, developing it as a project of its own, with its own concept and sound being different than the one of its precedent album. On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records.", "On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Brown (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release future material on the RCA Records brand. Brown's fifth studio album Fortune was released on July 3, 2012. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics.", "The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics. \"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively.", "\"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad. 2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop.", "2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop. On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start.", "On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start. On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single.", "On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single. In an interview with Ebony, when Brown spoke of taking his music in a different direction and changing his sound from pop-infused and sexually explicit of the previous album Fortune, to a more mature, soulful and vulnerable theme for the album. On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album.", "On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album. Following the dropping of two other anticipation singles off X, \"Don't Think They Know\" and \"Love More\", on August 9, 2013, at 1:09 am PDT, Brown was reported to have suffered a seizure from Record Plant Studios in Hollywood, California as a 9-1-1 call was made. When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital.", "When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital. (Brown has reportedly suffered from seizures since his childhood.) The next day, Brown's representative reported the seizure was caused by \"intense fatigue and extreme emotional stress, both due to the continued onslaught of unfounded legal matters and the nonstop negativity.\" On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy.", "On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy. To \"hold [fans] over until [the X album] drops,\" Brown released a mixtape, titled X Files on November 19, 2013. On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014.", "On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014. On April 14, 2014, Brown released a teaser of the new track \"Don't Be Gone Too Long\" featuring Ariana Grande. However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence.", "However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence. While incarcerated, \"Loyal\" was released as the album's fourth single, becoming one of his most successful songs, by peaking at the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in the United Kingdom. On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014.", "On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014. On August 6, 2014, the album cover was revealed. The song ended up being never released as a single, instead \"New Flame\" featuring Usher and Rick Ross was later released as the album's final single. The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014.", "The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014. Brown's sixth studio album, X was released on September 16, 2014. The album received positive reviews from critics, who celebrated the record's sound and Brown's vocal performances. The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune.", "The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune. At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.", "At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song. Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007).", "Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007). It also became his sixth consecutive top ten debut in the United States. By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States.", "By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States. It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Pushing the promotion for the album further, Brown performed and appeared at several televised music events and music festivals across the United States. On February 24, 2015, Brown released his first collaborative studio album with Tyga, titled Fan of a Fan: The Album. The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan.", "The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan. In early 2015, Brown also embarked on his Between The Sheets Tour with Trey Songz. Also in February 2015, Brown said during an interview for The Breakfast Club that he started working on the album going for a direction that would've been the sound predominant overseas. A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran.", "A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran. That happening made him change the idea for the album, ending up doing mostly R&B songs that he described as \"representations of where i was in my life at that point\", contemporarily starting his One Hell of a Nite Tour. In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success.", "In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success. On June 24, Brown released a new song titled \"Liquor\". Shortly after, it was announced that \"Liquor\" was the first single from his seventh studio album. On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown.", "On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown. On October 16 he has revealed the album cover, portraying Chris with Royalty in her arms in a black and white picture. On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015.", "On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015. After it was revealed that the album has been pushed back to December 18, 2015, in exchange on November 27, 2015, he released a free 34-track mixtape called Before the Party as a prelude to Royalty, which features guest appearances from Rihanna, Wiz Khalifa, Pusha T, Wale, Tyga, French Montana and Fetty Wap. On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed.", "On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed. The album was released on December 18, 2015, and it debuted at number 3 on the US Billboard 200, selling 184,000 units (162,000 in pure album sales) in its first week, marking an improvement over Brown's last three studio albums. It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States.", "It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States. 2016–2017: Heartbreak on a Full Moon Brown started working and recording tracks for his next album few weeks before the release of Royalty, in late 2015. On January 10, 2016, Brown had previewed 11 unreleased songs on his Periscope and Instagram profiles, showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs. In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic.", "In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic. On May 3 he announced the single \"Grass Ain't Greener\", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from a new album titled Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on May 5, 2016.", "The single was released on May 5, 2016. The single was released on May 5, 2016. On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\"", "On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\" In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars.", "In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars. Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features.", "Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features. He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album.", "He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album. On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success.", "On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success. The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album.", "The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album. RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them.", "RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them. In February 2017 he announced that his previously teased song \"Privacy\" would have been released as the next single from Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience.", "The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience. On June 7 he released Welcome to My Life, a self-documentary focused on his life and career, directed by Andrew Sandler. Numerous celebrities participated in the movie, making statements and sharing stories about the artist. Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga.", "Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga. On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black.", "On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black. Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017.", "Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017. On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album.", "On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album. On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans.", "On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans. Heartbreak on a Full Moon was eventually released as a double-disc album on October 31, 2017, via digital retailers and onto CD, three days later by RCA Records. The album's sound has been as dark and soulful. The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup.", "The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup. Its themes include regret, love transforming into hate, the difficulty in managing emotions, the impossibility of getting over someone, and how a reckless lifestyle can't numb the pain of an heartbreak. Its lyrical content was inspired by Brown's breakup with Karrueche Tran. Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content.", "Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content. Many defined it as the singer's best body of work. Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart.", "Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart. One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004.", "One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004. In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On December 13, 2017, he released a 12-track surprise deluxe edition of the album called Cuffing Season – 12 Days of Christmas as a Christmas present for his fans. The deluxe edition is made off Brown's favorite leftovers of the album and few holiday-themed songs. Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album.", "Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album. The opening acts for the tour were 6lack, H.E.R., Rich the Kid, and Jacquees. 2018–2019: Indigo Following the overall success of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, Brown and rapper Joyner Lucas announced a collaboration project, titled Angels & Demons on February 25, 2018, with the release of the single \"Stranger Things\". However the project ended up never being released.", "However the project ended up never being released. However the project ended up never being released. On March 15, 2018, Brown was featured in Lil Dicky's smash hit single \"Freaky Friday\". By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. After drafting the concept for his new album, in August 2018, at the end of the \"Heartbreak On A Full Moon tour\", Brown started the actual processing work of his ninth album, Indigo. On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song.", "On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song. \"Undecided\" saw Brown reunite with producer Scott Storch, who previously worked with Brown in 2005 on his breakout hit \"Run It!\". The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29.", "The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29. On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US.", "On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US. The third single, \"Wobble Up\", was released a week later featuring Nicki Minaj and G-Eazy, announcing that the album is expected to be released in June. On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\".", "On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\". In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list.", "In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list. Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years.", "Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years. He later revealed the artwork of the album and its track list between May and June 2019. On May 31, he appeared on \"Easy\", a successful single where he duetted with singer DaniLeigh. On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single.", "On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single. It debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's 15th top-ten song, and later peaked at number five. The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards.", "The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards. Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style.", "Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style. The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone.", "The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone. In the United States, Indigo debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 108,000 album-equivalent units, which included 28,000 pure album sales in its first week, making it his third number-one album in the country. The album was met with positive reviews from critics.", "The album was met with positive reviews from critics. The album was met with positive reviews from critics. Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs.", "Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs. On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs.", "On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs. On June 10, 2019, Brown announced an official headlining concert tour where he performed the album throughout United States, titled \"Indigoat Tour\". The tour began on August 20, and ended on October 19. The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities.", "The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities. \"Indigoat Tour\" grossed over $30,100,000 in its 37 shows, selling out most of the venues. 2020present: Breezy In December 2019, Brown revealed that he started working on new material for his tenth studio album. Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B.", "Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B. The mixtape was released on May 5, 2020, and features the hit single \"Go Crazy\", which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Brown's first song to spend one full year on the chart. On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\".", "On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\". The song earned Brown his 100th career entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, as it entered and debuted at number 25. On July 9, 2020, Brown announced via Instagram that the title of his tenth album would be Breezy, a reference to his stage nickname. No release date has been announced yet.", "No release date has been announced yet. No release date has been announced yet. Brown said in July 2021, while working on the album, that he wanted to make some \"really endearing music\" that \"talk to women's soul\". On August 2, he announced on his Instagram that his Breezy album would be accompanied by a short film of the same name. Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022.", "Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022. On January 14 he released the song \"Iffy\". Artistry Influences Brown has cited a number of artists as his inspiration, predominantly Michael Jackson. Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\"", "Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\" In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\".", "In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\". Choreographically, MTV noticed that it \"takes distinct visual cues from classic clips like 'Smooth Criminal' and 'Beat It'\", while Billboard complimented his appearance by calling it \"a modern way to channel the King of Pop\". Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown.", "Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown. He tells Vibe magazine \"He was the one who the youngsters looked up to. I know that we, in the dancing and singing world, looked up to him\", and maintains \"If it wasn't for Usher, then Chris Brown couldn't exist\". Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly.", "Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly. When it comes to his rapping he cited Naughty by Nature, Tupac, Lil' Wayne and Rakim as the rappers he's inspired by. Musical style Music critics have commended Brown's introduction to R&B, recognizing his versatility, and considering him an evolver of the genre. Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\".", "Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\". She saw his debut single \"Run It!\" as a \"prelude to what Brown would continue to do for the next decade: relentlessly disrupt the constructs of rhythm and blues.\" By his second album Exclusive, she says he was \"tapping more electric up-tempos, swimming deep in hip-hop waters and annihilating the pop arena\". Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E.", "Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. as \"his most diverse offering to date\", she remarked \"There was no level of musical flexibility comparable. There still isn't.\" F.A.M.E. is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona.", "is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona. Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period.", "Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period. Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\".", "Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\". Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk.", "Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk. The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\".", "The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\". His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\".", "His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\". Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon. His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X.", "His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X. Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\".", "Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\". His songs mainly cover themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, desire, fast life, and internal conflict, also having some introspections over loneliness and the dark side of fame. Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time.", "Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time. American media executive and radio personality Ebro Darden stated that Brown is the \"most all-around talented person in R&B. Trey Songz is talented, but he can't dance like Chris Brown. Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\".", "Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\". Brown said in 2013, during an interview for Rolling Stone, that his songs are always \"derived from personal experiences, my personal life. Then creativity brings my reality to another dimention. That's what my songs are made of. I always like mixing reality with art\".", "I always like mixing reality with art\". I always like mixing reality with art\". Voice Brown possesses a light lyric tenor voice, which spans three and a half octaves, rising from the bass F♯ (F2) to its peak at the soprano C♯. (C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it.", "(C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it. My mom was like, 'You can sing?' And I was like, 'Well, yeah, Mama.'\" subsequently leading to the start of his career. \"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009.", "\"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009. His vocal performances are characterized by his harmonization, timbre, vocal runs and soulfulness. While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E.", "While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E. it was noted for maturing to a \"more mature, distinctive and melodious voice\", with Brown \"coming into his own as a singer\". On F.A.M.E.", "On F.A.M.E. On F.A.M.E. critics noted huge flexibility in his voice, with Steve Jones of USA Today praising the singer's ability to \"give top notch vocal performances in R&B, Europop, rap, rock and acoustic records\". X and Indigo were noted for displaying his timbre, exemplifying his singing performances. His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\".", "His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\". On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\".", "On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\". Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\".", "Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\". The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\".", "The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\". On tracks like \"Look at Me Now\", \"No Romeo No Juliet\" and \"Stranger Things\" he displayed his ability of fast-rapping. Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson.", "Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson. According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career.", "According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career. Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\".", "Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\". Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat.", "Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat. In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character.", "In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character. Street art Aside from his musical career, he was noted for markedly producing graffiti art. His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\".", "His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\". Brown said that he painted since his childhood, saying \"my first approach with it was painting school walls\" saying that he's always been captivated by the fact that drawing and painting \"gives you the chance to express yourself in whatever way, showing to the world your own dimension\". Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel.", "Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel. The singer painted the buildings of different radio stations such as Hot 97. In 2015 he worked on some of the walls of The Grammy Museum, mixing his spray paint drawings with images of James Brown, Prince, Michael Jackson and himself. Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam.", "Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam. His painting and dancing skills were shown at the same time when Brown, partnering with Spotify's Rap Caviar, painted Heartbreak on a Full Moon 's album cover, mostly from dancing around the canvas. In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball.", "In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball. Personal life Relationships From 2007 to 2009, Brown dated singer Rihanna until their highly publicized domestic violence case. His emotional state following the happening was theme of a big part of his album Graffiti. In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper.", "In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper. In October 2012, Brown announced that he ended his relationship with Tran because he did not \"want to see her hurt over my friendship with Rihanna.\" The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people?", "The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people? I don't know if it's possible, but I feel like that.\" In January 2013, Rihanna confirmed that she and Brown had resumed their romantic relationship, stating, \"It's different now. We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit.", "We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit. We talk about shit. We value each other. We know exactly what we have now, and we don't want to lose that.\" Speaking of Brown, Rihanna also said, \"He's not the monster everybody thinks. He's a good person. He has a fantastic heart. He's giving and loving. And he's fun to be around. That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh.", "That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh. All I want to do is laugh, really – and I do that with him\". In a May 2013 interview, Brown stated that he and Rihanna had broken up again. He subsequently reunited with Tran, but they parted ways following confirmation of Brown's daughter Royalty with Nia Guzman in 2015. His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon. In 2017, Tran received a 5-year restraining order against Brown after testifying under oath that, during their relationship, in two episodes he was physically abusive, and that he threatened her after they broke up. On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker).", "On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker). Religion When discussing his upbringing, Brown stated: \"We were used to two pairs of shoes for a school year. We used to go to church every day. I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\"", "I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\" He has also discussed his second work of grace, saying that \"he experienced the Holy Ghost while performing 'His Eye Is on the Sparrow' in church\". After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\"", "After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\" In 2015, he said during an interview for Vibe, that God is the only thing that he's afraid of. Speaking about prayers he said \"I pray everyday, I think we pray unconsciously too. Personally I don't pray for success. I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind.", "I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind. I really try to pray for that because it's a big world, and you can get wrapped up in it trying to please every city. So I just try to get a peace of mind and me understanding that being at peace with my flaws and my talents. I'm cool with that. That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me.", "That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me. He shows me the right path. When I bless other people, He always blesses me. It's not even about a self-serving journey; it's about just learning. I want to learn people's experiences. I want to give them experiences too.\" \".", "I want to give them experiences too.\" \". \". Legal issues Felony domestic assault of Rihanna At around 12:30 a.m. (PST) on February 8, 2009, Brown and his then-girlfriend, singer Rihanna, had an argument which escalated into physical violence, leaving Rihanna with visible facial injuries which required hospitalization. Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats.", "Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats. The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna.", "The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna. Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green.", "Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green. Brown hired a crisis management team and released a statement saying, \"Words cannot begin to express how sorry and saddened I am over what transpired.\" On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats.", "On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats. He was arraigned on April 6, 2009, and pleaded not guilty to one count of assault and one count of making criminal threats. On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling.", "On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling. On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\".", "On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\". In the video, Brown said he wanted to speak out earlier about the case but was advised by his attorney not to until the legal ramifications were settled. The video was removed, but is still available online.", "The video was removed, but is still available online. On August 25, Brown received five years of probation. He was ordered to attend one year of domestic violence counseling and undergo six months of community service; the judge retained a five-year restraining order on Brown, which required him to remain 50 yards (45.72 meters) away from Rihanna, reduced to 10 yards at public events. Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations.", "Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations. Ultimately, however, it had little bearing on the progress of his music and acting careers.\" On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter.", "On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter. He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather.", "He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather. Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\"", "Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\" Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence.", "Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence. Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her.", "Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her. \"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\"", "\"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\" He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart.", "He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart. In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna.", "In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna. Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed.", "Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed. In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future.", "In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future. The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it.", "The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it. He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless.", "He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless. Following the incident, he apologized and said that he was very tired of people bringing up the incident. On July 11, 2012, Brown's community service was evaluated and he was ordered to meet a judge. The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012.", "The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012. He was scheduled to appear in court with regard to the evaluation on August 21, 2012. While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order.", "While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order. He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\"", "He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\" On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior.", "On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior. In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship.", "In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship. He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down.", "He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down. Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City.", "Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City. About eight people were injured during the brawl, including San Antonio Spurs star Tony Parker, who had to have surgery to remove a piece of glass from his eye. Drake was not arrested. Brown's attorney alleged Drake was the instigator. Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later.", "Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later. In January 2013, Brown was involved in an altercation with Frank Ocean over a parking space, outside a recording studio in West Hollywood. Police officers in Los Angeles said that Brown was under investigation, describing the incident as \"battery\" due to Brown allegedly punching Ocean. Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges.", "Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges. In July 2013, Brown's probation was revoked after he was involved in an alleged hit-and-run in Los Angeles. He was released from court and was scheduled to reappear in August 2013, to learn whether or not he would serve time in prison. The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms.", "The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms. In October 2013, Brown was arrested for felony assault in Washington, D.C., after refusing to take a picture with a man. The charge was reduced to a misdemeanor. Brown spent 36 hours in a Washington jail and was taken to court in shackles. He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours.", "He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours. The probation officer prepared a report for the Los Angeles judge, who could have ordered him to complete as many as four years in prison for the beating of Rihanna if found to be in violation of his probation. On October 30, 2013, Brown voluntarily decided to enter rehab. After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014.", "After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014. The deal was if Brown left rehab, he would go directly to jail. On March 14, 2014, Brown was kicked out of the rehab facility and sent to Northern Neck Regional Jail for violating internal rules. He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance.", "He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance. At his May 9, 2014, court date, Brown was ordered to serve 131 days in jail for his probation violation. He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail.", "He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail. He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days.", "He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days. During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\".", "During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\". According to the court documents, which were received by E! News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility.", "News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility. In the early hours of August 30, 2016, a woman called the police to report that Brown had threatened her with a gun inside his house. Due to his previous felony assault conviction, Brown is prohibited to possess any firearms. Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant.", "Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant. When they returned with one, Brown refused them entry and began what news sources referred to as a \"standoff\" with the LAPD, including the robbery-homicide division and SWAT team. During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house.", "During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house. He denounced media reports that he was \"barricaded\" inside his house, complained about the helicopters flying overhead, and called the police \"idiots\" and \"the worst gang in the world.\" He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\".", "He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\". Brown was arrested and later released from jail on $250,000 bail. On September 1, 2016, Brown's lawyer, Mark Geragos, stated that there was no standoff and that, with regard to the LAPD search, \"nothing was found to corroborate her statement.\" In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations.", "In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations. Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges.", "Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges. Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",.", "Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",. Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before.", "Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before. The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission.", "The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission. The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office said Brown was released after about an hour, after that he posted $2,000 bond. In 2021, Brown was sued by his housekeeper over a 2020 attack by one of his dogs, a Caucasian Ovcharka. , due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand.", ", due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand. Previously, other countries that banned the singer because of his criminal record were Canada and United Kingdom, and they revoked their ban respectively in 2019 and 2020. In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020.", "In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020. Court documents revealed that she was not pursuing a criminal case and remained in contact with Brown after the alleged incident took place - visiting his home on two separate occasions in California in January and August 2021 to listen to him record music. The woman is suing Brown for $20 million. Brown has denied the allegation.", "Brown has denied the allegation. Brown has denied the allegation. Business ventures In 2007, Brown founded the record label CBE (\"Chris Brown Entertainment\" or \"Culture Beyond Evolution\"), under Interscope Records. Brown has since signed frequent collaborator Kevin McCall, singer Sabrina Antoinette, former RichGirl member Sevyn Streeter, singer-songwriter Joelle James, and rock group U.G.L.Y. However, from 2014 the label started to sign exclusively Brown's works. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants.", "Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. In 2012, he launched a streetwear clothing line called Black Pyramid, in collaboration with the founders of the Pink + Dolphin clothing line. In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques.", "In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques. On November 11, 2021 the singer has launched his own cereal, \"Breezy's Cosmic Crunch\", partnering with SoFlo Snacks for this limited edition of collectible breakfast cereal. Its box was curated by Brown himself, and illustrated by visual artist Adrian Cuevas. Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E. (2011) Fortune (2012) X (2014) Royalty (2015) Heartbreak on a Full Moon (2017) Indigo (2019) Breezy (2022) Filmography Tours Brown has headlined multiple arenas tours in North America, Europe and World-Wide. Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé.", "Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé. In total, Brown has earned an approprixate $157 million from 279 concerts over the course of his career - making him one of the highest grossing African American touring artists of all time. Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E. Tour (2011) Carpe Diem Tour (2012) One Hell of a Nite Tour (2015–2016) The Party Tour (2017) Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour (2018) Indigoat Tour (2019) Co-headlining Between the Sheets Tour (2015) Supporting The Beyoncé Experience (Australia dates) (2007) Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (the Philippines, Oceania) (2008) Supafest (2012) Lil Weezyana Fest (2016) OVO Fest (2019) Achievements List of awards and nominations received by Chris Brown See also List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of highest-certified music artists in the United States List of best-selling music artists List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of most-followed Instagram accounts References External links Chris Brown on YouTube 1989 births Living people 21st-century American criminals 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American rappers 21st-century African-American male singers African-American businesspeople African-American Christians African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male rappers African-American male singer-songwriters American businesspeople convicted of crimes American child singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American hip hop singers American male criminals American male dancers American male film actors American male pop singers American male rappers American male television actors American music industry executives American music video directors American people convicted of assault Burger King people Businesspeople from Virginia Criminals from Virginia Grammy Award winners Jive Records artists Male actors from Virginia People from Tappahannock, Virginia People with bipolar disorder Pop rappers Rappers from Virginia RCA Records artists Singer-songwriters from Virginia Singers with a three-octave vocal range Sony BMG artists World Music Awards winners" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey," ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles" ]

[ "Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. According to Billboard, Brown is one of the most influential and successful R&B singers ever, with several considering him the \"King of R&B\" alongside Usher and R. Kelly. His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music.", "His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music. His lyrics develop predominantly over themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, fast life, desire, and the difficulty of managing emotions. Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer.", "Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer. Born in Tappahannock, Virginia, he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age. Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). With his first single \"Run It!\" peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist since 1995 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\".", "His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\". In 2009, Brown pled guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend, singer Rihanna. In the same year of the episode there was the release of his third album Graffiti, which was considered to be a commercial failure compared to his previous works. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E.", "Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. (2011) became one of his biggest successes, being his first to top the Billboard 200, containing internationally successful singles such as \"Yeah 3x\", \"Look at Me Now\" and \"Beautiful People\", also earning him the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200.", "His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200. Following the releases of X and Royalty, his 2017 double-disc album, Heartbreak on a Full Moon, consisting of 45 tracks, was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units after one week, and in 2019 it has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album.", "Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album. It included the Drake featured track \"No Guidance\" which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Its chart success was outdone with the single \"Go Crazy\" released the following year, alongside Young Thug as part of their collaborative mixtape Slime & B (2020). The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100.", "The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. Brown has sold over 193 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Additionally, he is tied for the most digital single sales among R&B artists in the United States with Bruno Mars. Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards.", "Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards. According to Billboard, Brown has the seventh most Billboard Hot 100 entries with 106 - which is the most of any R&B artist in history. Brown was also ranked 3rd in the Billboard top R&B/Hip-Hop artists of the decade for the 2010s, behind peers Rihanna and Drake in 2nd and 1st, respectively. Brown has also pursued an acting career.", "Brown has also pursued an acting career. Brown has also pursued an acting career. In 2007, he made his on-screen feature film debut in Stomp the Yard, and appeared as a guest on the television series The O.C. Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013).", "Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013). Early life Christopher Maurice Brown was born on May 5, 1989, in the small town of Tappahannock, Virginia, to Joyce Hawkins, a former day care center director, and Clinton Brown, a corrections officer at a local prison. He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank.", "He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank. Music was always present in Brown's life beginning in his childhood. He would listen to soul albums that his parents owned, and eventually began to show interest in the hip-hop scene. Brown taught himself to sing and dance at a young age and often cites Michael Jackson as his inspiration. He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows.", "He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows. When he mimicked an Usher performance of \"My Way\", his mother recognized his vocal talent, and they began to look for the opportunity of a record deal. At the same time, Brown was going through personal issues. His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence.", "His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence. Career 2002–2004: Career beginnings At age 13, Brown was discovered by Hitmission Records, a local production team that visited his father's gas station while searching for new talent. Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal.", "Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal. Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career.", "Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career. Tina Davis, senior A&R executive at Def Jam Recordings, was impressed when Brown auditioned in her New York office, and she immediately took him to meet the former president of the Island Def Jam Music Group, Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, who offered to sign him that day, but Brown refused his proposal. \"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis.", "\"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis. \"I just knew I wanted to be part of it.\" The negotiations with Def Jam continued for two months, and ended when Davis lost her job due to a corporate merger. Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records.", "Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records. According to Mark Pitts, in an interview with HitQuarters, Davis presented Brown with a video recording, and Pitts' reaction was: \"I saw huge potential ... I didn't love all the records, but I loved his voice. It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\"", "It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\" Brown ultimately chose Jive due to its successful work with then-young acts such as Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake. Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\"", "Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\" Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records.", "Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records. 2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005.", "2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005. By May, there were 50 songs already recorded, 14 of which were picked to the final track listing. The singer worked with several producers and songwriters—Scott Storch, Cool & Dre, Sean Garrett and Jazze Pha among them—commenting that they \"really believed in [him]\". Brown co-wrote half of the tracks.", "Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. \"I write about the things that 16 year olds go through every day,\" says Brown. \"Like you just got in trouble for sneaking your girl into the house, or you can't drive, so you steal a car or something.\" The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce.", "The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce. Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 154,000 copies. Chris Brown was a commercial success with the time; selling over three million copies in the United States—where it was certified three times platinum by the RIAA—and six million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Run It!", "The album's lead single, \"Run It! The album's lead single, \"Run It! \", made Brown the first male act (since Montell Jordan in 1995) to have his debut single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot 100—later remaining for four additional weeks. Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart.", "Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart. On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers.", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers. On August 17, 2006, to further promote the album, Brown began his major co-headlining tour, The Up Close and Personal Tour. Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months.", "Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received $10,000 in ticket proceeds from Brown's 2006 \"Up Close & Personal\" tour. Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode.", "Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode. 2007–2008: Exclusive In January 2007, Brown landed a small role as a band geek in the fourth season of the American television series The O.C.. Brown then made his film debut in Stomp the Yard, alongside Ne-Yo, Meagan Good and Columbus Short on January 12, 2007. In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour.", "In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour. On July 9, 2007, Brown was featured in an episode of MTV's My Super Sweet 16 (for the event, it was retitled: Chris Brown: My Super 18) celebrating his eighteenth birthday in New York City. Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive.", "Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive. When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time.", "When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time. However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\"", "However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\" in 2005.", "in 2005. in 2005. \"With You\", produced by Stargate (duo of producers known at the time for their work with R&B singer Ne-Yo), was released as the third single from Exclusive, had even bigger success than \"Kiss Kiss\", becoming one of the all-time best-selling singles, and reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007.", "Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007. The album is musically R&B, having slight pop influences that were absent in the previous hip hop soul-influenced disc, reaching a big international success. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 294,000 copies in its first week, and received generally positive reviews from music critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States.", "As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States. In November 2007, Brown starred as a video host for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's Math-A-Thon program. He showed his support by encouraging students to use their math skills to help children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King.", "On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King. To further support the album Exclusive, Brown embarked on his The Exclusive Holiday Tour, visiting over thirty venues in United States. The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii.", "The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii. In March 2008, Brown was featured on Jordin Sparks' single \"No Air\", which had worldwide success peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc.", "He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc. The song peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot 100, and number two on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version.", "Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version. The re-released version featured four new tracks, including the Eurodisco single \"Forever\", which became one of his most known singles, reaching number two on Billboard Hot 100. In August 2008, Brown guest-starred on Disney's The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as himself. Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine.", "Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine. 2009–2010: Graffiti and mixtapes In 2008, Brown began work on his third studio album, to be called Graffiti, promising to experiment with a different musical direction inspired by singers Prince and Michael Jackson. He stated, \"I wanted to change it up and really be different. Like my style nowadays, I don't try to be typical urban. I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were.", "I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were. They can cross over to any genre of music.\" Following the domestic violence scandal involving the singer and Rihanna on February 8, 2009, the majority of media took positions against the singer. The incident also caused Brown to lose significant commercial contracts, including one with Doublemint. The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it.", "The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it. Graffiti 's lead single \"I Can Transform Ya\" was released on September 29, 2009. The song peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. \"Crawl\" was released as the album's second single on November 23, 2009. The song reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock.", "Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock. Brown, with this album, started to take full control of his art, managing the artistic direction, and writing every song of the album (with the exception of the song \"I'll Go\", written and produced by Brian Kennedy and James Fauntleroy). Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects.", "Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects. He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\".", "He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\". The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics.", "The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold 341,000 copies in the United States. While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\".", "While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\". The performance and his emotional turmoil resonated with several celebrities present at the ceremony, including Trey Songz, Diddy and Taraji P. Henson. Songz said, \"He left his heart on the stage. He gave genuine emotion. I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\".", "I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\". Michael's brother, Jermaine Jackson, expressed similar sentiments stating, \"it was very emotional for me, because it was an acceptance from his fans from what has happened to him and also paying tribute to my brother\". Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize.", "Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize. In August 2010, Brown starred alongside an ensemble cast, including Matt Dillon, Paul Walker, Idris Elba, Hayden Christensen and T.I. in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film.", "in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film. During 2010 Brown released the 3 free mixtapes In My Zone (Rhythm & Streets), Fan of a Fan (collaborative mixtape with Tyga), and In My Zone 2, which featured a new style of writing with grown themes, and a different musical style, mixing R&B with hip hop. For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall.", "For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall. The mixtapes were highly appreciated by the artist's loyal audience, consolidating it. The single \"Deuces\", extracted from the Fan of a Fan mixtape, obtained critical acclaim, also achieving a good success, peaking at number 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I.", "The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I. He later released the solo track \"No BS\" as his second single from Fan of a Fan, and decided to include the two singles from the mixtape as anticipation singles for his next album. 2011–2012: F.A.M.E. and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E.", "and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E. [backronym for \"Forgiving All My Enemies\"], releasing in October the first official single from the album, \"Yeah 3x\", a dance-pop song, different from his previous songs on the urban mixtapes. The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom..", "The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.. It was succeeded by the hip-hop single \"Look at Me Now\", featuring rappers Lil Wayne and Busta Rhymes, that reached number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it remained for eight consecutive weeks. It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart.", "It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. The single became the best-selling rap song of 2011, as well as one of all-time best-selling singles in the United States. Brown's fourth studio album F.A.M.E. was first released on March 18, 2011. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States.", "The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States. The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi.", "The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi. \"She Ain't You\" was released as the album's fourth US single, while \"Next 2 You\", featuring Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, served as the album's fourth international single. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E. Tour in Australia and North America. Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\".", "Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\". He also won three awards at the 2011 BET Hip Hop Awards, including the People's Champ Award, Reese's Perfect Combo Award and Best Hip Hop Video for \"Look at Me Now\". At the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards, F.A.M.E. won Album of the Year.", "won Album of the Year. won Album of the Year. The album has also earned Brown three Grammy Award nominations at the 54th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Album, as well as Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song for \"Look at Me Now\". On February 12, 2012, Brown won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. During the ceremony, Brown performed several songs marking his first appearance at the awards show since his conviction of felony assault. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E.", "Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. to be a double-disc consistent of 25–30 tracks, but the label was contrary to that. Right before the release of F.A.M.E. Brown decided to follow his intentions in an acceptable way for the label, working on a sequel of F.A.M.E. called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it.", "called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it. The artist later decided to take more time to work on the album, developing it as a project of its own, with its own concept and sound being different than the one of its precedent album. On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records.", "On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Brown (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release future material on the RCA Records brand. Brown's fifth studio album Fortune was released on July 3, 2012. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics.", "The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics. \"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively.", "\"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad. 2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop.", "2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop. On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start.", "On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start. On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single.", "On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single. In an interview with Ebony, when Brown spoke of taking his music in a different direction and changing his sound from pop-infused and sexually explicit of the previous album Fortune, to a more mature, soulful and vulnerable theme for the album. On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album.", "On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album. Following the dropping of two other anticipation singles off X, \"Don't Think They Know\" and \"Love More\", on August 9, 2013, at 1:09 am PDT, Brown was reported to have suffered a seizure from Record Plant Studios in Hollywood, California as a 9-1-1 call was made. When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital.", "When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital. (Brown has reportedly suffered from seizures since his childhood.) The next day, Brown's representative reported the seizure was caused by \"intense fatigue and extreme emotional stress, both due to the continued onslaught of unfounded legal matters and the nonstop negativity.\" On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy.", "On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy. To \"hold [fans] over until [the X album] drops,\" Brown released a mixtape, titled X Files on November 19, 2013. On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014.", "On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014. On April 14, 2014, Brown released a teaser of the new track \"Don't Be Gone Too Long\" featuring Ariana Grande. However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence.", "However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence. While incarcerated, \"Loyal\" was released as the album's fourth single, becoming one of his most successful songs, by peaking at the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in the United Kingdom. On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014.", "On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014. On August 6, 2014, the album cover was revealed. The song ended up being never released as a single, instead \"New Flame\" featuring Usher and Rick Ross was later released as the album's final single. The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014.", "The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014. Brown's sixth studio album, X was released on September 16, 2014. The album received positive reviews from critics, who celebrated the record's sound and Brown's vocal performances. The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune.", "The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune. At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.", "At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song. Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007).", "Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007). It also became his sixth consecutive top ten debut in the United States. By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States.", "By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States. It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Pushing the promotion for the album further, Brown performed and appeared at several televised music events and music festivals across the United States. On February 24, 2015, Brown released his first collaborative studio album with Tyga, titled Fan of a Fan: The Album. The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan.", "The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan. In early 2015, Brown also embarked on his Between The Sheets Tour with Trey Songz. Also in February 2015, Brown said during an interview for The Breakfast Club that he started working on the album going for a direction that would've been the sound predominant overseas. A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran.", "A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran. That happening made him change the idea for the album, ending up doing mostly R&B songs that he described as \"representations of where i was in my life at that point\", contemporarily starting his One Hell of a Nite Tour. In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success.", "In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success. On June 24, Brown released a new song titled \"Liquor\". Shortly after, it was announced that \"Liquor\" was the first single from his seventh studio album. On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown.", "On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown. On October 16 he has revealed the album cover, portraying Chris with Royalty in her arms in a black and white picture. On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015.", "On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015. After it was revealed that the album has been pushed back to December 18, 2015, in exchange on November 27, 2015, he released a free 34-track mixtape called Before the Party as a prelude to Royalty, which features guest appearances from Rihanna, Wiz Khalifa, Pusha T, Wale, Tyga, French Montana and Fetty Wap. On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed.", "On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed. The album was released on December 18, 2015, and it debuted at number 3 on the US Billboard 200, selling 184,000 units (162,000 in pure album sales) in its first week, marking an improvement over Brown's last three studio albums. It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States.", "It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States. 2016–2017: Heartbreak on a Full Moon Brown started working and recording tracks for his next album few weeks before the release of Royalty, in late 2015. On January 10, 2016, Brown had previewed 11 unreleased songs on his Periscope and Instagram profiles, showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs. In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic.", "In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic. On May 3 he announced the single \"Grass Ain't Greener\", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from a new album titled Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on May 5, 2016.", "The single was released on May 5, 2016. The single was released on May 5, 2016. On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\"", "On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\" In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars.", "In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars. Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features.", "Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features. He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album.", "He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album. On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success.", "On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success. The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album.", "The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album. RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them.", "RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them. In February 2017 he announced that his previously teased song \"Privacy\" would have been released as the next single from Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience.", "The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience. On June 7 he released Welcome to My Life, a self-documentary focused on his life and career, directed by Andrew Sandler. Numerous celebrities participated in the movie, making statements and sharing stories about the artist. Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga.", "Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga. On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black.", "On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black. Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017.", "Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017. On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album.", "On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album. On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans.", "On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans. Heartbreak on a Full Moon was eventually released as a double-disc album on October 31, 2017, via digital retailers and onto CD, three days later by RCA Records. The album's sound has been as dark and soulful. The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup.", "The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup. Its themes include regret, love transforming into hate, the difficulty in managing emotions, the impossibility of getting over someone, and how a reckless lifestyle can't numb the pain of an heartbreak. Its lyrical content was inspired by Brown's breakup with Karrueche Tran. Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content.", "Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content. Many defined it as the singer's best body of work. Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart.", "Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart. One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004.", "One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004. In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On December 13, 2017, he released a 12-track surprise deluxe edition of the album called Cuffing Season – 12 Days of Christmas as a Christmas present for his fans. The deluxe edition is made off Brown's favorite leftovers of the album and few holiday-themed songs. Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album.", "Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album. The opening acts for the tour were 6lack, H.E.R., Rich the Kid, and Jacquees. 2018–2019: Indigo Following the overall success of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, Brown and rapper Joyner Lucas announced a collaboration project, titled Angels & Demons on February 25, 2018, with the release of the single \"Stranger Things\". However the project ended up never being released.", "However the project ended up never being released. However the project ended up never being released. On March 15, 2018, Brown was featured in Lil Dicky's smash hit single \"Freaky Friday\". By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. After drafting the concept for his new album, in August 2018, at the end of the \"Heartbreak On A Full Moon tour\", Brown started the actual processing work of his ninth album, Indigo. On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song.", "On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song. \"Undecided\" saw Brown reunite with producer Scott Storch, who previously worked with Brown in 2005 on his breakout hit \"Run It!\". The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29.", "The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29. On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US.", "On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US. The third single, \"Wobble Up\", was released a week later featuring Nicki Minaj and G-Eazy, announcing that the album is expected to be released in June. On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\".", "On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\". In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list.", "In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list. Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years.", "Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years. He later revealed the artwork of the album and its track list between May and June 2019. On May 31, he appeared on \"Easy\", a successful single where he duetted with singer DaniLeigh. On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single.", "On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single. It debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's 15th top-ten song, and later peaked at number five. The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards.", "The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards. Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style.", "Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style. The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone.", "The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone. In the United States, Indigo debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 108,000 album-equivalent units, which included 28,000 pure album sales in its first week, making it his third number-one album in the country. The album was met with positive reviews from critics.", "The album was met with positive reviews from critics. The album was met with positive reviews from critics. Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs.", "Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs. On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs.", "On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs. On June 10, 2019, Brown announced an official headlining concert tour where he performed the album throughout United States, titled \"Indigoat Tour\". The tour began on August 20, and ended on October 19. The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities.", "The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities. \"Indigoat Tour\" grossed over $30,100,000 in its 37 shows, selling out most of the venues. 2020present: Breezy In December 2019, Brown revealed that he started working on new material for his tenth studio album. Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B.", "Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B. The mixtape was released on May 5, 2020, and features the hit single \"Go Crazy\", which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Brown's first song to spend one full year on the chart. On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\".", "On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\". The song earned Brown his 100th career entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, as it entered and debuted at number 25. On July 9, 2020, Brown announced via Instagram that the title of his tenth album would be Breezy, a reference to his stage nickname. No release date has been announced yet.", "No release date has been announced yet. No release date has been announced yet. Brown said in July 2021, while working on the album, that he wanted to make some \"really endearing music\" that \"talk to women's soul\". On August 2, he announced on his Instagram that his Breezy album would be accompanied by a short film of the same name. Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022.", "Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022. On January 14 he released the song \"Iffy\". Artistry Influences Brown has cited a number of artists as his inspiration, predominantly Michael Jackson. Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\"", "Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\" In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\".", "In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\". Choreographically, MTV noticed that it \"takes distinct visual cues from classic clips like 'Smooth Criminal' and 'Beat It'\", while Billboard complimented his appearance by calling it \"a modern way to channel the King of Pop\". Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown.", "Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown. He tells Vibe magazine \"He was the one who the youngsters looked up to. I know that we, in the dancing and singing world, looked up to him\", and maintains \"If it wasn't for Usher, then Chris Brown couldn't exist\". Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly.", "Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly. When it comes to his rapping he cited Naughty by Nature, Tupac, Lil' Wayne and Rakim as the rappers he's inspired by. Musical style Music critics have commended Brown's introduction to R&B, recognizing his versatility, and considering him an evolver of the genre. Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\".", "Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\". She saw his debut single \"Run It!\" as a \"prelude to what Brown would continue to do for the next decade: relentlessly disrupt the constructs of rhythm and blues.\" By his second album Exclusive, she says he was \"tapping more electric up-tempos, swimming deep in hip-hop waters and annihilating the pop arena\". Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E.", "Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. as \"his most diverse offering to date\", she remarked \"There was no level of musical flexibility comparable. There still isn't.\" F.A.M.E. is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona.", "is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona. Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period.", "Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period. Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\".", "Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\". Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk.", "Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk. The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\".", "The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\". His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\".", "His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\". Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon. His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X.", "His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X. Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\".", "Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\". His songs mainly cover themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, desire, fast life, and internal conflict, also having some introspections over loneliness and the dark side of fame. Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time.", "Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time. American media executive and radio personality Ebro Darden stated that Brown is the \"most all-around talented person in R&B. Trey Songz is talented, but he can't dance like Chris Brown. Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\".", "Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\". Brown said in 2013, during an interview for Rolling Stone, that his songs are always \"derived from personal experiences, my personal life. Then creativity brings my reality to another dimention. That's what my songs are made of. I always like mixing reality with art\".", "I always like mixing reality with art\". I always like mixing reality with art\". Voice Brown possesses a light lyric tenor voice, which spans three and a half octaves, rising from the bass F♯ (F2) to its peak at the soprano C♯. (C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it.", "(C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it. My mom was like, 'You can sing?' And I was like, 'Well, yeah, Mama.'\" subsequently leading to the start of his career. \"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009.", "\"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009. His vocal performances are characterized by his harmonization, timbre, vocal runs and soulfulness. While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E.", "While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E. it was noted for maturing to a \"more mature, distinctive and melodious voice\", with Brown \"coming into his own as a singer\". On F.A.M.E.", "On F.A.M.E. On F.A.M.E. critics noted huge flexibility in his voice, with Steve Jones of USA Today praising the singer's ability to \"give top notch vocal performances in R&B, Europop, rap, rock and acoustic records\". X and Indigo were noted for displaying his timbre, exemplifying his singing performances. His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\".", "His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\". On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\".", "On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\". Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\".", "Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\". The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\".", "The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\". On tracks like \"Look at Me Now\", \"No Romeo No Juliet\" and \"Stranger Things\" he displayed his ability of fast-rapping. Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson.", "Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson. According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career.", "According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career. Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\".", "Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\". Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat.", "Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat. In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character.", "In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character. Street art Aside from his musical career, he was noted for markedly producing graffiti art. His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\".", "His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\". Brown said that he painted since his childhood, saying \"my first approach with it was painting school walls\" saying that he's always been captivated by the fact that drawing and painting \"gives you the chance to express yourself in whatever way, showing to the world your own dimension\". Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel.", "Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel. The singer painted the buildings of different radio stations such as Hot 97. In 2015 he worked on some of the walls of The Grammy Museum, mixing his spray paint drawings with images of James Brown, Prince, Michael Jackson and himself. Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam.", "Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam. His painting and dancing skills were shown at the same time when Brown, partnering with Spotify's Rap Caviar, painted Heartbreak on a Full Moon 's album cover, mostly from dancing around the canvas. In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball.", "In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball. Personal life Relationships From 2007 to 2009, Brown dated singer Rihanna until their highly publicized domestic violence case. His emotional state following the happening was theme of a big part of his album Graffiti. In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper.", "In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper. In October 2012, Brown announced that he ended his relationship with Tran because he did not \"want to see her hurt over my friendship with Rihanna.\" The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people?", "The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people? I don't know if it's possible, but I feel like that.\" In January 2013, Rihanna confirmed that she and Brown had resumed their romantic relationship, stating, \"It's different now. We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit.", "We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit. We talk about shit. We value each other. We know exactly what we have now, and we don't want to lose that.\" Speaking of Brown, Rihanna also said, \"He's not the monster everybody thinks. He's a good person. He has a fantastic heart. He's giving and loving. And he's fun to be around. That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh.", "That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh. All I want to do is laugh, really – and I do that with him\". In a May 2013 interview, Brown stated that he and Rihanna had broken up again. He subsequently reunited with Tran, but they parted ways following confirmation of Brown's daughter Royalty with Nia Guzman in 2015. His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon. In 2017, Tran received a 5-year restraining order against Brown after testifying under oath that, during their relationship, in two episodes he was physically abusive, and that he threatened her after they broke up. On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker).", "On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker). Religion When discussing his upbringing, Brown stated: \"We were used to two pairs of shoes for a school year. We used to go to church every day. I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\"", "I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\" He has also discussed his second work of grace, saying that \"he experienced the Holy Ghost while performing 'His Eye Is on the Sparrow' in church\". After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\"", "After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\" In 2015, he said during an interview for Vibe, that God is the only thing that he's afraid of. Speaking about prayers he said \"I pray everyday, I think we pray unconsciously too. Personally I don't pray for success. I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind.", "I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind. I really try to pray for that because it's a big world, and you can get wrapped up in it trying to please every city. So I just try to get a peace of mind and me understanding that being at peace with my flaws and my talents. I'm cool with that. That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me.", "That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me. He shows me the right path. When I bless other people, He always blesses me. It's not even about a self-serving journey; it's about just learning. I want to learn people's experiences. I want to give them experiences too.\" \".", "I want to give them experiences too.\" \". \". Legal issues Felony domestic assault of Rihanna At around 12:30 a.m. (PST) on February 8, 2009, Brown and his then-girlfriend, singer Rihanna, had an argument which escalated into physical violence, leaving Rihanna with visible facial injuries which required hospitalization. Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats.", "Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats. The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna.", "The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna. Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green.", "Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green. Brown hired a crisis management team and released a statement saying, \"Words cannot begin to express how sorry and saddened I am over what transpired.\" On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats.", "On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats. He was arraigned on April 6, 2009, and pleaded not guilty to one count of assault and one count of making criminal threats. On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling.", "On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling. On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\".", "On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\". In the video, Brown said he wanted to speak out earlier about the case but was advised by his attorney not to until the legal ramifications were settled. The video was removed, but is still available online.", "The video was removed, but is still available online. On August 25, Brown received five years of probation. He was ordered to attend one year of domestic violence counseling and undergo six months of community service; the judge retained a five-year restraining order on Brown, which required him to remain 50 yards (45.72 meters) away from Rihanna, reduced to 10 yards at public events. Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations.", "Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations. Ultimately, however, it had little bearing on the progress of his music and acting careers.\" On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter.", "On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter. He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather.", "He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather. Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\"", "Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\" Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence.", "Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence. Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her.", "Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her. \"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\"", "\"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\" He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart.", "He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart. In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna.", "In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna. Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed.", "Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed. In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future.", "In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future. The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it.", "The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it. He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless.", "He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless. Following the incident, he apologized and said that he was very tired of people bringing up the incident. On July 11, 2012, Brown's community service was evaluated and he was ordered to meet a judge. The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012.", "The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012. He was scheduled to appear in court with regard to the evaluation on August 21, 2012. While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order.", "While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order. He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\"", "He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\" On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior.", "On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior. In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship.", "In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship. He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down.", "He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down. Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City.", "Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City. About eight people were injured during the brawl, including San Antonio Spurs star Tony Parker, who had to have surgery to remove a piece of glass from his eye. Drake was not arrested. Brown's attorney alleged Drake was the instigator. Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later.", "Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later. In January 2013, Brown was involved in an altercation with Frank Ocean over a parking space, outside a recording studio in West Hollywood. Police officers in Los Angeles said that Brown was under investigation, describing the incident as \"battery\" due to Brown allegedly punching Ocean. Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges.", "Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges. In July 2013, Brown's probation was revoked after he was involved in an alleged hit-and-run in Los Angeles. He was released from court and was scheduled to reappear in August 2013, to learn whether or not he would serve time in prison. The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms.", "The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms. In October 2013, Brown was arrested for felony assault in Washington, D.C., after refusing to take a picture with a man. The charge was reduced to a misdemeanor. Brown spent 36 hours in a Washington jail and was taken to court in shackles. He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours.", "He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours. The probation officer prepared a report for the Los Angeles judge, who could have ordered him to complete as many as four years in prison for the beating of Rihanna if found to be in violation of his probation. On October 30, 2013, Brown voluntarily decided to enter rehab. After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014.", "After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014. The deal was if Brown left rehab, he would go directly to jail. On March 14, 2014, Brown was kicked out of the rehab facility and sent to Northern Neck Regional Jail for violating internal rules. He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance.", "He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance. At his May 9, 2014, court date, Brown was ordered to serve 131 days in jail for his probation violation. He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail.", "He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail. He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days.", "He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days. During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\".", "During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\". According to the court documents, which were received by E! News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility.", "News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility. In the early hours of August 30, 2016, a woman called the police to report that Brown had threatened her with a gun inside his house. Due to his previous felony assault conviction, Brown is prohibited to possess any firearms. Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant.", "Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant. When they returned with one, Brown refused them entry and began what news sources referred to as a \"standoff\" with the LAPD, including the robbery-homicide division and SWAT team. During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house.", "During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house. He denounced media reports that he was \"barricaded\" inside his house, complained about the helicopters flying overhead, and called the police \"idiots\" and \"the worst gang in the world.\" He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\".", "He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\". Brown was arrested and later released from jail on $250,000 bail. On September 1, 2016, Brown's lawyer, Mark Geragos, stated that there was no standoff and that, with regard to the LAPD search, \"nothing was found to corroborate her statement.\" In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations.", "In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations. Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges.", "Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges. Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",.", "Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",. Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before.", "Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before. The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission.", "The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission. The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office said Brown was released after about an hour, after that he posted $2,000 bond. In 2021, Brown was sued by his housekeeper over a 2020 attack by one of his dogs, a Caucasian Ovcharka. , due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand.", ", due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand. Previously, other countries that banned the singer because of his criminal record were Canada and United Kingdom, and they revoked their ban respectively in 2019 and 2020. In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020.", "In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020. Court documents revealed that she was not pursuing a criminal case and remained in contact with Brown after the alleged incident took place - visiting his home on two separate occasions in California in January and August 2021 to listen to him record music. The woman is suing Brown for $20 million. Brown has denied the allegation.", "Brown has denied the allegation. Brown has denied the allegation. Business ventures In 2007, Brown founded the record label CBE (\"Chris Brown Entertainment\" or \"Culture Beyond Evolution\"), under Interscope Records. Brown has since signed frequent collaborator Kevin McCall, singer Sabrina Antoinette, former RichGirl member Sevyn Streeter, singer-songwriter Joelle James, and rock group U.G.L.Y. However, from 2014 the label started to sign exclusively Brown's works. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants.", "Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. In 2012, he launched a streetwear clothing line called Black Pyramid, in collaboration with the founders of the Pink + Dolphin clothing line. In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques.", "In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques. On November 11, 2021 the singer has launched his own cereal, \"Breezy's Cosmic Crunch\", partnering with SoFlo Snacks for this limited edition of collectible breakfast cereal. Its box was curated by Brown himself, and illustrated by visual artist Adrian Cuevas. Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E. (2011) Fortune (2012) X (2014) Royalty (2015) Heartbreak on a Full Moon (2017) Indigo (2019) Breezy (2022) Filmography Tours Brown has headlined multiple arenas tours in North America, Europe and World-Wide. Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé.", "Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé. In total, Brown has earned an approprixate $157 million from 279 concerts over the course of his career - making him one of the highest grossing African American touring artists of all time. Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E. Tour (2011) Carpe Diem Tour (2012) One Hell of a Nite Tour (2015–2016) The Party Tour (2017) Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour (2018) Indigoat Tour (2019) Co-headlining Between the Sheets Tour (2015) Supporting The Beyoncé Experience (Australia dates) (2007) Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (the Philippines, Oceania) (2008) Supafest (2012) Lil Weezyana Fest (2016) OVO Fest (2019) Achievements List of awards and nominations received by Chris Brown See also List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of highest-certified music artists in the United States List of best-selling music artists List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of most-followed Instagram accounts References External links Chris Brown on YouTube 1989 births Living people 21st-century American criminals 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American rappers 21st-century African-American male singers African-American businesspeople African-American Christians African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male rappers African-American male singer-songwriters American businesspeople convicted of crimes American child singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American hip hop singers American male criminals American male dancers American male film actors American male pop singers American male rappers American male television actors American music industry executives American music video directors American people convicted of assault Burger King people Businesspeople from Virginia Criminals from Virginia Grammy Award winners Jive Records artists Male actors from Virginia People from Tappahannock, Virginia People with bipolar disorder Pop rappers Rappers from Virginia RCA Records artists Singer-songwriters from Virginia Singers with a three-octave vocal range Sony BMG artists World Music Awards winners" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey,", "What did he do in 2005?", "Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two" ]

[ "This is a list of Number 1 hit singles in 1961 in New Zealand from the Lever Hit Parade.\n\nChart\n\nReferences\n\n Number One Singles Of 1961\n\n1961 in New Zealand\n1961 record charts\n1961\n1960s in New Zealand music", "This is a list of Number 1 hit singles in 1964 in New Zealand from the Lever Hit Parade.\n\nChart\n\nReferences\n\n Number One Singles Of 1964\n\n1964 in New Zealand\n1964 record charts\n1964\n1960s in New Zealand music" ]

[ "Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. According to Billboard, Brown is one of the most influential and successful R&B singers ever, with several considering him the \"King of R&B\" alongside Usher and R. Kelly. His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music.", "His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music. His lyrics develop predominantly over themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, fast life, desire, and the difficulty of managing emotions. Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer.", "Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer. Born in Tappahannock, Virginia, he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age. Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). With his first single \"Run It!\" peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist since 1995 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\".", "His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\". In 2009, Brown pled guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend, singer Rihanna. In the same year of the episode there was the release of his third album Graffiti, which was considered to be a commercial failure compared to his previous works. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E.", "Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. (2011) became one of his biggest successes, being his first to top the Billboard 200, containing internationally successful singles such as \"Yeah 3x\", \"Look at Me Now\" and \"Beautiful People\", also earning him the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200.", "His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200. Following the releases of X and Royalty, his 2017 double-disc album, Heartbreak on a Full Moon, consisting of 45 tracks, was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units after one week, and in 2019 it has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album.", "Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album. It included the Drake featured track \"No Guidance\" which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Its chart success was outdone with the single \"Go Crazy\" released the following year, alongside Young Thug as part of their collaborative mixtape Slime & B (2020). The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100.", "The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. Brown has sold over 193 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Additionally, he is tied for the most digital single sales among R&B artists in the United States with Bruno Mars. Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards.", "Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards. According to Billboard, Brown has the seventh most Billboard Hot 100 entries with 106 - which is the most of any R&B artist in history. Brown was also ranked 3rd in the Billboard top R&B/Hip-Hop artists of the decade for the 2010s, behind peers Rihanna and Drake in 2nd and 1st, respectively. Brown has also pursued an acting career.", "Brown has also pursued an acting career. Brown has also pursued an acting career. In 2007, he made his on-screen feature film debut in Stomp the Yard, and appeared as a guest on the television series The O.C. Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013).", "Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013). Early life Christopher Maurice Brown was born on May 5, 1989, in the small town of Tappahannock, Virginia, to Joyce Hawkins, a former day care center director, and Clinton Brown, a corrections officer at a local prison. He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank.", "He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank. Music was always present in Brown's life beginning in his childhood. He would listen to soul albums that his parents owned, and eventually began to show interest in the hip-hop scene. Brown taught himself to sing and dance at a young age and often cites Michael Jackson as his inspiration. He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows.", "He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows. When he mimicked an Usher performance of \"My Way\", his mother recognized his vocal talent, and they began to look for the opportunity of a record deal. At the same time, Brown was going through personal issues. His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence.", "His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence. Career 2002–2004: Career beginnings At age 13, Brown was discovered by Hitmission Records, a local production team that visited his father's gas station while searching for new talent. Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal.", "Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal. Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career.", "Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career. Tina Davis, senior A&R executive at Def Jam Recordings, was impressed when Brown auditioned in her New York office, and she immediately took him to meet the former president of the Island Def Jam Music Group, Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, who offered to sign him that day, but Brown refused his proposal. \"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis.", "\"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis. \"I just knew I wanted to be part of it.\" The negotiations with Def Jam continued for two months, and ended when Davis lost her job due to a corporate merger. Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records.", "Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records. According to Mark Pitts, in an interview with HitQuarters, Davis presented Brown with a video recording, and Pitts' reaction was: \"I saw huge potential ... I didn't love all the records, but I loved his voice. It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\"", "It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\" Brown ultimately chose Jive due to its successful work with then-young acts such as Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake. Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\"", "Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\" Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records.", "Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records. 2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005.", "2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005. By May, there were 50 songs already recorded, 14 of which were picked to the final track listing. The singer worked with several producers and songwriters—Scott Storch, Cool & Dre, Sean Garrett and Jazze Pha among them—commenting that they \"really believed in [him]\". Brown co-wrote half of the tracks.", "Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. \"I write about the things that 16 year olds go through every day,\" says Brown. \"Like you just got in trouble for sneaking your girl into the house, or you can't drive, so you steal a car or something.\" The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce.", "The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce. Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 154,000 copies. Chris Brown was a commercial success with the time; selling over three million copies in the United States—where it was certified three times platinum by the RIAA—and six million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Run It!", "The album's lead single, \"Run It! The album's lead single, \"Run It! \", made Brown the first male act (since Montell Jordan in 1995) to have his debut single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot 100—later remaining for four additional weeks. Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart.", "Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart. On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers.", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers. On August 17, 2006, to further promote the album, Brown began his major co-headlining tour, The Up Close and Personal Tour. Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months.", "Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received $10,000 in ticket proceeds from Brown's 2006 \"Up Close & Personal\" tour. Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode.", "Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode. 2007–2008: Exclusive In January 2007, Brown landed a small role as a band geek in the fourth season of the American television series The O.C.. Brown then made his film debut in Stomp the Yard, alongside Ne-Yo, Meagan Good and Columbus Short on January 12, 2007. In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour.", "In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour. On July 9, 2007, Brown was featured in an episode of MTV's My Super Sweet 16 (for the event, it was retitled: Chris Brown: My Super 18) celebrating his eighteenth birthday in New York City. Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive.", "Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive. When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time.", "When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time. However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\"", "However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\" in 2005.", "in 2005. in 2005. \"With You\", produced by Stargate (duo of producers known at the time for their work with R&B singer Ne-Yo), was released as the third single from Exclusive, had even bigger success than \"Kiss Kiss\", becoming one of the all-time best-selling singles, and reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007.", "Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007. The album is musically R&B, having slight pop influences that were absent in the previous hip hop soul-influenced disc, reaching a big international success. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 294,000 copies in its first week, and received generally positive reviews from music critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States.", "As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States. In November 2007, Brown starred as a video host for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's Math-A-Thon program. He showed his support by encouraging students to use their math skills to help children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King.", "On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King. To further support the album Exclusive, Brown embarked on his The Exclusive Holiday Tour, visiting over thirty venues in United States. The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii.", "The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii. In March 2008, Brown was featured on Jordin Sparks' single \"No Air\", which had worldwide success peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc.", "He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc. The song peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot 100, and number two on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version.", "Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version. The re-released version featured four new tracks, including the Eurodisco single \"Forever\", which became one of his most known singles, reaching number two on Billboard Hot 100. In August 2008, Brown guest-starred on Disney's The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as himself. Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine.", "Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine. 2009–2010: Graffiti and mixtapes In 2008, Brown began work on his third studio album, to be called Graffiti, promising to experiment with a different musical direction inspired by singers Prince and Michael Jackson. He stated, \"I wanted to change it up and really be different. Like my style nowadays, I don't try to be typical urban. I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were.", "I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were. They can cross over to any genre of music.\" Following the domestic violence scandal involving the singer and Rihanna on February 8, 2009, the majority of media took positions against the singer. The incident also caused Brown to lose significant commercial contracts, including one with Doublemint. The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it.", "The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it. Graffiti 's lead single \"I Can Transform Ya\" was released on September 29, 2009. The song peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. \"Crawl\" was released as the album's second single on November 23, 2009. The song reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock.", "Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock. Brown, with this album, started to take full control of his art, managing the artistic direction, and writing every song of the album (with the exception of the song \"I'll Go\", written and produced by Brian Kennedy and James Fauntleroy). Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects.", "Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects. He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\".", "He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\". The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics.", "The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold 341,000 copies in the United States. While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\".", "While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\". The performance and his emotional turmoil resonated with several celebrities present at the ceremony, including Trey Songz, Diddy and Taraji P. Henson. Songz said, \"He left his heart on the stage. He gave genuine emotion. I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\".", "I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\". Michael's brother, Jermaine Jackson, expressed similar sentiments stating, \"it was very emotional for me, because it was an acceptance from his fans from what has happened to him and also paying tribute to my brother\". Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize.", "Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize. In August 2010, Brown starred alongside an ensemble cast, including Matt Dillon, Paul Walker, Idris Elba, Hayden Christensen and T.I. in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film.", "in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film. During 2010 Brown released the 3 free mixtapes In My Zone (Rhythm & Streets), Fan of a Fan (collaborative mixtape with Tyga), and In My Zone 2, which featured a new style of writing with grown themes, and a different musical style, mixing R&B with hip hop. For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall.", "For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall. The mixtapes were highly appreciated by the artist's loyal audience, consolidating it. The single \"Deuces\", extracted from the Fan of a Fan mixtape, obtained critical acclaim, also achieving a good success, peaking at number 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I.", "The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I. He later released the solo track \"No BS\" as his second single from Fan of a Fan, and decided to include the two singles from the mixtape as anticipation singles for his next album. 2011–2012: F.A.M.E. and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E.", "and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E. [backronym for \"Forgiving All My Enemies\"], releasing in October the first official single from the album, \"Yeah 3x\", a dance-pop song, different from his previous songs on the urban mixtapes. The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom..", "The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.. It was succeeded by the hip-hop single \"Look at Me Now\", featuring rappers Lil Wayne and Busta Rhymes, that reached number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it remained for eight consecutive weeks. It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart.", "It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. The single became the best-selling rap song of 2011, as well as one of all-time best-selling singles in the United States. Brown's fourth studio album F.A.M.E. was first released on March 18, 2011. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States.", "The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States. The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi.", "The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi. \"She Ain't You\" was released as the album's fourth US single, while \"Next 2 You\", featuring Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, served as the album's fourth international single. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E. Tour in Australia and North America. Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\".", "Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\". He also won three awards at the 2011 BET Hip Hop Awards, including the People's Champ Award, Reese's Perfect Combo Award and Best Hip Hop Video for \"Look at Me Now\". At the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards, F.A.M.E. won Album of the Year.", "won Album of the Year. won Album of the Year. The album has also earned Brown three Grammy Award nominations at the 54th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Album, as well as Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song for \"Look at Me Now\". On February 12, 2012, Brown won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. During the ceremony, Brown performed several songs marking his first appearance at the awards show since his conviction of felony assault. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E.", "Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. to be a double-disc consistent of 25–30 tracks, but the label was contrary to that. Right before the release of F.A.M.E. Brown decided to follow his intentions in an acceptable way for the label, working on a sequel of F.A.M.E. called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it.", "called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it. The artist later decided to take more time to work on the album, developing it as a project of its own, with its own concept and sound being different than the one of its precedent album. On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records.", "On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Brown (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release future material on the RCA Records brand. Brown's fifth studio album Fortune was released on July 3, 2012. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics.", "The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics. \"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively.", "\"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad. 2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop.", "2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop. On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start.", "On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start. On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single.", "On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single. In an interview with Ebony, when Brown spoke of taking his music in a different direction and changing his sound from pop-infused and sexually explicit of the previous album Fortune, to a more mature, soulful and vulnerable theme for the album. On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album.", "On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album. Following the dropping of two other anticipation singles off X, \"Don't Think They Know\" and \"Love More\", on August 9, 2013, at 1:09 am PDT, Brown was reported to have suffered a seizure from Record Plant Studios in Hollywood, California as a 9-1-1 call was made. When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital.", "When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital. (Brown has reportedly suffered from seizures since his childhood.) The next day, Brown's representative reported the seizure was caused by \"intense fatigue and extreme emotional stress, both due to the continued onslaught of unfounded legal matters and the nonstop negativity.\" On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy.", "On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy. To \"hold [fans] over until [the X album] drops,\" Brown released a mixtape, titled X Files on November 19, 2013. On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014.", "On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014. On April 14, 2014, Brown released a teaser of the new track \"Don't Be Gone Too Long\" featuring Ariana Grande. However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence.", "However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence. While incarcerated, \"Loyal\" was released as the album's fourth single, becoming one of his most successful songs, by peaking at the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in the United Kingdom. On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014.", "On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014. On August 6, 2014, the album cover was revealed. The song ended up being never released as a single, instead \"New Flame\" featuring Usher and Rick Ross was later released as the album's final single. The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014.", "The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014. Brown's sixth studio album, X was released on September 16, 2014. The album received positive reviews from critics, who celebrated the record's sound and Brown's vocal performances. The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune.", "The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune. At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.", "At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song. Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007).", "Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007). It also became his sixth consecutive top ten debut in the United States. By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States.", "By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States. It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Pushing the promotion for the album further, Brown performed and appeared at several televised music events and music festivals across the United States. On February 24, 2015, Brown released his first collaborative studio album with Tyga, titled Fan of a Fan: The Album. The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan.", "The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan. In early 2015, Brown also embarked on his Between The Sheets Tour with Trey Songz. Also in February 2015, Brown said during an interview for The Breakfast Club that he started working on the album going for a direction that would've been the sound predominant overseas. A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran.", "A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran. That happening made him change the idea for the album, ending up doing mostly R&B songs that he described as \"representations of where i was in my life at that point\", contemporarily starting his One Hell of a Nite Tour. In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success.", "In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success. On June 24, Brown released a new song titled \"Liquor\". Shortly after, it was announced that \"Liquor\" was the first single from his seventh studio album. On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown.", "On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown. On October 16 he has revealed the album cover, portraying Chris with Royalty in her arms in a black and white picture. On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015.", "On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015. After it was revealed that the album has been pushed back to December 18, 2015, in exchange on November 27, 2015, he released a free 34-track mixtape called Before the Party as a prelude to Royalty, which features guest appearances from Rihanna, Wiz Khalifa, Pusha T, Wale, Tyga, French Montana and Fetty Wap. On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed.", "On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed. The album was released on December 18, 2015, and it debuted at number 3 on the US Billboard 200, selling 184,000 units (162,000 in pure album sales) in its first week, marking an improvement over Brown's last three studio albums. It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States.", "It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States. 2016–2017: Heartbreak on a Full Moon Brown started working and recording tracks for his next album few weeks before the release of Royalty, in late 2015. On January 10, 2016, Brown had previewed 11 unreleased songs on his Periscope and Instagram profiles, showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs. In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic.", "In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic. On May 3 he announced the single \"Grass Ain't Greener\", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from a new album titled Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on May 5, 2016.", "The single was released on May 5, 2016. The single was released on May 5, 2016. On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\"", "On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\" In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars.", "In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars. Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features.", "Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features. He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album.", "He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album. On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success.", "On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success. The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album.", "The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album. RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them.", "RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them. In February 2017 he announced that his previously teased song \"Privacy\" would have been released as the next single from Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience.", "The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience. On June 7 he released Welcome to My Life, a self-documentary focused on his life and career, directed by Andrew Sandler. Numerous celebrities participated in the movie, making statements and sharing stories about the artist. Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga.", "Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga. On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black.", "On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black. Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017.", "Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017. On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album.", "On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album. On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans.", "On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans. Heartbreak on a Full Moon was eventually released as a double-disc album on October 31, 2017, via digital retailers and onto CD, three days later by RCA Records. The album's sound has been as dark and soulful. The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup.", "The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup. Its themes include regret, love transforming into hate, the difficulty in managing emotions, the impossibility of getting over someone, and how a reckless lifestyle can't numb the pain of an heartbreak. Its lyrical content was inspired by Brown's breakup with Karrueche Tran. Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content.", "Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content. Many defined it as the singer's best body of work. Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart.", "Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart. One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004.", "One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004. In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On December 13, 2017, he released a 12-track surprise deluxe edition of the album called Cuffing Season – 12 Days of Christmas as a Christmas present for his fans. The deluxe edition is made off Brown's favorite leftovers of the album and few holiday-themed songs. Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album.", "Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album. The opening acts for the tour were 6lack, H.E.R., Rich the Kid, and Jacquees. 2018–2019: Indigo Following the overall success of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, Brown and rapper Joyner Lucas announced a collaboration project, titled Angels & Demons on February 25, 2018, with the release of the single \"Stranger Things\". However the project ended up never being released.", "However the project ended up never being released. However the project ended up never being released. On March 15, 2018, Brown was featured in Lil Dicky's smash hit single \"Freaky Friday\". By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. After drafting the concept for his new album, in August 2018, at the end of the \"Heartbreak On A Full Moon tour\", Brown started the actual processing work of his ninth album, Indigo. On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song.", "On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song. \"Undecided\" saw Brown reunite with producer Scott Storch, who previously worked with Brown in 2005 on his breakout hit \"Run It!\". The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29.", "The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29. On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US.", "On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US. The third single, \"Wobble Up\", was released a week later featuring Nicki Minaj and G-Eazy, announcing that the album is expected to be released in June. On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\".", "On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\". In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list.", "In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list. Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years.", "Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years. He later revealed the artwork of the album and its track list between May and June 2019. On May 31, he appeared on \"Easy\", a successful single where he duetted with singer DaniLeigh. On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single.", "On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single. It debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's 15th top-ten song, and later peaked at number five. The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards.", "The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards. Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style.", "Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style. The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone.", "The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone. In the United States, Indigo debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 108,000 album-equivalent units, which included 28,000 pure album sales in its first week, making it his third number-one album in the country. The album was met with positive reviews from critics.", "The album was met with positive reviews from critics. The album was met with positive reviews from critics. Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs.", "Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs. On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs.", "On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs. On June 10, 2019, Brown announced an official headlining concert tour where he performed the album throughout United States, titled \"Indigoat Tour\". The tour began on August 20, and ended on October 19. The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities.", "The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities. \"Indigoat Tour\" grossed over $30,100,000 in its 37 shows, selling out most of the venues. 2020present: Breezy In December 2019, Brown revealed that he started working on new material for his tenth studio album. Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B.", "Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B. The mixtape was released on May 5, 2020, and features the hit single \"Go Crazy\", which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Brown's first song to spend one full year on the chart. On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\".", "On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\". The song earned Brown his 100th career entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, as it entered and debuted at number 25. On July 9, 2020, Brown announced via Instagram that the title of his tenth album would be Breezy, a reference to his stage nickname. No release date has been announced yet.", "No release date has been announced yet. No release date has been announced yet. Brown said in July 2021, while working on the album, that he wanted to make some \"really endearing music\" that \"talk to women's soul\". On August 2, he announced on his Instagram that his Breezy album would be accompanied by a short film of the same name. Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022.", "Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022. On January 14 he released the song \"Iffy\". Artistry Influences Brown has cited a number of artists as his inspiration, predominantly Michael Jackson. Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\"", "Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\" In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\".", "In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\". Choreographically, MTV noticed that it \"takes distinct visual cues from classic clips like 'Smooth Criminal' and 'Beat It'\", while Billboard complimented his appearance by calling it \"a modern way to channel the King of Pop\". Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown.", "Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown. He tells Vibe magazine \"He was the one who the youngsters looked up to. I know that we, in the dancing and singing world, looked up to him\", and maintains \"If it wasn't for Usher, then Chris Brown couldn't exist\". Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly.", "Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly. When it comes to his rapping he cited Naughty by Nature, Tupac, Lil' Wayne and Rakim as the rappers he's inspired by. Musical style Music critics have commended Brown's introduction to R&B, recognizing his versatility, and considering him an evolver of the genre. Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\".", "Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\". She saw his debut single \"Run It!\" as a \"prelude to what Brown would continue to do for the next decade: relentlessly disrupt the constructs of rhythm and blues.\" By his second album Exclusive, she says he was \"tapping more electric up-tempos, swimming deep in hip-hop waters and annihilating the pop arena\". Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E.", "Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. as \"his most diverse offering to date\", she remarked \"There was no level of musical flexibility comparable. There still isn't.\" F.A.M.E. is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona.", "is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona. Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period.", "Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period. Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\".", "Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\". Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk.", "Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk. The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\".", "The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\". His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\".", "His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\". Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon. His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X.", "His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X. Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\".", "Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\". His songs mainly cover themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, desire, fast life, and internal conflict, also having some introspections over loneliness and the dark side of fame. Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time.", "Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time. American media executive and radio personality Ebro Darden stated that Brown is the \"most all-around talented person in R&B. Trey Songz is talented, but he can't dance like Chris Brown. Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\".", "Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\". Brown said in 2013, during an interview for Rolling Stone, that his songs are always \"derived from personal experiences, my personal life. Then creativity brings my reality to another dimention. That's what my songs are made of. I always like mixing reality with art\".", "I always like mixing reality with art\". I always like mixing reality with art\". Voice Brown possesses a light lyric tenor voice, which spans three and a half octaves, rising from the bass F♯ (F2) to its peak at the soprano C♯. (C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it.", "(C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it. My mom was like, 'You can sing?' And I was like, 'Well, yeah, Mama.'\" subsequently leading to the start of his career. \"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009.", "\"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009. His vocal performances are characterized by his harmonization, timbre, vocal runs and soulfulness. While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E.", "While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E. it was noted for maturing to a \"more mature, distinctive and melodious voice\", with Brown \"coming into his own as a singer\". On F.A.M.E.", "On F.A.M.E. On F.A.M.E. critics noted huge flexibility in his voice, with Steve Jones of USA Today praising the singer's ability to \"give top notch vocal performances in R&B, Europop, rap, rock and acoustic records\". X and Indigo were noted for displaying his timbre, exemplifying his singing performances. His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\".", "His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\". On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\".", "On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\". Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\".", "Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\". The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\".", "The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\". On tracks like \"Look at Me Now\", \"No Romeo No Juliet\" and \"Stranger Things\" he displayed his ability of fast-rapping. Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson.", "Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson. According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career.", "According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career. Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\".", "Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\". Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat.", "Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat. In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character.", "In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character. Street art Aside from his musical career, he was noted for markedly producing graffiti art. His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\".", "His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\". Brown said that he painted since his childhood, saying \"my first approach with it was painting school walls\" saying that he's always been captivated by the fact that drawing and painting \"gives you the chance to express yourself in whatever way, showing to the world your own dimension\". Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel.", "Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel. The singer painted the buildings of different radio stations such as Hot 97. In 2015 he worked on some of the walls of The Grammy Museum, mixing his spray paint drawings with images of James Brown, Prince, Michael Jackson and himself. Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam.", "Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam. His painting and dancing skills were shown at the same time when Brown, partnering with Spotify's Rap Caviar, painted Heartbreak on a Full Moon 's album cover, mostly from dancing around the canvas. In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball.", "In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball. Personal life Relationships From 2007 to 2009, Brown dated singer Rihanna until their highly publicized domestic violence case. His emotional state following the happening was theme of a big part of his album Graffiti. In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper.", "In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper. In October 2012, Brown announced that he ended his relationship with Tran because he did not \"want to see her hurt over my friendship with Rihanna.\" The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people?", "The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people? I don't know if it's possible, but I feel like that.\" In January 2013, Rihanna confirmed that she and Brown had resumed their romantic relationship, stating, \"It's different now. We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit.", "We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit. We talk about shit. We value each other. We know exactly what we have now, and we don't want to lose that.\" Speaking of Brown, Rihanna also said, \"He's not the monster everybody thinks. He's a good person. He has a fantastic heart. He's giving and loving. And he's fun to be around. That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh.", "That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh. All I want to do is laugh, really – and I do that with him\". In a May 2013 interview, Brown stated that he and Rihanna had broken up again. He subsequently reunited with Tran, but they parted ways following confirmation of Brown's daughter Royalty with Nia Guzman in 2015. His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon. In 2017, Tran received a 5-year restraining order against Brown after testifying under oath that, during their relationship, in two episodes he was physically abusive, and that he threatened her after they broke up. On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker).", "On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker). Religion When discussing his upbringing, Brown stated: \"We were used to two pairs of shoes for a school year. We used to go to church every day. I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\"", "I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\" He has also discussed his second work of grace, saying that \"he experienced the Holy Ghost while performing 'His Eye Is on the Sparrow' in church\". After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\"", "After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\" In 2015, he said during an interview for Vibe, that God is the only thing that he's afraid of. Speaking about prayers he said \"I pray everyday, I think we pray unconsciously too. Personally I don't pray for success. I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind.", "I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind. I really try to pray for that because it's a big world, and you can get wrapped up in it trying to please every city. So I just try to get a peace of mind and me understanding that being at peace with my flaws and my talents. I'm cool with that. That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me.", "That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me. He shows me the right path. When I bless other people, He always blesses me. It's not even about a self-serving journey; it's about just learning. I want to learn people's experiences. I want to give them experiences too.\" \".", "I want to give them experiences too.\" \". \". Legal issues Felony domestic assault of Rihanna At around 12:30 a.m. (PST) on February 8, 2009, Brown and his then-girlfriend, singer Rihanna, had an argument which escalated into physical violence, leaving Rihanna with visible facial injuries which required hospitalization. Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats.", "Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats. The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna.", "The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna. Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green.", "Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green. Brown hired a crisis management team and released a statement saying, \"Words cannot begin to express how sorry and saddened I am over what transpired.\" On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats.", "On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats. He was arraigned on April 6, 2009, and pleaded not guilty to one count of assault and one count of making criminal threats. On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling.", "On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling. On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\".", "On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\". In the video, Brown said he wanted to speak out earlier about the case but was advised by his attorney not to until the legal ramifications were settled. The video was removed, but is still available online.", "The video was removed, but is still available online. On August 25, Brown received five years of probation. He was ordered to attend one year of domestic violence counseling and undergo six months of community service; the judge retained a five-year restraining order on Brown, which required him to remain 50 yards (45.72 meters) away from Rihanna, reduced to 10 yards at public events. Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations.", "Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations. Ultimately, however, it had little bearing on the progress of his music and acting careers.\" On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter.", "On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter. He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather.", "He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather. Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\"", "Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\" Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence.", "Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence. Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her.", "Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her. \"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\"", "\"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\" He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart.", "He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart. In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna.", "In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna. Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed.", "Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed. In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future.", "In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future. The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it.", "The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it. He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless.", "He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless. Following the incident, he apologized and said that he was very tired of people bringing up the incident. On July 11, 2012, Brown's community service was evaluated and he was ordered to meet a judge. The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012.", "The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012. He was scheduled to appear in court with regard to the evaluation on August 21, 2012. While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order.", "While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order. He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\"", "He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\" On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior.", "On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior. In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship.", "In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship. He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down.", "He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down. Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City.", "Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City. About eight people were injured during the brawl, including San Antonio Spurs star Tony Parker, who had to have surgery to remove a piece of glass from his eye. Drake was not arrested. Brown's attorney alleged Drake was the instigator. Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later.", "Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later. In January 2013, Brown was involved in an altercation with Frank Ocean over a parking space, outside a recording studio in West Hollywood. Police officers in Los Angeles said that Brown was under investigation, describing the incident as \"battery\" due to Brown allegedly punching Ocean. Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges.", "Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges. In July 2013, Brown's probation was revoked after he was involved in an alleged hit-and-run in Los Angeles. He was released from court and was scheduled to reappear in August 2013, to learn whether or not he would serve time in prison. The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms.", "The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms. In October 2013, Brown was arrested for felony assault in Washington, D.C., after refusing to take a picture with a man. The charge was reduced to a misdemeanor. Brown spent 36 hours in a Washington jail and was taken to court in shackles. He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours.", "He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours. The probation officer prepared a report for the Los Angeles judge, who could have ordered him to complete as many as four years in prison for the beating of Rihanna if found to be in violation of his probation. On October 30, 2013, Brown voluntarily decided to enter rehab. After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014.", "After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014. The deal was if Brown left rehab, he would go directly to jail. On March 14, 2014, Brown was kicked out of the rehab facility and sent to Northern Neck Regional Jail for violating internal rules. He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance.", "He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance. At his May 9, 2014, court date, Brown was ordered to serve 131 days in jail for his probation violation. He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail.", "He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail. He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days.", "He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days. During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\".", "During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\". According to the court documents, which were received by E! News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility.", "News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility. In the early hours of August 30, 2016, a woman called the police to report that Brown had threatened her with a gun inside his house. Due to his previous felony assault conviction, Brown is prohibited to possess any firearms. Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant.", "Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant. When they returned with one, Brown refused them entry and began what news sources referred to as a \"standoff\" with the LAPD, including the robbery-homicide division and SWAT team. During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house.", "During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house. He denounced media reports that he was \"barricaded\" inside his house, complained about the helicopters flying overhead, and called the police \"idiots\" and \"the worst gang in the world.\" He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\".", "He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\". Brown was arrested and later released from jail on $250,000 bail. On September 1, 2016, Brown's lawyer, Mark Geragos, stated that there was no standoff and that, with regard to the LAPD search, \"nothing was found to corroborate her statement.\" In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations.", "In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations. Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges.", "Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges. Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",.", "Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",. Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before.", "Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before. The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission.", "The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission. The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office said Brown was released after about an hour, after that he posted $2,000 bond. In 2021, Brown was sued by his housekeeper over a 2020 attack by one of his dogs, a Caucasian Ovcharka. , due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand.", ", due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand. Previously, other countries that banned the singer because of his criminal record were Canada and United Kingdom, and they revoked their ban respectively in 2019 and 2020. In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020.", "In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020. Court documents revealed that she was not pursuing a criminal case and remained in contact with Brown after the alleged incident took place - visiting his home on two separate occasions in California in January and August 2021 to listen to him record music. The woman is suing Brown for $20 million. Brown has denied the allegation.", "Brown has denied the allegation. Brown has denied the allegation. Business ventures In 2007, Brown founded the record label CBE (\"Chris Brown Entertainment\" or \"Culture Beyond Evolution\"), under Interscope Records. Brown has since signed frequent collaborator Kevin McCall, singer Sabrina Antoinette, former RichGirl member Sevyn Streeter, singer-songwriter Joelle James, and rock group U.G.L.Y. However, from 2014 the label started to sign exclusively Brown's works. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants.", "Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. In 2012, he launched a streetwear clothing line called Black Pyramid, in collaboration with the founders of the Pink + Dolphin clothing line. In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques.", "In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques. On November 11, 2021 the singer has launched his own cereal, \"Breezy's Cosmic Crunch\", partnering with SoFlo Snacks for this limited edition of collectible breakfast cereal. Its box was curated by Brown himself, and illustrated by visual artist Adrian Cuevas. Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E. (2011) Fortune (2012) X (2014) Royalty (2015) Heartbreak on a Full Moon (2017) Indigo (2019) Breezy (2022) Filmography Tours Brown has headlined multiple arenas tours in North America, Europe and World-Wide. Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé.", "Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé. In total, Brown has earned an approprixate $157 million from 279 concerts over the course of his career - making him one of the highest grossing African American touring artists of all time. Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E. Tour (2011) Carpe Diem Tour (2012) One Hell of a Nite Tour (2015–2016) The Party Tour (2017) Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour (2018) Indigoat Tour (2019) Co-headlining Between the Sheets Tour (2015) Supporting The Beyoncé Experience (Australia dates) (2007) Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (the Philippines, Oceania) (2008) Supafest (2012) Lil Weezyana Fest (2016) OVO Fest (2019) Achievements List of awards and nominations received by Chris Brown See also List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of highest-certified music artists in the United States List of best-selling music artists List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of most-followed Instagram accounts References External links Chris Brown on YouTube 1989 births Living people 21st-century American criminals 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American rappers 21st-century African-American male singers African-American businesspeople African-American Christians African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male rappers African-American male singer-songwriters American businesspeople convicted of crimes American child singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American hip hop singers American male criminals American male dancers American male film actors American male pop singers American male rappers American male television actors American music industry executives American music video directors American people convicted of assault Burger King people Businesspeople from Virginia Criminals from Virginia Grammy Award winners Jive Records artists Male actors from Virginia People from Tappahannock, Virginia People with bipolar disorder Pop rappers Rappers from Virginia RCA Records artists Singer-songwriters from Virginia Singers with a three-octave vocal range Sony BMG artists World Music Awards winners" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey,", "What did he do in 2005?", "Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two", "Are there any hit singles from this record?", "Run It" ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "Morris Massey (born 1939) is a marketing professor/sociologist, and producer of training videos.\n\nEducation\nHis undergraduate and M.B.A. degrees are from the University of Texas, Austin, and his Ph.D. in business is from Louisiana State University.\n\nCareer\nDuring the late 1960s through the 1970s, as an Associate Dean and Professor of Marketing, at the University of Colorado at Boulder, he received four awards for teaching excellence.\n\nDr Massey was honored with the W.M. McFeely award presented by the International Management Council for \"significant contribution to the field of management and human relations.\" During the 1980s and 90s he was the #1 ranked resource for the Young Presidents Organization International. In What Works At Work (Lakewood Publications, 1988) he was cited as one of the 27 most influential workplace experts of the time. His work is focused on values, generations, and Significant Emotional Events (SEE).\n\nDevelopment of values\nMorris Massey has described three major periods during which values are developed.\n\n1. The Imprint Period. Up to the age of seven, we are like sponges, absorbing everything around us and accepting much of it as true, especially when it comes from our parents. The confusion and blind belief of this period can also lead to the early formation of trauma and other deep problems. The critical thing here is to learn a sense of right and wrong, good and bad. This is a human construction which we nevertheless often assume would exist even if we were not here (which is an indication of how deeply imprinted it has become).\n\n2. The Modeling Period. Between the ages of eight and thirteen, we copy people, often our parents, but also other people. Rather than blind acceptance, we are trying on things like suit of clothes, to see how they feel. We may be much impressed with religion or our teachers. You may remember being particularly influenced by junior school teachers who seemed so knowledgeable—maybe even more so than your parents.\n\n3. The Socialization Period. Between 13 and 21, we are very largely influenced by our peers. As we develop as individuals and look for ways to get away from the earlier programming, we naturally turn to people who seem more like us. Other influences at these ages include the media, especially those parts which seem to resonate with the values of our peer groups.\n\nRetirement\nHe retired in 1995 from the consulting/speaking circuit and now lives with his wife, Judith Ford Massey, in New Orleans, Louisiana. They have twin sons, Ryan Massey and Blake Massey.\n\nVideo programs \n What You Are Is Where You Were When... AGAIN!\n Just Get It!\n Flashpoint: When Values Collide\n The Original Massey Tapes - 1: What You Are Is Where You Were When\n The Original Massey Tapes - 3: What You Are Is\n The Original Massey Tapes - 4: What You Are Is Where You See\n What You Are Is What You Choose…So Don't Screw It Up\n Dancing With The Bogeyman\n The Massey Triad Program 1: What You Are Is Where You Were When\n The Massey Triad Program 2: What You Are is Not What You Have To Be\n The Massey Triad Program 3: What You Are Is Where You See\n\nSee also \n Significant Emotional Event (SEE)\n University of Colorado at Boulder\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Changing Minds\n\n1939 births\nLiving people\nLouisiana State University alumni" ]

[ "Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. According to Billboard, Brown is one of the most influential and successful R&B singers ever, with several considering him the \"King of R&B\" alongside Usher and R. Kelly. His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music.", "His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music. His lyrics develop predominantly over themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, fast life, desire, and the difficulty of managing emotions. Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer.", "Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer. Born in Tappahannock, Virginia, he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age. Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). With his first single \"Run It!\" peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist since 1995 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\".", "His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\". In 2009, Brown pled guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend, singer Rihanna. In the same year of the episode there was the release of his third album Graffiti, which was considered to be a commercial failure compared to his previous works. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E.", "Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. (2011) became one of his biggest successes, being his first to top the Billboard 200, containing internationally successful singles such as \"Yeah 3x\", \"Look at Me Now\" and \"Beautiful People\", also earning him the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200.", "His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200. Following the releases of X and Royalty, his 2017 double-disc album, Heartbreak on a Full Moon, consisting of 45 tracks, was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units after one week, and in 2019 it has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album.", "Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album. It included the Drake featured track \"No Guidance\" which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Its chart success was outdone with the single \"Go Crazy\" released the following year, alongside Young Thug as part of their collaborative mixtape Slime & B (2020). The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100.", "The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. Brown has sold over 193 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Additionally, he is tied for the most digital single sales among R&B artists in the United States with Bruno Mars. Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards.", "Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards. According to Billboard, Brown has the seventh most Billboard Hot 100 entries with 106 - which is the most of any R&B artist in history. Brown was also ranked 3rd in the Billboard top R&B/Hip-Hop artists of the decade for the 2010s, behind peers Rihanna and Drake in 2nd and 1st, respectively. Brown has also pursued an acting career.", "Brown has also pursued an acting career. Brown has also pursued an acting career. In 2007, he made his on-screen feature film debut in Stomp the Yard, and appeared as a guest on the television series The O.C. Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013).", "Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013). Early life Christopher Maurice Brown was born on May 5, 1989, in the small town of Tappahannock, Virginia, to Joyce Hawkins, a former day care center director, and Clinton Brown, a corrections officer at a local prison. He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank.", "He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank. Music was always present in Brown's life beginning in his childhood. He would listen to soul albums that his parents owned, and eventually began to show interest in the hip-hop scene. Brown taught himself to sing and dance at a young age and often cites Michael Jackson as his inspiration. He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows.", "He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows. When he mimicked an Usher performance of \"My Way\", his mother recognized his vocal talent, and they began to look for the opportunity of a record deal. At the same time, Brown was going through personal issues. His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence.", "His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence. Career 2002–2004: Career beginnings At age 13, Brown was discovered by Hitmission Records, a local production team that visited his father's gas station while searching for new talent. Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal.", "Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal. Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career.", "Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career. Tina Davis, senior A&R executive at Def Jam Recordings, was impressed when Brown auditioned in her New York office, and she immediately took him to meet the former president of the Island Def Jam Music Group, Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, who offered to sign him that day, but Brown refused his proposal. \"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis.", "\"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis. \"I just knew I wanted to be part of it.\" The negotiations with Def Jam continued for two months, and ended when Davis lost her job due to a corporate merger. Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records.", "Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records. According to Mark Pitts, in an interview with HitQuarters, Davis presented Brown with a video recording, and Pitts' reaction was: \"I saw huge potential ... I didn't love all the records, but I loved his voice. It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\"", "It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\" Brown ultimately chose Jive due to its successful work with then-young acts such as Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake. Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\"", "Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\" Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records.", "Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records. 2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005.", "2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005. By May, there were 50 songs already recorded, 14 of which were picked to the final track listing. The singer worked with several producers and songwriters—Scott Storch, Cool & Dre, Sean Garrett and Jazze Pha among them—commenting that they \"really believed in [him]\". Brown co-wrote half of the tracks.", "Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. \"I write about the things that 16 year olds go through every day,\" says Brown. \"Like you just got in trouble for sneaking your girl into the house, or you can't drive, so you steal a car or something.\" The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce.", "The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce. Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 154,000 copies. Chris Brown was a commercial success with the time; selling over three million copies in the United States—where it was certified three times platinum by the RIAA—and six million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Run It!", "The album's lead single, \"Run It! The album's lead single, \"Run It! \", made Brown the first male act (since Montell Jordan in 1995) to have his debut single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot 100—later remaining for four additional weeks. Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart.", "Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart. On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers.", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers. On August 17, 2006, to further promote the album, Brown began his major co-headlining tour, The Up Close and Personal Tour. Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months.", "Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received $10,000 in ticket proceeds from Brown's 2006 \"Up Close & Personal\" tour. Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode.", "Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode. 2007–2008: Exclusive In January 2007, Brown landed a small role as a band geek in the fourth season of the American television series The O.C.. Brown then made his film debut in Stomp the Yard, alongside Ne-Yo, Meagan Good and Columbus Short on January 12, 2007. In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour.", "In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour. On July 9, 2007, Brown was featured in an episode of MTV's My Super Sweet 16 (for the event, it was retitled: Chris Brown: My Super 18) celebrating his eighteenth birthday in New York City. Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive.", "Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive. When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time.", "When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time. However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\"", "However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\" in 2005.", "in 2005. in 2005. \"With You\", produced by Stargate (duo of producers known at the time for their work with R&B singer Ne-Yo), was released as the third single from Exclusive, had even bigger success than \"Kiss Kiss\", becoming one of the all-time best-selling singles, and reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007.", "Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007. The album is musically R&B, having slight pop influences that were absent in the previous hip hop soul-influenced disc, reaching a big international success. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 294,000 copies in its first week, and received generally positive reviews from music critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States.", "As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States. In November 2007, Brown starred as a video host for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's Math-A-Thon program. He showed his support by encouraging students to use their math skills to help children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King.", "On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King. To further support the album Exclusive, Brown embarked on his The Exclusive Holiday Tour, visiting over thirty venues in United States. The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii.", "The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii. In March 2008, Brown was featured on Jordin Sparks' single \"No Air\", which had worldwide success peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc.", "He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc. The song peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot 100, and number two on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version.", "Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version. The re-released version featured four new tracks, including the Eurodisco single \"Forever\", which became one of his most known singles, reaching number two on Billboard Hot 100. In August 2008, Brown guest-starred on Disney's The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as himself. Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine.", "Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine. 2009–2010: Graffiti and mixtapes In 2008, Brown began work on his third studio album, to be called Graffiti, promising to experiment with a different musical direction inspired by singers Prince and Michael Jackson. He stated, \"I wanted to change it up and really be different. Like my style nowadays, I don't try to be typical urban. I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were.", "I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were. They can cross over to any genre of music.\" Following the domestic violence scandal involving the singer and Rihanna on February 8, 2009, the majority of media took positions against the singer. The incident also caused Brown to lose significant commercial contracts, including one with Doublemint. The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it.", "The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it. Graffiti 's lead single \"I Can Transform Ya\" was released on September 29, 2009. The song peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. \"Crawl\" was released as the album's second single on November 23, 2009. The song reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock.", "Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock. Brown, with this album, started to take full control of his art, managing the artistic direction, and writing every song of the album (with the exception of the song \"I'll Go\", written and produced by Brian Kennedy and James Fauntleroy). Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects.", "Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects. He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\".", "He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\". The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics.", "The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold 341,000 copies in the United States. While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\".", "While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\". The performance and his emotional turmoil resonated with several celebrities present at the ceremony, including Trey Songz, Diddy and Taraji P. Henson. Songz said, \"He left his heart on the stage. He gave genuine emotion. I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\".", "I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\". Michael's brother, Jermaine Jackson, expressed similar sentiments stating, \"it was very emotional for me, because it was an acceptance from his fans from what has happened to him and also paying tribute to my brother\". Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize.", "Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize. In August 2010, Brown starred alongside an ensemble cast, including Matt Dillon, Paul Walker, Idris Elba, Hayden Christensen and T.I. in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film.", "in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film. During 2010 Brown released the 3 free mixtapes In My Zone (Rhythm & Streets), Fan of a Fan (collaborative mixtape with Tyga), and In My Zone 2, which featured a new style of writing with grown themes, and a different musical style, mixing R&B with hip hop. For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall.", "For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall. The mixtapes were highly appreciated by the artist's loyal audience, consolidating it. The single \"Deuces\", extracted from the Fan of a Fan mixtape, obtained critical acclaim, also achieving a good success, peaking at number 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I.", "The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I. He later released the solo track \"No BS\" as his second single from Fan of a Fan, and decided to include the two singles from the mixtape as anticipation singles for his next album. 2011–2012: F.A.M.E. and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E.", "and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E. [backronym for \"Forgiving All My Enemies\"], releasing in October the first official single from the album, \"Yeah 3x\", a dance-pop song, different from his previous songs on the urban mixtapes. The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom..", "The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.. It was succeeded by the hip-hop single \"Look at Me Now\", featuring rappers Lil Wayne and Busta Rhymes, that reached number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it remained for eight consecutive weeks. It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart.", "It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. The single became the best-selling rap song of 2011, as well as one of all-time best-selling singles in the United States. Brown's fourth studio album F.A.M.E. was first released on March 18, 2011. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States.", "The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States. The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi.", "The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi. \"She Ain't You\" was released as the album's fourth US single, while \"Next 2 You\", featuring Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, served as the album's fourth international single. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E. Tour in Australia and North America. Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\".", "Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\". He also won three awards at the 2011 BET Hip Hop Awards, including the People's Champ Award, Reese's Perfect Combo Award and Best Hip Hop Video for \"Look at Me Now\". At the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards, F.A.M.E. won Album of the Year.", "won Album of the Year. won Album of the Year. The album has also earned Brown three Grammy Award nominations at the 54th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Album, as well as Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song for \"Look at Me Now\". On February 12, 2012, Brown won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. During the ceremony, Brown performed several songs marking his first appearance at the awards show since his conviction of felony assault. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E.", "Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. to be a double-disc consistent of 25–30 tracks, but the label was contrary to that. Right before the release of F.A.M.E. Brown decided to follow his intentions in an acceptable way for the label, working on a sequel of F.A.M.E. called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it.", "called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it. The artist later decided to take more time to work on the album, developing it as a project of its own, with its own concept and sound being different than the one of its precedent album. On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records.", "On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Brown (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release future material on the RCA Records brand. Brown's fifth studio album Fortune was released on July 3, 2012. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics.", "The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics. \"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively.", "\"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad. 2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop.", "2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop. On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start.", "On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start. On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single.", "On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single. In an interview with Ebony, when Brown spoke of taking his music in a different direction and changing his sound from pop-infused and sexually explicit of the previous album Fortune, to a more mature, soulful and vulnerable theme for the album. On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album.", "On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album. Following the dropping of two other anticipation singles off X, \"Don't Think They Know\" and \"Love More\", on August 9, 2013, at 1:09 am PDT, Brown was reported to have suffered a seizure from Record Plant Studios in Hollywood, California as a 9-1-1 call was made. When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital.", "When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital. (Brown has reportedly suffered from seizures since his childhood.) The next day, Brown's representative reported the seizure was caused by \"intense fatigue and extreme emotional stress, both due to the continued onslaught of unfounded legal matters and the nonstop negativity.\" On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy.", "On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy. To \"hold [fans] over until [the X album] drops,\" Brown released a mixtape, titled X Files on November 19, 2013. On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014.", "On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014. On April 14, 2014, Brown released a teaser of the new track \"Don't Be Gone Too Long\" featuring Ariana Grande. However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence.", "However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence. While incarcerated, \"Loyal\" was released as the album's fourth single, becoming one of his most successful songs, by peaking at the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in the United Kingdom. On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014.", "On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014. On August 6, 2014, the album cover was revealed. The song ended up being never released as a single, instead \"New Flame\" featuring Usher and Rick Ross was later released as the album's final single. The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014.", "The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014. Brown's sixth studio album, X was released on September 16, 2014. The album received positive reviews from critics, who celebrated the record's sound and Brown's vocal performances. The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune.", "The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune. At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.", "At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song. Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007).", "Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007). It also became his sixth consecutive top ten debut in the United States. By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States.", "By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States. It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Pushing the promotion for the album further, Brown performed and appeared at several televised music events and music festivals across the United States. On February 24, 2015, Brown released his first collaborative studio album with Tyga, titled Fan of a Fan: The Album. The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan.", "The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan. In early 2015, Brown also embarked on his Between The Sheets Tour with Trey Songz. Also in February 2015, Brown said during an interview for The Breakfast Club that he started working on the album going for a direction that would've been the sound predominant overseas. A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran.", "A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran. That happening made him change the idea for the album, ending up doing mostly R&B songs that he described as \"representations of where i was in my life at that point\", contemporarily starting his One Hell of a Nite Tour. In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success.", "In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success. On June 24, Brown released a new song titled \"Liquor\". Shortly after, it was announced that \"Liquor\" was the first single from his seventh studio album. On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown.", "On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown. On October 16 he has revealed the album cover, portraying Chris with Royalty in her arms in a black and white picture. On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015.", "On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015. After it was revealed that the album has been pushed back to December 18, 2015, in exchange on November 27, 2015, he released a free 34-track mixtape called Before the Party as a prelude to Royalty, which features guest appearances from Rihanna, Wiz Khalifa, Pusha T, Wale, Tyga, French Montana and Fetty Wap. On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed.", "On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed. The album was released on December 18, 2015, and it debuted at number 3 on the US Billboard 200, selling 184,000 units (162,000 in pure album sales) in its first week, marking an improvement over Brown's last three studio albums. It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States.", "It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States. 2016–2017: Heartbreak on a Full Moon Brown started working and recording tracks for his next album few weeks before the release of Royalty, in late 2015. On January 10, 2016, Brown had previewed 11 unreleased songs on his Periscope and Instagram profiles, showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs. In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic.", "In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic. On May 3 he announced the single \"Grass Ain't Greener\", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from a new album titled Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on May 5, 2016.", "The single was released on May 5, 2016. The single was released on May 5, 2016. On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\"", "On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\" In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars.", "In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars. Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features.", "Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features. He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album.", "He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album. On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success.", "On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success. The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album.", "The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album. RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them.", "RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them. In February 2017 he announced that his previously teased song \"Privacy\" would have been released as the next single from Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience.", "The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience. On June 7 he released Welcome to My Life, a self-documentary focused on his life and career, directed by Andrew Sandler. Numerous celebrities participated in the movie, making statements and sharing stories about the artist. Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga.", "Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga. On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black.", "On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black. Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017.", "Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017. On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album.", "On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album. On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans.", "On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans. Heartbreak on a Full Moon was eventually released as a double-disc album on October 31, 2017, via digital retailers and onto CD, three days later by RCA Records. The album's sound has been as dark and soulful. The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup.", "The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup. Its themes include regret, love transforming into hate, the difficulty in managing emotions, the impossibility of getting over someone, and how a reckless lifestyle can't numb the pain of an heartbreak. Its lyrical content was inspired by Brown's breakup with Karrueche Tran. Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content.", "Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content. Many defined it as the singer's best body of work. Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart.", "Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart. One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004.", "One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004. In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On December 13, 2017, he released a 12-track surprise deluxe edition of the album called Cuffing Season – 12 Days of Christmas as a Christmas present for his fans. The deluxe edition is made off Brown's favorite leftovers of the album and few holiday-themed songs. Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album.", "Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album. The opening acts for the tour were 6lack, H.E.R., Rich the Kid, and Jacquees. 2018–2019: Indigo Following the overall success of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, Brown and rapper Joyner Lucas announced a collaboration project, titled Angels & Demons on February 25, 2018, with the release of the single \"Stranger Things\". However the project ended up never being released.", "However the project ended up never being released. However the project ended up never being released. On March 15, 2018, Brown was featured in Lil Dicky's smash hit single \"Freaky Friday\". By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. After drafting the concept for his new album, in August 2018, at the end of the \"Heartbreak On A Full Moon tour\", Brown started the actual processing work of his ninth album, Indigo. On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song.", "On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song. \"Undecided\" saw Brown reunite with producer Scott Storch, who previously worked with Brown in 2005 on his breakout hit \"Run It!\". The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29.", "The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29. On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US.", "On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US. The third single, \"Wobble Up\", was released a week later featuring Nicki Minaj and G-Eazy, announcing that the album is expected to be released in June. On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\".", "On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\". In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list.", "In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list. Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years.", "Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years. He later revealed the artwork of the album and its track list between May and June 2019. On May 31, he appeared on \"Easy\", a successful single where he duetted with singer DaniLeigh. On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single.", "On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single. It debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's 15th top-ten song, and later peaked at number five. The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards.", "The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards. Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style.", "Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style. The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone.", "The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone. In the United States, Indigo debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 108,000 album-equivalent units, which included 28,000 pure album sales in its first week, making it his third number-one album in the country. The album was met with positive reviews from critics.", "The album was met with positive reviews from critics. The album was met with positive reviews from critics. Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs.", "Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs. On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs.", "On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs. On June 10, 2019, Brown announced an official headlining concert tour where he performed the album throughout United States, titled \"Indigoat Tour\". The tour began on August 20, and ended on October 19. The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities.", "The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities. \"Indigoat Tour\" grossed over $30,100,000 in its 37 shows, selling out most of the venues. 2020present: Breezy In December 2019, Brown revealed that he started working on new material for his tenth studio album. Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B.", "Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B. The mixtape was released on May 5, 2020, and features the hit single \"Go Crazy\", which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Brown's first song to spend one full year on the chart. On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\".", "On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\". The song earned Brown his 100th career entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, as it entered and debuted at number 25. On July 9, 2020, Brown announced via Instagram that the title of his tenth album would be Breezy, a reference to his stage nickname. No release date has been announced yet.", "No release date has been announced yet. No release date has been announced yet. Brown said in July 2021, while working on the album, that he wanted to make some \"really endearing music\" that \"talk to women's soul\". On August 2, he announced on his Instagram that his Breezy album would be accompanied by a short film of the same name. Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022.", "Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022. On January 14 he released the song \"Iffy\". Artistry Influences Brown has cited a number of artists as his inspiration, predominantly Michael Jackson. Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\"", "Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\" In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\".", "In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\". Choreographically, MTV noticed that it \"takes distinct visual cues from classic clips like 'Smooth Criminal' and 'Beat It'\", while Billboard complimented his appearance by calling it \"a modern way to channel the King of Pop\". Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown.", "Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown. He tells Vibe magazine \"He was the one who the youngsters looked up to. I know that we, in the dancing and singing world, looked up to him\", and maintains \"If it wasn't for Usher, then Chris Brown couldn't exist\". Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly.", "Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly. When it comes to his rapping he cited Naughty by Nature, Tupac, Lil' Wayne and Rakim as the rappers he's inspired by. Musical style Music critics have commended Brown's introduction to R&B, recognizing his versatility, and considering him an evolver of the genre. Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\".", "Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\". She saw his debut single \"Run It!\" as a \"prelude to what Brown would continue to do for the next decade: relentlessly disrupt the constructs of rhythm and blues.\" By his second album Exclusive, she says he was \"tapping more electric up-tempos, swimming deep in hip-hop waters and annihilating the pop arena\". Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E.", "Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. as \"his most diverse offering to date\", she remarked \"There was no level of musical flexibility comparable. There still isn't.\" F.A.M.E. is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona.", "is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona. Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period.", "Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period. Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\".", "Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\". Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk.", "Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk. The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\".", "The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\". His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\".", "His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\". Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon. His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X.", "His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X. Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\".", "Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\". His songs mainly cover themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, desire, fast life, and internal conflict, also having some introspections over loneliness and the dark side of fame. Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time.", "Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time. American media executive and radio personality Ebro Darden stated that Brown is the \"most all-around talented person in R&B. Trey Songz is talented, but he can't dance like Chris Brown. Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\".", "Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\". Brown said in 2013, during an interview for Rolling Stone, that his songs are always \"derived from personal experiences, my personal life. Then creativity brings my reality to another dimention. That's what my songs are made of. I always like mixing reality with art\".", "I always like mixing reality with art\". I always like mixing reality with art\". Voice Brown possesses a light lyric tenor voice, which spans three and a half octaves, rising from the bass F♯ (F2) to its peak at the soprano C♯. (C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it.", "(C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it. My mom was like, 'You can sing?' And I was like, 'Well, yeah, Mama.'\" subsequently leading to the start of his career. \"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009.", "\"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009. His vocal performances are characterized by his harmonization, timbre, vocal runs and soulfulness. While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E.", "While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E. it was noted for maturing to a \"more mature, distinctive and melodious voice\", with Brown \"coming into his own as a singer\". On F.A.M.E.", "On F.A.M.E. On F.A.M.E. critics noted huge flexibility in his voice, with Steve Jones of USA Today praising the singer's ability to \"give top notch vocal performances in R&B, Europop, rap, rock and acoustic records\". X and Indigo were noted for displaying his timbre, exemplifying his singing performances. His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\".", "His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\". On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\".", "On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\". Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\".", "Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\". The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\".", "The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\". On tracks like \"Look at Me Now\", \"No Romeo No Juliet\" and \"Stranger Things\" he displayed his ability of fast-rapping. Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson.", "Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson. According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career.", "According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career. Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\".", "Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\". Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat.", "Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat. In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character.", "In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character. Street art Aside from his musical career, he was noted for markedly producing graffiti art. His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\".", "His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\". Brown said that he painted since his childhood, saying \"my first approach with it was painting school walls\" saying that he's always been captivated by the fact that drawing and painting \"gives you the chance to express yourself in whatever way, showing to the world your own dimension\". Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel.", "Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel. The singer painted the buildings of different radio stations such as Hot 97. In 2015 he worked on some of the walls of The Grammy Museum, mixing his spray paint drawings with images of James Brown, Prince, Michael Jackson and himself. Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam.", "Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam. His painting and dancing skills were shown at the same time when Brown, partnering with Spotify's Rap Caviar, painted Heartbreak on a Full Moon 's album cover, mostly from dancing around the canvas. In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball.", "In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball. Personal life Relationships From 2007 to 2009, Brown dated singer Rihanna until their highly publicized domestic violence case. His emotional state following the happening was theme of a big part of his album Graffiti. In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper.", "In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper. In October 2012, Brown announced that he ended his relationship with Tran because he did not \"want to see her hurt over my friendship with Rihanna.\" The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people?", "The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people? I don't know if it's possible, but I feel like that.\" In January 2013, Rihanna confirmed that she and Brown had resumed their romantic relationship, stating, \"It's different now. We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit.", "We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit. We talk about shit. We value each other. We know exactly what we have now, and we don't want to lose that.\" Speaking of Brown, Rihanna also said, \"He's not the monster everybody thinks. He's a good person. He has a fantastic heart. He's giving and loving. And he's fun to be around. That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh.", "That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh. All I want to do is laugh, really – and I do that with him\". In a May 2013 interview, Brown stated that he and Rihanna had broken up again. He subsequently reunited with Tran, but they parted ways following confirmation of Brown's daughter Royalty with Nia Guzman in 2015. His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon. In 2017, Tran received a 5-year restraining order against Brown after testifying under oath that, during their relationship, in two episodes he was physically abusive, and that he threatened her after they broke up. On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker).", "On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker). Religion When discussing his upbringing, Brown stated: \"We were used to two pairs of shoes for a school year. We used to go to church every day. I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\"", "I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\" He has also discussed his second work of grace, saying that \"he experienced the Holy Ghost while performing 'His Eye Is on the Sparrow' in church\". After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\"", "After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\" In 2015, he said during an interview for Vibe, that God is the only thing that he's afraid of. Speaking about prayers he said \"I pray everyday, I think we pray unconsciously too. Personally I don't pray for success. I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind.", "I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind. I really try to pray for that because it's a big world, and you can get wrapped up in it trying to please every city. So I just try to get a peace of mind and me understanding that being at peace with my flaws and my talents. I'm cool with that. That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me.", "That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me. He shows me the right path. When I bless other people, He always blesses me. It's not even about a self-serving journey; it's about just learning. I want to learn people's experiences. I want to give them experiences too.\" \".", "I want to give them experiences too.\" \". \". Legal issues Felony domestic assault of Rihanna At around 12:30 a.m. (PST) on February 8, 2009, Brown and his then-girlfriend, singer Rihanna, had an argument which escalated into physical violence, leaving Rihanna with visible facial injuries which required hospitalization. Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats.", "Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats. The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna.", "The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna. Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green.", "Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green. Brown hired a crisis management team and released a statement saying, \"Words cannot begin to express how sorry and saddened I am over what transpired.\" On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats.", "On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats. He was arraigned on April 6, 2009, and pleaded not guilty to one count of assault and one count of making criminal threats. On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling.", "On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling. On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\".", "On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\". In the video, Brown said he wanted to speak out earlier about the case but was advised by his attorney not to until the legal ramifications were settled. The video was removed, but is still available online.", "The video was removed, but is still available online. On August 25, Brown received five years of probation. He was ordered to attend one year of domestic violence counseling and undergo six months of community service; the judge retained a five-year restraining order on Brown, which required him to remain 50 yards (45.72 meters) away from Rihanna, reduced to 10 yards at public events. Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations.", "Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations. Ultimately, however, it had little bearing on the progress of his music and acting careers.\" On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter.", "On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter. He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather.", "He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather. Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\"", "Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\" Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence.", "Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence. Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her.", "Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her. \"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\"", "\"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\" He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart.", "He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart. In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna.", "In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna. Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed.", "Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed. In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future.", "In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future. The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it.", "The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it. He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless.", "He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless. Following the incident, he apologized and said that he was very tired of people bringing up the incident. On July 11, 2012, Brown's community service was evaluated and he was ordered to meet a judge. The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012.", "The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012. He was scheduled to appear in court with regard to the evaluation on August 21, 2012. While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order.", "While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order. He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\"", "He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\" On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior.", "On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior. In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship.", "In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship. He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down.", "He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down. Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City.", "Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City. About eight people were injured during the brawl, including San Antonio Spurs star Tony Parker, who had to have surgery to remove a piece of glass from his eye. Drake was not arrested. Brown's attorney alleged Drake was the instigator. Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later.", "Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later. In January 2013, Brown was involved in an altercation with Frank Ocean over a parking space, outside a recording studio in West Hollywood. Police officers in Los Angeles said that Brown was under investigation, describing the incident as \"battery\" due to Brown allegedly punching Ocean. Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges.", "Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges. In July 2013, Brown's probation was revoked after he was involved in an alleged hit-and-run in Los Angeles. He was released from court and was scheduled to reappear in August 2013, to learn whether or not he would serve time in prison. The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms.", "The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms. In October 2013, Brown was arrested for felony assault in Washington, D.C., after refusing to take a picture with a man. The charge was reduced to a misdemeanor. Brown spent 36 hours in a Washington jail and was taken to court in shackles. He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours.", "He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours. The probation officer prepared a report for the Los Angeles judge, who could have ordered him to complete as many as four years in prison for the beating of Rihanna if found to be in violation of his probation. On October 30, 2013, Brown voluntarily decided to enter rehab. After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014.", "After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014. The deal was if Brown left rehab, he would go directly to jail. On March 14, 2014, Brown was kicked out of the rehab facility and sent to Northern Neck Regional Jail for violating internal rules. He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance.", "He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance. At his May 9, 2014, court date, Brown was ordered to serve 131 days in jail for his probation violation. He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail.", "He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail. He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days.", "He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days. During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\".", "During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\". According to the court documents, which were received by E! News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility.", "News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility. In the early hours of August 30, 2016, a woman called the police to report that Brown had threatened her with a gun inside his house. Due to his previous felony assault conviction, Brown is prohibited to possess any firearms. Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant.", "Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant. When they returned with one, Brown refused them entry and began what news sources referred to as a \"standoff\" with the LAPD, including the robbery-homicide division and SWAT team. During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house.", "During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house. He denounced media reports that he was \"barricaded\" inside his house, complained about the helicopters flying overhead, and called the police \"idiots\" and \"the worst gang in the world.\" He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\".", "He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\". Brown was arrested and later released from jail on $250,000 bail. On September 1, 2016, Brown's lawyer, Mark Geragos, stated that there was no standoff and that, with regard to the LAPD search, \"nothing was found to corroborate her statement.\" In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations.", "In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations. Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges.", "Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges. Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",.", "Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",. Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before.", "Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before. The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission.", "The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission. The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office said Brown was released after about an hour, after that he posted $2,000 bond. In 2021, Brown was sued by his housekeeper over a 2020 attack by one of his dogs, a Caucasian Ovcharka. , due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand.", ", due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand. Previously, other countries that banned the singer because of his criminal record were Canada and United Kingdom, and they revoked their ban respectively in 2019 and 2020. In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020.", "In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020. Court documents revealed that she was not pursuing a criminal case and remained in contact with Brown after the alleged incident took place - visiting his home on two separate occasions in California in January and August 2021 to listen to him record music. The woman is suing Brown for $20 million. Brown has denied the allegation.", "Brown has denied the allegation. Brown has denied the allegation. Business ventures In 2007, Brown founded the record label CBE (\"Chris Brown Entertainment\" or \"Culture Beyond Evolution\"), under Interscope Records. Brown has since signed frequent collaborator Kevin McCall, singer Sabrina Antoinette, former RichGirl member Sevyn Streeter, singer-songwriter Joelle James, and rock group U.G.L.Y. However, from 2014 the label started to sign exclusively Brown's works. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants.", "Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. In 2012, he launched a streetwear clothing line called Black Pyramid, in collaboration with the founders of the Pink + Dolphin clothing line. In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques.", "In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques. On November 11, 2021 the singer has launched his own cereal, \"Breezy's Cosmic Crunch\", partnering with SoFlo Snacks for this limited edition of collectible breakfast cereal. Its box was curated by Brown himself, and illustrated by visual artist Adrian Cuevas. Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E. (2011) Fortune (2012) X (2014) Royalty (2015) Heartbreak on a Full Moon (2017) Indigo (2019) Breezy (2022) Filmography Tours Brown has headlined multiple arenas tours in North America, Europe and World-Wide. Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé.", "Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé. In total, Brown has earned an approprixate $157 million from 279 concerts over the course of his career - making him one of the highest grossing African American touring artists of all time. Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E. Tour (2011) Carpe Diem Tour (2012) One Hell of a Nite Tour (2015–2016) The Party Tour (2017) Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour (2018) Indigoat Tour (2019) Co-headlining Between the Sheets Tour (2015) Supporting The Beyoncé Experience (Australia dates) (2007) Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (the Philippines, Oceania) (2008) Supafest (2012) Lil Weezyana Fest (2016) OVO Fest (2019) Achievements List of awards and nominations received by Chris Brown See also List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of highest-certified music artists in the United States List of best-selling music artists List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of most-followed Instagram accounts References External links Chris Brown on YouTube 1989 births Living people 21st-century American criminals 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American rappers 21st-century African-American male singers African-American businesspeople African-American Christians African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male rappers African-American male singer-songwriters American businesspeople convicted of crimes American child singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American hip hop singers American male criminals American male dancers American male film actors American male pop singers American male rappers American male television actors American music industry executives American music video directors American people convicted of assault Burger King people Businesspeople from Virginia Criminals from Virginia Grammy Award winners Jive Records artists Male actors from Virginia People from Tappahannock, Virginia People with bipolar disorder Pop rappers Rappers from Virginia RCA Records artists Singer-songwriters from Virginia Singers with a three-octave vocal range Sony BMG artists World Music Awards winners" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey,", "What did he do in 2005?", "Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two", "Are there any hit singles from this record?", "Run It", "What else is significant during this time period/", "Brown the first male act" ]

[ "The Nullity of Marriage Act 1971 was an act that defined valid reasons for annulment according to British law. This act was the first time in British law that marriage was explicitly defined by statute as being between a male and a female. A marriage could therefore be annulled if the partners were not respectively male and female.\n\nThe provisions of the Act were incorporated into the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and the Act itself was repealed. The provision that a marriage must be between a male and a female has subsequently been overturned by the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013.\n\nContents \nThe first clause of the act states that lack of consent in a marriage due to mental health problems, duress, or a mistake in getting married were grounds for a marriage to be void. The second clause stated that, if the partners getting married were not male and female, then the marriage was void. The third clause states that epilepsy attacks at the time of marriage was no longer a valid reason for annulment. The act only applied to marriages if there had been a marriage ceremony. The act came into force on August 1, 1971.\n\nSee also\n Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom\n Marriage in the United Kingdom\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Commentary on the Nullity of Marriage Act 1971, from (1972), STATUTES. The Modern Law Review, 35: 57–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb01319.x\n\nUnited Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1971\nRepealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament\nMarriage law in the United Kingdom", "The Holy Days and Fasting Days Act 1551 (5 & 6 Edw 6 c 3) was an Act of the Parliament of England.\n\nIt is commonly stated that this act is still in force and attention is drawn to a portion of the act that states citizens must walk to a Christian church on Christmas Day. In fact, what had not been repealed of this act in previous legislation was repealed as part of the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969, under section 1 of, and Part II of the Schedule to, the 1969 act.\n\nSection 2\nThis section, from \"it is also\" to first \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 3\nThis section, from \"it is enacted\" to \"abovesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 5\nThis section, from \"and it is\" to first \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 6\nThis section, from \"and it is\" to first \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 7\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nReferences\nHalsbury's Statutes\n\nActs of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)\n1551 in law\n1551 in England" ]

[ "Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. According to Billboard, Brown is one of the most influential and successful R&B singers ever, with several considering him the \"King of R&B\" alongside Usher and R. Kelly. His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music.", "His musical style has been defined as polyhedric, with his R&B being characterized by several influences from other genres, mainly hip hop and pop music. His lyrics develop predominantly over themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, fast life, desire, and the difficulty of managing emotions. Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer.", "Being described by media outlets and critics as one of the biggest talents of his time in urban music, Brown gained a cult following, and wide comparisons to Michael Jackson for his stage presence as a singer-dancer. Born in Tappahannock, Virginia, he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age. Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). With his first single \"Run It!\" peaking atop the Billboard Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist since 1995 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\".", "His second album, Exclusive (2007), reached an even bigger commercial success worldwide, also spawning his second Billboard Hot 100 number one \"Kiss Kiss\". In 2009, Brown pled guilty to felony assault of his then girlfriend, singer Rihanna. In the same year of the episode there was the release of his third album Graffiti, which was considered to be a commercial failure compared to his previous works. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E.", "Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. Following Graffiti, Brown's fourth album F.A.M.E. (2011) became one of his biggest successes, being his first to top the Billboard 200, containing internationally successful singles such as \"Yeah 3x\", \"Look at Me Now\" and \"Beautiful People\", also earning him the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200.", "His fifth album Fortune, released in 2012, also topped the Billboard 200. Following the releases of X and Royalty, his 2017 double-disc album, Heartbreak on a Full Moon, consisting of 45 tracks, was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units after one week, and in 2019 it has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album.", "Brown's ninth studio album Indigo was released in 2019, and became his third Billboard 200 number-one album. It included the Drake featured track \"No Guidance\" which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Its chart success was outdone with the single \"Go Crazy\" released the following year, alongside Young Thug as part of their collaborative mixtape Slime & B (2020). The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100.", "The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. The track reached number 3 on the Hot 100. Brown has sold over 193 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Additionally, he is tied for the most digital single sales among R&B artists in the United States with Bruno Mars. Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards.", "Throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including a Grammy Award, eighteen BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and thirteen Soul Train Music Awards. According to Billboard, Brown has the seventh most Billboard Hot 100 entries with 106 - which is the most of any R&B artist in history. Brown was also ranked 3rd in the Billboard top R&B/Hip-Hop artists of the decade for the 2010s, behind peers Rihanna and Drake in 2nd and 1st, respectively. Brown has also pursued an acting career.", "Brown has also pursued an acting career. Brown has also pursued an acting career. In 2007, he made his on-screen feature film debut in Stomp the Yard, and appeared as a guest on the television series The O.C. Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013).", "Other films Brown has appeared in include This Christmas (2007), Takers (2010), Think Like a Man (2012), and Battle of the Year (2013). Early life Christopher Maurice Brown was born on May 5, 1989, in the small town of Tappahannock, Virginia, to Joyce Hawkins, a former day care center director, and Clinton Brown, a corrections officer at a local prison. He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank.", "He has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank. Music was always present in Brown's life beginning in his childhood. He would listen to soul albums that his parents owned, and eventually began to show interest in the hip-hop scene. Brown taught himself to sing and dance at a young age and often cites Michael Jackson as his inspiration. He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows.", "He began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows. When he mimicked an Usher performance of \"My Way\", his mother recognized his vocal talent, and they began to look for the opportunity of a record deal. At the same time, Brown was going through personal issues. His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence.", "His parents had divorced, and his mother's boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence. Career 2002–2004: Career beginnings At age 13, Brown was discovered by Hitmission Records, a local production team that visited his father's gas station while searching for new talent. Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal.", "Hitmission's Lamont Fleming provided voice coaching for Brown, and the team helped to arrange a demo package, under the name of \"C. Sizzle\", and approached contacts in New York, where Brown started to sojourn, to seek a record deal. Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career.", "Brown attended Essex High School in Virginia until late 2004, when he moved to New York to pursue his music career. Tina Davis, senior A&R executive at Def Jam Recordings, was impressed when Brown auditioned in her New York office, and she immediately took him to meet the former president of the Island Def Jam Music Group, Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, who offered to sign him that day, but Brown refused his proposal. \"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis.", "\"I knew that Chris had real talent,\" says Davis. \"I just knew I wanted to be part of it.\" The negotiations with Def Jam continued for two months, and ended when Davis lost her job due to a corporate merger. Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records.", "Brown asked her to be his manager, and once Davis accepted, she promoted the singer to other labels such as Jive Records, J-Records and Warner Bros. Records. According to Mark Pitts, in an interview with HitQuarters, Davis presented Brown with a video recording, and Pitts' reaction was: \"I saw huge potential ... I didn't love all the records, but I loved his voice. It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\"", "It wasn't a problem because I knew that he could sing, and I knew how to make records.\" Brown ultimately chose Jive due to its successful work with then-young acts such as Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake. Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\"", "Brown stated, \"I picked Jive because they had the best success with younger artists in the pop market, [...] I knew I was going to capture my African American audience, but Jive had a lot of strength in the pop area as well as longevity in careers.\" Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records.", "Brown said that during his permanence in Harlem, when he was trying to get his music heard by major labels, his artistic intention was to both rap and sing on his records, but Jive convinced him to stick to just singing, because he said that \"it wasn't acceptable yet\" for an R&B singer to also rap on records. 2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005.", "2005–2006: Chris Brown and acting debut After signing to Jive Records in 2004, Brown began recording his self-titled debut studio album in February 2005. By May, there were 50 songs already recorded, 14 of which were picked to the final track listing. The singer worked with several producers and songwriters—Scott Storch, Cool & Dre, Sean Garrett and Jazze Pha among them—commenting that they \"really believed in [him]\". Brown co-wrote half of the tracks.", "Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. Brown co-wrote half of the tracks. \"I write about the things that 16 year olds go through every day,\" says Brown. \"Like you just got in trouble for sneaking your girl into the house, or you can't drive, so you steal a car or something.\" The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce.", "The whole album took less than eight weeks to produce. Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 154,000 copies. Chris Brown was a commercial success with the time; selling over three million copies in the United States—where it was certified three times platinum by the RIAA—and six million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Run It!", "The album's lead single, \"Run It! The album's lead single, \"Run It! \", made Brown the first male act (since Montell Jordan in 1995) to have his debut single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot 100—later remaining for four additional weeks. Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart.", "Three of the other singles—\"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\", \"Gimme That\" and \"Say Goodbye\"—peaked within the top twenty at the same chart. On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers.", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey, which shows footage of him traveling through England and Japan, getting ready for his first visit to the Grammy Awards, behind the scenes of his music videos and bloopers. On August 17, 2006, to further promote the album, Brown began his major co-headlining tour, The Up Close and Personal Tour. Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months.", "Due to the tour, production for his next album was pushed back two months. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received $10,000 in ticket proceeds from Brown's 2006 \"Up Close & Personal\" tour. Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode.", "Brown has made appearances on UPN's One on One and The N's Brandon T. Jackson Show on its pilot episode. 2007–2008: Exclusive In January 2007, Brown landed a small role as a band geek in the fourth season of the American television series The O.C.. Brown then made his film debut in Stomp the Yard, alongside Ne-Yo, Meagan Good and Columbus Short on January 12, 2007. In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour.", "In April 2007, Brown was the opening act for Beyoncé, on the Australian leg of her The Beyoncé Experience tour. On July 9, 2007, Brown was featured in an episode of MTV's My Super Sweet 16 (for the event, it was retitled: Chris Brown: My Super 18) celebrating his eighteenth birthday in New York City. Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive.", "Shortly after ending his summer tour with Ne-Yo, Brown quickly began production for his second studio album, Exclusive. When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time.", "When the album's lead single, \"Wall to Wall\", was released, it didn't have a great commercial success, peaking at number 79 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 22 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being his lowest charting single at the time. However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\"", "However, \"Kiss Kiss\", featuring and produced by T-Pain, released as the album's second single, received huge success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and becoming Brown's second number one single following \"Run It!\" in 2005.", "in 2005. in 2005. \"With You\", produced by Stargate (duo of producers known at the time for their work with R&B singer Ne-Yo), was released as the third single from Exclusive, had even bigger success than \"Kiss Kiss\", becoming one of the all-time best-selling singles, and reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007.", "Exclusive was released in the United States on November 6, 2007. The album is musically R&B, having slight pop influences that were absent in the previous hip hop soul-influenced disc, reaching a big international success. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 294,000 copies in its first week, and received generally positive reviews from music critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States.", "As of March 23, 2011, it has sold over 1.9 million copies in the United States. In November 2007, Brown starred as a video host for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's Math-A-Thon program. He showed his support by encouraging students to use their math skills to help children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King.", "On November 21, 2007, Brown appeared in This Christmas, a family drama starring Regina King. To further support the album Exclusive, Brown embarked on his The Exclusive Holiday Tour, visiting over thirty venues in United States. The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii.", "The tour began in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 6, 2007, and concluded on February 9, 2008, in Honolulu, Hawaii. In March 2008, Brown was featured on Jordin Sparks' single \"No Air\", which had worldwide success peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc.", "He also made a guest appearance on David Banner' single \"Get Like Me\" alongside Yung Joc. The song peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot 100, and number two on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version.", "Brown re-released Exclusive on June 3, 2008, as a deluxe edition, renamed Exclusive: The Forever Edition, seven months after the release of the original version. The re-released version featured four new tracks, including the Eurodisco single \"Forever\", which became one of his most known singles, reaching number two on Billboard Hot 100. In August 2008, Brown guest-starred on Disney's The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as himself. Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine.", "Towards the end of 2008, Brown was named Artist of the Year by Billboard magazine. 2009–2010: Graffiti and mixtapes In 2008, Brown began work on his third studio album, to be called Graffiti, promising to experiment with a different musical direction inspired by singers Prince and Michael Jackson. He stated, \"I wanted to change it up and really be different. Like my style nowadays, I don't try to be typical urban. I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were.", "I want to be like how Prince, Michael and Stevie Wonder were. They can cross over to any genre of music.\" Following the domestic violence scandal involving the singer and Rihanna on February 8, 2009, the majority of media took positions against the singer. The incident also caused Brown to lose significant commercial contracts, including one with Doublemint. The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it.", "The singer later participated in numerous television appearances during the year to express himself publicly about it. Graffiti 's lead single \"I Can Transform Ya\" was released on September 29, 2009. The song peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. \"Crawl\" was released as the album's second single on November 23, 2009. The song reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock.", "Graffiti was then released on December 8, 2009, featuring an R&B sound mixed with Eurodisco and rock. Brown, with this album, started to take full control of his art, managing the artistic direction, and writing every song of the album (with the exception of the song \"I'll Go\", written and produced by Brian Kennedy and James Fauntleroy). Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects.", "Brown started to be the only artistic director of all his future projects. He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\".", "He said that his decision to entirely direct and write his albums and songs came from the fact that he wanted to give his \"own perspective of the music [he] wanted to make\" and by his wanting to \"verbalize whatever [he] was going through\". The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics.", "The album, compared to its two precessors, was a commercial and critical failure, debuting at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, and receiving generally negative reviews from critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold 341,000 copies in the United States. While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\".", "While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\". The performance and his emotional turmoil resonated with several celebrities present at the ceremony, including Trey Songz, Diddy and Taraji P. Henson. Songz said, \"He left his heart on the stage. He gave genuine emotion. I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\".", "I was proud of him and I was happy for him for having that moment\". Michael's brother, Jermaine Jackson, expressed similar sentiments stating, \"it was very emotional for me, because it was an acceptance from his fans from what has happened to him and also paying tribute to my brother\". Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize.", "Later during the award ceremony, Brown stated, \"I let y'all down before, but I won't do it again...I promise\", while accepting the award for the AOL Fandemonium prize. In August 2010, Brown starred alongside an ensemble cast, including Matt Dillon, Paul Walker, Idris Elba, Hayden Christensen and T.I. in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film.", "in the crime thriller Takers, and also served as executive producer of the film. During 2010 Brown released the 3 free mixtapes In My Zone (Rhythm & Streets), Fan of a Fan (collaborative mixtape with Tyga), and In My Zone 2, which featured a new style of writing with grown themes, and a different musical style, mixing R&B with hip hop. For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall.", "For the mixtapes he worked with new producers, most notably Kevin McCall. The mixtapes were highly appreciated by the artist's loyal audience, consolidating it. The single \"Deuces\", extracted from the Fan of a Fan mixtape, obtained critical acclaim, also achieving a good success, peaking at number 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I.", "The song was later remixed by the biggest names in the hip-hop scene of that time, including Drake, Kanye West, André 3000, Rick Ross, Fabolous, and T.I. He later released the solo track \"No BS\" as his second single from Fan of a Fan, and decided to include the two singles from the mixtape as anticipation singles for his next album. 2011–2012: F.A.M.E. and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E.", "and Fortune In September 2010 Brown announced his album, F.A.M.E. [backronym for \"Forgiving All My Enemies\"], releasing in October the first official single from the album, \"Yeah 3x\", a dance-pop song, different from his previous songs on the urban mixtapes. The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom..", "The single received enormous international success and entered the top-ten in eleven countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.. It was succeeded by the hip-hop single \"Look at Me Now\", featuring rappers Lil Wayne and Busta Rhymes, that reached number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it remained for eight consecutive weeks. It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart.", "It also reached number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. The single became the best-selling rap song of 2011, as well as one of all-time best-selling singles in the United States. Brown's fourth studio album F.A.M.E. was first released on March 18, 2011. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States.", "The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 270,000 copies, giving Brown his first number-one album in the United States. The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi.", "The album's third single, \"Beautiful People\", featuring Benny Benassi, peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and became the first number-one single on the chart for both Brown and Benassi. \"She Ain't You\" was released as the album's fourth US single, while \"Next 2 You\", featuring Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, served as the album's fourth international single. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his F.A.M.E. Tour in Australia and North America. Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\".", "Brown received six nominations at the 2011 BET Awards and ultimately won five awards, including Best Male R&B Artist, Viewers Choice Award, The Fandemonium Award, Best Collaboration and Video of the Year for \"Look at Me Now\". He also won three awards at the 2011 BET Hip Hop Awards, including the People's Champ Award, Reese's Perfect Combo Award and Best Hip Hop Video for \"Look at Me Now\". At the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards, F.A.M.E. won Album of the Year.", "won Album of the Year. won Album of the Year. The album has also earned Brown three Grammy Award nominations at the 54th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Album, as well as Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song for \"Look at Me Now\". On February 12, 2012, Brown won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. During the ceremony, Brown performed several songs marking his first appearance at the awards show since his conviction of felony assault. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E.", "Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. Originally, Brown wanted F.A.M.E. to be a double-disc consistent of 25–30 tracks, but the label was contrary to that. Right before the release of F.A.M.E. Brown decided to follow his intentions in an acceptable way for the label, working on a sequel of F.A.M.E. called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it.", "called Fortune, that would be a whole new album that contained new material and even some tracks that didn't make the cut of the previous album, releasing it six months after it. The artist later decided to take more time to work on the album, developing it as a project of its own, with its own concept and sound being different than the one of its precedent album. On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records.", "On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Brown (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release future material on the RCA Records brand. Brown's fifth studio album Fortune was released on July 3, 2012. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics.", "The album debuted atop the Billboard 200, but received negative reviews from critics. \"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively.", "\"Strip\", featuring Kevin McCall, was released as the album's buzz single, with \"Turn Up the Music\" released as the lead single, and \"Sweet Love\", \"Till I Die\", \"Don't Wake Me Up\" and \"Don't Judge Me\" released as the album's following singles, respectively. To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad.", "To further promote the album, Brown embarked on his Carpe Diem Tour in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Trinidad. 2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop.", "2013–2015: X and Royalty After concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop. On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start.", "On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song \"Home\", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start. On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single.", "On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of X, in various interviews and listening sessions, releasing the song \"Fine China\" as the album lead single. In an interview with Ebony, when Brown spoke of taking his music in a different direction and changing his sound from pop-infused and sexually explicit of the previous album Fortune, to a more mature, soulful and vulnerable theme for the album. On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album.", "On March 29, 2013 he released \"Fine China\" as the lead single of the album. Following the dropping of two other anticipation singles off X, \"Don't Think They Know\" and \"Love More\", on August 9, 2013, at 1:09 am PDT, Brown was reported to have suffered a seizure from Record Plant Studios in Hollywood, California as a 9-1-1 call was made. When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital.", "When paramedics arrived, Brown allegedly refused to receive treatment and also refused to be transported to the local hospital. (Brown has reportedly suffered from seizures since his childhood.) The next day, Brown's representative reported the seizure was caused by \"intense fatigue and extreme emotional stress, both due to the continued onslaught of unfounded legal matters and the nonstop negativity.\" On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy.", "On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of X in jeopardy. To \"hold [fans] over until [the X album] drops,\" Brown released a mixtape, titled X Files on November 19, 2013. On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014.", "On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014. On April 14, 2014, Brown released a teaser of the new track \"Don't Be Gone Too Long\" featuring Ariana Grande. However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence.", "However, following Brown's arrest for felony assault in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 2013, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence. While incarcerated, \"Loyal\" was released as the album's fourth single, becoming one of his most successful songs, by peaking at the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in the United Kingdom. On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014.", "On August 3, 2014, Chris announced via Instagram that the album's release date will be on September 16, 2014. On August 6, 2014, the album cover was revealed. The song ended up being never released as a single, instead \"New Flame\" featuring Usher and Rick Ross was later released as the album's final single. The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014.", "The title track \"X\" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014. Brown's sixth studio album, X was released on September 16, 2014. The album received positive reviews from critics, who celebrated the record's sound and Brown's vocal performances. The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune.", "The album was considered a big improvement compared to its critically panned predecessor Fortune. At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.", "At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while \"New Flame\" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song. Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007).", "Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming his first album to miss the summit of the chart since Graffiti (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following Exclusive (2007). It also became his sixth consecutive top ten debut in the United States. By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States.", "By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States. It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Pushing the promotion for the album further, Brown performed and appeared at several televised music events and music festivals across the United States. On February 24, 2015, Brown released his first collaborative studio album with Tyga, titled Fan of a Fan: The Album. The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan.", "The album was a follow-up to the pairs 2010 mixtape Fan of a Fan. In early 2015, Brown also embarked on his Between The Sheets Tour with Trey Songz. Also in February 2015, Brown said during an interview for The Breakfast Club that he started working on the album going for a direction that would've been the sound predominant overseas. A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran.", "A couple months later he discovered that he had a daughter and simultaneously broke up with his ex-girlfriend Karrueche Tran. That happening made him change the idea for the album, ending up doing mostly R&B songs that he described as \"representations of where i was in my life at that point\", contemporarily starting his One Hell of a Nite Tour. In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success.", "In spring of 2015, Brown was featured on DJ Deorro's song \"Five More Hours\", which received an excellent worldwide success. On June 24, Brown released a new song titled \"Liquor\". Shortly after, it was announced that \"Liquor\" was the first single from his seventh studio album. On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown.", "On August 22, 2015, the singer officially declares from his Twitter profile that the new album will be titled \"Royalty\" in honor of his daughter, Royalty Brown. On October 16 he has revealed the album cover, portraying Chris with Royalty in her arms in a black and white picture. On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015.", "On October 13, 2015, Brown announced that Royalty will be released on November 27, 2015. After it was revealed that the album has been pushed back to December 18, 2015, in exchange on November 27, 2015, he released a free 34-track mixtape called Before the Party as a prelude to Royalty, which features guest appearances from Rihanna, Wiz Khalifa, Pusha T, Wale, Tyga, French Montana and Fetty Wap. On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed.", "On October 16, 2015, the album cover was revealed. The album was released on December 18, 2015, and it debuted at number 3 on the US Billboard 200, selling 184,000 units (162,000 in pure album sales) in its first week, marking an improvement over Brown's last three studio albums. It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States.", "It also became his seventh solo album consecutive top ten debut in the United States. 2016–2017: Heartbreak on a Full Moon Brown started working and recording tracks for his next album few weeks before the release of Royalty, in late 2015. On January 10, 2016, Brown had previewed 11 unreleased songs on his Periscope and Instagram profiles, showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs. In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic.", "In March 2016, he collaborated again with the Italian DJ Benny Benassi for the song \"Paradise\" from the album Danceaholic. On May 3 he announced the single \"Grass Ain't Greener\", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from a new album titled Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on May 5, 2016.", "The single was released on May 5, 2016. The single was released on May 5, 2016. On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\"", "On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, \"My Friend\" and \"A Lot of Love\", saying that the songs are \"released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives.\" In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars.", "In 2016 he released two collaborative mixtapes with his OHB crew, Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana and Attack the Block, where they rap and sing about a reckless lifestyle full of drugs, sexual encounters with numerous untrustworthy easy women, also illustrating a dangerous street life filled with guns, dirty money and luxurious cars. Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features.", "Throughout 2016 and 2017 he kept on sharing several snippets from songs that he was working for the album and features. He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album.", "He worked on the album heavily during 2016 and 2017, during two tours as well, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour, also building a recording studio inside of his home to record songs for the album. On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success.", "On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, \"Party\", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane, getting a good commercial success. The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album.", "The singer, while working on the album, realized that he had done too many songs that he thought were quality records that followed perfectly the narrative of the album to make a 15/20 track album, so he decided that he wanted to take it to the next level by working on it as a 40-track album. RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them.", "RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them. In February 2017 he announced that his previously teased song \"Privacy\" would have been released as the next single from Heartbreak on a Full Moon. The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience.", "The single was released on March 24, 2017, and received an excellent response from his core audience. On June 7 he released Welcome to My Life, a self-documentary focused on his life and career, directed by Andrew Sandler. Numerous celebrities participated in the movie, making statements and sharing stories about the artist. Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga.", "Among them there are Jennifer Lopez, Mike Tyson, Rita Ora, Usher and Tyga. On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black.", "On August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single \"Pills & Automobiles\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black. Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017.", "Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, \"Questions\", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017. On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album.", "On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single \"High End\", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album. On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans.", "On October 25, 2017, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it for his fans. Heartbreak on a Full Moon was eventually released as a double-disc album on October 31, 2017, via digital retailers and onto CD, three days later by RCA Records. The album's sound has been as dark and soulful. The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup.", "The songs on it show every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup. Its themes include regret, love transforming into hate, the difficulty in managing emotions, the impossibility of getting over someone, and how a reckless lifestyle can't numb the pain of an heartbreak. Its lyrical content was inspired by Brown's breakup with Karrueche Tran. Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content.", "Heartbreak on a Full Moon received widespread acclaim from critics, who celebrated the record's variety, its length, and its introspective lyrical content. Many defined it as the singer's best body of work. Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart.", "Despite being counted for only three days of sales, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart. One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004.", "One week after its release Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's Confessions in 2004. In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "In 2019 the album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On December 13, 2017, he released a 12-track surprise deluxe edition of the album called Cuffing Season – 12 Days of Christmas as a Christmas present for his fans. The deluxe edition is made off Brown's favorite leftovers of the album and few holiday-themed songs. Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album.", "Brown eventually embarked on his US \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour\" in June 2018 to further promote the album. The opening acts for the tour were 6lack, H.E.R., Rich the Kid, and Jacquees. 2018–2019: Indigo Following the overall success of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, Brown and rapper Joyner Lucas announced a collaboration project, titled Angels & Demons on February 25, 2018, with the release of the single \"Stranger Things\". However the project ended up never being released.", "However the project ended up never being released. However the project ended up never being released. On March 15, 2018, Brown was featured in Lil Dicky's smash hit single \"Freaky Friday\". By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "By April 9, 2018, the video had reached over 100 million views and topped the charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. After drafting the concept for his new album, in August 2018, at the end of the \"Heartbreak On A Full Moon tour\", Brown started the actual processing work of his ninth album, Indigo. On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song.", "On January 4, 2019, Brown released \"Undecided\", the first single off it, alongside a video for the song. \"Undecided\" saw Brown reunite with producer Scott Storch, who previously worked with Brown in 2005 on his breakout hit \"Run It!\". The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29.", "The single marked Brown's first release after signing an extension and a new license agreement with RCA Records, that gave him the owning of his master recordings, making him one of the youngest artists to do so at the age of 29. On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US.", "On April 11, he released the second single off the album titled \"Back to Love\", that received positive reviews from music critics who celebrated its lyrical content and its production, but it failed to chart in the US. The third single, \"Wobble Up\", was released a week later featuring Nicki Minaj and G-Eazy, announcing that the album is expected to be released in June. On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\".", "On April 25, he appeared on a track with Marshmello and Tyga called \"Light It Up\". In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list.", "In an announcement on May 2, Brown revealed the list of artists he had been working with for his album, Nicki Minaj, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Sage the Gemini, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake were included on the list. Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years.", "Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years. He later revealed the artwork of the album and its track list between May and June 2019. On May 31, he appeared on \"Easy\", a successful single where he duetted with singer DaniLeigh. On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single.", "On June 8, Brown released \"No Guidance\" featuring Drake as a single. It debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's 15th top-ten song, and later peaked at number five. The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards.", "The single won Best Collaboration Performance, Best Dance Performance and Song of the Year at the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards and received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 62nd Grammy Awards. Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style.", "Indigo was eventually released on June 28, 2019, as a double album, marking Brown's second album to be released in this style. The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone.", "The disc is an R&B and tropical-pop album, about vibrations, spiritual love and sex, that leaves the introspective, dark and sultry mood of Heartbreak on a Full Moon, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone. In the United States, Indigo debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 108,000 album-equivalent units, which included 28,000 pure album sales in its first week, making it his third number-one album in the country. The album was met with positive reviews from critics.", "The album was met with positive reviews from critics. The album was met with positive reviews from critics. Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs.", "Indigo spawned two other singles, \"Heat\", which topped the Billboard Rhythmic Airplay chart, and earned Brown his 13th number one on the chart, and second during 2019, and \"Don't Check on Me\", that features vocals from Justin Bieber and vocalist Atia \"Ink\" Boggs. On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs.", "On October 4, 2019, Brown eventually released a deluxe version of Indigo entitled Indigo Extended, which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs. On June 10, 2019, Brown announced an official headlining concert tour where he performed the album throughout United States, titled \"Indigoat Tour\". The tour began on August 20, and ended on October 19. The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities.", "The tour was received with very good responses by journalists, that praised its stage settings, and Brown's dancing abilities. \"Indigoat Tour\" grossed over $30,100,000 in its 37 shows, selling out most of the venues. 2020present: Breezy In December 2019, Brown revealed that he started working on new material for his tenth studio album. Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B.", "Later, on April 29, 2020, Brown announced the release of a collaborative mixtape with Young Thug, Slime & B. The mixtape was released on May 5, 2020, and features the hit single \"Go Crazy\", which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Brown's first song to spend one full year on the chart. On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\".", "On May 1, 2020, Brown was featured on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes mixtape on the track \"Not You Too\". The song earned Brown his 100th career entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, as it entered and debuted at number 25. On July 9, 2020, Brown announced via Instagram that the title of his tenth album would be Breezy, a reference to his stage nickname. No release date has been announced yet.", "No release date has been announced yet. No release date has been announced yet. Brown said in July 2021, while working on the album, that he wanted to make some \"really endearing music\" that \"talk to women's soul\". On August 2, he announced on his Instagram that his Breezy album would be accompanied by a short film of the same name. Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022.", "Later on December 18, he said that the lead single of Breezy would be released during January 2022. On January 14 he released the song \"Iffy\". Artistry Influences Brown has cited a number of artists as his inspiration, predominantly Michael Jackson. Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\"", "Brown emphasizes \"Michael Jackson is the reason why I do music and why I am an entertainer.\" In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\".", "In \"Fine China\", he exemplifies Jackson's influence both musically and visually as Ebony magazine's Britini Danielle asserted that the song was \"reminiscent of Michael Jackson's Off the Wall\". Choreographically, MTV noticed that it \"takes distinct visual cues from classic clips like 'Smooth Criminal' and 'Beat It'\", while Billboard complimented his appearance by calling it \"a modern way to channel the King of Pop\". Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown.", "Usher is also another influence who comes across as a more contemporary figure for Brown. He tells Vibe magazine \"He was the one who the youngsters looked up to. I know that we, in the dancing and singing world, looked up to him\", and maintains \"If it wasn't for Usher, then Chris Brown couldn't exist\". Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly.", "Other influences include Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly. When it comes to his rapping he cited Naughty by Nature, Tupac, Lil' Wayne and Rakim as the rappers he's inspired by. Musical style Music critics have commended Brown's introduction to R&B, recognizing his versatility, and considering him an evolver of the genre. Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\".", "Vibe's Iyana Robertson says \"As traditional R&B flourished around him, the young singer began an evolution of the genre\". She saw his debut single \"Run It!\" as a \"prelude to what Brown would continue to do for the next decade: relentlessly disrupt the constructs of rhythm and blues.\" By his second album Exclusive, she says he was \"tapping more electric up-tempos, swimming deep in hip-hop waters and annihilating the pop arena\". Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E.", "Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. Describing the Grammy Award winning F.A.M.E. as \"his most diverse offering to date\", she remarked \"There was no level of musical flexibility comparable. There still isn't.\" F.A.M.E. is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona.", "is considered to be the album that defined Brown's musical style and persona. Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period.", "Brown is considered to be, by a big part of critics and general public, the biggest R&B artist of the 2010s, with Andy Kellman of AllMusic crediting him as the \"spearhead\" of the genre during the period. Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\".", "Brad Wete of Billboard said that his sixth album X showcased \"the height of his musical talents\", while cultural critic and media personality Joe Budden defined his 2017 album Heartbreak on a Full Moon as \"one of the greatest things ever happened to R&B music\". Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk.", "Genres Brown made his sound mixing the traditional sound of R&B adding different influences to it, most importantly hip hop and pop, but also several other genres in different songs, such as soul, dancehall, alternative R&B, house, EDM, afropop, trap, rock, disco and funk. The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\".", "The multitude of genres influencing his music can be heard in many of his singles, like \"Deuces\", \"Sweet Love\", \"Liquor\", \"Zero\", \"Back to Love\" or \"Don't Check on Me\". His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\".", "His pure side of R&B is densely shown on every album that he has done, even after that his music started to be more tinged from other genres, with some examples being \"No BS\", \"Don't Judge Me\", \"Back To Sleep\" and \"Privacy\". Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "Throughout his career Brown has always had a strong influence from hip hop in his music, and following his 2010 mixtapes, he approached the genre differently, starting to rap frequently on mixtapes and features, adding to his albums straight hip-hop songs like \"Look at Me Now\", \"Till I Die\" and \"Loyal\", or by doing performances that switch from his R&B singing to his rapping, like he did in several tracks from his album Heartbreak on a Full Moon. His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X.", "His dance-pop side in the single \"Forever\" off his second album Exclusive opened the door for many other Europop songs like \"Yeah 3x\", \"Beautiful People\", \"Turn Up The Music\" and \"Don't Wake Me Up\", but it begun to be less present in his music starting from his album X. Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\".", "Themes Brown's lyrical production is typically considered to be \"emotional\" or \"hedonistic\". His songs mainly cover themes of sex, lovesickness, regret, romantic love, desire, fast life, and internal conflict, also having some introspections over loneliness and the dark side of fame. Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time.", "Along with his vocal and dancing abilities, his songwriting is considered to be one of the things that distincts him for the better compared to other R&B singers of his time. American media executive and radio personality Ebro Darden stated that Brown is the \"most all-around talented person in R&B. Trey Songz is talented, but he can't dance like Chris Brown. Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\".", "Usher is probably the only one that could come close to him, but he doesn't have the songwriting abilities that Chris Brown has\". Brown said in 2013, during an interview for Rolling Stone, that his songs are always \"derived from personal experiences, my personal life. Then creativity brings my reality to another dimention. That's what my songs are made of. I always like mixing reality with art\".", "I always like mixing reality with art\". I always like mixing reality with art\". Voice Brown possesses a light lyric tenor voice, which spans three and a half octaves, rising from the bass F♯ (F2) to its peak at the soprano C♯. (C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it.", "(C♯6) His vocal ability was first recognized by his mother at a young age, as Brown tells People magazine \"I was 11 and watching Usher perform 'My Way', and I started trying to mimic it. My mom was like, 'You can sing?' And I was like, 'Well, yeah, Mama.'\" subsequently leading to the start of his career. \"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009.", "\"Take You Down\" most notably earned him a Grammy award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2009. His vocal performances are characterized by his harmonization, timbre, vocal runs and soulfulness. While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E.", "While his voice on his first two albums, Chris Brown and Exclusive, was considered to be \"honeyed\", due to his young age, with subsequent projects like Graffiti and F.A.M.E. it was noted for maturing to a \"more mature, distinctive and melodious voice\", with Brown \"coming into his own as a singer\". On F.A.M.E.", "On F.A.M.E. On F.A.M.E. critics noted huge flexibility in his voice, with Steve Jones of USA Today praising the singer's ability to \"give top notch vocal performances in R&B, Europop, rap, rock and acoustic records\". X and Indigo were noted for displaying his timbre, exemplifying his singing performances. His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\".", "His harmonizing was found by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard to be notably shown on his songs \"Liquor\" and \"Go Crazy\". On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\".", "On \"Another Round\", \"Don't Judge Me\" and \"It Won't Stop\" he did what was considered by Lee Hildebrand of San Francisco Chronicle to be \"some of the most soothing and smooth singing of his discography\". Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\".", "Jake Indiana of Highsnobiety said that his feature on Kanye West's song \"Waves\" is one of his best vocal performances, and that it \"sounds like ascending to heaven with a choir of angels at your back\". The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\".", "The singer was particularly noted for his emotional singing that illustrated his vocal range on songs like \"Covered In You\", \"Lost & Found\", \"No Guidance\" and \"Red\". On tracks like \"Look at Me Now\", \"No Romeo No Juliet\" and \"Stranger Things\" he displayed his ability of fast-rapping. Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson.", "Dancing Brown's dancing abilities and stage presence are widely praised, receiving broad comparisons to those of Michael Jackson. According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career.", "According to Brown, he taught himself how to dance by imitating Jackson's moves since childhood, then developing his own distinct style throughout his career. Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\".", "Most of his music videos feature complex choreographies, including the \"futuristic\" \"Turn Up the Music\", the Jackson-inspired choreography of \"Fine China\", \"Zero\", where he displayed different dancing styles, including popping and his signature spin move, \"Party\", where he showcased his remarked footwork, and \"Heat\", described by The Source as a \"silky smooth choreography that shows Brown's unmatchable dancing talent in the classiest way\". Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat.", "Some of his most notable dancing live performances include his \"Thriller\" recreation at the 2006 World Music Awards, his medley at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed a choreography that included flying parts, and his 2015 freestyled dancing over Future's \"March Madness\" at the Vestival The Hague Malieveld, that included a highly acclaimed front-flip, done with no hands by standing still, landed perfectly on beat. In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character.", "In films such as Stomp the Yard and Battle of the Year, Brown displayed his ability to breakdance while in-character. Street art Aside from his musical career, he was noted for markedly producing graffiti art. His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\".", "His visual works have been described as \"manga-inspired\" and \"abstract\". Brown said that he painted since his childhood, saying \"my first approach with it was painting school walls\" saying that he's always been captivated by the fact that drawing and painting \"gives you the chance to express yourself in whatever way, showing to the world your own dimension\". Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel.", "Brown has produced street art under the pseudonym Konfused, partnering with street artist Kai to produce works for the Miami Basel. The singer painted the buildings of different radio stations such as Hot 97. In 2015 he worked on some of the walls of The Grammy Museum, mixing his spray paint drawings with images of James Brown, Prince, Michael Jackson and himself. Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam.", "Brown has made graffiti works for different cities worldwide, including Los Angeles, London and Amsterdam. His painting and dancing skills were shown at the same time when Brown, partnering with Spotify's Rap Caviar, painted Heartbreak on a Full Moon 's album cover, mostly from dancing around the canvas. In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball.", "In 2020 he painted a mural in memory of Kobe Bryant, doing a portray that includes Kobe's face, a mamba, and a few pictures of Kobe dribbling and dunking a basketball. Personal life Relationships From 2007 to 2009, Brown dated singer Rihanna until their highly publicized domestic violence case. His emotional state following the happening was theme of a big part of his album Graffiti. In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper.", "In 2011, Brown began dating Karrueche Tran, that at the time was a personal shopper. In October 2012, Brown announced that he ended his relationship with Tran because he did not \"want to see her hurt over my friendship with Rihanna.\" The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people?", "The day after the announcement, Brown released a video entitled \"The Real Chris Brown\", which features images of himself, Tran, and Rihanna, as Brown wonders, \"Is there such thing as loving two people? I don't know if it's possible, but I feel like that.\" In January 2013, Rihanna confirmed that she and Brown had resumed their romantic relationship, stating, \"It's different now. We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit.", "We don't have those types of arguments anymore. We talk about shit. We talk about shit. We value each other. We know exactly what we have now, and we don't want to lose that.\" Speaking of Brown, Rihanna also said, \"He's not the monster everybody thinks. He's a good person. He has a fantastic heart. He's giving and loving. And he's fun to be around. That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh.", "That's what I love about him – he always makes me laugh. All I want to do is laugh, really – and I do that with him\". In a May 2013 interview, Brown stated that he and Rihanna had broken up again. He subsequently reunited with Tran, but they parted ways following confirmation of Brown's daughter Royalty with Nia Guzman in 2015. His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon.", "His breakup with Tran inspired several songs off his albums Royalty and Heartbreak on a Full Moon. In 2017, Tran received a 5-year restraining order against Brown after testifying under oath that, during their relationship, in two episodes he was physically abusive, and that he threatened her after they broke up. On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker).", "On November 20, 2019, Brown welcomed his second child, son Aeko Catori Brown, with Ammika Harris (Pietzker). Religion When discussing his upbringing, Brown stated: \"We were used to two pairs of shoes for a school year. We used to go to church every day. I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\"", "I was one of those kids that had more church clothes than school clothes.\" He has also discussed his second work of grace, saying that \"he experienced the Holy Ghost while performing 'His Eye Is on the Sparrow' in church\". After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\"", "After being released from jail on June 2, 2014, Brown wrote that he was \"Humbled and Blessed\" and tweeted the words \"Thank you GOD.\" In 2015, he said during an interview for Vibe, that God is the only thing that he's afraid of. Speaking about prayers he said \"I pray everyday, I think we pray unconsciously too. Personally I don't pray for success. I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind.", "I pray for knowledge for understanding and peace of mind. I really try to pray for that because it's a big world, and you can get wrapped up in it trying to please every city. So I just try to get a peace of mind and me understanding that being at peace with my flaws and my talents. I'm cool with that. That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me.", "That's why I think once He shows me certain things, or even the choices that I make, and decisions that I make that are healthy for me. He shows me the right path. When I bless other people, He always blesses me. It's not even about a self-serving journey; it's about just learning. I want to learn people's experiences. I want to give them experiences too.\" \".", "I want to give them experiences too.\" \". \". Legal issues Felony domestic assault of Rihanna At around 12:30 a.m. (PST) on February 8, 2009, Brown and his then-girlfriend, singer Rihanna, had an argument which escalated into physical violence, leaving Rihanna with visible facial injuries which required hospitalization. Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats.", "Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department's Wilshire station at 6:30 p.m. (PST) and was booked under suspicion of making criminal threats. The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna.", "The police report did not name the female in the incident as is policy, but media sources soon revealed that the victim was Rihanna. Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green.", "Following Brown's arrest, several commercial ads and some TV shows featuring him were suspended, his music was withdrawn from multiple radio stations, and he withdrew from public appearances, including one at the 2009 Grammy Awards, where he was replaced by Justin Timberlake and Al Green. Brown hired a crisis management team and released a statement saying, \"Words cannot begin to express how sorry and saddened I am over what transpired.\" On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats.", "On March 5, 2009, Brown was charged with felony assault and making criminal threats. He was arraigned on April 6, 2009, and pleaded not guilty to one count of assault and one count of making criminal threats. On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling.", "On June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to a felony and accepted a plea deal of community labor, five years of probation, and domestic violence counseling. On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\".", "On July 20, 2009, Brown released a two-minute video on his official YouTube page apologizing to fans and Rihanna for the assault, expressing the incident as his \"deepest regret\" and saying that he has repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and \"accepts full responsibility\". In the video, Brown said he wanted to speak out earlier about the case but was advised by his attorney not to until the legal ramifications were settled. The video was removed, but is still available online.", "The video was removed, but is still available online. On August 25, Brown received five years of probation. He was ordered to attend one year of domestic violence counseling and undergo six months of community service; the judge retained a five-year restraining order on Brown, which required him to remain 50 yards (45.72 meters) away from Rihanna, reduced to 10 yards at public events. Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations.", "Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, \"A fairly substantial backlash resulted in Brown's songs being pulled from rotation on several radio stations. Ultimately, however, it had little bearing on the progress of his music and acting careers.\" On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter.", "On September 2, 2009, Brown spoke about the domestic violence case in a pre-recorded Larry King Live interview, his first public interview about the matter. He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather.", "He was accompanied to the interview by his mother, Joyce Hawkins, and attorney Mark Geragos, as he discussed growing up in a household with his mother being repeatedly assaulted by his stepfather. Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\"", "Brown said of hearing details of his assault of Rihanna, \"I'm in shock, because, first of all, that's not who I am as a person, and that's not who I promise I want to be.\" Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence.", "Brown's mother said Brown \"has never, ever been a violent person, ever\" and that she does not believe in the cycle of violence. Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her.", "Brown said that it is \"tough\" for him to look at the famous photograph released of Rihanna's battered face, which may be the one image to haunt and define him forever, and that he still loved her. \"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\"", "\"I'm pretty sure we can always be friends,\" said Brown, \"and I don't know about our relationship, but I just know definitely that we ended as friends.\" He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart.", "He stated he did not feel that his career was over, and likened his relationship with Rihanna to Romeo and Juliet, blaming the media attention in the aftermath of the assault for driving them apart. In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna.", "In June 2010, Brown's application for a visa to enter the UK was rejected on the grounds of him \"being guilty of a serious criminal offence\" due to his assault on Rihanna. Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed.", "Brown had been planning to do a tour of British cities as part of a European tour but Sony stated that due to \"issues surrounding his work visa\" the tour was to be postponed. In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future.", "In February 2011, at the request of Brown's lawyer, Judge Patricia Schnegg modified with Rihanna's agreement the restraining order to a \"level one order,\" allowing both singers to appear at awards shows together in the future. The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it.", "The following month, on March 22, 2011, during an interview with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America at the Times Square Studios, where he was asked about the Rihanna situation and restraining order, Brown started crying and became violent in his dressing room during a commercial break before his second performance ending that day's program, and punched a window overlooking Times Square, causing damage to it. He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless.", "He then took off his shirt, and after several angry confrontations with the segment producer, other show staff and building security, left the building shirtless. Following the incident, he apologized and said that he was very tired of people bringing up the incident. On July 11, 2012, Brown's community service was evaluated and he was ordered to meet a judge. The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012.", "The evaluation was ordered by Superior Court Judge Patricia Schnegg on July 10, 2012. He was scheduled to appear in court with regard to the evaluation on August 21, 2012. While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order.", "While conducting his community service in Virginia, however, Brown was tested positive for cannabis and appeared in court on September 25, 2012, at which time his hearing date was changed to November, to determine whether or not he had violated the terms of his court order. He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\"", "He reappeared in court on November 1, 2012, he attempted to address the court and was told by his lawyer, Mark Geragos, \"I don't dance; you don't talk.\" On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior.", "On March 20, 2015, Brown's probation ended, formally closing the felony case emanating from the Rihanna assault which happened over six years prior. In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship.", "In a 2017 self-documentary, Welcome to My Life, Brown goes into detail about the abusive relationship, saying he intended to marry Rihanna, but that he lost her trust after finding out that he lied about a sexual encounter with someone who worked with him, that happened prior to their relationship. He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down.", "He also talked about how they already had lighter episodes where they put their hands against each other during their relationship, and he gave a detailed description on how the known fight went down. Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City.", "Other legal issues On June 14, 2012, Drake and his entourage were involved in a scuffle with Brown at a nightclub called WIP in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City. About eight people were injured during the brawl, including San Antonio Spurs star Tony Parker, who had to have surgery to remove a piece of glass from his eye. Drake was not arrested. Brown's attorney alleged Drake was the instigator. Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later.", "Brown himself tweeted about the incident and publicly criticized Drake weeks later. In January 2013, Brown was involved in an altercation with Frank Ocean over a parking space, outside a recording studio in West Hollywood. Police officers in Los Angeles said that Brown was under investigation, describing the incident as \"battery\" due to Brown allegedly punching Ocean. Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges.", "Although Ocean alleged that Brown had threatened to shoot him, he said he would not press charges. In July 2013, Brown's probation was revoked after he was involved in an alleged hit-and-run in Los Angeles. He was released from court and was scheduled to reappear in August 2013, to learn whether or not he would serve time in prison. The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms.", "The charges would later be dropped, but Brown would have 1,000 additional hours of community service added to his probation terms. In October 2013, Brown was arrested for felony assault in Washington, D.C., after refusing to take a picture with a man. The charge was reduced to a misdemeanor. Brown spent 36 hours in a Washington jail and was taken to court in shackles. He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours.", "He was released and ordered to report to his California probation officer within 48 hours. The probation officer prepared a report for the Los Angeles judge, who could have ordered him to complete as many as four years in prison for the beating of Rihanna if found to be in violation of his probation. On October 30, 2013, Brown voluntarily decided to enter rehab. After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014.", "After Brown completed his 90 days, the judge ordered him to remain a resident at the Malibu treatment facility until a hearing on April 23, 2014. The deal was if Brown left rehab, he would go directly to jail. On March 14, 2014, Brown was kicked out of the rehab facility and sent to Northern Neck Regional Jail for violating internal rules. He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance.", "He was expected to be released on April 23, 2014, but a judge denied his release request from custody either on bail or his own recognizance. At his May 9, 2014, court date, Brown was ordered to serve 131 days in jail for his probation violation. He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail.", "He was sentenced to serve 365 days in custody; however, he was given credit for the 234 days he has already spent in rehab and jail. He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days.", "He was given early release from jail just after midnight on June 2, 2014, because of jail overcrowding calculations that count one day in custody as two days. During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\".", "During Brown's rehab, a probation officer noted in a letter that Brown's brushes with the law may have been caused by untreated bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically that \"Mr. Brown became aggressive and acted out physically due to his untreated mental health disorder, severe sleep deprivation, inappropriate self-medicating and untreated PTSD\". According to the court documents, which were received by E! News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility.", "News and later The Hollywood Reporter, Brown was formally diagnosed with both Bipolar II and PTSD at the unnamed rehab facility. In the early hours of August 30, 2016, a woman called the police to report that Brown had threatened her with a gun inside his house. Due to his previous felony assault conviction, Brown is prohibited to possess any firearms. Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant.", "Police were called, but Brown denied them entry without a warrant. When they returned with one, Brown refused them entry and began what news sources referred to as a \"standoff\" with the LAPD, including the robbery-homicide division and SWAT team. During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house.", "During this time, Brown was seen posting videos on Instagram, in which he rails against the police and the media coverage of the activity at his house. He denounced media reports that he was \"barricaded\" inside his house, complained about the helicopters flying overhead, and called the police \"idiots\" and \"the worst gang in the world.\" He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\".", "He said that he was innocent and \"What I do care about is you are defacing my name and my character and integrity\". Brown was arrested and later released from jail on $250,000 bail. On September 1, 2016, Brown's lawyer, Mark Geragos, stated that there was no standoff and that, with regard to the LAPD search, \"nothing was found to corroborate her statement.\" In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations.", "In September, Japan denied Brown entry due to the allegations. Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges.", "Charges were later dropped after prosecutors declined to arraign Brown on the felony charges. Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",.", "Brown later sued the accuser for defamation, prevailing in the lawsuit, after an investigation that proved that the defendant brought to court false and defamatory statements about the singer, through her incriminating text messages where she said \"don't you know this freak Chris Brown is kicking me out of his house because I called his friend jewelry fake can you come get me my Uber is messing up if not I'm going to set him up and call the cops and say that he tried to shoot me and that will teach him a lesson I'm going to set his a** up.\",. Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before.", "Brown later said through his social media accounts \"Because of my past, my character keeps on being defaced by these fake news and allegations highlighted by the media, but I'm glad that all my real supporters know who i really am and can see the truth\" Brown was arrested after his concert during July 6, 2018, night on a felony battery charge stemming from an incident that occurred more than a year before. The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission.", "The battery charge was connected to an April 2017 incident in a Tampa club, where Brown allegedly punched a man who photographed him without his permission. The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office said Brown was released after about an hour, after that he posted $2,000 bond. In 2021, Brown was sued by his housekeeper over a 2020 attack by one of his dogs, a Caucasian Ovcharka. , due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand.", ", due to his criminal record, Brown is banned from entering Australia and New Zealand. Previously, other countries that banned the singer because of his criminal record were Canada and United Kingdom, and they revoked their ban respectively in 2019 and 2020. In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020.", "In January 2022, an anonymous woman filed a civil suit accusing Brown of raping her on a yacht in Miami in December 2020. Court documents revealed that she was not pursuing a criminal case and remained in contact with Brown after the alleged incident took place - visiting his home on two separate occasions in California in January and August 2021 to listen to him record music. The woman is suing Brown for $20 million. Brown has denied the allegation.", "Brown has denied the allegation. Brown has denied the allegation. Business ventures In 2007, Brown founded the record label CBE (\"Chris Brown Entertainment\" or \"Culture Beyond Evolution\"), under Interscope Records. Brown has since signed frequent collaborator Kevin McCall, singer Sabrina Antoinette, former RichGirl member Sevyn Streeter, singer-songwriter Joelle James, and rock group U.G.L.Y. However, from 2014 the label started to sign exclusively Brown's works. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants.", "Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. Brown has stated he owns fourteen Burger King restaurants. In 2012, he launched a streetwear clothing line called Black Pyramid, in collaboration with the founders of the Pink + Dolphin clothing line. In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques.", "In 2016 the clothing label was set for larger release, partnering with streetwear clothing lines such as Snipes for a worldwide distribution, also being distributed through its own Black Pyramid boutiques. On November 11, 2021 the singer has launched his own cereal, \"Breezy's Cosmic Crunch\", partnering with SoFlo Snacks for this limited edition of collectible breakfast cereal. Its box was curated by Brown himself, and illustrated by visual artist Adrian Cuevas. Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Discography Chris Brown (2005) Exclusive (2007) Graffiti (2009) F.A.M.E. (2011) Fortune (2012) X (2014) Royalty (2015) Heartbreak on a Full Moon (2017) Indigo (2019) Breezy (2022) Filmography Tours Brown has headlined multiple arenas tours in North America, Europe and World-Wide. Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé.", "Additionally he has co-headlined a North American tour with Trey Songz and served as a supporting act on tours for industry peers such as Rihanna, Drake (musician), Lil Wayne and Beyoncé. In total, Brown has earned an approprixate $157 million from 279 concerts over the course of his career - making him one of the highest grossing African American touring artists of all time. Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E.", "Headlining Up Close and Personal Tour (2006) The UCP Exclusive Tour (2007) Fan Appreciation Tour (2009) F.A.M.E. Tour (2011) Carpe Diem Tour (2012) One Hell of a Nite Tour (2015–2016) The Party Tour (2017) Heartbreak on a Full Moon Tour (2018) Indigoat Tour (2019) Co-headlining Between the Sheets Tour (2015) Supporting The Beyoncé Experience (Australia dates) (2007) Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (the Philippines, Oceania) (2008) Supafest (2012) Lil Weezyana Fest (2016) OVO Fest (2019) Achievements List of awards and nominations received by Chris Brown See also List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of highest-certified music artists in the United States List of best-selling music artists List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of most-followed Instagram accounts References External links Chris Brown on YouTube 1989 births Living people 21st-century American criminals 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American rappers 21st-century African-American male singers African-American businesspeople African-American Christians African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male rappers African-American male singer-songwriters American businesspeople convicted of crimes American child singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American hip hop singers American male criminals American male dancers American male film actors American male pop singers American male rappers American male television actors American music industry executives American music video directors American people convicted of assault Burger King people Businesspeople from Virginia Criminals from Virginia Grammy Award winners Jive Records artists Male actors from Virginia People from Tappahannock, Virginia People with bipolar disorder Pop rappers Rappers from Virginia RCA Records artists Singer-songwriters from Virginia Singers with a three-octave vocal range Sony BMG artists World Music Awards winners" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "Billy and Chuck (2001-2002)" ]

[ "Colten Sopp (born May 18, 1991), better known by the ring name Colten Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to the promotion All Elite Wrestling, where he is part of the stable Gunn Club alongside his father Billy and his brother Austin.\n\nEarly life \nSopp attended Florida State University, graduating in 2013. Prior to becoming a professional wrestler, he worked in the construction industry in Southern California.\n\nProfessional wrestling career\n\nAll Elite Wrestling (2020–present) \n\nSopp was trained to wrestle by his father, Billy Gunn. On June 17, 2020, he appeared with the Jacksonville, Florida-based promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW), accompanying his father to ringside for his match against Maxwell Jacob Friedman on AEW Dynamite and being confronted by Friedman's bodyguard Wardlow. Later that month, Sopp's father filed a trademark for \"Colten Gunn\". On episode #53 of the web television show AEW Dark, which aired on September 22, Sopp accompanied his father and his brother to ringside for a tag team match.\n\nSopp made his professional wrestling debut with AEW on November 11, 2020 as \"Colten Gunn\", teaming with his father and his brother Austin (as \"Gunn Club\") to defeat BSHP King, Joey O'Riley, and Sean Maluta in a six-man tag team match. The match was broadcast on episode #62 of AEW Dark on November 17, 2020. He returned in the following weeks, teaming with his father and brother in further six-man tag team matches and tag team matches. As part of Gunn Club, Gunn became a member of Cody Rhodes' Nightmare Family stable. On the March 3, 2021 episode of AEW Dynamite, Gunn Club were at ringside for a tag team match pitting Rhodes and Red Velvet against Shaquille O'Neal and Jade Cargill; during the match, Austin Gunn attacked O'Neal at ringside, prompting him to beat down Austin and Colten. Gunn wrestled his first match on pay-per-view at Revolution on March 7, 2021, competing alongside Austin in a \"casino\" tag team battle royal. Throughout the remainder of 2021, Gunn primarily teamed with his father in tag team bouts on AEW Dark and AEW Dark: Elevation. Gunn wrestled his first match on AEW Dynamite on August 25, 2021, teaming with his father and brother to defeat The Factory in a six-man tag team match. On the September 1, 2021 episode of AEW Dynamite, the Gunn Club turned heel by attacking Paul Wight. In November 2021, the Gunn Club began a short feud with Darby Allin and Sting that saw Colten sustain his first defeat on the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite when he was pinned by Sting; this loss also marked the end of the Gunn Club's undefeated streak in AEW. On February 9, 2022, in a match which would air two days later on AEW Rampage, Colten and Austin Gunn wrestled for the AEW World Tag Team Championship, losing to reigning champions Jurassic Express.\n\nProfessional wrestling style and persona \nGunn's finishing move is the Colt 45, a butterfly neckbreaker. He previously used a leg drop bulldog, also called the Colt 45; his father Billy Gunn used the same move, calling it the Fame-Ass-Er. Gunn and his brother Austin/his father also use the 3:10 to Yuma as a double-team maneuver: a back body drop by Colton into a neckbreaker by Austin/Billy.\n\nIn November 2021, professional wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter \"feud\" with the Gunn Club, referring to Colten and Austin as \"Ass Boys\", in reference to Billy Gunn's \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick during the Attitude Era. While Billy Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of the Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches. Billy Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and teasing mooning the crowd as he did during his days as Mr. Ass.\n\nPersonal life \nSopp is the son of professional wrestler Billy Gunn. His brother, Austin Gunn, is also a professional wrestler.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n\n1991 births\nAll Elite Wrestling personnel\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nFlorida State University alumni\nLiving people\nProfessional wrestlers from Florida\nSportspeople from Orlando, Florida", "Austin Sopp (born August 26, 1994), better known by the ring name Austin Gunn, is an American professional wrestler, Rapper and reality television personality currently signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where he is part of the stable Gunn Club alongside his father and his brother Colten. Gunn is a second-generation professional wrestler, as he is a son of professional wrestler Billy Gunn.\n\nProfessional wrestling career\n\nRing of Honor (2019)\nIn June 2019, Gunn confirmed that he had signed a contract with Ring of Honor (ROH). He made his ROH debut on August 26, 2019 in a dark match as part of the ROH Top Prospect Tournament, defeating Brian Johnson in the quarterfinals and Dante Caballero in the semifinals. On September 28, 2019, Gunn was defeated by Dak Draper in the finals of the Top Prospect Tournament.\n\nAll Elite Wrestling (2020–present)\nOn January 9, 2020, it was announced that Gunn had officially signed with All Elite Wrestling.\n\nOn January 14, 2020, Gunn made his AEW debut in a tag team match on AEW Dark teaming with his father Billy Gunn as The Gunn Club defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn suffered a torn PCL injury during the match. On November 4, 2020, Gunn, who had previously been involved with his father in tag team matches on Dark, officially made his debut on AEW Dynamite, teaming with not only his father, but also Cody Rhodes to defeat Dark Order members 10, John Silver and Colt Cabana. \nOn the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, Austin's brother Colten, now wrestling as a fellow Gunn Club member, would team with Austin and their father in a match which saw the Gunn Club defeat BSHP King, Joey O’Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six man tag team match. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On February 9, 2022, in a match which would air two days later on AEW Rampage, Austin and Colten Gunn wrestled for the AEW Tag Championship, losing to reigning champions Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus).\n\nSomewhat outside of AEW, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Colten and Austin as \"Ass Boys\", in reference to Billy Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Billy Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches. Billy Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again.\n\nOther media\nOn December 6, 2021, it was revealed that Gunn would be featured in the E! reality television series Relatively Famous: Ranch Rules.\n\nPersonal life\nSopp was born on August 26, 1994 in Orlando, Florida. He is a son of professional wrestler Billy Gunn and the brother of professional wrestler Colten Gunn. Sopp attended Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida from 2013 to 2017 he graduated with a degree in elementary education.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1994 births\nAll Elite Wrestling personnel\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nLiving people\nProfessional wrestlers from Florida\nRollins College alumni\nSportspeople from Orlando, Florida\nParticipants in American reality television series\nAmerican male rappers" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "Billy and Chuck (2001-2002)", "What happened between Billy and Gunn", "Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring." ]

[ "The Weston Dodgers are a defunct Tier II Junior \"A\" ice hockey team from Weston, Ontario, Canada. They were a part of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. The franchise was previously known as the Woodbridge Dodgers from 1953 to 1962, and became the Weston Dodgers after that.\n\nHistory\nThe Dodgers started out in Woodbridge, Ontario as part of the Toronto Metro Junior B Hockey League. In 1962, the Dodgers were moved to Weston. With the formation of the Junior A Ontario Hockey Association, the Dodgers moved up in the OPJHL in 1972.\n\nMoved in 1972, the Dodgers played five seasons of OPJHL Hockey. Their best season was their first season where they finished in 6th place overall, but it is doubtful they ever made the playoffs after that year. After four straight losing seasons, the Dodgers folded in 1977.\n\nSeason-by-season results\n\nPlayoffs\n1973 Lost Quarter-final\nWexford Raiders defeated Weston Dodgers 4-games-to-1\n1974 DNQ\n1975 DNQ\n1976 Lost Quarter-final\nWeston Dodgers defeated Newmarket Flyers 3-games-to-2\nToronto Nationals defeated Weston Dodgers 2-games-to-none\n1977 DNQ\n\nSutherland Cup appearances\n1964: Waterloo Siskins defeated Weston Dodgers 4-games-to-1\n\nExternal links\nOHA Website\n\nDefunct ice hockey teams in Canada\nIce hockey teams in Ontario", "The Temiscaming Royals were a Junior ice hockey team based in Témiscaming, Quebec, Canada. They were members of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League, but originated in the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League.\n\nHistory\nThe announcement of the Temiscaming Royals as the first Quebec-based team in the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League came on April 4, 2007.\n\nThe expansion of the Royals makes them the ninth team in the independent GMHL and one of six 2007 expansion teams. Temiscaming is roughly 65 kilometers from North Bay, Ontario and will make for decent locational rivalries with the Nipissing Alouettes and Espanola Kings.\n\nThe Temiscaming Royals played their first game on September 7, 2007 in Verner, Ontario against the Nipissing Alouettes. The Royals defeated the Alouettes 6-4 for their first ever win.\n\nThe Royals were undefeated in regulation in their first fourteen games of the season. Their first loss came on November 1, 2007, 7-4, at the hands of the Nipissing Alouettes, largely in part to Alouettes former goaltender Tristan Jones and his 58 save performance. The Royals would later acquire Jones at the deadline to help Piche guide the Royals on their playoff run.\n\nOn January 4, 2008, the Royals hosted the Moscow Selects All-star team in an exhibition game. The Selects won the game by a score of 9-3. This was the sixth game of seven that the Moscow team played against different GMHL clubs.\n\nIn the 07-08 Greater Metro Junior A playoffs, the Temiscaming Royals selected to play the Espanola Kings in the 1st round. Game 1 took place in Temiscaming with the Royals defeating the Kings with a score of 8-0 to win their first ever playoff game in team history. Marc Desgagnes recorded the first ever Temiscaming Royals playoff goal in the team's history. Guillaume Piche recorded the first ever win and shutout in the club's playoff history.\n\nIn June 2008, the GMHL announced that the Royals have left the league with ambitions of joining the NOJHL. Temsicaming is the second Québécois team in NOJHL history, after the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales who were in the league from 1989 to 1996.\n\nOn September 7, 2008, the Royals played their first Northern Ontario Jr. game against the North Bay Skyhawks. The Skyhawks won 2-0. The Royals first NOJHL win came on September 19, 2008, as they defeated the Sudbury Jr. Wolves 9-5 at home.\n\nOn December 4, 2010, Matt Zawadzki recorded a 48 save shutout against the Abitibi Eskimos. With his shutout he has the Royals first ever shutout in NOJHL history.\n\nOn May 7, 2011, the NOJHL's Spring AGM was concluded. The Royals were officially listed as disbanded from the league. Owner Steve McCharles has failed to make a deal with a group from Temiscaming for a sale. That group turned around and negotiated with the Town of Temiscaming and created a new team in the GMHL called the Temiscaming Titans and took the Royals' allotted ice time. McCharles then failed to make a deal with an ownership group from Kirkland Lake, Ontario and left the team to fold.\n\nSeason-by-Season Standings\n\nPlayoffs\n2008 Lost Semi-final\nTemiscaming Royals defeated Espanola Kings 4-games-to-none in bye round\nTemiscaming Royals defeated King Wild 4-games-to-2 in quarter-final\nInnisfil Lakers defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-2 in semi-final\n2009 Lost Quarter-final\nNorth Bay Skyhawks defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-none in quarter-final\n2010 Lost Quarter-final\nAbitibi Eskimos defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-one in quarter-final\n2011 Lost Quarter-final\nSudbury Jr. Wolves defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-none in quarter-final\n\nHead coaches\n\nTeam Captains\nMichael Sauvageau, 2007–08\nPier-Paul Landry, 2008–09\n No Captain, 2009–10\nRobin Mendelsohn, 2010–11\n\nAll Time Royals\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTemiscaming Royals Webpage\n\nSport in Abitibi-Témiscamingue\nIce hockey teams in Quebec\nNorthern Ontario Junior Hockey League teams" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases" ]

[ "The 2020 President's Cup was to be the seventh President's Cup contested for. The match was to be played between the champions of 2019 League of Ireland Premier Division and 2019 FAI Cup, Dundalk, and Shamrock Rovers. It was due to take place on 9 February 2020, at Oriel Park but was postponed due to Storm Ciara. A new date for the match was to be announced but that did not happen due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nSee also\n 2019 FAI Cup\n 2019 League of Ireland Premier Division\n\nReferences\n\nPresident of Ireland's Cup\n2\nDundalk F.C. matches\nShamrock Rovers F.C. matches\nPresident's Cup", "The 1999 Nunavut general election was the first general election in the territory and was held on 15 February 1999, to elect the members of the 1st Legislative Assembly of Nunavut.\n\nAlthough Nunavut did not become a territory until 1 April 1999 the election was held early to enable the members to assume their duties on that date.\n\nThe territory operates on a consensus government system with no political parties; the premier is subsequently chosen by and from the MLAs.\n\nPaul Okalik was chosen to be Premier of Nunavut.\n\nElected\n\nSee also\n 1st Legislative Assembly of Nunavut\n\nReferences\n\n1999\nNunavut general\n1999 in Nunavut\nFebruary 1999 events in Canada" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004).", "Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million.", ", total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006.", "The book was released on October 31, 2006. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. . Pg. 173.", "New York: Random House. . Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (often shortened to \"Anything Can Happen\") is the second physical single, and third overall, by Enter Shikari and the second single to be released from their debut album Take to the Skies. It was released on 18 February 2007 for digital download and on 5 March 2007 on both CD and 7\" vinyl. It is the band's highest charting single, charting at #27 in the UK single chart, and number 1 on the UK indie chart. There are two remixes of the song, Colon Open Bracket Remix and Grayedout Mix. Both are up for download on their official download store.\n\nTrack listing\n\n CD\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 4:40\n \"Kickin' Back on the Surface of Your Cheek\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 3:50\n \"Keep It on Ice\" (Rou) - 2:51\n\n 7\"\n\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 4:40\n \"Kickin' Back on the Surface of Your Cheek\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 3:50\n\nOriginal version\nIn the original version of the song, a sample is heard from the introduction of the popular 1960s TV series Stingray in which the character says \"Anything can happen in the next half hour\". This is, however, not heard in the re-recorded version.\n\nChart performance\n\nPersonnel\n\nEnter Shikari\nRoughton \"Rou\" Reynolds - vocals, electronics\nLiam \"Rory\" Clewlow - guitar\nChris Batten - bass, vocals\nRob Rolfe - drums\nProduction\nEnter Shikari - production\nJohn Mitchell - recording\nBen Humphreys - recording\nMartin Giles - mastering\nKeaton Henson - illustration, design\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Video - \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" video.\n Original Video - Original video using the 2004 EP version of the song.\n Stingray Introduction - The phrase can be heard at 0:44\n\n2007 singles\nEnter Shikari songs\nSong articles missing an audio sample\n2007 songs", "\"Anything Could Happen\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Ellie Goulding from her second studio album, Halcyon (2012). It was released on 17 August 2012 as the album's lead single. Written and produced by Goulding and Jim Eliot of English electropop duo Kish Mauve, the song received positive reviews from music critics. \"Anything Could Happen\" peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. Outside the United Kingdom, \"Anything Could Happen\" peaked within the top ten of the charts in Poland, the top 20 of the charts in Australia, the Czech Republic Ireland and New Zealand and the top 50 of the charts in the United States.\n\nThe accompanying music video was directed by Floria Sigismondi and filmed in Malibu, California. The video depicts Goulding and her on-screen boyfriend getting into a car accident. \"Anything Could Happen\" was used in the Beats by Dre's #ShowYourColor campaign commercial and in the trailer for the second season of the HBO series Girls. The song has been covered by The Script, Fun and Fifth Harmony.\n\nBackground and composition\nGoulding appeared on Fearne Cotton's BBC Radio 1 show on 9 August 2012 for the premiere of the song. She told Cotton, \"I've been with this song a long time and I've had to listen to it a lot to get it just how I wanted it.\"\n\nDuring a behind-the-scenes featurette for the \"Anything Could Happen\" music video, Goulding told MTV News, \"I suppose it's one of those songs where I sort of talk about bits of my childhood, but also about my friendship with this person, and, um, I suppose it's a song of realization [...] And it's called 'Anything Could Happen,' [so] I'm hoping it will make people go out and propose to their girlfriends or go on that holiday they never ended up doing. I hope it will provoke positivity, as opposed to make people really sad.\"\n\nAccording to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, \"Anything Could Happen\" is written in the key of C major and has a moderate tempo of 103 beats per minute. Goulding's vocals span from G3 to E5 in the song.\n\nCritical reception\n\"Anything Could Happen\" received positive reviews from critics, with most praising the lyrical content and Goulding's vocals. Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave \"Anything Could Happen\" four out of five stars, stating, \"'After the war we said we'd fight together/ I guess we thought that's what humans do,' the electro-folk starlet serenades over a booming bass synth and choppy piano, before bursting into a sky-soaring chorus that manages to keep up with her haunting, high-pitched \"ooohs\". The result is a gothic love anthem that, truth be told, we'd happily see replace 'Puppy Love' at wedding receptions for years to come.\" Entertainment Weekly commented that with \"Anything Could Happen\", Goulding \"strikes shimmery synth-pop gold again.\" Erin Thompson of the Seattle Weekly called the song \"lovely\" and \"impactful\", while commending Goulding for \"writing songs that unfold like stories\". \"Anything Could Happen\" was ranked number 84 by the Village Voices annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.\n\nCommercial performance\n\"Anything Could Happen\" debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart, selling 49,680 copies in its first week. The single stayed at number five the following week, selling 37,895 copies. As of August 2013, it had sold 326,836 copies in the UK.\n\nIn the United States, \"Anything Could Happen\" debuted at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart on the issue dated 8 September 2012, before rising to number three on 20 October upon its release to radio. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 75 for the week of 27 October 2012, peaking at number 47 in its tenth week on the chart. It also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart during the final week of 2012. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 17 January 2013, and platinum on 24 July 2013. As of January 2014, the song had sold 1,166,000 copies in the US.\n\nThe song performed moderately elsewhere, reaching number two in Poland, number 16 in the Czech Republic, Ireland and New Zealand, number 20 in Australia, number 37 in Canada and number 66 in Germany.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Anything Could Happen\" was directed by Floria Sigismondi. In an interview with Carson Daly on his 97.1 AMP Radio show on 6 August 2012, Goulding stated that the video would be filmed the following day in Malibu, California. The video revolves around a couple's car crash near a Malibu beach. \"I find myself on a rock, with no idea how I've been there\", she told Fuse. \"I've been in a car crash. I end up being a mermaid-type thing.\" She added, \"I wanted to do a big video with big effects by the ocean [...] I wanted to do something really epic.\" Goulding declined offers of a stuntwoman to help her shoot the video, and instead performed her own stunts, such as being dropped onto a roof.\n\nOn 5 September, the \"Anything Could Happen\" video debuted via Goulding's YouTube channel. The video shows Goulding in a car with her on-screen boyfriend as they observe waves crashing on a beach. Goulding is then seen waking up on the beach, singing to the song, and walking around the beach finding silver floating spheres and triangled shaped mirrors. Goulding is also seen close up crying while singing and then bleeding out of her nose. The video continues to show Goulding and the on-screen boyfriend in a car crash, meeting up again in their \"after life\" on the beach. Later, Goulding is shown looking on to the car crash from above, while observing her blood-covered boyfriend, with a big fluffy pink ball holding her up by ropes. The video ends as Goulding floats away from the crash scene.\n\nLyric video\nIn late July 2012, Goulding invited fans via Facebook to contribute to a lyric video for \"Anything Could Happen\" by submitting photos related to the song's lyrics using Instagram. The lyric video premiered on Goulding's YouTube channel on 9 August 2012.\n\nBen & Ellie Edit\nA second music video, titled the Ben & Ellie Edit, was released on Goulding's YouTube channel on 9 October 2012. This version all shot close up and cross fading into different scenes. The video begins with the text \"Ellie Goulding\", and flashes of a car driving and Goulding in multiple shots of her body. Once the song begins, Goulding starts singing, multiple shots of her being shown, close-up, side view, and bright lights, singing along.\n\nUse in media and cover versions\nGoulding is featured performing \"Anything Could Happen\" in the Beats by Dre commercial as part of their #ShowYourColor campaign, which debuted in September 2012, alongside the likes of Miami Heat player LeBron James and fellow Universal Music artists Lil Wayne and MGK.\n\nThe track was also used in the trailer for the second season of the HBO comedy-drama series Girls and in an episode of the Fox sitcom New Girl. It was also used in the trailer for the fourth season of the Network Ten comedy-drama series Offspring in Australia. The track was also used by TBS during the intro for game one of the 2012 ALDS between the Oakland Athletics and the Detroit Tigers. The song is also featured as the background music for the HTC Vive commercial, with Emily Blunt, Jennifer Garner, Michelle Yeoh and Juliette Lewis.\n\nThe song was covered in BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge by both Irish alternative rock band the Script and American indie pop band Fun on 27 November 2012 and 26 February 2013, respectively. In December 2012, the girl group Fifth Harmony performed \"Anything Could Happen\" in the semi-finals and finals on the second season of The X Factor (U.S.). Melissa Benoist, Jacob Artist and Kevin McHale covered the song in the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the Fox series Glee, \"I Do\", aired 14 February 2013. Goulding joined Taylor Swift for a surprise performance of the song during Swift's Red Tour at Los Angeles' Staples Center on 23 August 2013. On 14 December 2013, Goulding performed \"Anything Could Happen\" on tenth series finale of The X Factor with finalist Luke Friend. The track has also been featured in the 2013 teen film, G.B.F. starring Michael J. Willett, Paul Iacono and Sasha Pieterse.\n\nNotable performances\nOn September 30, 2021 Goulding performed the song surrounded by floating cloud structures and white-clad dancers as part of the opening ceremony of Expo 2020 held under the fair's centerpiece, the Al Wasl Dome in Dubai, U.A.E.\n\nTrack listings\n\nCredits and personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of Halcyon.\n\n Ellie Goulding – vocals, production\n Jim Eliot – production, drums, synths, piano, percussion, drum programming, sound effects\n London Community Gospel Choir – choir\n Sally Herbert – choir arrangement, choir conducting\n Graham Archer – choir recording engineering\n Joel M. Peters – choir recording engineering assistance\n Tom Elmhirst – mixing\n Ben Baptie – mixing assistance, additional engineering\n Naweed – mastering\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nSee also\n List of number-one dance singles of 2012 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Lyrics at elliegoulding.com\n\n2012 singles\n2012 songs\nEllie Goulding songs\nInterscope Records singles\nMusic videos directed by Floria Sigismondi\nPolydor Records singles\nSongs written by Ellie Goulding\nSongs written by Jim Eliot" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004).", "Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million.", ", total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006.", "The book was released on October 31, 2006. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. . Pg. 173.", "New York: Random House. . Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know.", "Did anything of interest happen at the premier?", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills." ]

[ "Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling event produced by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). It took place on January 4, 1998 in the Tokyo Dome. Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was the seventh January 4 Tokyo Dome Show held by NJPW. The show drew 55,000 spectators and $6,000,000 in ticket sales. One of the focal points of the show was the retirement of wrestling legend Riki Choshu, who would wrestle five times that night against select opponents in what was billed as the Riki Road Final Message 5, the completion of \na months-long \"retirement tour\" for Choshu. The show also featured successful defenses of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, which made Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome the first January 4 Tokyo Dome show to not have a single championship change hands. Besides the five Riki Road Final Message 5 matches the show featured eight additional matches.\n\nProduction\n\nBackground\nThe January 4 Tokyo Dome Show is NJPW's biggest annual event and has been called \"the largest professional wrestling show in the world outside of the United States\" and the \"Japanese equivalent to the Super Bowl\".\n\nStorylines\nFinal Power Hall in Tokyo Dome featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNJPW.co.jp \n\n1998 in professional wrestling\n1998 in Tokyo\nJanuary 1998 events in Asia\n1998", "The former State Road 827, was an east–west road that stretched along the southern edge of the Hillsboro Canal, originally extending from Sixmile Bend to present-day Parkland. Now County Road 827, the road is locally known as Browns Farms Road and Loxahatchee Road in two segments, while a third is unnamed.\n\nWhen the route was established in 1945, it extended from its western terminus, being what is now U.S. Route 27 to its eastern terminus being an intersection with U.S. Route 441 and State Road 7) in Broward County.\n\nRoute description\nThe former SR 827 crossed a vast stretch of the Everglades wetlands along the opposite side of the Hillsboro Canal from the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge and through a region managed by the South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.\n\nHistory\nThe road was established in 1945. It extended from the intersection between it and then-US 441-SR 80, which was re designated as State Road 880 after US 441/SR 80 was rerouted several miles north.\n\nAfter the establishment of the Everglades Wildlife Management Area by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission in the 1960s, the portion of SR 827 within its boundaries was removed from the state highway system, creating a gap in the route. Shortly afterward, a second section east of Browns Farm was reverted to Palm Beach County control (many commercially prepared maps from the 1970s to the present show this second section as part of County Road 827). For at least two decades, SR 827 was an \"interrupted\" State Road.\n\nBy 1990, the Broward County segment was transitioned from State to County control; the northwestern section followed suit within a few years and became CR 827. Despite indications from several commercial maps, only the part of the original SR 827 northwest of Browns Farm is currently signed as CR 827.\n\nMajor intersections\n\nReferences\n\n827\n827\n827\n827" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004).", "Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million.", ", total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006.", "The book was released on October 31, 2006. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. . Pg. 173.", "New York: Random House. . Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know.", "Did anything of interest happen at the premier?", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "What was the road show?", "Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006", "Did Beyonce participate?", "I don't know." ]

[ "That article shows the list and details of the managers in their spells at Colo-Colo.\n\nChronology\nThe letter c means Caretaker manager.\n\nMost successful managers\nThe following table, shows the most successful managers according to the club's history (totals include competitive matches only):\n\nTable correct as of 12 March 2013\n\n (*): International tournament runner-up.\n\nColo-Colo managers, List of\nColo-Colo", "The Celebrity Game is an Australian game show that aired in two different formats. The original series, based on an American game show, People Will Talk was hosted by Bert Newton on the Nine Network in 1969 as Australia's Celebrity Game. The later series, based on the game of charades, involving two teams of celebrities, was hosted by Mike Preston on Network Ten ran from 1976 to 1977.\n\nGameplay\nIn the original 1969 version, similar to the 1964 American version, a panel of nine celebrities were asked a question on a popular topic, and three contestants were then asked to choose a celebrity and to tell how that contestant voted. After every three turns, if all three contestants correctly guessed the celebrity's answers, they each won $10; if two contestants were successful, they received $20; if one contestant was successful, that contestant received $30.\n\nIn the 1976–77 version, two teams of three celebrities and a contestant competed in the game of charades, where one player acted out a word or phrase, often by pantomiming similar-sounding words, and the other players guessed the word or phrase. The celebrity regulars included Joy Chambers, Joe Martin, Johnny Pace, Harriet, Stuart Wagstaff and Barry Creyton.\n\nSee also\n List of Australian game shows\n Pyramid, Australian game show\n Give Us a Clue\n People Will Talk\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1960s Australian game shows\n1970s Australian game shows\nNetwork 10 original programming\nNine Network original programming\n1969 Australian television series debuts\n1969 Australian television series endings\n1976 Australian television series debuts\n1977 Australian television series endings\nBlack-and-white Australian television shows" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004).", "Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million.", ", total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006.", "The book was released on October 31, 2006. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. . Pg. 173.", "New York: Random House. . Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know.", "Did anything of interest happen at the premier?", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "What was the road show?", "Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006", "Did Beyonce participate?", "I don't know.", "Were the shows successful?", "Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends." ]

[ "A Song for ×× (the \"××\" is silent) is the debut album by Japanese pop artist Ayumi Hamasaki, released January 1, 1999, by Avex Trax. Primarily a rock-pop album, it features musical composition and arrangements by Yasuhiko Hoshino, Mitsuru Igarashi, and others.\n\n\"Poker Face\" was released as the album's lead single on April 8, 1998. Entering the Oricon chart at number twenty, it became her first charting single. Four further singles were released to promote A Song for ××: \"You\", \"Trust\", \"For My Dear...\", and Depend on You\". All of them were top twenty hits in Japan, with the latter three reaching the top ten.\n\nThe album debuted atop the Oricon Charts with first week sales of 548,210 copies; it topped the chart for five weeks, a remarkable feat for a debut album. Its high first week sales were partly due to its debut sales being the first and second week sales combined (Oricon only has 51 weeks instead of 52). The album charted for 63 weeks and was certified Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipments exceeding one million copies in the country. As of 2008, A Song for ×× is Japan's 139th best selling album of all time.\n\nTrack listing\n\nRelease history\n\nCharts\nOricon Sales Chart (Japan)\n\n Total sales: 1,610,000 (Japan)\n Total sales: 1,910,000 (Avex)\n\nSingles\n\nTotal Single Sales: 775,000\n\nTotal Album and Single Sales: 2,385,000\n\nReferences \n\nAyumi Hamasaki albums\n1999 debut albums\nAvex Group albums\nJapanese-language albums", "New home sales is an economic indicator which records sales of newly constructed residences in the United States of America. \nThe United States Census Bureau publishes new home sales statistics monthly on their website. Statistics are reported as unadjusted monthly rates and seasonally adjusted annual rates.\n\nEconomic significance\n\nBecause new home sales trigger consumption, they have significant market impact upon release. New home sales also serve as a good indicator of economic turning points due to its consumer income sensitivity. Generally, when economic conditions slow down, new home sales serves as an early indicator of such a depression.\n\nLimitations\n\nSeveral cautions apply when interpreting new home sales statistics:\n\n Statistics exclude any new houses that were not built for immediate sale. For example, in the situation where a purchaser commissions a builder to build a house on a lot that the purchaser already owns, this housing unit would not be included in the statistics. Other construction statistics, such as Permits, starts and completions, do include virtually all new residential construction.\n Sales are reported as of the month that a customer signs a sales contract or the builder accepts a deposit. The house can be in any stage of construction.\n Sales are not reduced to account for sales contracts which are subsequently cancelled by the customer or the builder. However, in those situations where a cancellation occurs, the house is not re-counted upon a subsequent sale to another customer.\n\nSee also\n Economic reports\n FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data)\n\nExternal links\n New Residential Sales definitions and statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau\n\nEconomic indicators\nHousing in the United States" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004).", "Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million.", ", total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006.", "The book was released on October 31, 2006. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. . Pg. 173.", "New York: Random House. . Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films" ]

[ "On Native Soil is a 2006 documentary by Linda Ellman narrated by Kevin Costner and Hilary Swank. The film analyzes the efforts by the families of 9/11 victims to create the 9/11 Commission and what information was revealed by it.\n\nExternal links \n The official website to the documentary\n \n\n2006 films\n2006 documentary films\nEnglish-language films\nFilms scored by Michael Tavera\nDocumentary films about the September 11 attacks\nAmerican documentary films\nAmerican films\n9/11 Commission", "The Katy series is a set of novels by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, writing under the pen-name of Susan Coolidge. The first in the series, What Katy Did, was published in 1872 and followed the next year by What Katy Did at School. What Katy Did Next was released in 1886. Two further novels, Clover (1888) and In the High Valley (1890), focused upon other members of the eponymous character's family. The series was popular with readers in the late 19th century.\n\nThe series was later adapted into a TV series entitled Katy in 1962, and two films, one also called Katy in 1972 and What Katy Did in 1999.\n\nNovels\n What Katy Did\n What Katy Did at School\n What Katy Did Next\n Clover\n In the High Valley\n\nAdaptions\n Katy (TV series, 1962)\n Katy (film, 1972)\n What Katy Did (film, 1999)\n\nLiterary Criticism\nCritics are divided about how much the series played into period gender norms and often compare the series to Little Women. Foster and Simmons argue for its subversion of gender in their book What Katy Read: Feminist Re-Readings of ‘Classic’ Stories for Girls by suggesting the series “deconstructs family hierarchies”.\n\nInfluence\nThe series is unusual for its time by having an entry which focuses not on the family life at home but at school in What Katy Did at School.\n\nIn a 1995 survey, What Katy Did was voted as one of the top 10 books for 12-year-old girls.\n\nSee also\n\nSarah Chauncey Woolsey\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSeries details at Fantastic Fiction\n\nKaty series\n1870s novels\nNovel series\nSeries of children's books\nNovels by Susan Coolidge\n1880s novels\n1890s novels\n1962 American television series debuts\n1972 films\n1999 films" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal (born 14 December 1934) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as the pioneer of parallel cinema, He is widely considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He has received several accolades, including eighteen National Film Awards, a Filmfare Award and a Nandi Award. In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema.", "In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema. In 1976, he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour of the country, and in 1991, he was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third-highes civilian honour for his contributions in the field of arts. Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography.", "Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography. Starting his career as a copywriter, he made his first Documentary film in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period.", "Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period. Benegal's films, Mammo (1994), along with Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001) all of which won National Film Awards for Best Feature Film, form the Muslim women Trilogy. Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times.", "Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1976, the Padma Bhushan in 1991, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2005 and the V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. Early life and education Shyam Benegal was born on 14 December 1934 in Hyderabad, as Shyam Sunder Benegal. When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal.", "When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal. He received an M.A. in Economics from Osmania University, Hyderabad. There he formed the Hyderabad Film Society. Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins.", "Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins. Career Early career In 1959, he started working as a copywriter at a Mumbai-based advertising agency, Lintas Advertising, where he steadily rose to become a creative head. Meanwhile, Benegal made his first documentary in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script.", "His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script. In 1963 he had a brief stint with another advertising agency called ASP (Advertising, Sales and Promotion). During his advertising years, he directed over 900 sponsored documentaries and advertising films. Between 1966 and 1973, Shyam taught at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, and twice served as the institute's chairman: 1980–83 and 1989–92. By this time he had already started making documentaries.", "By this time he had already started making documentaries. By this time he had already started making documentaries. One of his early documentaries A Child of the Streets (1967), garnered him wide acclaim. In all, he has made over 70 documentary and short films. He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV.", "He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV. Feature films After returning to Mumbai, he received independent financing and Ankur (The Seedling) was finally made in 1973. It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame.", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame. The film introduced actors Shabana Azmi and Anant Nag and Benegal won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film. Shabana won the National Film Award for Best Actress. The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977).", "The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977). Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri.", "Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri. In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help.", "In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help. Manthan (The Churning) (1976) is a film on rural empowerment and is set against the backdrop of Gujarat's fledgling dairy industry. For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers.", "For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers. Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office.", "Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office. After this trilogy on rural oppression, Benegal made a biopic Bhumika (The Role) (1977), broadly based on the life of well-known Marathi stage and film actress of the 1940s, Hansa Wadkar (played by Smita Patil), who led a flamboyant and unconventional life. The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men.", "The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men. In the early 1970s, Shyam made 21 film modules for Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), sponsored by UNICEF. This allowed him to interact with children of SITE and many folk artists. Eventually he used many of these children in his feature length rendition of the classic folk tale Charandas Chor (Charandas the Thief) in 1975. He made it for the Children's Film Society, India.", "He made it for the Children's Film Society, India. To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom.", "To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom. The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives).", "The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives). However, his films did not have proper releases.", "However, his films did not have proper releases. However, his films did not have proper releases. He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India.", "He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India. This gave him an added advantage, as he managed to survive the collapse of the New Cinema movement in the late 1980s due to paucity of funding, with which were lost many neo-realist filmmakers. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades.", "Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. He also served as the Director of the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) from 1980 to 1986. Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981).", "Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981). The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively.", "The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively. Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil.", "Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. Later, working from his own story, based on the last days of Portuguese in Goa, in the early 1960s, Shyam explored human relationships in Trikal (1985). Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression.", "Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression. His first venture in this genre was with a documentary film based on Satyajit Ray's life, Satyajit Ray, in 1985. This was followed by works such as Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa, which was written by filmmaker and critic Khalid Mohamed. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. The 1990s and beyond The 1990s saw Shyam Benegal making a trilogy on Indian Muslim women, starting with Mammo (1994), Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001). With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman.", "With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman. In 1992, he made Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (Seventh Horse of the Sun), based on a novel by Dharmavir Bharati, which won the 1993 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma.", "In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma. This turn to biographical material resulted in Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, his 2005 English language film. He criticised the Indian caste system in Samar (1999), which went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Benegal is the current president of the Federation of Film Societies of India. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films.", "He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He has authored three books based on his own films: The Churning with Vijay Tendulkar (1984), based on Manthan; Satyajit Ray (1988), based on his biographical film, Satyajit Ray; and The Marketplace (1989), which was based on Mandi. In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival. Recent projects In 2008, his film Welcome to Sajjanpur, starring Shreyas Talpade and Amrita Rao, was released to a good response. Its music was composed by Shantanu Moitra, and it was produced by Chetan Motiwalla. Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen.", "Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen. The story revolves around the eponymous Chamki, a beautiful gypsy girl with a fiery temper and is written by Shama Zaidi. The music is by A. R. Rahman and lyrics are by Javed Akhtar. In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba.", "In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba. One of Benegal's future projects is a film based on the life of Noor Inayat Khan, daughter of Inayat Khan and descendant of Tipu Sultan, who served as a British spy during World War II. Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014.", "Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014. Along with Benegal, Tom Alter, Dalip Tahil, Sachin Khedekar, Divya Dutta, Rajendra Gupta, K K Raina, and Ila Arun were seen at the press conference for the TV series. Government of Bangladesh has confirmed Benegal would direct the biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The film will be released presumably by 2021.", "The film will be released presumably by 2021. The film will be released presumably by 2021. Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia.", "Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia. Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt.", "Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt. Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt.", "Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt. \"Honoris Causa\" of ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.) Bibliography Benegal on Ray: Satyajit Ray, a Film, by Shyam Benegal, Alaknanda Datta, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1988. . Shyam Benegal's the Churning (Manthan): Screenplay, by, Vijay Tendulkar, Shyam Benegal, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1984. . References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta.", "References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta. 2003, British Film Institute. . Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. .", "Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. . . BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021.", "BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021. External links Shyam Benegal's Retrospective Abu Dhabi Sept27-30,2012 by Indian Film Society of UAE 'Shyam Benegal: A Life in Pictures' interview at BAFTA Shyam Benegal on Upperstall Awards & recognition for Shyam Benegal's films Osmania University alumni 20th-century Indian film directors Indian male screenwriters Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Indian documentary filmmakers Filmfare Awards winners Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Film directors from Hyderabad, India 1934 births Living people Best Director National Film Award winners 21st-century Indian film directors Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)" ]

[ "Pyramix is the first remix album and sixth album by rapper/DJ, Egyptian Lover. The album was released in 1993 for Egyptian Empire Records and was produced by The Egyptian Lover himself. The album was both a commercial and critical failure and did not make it to any billboard charts or feature any hit singles.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Pyramix\" – 1:56\n\"Dance\" – 1:53\n\"The Lover\" – 5:26\n\"I Want Cha\" – 2:19\n\"Computer Power (Version II)\" – 5:25\n\"Kinky Nation (Kingdom Kum)\" – 2:34\n\"Egypt, Egypt\" – 6:44\n\"Planet E (Remix)\" – 7:04\n\"Egypt's Revenge (Mega Mix)\" – 5:27\n\"Get High, Get X'D, Get Drunk, Get Sex'd\" – 5:48\n\nReferences\n\nEgyptian Lover albums\nAlbums produced by Egyptian Lover\n1993 remix albums", "Active Pensionists (Danish: Aktive Pensionister) was a political party in Denmark.\n\nHistory\nActive Pensionists was established in 1997. The party ran in 2001 in Copenhagen (507 votes), Frederikshavn (212 votes) and Skagen Municipality (19 votes). They did not get any municipal seats.\n\nIn 2005, Active Pensionists ran in Greve Municipality (43 votes), Vejle Municipality (158 votes), Fredericia Municipality (679) and Copenhagen Municipality (232 votes). They did not manage to get any municipal seats.\n\nThe party has not run for municipal elections since 2005, and is assumedly dissolved.\n\nElection results\n\nMunicipal elections\n\nReferences\n\nPolitical parties in Denmark\nPensioners' parties\n1997 establishments in Denmark\nPolitical parties established in 1997\nDefunct political parties in Denmark" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal (born 14 December 1934) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as the pioneer of parallel cinema, He is widely considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He has received several accolades, including eighteen National Film Awards, a Filmfare Award and a Nandi Award. In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema.", "In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema. In 1976, he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour of the country, and in 1991, he was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third-highes civilian honour for his contributions in the field of arts. Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography.", "Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography. Starting his career as a copywriter, he made his first Documentary film in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period.", "Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period. Benegal's films, Mammo (1994), along with Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001) all of which won National Film Awards for Best Feature Film, form the Muslim women Trilogy. Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times.", "Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1976, the Padma Bhushan in 1991, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2005 and the V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. Early life and education Shyam Benegal was born on 14 December 1934 in Hyderabad, as Shyam Sunder Benegal. When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal.", "When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal. He received an M.A. in Economics from Osmania University, Hyderabad. There he formed the Hyderabad Film Society. Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins.", "Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins. Career Early career In 1959, he started working as a copywriter at a Mumbai-based advertising agency, Lintas Advertising, where he steadily rose to become a creative head. Meanwhile, Benegal made his first documentary in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script.", "His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script. In 1963 he had a brief stint with another advertising agency called ASP (Advertising, Sales and Promotion). During his advertising years, he directed over 900 sponsored documentaries and advertising films. Between 1966 and 1973, Shyam taught at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, and twice served as the institute's chairman: 1980–83 and 1989–92. By this time he had already started making documentaries.", "By this time he had already started making documentaries. By this time he had already started making documentaries. One of his early documentaries A Child of the Streets (1967), garnered him wide acclaim. In all, he has made over 70 documentary and short films. He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV.", "He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV. Feature films After returning to Mumbai, he received independent financing and Ankur (The Seedling) was finally made in 1973. It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame.", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame. The film introduced actors Shabana Azmi and Anant Nag and Benegal won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film. Shabana won the National Film Award for Best Actress. The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977).", "The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977). Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri.", "Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri. In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help.", "In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help. Manthan (The Churning) (1976) is a film on rural empowerment and is set against the backdrop of Gujarat's fledgling dairy industry. For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers.", "For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers. Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office.", "Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office. After this trilogy on rural oppression, Benegal made a biopic Bhumika (The Role) (1977), broadly based on the life of well-known Marathi stage and film actress of the 1940s, Hansa Wadkar (played by Smita Patil), who led a flamboyant and unconventional life. The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men.", "The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men. In the early 1970s, Shyam made 21 film modules for Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), sponsored by UNICEF. This allowed him to interact with children of SITE and many folk artists. Eventually he used many of these children in his feature length rendition of the classic folk tale Charandas Chor (Charandas the Thief) in 1975. He made it for the Children's Film Society, India.", "He made it for the Children's Film Society, India. To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom.", "To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom. The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives).", "The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives). However, his films did not have proper releases.", "However, his films did not have proper releases. However, his films did not have proper releases. He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India.", "He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India. This gave him an added advantage, as he managed to survive the collapse of the New Cinema movement in the late 1980s due to paucity of funding, with which were lost many neo-realist filmmakers. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades.", "Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. He also served as the Director of the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) from 1980 to 1986. Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981).", "Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981). The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively.", "The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively. Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil.", "Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. Later, working from his own story, based on the last days of Portuguese in Goa, in the early 1960s, Shyam explored human relationships in Trikal (1985). Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression.", "Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression. His first venture in this genre was with a documentary film based on Satyajit Ray's life, Satyajit Ray, in 1985. This was followed by works such as Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa, which was written by filmmaker and critic Khalid Mohamed. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. The 1990s and beyond The 1990s saw Shyam Benegal making a trilogy on Indian Muslim women, starting with Mammo (1994), Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001). With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman.", "With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman. In 1992, he made Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (Seventh Horse of the Sun), based on a novel by Dharmavir Bharati, which won the 1993 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma.", "In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma. This turn to biographical material resulted in Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, his 2005 English language film. He criticised the Indian caste system in Samar (1999), which went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Benegal is the current president of the Federation of Film Societies of India. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films.", "He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He has authored three books based on his own films: The Churning with Vijay Tendulkar (1984), based on Manthan; Satyajit Ray (1988), based on his biographical film, Satyajit Ray; and The Marketplace (1989), which was based on Mandi. In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival. Recent projects In 2008, his film Welcome to Sajjanpur, starring Shreyas Talpade and Amrita Rao, was released to a good response. Its music was composed by Shantanu Moitra, and it was produced by Chetan Motiwalla. Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen.", "Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen. The story revolves around the eponymous Chamki, a beautiful gypsy girl with a fiery temper and is written by Shama Zaidi. The music is by A. R. Rahman and lyrics are by Javed Akhtar. In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba.", "In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba. One of Benegal's future projects is a film based on the life of Noor Inayat Khan, daughter of Inayat Khan and descendant of Tipu Sultan, who served as a British spy during World War II. Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014.", "Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014. Along with Benegal, Tom Alter, Dalip Tahil, Sachin Khedekar, Divya Dutta, Rajendra Gupta, K K Raina, and Ila Arun were seen at the press conference for the TV series. Government of Bangladesh has confirmed Benegal would direct the biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The film will be released presumably by 2021.", "The film will be released presumably by 2021. The film will be released presumably by 2021. Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia.", "Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia. Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt.", "Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt. Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt.", "Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt. \"Honoris Causa\" of ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.) Bibliography Benegal on Ray: Satyajit Ray, a Film, by Shyam Benegal, Alaknanda Datta, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1988. . Shyam Benegal's the Churning (Manthan): Screenplay, by, Vijay Tendulkar, Shyam Benegal, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1984. . References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta.", "References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta. 2003, British Film Institute. . Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. .", "Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. . . BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021.", "BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021. External links Shyam Benegal's Retrospective Abu Dhabi Sept27-30,2012 by Indian Film Society of UAE 'Shyam Benegal: A Life in Pictures' interview at BAFTA Shyam Benegal on Upperstall Awards & recognition for Shyam Benegal's films Osmania University alumni 20th-century Indian film directors Indian male screenwriters Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Indian documentary filmmakers Filmfare Awards winners Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Film directors from Hyderabad, India 1934 births Living people Best Director National Film Award winners 21st-century Indian film directors Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)", "Did it get any awards?", "won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film." ]

[ "So, What's Your Price? () is a 2007 documentary directed by Olallo Rubio about media, power, and the consumer culture in Mexico and United States. It debuted in Mexico on May 18, 2007, and had several screenings on the United States, the DVD version was released on October 16, 2007.\n\nProduction\nOriginally, the idea was that Olallo Rubio direct a documentary, so it could be sold as a straight to DVD film, while the money earned would go to the finance of This Is Not A Movie, another project of Olallo. Eventually, the project got bigger and it was called So, What's Your Price, using the budget of $100,000. The film was shot in the streets of New York and Mexico City. The film was first screened at a film festival in Guadalajara. In April 2007, it was announced that the film was going to be released May 18, 2007 in Mexico City. The film enjoyed positive reviews, so it was released in different places in Mexico. In July 2007, it was screened in New York with very positive reviews, and in October 2007 it was released on DVD.\n\nPlot\nThe film is about the differences between the United States and Mexico, with different opinions by people on the street, or sellers. It talks about drugs, money, the human body, the price of living, and how people see each other.\n\nRelease\nOn October 16, 2007 the DVD was released in a 2-disc special edition, with several extras, which included, two audio commentaries by the director, one in Spanish and one in English, the making of documentary called A Film For Sale, a podcast that includes fragments of interviews on the radio with the director, an interview with Stephen A. Bezruchka, the trailers, and a photo gallery.\n\nExternal links\n \n\nDocumentary films about consumerism\nMexican documentary films\n2007 films\n2007 documentary films\n2000s English-language films\n2000s Spanish-language films\nMexican films", "Patrick Douglas Selmes Jackson (26 March 1916 – 3 June 2011) was an English film and television director.\n\nBiography\n\nBorn in Eltham, to a formerly affluent family which was severely affected by the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and his father's long-term illness and early death ending Jackson's formal education. He joined the GPO Film Unit on his 17th birthday as a messenger boy after his mother persuaded her MP, Sir Kingsley Wood, then also postmaster general, to find work for her son. Rising to production assistant, he was part of the crew for the short film Night Mail (1936). The voice narrating the poem by W.H. Auden (\"This is the Night Mail crossing the border, bringing the cheque and the postal order.\") was Jackson himself. He directed a number of documentaries, the first being The Horsey Mail (1938) about the rural postal service in Suffolk. The First Days (1939), co-directed by Harry Watt and Humphrey Jennings, was the first of the wartime documentaries, in this instance concerned with the 'Phoney War' period.\n\nJackson's debut feature film was Western Approaches (1944), a semi-documentary war film for what was now the Ministry of Information's Crown Film Unit. For what became a three-year project, Jackson took on the writing, direction, editing and casting (of non-professional actors) a film about merchant seamen. Featuring an extended period on location at sea, the lifeboat sequences alone took six-months to complete.\n\nAfter the war, Jackson spent three years in Hollywood under contract to MGM, although the only film he directed during this period was Shadow on the Wall (1950), based on the novel Death in the Doll's House by Lawrence P. Bachmann and Hannah Leessuch. His film Encore (1951) was in competition at the 1952 Cannes Film Festival . White Corridors (1951), a semi-documentary drama about a hospital in the regions, was critically well received at the time. What a Carve Up! (1961), a film in the old dark house genre, was the most commercially successful of Jackson's later feature films.\n\nJackson worked in television during the 1960s and 1970s. Impressed by the stage work of Patrick McGoohan, he seems to have been involved in casting him for Danger Man (US:Secret Agent), episodes of which he directed. Apart from McGoohan's The Prisoner (1967), he was also involved with episodes of The Saint and The Professionals.\n\nJackson died on 3 June 2011 aged 95.\n\nFilms and television series\n\nWestern Approaches (documentary feature, 1944)\nWhite Corridors (1951)\nEncore! (1951)\nThe Feminine Touch (1956)\nThe Birthday Present (1957)\nVirgin Island (US Our Virgin Island, 1958)\nSeven Keys (1961)\nWhat a Carve Up! (1961)\nDon't Talk to Strange Men (1962)\nSeventy Deadly Pills (1964)\nThe Prisoner (4 episodes; 1967–1968)\nThe Famous Five (2 episodes; 1978)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1916 births\n2011 deaths\nEnglish film directors\nPeople from Eltham\nPeople educated at Bryanston School" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal (born 14 December 1934) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as the pioneer of parallel cinema, He is widely considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He has received several accolades, including eighteen National Film Awards, a Filmfare Award and a Nandi Award. In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema.", "In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema. In 1976, he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour of the country, and in 1991, he was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third-highes civilian honour for his contributions in the field of arts. Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography.", "Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography. Starting his career as a copywriter, he made his first Documentary film in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period.", "Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period. Benegal's films, Mammo (1994), along with Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001) all of which won National Film Awards for Best Feature Film, form the Muslim women Trilogy. Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times.", "Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1976, the Padma Bhushan in 1991, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2005 and the V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. Early life and education Shyam Benegal was born on 14 December 1934 in Hyderabad, as Shyam Sunder Benegal. When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal.", "When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal. He received an M.A. in Economics from Osmania University, Hyderabad. There he formed the Hyderabad Film Society. Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins.", "Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins. Career Early career In 1959, he started working as a copywriter at a Mumbai-based advertising agency, Lintas Advertising, where he steadily rose to become a creative head. Meanwhile, Benegal made his first documentary in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script.", "His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script. In 1963 he had a brief stint with another advertising agency called ASP (Advertising, Sales and Promotion). During his advertising years, he directed over 900 sponsored documentaries and advertising films. Between 1966 and 1973, Shyam taught at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, and twice served as the institute's chairman: 1980–83 and 1989–92. By this time he had already started making documentaries.", "By this time he had already started making documentaries. By this time he had already started making documentaries. One of his early documentaries A Child of the Streets (1967), garnered him wide acclaim. In all, he has made over 70 documentary and short films. He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV.", "He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV. Feature films After returning to Mumbai, he received independent financing and Ankur (The Seedling) was finally made in 1973. It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame.", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame. The film introduced actors Shabana Azmi and Anant Nag and Benegal won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film. Shabana won the National Film Award for Best Actress. The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977).", "The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977). Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri.", "Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri. In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help.", "In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help. Manthan (The Churning) (1976) is a film on rural empowerment and is set against the backdrop of Gujarat's fledgling dairy industry. For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers.", "For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers. Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office.", "Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office. After this trilogy on rural oppression, Benegal made a biopic Bhumika (The Role) (1977), broadly based on the life of well-known Marathi stage and film actress of the 1940s, Hansa Wadkar (played by Smita Patil), who led a flamboyant and unconventional life. The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men.", "The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men. In the early 1970s, Shyam made 21 film modules for Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), sponsored by UNICEF. This allowed him to interact with children of SITE and many folk artists. Eventually he used many of these children in his feature length rendition of the classic folk tale Charandas Chor (Charandas the Thief) in 1975. He made it for the Children's Film Society, India.", "He made it for the Children's Film Society, India. To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom.", "To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom. The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives).", "The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives). However, his films did not have proper releases.", "However, his films did not have proper releases. However, his films did not have proper releases. He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India.", "He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India. This gave him an added advantage, as he managed to survive the collapse of the New Cinema movement in the late 1980s due to paucity of funding, with which were lost many neo-realist filmmakers. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades.", "Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. He also served as the Director of the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) from 1980 to 1986. Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981).", "Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981). The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively.", "The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively. Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil.", "Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. Later, working from his own story, based on the last days of Portuguese in Goa, in the early 1960s, Shyam explored human relationships in Trikal (1985). Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression.", "Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression. His first venture in this genre was with a documentary film based on Satyajit Ray's life, Satyajit Ray, in 1985. This was followed by works such as Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa, which was written by filmmaker and critic Khalid Mohamed. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. The 1990s and beyond The 1990s saw Shyam Benegal making a trilogy on Indian Muslim women, starting with Mammo (1994), Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001). With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman.", "With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman. In 1992, he made Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (Seventh Horse of the Sun), based on a novel by Dharmavir Bharati, which won the 1993 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma.", "In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma. This turn to biographical material resulted in Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, his 2005 English language film. He criticised the Indian caste system in Samar (1999), which went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Benegal is the current president of the Federation of Film Societies of India. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films.", "He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He has authored three books based on his own films: The Churning with Vijay Tendulkar (1984), based on Manthan; Satyajit Ray (1988), based on his biographical film, Satyajit Ray; and The Marketplace (1989), which was based on Mandi. In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival. Recent projects In 2008, his film Welcome to Sajjanpur, starring Shreyas Talpade and Amrita Rao, was released to a good response. Its music was composed by Shantanu Moitra, and it was produced by Chetan Motiwalla. Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen.", "Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen. The story revolves around the eponymous Chamki, a beautiful gypsy girl with a fiery temper and is written by Shama Zaidi. The music is by A. R. Rahman and lyrics are by Javed Akhtar. In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba.", "In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba. One of Benegal's future projects is a film based on the life of Noor Inayat Khan, daughter of Inayat Khan and descendant of Tipu Sultan, who served as a British spy during World War II. Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014.", "Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014. Along with Benegal, Tom Alter, Dalip Tahil, Sachin Khedekar, Divya Dutta, Rajendra Gupta, K K Raina, and Ila Arun were seen at the press conference for the TV series. Government of Bangladesh has confirmed Benegal would direct the biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The film will be released presumably by 2021.", "The film will be released presumably by 2021. The film will be released presumably by 2021. Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia.", "Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia. Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt.", "Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt. Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt.", "Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt. \"Honoris Causa\" of ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.) Bibliography Benegal on Ray: Satyajit Ray, a Film, by Shyam Benegal, Alaknanda Datta, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1988. . Shyam Benegal's the Churning (Manthan): Screenplay, by, Vijay Tendulkar, Shyam Benegal, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1984. . References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta.", "References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta. 2003, British Film Institute. . Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. .", "Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. . . BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021.", "BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021. External links Shyam Benegal's Retrospective Abu Dhabi Sept27-30,2012 by Indian Film Society of UAE 'Shyam Benegal: A Life in Pictures' interview at BAFTA Shyam Benegal on Upperstall Awards & recognition for Shyam Benegal's films Osmania University alumni 20th-century Indian film directors Indian male screenwriters Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Indian documentary filmmakers Filmfare Awards winners Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Film directors from Hyderabad, India 1934 births Living people Best Director National Film Award winners 21st-century Indian film directors Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)", "Did it get any awards?", "won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film.", "what was the film about?", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state," ]

[ "The following is a list of films produced by Paramount Pictures and released (or scheduled to be released) in the 2020s.\n\nAll films listed are theatrical releases unless specified.\nA ‡ signifies a streaming release exclusively through Paramount+ or any other streaming service.\nA § signifies a simultaneous release to theatres and on Paramount+.\n\nReleased\n\nUpcoming\n\nUndated films\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Paramount Pictures Complete Library\n\n 2020-2029\nLists of films by studio\nAmerican films by studio\n2020s in American cinema\nLists of 2020s films", "Any Gun Can Play () is a 1967 spaghetti Western starring Gilbert Roland, Edd Byrnes and George Hilton. The film is directed by Enzo G. Castellari. The film is about a group of cowboys searching for gold, double-leading to double crosses as they continually change allegiances and get the upper hand only to be thwarted by fellow outlaws, mysterious insurance investigators and each other.\n\nCast\n\nRelease\nAny Gun Can Play was released in Italy in 1967. The film has also been released under the English titles Go Kill and Come Back and Blood River.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\n1967 films\n1967 Western (genre) films\nSpaghetti Western films\nItalian films\n1960s Italian-language films\nEnglish-language Italian films\n1960s English-language films\nFilms directed by Enzo G. Castellari\nFilms scored by Francesco De Masi\nFilms shot in Almería\nFilms scored by Alessandro Alessandroni\n1960s multilingual films\nItalian multilingual films" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal (born 14 December 1934) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as the pioneer of parallel cinema, He is widely considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He has received several accolades, including eighteen National Film Awards, a Filmfare Award and a Nandi Award. In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema.", "In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema. In 1976, he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour of the country, and in 1991, he was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third-highes civilian honour for his contributions in the field of arts. Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography.", "Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography. Starting his career as a copywriter, he made his first Documentary film in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period.", "Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period. Benegal's films, Mammo (1994), along with Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001) all of which won National Film Awards for Best Feature Film, form the Muslim women Trilogy. Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times.", "Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1976, the Padma Bhushan in 1991, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2005 and the V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. Early life and education Shyam Benegal was born on 14 December 1934 in Hyderabad, as Shyam Sunder Benegal. When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal.", "When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal. He received an M.A. in Economics from Osmania University, Hyderabad. There he formed the Hyderabad Film Society. Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins.", "Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins. Career Early career In 1959, he started working as a copywriter at a Mumbai-based advertising agency, Lintas Advertising, where he steadily rose to become a creative head. Meanwhile, Benegal made his first documentary in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script.", "His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script. In 1963 he had a brief stint with another advertising agency called ASP (Advertising, Sales and Promotion). During his advertising years, he directed over 900 sponsored documentaries and advertising films. Between 1966 and 1973, Shyam taught at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, and twice served as the institute's chairman: 1980–83 and 1989–92. By this time he had already started making documentaries.", "By this time he had already started making documentaries. By this time he had already started making documentaries. One of his early documentaries A Child of the Streets (1967), garnered him wide acclaim. In all, he has made over 70 documentary and short films. He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV.", "He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV. Feature films After returning to Mumbai, he received independent financing and Ankur (The Seedling) was finally made in 1973. It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame.", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame. The film introduced actors Shabana Azmi and Anant Nag and Benegal won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film. Shabana won the National Film Award for Best Actress. The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977).", "The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977). Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri.", "Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri. In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help.", "In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help. Manthan (The Churning) (1976) is a film on rural empowerment and is set against the backdrop of Gujarat's fledgling dairy industry. For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers.", "For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers. Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office.", "Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office. After this trilogy on rural oppression, Benegal made a biopic Bhumika (The Role) (1977), broadly based on the life of well-known Marathi stage and film actress of the 1940s, Hansa Wadkar (played by Smita Patil), who led a flamboyant and unconventional life. The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men.", "The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men. In the early 1970s, Shyam made 21 film modules for Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), sponsored by UNICEF. This allowed him to interact with children of SITE and many folk artists. Eventually he used many of these children in his feature length rendition of the classic folk tale Charandas Chor (Charandas the Thief) in 1975. He made it for the Children's Film Society, India.", "He made it for the Children's Film Society, India. To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom.", "To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom. The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives).", "The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives). However, his films did not have proper releases.", "However, his films did not have proper releases. However, his films did not have proper releases. He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India.", "He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India. This gave him an added advantage, as he managed to survive the collapse of the New Cinema movement in the late 1980s due to paucity of funding, with which were lost many neo-realist filmmakers. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades.", "Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. He also served as the Director of the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) from 1980 to 1986. Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981).", "Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981). The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively.", "The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively. Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil.", "Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. Later, working from his own story, based on the last days of Portuguese in Goa, in the early 1960s, Shyam explored human relationships in Trikal (1985). Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression.", "Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression. His first venture in this genre was with a documentary film based on Satyajit Ray's life, Satyajit Ray, in 1985. This was followed by works such as Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa, which was written by filmmaker and critic Khalid Mohamed. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. The 1990s and beyond The 1990s saw Shyam Benegal making a trilogy on Indian Muslim women, starting with Mammo (1994), Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001). With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman.", "With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman. In 1992, he made Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (Seventh Horse of the Sun), based on a novel by Dharmavir Bharati, which won the 1993 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma.", "In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma. This turn to biographical material resulted in Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, his 2005 English language film. He criticised the Indian caste system in Samar (1999), which went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Benegal is the current president of the Federation of Film Societies of India. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films.", "He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He has authored three books based on his own films: The Churning with Vijay Tendulkar (1984), based on Manthan; Satyajit Ray (1988), based on his biographical film, Satyajit Ray; and The Marketplace (1989), which was based on Mandi. In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival. Recent projects In 2008, his film Welcome to Sajjanpur, starring Shreyas Talpade and Amrita Rao, was released to a good response. Its music was composed by Shantanu Moitra, and it was produced by Chetan Motiwalla. Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen.", "Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen. The story revolves around the eponymous Chamki, a beautiful gypsy girl with a fiery temper and is written by Shama Zaidi. The music is by A. R. Rahman and lyrics are by Javed Akhtar. In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba.", "In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba. One of Benegal's future projects is a film based on the life of Noor Inayat Khan, daughter of Inayat Khan and descendant of Tipu Sultan, who served as a British spy during World War II. Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014.", "Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014. Along with Benegal, Tom Alter, Dalip Tahil, Sachin Khedekar, Divya Dutta, Rajendra Gupta, K K Raina, and Ila Arun were seen at the press conference for the TV series. Government of Bangladesh has confirmed Benegal would direct the biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The film will be released presumably by 2021.", "The film will be released presumably by 2021. The film will be released presumably by 2021. Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia.", "Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia. Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt.", "Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt. Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt.", "Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt. \"Honoris Causa\" of ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.) Bibliography Benegal on Ray: Satyajit Ray, a Film, by Shyam Benegal, Alaknanda Datta, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1988. . Shyam Benegal's the Churning (Manthan): Screenplay, by, Vijay Tendulkar, Shyam Benegal, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1984. . References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta.", "References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta. 2003, British Film Institute. . Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. .", "Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. . . BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021.", "BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021. External links Shyam Benegal's Retrospective Abu Dhabi Sept27-30,2012 by Indian Film Society of UAE 'Shyam Benegal: A Life in Pictures' interview at BAFTA Shyam Benegal on Upperstall Awards & recognition for Shyam Benegal's films Osmania University alumni 20th-century Indian film directors Indian male screenwriters Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Indian documentary filmmakers Filmfare Awards winners Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Film directors from Hyderabad, India 1934 births Living people Best Director National Film Award winners 21st-century Indian film directors Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)", "Did it get any awards?", "won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film.", "what was the film about?", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state,", "Were there any other films he released?", "), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977)." ]

[ "The DRDO Nishant is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by India's Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a branch of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Armed Forces. The Nishant UAV is primarily tasked with intelligence gathering over enemy territory and also for reconnaissance, training, surveillance, target designation, artillery fire correction, damage assessment, ELINT and SIGINT. The UAV has an endurance of four hours and thirty minutes. Nishant has completed development phase and user trials.\n\nThe 380 kg (840 lb) Nishant UAV requires rail-launching from a hydro-pneumatic launcher and is able to be recovered by a parachute system. Launches at a velocity of 45 m/s are carried out in 0.6 second with 100 kW power and subsequent launches can be carried out in intervals of 20 minutes. The Mobile Hydro-Pneumatic Launcher (MHPL) system mounted on a Tatra truck weighs 14,000 kg (31,000 lb) and boasts of a life cycle of 1000 launches before requiring overhaul. Nishant is one of the few UAVs in the world in its weight-class capable of being catapult-launched and recovered by using parachute, thus eliminating the need for a runway as in case of conventional take-off and landing with wheels.\n\nDevelopment\nTo meet the Army's operational requirement of a RPV (remotely piloted vehicle), it was decided in September 1988 that DRDO would undertake the indigenous development of the UAV. The General Staff Qualitative Requirement (GSQR) was finalised by the Army in May 1990. The Nishant RPV made its first test flight in 1995. In July 1999, for the first time the Indian army deployed its new Nishant UAV system in the fight against guerilla forces backed by Pakistan in Kashmir Valkey. Nishant, which had been developed for battlefield surveillance and reconnaissance needs of the Indian Army, was test flown again in early 2002. The indigenous Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) Nishant developed by ADE, DRDO had completed its 100th flight by June 15, 2002. The Indian Army has placed an order for 12 Nishant UAVs along with ground support systems. Nishant Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by DRDO for Indian Army was successfully flight tested near Kolar on 20 June 2008. Nishant has completed development phase and user trials. The present flight tests are pre confirmatory trials before induction into services.\n\nTest flight with Wankel engine\nOn Sunday, 5 April 2009 DRDO launched a test flight of the Nishant UAV. The main goal was to test the performance of the Wankel engine used on the UAV. An abandoned World War II runway at a village near Kolar played host to the first ever flight of this indigenous rotary engine-powered UAV. The flight took off on early Sunday morning and climbed to an altitude of before cruising for a duration of 35 minutes. The air vehicle was recovered safely at the intended place at a dried-up lake, after a total flight duration of 40 min. The engine, a Wankel rotary type, was jointly designed and developed by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) and Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE). The provisional flight clearance for the first indigenous prototype engine was given by the certifying agency, the Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification. The engine was cleared for flight after rigorous ground endurance test runs. The Wankel engine weighs about 30 kg (70 lb), and this engine type is known for its high power-to-weight ratio in a single rotor category.\n\nDRDO was satisfied with the test results. The performance of the engine during the flight met the requirements of the first flight of an engine in the air vehicle. This 55 hp indigenous engine is expected to replace the present imported engine of Nishant. The critical core engine, including the special cylinder composite nickel–silicon carbide coating and special aluminium alloy castings, was designed and developed by NAL. VRDE developed engine peripherals such as the ignition and fuel systems and ADE developed flight testing. The reconnaissance UAV, which has completed its user trials with the Indian Army, is expected to be handed over to the army shortly.\n\nNishant UAV again underwent crucial confirmatory user trials at Pokhran in April 2010. The trials began April 20 and were supposed to last for one week. A senior Army official at Pokhran said the trials are moving forward in a very satisfactory manner. “We are checking three crucial parameters: video quality, tracking ability and fall of gunshot [missed distance after firing]. These input performances are critical to our operations in the forward areas,” the official said. DRDO has delivered the first four UAVs to the Indian Army at a cost of 800 million ($17.9 million).\n\nAccording to The Times Of India, two UAVs crash-landed in Jaisalmer district near the India-Pakistan border due to change in wind direction on April 28 and April 30. Confirming the news, a DRDO official said, \"The user trials were going on and during the flight there were some technical snags owing to which the craft was landed using parachutes.\" He said, \"But the landing was done safely and no one was hurt in the process. Though before our officials could reach to get the craft back, villagers damaged the aircraft and took away some equipment.\"\n\nOn 3 February 2011 Nishant UAV successfully completed confirmatory trials conducted by the Indian Army at Pokhran, Rajasthan\n\nA wheeled version of the Nishant UAV, named panchi, is under taxi trail as of September 2014, will be flight tested soon. UAV is capable of operating from semi-prepared runway, thereby reducing the turnaround time between missions, which is major advantage over the current catapult launched Nishant\n\nFeatures\n Day/night capability training vehicle\n Battlefield reconnaissance & surveillance,\n Target tracking and localization\n Artillery fire correction\n All terrain mobility\n Target designation (using integral laser target designator)\n Endurance: 4 h 30 min\n\nVariants\n Nishant catapult\n Panchi (Nishant Wheeled version)\n\nGround support systems\n\nGround control station (GCS)\nAntenna vehicle/Ground Data Terminal (GDT)\nAvionics preparation vehicle (APV)\nMechanical maintenance vehicle\nUAV transportation vehicle\nPower supply vehicle\n\nLaunch & recovery\n Launch: Mobile hydropneumatic launcher (MHPL) system\n Recovery: Parachute + landing bags\n\nFormer operators\n\n Indian Army – 4 (all lost)\n\nSpecifications\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nUnmanned military aircraft of India\nSingle-engined pusher aircraft\nTwin-boom aircraft\nNishant", "Lagna Pahave Karun () is a 2013 Indian Marathi-language romantic comedy film directed by Ajay Naik, and produced by Kiran Deshpande and Mohan Damle under the banners of Solariz International and Sprints Arts Creations respectively.\n\nThe film stars Umesh Kamat and Mukta Barve; it is the third collaboration between Kamat and Barve after Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta (2012) and also features Tejashri Pradhan and Siddharth Chandekar. The film follows Aditi Tilak (Barve) and Nishant Barve (Kamat) who set up their own matrimonial agency based on modern principles rather than horoscopes.\n\nThe soundtrack and background score were composed by Ajay Naik while the cinematography, art direction, and editing were handled by Abhijeet Abde, Padmanabh Damle and Suchitra Sathe respectively. The film was released on 4 October 2013.\n\nPlot \nNishant Barve is an Indian software designer who works and stays in America. During his return to India, he loses his job in the US. He decides to meet and inform his fiancée, Madhura Godbole. When Nishant is going to meet his fiancée he accidentally meets Aditi Tilak, a girl who plans to have her own matrimonial agency. Learning that his fiancée is more interested in the American lifestyle than him, Nishant breaks up with her.\n\nOnce again Nishant accidentally meets Aditi and she shares her dream to have her own matrimonial agency with him. Nishant applies for another job in the United States but is more interested in Aditi's proposal of a matrimonial agency, so he decides not to go to the interview. Praful Patel and his girlfriend decide to assist Aditi in her proposal. Nishant and Aditi, along with their associates, plan innovative ideas on getting people married. They decide not to check the horoscopes of the couple. Thus they start their matrimonial agency, \"Shubhvivaah\".\n\nRahul Kulkarni and Aanandi meet each other through Shubhvivaah and decide to get married. Soon people are attracted by this new way of getting married. On the wedding day of Rahul and Aanandi Nalini Dixit, a renowned astrologer and owner of a successful marriage bureau in Pune declares that their horoscopes don't match and the marriage won't last for more than six months. However, Nishant and Aditi are not affected by this and meanwhile fall in love with each other.\n\nNishant proposes to Aditi and tells her that he rejected his job and a luxurious life in the USA just for her incomplete proposal of matrimonial agency as he loves her. Aditi tells Nishant that no one has ever loved her as he does but she has not thought over it. On the other hand, Rahul and Aanandi start facing problems in their married life because of Aanandi's rigid nature. Aditi and Nishant keep suggesting to Rahul ways to keep Aanandi happy but in vain. One day, Rahul and Aanandi have a bad fight, after which Rahul meets with an accident.\n\nAditi, out of guilt for the failure of Aanandi and Rahul's marriage, stops her marriage institution. An enraged Nishant tells Aditi that she is wrong in her decision and shows his disappointment and disagreement with her decision and decides to leave for America. Meanwhile, Aanandi realizes her mistake and reconciles with Rahul. Nishant learns about Aditi's past. Aditi had lost her parents and twice her prospective grooms died. People blamed Aditi's destiny for this and no one dared to marry her or keep any kind of relation with her.\n\nNishant then understands why Aditi is always scared and insecure and how she did not respond to his marriage proposal, as she loves him and does not want him to get harmed due to her. Nishant meets Aditi and tells her that its high time she needs to move on and get married, if not with him then with someone else, and settle down. The film ends with Nishant and Aditi sharing a hug (indicating that Aditi has accepted Nishant's marriage proposal) and going somewhere hand in hand.\n\nCast \nMukta Barve as Aditi Tilak, owner of the matrimonial agency \"Shubhvivaah\"\nUmesh Kamat as Nishant Barve, Aditi's love interest and partner in ownership of \"Shubhvivaah\"\nSiddharth Chandekar as Rahul Kulkarni, he gets married with Aanadi through Shubhvivaah\nTejashri Pradhan as Aanandi Rahul Kulkarni, Rahul's wife\nSwati Chitnis as Nalini \"Nallutai\" Dixit, an astrologer who is against Shubhvivaah\nJayant Sawarkar as Aditi's grandfather, he is an astrologer\nManasi Magikar as Nishant's mother\nSeema Chandekar as Rahul's mother\nUmesh Damle as Nishant's father\nShrikar Pitre as Praful Patel, Aditi and Nishant's assistant\nSayali Deodhar as Praful's girlfriend, Aditi and Nishant's assistant\nPriyanka Barve as Madhura Godbole, Nishant's ex-fiancé\nRahul Navel as Vitthhal, Aditi and Nishant's assistant\n\nProduction \nLagna Pahave Karun was produced by Kiran Deshpande and Mohan Damle under the banner of Solariz International and Sprints Arts Creations respectively. It was co-produced by Sanjeev Langarkande and Ashish Deshpande and written by Kshtij Patwardhan and Sameer Vidwans based on a story by Ajay Naik.\n\nThe film was shot at various locations in Pune and Alibaug.\n\nUmesh Kamat was the first to sign onto the film. Mukta Barve was chosen in as the female lead. Siddharth Chandekar and Tejashree Pradhan were later signed on for pivotal roles. Pradhan and Chandekar play Aanadi and Rahul, respectively. Swati Chitnis also played a vital role in the film.\n\nReception \nDaily News and Analysis wrote about the film \"Clever writing, well-etched out characters, witty dialogue and brilliant performances make this film a fun watch\". Indian Nerve stated that \"Lagna Pahave Karun is the story of enduring and making things work without faltering\". The film received 3.5 stars from Marathistars.com. Rajshri Marathi also wrote good reviews about the film.\n\nSoundtrack \n\nThe music for Lagna Pahave Karun is composed by Ajay Naik. Ajay Naik has also composed the original background score. The lyrics are penned by Ambarish Deshpande, Ajay Naik, Vaibhav Joshi, Kshitij Patwardhan. The soundtrack which included seven songs was released on 28 August 2013 by Everest Entertainment.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n on Hotstar\n\nIndian films\n2013 films\nMarathi-language films\nIndian romantic musical films\n2010s musical comedy-drama films\n2010s romantic musical films\n2013 romantic comedy-drama films\nIndian romantic comedy-drama films\n2010s Marathi-language films\n2013 comedy films\n2013 drama films" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal (born 14 December 1934) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as the pioneer of parallel cinema, He is widely considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He has received several accolades, including eighteen National Film Awards, a Filmfare Award and a Nandi Award. In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema.", "In 2005, he was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in the field of cinema. In 1976, he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour of the country, and in 1991, he was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third-highes civilian honour for his contributions in the field of arts. Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography.", "Benegal was born in Hyderabad to Sridhar B. Benegal who was prominent in the field of photography. Starting his career as a copywriter, he made his first Documentary film in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period.", "Benegal's first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) made him a pioneer of the new wave film movement of that period. Benegal's films, Mammo (1994), along with Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001) all of which won National Film Awards for Best Feature Film, form the Muslim women Trilogy. Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times.", "Benegal has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1976, the Padma Bhushan in 1991, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2005 and the V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. Early life and education Shyam Benegal was born on 14 December 1934 in Hyderabad, as Shyam Sunder Benegal. When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal.", "When he was twelve years old, he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal. He received an M.A. in Economics from Osmania University, Hyderabad. There he formed the Hyderabad Film Society. Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins.", "Family Film director and actor Guru Dutt's maternal grandmother and Shyam's paternal grandmother were sisters, thus making Dutt and Shyam second cousins. Career Early career In 1959, he started working as a copywriter at a Mumbai-based advertising agency, Lintas Advertising, where he steadily rose to become a creative head. Meanwhile, Benegal made his first documentary in Gujarati, Gher Betha Ganga (Ganges at the Doorstep) in 1962. His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script.", "His first feature film had to wait another decade while he worked on the script. In 1963 he had a brief stint with another advertising agency called ASP (Advertising, Sales and Promotion). During his advertising years, he directed over 900 sponsored documentaries and advertising films. Between 1966 and 1973, Shyam taught at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, and twice served as the institute's chairman: 1980–83 and 1989–92. By this time he had already started making documentaries.", "By this time he had already started making documentaries. By this time he had already started making documentaries. One of his early documentaries A Child of the Streets (1967), garnered him wide acclaim. In all, he has made over 70 documentary and short films. He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV.", "He was awarded the Homi J. Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) which allowed him to work at the Children's Television Workshop, New York, and later at Boston's WGBH-TV. Feature films After returning to Mumbai, he received independent financing and Ankur (The Seedling) was finally made in 1973. It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame.", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state, Telangana, and Benegal instantly shot to fame. The film introduced actors Shabana Azmi and Anant Nag and Benegal won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film. Shabana won the National Film Award for Best Actress. The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977).", "The success that New India Cinema enjoyed in the 1970s and early 1980s could largely be attributed to Shyam Benegal's quartet: Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977). Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri.", "Benegal used a variety of new actors, mainly from the FTII and NSD, such as Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, Smita Patil, Shabana Azmi, Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Amrish Puri. In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help.", "In Benegal's next film, Nishant (Night's End) (1975), a teacher's wife is abducted and gang-raped by four zamindars; officialdom turns a deaf ear to the distraught husband's pleas for help. Manthan (The Churning) (1976) is a film on rural empowerment and is set against the backdrop of Gujarat's fledgling dairy industry. For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers.", "For the first time, over five lakh (half a million) rural farmers in Gujarat contributed 2 each and thus became the film's producers. Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office.", "Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see \"their\" film, making it a success at the box office. After this trilogy on rural oppression, Benegal made a biopic Bhumika (The Role) (1977), broadly based on the life of well-known Marathi stage and film actress of the 1940s, Hansa Wadkar (played by Smita Patil), who led a flamboyant and unconventional life. The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men.", "The main character sets out on an individual search for identity and self-fulfilment, while also grappling with exploitation by men. In the early 1970s, Shyam made 21 film modules for Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), sponsored by UNICEF. This allowed him to interact with children of SITE and many folk artists. Eventually he used many of these children in his feature length rendition of the classic folk tale Charandas Chor (Charandas the Thief) in 1975. He made it for the Children's Film Society, India.", "He made it for the Children's Film Society, India. To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom.", "To quote film critic Derek Malcolm: what Benegal has done is to paint a magnificent visual recreation of those extraordinary days and one that is also sensitive to the agonies and predicament of a talented woman whose need for security was only matched by her insistence on freedom. The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives).", "The 1980s Unlike most New Cinema filmmakers, Benegal has had private backers for many of his films and institutional backing for a few, including Manthan ( Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation ) and Susman (1987) (Handloom Co-operatives). However, his films did not have proper releases.", "However, his films did not have proper releases. However, his films did not have proper releases. He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India.", "He turned to TV where he directed serials such as Yatra (1986), for the Indian Railways, and one of the biggest projects undertaken on Indian television, the 53-episode television serial Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) based on Jawaharlal Nehru's book, Discovery of India. This gave him an added advantage, as he managed to survive the collapse of the New Cinema movement in the late 1980s due to paucity of funding, with which were lost many neo-realist filmmakers. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades.", "Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. Benegal continued making films throughout the next two decades. He also served as the Director of the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) from 1980 to 1986. Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981).", "Following the success of these four films, Benegal was backed by star Shashi Kapoor, for whom he made Junoon (1978) and Kalyug (1981). The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively.", "The former was an interracial love story set amidst the turbulent period of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, while the latter was based on the Mahabharata and was not a big hit, although both won Filmfare Best Movie Awards in 1980 and 1982, respectively. Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil.", "Benegal's next film Mandi (1983), was a satirical comedy about politics and prostitution, starring Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. Later, working from his own story, based on the last days of Portuguese in Goa, in the early 1960s, Shyam explored human relationships in Trikal (1985). Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression.", "Soon, Shyam Benegal stepped beyond traditional narrative films and took to biographical material to achieve greater freedom of expression. His first venture in this genre was with a documentary film based on Satyajit Ray's life, Satyajit Ray, in 1985. This was followed by works such as Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa, which was written by filmmaker and critic Khalid Mohamed. In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1985 he was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. The 1990s and beyond The 1990s saw Shyam Benegal making a trilogy on Indian Muslim women, starting with Mammo (1994), Sardari Begum (1996) and Zubeidaa (2001). With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman.", "With Zubeidaa, he entered mainstream Bollywood, as it starred top Bollywood star Karishma Kapoor and boasted music by A. R. Rahman. In 1992, he made Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (Seventh Horse of the Sun), based on a novel by Dharmavir Bharati, which won the 1993 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma.", "In 1996 he made another film based on the book The Making of the Mahatma, based on Fatima Meer's, The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma. This turn to biographical material resulted in Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, his 2005 English language film. He criticised the Indian caste system in Samar (1999), which went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Benegal is the current president of the Federation of Film Societies of India. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films.", "He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He owns a production company called Sahyadri Films. He has authored three books based on his own films: The Churning with Vijay Tendulkar (1984), based on Manthan; Satyajit Ray (1988), based on his biographical film, Satyajit Ray; and The Marketplace (1989), which was based on Mandi. In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 2009 he was a member of the jury at the 31st Moscow International Film Festival. Recent projects In 2008, his film Welcome to Sajjanpur, starring Shreyas Talpade and Amrita Rao, was released to a good response. Its music was composed by Shantanu Moitra, and it was produced by Chetan Motiwalla. Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen.", "Shyam Benegal is slated to direct an epic musical, Chamki Chameli, inspired by Georges Bizet's classic Spanish opera Carmen. The story revolves around the eponymous Chamki, a beautiful gypsy girl with a fiery temper and is written by Shama Zaidi. The music is by A. R. Rahman and lyrics are by Javed Akhtar. In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba.", "In March 2010, Benegal released the political satire Well Done Abba. One of Benegal's future projects is a film based on the life of Noor Inayat Khan, daughter of Inayat Khan and descendant of Tipu Sultan, who served as a British spy during World War II. Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014.", "Benegal made a comeback on the small screen with Samvidhaan, a 10-part mini-series revolving around the making of the Indian Constitution, to be aired on Rajya Sabha TV from 2 March 2014. Along with Benegal, Tom Alter, Dalip Tahil, Sachin Khedekar, Divya Dutta, Rajendra Gupta, K K Raina, and Ila Arun were seen at the press conference for the TV series. Government of Bangladesh has confirmed Benegal would direct the biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The film will be released presumably by 2021.", "The film will be released presumably by 2021. The film will be released presumably by 2021. Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia.", "Personal life Shyam Benegal is married to Nira Benegal and has a daughter, Pia. Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt.", "Filmography Awards and nominations Non Feature Films 1984 Best Historical Reconstruction for Nehru 1985 Best Biographical Film for Satyajit Ray Feature Films 1986 Best Director for Trikal 1993 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda 1995 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Mammo 1996 Best Feature Film in English for The Making of the Mahatma 1997 Best Feature Film in Urdu for Sardari Begum 1999 Best Feature Film for Samar 1999 Best Feature Film on Family Welfare for Hari-Bhari 2001 Best Feature Film in Hindi for Zubeidaa 2005 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero Best Film on Other Social Issues for Well Done Abba Filmfare Awards 1980 Best Director for Junoon Cannes Film Festival 1976: Golden Palm: Nishant: Nominated Berlin International Film Festival 1974 Golden Berlin Bear for Ankur: Nominated Moscow International Film Festival 1981 Golden Prize: Kalyug 1997 Golden St. George: Sardari Begum: Nominated All Lights India International Film Festival 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Nandi Awards B. N. Reddy National Award for contribution to Indian Cinema Honours 1970 Homi Bhabha Fellowship (1970–72) 1976 Padma Shri 1989 Sovietland Nehru Award 1991 Padma Bhushan 2012 D. Litt. Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt.", "Honoris Causa of the University of Calcutta 2013 ANR National Award 2016 D. Litt. \"Honoris Causa\" of ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.) Bibliography Benegal on Ray: Satyajit Ray, a Film, by Shyam Benegal, Alaknanda Datta, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1988. . Shyam Benegal's the Churning (Manthan): Screenplay, by, Vijay Tendulkar, Shyam Benegal, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1984. . References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta.", "References Further reading Shyam Benegal (BFI World Directors) - Sangeeta Datta. 2003, British Film Institute. . Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. .", "Bollywood Babylon: Interviews with Shyam Benegal, William van der Heide. 2006, Berg Publishers. . . BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021.", "BBC's Tom Brook interviews Shyam Benegal on 25 August 2006 Girish Karnad interviews Shyam Benegal, National Film Theatre, 2002 Sen, Meheli (2011) \"Vernacular Modernities and Fitful Globalities in Shyam Benegal's Cinematic Provinces\" on manycinemas.org 1, 8-22, Online, pdf-version New Indian Cinema in Post-Independence India; The Cultural Work of Shyam Benegal’s Films, By Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, 2013 Shyam Benegal, Philosopher and Filmmaker, By Samir Chopra, 2021. External links Shyam Benegal's Retrospective Abu Dhabi Sept27-30,2012 by Indian Film Society of UAE 'Shyam Benegal: A Life in Pictures' interview at BAFTA Shyam Benegal on Upperstall Awards & recognition for Shyam Benegal's films Osmania University alumni 20th-century Indian film directors Indian male screenwriters Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Indian documentary filmmakers Filmfare Awards winners Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Film directors from Hyderabad, India 1934 births Living people Best Director National Film Award winners 21st-century Indian film directors Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing" ]

[ "Critique of Religious Thought () is a book by the Syrian philosopher and thinker, Sadiq Jalal Al-Azm. It was published in its first edition in 1969 by Dar Al-Tali`a in Beirut, and then it was republished in dozens of editions. Upon its publication, the book caused (and still now) a sensation in the Arab and Islamic worlds. Because of it, Al-Azm was subjected to trial and legal prosecutions in Beirut at the time. This was done under the pretext of \"stirring up sectarian, sectarian and racist strife\" and \"inciting conflict between the various sects of the nation or contempt of religions.\n\nAt the end of the second edition of his book, Al-Azm attached documents about his trial in Lebanon, including the indictment, the interrogation, and the court’s decision that dropped the charges brought against him, because what he wrote: “not a crime, but falls within the framework of freedom of thought, opinion and expression,” and includes “scientific research.” and includes scientific and philosophical criticism.\n\nTrial \nAl-Azm complied with the court’s decision on December 19, 1969, under the pretext of “disdain for both the Christian and Islamic religions” in his book, denying that what he wrote was directed at religious beliefs, as much as religious thought was concerned with reason and not belief.\n\nAl-Azm was released a week later, and he was tried on the 27th of the same month, and the ruling was issued dismissing the case on July 7, 1970 AD.\n\nAnd soon the case against Al-Azm was closed, at that time the Lebanese Minister of Interior, Kamal Jumblatt.\n\nReferences \n\n1969 books\nPhilosophy books\nArabic-language books", "The Kirkjuból witch trial was a witch trial that took place in Kirkjuból in 1656, in what is today Ísafjörður, in Iceland. It is the most famous witch trial in Iceland.\n\nWitch trial\nThe plaintiff in the trial was pastor Jón Magnússon (author), who had been suffering poor health since 1654. He contended that his illness, as well as what he described as demonic disturbances in his household and in the surrounding district, were brought on by sorcery practiced by two members of his own congregation, who also sang in the choir, a father and son both named Jón Jónsson. The elder Jón confessed to owning a book about magic and that he had used it against Jón Magnússon. The son also confessed to having made the pastor ill and of having used magical signs and farting runes (Fretrúnir) against a girl. The curse of farting was intended to be relentless; to not only humiliate the victim, but also to bring about chronic abdominal discomfort and weakness.\n\nBoth father and son were found guilty of sorcery and were executed by burning at the stake. After they were executed, the priest was awarded all their material holdings. Claiming that the disturbances and sicknesses did not cease, he then accused a Thuridur (Þuríður) Jónsdóttir, the daughter/sister of the Jónssons, of witchcraft. The case was brought to Þingvellir, was dismissed and the woman let free. She later countersued for wrongful persecution and was vindicated. She was awarded the pastor's belongings as compensation. In Iceland, magic was often practiced and not necessarily associated with the Devil, but the religious and secular authorities, influenced directly or indirectly by Denmark and Germany, had a different view on the subject.\n\nIn fiction \nThe witch trial inspired a film by Hrafn Gunnlaugsson in 2000 called \"Myrkrahöfðinginn\", or \"The Prince of Darkness\". The film's storyline departs markedly from the original court records and the account written by Jón Magnússon in the 17th century, which is known by the title Píslarsaga Síra Jóns Magnússonar, or Story of Sufferings of Jón Magnússon.\n\nReferences \n\nhttp://www.newliving.com/issues/may_2004/articles/mystical%20iceland.html \nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080331183727/http://www.vestfirdir.is/galdrasyning/executed.php\nJan Guillou, Häxornas försvarare, Piratförlaget 2002 ()\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080327073140/http://www.vestfirdir.is/galdrasyning/famous_cases.php\nZarrillo, Dominick The Icelandic Witch Craze of the Seventeenth Century. In Academia.edu., from 2018 https://www.academia.edu/36665790/The_Icelandic_Witch_Craze_of_the_Seventeenth_Century\n\n17th century in Iceland\nWitch trials in Iceland\n1656 in law\n1656 in Europe" ]

[ "I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby (first name generally given as Irv, Irve or Irving; born August 22, 1950) is an American lawyer, and former chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney. From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush.", "From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush. In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson.", "In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson. He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair.", "He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair. After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact.", "After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact. As a consequence of his conviction in United States v. Libby, Libby's license to practice law was suspended until being reinstated in 2016. President Donald Trump fully pardoned Libby on April 13, 2018. Personal history Background and education Libby was born to an affluent Jewish family in New Haven, Connecticut. His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker.", "His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker. His father changed his family original surname from Leibovitz to Libby. Libby graduated from the Eaglebrook School, in Deerfield, Massachusetts, a junior boarding school, in 1965. The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968.", "The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968. He and his elder brother, Hank, a retired tax lawyer, were the first in the family to graduate from college. Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972.", "Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972. As Yale Daily News reporter Jack Mirkinson observes, \"Even though he would eventually become a prominent Republican, Libby's political beginnings would not have pointed in that direction. He served as vice president of the Yale College Democrats and later campaigned for Michael Dukakis when he was running for governor of Massachusetts.\" According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors.", "According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors. One of these was a creative writing course, which started Libby on a 20-year mission to complete a novel ... [later published as] The Apprentice ... [and] a political science class with professor and future Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz. In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\"", "In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\" Wolfowitz became a significant mentor in his later professional life. In 1975, as a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar, Libby received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Columbia Law School.", "degree from Columbia Law School. degree from Columbia Law School. Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner.", "Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner. Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia.", "Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia. Name Libby has been secretive about his full name. He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\".", "He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\". National Public Radio's Day to Day reported that the 1972 Yale Banner (the yearbook of Yale) gave his name as Irve Lewis Libby Jr.; it is unclear if Irve is his given name, or if it is short for Irving, as it was for his father. CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name.", "CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name. The Timess Eric Schmitt spelled it Irv, though he cited a phone interview with Libby's brother, and did not clarify if he had asked for a spelling. At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name.", "At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name. At other times, however, as listed in his federal indictment and United States v. Libby, which give his alias as Scooter Libby, there is no Jr. after Libby's name. The Columbia Alumni Association online directory lists him as I. Lewis Libby, with a first name of \"I.\" and birth first name of \"Irve\".", "and birth first name of \"Irve\". and birth first name of \"Irve\". Libby has also been secretive about the origin of his nickname Scooter. The New York Timess Eric Schmitt, citing the aforementioned interview with Libby's brother, wrote that \"His nickname 'Scooter' derives from the day [his] father watched him crawling in his crib and joked, 'He's a Scooter! In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from?", "In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from? \"; Libby replied: \"Oh, it goes way back to when I was a kid. Some people ask me if ... [crosstalk] ... as you did earlier, if it's related to Phil Rizzuto [nicknamed 'The Scooter']. I had the range but not the arm.\"", "I had the range but not the arm.\" I had the range but not the arm.\" The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002.", "The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002. After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint).", "After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint). An allegorical meditation on the legitimacy of concealed knowledge, The Apprentice has been described as \"a thriller ... that includes references to bestiality, pedophilia and rape.\" Law career After earning his J.D. from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP.", "from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP. He was admitted to the bar of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on October 27, 1976, and to the Bar of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals on May 19, 1978. Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981.", "Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981. In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993.", "In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993. In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group.", "In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group. His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case.", "His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case. In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment.", "Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment. Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\".", "Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\". According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in.", "According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in. According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case.", "According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case. They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon.", "They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon. When former President Clinton stated that they 'reviewed and advocated' 'the case for the pardons,' he suggested that they were somehow involved in arguing that Rich and Green should receive pardons. This was completely untrue\".", "This was completely untrue\". This was completely untrue\". (p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees.", "(p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees. The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal.", "The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal. Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal.", "Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal. On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\".", "On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\". On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby.", "On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby. As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania.", "As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania. Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff.", "Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff. From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.", "From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. In 1985 he received the Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service from the United States Department of Defense, and he resigned from government to enter private legal practice at Dickstein, Shapiro, and Morin. In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department.", "In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department. During the George H. W. Bush administration, Libby was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as deputy under secretary of defense for policy, serving from 1992 to 1993. In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China.", "In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Libby co-authored the draft of the Defense Planning Guidance for the 1994–99 fiscal years (dated February 18, 1992) with Wolfowitz for Dick Cheney, who was then Secretary of Defense. In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert.", "In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert. Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld.", "Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld. While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997).", "While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997). He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\".", "He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\". After becoming Cheney's chief of staff in 2001, Libby was reportedly nicknamed \"Germ Boy\" at the White House, for insisting on universal smallpox vaccination. He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President.", "He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President. Mary Matalin, who worked with Libby as an adviser to Cheney during Bush's first term, said of him \"He is to the vice president what the vice president is to the president.\" Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003).", "Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003). At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman.", "At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman. Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004.", "Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004. In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20).", "In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20). Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\"", "Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\" His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007.", "His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007. However, he has served as Senior Vice President of the Hudson Institute at least since 2010. Libby also serves as a member of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a group that encourages and advocates changes to government policy to strengthen national biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement.", "In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Headed by former Senator Joe Lieberman and former Governor Tom Ridge, the Study Panel assembled in Washington D.C. for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event.", "The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the Vice President authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.", "These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues. Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so.", "Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so. In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her.", "In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her. Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver.", "Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver. After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court.", "After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court. Months later, however, her new attorney, Robert Bennett, told her that she already had possessed a written, voluntary waiver from Libby all along. After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\"", "After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\" He attached the following letter, which, when released publicly, became the subject of further speculation about Libby's possible motives in sending it: As noted above, my lawyer confirmed my waiver to other reporters in just the way he did with your lawyer. Why?", "Why? Why? Because as I am sure will not be news to you, the public report of every other reporter's testimony makes clear that they did not discuss Ms. Plame's name or identity with me, or knew about her before our call. After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005.", "After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published. In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA.", "In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA. In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA.", "In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA. ... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name.", "... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name. Nor do they show that he described Valerie Wilson as a covert agent or \"operative\"... Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively.", "Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively. While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places.", "While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places. It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses.", "It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses. On one page of my interview notes, for example, I wrote the name \"Valerie Flame.\" Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ...", "Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ... I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him.", "I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him. A year and a half later, a jury convicted Libby of obstruction of justice and perjury in his grand jury testimony and making false statements to federal investigators about when and how he learned that Plame was a CIA agent. On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump.", "On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump. Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury.", "Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury. Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information.", "Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information. The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact.", "The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact. The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity.", "The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity. Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury.", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury. They acquitted him on count three, the second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper. Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him. Wells had successfully defended former Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy against a 30-count indictment and had also participated in the successful defense of former Secretary of Labor Raymond Donovan. After Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss, the press initially reported that Libby would testify at the trial. Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007.", "Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007. A parade of Pulitzer Prize–winning journalists testified, including Bob Woodward, Walter Pincus and Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post and Judith Miller and David E. Sanger of The New York Times. Despite earlier press reports and widespread speculation, neither Libby nor Vice President Cheney testified. The jury began deliberations on February 21, 2007. Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007.", "Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007. It convicted Libby on four of the five counts against him: two counts of perjury, one count of obstruction of justice in a grand jury investigation, and one of the two counts of making false statements to federal investigators. After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction.", "After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction. Libby did not speak to reporters. Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial.", "Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial. Speaking to the media outside the courtroom after the verdict, Fitzgerald said that \"The jury worked very long and hard and deliberated at length ... [and] was obviously convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had lied and obstructed justice in a serious manner ... I do not expect to file any further charges.\"", "I do not expect to file any further charges.\" The trial confirmed that the leak came first from then-Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage; since Fitzgerald did not charge Armitage and did not charge anyone else, Libby's conviction effectively ended the investigation. In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law.", "In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law. During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court.", "During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court. Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\"", "Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\" In practice, according to federal sentencing data, three-fourths of the 198 defendants found guilty of obstruction of justice in 2006 served jail time. The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months.", "The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months. On June 5, 2007, Judge Walton sentenced Libby to 30 months in prison and fined him $250,000, clarifying that Libby would begin his sentence immediately. According to Apuzzo and Yost, the judge also \"placed him on two years probation after his prison sentence expires. There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\"", "There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\" In addition, Judge Walton required Libby to provide \"400 hours of community service\" during his supervised release. On June 5, 2007, after the announcement of Libby's sentencing, CNN reported that Libby still \"plans to appeal the verdict\". That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website.", "That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website. The statement concluded: \"Speaking as friends, we hope that our system will return a final result consistent with what we know of this fine man.\" Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\"", "Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\" Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction.", "Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction. Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling.", "Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling. In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case.", "In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case. He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\"", "He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\" The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal.", "The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal. His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ...", "His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ... It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant.", "It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant. The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse.", "The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse. The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\"", "The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\" Moreover, when the hearing started, \"in the interest of full disclosure,\" Walton informed the court that he had \"received a number of harassing, angry and mean-spirited phone calls and messages. Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ...", "Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ... I initially threw them away, but then there were more, some that were more hateful ... [T]hey are being kept.\" New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move.", "New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move. It also sharpens interest in a question being asked by Mr. Libby's supporters and critics alike: Will President Bush pardon Mr. Libby? ...", "... ... So far, the president has expressed sympathy for Mr. Libby and his family but has not tipped his hand on the pardon issue. ... If the president does not pardon him, and if an appeals court refuses to second-guess Judge Walton's decision, Mr. Libby will probably be ordered to report to prison in six to eight weeks' time. Federal prison authorities will decide where. \"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said.", "\"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said. Failure of Libby's appeal in order to begin prison sentence On June 20, 2007, Libby appealed Walton's ruling in federal appeals court. The following day, Walton filed a 30-page expanded ruling, in which he explained his decision to deny Libby bail in more detail. On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.", "On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\"", "Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\" Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT).", "Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT). U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead.", "U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead. Surveying \"the pardon battle\" and citing both pro and con publications, The Washington Post online columnist Dan Froomkin concludes that many U.S. newspapers opposed a presidential pardon for Libby. Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon.", "Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon. In an op-ed published in The Washington Post, former federal prosecutor and conservative activist William Otis argued the sentence was too stringent and that, instead of pardoning Libby, Bush should commute his sentence. After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ...", "After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ... It wouldn't be appropriate for me to discuss the case until after the legal remedies have run its course.\" Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence.", "Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence. After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions.", "After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions. That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation.", "That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation. Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love.", "Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love. Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again.", "Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again. At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine.", "At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine. In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation.", "In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation. Libby paid the required fine of \"$250,400, which included a 'special assessment' of costs\" that same day. Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency.", "Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency. According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\"", "According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\" The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak.", "The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak. Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'.", "Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'. ... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ...", "... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ... It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said.", "It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said. The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation.", "The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation. Quoting Snow, Rowley added: The president is getting pounded on the right because he didn't do a full pardon.' If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently.", "If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently. Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves.", "Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves. The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007.", "The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007. Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point.", "Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point. ... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\"", "... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\" That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service.", "That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service. In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances.", "In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances. Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ...", "Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ... I don't owe this administration. They owe my wife and my family an apology for having betrayed her. Scooter Libby is a traitor. Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\"", "Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\" He reiterated this perspective on the commutation in the House Judiciary Committee hearing on July 11, 2007, vehemently protesting that a Republican congressman was engaging in \"yet a further smear of my wife's good name and my good name.\" According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case.", "According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case. Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it.", "Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it. He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive.", "He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive. ... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned.", "... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned. Two days after their term expired, former Vice President Cheney expressed his regret that Bush had not pardoned Libby on his last day in office. Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial.", "Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial. Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\"", "Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\" The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public.", "The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public. While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences.", "While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences. Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation.", "Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation. This was supported a month later by Armitage himself, who stated that Fitzgerald had instructed him not to go public with this information. Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ...", "Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ... The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\"", "The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\" In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\".", "In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\". In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate.", "In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate. The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status.", "The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status. Judge John D. Bates dismissed the Wilsons' lawsuit on jurisdictional grounds on July 19, 2007. The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day.", "The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day. Agreeing with the Bush administration, the Obama Justice Department argued that the Wilsons had no legitimate grounds to sue. Melanie Sloan, one of the Wilsons' attorneys, said: \"We are deeply disappointed that the Obama administration has failed to recognize the grievous harm top Bush White House officials inflicted on Joe and Valerie Wilson. The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\"", "The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\" On June 21, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal. Restoration of voting rights, law license, and presidential pardon Libby's voting rights were restored on November 1, 2012 by then-Governor of Virginia Bob McDonnell. Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders.", "Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders. Three years later, on November 3, 2016, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals granted Libby's petition for reinstatement to the D.C. Bar. On April 13, 2018, President Donald Trump pardoned Libby. In media portrayals David Andrews played Scooter Libby in the 2010 film Fair Game, which is about the Plame affair. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice.", "Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. See also List of disbarments in the United States Plame affair criminal investigation Project for the New American Century List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States Notes Citations References . United States Department of State, February 2005. Accessed July 8, 2007. Bromell, Nick. \"Scooter Libby and Me\". The American Scholar (Phi Beta Kappa) (Winter 2007).", "The American Scholar (Phi Beta Kappa) (Winter 2007). Accessed June 8, 2007. –––. \"Scooter's Tragic Innocence: Why My Friend Scooter Libby Is Loyal to Bush, Cheney and an Arrogant Administration Whose Values Are Not His Own\". Salon, January 24, 2007. Accessed June 8, 2007. (Premium content; restricted access). Dickerson, John. \"Who Is Scooter Libby? The Secretive Cheney Aide at the Heart of the CIA Leak Case\".", "The Secretive Cheney Aide at the Heart of the CIA Leak Case\". Slate, October 21, 2005. Accessed June 28, 2007. Frankel, Max. \"The Washington Back Channel\". The New York Times, March 25, 2007. Accessed March 23, 2008. Garfield, Bob. \"'Former New York Times Staffer Judith Miller'\". On the Media from NPR, National Public Radio, WCNY-FM, November 11, 2005. Accessed March 5, 2007. (Transcript and RealAudio link.)", "Accessed March 5, 2007. (Transcript and RealAudio link.) (Transcript and RealAudio link.) \"I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\". Right Web (International Relations Center). Last updated March 21, 2007. Accessed July 1, 2007. \"Indictment\" in United States of America vs. I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\". United States Department of Justice, October 28, 2005. Accessed July 5, 2007. Libby, Lewis. The Apprentice: A Novel. Rpt.", "Accessed July 5, 2007. Libby, Lewis. The Apprentice: A Novel. Rpt. Rpt. ed. 1996; New York: Griffin, 2005. (10). (13). Markels, Alex. \"Legal Affairs: I. Lewis Libby: The Plight of a Disciplined Risk-Taker\". National Public Radio, October 28, 2005. Accessed March 5, 2007. Merritt, Jeralyn, moderator. \"Verdict in the Libby Trial\". Transcript.", "Merritt, Jeralyn, moderator. \"Verdict in the Libby Trial\". Transcript. Transcript. The Washington Post (\"Live Online\" discussion), March 6, 2007, 2:00–3:00 p.m., ET. Accessed March 6, 2007. (Duration: one hour.) N.B. : \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions.", ": \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions. washingtonpost.com is not responsible for any content posted by third parties.\" in \"United States of America, v. I. Lewis Libby, Defendant\". Criminal No. 05-394 (RBW). United States District Court for the District of Columbia, filed January 10, 2007. Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".]", "Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] \"President Commutes Libby's Sentence: Calls 30-month Term for Ex-Cheney Aide 'excessive'\". Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. . White House biography from 2004. Accessed February 10, 2007. Waas, Murray. \"Cheney 'Authorized' Libby to Leak Classified Information\". National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007.", "National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. –––, ed., with Jeff Lomonaco. The United States v. I. Lewis Libby. New York: Union Square Press (imprint of Sterling Publishing), 2007. (10). (13). (\"Edited & with reporting by Murray Waas\" and with research assistance by Jeff Lomonaco.) Weisman, Steven. \"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\".", "\"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\". The New York Times, April 17, 2003. Accessed March 23, 2008. Wilson, Joseph C. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response to Bush Spokesman Tony Snow's Comments at Today's White House Briefing\". Online posting. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting.", "Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting. Online posting. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response ... \" and \"Read more\", Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust (Home page), n.d. Accessed July 8, 2007. (Concerning Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence.) –––. \"Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\" (now outdated URL). Press release. Originally posted online.", "Press release. Originally posted online. Originally posted online. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. Posted as \"CREW Statement on Libby Conviction: No Man Is Above the Law.\" Citizens ^Blogging for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (blog), March 6, 2007. Accessed April 18, 2007. Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\".", "Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\". Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust, March 6, 2007, home page. Accessed April 18, 2007. External links Background on the Plame Investigation at The Washington Post. CNN Special Reports: CIA Leak Investigation compiled by CNN Newsroom; incl. interactive timeline in Case History. \"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\".", "\"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\". Full audio clip and transcript provided by National Public Radio on npr.org, \"The Lewis Libby Case\". Archive of articles concerning Libby broadcast on National Public Radio. . United States v. I. Lewis Libby. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post.", "Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations 1950 births Jewish American attorneys Assistants to the President of the United States Chiefs of Staff to the Vice President of the United States Columbia Law School alumni Columbia University alumni Living people Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Pennsylvania Democrats Pennsylvania Republicans People associated with the Plame affair People from McLean, Virginia Lawyers from New Haven, Connecticut Lawyers from Philadelphia Phillips Academy alumni Reagan administration personnel Recipients of American presidential clemency Recipients of American presidential pardons Yale University alumni Hudson Institute Conservatism in the United States" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby (first name generally given as Irv, Irve or Irving; born August 22, 1950) is an American lawyer, and former chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney. From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush.", "From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush. In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson.", "In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson. He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair.", "He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair. After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact.", "After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact. As a consequence of his conviction in United States v. Libby, Libby's license to practice law was suspended until being reinstated in 2016. President Donald Trump fully pardoned Libby on April 13, 2018. Personal history Background and education Libby was born to an affluent Jewish family in New Haven, Connecticut. His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker.", "His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker. His father changed his family original surname from Leibovitz to Libby. Libby graduated from the Eaglebrook School, in Deerfield, Massachusetts, a junior boarding school, in 1965. The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968.", "The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968. He and his elder brother, Hank, a retired tax lawyer, were the first in the family to graduate from college. Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972.", "Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972. As Yale Daily News reporter Jack Mirkinson observes, \"Even though he would eventually become a prominent Republican, Libby's political beginnings would not have pointed in that direction. He served as vice president of the Yale College Democrats and later campaigned for Michael Dukakis when he was running for governor of Massachusetts.\" According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors.", "According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors. One of these was a creative writing course, which started Libby on a 20-year mission to complete a novel ... [later published as] The Apprentice ... [and] a political science class with professor and future Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz. In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\"", "In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\" Wolfowitz became a significant mentor in his later professional life. In 1975, as a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar, Libby received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Columbia Law School.", "degree from Columbia Law School. degree from Columbia Law School. Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner.", "Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner. Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia.", "Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia. Name Libby has been secretive about his full name. He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\".", "He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\". National Public Radio's Day to Day reported that the 1972 Yale Banner (the yearbook of Yale) gave his name as Irve Lewis Libby Jr.; it is unclear if Irve is his given name, or if it is short for Irving, as it was for his father. CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name.", "CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name. The Timess Eric Schmitt spelled it Irv, though he cited a phone interview with Libby's brother, and did not clarify if he had asked for a spelling. At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name.", "At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name. At other times, however, as listed in his federal indictment and United States v. Libby, which give his alias as Scooter Libby, there is no Jr. after Libby's name. The Columbia Alumni Association online directory lists him as I. Lewis Libby, with a first name of \"I.\" and birth first name of \"Irve\".", "and birth first name of \"Irve\". and birth first name of \"Irve\". Libby has also been secretive about the origin of his nickname Scooter. The New York Timess Eric Schmitt, citing the aforementioned interview with Libby's brother, wrote that \"His nickname 'Scooter' derives from the day [his] father watched him crawling in his crib and joked, 'He's a Scooter! In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from?", "In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from? \"; Libby replied: \"Oh, it goes way back to when I was a kid. Some people ask me if ... [crosstalk] ... as you did earlier, if it's related to Phil Rizzuto [nicknamed 'The Scooter']. I had the range but not the arm.\"", "I had the range but not the arm.\" I had the range but not the arm.\" The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002.", "The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002. After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint).", "After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint). An allegorical meditation on the legitimacy of concealed knowledge, The Apprentice has been described as \"a thriller ... that includes references to bestiality, pedophilia and rape.\" Law career After earning his J.D. from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP.", "from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP. He was admitted to the bar of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on October 27, 1976, and to the Bar of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals on May 19, 1978. Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981.", "Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981. In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993.", "In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993. In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group.", "In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group. His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case.", "His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case. In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment.", "Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment. Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\".", "Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\". According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in.", "According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in. According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case.", "According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case. They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon.", "They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon. When former President Clinton stated that they 'reviewed and advocated' 'the case for the pardons,' he suggested that they were somehow involved in arguing that Rich and Green should receive pardons. This was completely untrue\".", "This was completely untrue\". This was completely untrue\". (p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees.", "(p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees. The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal.", "The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal. Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal.", "Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal. On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\".", "On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\". On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby.", "On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby. As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania.", "As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania. Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff.", "Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff. From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.", "From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. In 1985 he received the Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service from the United States Department of Defense, and he resigned from government to enter private legal practice at Dickstein, Shapiro, and Morin. In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department.", "In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department. During the George H. W. Bush administration, Libby was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as deputy under secretary of defense for policy, serving from 1992 to 1993. In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China.", "In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Libby co-authored the draft of the Defense Planning Guidance for the 1994–99 fiscal years (dated February 18, 1992) with Wolfowitz for Dick Cheney, who was then Secretary of Defense. In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert.", "In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert. Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld.", "Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld. While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997).", "While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997). He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\".", "He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\". After becoming Cheney's chief of staff in 2001, Libby was reportedly nicknamed \"Germ Boy\" at the White House, for insisting on universal smallpox vaccination. He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President.", "He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President. Mary Matalin, who worked with Libby as an adviser to Cheney during Bush's first term, said of him \"He is to the vice president what the vice president is to the president.\" Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003).", "Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003). At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman.", "At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman. Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004.", "Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004. In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20).", "In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20). Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\"", "Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\" His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007.", "His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007. However, he has served as Senior Vice President of the Hudson Institute at least since 2010. Libby also serves as a member of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a group that encourages and advocates changes to government policy to strengthen national biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement.", "In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Headed by former Senator Joe Lieberman and former Governor Tom Ridge, the Study Panel assembled in Washington D.C. for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event.", "The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the Vice President authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.", "These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues. Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so.", "Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so. In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her.", "In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her. Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver.", "Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver. After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court.", "After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court. Months later, however, her new attorney, Robert Bennett, told her that she already had possessed a written, voluntary waiver from Libby all along. After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\"", "After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\" He attached the following letter, which, when released publicly, became the subject of further speculation about Libby's possible motives in sending it: As noted above, my lawyer confirmed my waiver to other reporters in just the way he did with your lawyer. Why?", "Why? Why? Because as I am sure will not be news to you, the public report of every other reporter's testimony makes clear that they did not discuss Ms. Plame's name or identity with me, or knew about her before our call. After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005.", "After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published. In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA.", "In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA. In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA.", "In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA. ... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name.", "... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name. Nor do they show that he described Valerie Wilson as a covert agent or \"operative\"... Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively.", "Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively. While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places.", "While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places. It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses.", "It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses. On one page of my interview notes, for example, I wrote the name \"Valerie Flame.\" Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ...", "Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ... I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him.", "I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him. A year and a half later, a jury convicted Libby of obstruction of justice and perjury in his grand jury testimony and making false statements to federal investigators about when and how he learned that Plame was a CIA agent. On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump.", "On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump. Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury.", "Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury. Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information.", "Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information. The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact.", "The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact. The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity.", "The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity. Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury.", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury. They acquitted him on count three, the second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper. Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him. Wells had successfully defended former Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy against a 30-count indictment and had also participated in the successful defense of former Secretary of Labor Raymond Donovan. After Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss, the press initially reported that Libby would testify at the trial. Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007.", "Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007. A parade of Pulitzer Prize–winning journalists testified, including Bob Woodward, Walter Pincus and Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post and Judith Miller and David E. Sanger of The New York Times. Despite earlier press reports and widespread speculation, neither Libby nor Vice President Cheney testified. The jury began deliberations on February 21, 2007. Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007.", "Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007. It convicted Libby on four of the five counts against him: two counts of perjury, one count of obstruction of justice in a grand jury investigation, and one of the two counts of making false statements to federal investigators. After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction.", "After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction. Libby did not speak to reporters. Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial.", "Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial. Speaking to the media outside the courtroom after the verdict, Fitzgerald said that \"The jury worked very long and hard and deliberated at length ... [and] was obviously convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had lied and obstructed justice in a serious manner ... I do not expect to file any further charges.\"", "I do not expect to file any further charges.\" The trial confirmed that the leak came first from then-Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage; since Fitzgerald did not charge Armitage and did not charge anyone else, Libby's conviction effectively ended the investigation. In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law.", "In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law. During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court.", "During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court. Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\"", "Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\" In practice, according to federal sentencing data, three-fourths of the 198 defendants found guilty of obstruction of justice in 2006 served jail time. The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months.", "The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months. On June 5, 2007, Judge Walton sentenced Libby to 30 months in prison and fined him $250,000, clarifying that Libby would begin his sentence immediately. According to Apuzzo and Yost, the judge also \"placed him on two years probation after his prison sentence expires. There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\"", "There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\" In addition, Judge Walton required Libby to provide \"400 hours of community service\" during his supervised release. On June 5, 2007, after the announcement of Libby's sentencing, CNN reported that Libby still \"plans to appeal the verdict\". That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website.", "That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website. The statement concluded: \"Speaking as friends, we hope that our system will return a final result consistent with what we know of this fine man.\" Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\"", "Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\" Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction.", "Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction. Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling.", "Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling. In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case.", "In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case. He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\"", "He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\" The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal.", "The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal. His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ...", "His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ... It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant.", "It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant. The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse.", "The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse. The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\"", "The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\" Moreover, when the hearing started, \"in the interest of full disclosure,\" Walton informed the court that he had \"received a number of harassing, angry and mean-spirited phone calls and messages. Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ...", "Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ... I initially threw them away, but then there were more, some that were more hateful ... [T]hey are being kept.\" New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move.", "New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move. It also sharpens interest in a question being asked by Mr. Libby's supporters and critics alike: Will President Bush pardon Mr. Libby? ...", "... ... So far, the president has expressed sympathy for Mr. Libby and his family but has not tipped his hand on the pardon issue. ... If the president does not pardon him, and if an appeals court refuses to second-guess Judge Walton's decision, Mr. Libby will probably be ordered to report to prison in six to eight weeks' time. Federal prison authorities will decide where. \"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said.", "\"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said. Failure of Libby's appeal in order to begin prison sentence On June 20, 2007, Libby appealed Walton's ruling in federal appeals court. The following day, Walton filed a 30-page expanded ruling, in which he explained his decision to deny Libby bail in more detail. On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.", "On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\"", "Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\" Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT).", "Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT). U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead.", "U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead. Surveying \"the pardon battle\" and citing both pro and con publications, The Washington Post online columnist Dan Froomkin concludes that many U.S. newspapers opposed a presidential pardon for Libby. Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon.", "Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon. In an op-ed published in The Washington Post, former federal prosecutor and conservative activist William Otis argued the sentence was too stringent and that, instead of pardoning Libby, Bush should commute his sentence. After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ...", "After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ... It wouldn't be appropriate for me to discuss the case until after the legal remedies have run its course.\" Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence.", "Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence. After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions.", "After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions. That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation.", "That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation. Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love.", "Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love. Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again.", "Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again. At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine.", "At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine. In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation.", "In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation. Libby paid the required fine of \"$250,400, which included a 'special assessment' of costs\" that same day. Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency.", "Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency. According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\"", "According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\" The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak.", "The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak. Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'.", "Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'. ... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ...", "... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ... It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said.", "It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said. The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation.", "The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation. Quoting Snow, Rowley added: The president is getting pounded on the right because he didn't do a full pardon.' If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently.", "If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently. Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves.", "Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves. The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007.", "The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007. Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point.", "Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point. ... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\"", "... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\" That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service.", "That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service. In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances.", "In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances. Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ...", "Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ... I don't owe this administration. They owe my wife and my family an apology for having betrayed her. Scooter Libby is a traitor. Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\"", "Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\" He reiterated this perspective on the commutation in the House Judiciary Committee hearing on July 11, 2007, vehemently protesting that a Republican congressman was engaging in \"yet a further smear of my wife's good name and my good name.\" According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case.", "According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case. Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it.", "Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it. He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive.", "He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive. ... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned.", "... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned. Two days after their term expired, former Vice President Cheney expressed his regret that Bush had not pardoned Libby on his last day in office. Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial.", "Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial. Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\"", "Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\" The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public.", "The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public. While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences.", "While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences. Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation.", "Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation. This was supported a month later by Armitage himself, who stated that Fitzgerald had instructed him not to go public with this information. Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ...", "Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ... The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\"", "The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\" In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\".", "In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\". In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate.", "In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate. The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status.", "The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status. Judge John D. Bates dismissed the Wilsons' lawsuit on jurisdictional grounds on July 19, 2007. The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day.", "The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day. Agreeing with the Bush administration, the Obama Justice Department argued that the Wilsons had no legitimate grounds to sue. Melanie Sloan, one of the Wilsons' attorneys, said: \"We are deeply disappointed that the Obama administration has failed to recognize the grievous harm top Bush White House officials inflicted on Joe and Valerie Wilson. The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\"", "The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\" On June 21, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal. Restoration of voting rights, law license, and presidential pardon Libby's voting rights were restored on November 1, 2012 by then-Governor of Virginia Bob McDonnell. Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders.", "Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders. Three years later, on November 3, 2016, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals granted Libby's petition for reinstatement to the D.C. Bar. On April 13, 2018, President Donald Trump pardoned Libby. In media portrayals David Andrews played Scooter Libby in the 2010 film Fair Game, which is about the Plame affair. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice.", "Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. See also List of disbarments in the United States Plame affair criminal investigation Project for the New American Century List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States Notes Citations References . 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Accessed March 6, 2007. (Duration: one hour.) N.B. : \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions.", ": \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions. washingtonpost.com is not responsible for any content posted by third parties.\" in \"United States of America, v. I. Lewis Libby, Defendant\". Criminal No. 05-394 (RBW). United States District Court for the District of Columbia, filed January 10, 2007. Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".]", "Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] \"President Commutes Libby's Sentence: Calls 30-month Term for Ex-Cheney Aide 'excessive'\". Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. . White House biography from 2004. Accessed February 10, 2007. Waas, Murray. \"Cheney 'Authorized' Libby to Leak Classified Information\". National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007.", "National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. –––, ed., with Jeff Lomonaco. The United States v. I. Lewis Libby. New York: Union Square Press (imprint of Sterling Publishing), 2007. (10). (13). (\"Edited & with reporting by Murray Waas\" and with research assistance by Jeff Lomonaco.) Weisman, Steven. \"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\".", "\"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\". The New York Times, April 17, 2003. Accessed March 23, 2008. Wilson, Joseph C. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response to Bush Spokesman Tony Snow's Comments at Today's White House Briefing\". Online posting. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting.", "Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting. Online posting. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response ... \" and \"Read more\", Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust (Home page), n.d. Accessed July 8, 2007. (Concerning Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence.) –––. \"Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\" (now outdated URL). Press release. Originally posted online.", "Press release. Originally posted online. Originally posted online. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. Posted as \"CREW Statement on Libby Conviction: No Man Is Above the Law.\" Citizens ^Blogging for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (blog), March 6, 2007. Accessed April 18, 2007. Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\".", "Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\". Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust, March 6, 2007, home page. Accessed April 18, 2007. External links Background on the Plame Investigation at The Washington Post. CNN Special Reports: CIA Leak Investigation compiled by CNN Newsroom; incl. interactive timeline in Case History. \"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\".", "\"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\". Full audio clip and transcript provided by National Public Radio on npr.org, \"The Lewis Libby Case\". Archive of articles concerning Libby broadcast on National Public Radio. . United States v. I. Lewis Libby. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post.", "Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations 1950 births Jewish American attorneys Assistants to the President of the United States Chiefs of Staff to the Vice President of the United States Columbia Law School alumni Columbia University alumni Living people Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Pennsylvania Democrats Pennsylvania Republicans People associated with the Plame affair People from McLean, Virginia Lawyers from New Haven, Connecticut Lawyers from Philadelphia Phillips Academy alumni Reagan administration personnel Recipients of American presidential clemency Recipients of American presidential pardons Yale University alumni Hudson Institute Conservatism in the United States" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "How did the trial go", "Libby pleaded not guilty to all five counts." ]

[ "Laurien Magee (c. 1689, Islandmagee, Ireland – 1710, Islandmagee, Ireland), was an alleged witch and one of the eight supposed victims put to death during the Islandmagee Witch trial.\n\nWitch trial\nLaurien Magee was one of the eight women that Mary Dunbar claimed were the witches that had attacked her in spectral form. Laurien was found guilty of Witchcraft as the other seven women were.\n\nRecords during this time were lost during the Irish Civil War when the Public Records Office were burned, because of this exact records of what happened to Mary Dunbar and the eight women convicted were lost.\n\nSee also \nIslandmagee Witch Trial\nFlorence Newton\nAlice Kyteler\n\nReferences \n\n1689 births\n1710 deaths\nPeople executed for witchcraft\n18th-century Irish women", "Disturbing the Peace () is a 2009 documentary film directed by the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei. In the movie, Ai Weiwei and Pu Zhiqiang talk to the police and they try to find out what happened to a female colleague after a police raid during their way to Chengdu as the witnesses for the trial of the civil rights advocate Tan Zuoren.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n2009 films\nChinese documentary films\nChinese films\n2009 documentary films\nAi Weiwei" ]

[ "I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby (first name generally given as Irv, Irve or Irving; born August 22, 1950) is an American lawyer, and former chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney. From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush.", "From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush. In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson.", "In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson. He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair.", "He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair. After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact.", "After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact. As a consequence of his conviction in United States v. Libby, Libby's license to practice law was suspended until being reinstated in 2016. President Donald Trump fully pardoned Libby on April 13, 2018. Personal history Background and education Libby was born to an affluent Jewish family in New Haven, Connecticut. His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker.", "His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker. His father changed his family original surname from Leibovitz to Libby. Libby graduated from the Eaglebrook School, in Deerfield, Massachusetts, a junior boarding school, in 1965. The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968.", "The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968. He and his elder brother, Hank, a retired tax lawyer, were the first in the family to graduate from college. Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972.", "Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972. As Yale Daily News reporter Jack Mirkinson observes, \"Even though he would eventually become a prominent Republican, Libby's political beginnings would not have pointed in that direction. He served as vice president of the Yale College Democrats and later campaigned for Michael Dukakis when he was running for governor of Massachusetts.\" According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors.", "According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors. One of these was a creative writing course, which started Libby on a 20-year mission to complete a novel ... [later published as] The Apprentice ... [and] a political science class with professor and future Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz. In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\"", "In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\" Wolfowitz became a significant mentor in his later professional life. In 1975, as a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar, Libby received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Columbia Law School.", "degree from Columbia Law School. degree from Columbia Law School. Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner.", "Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner. Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia.", "Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia. Name Libby has been secretive about his full name. He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\".", "He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\". National Public Radio's Day to Day reported that the 1972 Yale Banner (the yearbook of Yale) gave his name as Irve Lewis Libby Jr.; it is unclear if Irve is his given name, or if it is short for Irving, as it was for his father. CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name.", "CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name. The Timess Eric Schmitt spelled it Irv, though he cited a phone interview with Libby's brother, and did not clarify if he had asked for a spelling. At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name.", "At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name. At other times, however, as listed in his federal indictment and United States v. Libby, which give his alias as Scooter Libby, there is no Jr. after Libby's name. The Columbia Alumni Association online directory lists him as I. Lewis Libby, with a first name of \"I.\" and birth first name of \"Irve\".", "and birth first name of \"Irve\". and birth first name of \"Irve\". Libby has also been secretive about the origin of his nickname Scooter. The New York Timess Eric Schmitt, citing the aforementioned interview with Libby's brother, wrote that \"His nickname 'Scooter' derives from the day [his] father watched him crawling in his crib and joked, 'He's a Scooter! In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from?", "In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from? \"; Libby replied: \"Oh, it goes way back to when I was a kid. Some people ask me if ... [crosstalk] ... as you did earlier, if it's related to Phil Rizzuto [nicknamed 'The Scooter']. I had the range but not the arm.\"", "I had the range but not the arm.\" I had the range but not the arm.\" The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002.", "The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002. After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint).", "After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint). An allegorical meditation on the legitimacy of concealed knowledge, The Apprentice has been described as \"a thriller ... that includes references to bestiality, pedophilia and rape.\" Law career After earning his J.D. from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP.", "from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP. He was admitted to the bar of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on October 27, 1976, and to the Bar of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals on May 19, 1978. Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981.", "Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981. In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993.", "In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993. In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group.", "In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group. His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case.", "His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case. In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment.", "Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment. Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\".", "Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\". According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in.", "According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in. According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case.", "According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case. They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon.", "They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon. When former President Clinton stated that they 'reviewed and advocated' 'the case for the pardons,' he suggested that they were somehow involved in arguing that Rich and Green should receive pardons. This was completely untrue\".", "This was completely untrue\". This was completely untrue\". (p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees.", "(p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees. The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal.", "The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal. Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal.", "Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal. On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\".", "On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\". On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby.", "On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby. As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania.", "As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania. Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff.", "Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff. From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.", "From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. In 1985 he received the Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service from the United States Department of Defense, and he resigned from government to enter private legal practice at Dickstein, Shapiro, and Morin. In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department.", "In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department. During the George H. W. Bush administration, Libby was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as deputy under secretary of defense for policy, serving from 1992 to 1993. In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China.", "In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Libby co-authored the draft of the Defense Planning Guidance for the 1994–99 fiscal years (dated February 18, 1992) with Wolfowitz for Dick Cheney, who was then Secretary of Defense. In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert.", "In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert. Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld.", "Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld. While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997).", "While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997). He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\".", "He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\". After becoming Cheney's chief of staff in 2001, Libby was reportedly nicknamed \"Germ Boy\" at the White House, for insisting on universal smallpox vaccination. He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President.", "He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President. Mary Matalin, who worked with Libby as an adviser to Cheney during Bush's first term, said of him \"He is to the vice president what the vice president is to the president.\" Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003).", "Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003). At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman.", "At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman. Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004.", "Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004. In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20).", "In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20). Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\"", "Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\" His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007.", "His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007. However, he has served as Senior Vice President of the Hudson Institute at least since 2010. Libby also serves as a member of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a group that encourages and advocates changes to government policy to strengthen national biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement.", "In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Headed by former Senator Joe Lieberman and former Governor Tom Ridge, the Study Panel assembled in Washington D.C. for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event.", "The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the Vice President authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.", "These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues. Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so.", "Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so. In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her.", "In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her. Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver.", "Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver. After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court.", "After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court. Months later, however, her new attorney, Robert Bennett, told her that she already had possessed a written, voluntary waiver from Libby all along. After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\"", "After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\" He attached the following letter, which, when released publicly, became the subject of further speculation about Libby's possible motives in sending it: As noted above, my lawyer confirmed my waiver to other reporters in just the way he did with your lawyer. Why?", "Why? Why? Because as I am sure will not be news to you, the public report of every other reporter's testimony makes clear that they did not discuss Ms. Plame's name or identity with me, or knew about her before our call. After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005.", "After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published. In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA.", "In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA. In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA.", "In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA. ... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name.", "... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name. Nor do they show that he described Valerie Wilson as a covert agent or \"operative\"... Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively.", "Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively. While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places.", "While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places. It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses.", "It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses. On one page of my interview notes, for example, I wrote the name \"Valerie Flame.\" Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ...", "Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ... I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him.", "I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him. A year and a half later, a jury convicted Libby of obstruction of justice and perjury in his grand jury testimony and making false statements to federal investigators about when and how he learned that Plame was a CIA agent. On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump.", "On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump. Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury.", "Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury. Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information.", "Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information. The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact.", "The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact. The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity.", "The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity. Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury.", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury. They acquitted him on count three, the second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper. Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him. Wells had successfully defended former Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy against a 30-count indictment and had also participated in the successful defense of former Secretary of Labor Raymond Donovan. After Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss, the press initially reported that Libby would testify at the trial. Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007.", "Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007. A parade of Pulitzer Prize–winning journalists testified, including Bob Woodward, Walter Pincus and Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post and Judith Miller and David E. Sanger of The New York Times. Despite earlier press reports and widespread speculation, neither Libby nor Vice President Cheney testified. The jury began deliberations on February 21, 2007. Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007.", "Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007. It convicted Libby on four of the five counts against him: two counts of perjury, one count of obstruction of justice in a grand jury investigation, and one of the two counts of making false statements to federal investigators. After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction.", "After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction. Libby did not speak to reporters. Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial.", "Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial. Speaking to the media outside the courtroom after the verdict, Fitzgerald said that \"The jury worked very long and hard and deliberated at length ... [and] was obviously convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had lied and obstructed justice in a serious manner ... I do not expect to file any further charges.\"", "I do not expect to file any further charges.\" The trial confirmed that the leak came first from then-Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage; since Fitzgerald did not charge Armitage and did not charge anyone else, Libby's conviction effectively ended the investigation. In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law.", "In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law. During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court.", "During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court. Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\"", "Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\" In practice, according to federal sentencing data, three-fourths of the 198 defendants found guilty of obstruction of justice in 2006 served jail time. The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months.", "The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months. On June 5, 2007, Judge Walton sentenced Libby to 30 months in prison and fined him $250,000, clarifying that Libby would begin his sentence immediately. According to Apuzzo and Yost, the judge also \"placed him on two years probation after his prison sentence expires. There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\"", "There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\" In addition, Judge Walton required Libby to provide \"400 hours of community service\" during his supervised release. On June 5, 2007, after the announcement of Libby's sentencing, CNN reported that Libby still \"plans to appeal the verdict\". That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website.", "That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website. The statement concluded: \"Speaking as friends, we hope that our system will return a final result consistent with what we know of this fine man.\" Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\"", "Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\" Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction.", "Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction. Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling.", "Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling. In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case.", "In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case. He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\"", "He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\" The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal.", "The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal. His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ...", "His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ... It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant.", "It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant. The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse.", "The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse. The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\"", "The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\" Moreover, when the hearing started, \"in the interest of full disclosure,\" Walton informed the court that he had \"received a number of harassing, angry and mean-spirited phone calls and messages. Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ...", "Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ... I initially threw them away, but then there were more, some that were more hateful ... [T]hey are being kept.\" New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move.", "New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move. It also sharpens interest in a question being asked by Mr. Libby's supporters and critics alike: Will President Bush pardon Mr. Libby? ...", "... ... So far, the president has expressed sympathy for Mr. Libby and his family but has not tipped his hand on the pardon issue. ... If the president does not pardon him, and if an appeals court refuses to second-guess Judge Walton's decision, Mr. Libby will probably be ordered to report to prison in six to eight weeks' time. Federal prison authorities will decide where. \"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said.", "\"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said. Failure of Libby's appeal in order to begin prison sentence On June 20, 2007, Libby appealed Walton's ruling in federal appeals court. The following day, Walton filed a 30-page expanded ruling, in which he explained his decision to deny Libby bail in more detail. On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.", "On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\"", "Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\" Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT).", "Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT). U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead.", "U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead. Surveying \"the pardon battle\" and citing both pro and con publications, The Washington Post online columnist Dan Froomkin concludes that many U.S. newspapers opposed a presidential pardon for Libby. Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon.", "Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon. In an op-ed published in The Washington Post, former federal prosecutor and conservative activist William Otis argued the sentence was too stringent and that, instead of pardoning Libby, Bush should commute his sentence. After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ...", "After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ... It wouldn't be appropriate for me to discuss the case until after the legal remedies have run its course.\" Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence.", "Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence. After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions.", "After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions. That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation.", "That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation. Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love.", "Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love. Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again.", "Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again. At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine.", "At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine. In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation.", "In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation. Libby paid the required fine of \"$250,400, which included a 'special assessment' of costs\" that same day. Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency.", "Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency. According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\"", "According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\" The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak.", "The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak. Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'.", "Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'. ... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ...", "... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ... It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said.", "It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said. The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation.", "The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation. Quoting Snow, Rowley added: The president is getting pounded on the right because he didn't do a full pardon.' If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently.", "If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently. Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves.", "Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves. The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007.", "The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007. Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point.", "Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point. ... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\"", "... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\" That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service.", "That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service. In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances.", "In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances. Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ...", "Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ... I don't owe this administration. They owe my wife and my family an apology for having betrayed her. Scooter Libby is a traitor. Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\"", "Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\" He reiterated this perspective on the commutation in the House Judiciary Committee hearing on July 11, 2007, vehemently protesting that a Republican congressman was engaging in \"yet a further smear of my wife's good name and my good name.\" According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case.", "According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case. Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it.", "Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it. He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive.", "He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive. ... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned.", "... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned. Two days after their term expired, former Vice President Cheney expressed his regret that Bush had not pardoned Libby on his last day in office. Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial.", "Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial. Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\"", "Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\" The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public.", "The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public. While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences.", "While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences. Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation.", "Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation. This was supported a month later by Armitage himself, who stated that Fitzgerald had instructed him not to go public with this information. Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ...", "Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ... The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\"", "The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\" In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\".", "In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\". In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate.", "In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate. The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status.", "The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status. Judge John D. Bates dismissed the Wilsons' lawsuit on jurisdictional grounds on July 19, 2007. The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day.", "The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day. Agreeing with the Bush administration, the Obama Justice Department argued that the Wilsons had no legitimate grounds to sue. Melanie Sloan, one of the Wilsons' attorneys, said: \"We are deeply disappointed that the Obama administration has failed to recognize the grievous harm top Bush White House officials inflicted on Joe and Valerie Wilson. The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\"", "The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\" On June 21, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal. Restoration of voting rights, law license, and presidential pardon Libby's voting rights were restored on November 1, 2012 by then-Governor of Virginia Bob McDonnell. Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders.", "Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders. Three years later, on November 3, 2016, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals granted Libby's petition for reinstatement to the D.C. Bar. On April 13, 2018, President Donald Trump pardoned Libby. In media portrayals David Andrews played Scooter Libby in the 2010 film Fair Game, which is about the Plame affair. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice.", "Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. See also List of disbarments in the United States Plame affair criminal investigation Project for the New American Century List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States Notes Citations References . United States Department of State, February 2005. Accessed July 8, 2007. Bromell, Nick. \"Scooter Libby and Me\". The American Scholar (Phi Beta Kappa) (Winter 2007).", "The American Scholar (Phi Beta Kappa) (Winter 2007). Accessed June 8, 2007. –––. \"Scooter's Tragic Innocence: Why My Friend Scooter Libby Is Loyal to Bush, Cheney and an Arrogant Administration Whose Values Are Not His Own\". Salon, January 24, 2007. Accessed June 8, 2007. (Premium content; restricted access). Dickerson, John. \"Who Is Scooter Libby? The Secretive Cheney Aide at the Heart of the CIA Leak Case\".", "The Secretive Cheney Aide at the Heart of the CIA Leak Case\". Slate, October 21, 2005. Accessed June 28, 2007. Frankel, Max. \"The Washington Back Channel\". The New York Times, March 25, 2007. Accessed March 23, 2008. Garfield, Bob. \"'Former New York Times Staffer Judith Miller'\". On the Media from NPR, National Public Radio, WCNY-FM, November 11, 2005. Accessed March 5, 2007. (Transcript and RealAudio link.)", "Accessed March 5, 2007. (Transcript and RealAudio link.) (Transcript and RealAudio link.) \"I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\". Right Web (International Relations Center). Last updated March 21, 2007. Accessed July 1, 2007. \"Indictment\" in United States of America vs. I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\". United States Department of Justice, October 28, 2005. Accessed July 5, 2007. Libby, Lewis. The Apprentice: A Novel. Rpt.", "Accessed July 5, 2007. Libby, Lewis. The Apprentice: A Novel. Rpt. Rpt. ed. 1996; New York: Griffin, 2005. (10). (13). Markels, Alex. \"Legal Affairs: I. Lewis Libby: The Plight of a Disciplined Risk-Taker\". National Public Radio, October 28, 2005. Accessed March 5, 2007. Merritt, Jeralyn, moderator. \"Verdict in the Libby Trial\". Transcript.", "Merritt, Jeralyn, moderator. \"Verdict in the Libby Trial\". Transcript. Transcript. The Washington Post (\"Live Online\" discussion), March 6, 2007, 2:00–3:00 p.m., ET. Accessed March 6, 2007. (Duration: one hour.) N.B. : \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions.", ": \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions. washingtonpost.com is not responsible for any content posted by third parties.\" in \"United States of America, v. I. Lewis Libby, Defendant\". Criminal No. 05-394 (RBW). United States District Court for the District of Columbia, filed January 10, 2007. Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".]", "Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] \"President Commutes Libby's Sentence: Calls 30-month Term for Ex-Cheney Aide 'excessive'\". Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. . White House biography from 2004. Accessed February 10, 2007. Waas, Murray. \"Cheney 'Authorized' Libby to Leak Classified Information\". National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007.", "National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. –––, ed., with Jeff Lomonaco. The United States v. I. Lewis Libby. New York: Union Square Press (imprint of Sterling Publishing), 2007. (10). (13). (\"Edited & with reporting by Murray Waas\" and with research assistance by Jeff Lomonaco.) Weisman, Steven. \"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\".", "\"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\". The New York Times, April 17, 2003. Accessed March 23, 2008. Wilson, Joseph C. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response to Bush Spokesman Tony Snow's Comments at Today's White House Briefing\". Online posting. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting.", "Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting. Online posting. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response ... \" and \"Read more\", Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust (Home page), n.d. Accessed July 8, 2007. (Concerning Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence.) –––. \"Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\" (now outdated URL). Press release. Originally posted online.", "Press release. Originally posted online. Originally posted online. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. Posted as \"CREW Statement on Libby Conviction: No Man Is Above the Law.\" Citizens ^Blogging for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (blog), March 6, 2007. Accessed April 18, 2007. Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\".", "Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\". Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust, March 6, 2007, home page. Accessed April 18, 2007. External links Background on the Plame Investigation at The Washington Post. CNN Special Reports: CIA Leak Investigation compiled by CNN Newsroom; incl. interactive timeline in Case History. \"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\".", "\"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\". Full audio clip and transcript provided by National Public Radio on npr.org, \"The Lewis Libby Case\". Archive of articles concerning Libby broadcast on National Public Radio. . United States v. I. Lewis Libby. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post.", "Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations 1950 births Jewish American attorneys Assistants to the President of the United States Chiefs of Staff to the Vice President of the United States Columbia Law School alumni Columbia University alumni Living people Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Pennsylvania Democrats Pennsylvania Republicans People associated with the Plame affair People from McLean, Virginia Lawyers from New Haven, Connecticut Lawyers from Philadelphia Phillips Academy alumni Reagan administration personnel Recipients of American presidential clemency Recipients of American presidential pardons Yale University alumni Hudson Institute Conservatism in the United States" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "How did the trial go", "Libby pleaded not guilty to all five counts.", "And what happened during the trial", "Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss,", "And did he lose the trial", "the jury convicted him on four of the five counts but acquitted him on count three," ]

[ "Dado (or Dodon) (died 980) was the Count of Pombia from 967. The comitatus of Pombia, in what is now Northern Italy, included Novara at the time.\n\nHe was possibly the son of Adalbert, Count of Pombia, or possibly of Berengar II or his half-brother Anscar of Spoleto. He was the father of Guibert, Count of Biandrate; Arduin (955-1015), Margrave of Ivrea (990-1015) and King of Italy (1002-1014); and Amadeus, Count of Pombia.\n\nHe was married to the granddaughter of Arduin Glaber and was a nephew of King Berengar II.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nChaume, M. Les origines du duché de Bourgogne.\n\nAnscarids\n980 deaths\n10th-century Italian nobility\nYear of birth unknown", "Solms-Braunfels was a County with Imperial immediacy in what is today the federal Land of Hesse in Germany.\n\nSolms-Braunfels was a partition of Solms, ruled by the House of Solms, and was raised to a Principality of the Holy Roman Empire in 1742. Solms-Braunfels was partitioned between: itself and Solms-Ottenstein in 1325; itself and Solms-Lich in 1409; and itself, Solms-Greifenstein and Solms-Hungen in 1592. Solms-Braunfels was mediatised to Austria, Hesse-Darmstadt, Prussia and Württemberg in 1806.\n\nRulers\n\nCounts of Solms-Braunfels (1258–1742) \n\n Henry III, Count 1258–1312 (died 1312), elder son of Henry II, Count of Solms\n Bernhard I, Count 1312–49 (died 1349), second son of Henry III\n Otto I, Count 1349–1410 (died 1410)\n Bernhard II, Count 1409–59 (died 1459)\n Otto II, Count 1459–1504 (1426–1504)\n Bernhard III, Count 1504–47 (1468–1547)\n Philipp, Count 1547–81 (1494–1581)\n Konrad, Count 1581–92 (1540–1592)\n Johann Albrecht I, Count 1592–1623 (1563–1623); his third daughter was Amalia, wife of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange \n Konrad Ludwig, Count 1623–35 (1595–1635)\n Johann Albrecht II, Count 1635–48 (1599–1647)\n Heinrich Trajectinus, Count 1648–93 (1639–1693)\n Wilhelm I, Count of Solms-Greifenstein (1570–1635)\n Wilhelm II, Count of Solms-Greifenstein (1609–1676)\n Wilhelm Moritz, Count of Solms-Greifenstein 1676–1720, and of Solms-Braunfels 1693–1720 (1651–1720)\n Friedrich Wilhelm, Count 1720–42 (1696–1761), created Reichsfürst 1742\n\nPrinces of Solms-Braunfels (1742–1806) \n\n Friedrich Wilhelm, 1st Prince 1742–61 (1696–1761)\n Ferdinand Wilhelm Ernst, 2nd Prince 1761–83 (1721–1783)\n Wilhelm Christian Karl, 3rd Prince 1783–1837, mediatized 1806 (1759–1837)\n\nMediatized Princes of Solms-Braunfels \n\n Ferdinand Wilhelm Ernst, 2nd Prince of Solms-Braunfels 1761–83 (1721–1783)\n Wilhelm Christian Karl, 3rd Prince 1783–1837, mediatized 1806 (1759–1837)\n Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand, 4th Prince 1837–73 (1797–1873)\n Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Solms-Braunfels (1770–1814)\n Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich of Solms-Braunfels (1801–1868)\n Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm, 5th Prince 1873–80 (1835–1880)\n Georg Friedrich Bernhard, 6th Prince 1880–91 (1836–1891)\n Georg Friedrich Victor, 7th Prince 1891–1970 (1890–1970)\nThe main branch of the princely House of Solms-Braunfels became extinct with Georg Friedrich Victor in 1970. Braunfels Castle was inherited by the last Prince's son-in-law, the Count of Oppersdorff who changed the family name in 1969 to Oppersdorff-Solms-Braunfels. An Austrian side branch continues to exist.\n\nReferences\n\n \nFormer states and territories of Hesse" ]

[ "I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby (first name generally given as Irv, Irve or Irving; born August 22, 1950) is an American lawyer, and former chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney. From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush.", "From 2001 to 2005, Libby held the offices of Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, and Assistant to the President during the administration of President George W. Bush. In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson.", "In October 2005, Libby resigned from all three government positions after he was indicted on five counts by a federal grand jury concerning the investigation of the leak of the covert identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame Wilson. He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair.", "He was subsequently convicted of four counts (one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of perjury, and one count of making false statements), making him the highest-ranking White House official convicted in a government scandal since John Poindexter, the national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan in the Iran–Contra affair. After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact.", "After a failed appeal, President Bush commuted Libby's sentence of 30 months in federal prison, leaving the other parts of his sentence intact. As a consequence of his conviction in United States v. Libby, Libby's license to practice law was suspended until being reinstated in 2016. President Donald Trump fully pardoned Libby on April 13, 2018. Personal history Background and education Libby was born to an affluent Jewish family in New Haven, Connecticut. His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker.", "His father, Irving Lewis Leibovitz, was an investment banker. His father changed his family original surname from Leibovitz to Libby. Libby graduated from the Eaglebrook School, in Deerfield, Massachusetts, a junior boarding school, in 1965. The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968.", "The family lived in the Washington, D.C. region; Miami, Florida; and Connecticut prior to Libby's graduation from Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1968. He and his elder brother, Hank, a retired tax lawyer, were the first in the family to graduate from college. Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972.", "Libby attended Yale University in New Haven, graduating magna cum laude in 1972. As Yale Daily News reporter Jack Mirkinson observes, \"Even though he would eventually become a prominent Republican, Libby's political beginnings would not have pointed in that direction. He served as vice president of the Yale College Democrats and later campaigned for Michael Dukakis when he was running for governor of Massachusetts.\" According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors.", "According to Mirkinson: \"Two particular Yale courses helped guide Libby's future endeavors. One of these was a creative writing course, which started Libby on a 20-year mission to complete a novel ... [later published as] The Apprentice ... [and] a political science class with professor and future Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz. In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\"", "In an interview with author James Mann, Libby said Wolfowitz was one of his favorite professors, and their professional relationship did not end with the class.\" Wolfowitz became a significant mentor in his later professional life. In 1975, as a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar, Libby received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Columbia Law School.", "degree from Columbia Law School. degree from Columbia Law School. Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner.", "Marriage and family Libby is married to Harriet Grant, whom he met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1980s, while he was a partner and she an associate in the law firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin: When he and Harriet became serious,' Dickstein partner Kenneth Simon wrote, 'she chose to leave the firm rather than maintain the awkward situation of an associate dating a partner. Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia.", "Libby and Grant married in the early 1990s, have a son and a daughter, and live in McLean, Virginia. Name Libby has been secretive about his full name. He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\".", "He was prosecuted as I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\". National Public Radio's Day to Day reported that the 1972 Yale Banner (the yearbook of Yale) gave his name as Irve Lewis Libby Jr.; it is unclear if Irve is his given name, or if it is short for Irving, as it was for his father. CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name.", "CBS, the BBC, and The New York Timess John Tierney have all used this spelling of his first name. The Timess Eric Schmitt spelled it Irv, though he cited a phone interview with Libby's brother, and did not clarify if he had asked for a spelling. At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name.", "At times, including in the Yale Banner, and as documented in a federal directory cited by Ron Kampeas and others, Libby has used the suffix Jr. after his name. At other times, however, as listed in his federal indictment and United States v. Libby, which give his alias as Scooter Libby, there is no Jr. after Libby's name. The Columbia Alumni Association online directory lists him as I. Lewis Libby, with a first name of \"I.\" and birth first name of \"Irve\".", "and birth first name of \"Irve\". and birth first name of \"Irve\". Libby has also been secretive about the origin of his nickname Scooter. The New York Timess Eric Schmitt, citing the aforementioned interview with Libby's brother, wrote that \"His nickname 'Scooter' derives from the day [his] father watched him crawling in his crib and joked, 'He's a Scooter! In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from?", "In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live, King asked Libby specifically, \"Where did 'Scooter' come from? \"; Libby replied: \"Oh, it goes way back to when I was a kid. Some people ask me if ... [crosstalk] ... as you did earlier, if it's related to Phil Rizzuto [nicknamed 'The Scooter']. I had the range but not the arm.\"", "I had the range but not the arm.\" I had the range but not the arm.\" The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002.", "The Apprentice Libby's only novel, The Apprentice, about a group of travelers stranded in northern Japan in the winter of 1903, during a smallpox epidemic in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War, was first published in a hardback edition by Graywolf Press in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1996, and reprinted as a trade paperback by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books in 2002. After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint).", "After Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation in 2005, St. Martin's Press reissued The Apprentice as a mass market paperback (Griffin imprint). An allegorical meditation on the legitimacy of concealed knowledge, The Apprentice has been described as \"a thriller ... that includes references to bestiality, pedophilia and rape.\" Law career After earning his J.D. from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP.", "from Columbia in 1975, Libby joined the firm of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis LLP. He was admitted to the bar of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on October 27, 1976, and to the Bar of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals on May 19, 1978. Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981.", "Libby practiced law at Schnader for six years before joining the U.S. State Department policy planning staff, at the invitation of his former Yale professor, Paul Wolfowitz, in 1981. In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993.", "In 1985, returning to private practice, he joined the firm then known as Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin (now Dickstein Shapiro LLP), becoming a partner in 1986 and working there until 1989, when he left to work in the U.S. Defense Department, again under his former Yale professor Paul Wolfowitz, until January 1993. In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group.", "In 1993, returning to private legal practice from government, Libby became the managing partner of the Washington, D.C. office of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferdon (formerly Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander); in 1995, along with his Mudge Rose colleague, Leonard Garment––who had replaced John Dean as acting Special Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency dominated by Watergate, and who had hired Libby at Mudge Rose twenty years later––and three other lawyers from that firm, Libby joined the Washington, D.C. office of Dechert Price & Rhoads (now part of Dechert LLP), where he was a managing partner, a member of its litigation department, and chaired its Public Policy Practice Group. His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case.", "His work there was well regarded, with President Clinton recognizing Libby as one of three \"distinguished Republican lawyers\" who worked on the Marc Rich pardon case. In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "In 2001 Libby left the firm to return to work again in government, as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment.", "Fugitive billionaire commodities trader Marc Rich, who, along with his business partner Pincus Green, had been indicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran, and who, with Green, was ultimately pardoned by President Bill Clinton, was a client whom Leonard Garment had hired Libby to help represent around the spring of 1985, after Rich and Green had first engaged Garment. Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\".", "Libby stopped representing Rich in the spring of 2000; early in March 2001, at a \"contentious\" Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby testified that he thought the prosecution's case against Rich \"misconstrued the facts and the law\". According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in.", "According to Jackson Hogan, Libby's roommate at Yale University, as quoted in the already-cited U.S. News & World Report article by Walsh, He is intensely partisan ... in that if he is your counsel, he'll embrace your case and try to figure a way out of whatever noose you are ensnared in. According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case.", "According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, \"The arguments made by Garment, [William Bradford] Reynolds and Libby [in their testimony] focused on the claim that the SDNY was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case. They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon.", "They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a Presidential pardon. When former President Clinton stated that they 'reviewed and advocated' 'the case for the pardons,' he suggested that they were somehow involved in arguing that Rich and Green should receive pardons. This was completely untrue\".", "This was completely untrue\". This was completely untrue\". (p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees.", "(p. 162) Bar suspension and disbarment Before his indictment in United States v. Libby, Libby had been a licensed lawyer, admitted to the bars of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, although his Pennsylvania law license was inactive, and he had already been suspended from the Washington, D.C. Office of Bar Counsel (D.C. Bar) for non-payment of fees. The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal.", "The Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended disbarment upon confirmation of his conviction, which Libby had initially indicated that he would appeal. Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal.", "Having suspended his license to practice law on April 3, 2007, the D.C. Bar \"disbarred [him] pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-2503(a)\" on legal grounds of \"moral turpitude\", effective April 11, 2007, and recommended to the D.C. Court of Appeals his disbarment if his conviction were not overturned on appeal. On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\".", "On December 10, 2007, Libby's lawyers announced his decision \"to drop his appeal of his conviction in the CIA leak case\". On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby.", "On March 20, 2008, following the dropping of his appeal of his conviction, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals disbarred Libby. As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania.", "As a result of the Court's ruling, \"Libby will lose his license to practice or appear in court in Washington until at least 2012\", and, \"As is standard, he will probably lose any bar membership he holds in other states\"; that is, in Pennsylvania. Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff.", "Government public service and political career In 1981, after working as a lawyer in the Philadelphia firm Schnader LLP, Libby accepted the invitation of his former Yale University political science professor and mentor Paul Wolfowitz to join the U.S. State Department's policy planning staff. From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.", "From 1982 to 1985, Libby served as director of special projects in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. In 1985 he received the Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service from the United States Department of Defense, and he resigned from government to enter private legal practice at Dickstein, Shapiro, and Morin. In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department.", "In 1989, he went to work at the Pentagon, again under Wolfowitz, as principal deputy under-secretary for strategy and resources at the U.S. Defense Department. During the George H. W. Bush administration, Libby was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as deputy under secretary of defense for policy, serving from 1992 to 1993. In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China.", "In 1992 he also served as legal adviser for the House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Libby co-authored the draft of the Defense Planning Guidance for the 1994–99 fiscal years (dated February 18, 1992) with Wolfowitz for Dick Cheney, who was then Secretary of Defense. In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert.", "In 1993 Libby received the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Defense Department and the Distinguished Public Service Award from the U.S. State Department before resuming private legal practice first at Mudge Rose and then at Dechert. Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld.", "Libby was part of a network of neo-conservatives known as the \"Vulcans\"—its other members included Wolfowitz, Condoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld. While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997).", "While he was still a managing partner of Dechert Price & Rhoads, he was a signatory to the \"Statement of Principles\" of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) (a document dated June 3, 1997). He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\".", "He joined Wolfowitz, PNAC co-founders William Kristol, Robert Kagan, and other \"Project Participants\" in developing the PNAC's September 2000 report entitled, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century\". After becoming Cheney's chief of staff in 2001, Libby was reportedly nicknamed \"Germ Boy\" at the White House, for insisting on universal smallpox vaccination. He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President.", "He was also nicknamed \"Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney\" for his close working relationship with the Vice President. Mary Matalin, who worked with Libby as an adviser to Cheney during Bush's first term, said of him \"He is to the vice president what the vice president is to the president.\" Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003).", "Libby was active in the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee of the Pentagon when it was chaired by Richard Perle during the early years of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2003). At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman.", "At various points in his career, Libby has also held positions with the American Bar Association, been on the advisory board of the RAND Corporation's Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal adviser to the United States House of Representatives, as well as served as a consultant for the defense contractor Northrop Grumman. Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004.", "Libby was also actively involved in the Bush administration's efforts to negotiate the Israeli–Palestinian \"road map\" for peace; for example, he participated in a series of meetings with Jewish leaders in early December 2002 and a meeting with two aides of then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in mid-April 2003, culminating in the Red Sea Summit on June 4, 2004. In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20).", "In their highly controversial and widely contested \"Working Paper\" entitled \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\", University of Chicago political science professor John J. Mearsheimer and academic dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University Stephen M. Walt argue that Libby was among the Bush administration's most \"fervently pro-Israel ... officials\" (20). Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\"", "Awards for government service Distinguished Service Award, United States Department of Defense, 1993 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Department of the Navy, 1993 Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, United States Department of State, 1985 Subsequent work experience From January 2006 until March 7, 2007, the day after his conviction in United States v. Libby, when he resigned, Libby served as a \"senior adviser\" at the Hudson Institute, to \"focus on issues relating to the War on Terror and the future of Asia ... offer research guidance and ... advise the institute in strategic planning.\" His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007.", "His resignation was announced by the Hudson Institute in a press release dated March 8, 2007. However, he has served as Senior Vice President of the Hudson Institute at least since 2010. Libby also serves as a member of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a group that encourages and advocates changes to government policy to strengthen national biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement.", "In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Headed by former Senator Joe Lieberman and former Governor Tom Ridge, the Study Panel assembled in Washington D.C. for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event.", "The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the Vice President authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.", "These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues. Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so.", "Involvement in the Plame affair Between 2003 and 2005, intense speculation centered on the possibility that Libby may have been the administration official who had \"leaked\" classified employment information about Valerie Plame, a covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the wife of Iraq War critic Joseph C. Wilson, to New York Times reporter Judith Miller and other reporters and later tried to hide his having done so. In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her.", "In August 2005, as revealed in grand jury testimony audiotapes played during the trial and reported in many news accounts, Libby testified that he met with Judith Miller, a reporter with The New York Times, on July 8, 2003, and discussed Plame with her. Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver.", "Although Libby signed a \"blanket waiver\" allowing journalists to discuss their conversations with him pursuant to the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Miller maintained that such a waiver did not serve to allow her to reveal her source to that grand jury; moreover, Miller argued that Libby's general waiver pertaining to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify before that grand jury if given an individual waiver. After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court.", "After refusing to testify about her July 2003 meeting with Libby, Judith Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court. Months later, however, her new attorney, Robert Bennett, told her that she already had possessed a written, voluntary waiver from Libby all along. After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\"", "After Miller had served most of her sentence, Libby reiterated that he had indeed given her a \"waiver\" both \"voluntarily and personally.\" He attached the following letter, which, when released publicly, became the subject of further speculation about Libby's possible motives in sending it: As noted above, my lawyer confirmed my waiver to other reporters in just the way he did with your lawyer. Why?", "Why? Why? Because as I am sure will not be news to you, the public report of every other reporter's testimony makes clear that they did not discuss Ms. Plame's name or identity with me, or knew about her before our call. After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005.", "After agreeing to testify, Miller was released on September 29, 2005, appearing before the grand jury the next day, but the charge against her was rescinded only after she testified again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, two weeks before Wilson's New York Times op-ed was published. In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA.", "In her account published in the Times on October 16, 2005, based on her notes, Miller reports: ... in an interview with me on June 23 [2003], Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, I. Lewis Libby, discussed Mr. Wilson's activities and placed blame for intelligence failures on the CIA. In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA.", "In later conversations with me, on July 8 and July 12 [2003], Mr. Libby, ... [at the time] Mr. Cheney's top aide, played down the importance of Mr. Wilson's mission and questioned his performance ... My notes indicate that well before Mr. Wilson published his critique, Mr. Libby told me that Mr. Wilson's wife may have worked on unconventional weapons at the CIA. ... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name.", "... My notes do not show that Mr. Libby identified Mr. Wilson's wife by name. Nor do they show that he described Valerie Wilson as a covert agent or \"operative\"... Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively.", "Her notation on her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby does contain the name \"Valerie Flame \", which she added retrospectively. While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places.", "While Miller reveals publicly that she herself had misidentified the last name of Wilson's wife (aka \"Valerie Plame\") in her own marginal notes on their interview as \"Flame\" instead of \"Plame\", in her grand jury (and later trial testimony), she remained uncertain when, how, and why she arrived at that name and did not attribute it to Libby: I was not permitted to take notes of what I told the grand jury, and my interview notes on Mr. Libby are sketchy in places. It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses.", "It is also difficult, more than two years later, to parse the meaning and context of phrases, of underlining and of parentheses. On one page of my interview notes, for example, I wrote the name \"Valerie Flame.\" Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ...", "Yet, as I told Mr. Fitzgerald, I simply could not recall where that came from, when I wrote it or why the name was misspelled ... I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him.", "I testified that I did not believe the name came from Mr. Libby, in part because the notation does not appear in the same part of my notebook as the interview notes from him. A year and a half later, a jury convicted Libby of obstruction of justice and perjury in his grand jury testimony and making false statements to federal investigators about when and how he learned that Plame was a CIA agent. On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump.", "On April 13, 2018, Libby was pardoned by US President Donald Trump. Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury.", "Indictment and resignation On October 28, 2005, as a result of the CIA leak grand jury investigation, Special Counsel Fitzgerald indicted Libby on five counts: one count of obstruction of justice, two counts of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury in his testimony before the grand jury. Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information.", "Pursuant to the grand jury investigation, Libby had told FBI investigators that he first heard of Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment from Cheney, and then later heard it from journalist Tim Russert, and acted as if he did not have that information. The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact.", "The indictment alleges that statements to federal investigators and the grand jury were intentionally false, in that Libby had numerous conversations about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment, including his conversations with Judith Miller (see above), before speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Mrs. Wilson's CIA employment; prior to talking with such reporters, Libby knew with certainty that she was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that she worked for the CIA without making any disclaimer that he was uncertain of that fact. The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity.", "The false statements counts in the Libby indictment charge that he intentionally made those false statements to the FBI; the perjury counts charge that he intentionally lied to the grand jury in repeating those false statements; and the obstruction of justice count charges that Libby intentionally made those false statements in order to mislead the grand jury, thus impeding Fitzgerald's grand jury investigation of the truth about the leaking of Mrs. Wilson's then-classified, covert CIA identity. Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury.", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing On March 6, 2007, the jury convicted him on four of the five counts: obstruction of justice, one count of making false statements when interviewed by agents of the FBI, and two counts of perjury. They acquitted him on count three, the second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper. Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him. Wells had successfully defended former Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy against a 30-count indictment and had also participated in the successful defense of former Secretary of Labor Raymond Donovan. After Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss, the press initially reported that Libby would testify at the trial. Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007.", "Libby's criminal trial, United States v. Libby, began on January 16, 2007. A parade of Pulitzer Prize–winning journalists testified, including Bob Woodward, Walter Pincus and Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post and Judith Miller and David E. Sanger of The New York Times. Despite earlier press reports and widespread speculation, neither Libby nor Vice President Cheney testified. The jury began deliberations on February 21, 2007. Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007.", "Verdict After deliberating for 10 days, the jury rendered its verdict on March 6, 2007. It convicted Libby on four of the five counts against him: two counts of perjury, one count of obstruction of justice in a grand jury investigation, and one of the two counts of making false statements to federal investigators. After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction.", "After the verdict, initially, Libby's lawyers announced that he would seek a new trial, and that, if that attempt were to fail, they would appeal Libby's conviction. Libby did not speak to reporters. Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial.", "Libby's defense team eventually decided against seeking a new trial. Speaking to the media outside the courtroom after the verdict, Fitzgerald said that \"The jury worked very long and hard and deliberated at length ... [and] was obviously convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had lied and obstructed justice in a serious manner ... I do not expect to file any further charges.\"", "I do not expect to file any further charges.\" The trial confirmed that the leak came first from then-Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage; since Fitzgerald did not charge Armitage and did not charge anyone else, Libby's conviction effectively ended the investigation. In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law.", "In his October 28, 2005, press conference about the grand jury's indictment, Fitzgerald had already explained that Libby's obstruction of justice through perjury and false statements had prevented the grand jury from determining whether the leak violated federal law. During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court.", "During his media appearance outside the courtroom after the verdict in the Libby case, Fitzgerald fielded questions from the press about others involved in the Plame affair and in the CIA leak grand jury investigation, such as Armitage and Cheney, whom he had already described as under \"a cloud\", as already addressed in his conduct of the case and in his closing arguments in court. Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\"", "Sentencing Given current federal sentencing guidelines, which are not mandatory, the conviction could have resulted in a sentence ranging from no imprisonment to imprisonment of up to 25 years and a fine of $1,000,000; yet, as Sniffen and Apuzzo observe, \"federal sentencing guidelines will probably prescribe far less.\" In practice, according to federal sentencing data, three-fourths of the 198 defendants found guilty of obstruction of justice in 2006 served jail time. The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months.", "The average length of jail time on this charge alone was 70 months. On June 5, 2007, Judge Walton sentenced Libby to 30 months in prison and fined him $250,000, clarifying that Libby would begin his sentence immediately. According to Apuzzo and Yost, the judge also \"placed him on two years probation after his prison sentence expires. There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\"", "There is no parole in the federal system, but Libby would be eligible for release after two years.\" In addition, Judge Walton required Libby to provide \"400 hours of community service\" during his supervised release. On June 5, 2007, after the announcement of Libby's sentencing, CNN reported that Libby still \"plans to appeal the verdict\". That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website.", "That day, in response to the sentencing, Vice President Cheney issued a statement in Libby's defense on The White House website. The statement concluded: \"Speaking as friends, we hope that our system will return a final result consistent with what we know of this fine man.\" Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\"", "Joseph and Valerie Wilson posted their statement on Libby's sentencing in United States v. Libby on their website, \"grateful that justice has been served.\" Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction.", "Order to report to prison pending appeal of verdict After the June 5 sentencing, Walton said he was inclined to jail Libby after the defense laid out its proposed appeal, but the judge told attorneys he was open to changing his mind\"; however, on June 14, 2007, Walton ordered Libby to report to prison while his attorneys appealed the conviction. Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling.", "Libby's attorneys asked that the order be stayed, but Walton denied the request and told Libby that he would have 10 days to appeal the ruling. In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case.", "In denying Libby's request, which had questioned Fitzgerald's authority to make the charges in the first place, Walton supported Fitzgerald's authority in the case. He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\"", "He said: \"Everyone is accountable, and if you work in the White House, and if it's perceived that somehow (you're) linked at the hip, the American public would have serious questions about the fairness of any investigation of a high-level official conducted by the attorney general.\" The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal.", "The judge was also responding to an Amicus curiae brief that he had permitted to be filed, which had not apparently convinced him to change his mind, as he subsequently denied Libby bail during his appeal. His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ...", "His \"order grant[ing] the [legal academic] scholars permission to file their brief ...\" contained a caustic footnote questioning the motivation of the legal academics and suggesting he might not give a great deal of weight to their opinion[:] ... It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant.", "It is an impressive show of public service when twelve prominent and distinguished current and former law professors are able to amass their collective wisdom in the course of only several days to provide their legal expertise to the court on behalf of a criminal defendant. The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse.", "The Court trusts that this is a reflection of these eminent academics' willingness in the future to step to the plate and provide like assistance in cases involving any of the numerous litigants, both in this Court and throughout the courts of this nation, who lack the financial means to fully and properly articulate the merits of their legal positions even in instances where failure to do so could result in monetary penalties, incarceration, or worse. The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\"", "The Court will certainly not hesitate to call for such assistance from these luminaries, as necessary in the interests of justice and equity, whenever similar questions arise in the cases that come before it.\" Moreover, when the hearing started, \"in the interest of full disclosure,\" Walton informed the court that he had \"received a number of harassing, angry and mean-spirited phone calls and messages. Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ...", "Some wishing bad things on me and my family ... [T]hose types of things will have no impact ... I initially threw them away, but then there were more, some that were more hateful ... [T]hey are being kept.\" New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move.", "New York Times reporters Neil Lewis and David Stout estimated subsequently that Libby's prison sentence could begin within \"two months\", explaining that Judge Walton's decision means that the defense lawyers will probably ask a federal appeals court to block the sentence, a long-shot move. It also sharpens interest in a question being asked by Mr. Libby's supporters and critics alike: Will President Bush pardon Mr. Libby? ...", "... ... So far, the president has expressed sympathy for Mr. Libby and his family but has not tipped his hand on the pardon issue. ... If the president does not pardon him, and if an appeals court refuses to second-guess Judge Walton's decision, Mr. Libby will probably be ordered to report to prison in six to eight weeks' time. Federal prison authorities will decide where. \"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said.", "\"Unless the Court of Appeals overturns my ruling, he will have to report\", Judge Walton said. Failure of Libby's appeal in order to begin prison sentence On June 20, 2007, Libby appealed Walton's ruling in federal appeals court. The following day, Walton filed a 30-page expanded ruling, in which he explained his decision to deny Libby bail in more detail. On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.", "On July 2, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\"", "Circuit denied Libby's request for a delay and release from his prison sentence, stating that Libby \"has not shown that the appeal raises a substantial question under federal law that would merit letting him remain free,\" increasing \"pressure on President George W. Bush to decide soon whether to pardon Libby ... as the former White House official's supporters have urged.\" Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT).", "Presidential commutation Soon after the verdict, calls for Libby to be pardoned by President George W. Bush began to appear in some newspapers; some of them were posted online by the Libby Legal Defense Trust (LLDT). U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead.", "U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid issued a press release about the verdict, urging Bush to pledge not to pardon Libby, and other Democratic politicians followed his lead. Surveying \"the pardon battle\" and citing both pro and con publications, The Washington Post online columnist Dan Froomkin concludes that many U.S. newspapers opposed a presidential pardon for Libby. Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon.", "Much of this commentary obscured the fact that the clemency power provided the President with several options short of a full, unconditional pardon. In an op-ed published in The Washington Post, former federal prosecutor and conservative activist William Otis argued the sentence was too stringent and that, instead of pardoning Libby, Bush should commute his sentence. After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ...", "After the sentencing, Bush stated on camera that he would \"not intervene until Libby's legal team has exhausted all of its avenues of appeal ... It wouldn't be appropriate for me to discuss the case until after the legal remedies have run its course.\" Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence.", "Ultimately, less than a month later, on July 2, 2007, Bush chose Otis's 'third option' — \"neither prison nor pardon\" — in commuting Libby's prison sentence. After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions.", "After Libby was denied bail during his appeal process on July 2, 2007, Bush commuted Libby's 30-month federal prison sentence, calling it \"excessive\", but he did not change the other parts of the sentence and their conditions. That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation.", "That presidential commutation left in place the felony conviction, the $250,000 fine, and the terms of probation. Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love.", "Some have criticized the move, as presidential commutations are rarely issued, but when granted they have generally occurred after the convicted person has already served a substantial portion of his or her sentence: \"We can't find any cases, certainly in the last half-century, where the president commuted a sentence before it had even started to be served,\" said former Justice Department pardon attorney Margaret Colgate Love. Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again.", "Others, notably Cheney himself who argued that Libby was unfairly charged by a politically motivated prosecution, believed that the commutation fell short, as Libby would likely never practice law again. At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine.", "At the time, Bush explained his \"Grant of Executive Clemency\" to Libby, in part, as follows: Mr. Libby was sentenced to thirty months of prison, two years of probation, and a $250,000 fine. In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation.", "In making the sentencing decision, the district court rejected the advice of the probation office, which recommended a lesser sentence and the consideration of factors that could have led to a sentence of home confinement or probation. Libby paid the required fine of \"$250,400, which included a 'special assessment' of costs\" that same day. Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency.", "Bush's explanation was written by Fred F. Fielding, White House Counsel during the last two years of Bush's presidency. According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\"", "According to a Time article published six months after Bush left office, Fielding worded the commutation \"in a way that would make it harder for Bush to revisit it in the future ... ; [the] language was intended to send an unmistakable message, internally as well as externally: No one is above the law.\" The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak.", "The article suggested that there was a fundamental difference between how Bush and Cheney viewed the \"War on Terror\", with aides close to Bush feeling that Cheney had misled the President and damaged the administration's moral character with the Plame leak. Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'.", "Libby's lawyer, Theodore V. Wells, Jr. \"issued a brief statement saying Mr. Libby and his family 'wished to express their gratitude for the president's decision ... We continue to believe in Mr. Libby's innocence'. ... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ...", "... \" Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, however, took issue with Bush's description of the sentence as 'excessive', saying it was \"[i]mposed pursuant to the laws governing sentencings which occur every day throughout this country ... It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said.", "It is fundamental to the rule of law that all citizens stand before the bar of justice as equals ... [T]hat principle guided the judge during both the trial and the sentencing,\" Fitzgerald said. The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation.", "The day after the commuting of Libby's sentence, James Rowley (Bloomberg News) reported that Bush had not ruled out pardoning Libby in the future and that Bush's press spokesman, Tony Snow, denied any political motivation in the commutation. Quoting Snow, Rowley added: The president is getting pounded on the right because he didn't do a full pardon.' If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently.", "If Bush were 'doing the weather-vane thing' he 'would have done something differently. Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves.", "Democratic politicians' responses stressed their outrage at what they called a disgraceful abrogation of justice, and, that evening CNN reported that Representative John Conyers, Jr., Democrat of Michigan, announced that there would be a formal Congressional investigation of Bush's commutation of Libby's sentence and other presidential reprieves. The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007.", "The hearing on \"The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials\" was held by the United States House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Rep. Conyers, on July 11, 2007. Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point.", "Just a few days later, however, Judge Walton questioned \"whether ... [Libby] will face two years of probation, as [President Bush] said he would,\" because the supervised release time is conditioned on Libby's serving the prison sentence, and he \"directed the special prosecutor, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, and ... [Libby's] lawyers to file arguments on the point. ... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\"", "... \" \"If Judge Walton does not impose any supervised release, it could undercut ... [Bush's] argument that ... Libby still faced stiff justice.\" That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service.", "That issue was resolved on July 10, 2007, clearing the way for Libby to begin serving the rest of his sentence, the supervised release and 400 hours of community service. In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances.", "In response to Bush's justifications for clemency, liberal commentator Harlan J. Protass noted that in Rita v. United States, the case of a defendant convicted of perjury in front of a grand jury which had been decided two weeks earlier by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. government had successfully argued that sentences that fall within Federal Sentencing Guidelines are presumed to be \"reasonable\", regardless of individual circumstances. Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ...", "Reportedly outraged by Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence, on July 2, 2007, Wilson told CNN: \"I have nothing to say to Scooter Libby ... I don't owe this administration. They owe my wife and my family an apology for having betrayed her. Scooter Libby is a traitor. Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\"", "Bush's action ... demonstrates that the White House is corrupt from top to bottom.\" He reiterated this perspective on the commutation in the House Judiciary Committee hearing on July 11, 2007, vehemently protesting that a Republican congressman was engaging in \"yet a further smear of my wife's good name and my good name.\" According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case.", "According to a USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted from July 6 to July 8, 2007, \"most Americans disagree with President George W. Bush's decision to intervene\" on Libby's behalf in the case. Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it.", "Several months after Bush's action, Judge Walton commented publicly on it. He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive.", "He spoke in favor of applying the law equally, stating: \"The downside [of the commutation] is there are a lot of people in America who think that justice is determined to a large degree by who you are and that what you have plays a large role in what kind of justice you receive. ... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned.", "... \" Bush took no further action with respect to Libby's conviction or sentence during his presidential term, despite entreaties from conservatives that he should be pardoned. Two days after their term expired, former Vice President Cheney expressed his regret that Bush had not pardoned Libby on his last day in office. Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial.", "Press coverage of Libby's trial Blogs played a prominent role in the press coverage of Libby's trial. Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\"", "Scott Shane, in his article \"For Liberal Bloggers, Libby Trial Is Fun and Fodder\", published in The New York Times on February 15, 2007, quotes Robert Cox, president of the Media Bloggers Association, who wrote that the trial was \"the first federal case for which independent bloggers have been given official credentials along with reporters from the traditional news media.\" The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public.", "The trial was followed in the mass media and engaged the interest of both professional legal experts and the general public. While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences.", "While awaiting the judge's ruling pertaining to supervised release and the \"400 hours of community service that Judge Walton imposed\", for example, bloggers discussed the legal issues involved in these non-commuted parts of Libby's sentence and their effects on Libby's future life experiences. Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation.", "Criticism of investigation On August 28, 2006, Christopher Hitchens asserted that Richard Armitage was the primary source of the Valerie Plame leak and that Fitzgerald knew this at the beginning of his investigation. This was supported a month later by Armitage himself, who stated that Fitzgerald had instructed him not to go public with this information. Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ...", "Investor's Business Daily questioned Fitzgerald's truthfulness in an editorial, stating \"From top to bottom, this has been one of the most disgraceful abuses of prosecutorial power in this country's history ... The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\"", "The Plame case proves [Fitzgerald] can bend the truth with the proficiency of the slickest of pols.\" In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\".", "In a September 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial, attorney Alan Dershowitz cited the \"questionable investigation[s]\" of Scooter Libby as evidence of the problems brought to the criminal justice process by \"politically appointed and partisan attorney[s] general\". In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate.", "In April 2015, also writing in The Wall Street Journal, Hoover Institution fellow Peter Berkowitz argued that statements by Judith Miller, in her recently published memoir, raised anew contentions that her testimony was inaccurate and that Fitzgerald's conduct as prosecutor was inappropriate. The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status.", "The Wilsons' civil suit On July 13, 2006, Joseph and Valerie Wilson filed a civil lawsuit against Libby, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and other unnamed senior White House officials (among whom they later added Richard Armitage) for their role in the public disclosure of Valerie Wilson's classified CIA status. Judge John D. Bates dismissed the Wilsons' lawsuit on jurisdictional grounds on July 19, 2007. The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day.", "The Wilsons appealed Bates's district-court decision the next day. Agreeing with the Bush administration, the Obama Justice Department argued that the Wilsons had no legitimate grounds to sue. Melanie Sloan, one of the Wilsons' attorneys, said: \"We are deeply disappointed that the Obama administration has failed to recognize the grievous harm top Bush White House officials inflicted on Joe and Valerie Wilson. The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\"", "The government's position cannot be reconciled with President Obama's oft-stated commitment to once again make government officials accountable for their actions.\" On June 21, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal. Restoration of voting rights, law license, and presidential pardon Libby's voting rights were restored on November 1, 2012 by then-Governor of Virginia Bob McDonnell. Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders.", "Libby was part of a larger group of individuals who had their voting rights restored by McDonnell, all of whom were non-violent offenders. Three years later, on November 3, 2016, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals granted Libby's petition for reinstatement to the D.C. Bar. On April 13, 2018, President Donald Trump pardoned Libby. In media portrayals David Andrews played Scooter Libby in the 2010 film Fair Game, which is about the Plame affair. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice.", "Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. Justin Kirk played Libby in the 2018 film Vice. See also List of disbarments in the United States Plame affair criminal investigation Project for the New American Century List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States Notes Citations References . United States Department of State, February 2005. Accessed July 8, 2007. Bromell, Nick. \"Scooter Libby and Me\". The American Scholar (Phi Beta Kappa) (Winter 2007).", "The American Scholar (Phi Beta Kappa) (Winter 2007). Accessed June 8, 2007. –––. \"Scooter's Tragic Innocence: Why My Friend Scooter Libby Is Loyal to Bush, Cheney and an Arrogant Administration Whose Values Are Not His Own\". Salon, January 24, 2007. Accessed June 8, 2007. (Premium content; restricted access). Dickerson, John. \"Who Is Scooter Libby? The Secretive Cheney Aide at the Heart of the CIA Leak Case\".", "The Secretive Cheney Aide at the Heart of the CIA Leak Case\". Slate, October 21, 2005. Accessed June 28, 2007. Frankel, Max. \"The Washington Back Channel\". The New York Times, March 25, 2007. Accessed March 23, 2008. Garfield, Bob. \"'Former New York Times Staffer Judith Miller'\". On the Media from NPR, National Public Radio, WCNY-FM, November 11, 2005. Accessed March 5, 2007. (Transcript and RealAudio link.)", "Accessed March 5, 2007. (Transcript and RealAudio link.) (Transcript and RealAudio link.) \"I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\". Right Web (International Relations Center). Last updated March 21, 2007. Accessed July 1, 2007. \"Indictment\" in United States of America vs. I. Lewis Libby, also known as \"Scooter Libby\". United States Department of Justice, October 28, 2005. Accessed July 5, 2007. Libby, Lewis. The Apprentice: A Novel. Rpt.", "Accessed July 5, 2007. Libby, Lewis. The Apprentice: A Novel. Rpt. Rpt. ed. 1996; New York: Griffin, 2005. (10). (13). Markels, Alex. \"Legal Affairs: I. Lewis Libby: The Plight of a Disciplined Risk-Taker\". National Public Radio, October 28, 2005. Accessed March 5, 2007. Merritt, Jeralyn, moderator. \"Verdict in the Libby Trial\". Transcript.", "Merritt, Jeralyn, moderator. \"Verdict in the Libby Trial\". Transcript. Transcript. The Washington Post (\"Live Online\" discussion), March 6, 2007, 2:00–3:00 p.m., ET. Accessed March 6, 2007. (Duration: one hour.) N.B. : \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions.", ": \"Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions. washingtonpost.com is not responsible for any content posted by third parties.\" in \"United States of America, v. I. Lewis Libby, Defendant\". Criminal No. 05-394 (RBW). United States District Court for the District of Columbia, filed January 10, 2007. Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".]", "Accessed February 10, 2007. [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] [\"USA-v-Libby_Rules-of-Order.pdf\".] \"President Commutes Libby's Sentence: Calls 30-month Term for Ex-Cheney Aide 'excessive'\". Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. . White House biography from 2004. Accessed February 10, 2007. Waas, Murray. \"Cheney 'Authorized' Libby to Leak Classified Information\". National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007.", "National Journal, February 9, 2006. Accessed March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. –––, ed., with Jeff Lomonaco. The United States v. I. Lewis Libby. New York: Union Square Press (imprint of Sterling Publishing), 2007. (10). (13). (\"Edited & with reporting by Murray Waas\" and with research assistance by Jeff Lomonaco.) Weisman, Steven. \"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\".", "\"White House Is Pressing Israelis To Take Initiatives in Peace Talks\". The New York Times, April 17, 2003. Accessed March 23, 2008. Wilson, Joseph C. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response to Bush Spokesman Tony Snow's Comments at Today's White House Briefing\". Online posting. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), July 3, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting.", "Accessed July 4, 2007. Online posting. Online posting. \"Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson's Response ... \" and \"Read more\", Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust (Home page), n.d. Accessed July 8, 2007. (Concerning Bush's commutation of Libby's prison sentence.) –––. \"Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\" (now outdated URL). Press release. Originally posted online.", "Press release. Originally posted online. Originally posted online. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), March 6, 2007. Accessed March 6, 2007. Posted as \"CREW Statement on Libby Conviction: No Man Is Above the Law.\" Citizens ^Blogging for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (blog), March 6, 2007. Accessed April 18, 2007. Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\".", "Also posted as \"Wilsons' Attorney Statement in Response to Jury's Verdict in U.S. v. I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby\". Joseph and Valerie Wilson Legal Support Trust, March 6, 2007, home page. Accessed April 18, 2007. External links Background on the Plame Investigation at The Washington Post. CNN Special Reports: CIA Leak Investigation compiled by CNN Newsroom; incl. interactive timeline in Case History. \"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\".", "\"Legal Affairs: Lewis Libby's Complete Grand Jury Testimony\". Full audio clip and transcript provided by National Public Radio on npr.org, \"The Lewis Libby Case\". Archive of articles concerning Libby broadcast on National Public Radio. . United States v. I. Lewis Libby. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post.", "Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Photo gallery with news captions at The Washington Post. Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations 1950 births Jewish American attorneys Assistants to the President of the United States Chiefs of Staff to the Vice President of the United States Columbia Law School alumni Columbia University alumni Living people Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Pennsylvania Democrats Pennsylvania Republicans People associated with the Plame affair People from McLean, Virginia Lawyers from New Haven, Connecticut Lawyers from Philadelphia Phillips Academy alumni Reagan administration personnel Recipients of American presidential clemency Recipients of American presidential pardons Yale University alumni Hudson Institute Conservatism in the United States" ]

[ "Mr. Children", "1998-2000", "What happened in 1998?", "On February 11, 1998, they released their 14th single \"Nishi e Higashi e\" (nishiehigashie),", "Was the single a success?", "I don't know.", "What happened in 1999?", "On January 13, 1999, \"Hikari no Sasu Hou E\" (Guang noShe suFang he), their 16th single, was released, followed by their seventh album, Discovery, on February 3, 1999.", "Did they win any awards?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ ", commonly referred to by their contracted nickname , are a Japanese pop rock band formed in 1989. Consisting of Kazutoshi Sakurai, Kenichi Tahara, Keisuke Nakagawa, and Hideya Suzuki, they made their major label debut in 1992. They are one of the best selling artists in Japan and one of the most successful Japanese rock artists, having sold over 75 million records and creating the in the mid-1990s in Japan.", "They are one of the best selling artists in Japan and one of the most successful Japanese rock artists, having sold over 75 million records and creating the in the mid-1990s in Japan. They held the record for the highest first week sales of a single in Japan for 15 years, with 1.2 million copies of their 10th single , have 30 consecutive number 1 singles, replaced Glay as the all-male band (with 3 or more members) to have the most number 1 albums on the Oricon charts, and won the Japan Record Award in 1994 for \"Innocent World\" and in 2004 for \"Sign\".", "They held the record for the highest first week sales of a single in Japan for 15 years, with 1.2 million copies of their 10th single , have 30 consecutive number 1 singles, replaced Glay as the all-male band (with 3 or more members) to have the most number 1 albums on the Oricon charts, and won the Japan Record Award in 1994 for \"Innocent World\" and in 2004 for \"Sign\". As of 2012, Mr. Children has published fifteen original studio albums and 34 physical singles, along with five compilations, a live album, and fifteen home video releases.", "As of 2012, Mr. Children has published fifteen original studio albums and 34 physical singles, along with five compilations, a live album, and fifteen home video releases. The band's music is mainly composed and written by lead singer Sakurai, with the exception of the Suzuki-penned songs \"Asia\" and \"#2601\" from the albums Atomic Heart and Discovery, and occasional collaborative song writing with producer Takeshi Kobayashi.", "The band's music is mainly composed and written by lead singer Sakurai, with the exception of the Suzuki-penned songs \"Asia\" and \"#2601\" from the albums Atomic Heart and Discovery, and occasional collaborative song writing with producer Takeshi Kobayashi. In 2012 they celebrated their 20th debut anniversary by releasing dual best album titled Mr. Children 2001–2005 ＜micro＞ and Mr. Children 2005–2010 ＜macro＞. Both albums dominated the best-selling album category in the 2012 Oricon yearly chart, selling over 2.5 million copies.", "Both albums dominated the best-selling album category in the 2012 Oricon yearly chart, selling over 2.5 million copies. Mr.Children has become the third artists who achieved TOP 2 spots on the yearly album ranking, and this is the first time in 14 years for any artist to achieve this.", "Mr.Children has become the third artists who achieved TOP 2 spots on the yearly album ranking, and this is the first time in 14 years for any artist to achieve this. Moreover, [(An Imitation) Blood Orange], an album of new material released in November 2012, debuted No.1 on the Oricon Chart—at the end of the year, all three albums released that year were in the Top 10 best selling albums of 2012.", "Moreover, [(An Imitation) Blood Orange], an album of new material released in November 2012, debuted No.1 on the Oricon Chart—at the end of the year, all three albums released that year were in the Top 10 best selling albums of 2012. In 2015, Mr. Children was named No.1 Concert Mobilization Power Ranking based on the overall number of people whom attended their performances during 2015 in Japan, mobilizing 1,119,000 fans (36 concerts).", "In 2015, Mr. Children was named No.1 Concert Mobilization Power Ranking based on the overall number of people whom attended their performances during 2015 in Japan, mobilizing 1,119,000 fans (36 concerts). History 1987–1992 The group's members first met in the year of 1987, when Sakurai, Tahara and Nakagawa were in The Walls, which was originally influenced by the band Echoes. The frontman of Echoes, Jinsei Tsuji, was a political activist, and because of this, The Walls too became a political band.", "The frontman of Echoes, Jinsei Tsuji, was a political activist, and because of this, The Walls too became a political band. Drummer Hideya Suzuki was not an original member of The Walls. When the original drummer departed, the band recruited Suzuki, who went to the same school as the other members. In late 1988, The Walls disintegrated, while the remaining members formed Mr. Children in early 1989.", "In late 1988, The Walls disintegrated, while the remaining members formed Mr. Children in early 1989. The name of Mr. Children supposedly came about during a talk in a dinner, in which the group thought the word \"children\" had a nice ring to it, but because they were no longer children themselves, they decided to add Mr. in front of it. They credit this change as a new way they started to look at the group.", "They credit this change as a new way they started to look at the group. After changing their name and overall sound, Mr. Children auditioned at a music club called La Mama, failing to pass the first time, but passing a second audition to play at the club. After playing in the club, they were asked to try and debut as professionals. Mr. Children sent out five demo tapes; all failed to generate record label interest, and the group took a three-month hiatus in 1991.", "Mr. Children sent out five demo tapes; all failed to generate record label interest, and the group took a three-month hiatus in 1991. Hideya Suzuki worked as a receptionist at an economy hotel, while Kazutoshi Sakurai worked with his father who owned a construction company. When they returned, the group created a sixth demo tape and caught the attention of Toy's Factory. The label signed the group and had them play as the opening act for the rock group Jun Sky Walkers.", "The label signed the group and had them play as the opening act for the rock group Jun Sky Walkers. It was also during this time that they were introduced to their long-time friend and producer Takeshi Kobayashi. Kobayashi was already known in the music industry as a music composer for Keisuke Kuwata of Southern All Stars and Kyōko Koizumi. 1992–1994 On May 10, 1992, Mr. Children's debut album, Everything, was released and represented the long journey they took to get to this point.", "1992–1994 On May 10, 1992, Mr. Children's debut album, Everything, was released and represented the long journey they took to get to this point. Three months later their first single was released on August 21, 1992. After the release of the single the group held two tours for the album, both held between September 23, 1992 and November 5 of the same year, the '92 Everything Tour comprising ten and the '92 Your Everything Tour consisting of twelve performances.", "After the release of the single the group held two tours for the album, both held between September 23, 1992 and November 5 of the same year, the '92 Everything Tour comprising ten and the '92 Your Everything Tour consisting of twelve performances. To cap off the year and lead them into the next, Mr. Children released their second album, Kind of Love and their second single on December 1, 1992. \"Dakishimetai\" was later used as an insert song for the Japanese drama .", "\"Dakishimetai\" was later used as an insert song for the Japanese drama . Shortly after, a new tour called '92–93 Kind of Love Tour started and lasted from December 7, 1992 till January 25, 1993. In 1993, with the completion of the band's tour they began work on for their third album. The first single of the new year to be released was \"Replay\", released on July 1, 1993 and used in commercials.", "The first single of the new year to be released was \"Replay\", released on July 1, 1993 and used in commercials. On September 9, 1993 their third album Versus was released, but failed to bring the group into the spotlight. They continued on and held a new tour. The '93 Versus Tour was held from September 23 until November 5 and had the band holding nine performances.", "The '93 Versus Tour was held from September 23 until November 5 and had the band holding nine performances. Shortly after, \"Cross Road\" was released on November 10, 1993, which was used to promote the Japanese drama . The single was not a hit, but through word of mouth \"Cross Road\" gained popularity and after 22 weeks sold over a million copies and later, though released in 1993, managed to become the fifteenth best selling single in Oricon's 1994 yearly charts.", "The single was not a hit, but through word of mouth \"Cross Road\" gained popularity and after 22 weeks sold over a million copies and later, though released in 1993, managed to become the fifteenth best selling single in Oricon's 1994 yearly charts. Sakurai confessed years later as to not liking his works up to this point. According to him: On June 1, 1994 a new single called \"Innocent World\" was released and used a promotional song for the soft drink .", "According to him: On June 1, 1994 a new single called \"Innocent World\" was released and used a promotional song for the soft drink . The single solidified the groups popularity with its sales, managing to sell 1,935,830 copies and becoming the No. 1 selling single in Oricon's 1994 yearly charts. Afterwards work began on their fourth original album Atomic Heart. The album was released on September 1, 1994 and became the band's highest selling album to date.", "The album was released on September 1, 1994 and became the band's highest selling album to date. Due to the huge success the band received from the album and \"Innocent World\" single, the groups popularity built up creating the in Japan. The band also had Takeshi Kobayashi produce two new tours for them. The first tour, named after the \"Innocent World\" single was held from September 18 to December 18.", "The first tour, named after the \"Innocent World\" single was held from September 18 to December 18. The band also released their sixth single \"Tomorrow Never Knows\" on November 10, 1994 which was used as the theme song to the Japanese drama . The song was written while the group was on tour, was later voted in 2006 as fans No. 1 all-time favorite song on Music Station, and is currently the third highest selling drama tie-in single in Japan.", "1 all-time favorite song on Music Station, and is currently the third highest selling drama tie-in single in Japan. The next single, was released on December 12, 1994, though originally intended to be the B-side of \"Tomorrow Never Knows\". To end the year, \"Innocent World\" won the Song of the Year award at the 36th annual Japan Record Awards. 1995–1997 In 1995, the second half of the Atomic Heart tour started, lasting from January 1 to February 2.", "1995–1997 In 1995, the second half of the Atomic Heart tour started, lasting from January 1 to February 2. Mr. Children also became involved in charity work, doing a collaboration song with Keisuke Kuwata of Southern All Stars. The single was used as the theme song for the Act Against AIDS campaign, was produced by Mr. Children and written by Kuwata.", "The single was used as the theme song for the Act Against AIDS campaign, was produced by Mr. Children and written by Kuwata. To promote the single and the campaign, they held a one-month tour from April 18 until May 14, entitled , where the group did cover songs of many English speaking artists such as The Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan. During the tour the group was also filming a documentary/concert movie called Es ~Mr. Children in Film~.", "Children in Film~. Children in Film~. It was released in theaters on June 6, 1995, preceded by the group's eight single \"Es (Theme of Es)\" on May 10, to promote the movie. Two months later the group held an open air tour titled from July 16 to September 10, during which the ninth single, was released on August 10. On February 6, 1996 Mr. Children's tenth single was released, to promote the Japanese drama and also for Daio Paper's commercial.", "On February 6, 1996 Mr. Children's tenth single was released, to promote the Japanese drama and also for Daio Paper's commercial. The single went on to become Japan's highest first week selling single of all time (which was later broken by idol group AKB48) and is currently Japan's eighth highest selling drama tie-in single. The success of the single was also a surprise for Sakurai, who admitted to spending very little time writing the song.", "The success of the single was also a surprise for Sakurai, who admitted to spending very little time writing the song. Two months later, on April 5, 1996 the group's eleventh single was released, followed by their fifth original album on June 24 and their twelfth single , on August 8. To close the year, the Regress or Progress Tour started and lasted from August 24, 1996 to March 28, 1997. The group visited 14 cities and held 55 concerts.", "The group visited 14 cities and held 55 concerts. The group visited 14 cities and held 55 concerts. Mr. Children's 13th single, \"Everything (It's You)\", was released on February 5, 1997, with the title track used as the theme song to the Japanese drama . A month later, on March 5 Bolero, Mr. Children's sixth album was released. Soon after, rumors started of the group disbanding.", "Soon after, rumors started of the group disbanding. Soon after, rumors started of the group disbanding. Sakurai's reply: \"The band will dissolve only when we have no more talent and have relationship problems with each other.\" Yet the group then decided to take some time off. Nakagawa and Suzuki start a side project band called Hayashi Hideo, and joined by Kenji Fujii from My Little Lover and Sawao Yamanaka from The Pillows, went on a club tour.", "Nakagawa and Suzuki start a side project band called Hayashi Hideo, and joined by Kenji Fujii from My Little Lover and Sawao Yamanaka from The Pillows, went on a club tour. 1998–2000 On February 11, 1998, they released their 14th single , theme song to the Japanese drama . The group was still on hiatus during this time and made no live performances to promote the single and did not appear in the music video for the song.", "The group was still on hiatus during this time and made no live performances to promote the single and did not appear in the music video for the song. Finally on October 21, 1998, Mr. Children officially re-grouped and released their 15th single, with the Japanese drama using it as their theme song. The song remains a public favorite in voting polls, Oricon citing its inspirational lyrics as the reason.", "The song remains a public favorite in voting polls, Oricon citing its inspirational lyrics as the reason. On January 13, 1999, , their 16th single, was released, followed by their seventh album, Discovery, on February 3, 1999. Sakurai compared his approach to the songwriting for the record to surfing: Eleven days later they began the Discovery Tour '99, from February 14 to July 12, where the group visited 16 cities and held 42 shows.", "Sakurai compared his approach to the songwriting for the record to surfing: Eleven days later they began the Discovery Tour '99, from February 14 to July 12, where the group visited 16 cities and held 42 shows. During the tour, Mr. Children released their 17th single \"I'll Be\" on May 12, which was used in Sea Breeze commercials. Though originally released on the Discovery album, the song was re-released as a single with a lighter beat.", "Though originally released on the Discovery album, the song was re-released as a single with a lighter beat. The single was not a success and became Mr. Children's lowest selling single since \"Cross Road\". During the Discovery Tour '99, an idea for a live album was brought up. It was released as a 500,000 copy limited edition on September 8, 1999 and called 1/42 (referring to one of the 42 shows in the tour).", "It was released as a 500,000 copy limited edition on September 8, 1999 and called 1/42 (referring to one of the 42 shows in the tour). Most of the tracks were recorded on June 16, 1999 at the Makomanai ice arena, while the bonus track \"Dakishimetai\" was recorded at the Okinawa Ginowan-Shi seaside park. At the beginning of a new century , released on January 13, 2000 became the group's 18th single.", "At the beginning of a new century , released on January 13, 2000 became the group's 18th single. While \"I'll Be\" failed to be a success, \"Kuchibue\" proved to be a hit selling 724,070 copies. On August 9, 2000, their 19th single \"Not Found\" was also used as the theme song to the Japanese drama , followed a month later by their 9th original album Q on September 27, 2000.", "On August 9, 2000, their 19th single \"Not Found\" was also used as the theme song to the Japanese drama , followed a month later by their 9th original album Q on September 27, 2000. The band went to New York to record this album, where they re-recorded some of their old indie material and for the first time, producer Takeshi Kobayashi performed with the band on a recording. The cover for the album was shot bought Size, Inc. at the Bonneville Salt Flats in the United States.", "The cover for the album was shot bought Size, Inc. at the Bonneville Salt Flats in the United States. The album was not a favorite amongst fans for various reasons and became their first album since Atomic Heart to not sell over one million copies. ‘Concert tour Q’ started, visiting 13 cities and holding 35 concerts between October 15, 2000 and February 24, 2001. 2001–2003 In 2001, Mr. Children continued their Q tour, followed by dual \"Best Of\" albums.", "2001–2003 In 2001, Mr. Children continued their Q tour, followed by dual \"Best Of\" albums. Titled Mr. Children 1992–1995 and Mr. Children 1996–2000, they were both released on July 11, 2001. Both albums went on to sell a combined total of 4,034,785 copies. According to an interview done with MTV Japan Sakurai stated the best of albums weren't something they had planned on doing yet.", "According to an interview done with MTV Japan Sakurai stated the best of albums weren't something they had planned on doing yet. During this time, the group was finishing up work for their new upcoming album and had planned to start promoting singles on it. However it was decided that a best of album was needed and so they were released.", "However it was decided that a best of album was needed and so they were released. Four days following the dual album release, the group launched the ‘Popsaurus’ tour, visiting 10 cities and playing 15 shows, lasting from July 15, 2001 all the way through September 25, 2001. A month into the tour their 20th single was released and used to promote the Wonda Canned Coffee by Asahi Soft Drinks. Two months after the Popsaurus tour ended, \"Youthful Days\" was released.", "Two months after the Popsaurus tour ended, \"Youthful Days\" was released. Released on November 7, 2001, it was their 21st single and was an insert song for the Japanese drama Antique Bakery. \"Youthful Days\" debuted at number-one on Japanese Oricon's Charts in its first week at retail (ahead of Mr. Moonlight (Ai no Big Band) by Morning Musume, from album 4th Ikimashoi! ), and It ended up being their best selling single for the year.", "), and It ended up being their best selling single for the year. The b-side for the single, \"Drawing\", originally had no commercial tie-in, but two years later was used as the theme song to the 2003 Japanese drama , Starring former Shibugakitai member Masahiro Motoki. Mr. Children released their 22nd single on New Year's Day of 2002 (January 1), which was used as a show song in the Japanese drama Antique Bakery.", "Mr. Children released their 22nd single on New Year's Day of 2002 (January 1), which was used as a show song in the Japanese drama Antique Bakery. Four months later their tenth original album It's a Wonderful World was released on May 10, the groups' tenth anniversary. The release of the album on their 10th anniversary was not something that had originally intended. As the group was wrapping up recording, Sakurai asked if the album could be released in the spring time.", "As the group was wrapping up recording, Sakurai asked if the album could be released in the spring time. While the group and their management was trying to think of how to promote an album in the spring time, they came up with releasing the album on their 10th anniversary. A new tour, titled Mr. Children Tour 2002 Dear Wonderful World was set to begin later that year.", "A new tour, titled Mr. Children Tour 2002 Dear Wonderful World was set to begin later that year. The previous single \"I'll Be\" from the Discovery album was selected to be used as an official theme for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, held in Japan and South Korea.", "The previous single \"I'll Be\" from the Discovery album was selected to be used as an official theme for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, held in Japan and South Korea. On May 24, 2002 Mr. Children attended the first ever MTV Video Music Awards Japan and topped the awards show by winning 'Video of the Year' for the song \"Kimi ga suki\", the band also nominated in Best Group Category but losing to Backstreet Boys.", "On May 24, 2002 Mr. Children attended the first ever MTV Video Music Awards Japan and topped the awards show by winning 'Video of the Year' for the song \"Kimi ga suki\", the band also nominated in Best Group Category but losing to Backstreet Boys. Two months after the release of the new album, Mr.Children's 23rd single \"Any\", was released on July 11, 2002 and used to promote NTT DoCoMo Group 10th Anniversary. The group was not able to properly promote the single.", "The group was not able to properly promote the single. As preparations for the new tour were beginning and promotion for the new single were being done, lead singer Sakurai was hospitalized on July 21, 2002, after a blockage in his cerebellum was detected. The Mr. Children Tour 2002 Dear Wonderful World was canceled and all group activities were put on a temporary hiatus. While recovering, Sakurai wrote a song called \"Hero\", that was inspired by his hospitalization.", "While recovering, Sakurai wrote a song called \"Hero\", that was inspired by his hospitalization. The song was released as the group's 24th single on December 11, 2002 and was used in NTT DoCoMo Group 10th Anniversary commercial. The first press version of the single included a DVD where, in addition to a Mr. Children 2002 documentary -Hero- that was aired, the singer talked about his hospitalization and inspiration for the song.", "The first press version of the single included a DVD where, in addition to a Mr. Children 2002 documentary -Hero- that was aired, the singer talked about his hospitalization and inspiration for the song. On November 15, 2002 Mr.Children's website announced the band's return to the stage for a \"stew of home pride\" with a one night only live, December 21, 2002 the group returned to the stage for a single concert, later released on DVD, titled Wonederful World on Dec. 21.", "On November 15, 2002 Mr.Children's website announced the band's return to the stage for a \"stew of home pride\" with a one night only live, December 21, 2002 the group returned to the stage for a single concert, later released on DVD, titled Wonederful World on Dec. 21. The group remained quiet for most of 2003. Sakurai helped to launch Artists' Power Bank (AP Bank), a non-profit environmental financial institution, in June.", "Sakurai helped to launch Artists' Power Bank (AP Bank), a non-profit environmental financial institution, in June. Sakamoto Ryuichi, a well known composer, came up with the initial idea to build a wind-power plant. With the help of Sakurai and music producer Takeshi Kobayashi, their goal later became to invest in environmentally friendly projects, such as renewable energy, and as of 2007, participated in other social issues such as helping the victims of a Chuetsu offshore earthquake in Niigata Prefecture on July 16, 2007.", "With the help of Sakurai and music producer Takeshi Kobayashi, their goal later became to invest in environmentally friendly projects, such as renewable energy, and as of 2007, participated in other social issues such as helping the victims of a Chuetsu offshore earthquake in Niigata Prefecture on July 16, 2007. Near the end of the year, Mr. Children re-grouped and released their 25th single . It became their first double a-side single with \"Tenohira\" receiving no commercial tie-in, and \"Kurumi\" used to promote .", "It became their first double a-side single with \"Tenohira\" receiving no commercial tie-in, and \"Kurumi\" used to promote . The single was a hit and became Mr.Children's best selling single since 2001's \"Youthful Days\" single. 2004–2006 In 2004, Sakurai started a solo project titled Bank Band, which became a spin-off of AP Bank. As Bank Band, Sakurai released a first album, titled , which contained covers of two Mr. Children songs, \"Hero\" and \"Yasashii Uta\".", "As Bank Band, Sakurai released a first album, titled , which contained covers of two Mr. Children songs, \"Hero\" and \"Yasashii Uta\". Mr. Children released their eleventh album on April 4, 2004, titled , which came with a documentary DVD showing the group working and talking about the concept behind the album. To help promote the album, Mr. Children used the song in 'Nissin Cup Noodle – NO Border' commercials and as the 'News 23' theme song.", "To help promote the album, Mr. Children used the song in 'Nissin Cup Noodle – NO Border' commercials and as the 'News 23' theme song. According to Sakurai, is In the following month, they released their 26th single, \"Sign\", on May 26, which was used as the theme song to the Japanese drama Orange Days and went on to win the Song of the Year award at the 46th annual Japan Record Awards ten years after their win for 'Innocent World'.", "According to Sakurai, is In the following month, they released their 26th single, \"Sign\", on May 26, which was used as the theme song to the Japanese drama Orange Days and went on to win the Song of the Year award at the 46th annual Japan Record Awards ten years after their win for 'Innocent World'. Most of the 2005 was spent working on a new album. As a solo act, Kazutoshi Sakurai appeared at Golden Circle vol.7 on February 28, 2005.", "As a solo act, Kazutoshi Sakurai appeared at Golden Circle vol.7 on February 28, 2005. Finally on June 29, 2005 the group released their 27th single . The single became a monster hit selling 569,000 copies its first week, and ending with 925,632 copies sold. As a quad a-side single, all four songs had a commercial tie in.", "As a quad a-side single, all four songs had a commercial tie in. promoted 'Pocari Sweat', \"and I love you\" promoted 'Nissin Cup Noodle – NO Border', became the theme song for the Japanese movie 'Fly Daddy Fly', and was used as a promotional song for Fuji TV's educational program 'Kodomo bangumi Ponkikkiizu, Gachagachapon'. Even though it was released as a single, it was classified as an album by the Recording Industry Association of Japan.", "Even though it was released as a single, it was classified as an album by the Recording Industry Association of Japan. A month later the group attended Kazutoshi Sakurai's 3-day festival 'ap bank fes’ 05' from July 16, 2005 through July 18, 2005, followed by 'SETSTOCK '05' at Kokuei bihoku kyuuryou park on July 23, 2005 and 'Higher Ground 2005' at Umi no nakamichi kaihinkouen outdoor theater on July 30, 2005.", "A month later the group attended Kazutoshi Sakurai's 3-day festival 'ap bank fes’ 05' from July 16, 2005 through July 18, 2005, followed by 'SETSTOCK '05' at Kokuei bihoku kyuuryou park on July 23, 2005 and 'Higher Ground 2005' at Umi no nakamichi kaihinkouen outdoor theater on July 30, 2005. Three months later on September 21, 2005, I Love U (I♥U), Mr.Children’s 12th original album, was released.", "Three months later on September 21, 2005, I Love U (I♥U), Mr.Children’s 12th original album, was released. Two months later Dome Tour 2005 'I Love U' began, running from November 12, 2005 through December 27, 2005 and were only the fourth artist in Japanese history to play at the Osaka, Tokyo, Sapporo, Nagoya and Fukuoka dome's. The tour ended in Tokyo Come where they played to 45,000 fans, bringing the tour total to almost 390,000 fans.", "The tour ended in Tokyo Come where they played to 45,000 fans, bringing the tour total to almost 390,000 fans. By the end of the year the group managed to pass the 45 million mark in sold records. The first single for 2006, was their 28th single released on July 5, 2006 and used as the promotion song for Toyota's \"Tobira wo akeyou\" commercial and as the theme song to NTV's 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcasting. Due to the groups involvement with ap bank fes.", "Due to the groups involvement with ap bank fes. Due to the groups involvement with ap bank fes. '06, there were no magazine or radio promotions, and only 3 live performances were done to promote the single. However the commercial tie-in's for the single proved to be a success and \"Houkiboshi\" was voted No. 3 as the favorite commercial song for 2006 and voted as the favorite winter song heard in the summer.", "3 as the favorite commercial song for 2006 and voted as the favorite winter song heard in the summer. Ten days following the release of 'Houkiboshi', Mr.Children participated in the 3 day festival, ap bank fes '06, where they performed \"Hero\", \"Strange Chameleon\", \"Owarinaki tabi\", and \"Hokiboshi\". One month later Mr.Children were special guests at The Mujintou fes.", "One month later Mr.Children were special guests at The Mujintou fes. 2006 and performed \"Mirai\", \"Innocent world\", \"Hokorobi\", \"Sign\", \"Owarinaki tabi\", \"Worlds end\", and \"Houkiboshi\". Shortly after Mr.Children announced a joint tour with fellow Japanese rockers the pillows, known as 'Mr.Children & the pillows new big bang tour ~This is Hybrid Innocent~'. The tour was held from September 26, 2006 through October 11, 2006.", "The tour was held from September 26, 2006 through October 11, 2006. On November 15, 2006, the group released their 29th single , which was used as the theme song , by NTV, a controversial television drama about underage pregnancy. Kazutoshi Sakurai had begun writing the song in February 2006 and finished writing in March 2006. and shot the promotional video in September 2006. One of the b-sides of single was a re-recording of Mr. Children's 2003 song \"Kurumi\", used as a theme song in the movie .", "One of the b-sides of single was a re-recording of Mr. Children's 2003 song \"Kurumi\", used as a theme song in the movie . 2007 On January 24, 2007, the band released their 30th single, , which was used as the theme song for the movie , and while only a limited edition single, brought the group to 26 consecutive No. 1 singles.", "1 singles. 1 singles. Shortly after, the 13th original album, Home, was released on March 14, which would become the group's first in almost 13 years to chart at No. 1 for two consecutive weeks. It was also the first Japanese album in 2007 to sell more than a million copies. Work on the record had come to a standstill, during the recording of the song \"Houkiboshi\", due to a dispute among the group over \"Home\"'s direction.", "Work on the record had come to a standstill, during the recording of the song \"Houkiboshi\", due to a dispute among the group over \"Home\"'s direction. Producer Kobayashi suggested to make an album that \"pays attention to the world with a message\". The album reflected a more personal touch from the group, with talking about the 9/11 attacks at New York City, and , being inspired by Kazutoshi Sakurai father who had been sick.", "The album reflected a more personal touch from the group, with talking about the 9/11 attacks at New York City, and , being inspired by Kazutoshi Sakurai father who had been sick. The title of the album, Home, was originally suggested to be titled \"Home Made\" or \"Home Ground\", because the group wanted the album to have the meaning that it was made by hand.", "The title of the album, Home, was originally suggested to be titled \"Home Made\" or \"Home Ground\", because the group wanted the album to have the meaning that it was made by hand. However, they choose to name it just Home because they felt that by adding another word it would be limiting the idea in mind.", "However, they choose to name it just Home because they felt that by adding another word it would be limiting the idea in mind. Three days after the release of Home, Mr. Children won the awards Best Video of the Year and Best Group Video for the single \"Shirushi\" at the Space Shower Music Video Awards '07. For the album, the group held two promotional tours. The first half called Mr. Children Home Tour 2007, started on May 4 and lasted until June 23.", "The first half called Mr. Children Home Tour 2007, started on May 4 and lasted until June 23. During the tour, a new compilation album titled B-Side was released on May 10, which was also the group's 15th anniversary.", "During the tour, a new compilation album titled B-Side was released on May 10, which was also the group's 15th anniversary. The release of a B-side compilation had been suggested by singer Sakurai while working on Home: Releasing a public statement on their official site at Toy's Factory, both the group and Sakurai felt that the A-side tracks on their singles had started to dictate and overall theme as to who Mr. Children were as a group.", "The release of a B-side compilation had been suggested by singer Sakurai while working on Home: Releasing a public statement on their official site at Toy's Factory, both the group and Sakurai felt that the A-side tracks on their singles had started to dictate and overall theme as to who Mr. Children were as a group. They felt a lot of feelings and desires which have shaped them as a group came from these coupling songs, and thus decided to release them as a compilation album.", "They felt a lot of feelings and desires which have shaped them as a group came from these coupling songs, and thus decided to release them as a compilation album. On May 5, 2007, after the second concert for the first half of the Home tour, drummer Hideya Suzuki injured his hand after accidentally touching a ventilator. He injured his left index finger, which required four stitches and the following two concerts had to be rescheduled.", "He injured his left index finger, which required four stitches and the following two concerts had to be rescheduled. Publicity for the tour reached a high, when they performed in front of a sold-out tour for 15,000 fans at Yokohama Arena on June 7, 2007 and reignited speculation that the Mr.Children phenomenon was alive and well. A second half of the tour to promote 'Home', titled Mr.Children Home Tour 2007 -In the Field- took place from August 4 to September 30.", "A second half of the tour to promote 'Home', titled Mr.Children Home Tour 2007 -In the Field- took place from August 4 to September 30. Both tours ended up being a big success for the group, and became the most attended Japan tour in 2007 at 550,000 fans. The main promotional track for the Home album, , was selected to promote the Olympus E-410. During the E Goes to World campaign, the camera manufacturer had customers submit pictures to create a new promotional video for the song.", "During the E Goes to World campaign, the camera manufacturer had customers submit pictures to create a new promotional video for the song. On July 10, Mr. Children announced a new song on their website titled . While initially a single release date wasn't issued, the group announced a month later it would be released on October 30, 2007. The title track, \"Tabidachi no Uta\", was used as a theme song for the Japanese movie , and a month later also be used to promote NTT Higashi Nihon.", "The title track, \"Tabidachi no Uta\", was used as a theme song for the Japanese movie , and a month later also be used to promote NTT Higashi Nihon. With the release of the single, Mr. Children managed to debut at number 1 for the week and in return obtained their 27th consecutive number 1 single. Similar to Jyūyonsai no Haha before, the movie Koizora deals with the struggles of a young girl, involving betrayal, rape and abortion.", "Similar to Jyūyonsai no Haha before, the movie Koizora deals with the struggles of a young girl, involving betrayal, rape and abortion. The group was scheduled to play at the ap bank fes '07 from July 14 to July 16, but due to a typhoon, the first two days had to be canceled, and only the final day proceeded as planned. With the announcement of the new single, Mr.Children also announced the 'Home' tour 2007 DVD, which was released on November 14, 2007.", "With the announcement of the new single, Mr.Children also announced the 'Home' tour 2007 DVD, which was released on November 14, 2007. On December 18, 2007, Oricon announced that Home became their first album to top the yearly album charts since their debut with the sales of 1.18 million copies, surpassing the sales of Kumi Koda's album Black Cherry of 1.02 million copies.", "On December 18, 2007, Oricon announced that Home became their first album to top the yearly album charts since their debut with the sales of 1.18 million copies, surpassing the sales of Kumi Koda's album Black Cherry of 1.02 million copies. 2008 For the beginning of 2008, Sakurai released an album and DVD with his solo project Bank Band, followed a month later by the official announcement of a new song, , used in the NHK Japanese television drama . Afterwards Mr. Children announced the release of two singles.", "Afterwards Mr. Children announced the release of two singles. Afterwards Mr. Children announced the release of two singles. The first, \"Gift\", released on July 30, 2008, was used as the official theme song to the 2008 Beijing Olympics coverage on NHK. When writing this song, Sakurai focused on the meaning behind the Olympics and wanted to write a song not just for those who win, but for everyone who participates. The ap bank announced that Mr.Children would appear for all 3 days at ap bank fes '08.", "The ap bank announced that Mr.Children would appear for all 3 days at ap bank fes '08. Their second single of the year, \"Hanabi\", released on September 3, 2008, was used as the theme song to the Japanese drama Code Blue, in which Tomohisa Yamashita played a main role. The single \"Hanabi\" topped the Oricon single charts for two weeks, becoming their 29th consecutive number-one single. However, their next single became their first download-only single for the music download market.", "However, their next single became their first download-only single for the music download market. The nun full-track ringtone downloads (Chaku Uta) of the song began on October 1 and the full-track downloads (Chaku Uta Full) began on November 1, 2008. Their studio album Supermarket Fantasy was released on December 10, 2008. Supermarket Fantasy sold about 708,000 copies in its initial week, debuting at the number-one position on the Oricon weekly album charts.", "Supermarket Fantasy sold about 708,000 copies in its initial week, debuting at the number-one position on the Oricon weekly album charts. 2009–2011 On October 20, 2009, it was announced that Mr. Children produced their first anime theme \"Fanfare\" for the movie One Piece Film: Strong World. \"Fanfare\" was digitally released as a non full-track ringtone song (Chaku Uta) on November 16 as a full-track ringtone song (Chaku Uta Full) on December 2, 2009.", "\"Fanfare\" was digitally released as a non full-track ringtone song (Chaku Uta) on November 16 as a full-track ringtone song (Chaku Uta Full) on December 2, 2009. The song debuted at the number-one position on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart. On May 10, 2010, Mr. Children released the DVD Mr. Children Dome Tour 2009 Supermarket Fantasy in Tokyo Dome, but it sold about 49,000 copies one day before the official release day, debuting at No.", "On May 10, 2010, Mr. Children released the DVD Mr. Children Dome Tour 2009 Supermarket Fantasy in Tokyo Dome, but it sold about 49,000 copies one day before the official release day, debuting at No. 1 on the Oricon weekly music DVD chart with the one-day sales. It became their seventh consecutive number-one music DVD and they tied the records of Arashi and KAT-TUN for having the most consecutive number-one DVDs on the Oricon weekly music DVD chart. It also debuted at No.", "It also debuted at No. It also debuted at No. 1 on the Oricon weekly comprehensive DVD chart, eclipsing the sales of Avatar in the week. It topped the Oricon comprehensive DVD charts for three consecutive weeks, making them the second artist to achieve that with the music DVD while the first is Arashi. On September 4, 2010, Mr. Children released their second documentary/concert movie Mr. Children / Split the Difference (since first \"Es\" ~Mr.", "On September 4, 2010, Mr. Children released their second documentary/concert movie Mr. Children / Split the Difference (since first \"Es\" ~Mr. Children in Film~) and released DVD + CD includes the movie and selected songs by the band on November 10, 2010. It debuted at No. 1 on the Oricon weekly music DVD chart and they also became the first artist to have their eighth consecutive number-one music DVD.", "1 on the Oricon weekly music DVD chart and they also became the first artist to have their eighth consecutive number-one music DVD. On December 1, 2010, Mr. Children released their sixteenth studio album Sense includes digital release only single \"Fanfare\". But the details such as track list, number of tracks, cover and title of the album were not announced until just before a release date, November 29.", "But the details such as track list, number of tracks, cover and title of the album were not announced until just before a release date, November 29. On April 4, 2011, Mr. Children released the download single \"Kazoe Uta\" to collect donations for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. \"Kazoe Uta\" debuted at number 1 on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart, surpassing the download sales of AKB48's charity single \"Dareka no Tame ni (What Can I Do for Someone?)\".", "\"Kazoe Uta\" debuted at number 1 on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart, surpassing the download sales of AKB48's charity single \"Dareka no Tame ni (What Can I Do for Someone?)\". 2012 On April 18, 2012, Mr. Children released the Triple A-side single \"Inori ~Namida no Kidou/End of the Day/pieces\", their first in 3 years and 7 months; the single debuted at number 1 on the Oricon Weekly Single Charts, selling 174,409 copies.", "2012 On April 18, 2012, Mr. Children released the Triple A-side single \"Inori ~Namida no Kidou/End of the Day/pieces\", their first in 3 years and 7 months; the single debuted at number 1 on the Oricon Weekly Single Charts, selling 174,409 copies. Two of the songs, \"Inori ~Namida no Kidou\" and \"pieces\", were used as the themes to the Bokura ga Ita movies.", "Two of the songs, \"Inori ~Namida no Kidou\" and \"pieces\", were used as the themes to the Bokura ga Ita movies. In addition, \"Inori ~Namida no Kidou\" spent four weeks atop the RIAJ Digital Track Chart, tying the record set by GReeeeN's \"Haruka\".", "In addition, \"Inori ~Namida no Kidou\" spent four weeks atop the RIAJ Digital Track Chart, tying the record set by GReeeeN's \"Haruka\". Also released on April 18 was the band's \"Mr. Children 2011 Tour Sense -in the field-\" DVD, which debuted at number 1 on both the Oricon DVD and Blu-ray charts, making Mr. Children the first artist to top three of Oricon's charts in a single week.", "Also released on April 18 was the band's \"Mr. Children 2011 Tour Sense -in the field-\" DVD, which debuted at number 1 on both the Oricon DVD and Blu-ray charts, making Mr. Children the first artist to top three of Oricon's charts in a single week. On May 10, 2012, Mr. Children released a pair of Best Albums titled Mr. Children 2001–2005 ＜micro＞ and Mr. Children 2005–2010 ＜macro＞ in celebration of their 20th anniversary.", "On May 10, 2012, Mr. Children released a pair of Best Albums titled Mr. Children 2001–2005 ＜micro＞ and Mr. Children 2005–2010 ＜macro＞ in celebration of their 20th anniversary. The band also embarked on a 2-month dome tour, titled \"POPSAURUS 2012\", after the series of concerts they held in 2001 following the release of their first two Best Albums. On November 28, 2012 Mr.Children released new album titled ［(An Imitation) Blood Orange］.", "On November 28, 2012 Mr.Children released new album titled ［(An Imitation) Blood Orange］. At the end of the year, Mr.Children had dominated the yearly album ranking for 2012 with all 3 albums in the top10. Their dual best albums Mr. Children 2005–2010 ＜macro＞ and Mr. Children 2001–2005 ＜micro＞ monopolized TOP 2 the best selling album of 2012 yearly chart with selling 1.17 million copies sold and 1.11 million copies sold consecutively. Moreover, ［(An Imitation) Blood Orange］ placed 8th in the best selling album in 2012.", "Moreover, ［(An Imitation) Blood Orange］ placed 8th in the best selling album in 2012. They have both achieved \"the best selling album\" and \" the most Artist total sales Albums \" for 2012. Mr.Children became the third artists who achieved TOP 2 spots on the yearly album ranking, and this is the first time in 14 years for any artist to achieve this . Mr.Children was the 4th artist by total sales revenue in Japan in 2012, with ¥9.947 billion (approximately $84 million).", "Mr.Children was the 4th artist by total sales revenue in Japan in 2012, with ¥9.947 billion (approximately $84 million). 2014 On November 19, 2014 Mr.Children released the single CD \"Ashioto ~Be Strong\" 2020 On December 2, 2020, Mr.Children released their 20th studio album SOUNDTRACKS.", "2014 On November 19, 2014 Mr.Children released the single CD \"Ashioto ~Be Strong\" 2020 On December 2, 2020, Mr.Children released their 20th studio album SOUNDTRACKS. Photographers The band has collaborated with photographers such as Osami Yabuta, Reylia Slaby and Alfie Goodrich Oricon Chart Statistics Artist's Total sales (CD Total Sales) : 58.61 million copies sold ( #2 most selling artist) No.1 on Oricon Year-End Charts: 1994 (\"innocent world\"); 1996 (\"Namonaki Uta\"), 2007 (HOME), 2012 (Mr.Children Macro 2005-2010) Double Million Seller Singles: 2nd overall (1st - CHAGE and ASKA) Million Seller Singles: 3rd overall (1st - B'z, 2nd - AKB48) Million Seller Albums: 2nd overall (1st - B'z, 3rd - DREAMS COME TRUE) The most non tie up Single sales : 1.82 million copies sold (by「See Saw Game」) Won Japan Record Grand Prix in 1994 for \"innocent world\" and won it again 10 years later for \"Sign\" Charitable and other activities Since their official debut, Mr.Children has engaged in social and charitable causes.", "Photographers The band has collaborated with photographers such as Osami Yabuta, Reylia Slaby and Alfie Goodrich Oricon Chart Statistics Artist's Total sales (CD Total Sales) : 58.61 million copies sold ( #2 most selling artist) No.1 on Oricon Year-End Charts: 1994 (\"innocent world\"); 1996 (\"Namonaki Uta\"), 2007 (HOME), 2012 (Mr.Children Macro 2005-2010) Double Million Seller Singles: 2nd overall (1st - CHAGE and ASKA) Million Seller Singles: 3rd overall (1st - B'z, 2nd - AKB48) Million Seller Albums: 2nd overall (1st - B'z, 3rd - DREAMS COME TRUE) The most non tie up Single sales : 1.82 million copies sold (by「See Saw Game」) Won Japan Record Grand Prix in 1994 for \"innocent world\" and won it again 10 years later for \"Sign\" Charitable and other activities Since their official debut, Mr.Children has engaged in social and charitable causes. As a group they participated in the live concert for Act Against AIDS on December 1, 1994 and again on December 1, 1995.", "As a group they participated in the live concert for Act Against AIDS on December 1, 1994 and again on December 1, 1995. The goal of live was to raise awareness about AIDS. The proceeds from the event were donated to support children living with HIV. The live was followed up by a collaboration Act Against AIDS charity single with fellow Japanese artist Kuwata Keisuke titled ‘Kiseki no hoshi’ and released on January 23, 1995.", "The live was followed up by a collaboration Act Against AIDS charity single with fellow Japanese artist Kuwata Keisuke titled ‘Kiseki no hoshi’ and released on January 23, 1995. On April 25, 2001 Kazutoshi Sakurai also participated in the recording of Zero Landmine, a single created to promote awareness of the problem of landmines and promote a ban on landmines. In addition the group has also participated in Kazutoshi Sakura's solo project, AP bank.", "In addition the group has also participated in Kazutoshi Sakura's solo project, AP bank. AP Bank, a nonprofit lending group, carries the goal of tackling environmental problems by financing environmentally friendly projects such as renewable energy, in addition to holding yearly festivals to raise money to fund additional projects.", "AP Bank, a nonprofit lending group, carries the goal of tackling environmental problems by financing environmentally friendly projects such as renewable energy, in addition to holding yearly festivals to raise money to fund additional projects. Since its inception in 2005, Mr.Children has been actively participating in the festivals, with an announcement in 2008 that the group will now work more closely with its cause by participating during the entire three-day festival duration in addition to further details to be announced at a later time.", "Since its inception in 2005, Mr.Children has been actively participating in the festivals, with an announcement in 2008 that the group will now work more closely with its cause by participating during the entire three-day festival duration in addition to further details to be announced at a later time. Members Kazutoshi Sakurai and Kenichi Tahara joined together to create Acid Test for the concert ‘Dream Power John Lennon Super live broadcasting’ on October 9, 2001.", "Members Kazutoshi Sakurai and Kenichi Tahara joined together to create Acid Test for the concert ‘Dream Power John Lennon Super live broadcasting’ on October 9, 2001. The live was part of Yoko Ono’s Dream Power and educational platform where artists came together to hold a charity concert to raise money for school construction funds for children in Africa and Asia.", "The live was part of Yoko Ono’s Dream Power and educational platform where artists came together to hold a charity concert to raise money for school construction funds for children in Africa and Asia. The John Lennon song covered by Acid Test during the live, \"Mother\", was later recorded and released on a tribute album Happy Birthday, John, and released on September 30, 2005.", "The John Lennon song covered by Acid Test during the live, \"Mother\", was later recorded and released on a tribute album Happy Birthday, John, and released on September 30, 2005. In addition to social causes, Mr.Children's music has been used as background music for numerous television advertisements, television programs, television drama's, and motion pictures.", "In addition to social causes, Mr.Children's music has been used as background music for numerous television advertisements, television programs, television drama's, and motion pictures. Examples of the group's commercial tie-ins include \"and I love you\", \"Bokura no Oto\", and \"Tagatame\" for Nissin Cup Noodle no Border commercials, 'Gift' for the 2008 Beijing Olympics on NHK, and \"Tabidachi no uta\" for the 2007 Japanese movie .", "Examples of the group's commercial tie-ins include \"and I love you\", \"Bokura no Oto\", and \"Tagatame\" for Nissin Cup Noodle no Border commercials, 'Gift' for the 2008 Beijing Olympics on NHK, and \"Tabidachi no uta\" for the 2007 Japanese movie . As a group, Mr.Children have not endorsed products by physically appearing in television commercials or printed media advertisements.", "As a group, Mr.Children have not endorsed products by physically appearing in television commercials or printed media advertisements. One of the methods used to help promote the group is through Brajackets, a dust jacket for books, which are available at stands in bookstores for free. The Brajacket serve as free advertising for various products from ice cream to movies and musicals. Mr. Children have used this method to promote singles and albums; for example and I Love U (I♥U).", "Mr. Children have used this method to promote singles and albums; for example and I Love U (I♥U). Fan club The official fan club of Mr. Children is called Father & Mother, the title being derived from their name. The fan club, which started in 1994, was kept relatively secretive at first, as the group has never made any mention of it on their official website.", "The fan club, which started in 1994, was kept relatively secretive at first, as the group has never made any mention of it on their official website. In 2006, for the release of the group's 29th single \"Shirushi\", the official website was revamped and with it information about the fan club was finally added. Just like before however, the fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3,500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership.", "Just like before however, the fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3,500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership. Band members Current members Kazutoshi Sakurai – lead vocals, guitar, primary songwriter Kenichi Tahara – guitar, backing vocals He was born in Fukuoka and is charge of playing guitar in the band. He had joined the baseball team in high school but became interested in the guitar because he saw his classmate playing a guitar at a school festival.", "He had joined the baseball team in high school but became interested in the guitar because he saw his classmate playing a guitar at a school festival. One day one of his classmates, Kazutoshi Sakurai brought his guitar to school. They bonded with each other over it and that became the catalyst for forming Mr.Children. Known for being quiet in live concerts, his fans become estatic when he says interacts with them. Keisuke Nakagawa – bass, backing vocals Nakagawa was born in Nagasaki. His nickname is \"Nakakei\".", "His nickname is \"Nakakei\". His nickname is \"Nakakei\". He went to the same junior high school as Kenichi and Hideya where he started playing the bass. He is also famous for being a baseball fan.", "He is also famous for being a baseball fan. He is also famous for being a baseball fan. Hideya Suzuki – drums, backing vocals, also known as \"Jen\" and is the leader of Mr. Children Supporting members Takeshi Kobayashi – keyboards, producer Naoto Inti Raymi – guitar, chorus Takashi \"Sunny\" Katsuya – keyboards, backing vocals Shuji Kouguchi – guitar, harmonica Discography Albums * Compilation album.", "Hideya Suzuki – drums, backing vocals, also known as \"Jen\" and is the leader of Mr. Children Supporting members Takeshi Kobayashi – keyboards, producer Naoto Inti Raymi – guitar, chorus Takashi \"Sunny\" Katsuya – keyboards, backing vocals Shuji Kouguchi – guitar, harmonica Discography Albums * Compilation album. ** Live album Books Official Books: [es] Mr.Children in 370 DAYS (April 25, 1995) C0076 Mr.Children Everything 天才・桜井和寿 終わりなき音の冒険 (Mr.Children Everything -Tensai Sakurai Kazutoshi owarinaki oto no bouken-) (December 25, 1996) C0073 Mr.Children詩集「優しい歌」 (Mr.Children song collection -Yasashii Uta-) (December 10, 2001) C0092 Tours Official Tours: '92 Everything Tour (September 23, 1992 – November 5, 1992) Visited 10 cities and held 10 concerts '92 Your Everything Tour (September 26, 1992 – November 22, 1992) Visited 11 cities and held 12 concerts '92–93 Kind of Love Tour (December 7, 1992 – January 25, 1993) Visited 9 cities and held 9 concerts '93 Versus Tour (September 23, 1993 – November 5, 1993) Visited 9 cities and held 9 concerts Mr. Children '94 tour innocent world (September 18, 1994 – December 18, 1994) Visited 24 cities and held 27 concerts Mr.Children '95 Tour Atomic Heart (January 7, 1995 – February 20, 1995) Visited 10 cities and held 21 concerts (July 16, 1995 – September 10, 1995) Visited 11 cities and held 19 concerts Regress or Progress (August 24, 1996 – March 28, 1997) Visited 14 cities and held 55 concerts \"Discovery\" Tour '99 (February 14, 1999 – July 12, 1999) Visited 16 cities and held 42 concerts Mr. Children Concert tour Q (October 15, 2000 – February 24, 2001) Visited 13 cities and held 35 concerts Popsaurus Mr. Children (July 15, 2001 – September 25, 2001) Visited 10 cities and held 15 concerts Wonderful World on Dec. 21 (December 21, 2002) A one night live.", "** Live album Books Official Books: [es] Mr.Children in 370 DAYS (April 25, 1995) C0076 Mr.Children Everything 天才・桜井和寿 終わりなき音の冒険 (Mr.Children Everything -Tensai Sakurai Kazutoshi owarinaki oto no bouken-) (December 25, 1996) C0073 Mr.Children詩集「優しい歌」 (Mr.Children song collection -Yasashii Uta-) (December 10, 2001) C0092 Tours Official Tours: '92 Everything Tour (September 23, 1992 – November 5, 1992) Visited 10 cities and held 10 concerts '92 Your Everything Tour (September 26, 1992 – November 22, 1992) Visited 11 cities and held 12 concerts '92–93 Kind of Love Tour (December 7, 1992 – January 25, 1993) Visited 9 cities and held 9 concerts '93 Versus Tour (September 23, 1993 – November 5, 1993) Visited 9 cities and held 9 concerts Mr. Children '94 tour innocent world (September 18, 1994 – December 18, 1994) Visited 24 cities and held 27 concerts Mr.Children '95 Tour Atomic Heart (January 7, 1995 – February 20, 1995) Visited 10 cities and held 21 concerts (July 16, 1995 – September 10, 1995) Visited 11 cities and held 19 concerts Regress or Progress (August 24, 1996 – March 28, 1997) Visited 14 cities and held 55 concerts \"Discovery\" Tour '99 (February 14, 1999 – July 12, 1999) Visited 16 cities and held 42 concerts Mr. Children Concert tour Q (October 15, 2000 – February 24, 2001) Visited 13 cities and held 35 concerts Popsaurus Mr. Children (July 15, 2001 – September 25, 2001) Visited 10 cities and held 15 concerts Wonderful World on Dec. 21 (December 21, 2002) A one night live. Originally intended to be a 26 city and 39 concert tour, but was canceled due to Kazutoshi Sakurai's hospitalization (June 12, 2004 – September 25, 2004) Stadium Tour, Visited 11 cities and held 21 concerts Dome tour 2005 \"I ♥ U\" (November 12, 2005 – December 27, 2005) Dome Tour, Visited 5 cities and held 10 concerts Mr. Children & the pillows new big bang tour ~This is Hybrid Innocent~ (September 26, 2006 – October 11, 2006) Hall tour, Visited 6 cities and held 7 concerts.", "Originally intended to be a 26 city and 39 concert tour, but was canceled due to Kazutoshi Sakurai's hospitalization (June 12, 2004 – September 25, 2004) Stadium Tour, Visited 11 cities and held 21 concerts Dome tour 2005 \"I ♥ U\" (November 12, 2005 – December 27, 2005) Dome Tour, Visited 5 cities and held 10 concerts Mr. Children & the pillows new big bang tour ~This is Hybrid Innocent~ (September 26, 2006 – October 11, 2006) Hall tour, Visited 6 cities and held 7 concerts. The tour, a Zepp tour, was a joint effort with fellow rock group the pillows Mr. Children \"Home\" Tour 2007 (May 4, 2007 – June 23, 2007) Arena tour, Visited 7 cities and held 14 concerts Mr. Children \"Home\" Tour 2007 -in the field- (August 4, 2007 – September 30, 2007) Stadium tour, Visited 9 cities and held 14 concerts \" (Feb 14, 2009 – March 31, 2009) Arena Tour, Visited 17 cities and held 34 concerts Mr.Children DOME TOUR 2009 ~SUPERMARKET FANTASY~ (November 28, 2009 – December 27, 2009) Dome tour, Visited 5 cities and held 11 concerts Mr.Children Tour 2011 SENSE (February 19, 2011 – May 15, 2011) Arena Tour, Visited 9 cities and held 19 concerts Mr.Children STADIUM TOUR 2011 SENSE -in the field- (August 20, 2011 – September 25, 2011) Stadium tour, Visited 6 cities and held 10 concerts MR.CHILDREN TOUR POPSAURUS 2012 (April 14, 2012 – June 6, 2012) Dome tour, Visited 6 cities and held 14 concerts Mr.Children [(an imitation) blood orange] Tour (December 15, 2012 – June 9, 2012) Dome tour, Visited 20 cities and held 40 concerts Mr.Children FATHER&MOTHER 21st anniversary Fanclub Tour (September 17, 2014 – October 9, 2014) Zepp tour, Visited 5 cities and held 5 concerts Mr.Children TOUR 2015 REFLECTION (March 14, 2015 – June 4, 2015) Arena Tour, Visited 10 cities and held 20 concerts Mr.Children Stadium Tour 2015 未完 (July 8, 2015 – September 20, 2015) Stadium tour, Visited 10 cities and held 16 concerts Mr.Children Hall tour 2016 \"Niji\" (April 14, 2016 – May 26, 2016) Hall Tour, Visited 13 cities and held 13 concerts Note: It is the first time in 14 years to hold Hall tour since 2002 Awards and Records See also Japanese rock Japan Record Awards MTV Video Music Awards Japan List of best-selling music artists in Japan List of best-selling singles in Japan Footnotes a.", "The tour, a Zepp tour, was a joint effort with fellow rock group the pillows Mr. Children \"Home\" Tour 2007 (May 4, 2007 – June 23, 2007) Arena tour, Visited 7 cities and held 14 concerts Mr. Children \"Home\" Tour 2007 -in the field- (August 4, 2007 – September 30, 2007) Stadium tour, Visited 9 cities and held 14 concerts \" (Feb 14, 2009 – March 31, 2009) Arena Tour, Visited 17 cities and held 34 concerts Mr.Children DOME TOUR 2009 ~SUPERMARKET FANTASY~ (November 28, 2009 – December 27, 2009) Dome tour, Visited 5 cities and held 11 concerts Mr.Children Tour 2011 SENSE (February 19, 2011 – May 15, 2011) Arena Tour, Visited 9 cities and held 19 concerts Mr.Children STADIUM TOUR 2011 SENSE -in the field- (August 20, 2011 – September 25, 2011) Stadium tour, Visited 6 cities and held 10 concerts MR.CHILDREN TOUR POPSAURUS 2012 (April 14, 2012 – June 6, 2012) Dome tour, Visited 6 cities and held 14 concerts Mr.Children [(an imitation) blood orange] Tour (December 15, 2012 – June 9, 2012) Dome tour, Visited 20 cities and held 40 concerts Mr.Children FATHER&MOTHER 21st anniversary Fanclub Tour (September 17, 2014 – October 9, 2014) Zepp tour, Visited 5 cities and held 5 concerts Mr.Children TOUR 2015 REFLECTION (March 14, 2015 – June 4, 2015) Arena Tour, Visited 10 cities and held 20 concerts Mr.Children Stadium Tour 2015 未完 (July 8, 2015 – September 20, 2015) Stadium tour, Visited 10 cities and held 16 concerts Mr.Children Hall tour 2016 \"Niji\" (April 14, 2016 – May 26, 2016) Hall Tour, Visited 13 cities and held 13 concerts Note: It is the first time in 14 years to hold Hall tour since 2002 Awards and Records See also Japanese rock Japan Record Awards MTV Video Music Awards Japan List of best-selling music artists in Japan List of best-selling singles in Japan Footnotes a. Early on in the group's career, Takeshi Kobayashi collaborated with Kazutoshi Sakurai on various songs in addition to writing songs himself.", "Early on in the group's career, Takeshi Kobayashi collaborated with Kazutoshi Sakurai on various songs in addition to writing songs himself. For example, \"Dance dance dance\" on the album Atomic Heart was co-composed by him, and on the album Versus, was both composed and written by him. Over the years, his composing and lyrical work with the group has lessened with the last a-side track co-written by him and Kazutoshi Sakurai being which was released on December 12, 1994 .", "Over the years, his composing and lyrical work with the group has lessened with the last a-side track co-written by him and Kazutoshi Sakurai being which was released on December 12, 1994 . References External links Official website Mr. Children at Toy's Factory Innocent World – Unofficial English translations of Mr. Children news and articles Mr. Children English Fansite – Unofficial English translations of Mr. Children lyrics, guitar tabs and album reviews Toy's Factory artists Japanese pop rock music groups Musical groups from Tokyo Musical quartets Musical groups established in 1988" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Fictional character biography" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde and Wolverine is a six-issue comic book limited series written by Chris Claremont and illustrated by Al Milgrom, and published by Marvel Comics between November 1984 and April 1985.\n\nA spin-off of the series Uncanny X-Men, it chronicles a Japanese adventure of two of the most popular X-Men of the time, Kitty Pryde and Wolverine.\n\nPublication history\nIn the introductory pages of the hardcover edition of Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (published 2008), Milgrom explains that the mini-series was powered by three main ideas. Firstly, Wolverine was the \"hottest property around\" that the X-Men franchise had, so stories with him would sell well. Secondly, Kitty Pryde was \"Chris' [Claremont] baby\", and Claremont was eager to develop this character further. Thirdly, Milgrom himself saw this as a unique chance to work with Marvel Comics legend Claremont.<ref name=editorial>Kitty Pryde and Wolverine, hardcover edition (2008), \"Introduction with Al Milgrom\"</ref>\n\nClaremont then wrote a story in which he could bring in new angles on the two characters. Kitty Pryde — previously little more than a sweet and innocent \"kid sister\" for the older X-Men, a literary foil to provide light-hearted moments — was portrayed as troubled with \"teenager self-doubt and self-deprecation\", \"searching for her very soul\" and going through the coming of age. Wolverine was put into the honor-driven, mystical Japanese culture, in which he was no longer the X-Men's campy hardman but \"grim and gritty\".\n\nTo express the atypically dark and personal story, Milgrom also adapted his drawing style, using bolder, darker and more dynamic strokes. In the end, he was very satisfied with the project.\n\nIn six issues, writer Chris Claremont takes Kitty Pryde fresh from her breakup with Colossus in Uncanny X-Men #183 and puts her through a trial of fire in which she confronts her inner demons and emerges victorious. Claremont also plays off the contrast between Kitty and the battle-hardened Wolverine, and the two very different characters establish a platonic, brother-and-sister-like rapport (beginning a tradition of sorts for Wolverine and young female sidekicks). A testament to his newfound esteem for her character, Wolverine would even consider Kitty as a potential leader for the X-Men, were it not for her sheer youth, in later issues of the regular series.Kitty Pryde and Wolverine is also responsible for establishing Kitty's superhero image, finally settling on a costume which she would wear into the early 1990s, and choosing the codename \"Shadowcat\" (having previously flitted between \"Ariel\" and \"Sprite\"), which she took on after this adventure and has held on until today.\n\nPlot summary\nKitty Pryde's father Carmen has run into trouble with the Japanese Yakuza. In order to help him, Kitty follows him on a business trip but is captured by mob boss Shigematsu and the evil ninja Ogun, who brainwashes her into becoming a deadly ninja assassin. After she has perfected her skills, Ogun orders her to kill Wolverine, Ogun's former student, who has come to Japan to look for Kitty. \n\nA masked Kitty almost kills Wolverine, before she is knocked out by Logan's friend Yukio and comes to her senses. Terrified at having been turned into a killing machine, Kitty wants to flee, but Logan challenges her to overcome her conditioning by focusing on her inner strength. When Kitty, Yukio and Logan vanquish their opponents, Kitty has the chance to kill Ogun. But she balks, stating she cannot do it. For Wolverine, it is the proof that she is truly herself again. When Ogun tries to kill her, Wolverine impales him on his claws. Carmen Pryde exposes Shigematsu's schemes, turning himself in, and they return to the United States.\n\nCollected editions\nThe story was reprinted several times; once in Wolverine And Gambit (issues 62 to 68), then later in June 2008 (in premiere hardback form, ), in 2009's Wolverine Omnibus Volume 1, and also as part of the Marvel's Mightiest Heroes partworks series, in issue No. 117, simply titled Kitty Pryde''.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Kitty Pryde and Wolverine plot summaries and covers @ uncannyxmen.net\n\nComics by Chris Claremont\nWolverine (comics) titles", "Kitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. is a comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. The series was written by Larry Hama.\n\nPublication history \nThe series began publication in 1997 and ended in 1998.\n\n\"The Calling\" (December, 1997)\n\"The Mission\" (January, 1998)\n\"Pryde Goeth Before a Fall\" (February, 1998)\n\nPlot \nKitty Pryde is called in by S.H.I.E.L.D. to investigate a virus infection in the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier's computer, only to discover that it is her old nemesis, Ogun.\n\nThe series also features Wolverine as a secondary character and there is information revealed about his past such as that he used to work for the Puzzle Palace with Nick Fury during the Cold War. (The Puzzle Palace was the nickname for the National Security Agency (NSA), the cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States that was founded in 1952.) We also see Logan meet a very young Carol Danvers, for the first time in the past.\n\nReception \nCharlie Jane Anders of io9.gizmodo believes the series would be a good series to adapt into the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. television series and ranked it at sixth place on her list.\n\nSee also \n 1997 in comics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Kitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. at the Comic Book DB\n \n\nS.H.I.E.L.D. titles\nX-Men titles" ]

[ "Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men. The character first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980) and was co-created by writer-artist John Byrne and Chris Claremont. A mutant, Pryde possesses a \"phasing\" ability that allows her, as well as objects or people she is in contact with, to become intangible. This power also disrupts any electrical field she passes through, and lets her simulate levitation.", "This power also disrupts any electrical field she passes through, and lets her simulate levitation. The youngest to join the X-Men, she was first portrayed as a \"kid sister\" to many older members of the group, filling the role of literary foil to the more established characters. She occasionally used the codenames Sprite and Ariel, cycling through several uniforms until settling for her trademark black-and-gold costume.", "She occasionally used the codenames Sprite and Ariel, cycling through several uniforms until settling for her trademark black-and-gold costume. During the miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine, she was renamed Shadowcat, the alias she would be most associated with, and shifted to a more mature depiction in her subsequent appearances. Pryde would eventually abandon her nickname, \"Kitty\", and switch to \"Kate\". She was one of the main cast of characters depicted in the original Excalibur title.", "She was one of the main cast of characters depicted in the original Excalibur title. After momentarily joining the Guardians of the Galaxy, she assumed her then-fiancé's superhero identity as the Star-Lord (Star-Lady). As of the series Marauders, she is now informally known as Captain Kate Pryde and the Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company. In the X-Men film series, Kitty Pryde was initially portrayed by young actresses in cameos; Sumela Kay in X-Men (2000) and Katie Stuart in X2 (2003).", "In the X-Men film series, Kitty Pryde was initially portrayed by young actresses in cameos; Sumela Kay in X-Men (2000) and Katie Stuart in X2 (2003). Later, a pre-transition Elliot Page portrayed the character in X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) and X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014) in full-length appearances. Pryde is ranked #47 in IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.", "Pryde is ranked #47 in IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes. Publication history Kitty Pryde was introduced into the X-Men title as the result of an editorial dictate that the book was supposed to depict a school for mutants. Uncanny X-Men artist John Byrne named Kitty Pryde after a classmate he met in art school, Alberta College of Art and Design in Calgary in 1973. He had told Pryde he liked her name and asked for permission to use it, promising to name his first original comics character after her.", "He had told Pryde he liked her name and asked for permission to use it, promising to name his first original comics character after her. Byrne drew the character to slightly resemble an adolescent Sigourney Weaver. The fictional Kitty Pryde first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980), by writer Chris Claremont and artist Byrne, as a highly intelligent 13-year-old girl. Claremont said several elements of the character's personality were derived from those of X-Men editor Louise Simonson's daughter, Julie.", "Claremont said several elements of the character's personality were derived from those of X-Men editor Louise Simonson's daughter, Julie. Claremont and Byrne made the new character a full-fledged X-Man in issue #139, where she was codenamed \"Sprite\". She was the main character in issues #141–142, the \"Days of Future Past\" storyline, where she is possessed by her older self, whose consciousness time travels to the past to prevent a mass extermination of mutants.", "She was the main character in issues #141–142, the \"Days of Future Past\" storyline, where she is possessed by her older self, whose consciousness time travels to the past to prevent a mass extermination of mutants. The six-issue miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (1984–1985), written by Claremont, is a coming-of-age storyline in which she matures from a girl to a young woman, adopting the new name \"Shadowcat\".", "The six-issue miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (1984–1985), written by Claremont, is a coming-of-age storyline in which she matures from a girl to a young woman, adopting the new name \"Shadowcat\". In the late 1980s, Kitty joined the British-based super team, Excalibur, where she remained for roughly ten years before coming back to the X-Men. In the early 2000s, she disappeared from the spotlight after semi-retiring from superhero work.", "In the early 2000s, she disappeared from the spotlight after semi-retiring from superhero work. She was featured in the 2002 mini-series Mekanix and came back to the main X-Men books in 2004 under the pen of Joss Whedon in Astonishing X-Men. She remained a part of the X-Men books until 2008 when she left again for roughly 2 years. After coming back, she was featured in Jason Aaron's Wolverine and the X-Men and Brian Michael Bendis' All-New X-Men books. In early 2015, she joined the Guardians of the Galaxy.", "In early 2015, she joined the Guardians of the Galaxy. After the Secret Wars event, she adopted her new alias, Star-Lord (first believed to be Star-Lady). In 2020, Kitty Pryde was revealed to be bisexual. Her co-creator, Chris Claremont, had always intended this to be the case, considering Rachel Summers as a possible love interest for Pryde. However, Claremont wasn't allowed to show this at the time due to censorship, as he revealed on the \"Xplain the X-Men\" podcast in 2016.", "However, Claremont wasn't allowed to show this at the time due to censorship, as he revealed on the \"Xplain the X-Men\" podcast in 2016. Shadowcat's popularity had a profound effect on the real-life Kitty Pryde: the latter became so overwhelmed by attention from Shadowcat fans, she abbreviated her name to K.D. Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart.", "Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart. Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart. She has since stated she has mixed feelings about her fame, saying she values Byrne's comics for their entertainment and artistic value, but wishes more people would appreciate her as more than just Shadowcat's namesake. Fictional character biography Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde.", "Fictional character biography Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde. She is an Ashkenazi Jewish-American and her paternal grandfather, Samuel Prydeman, was held in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers. She was approached by both the X-Men's Charles Xavier and the Hellfire Club's White Queen, Emma Frost, both of whom hoped to recruit her for their respective causes.", "She was approached by both the X-Men's Charles Xavier and the Hellfire Club's White Queen, Emma Frost, both of whom hoped to recruit her for their respective causes. Kitty was unnerved by Frost, observing that the White Queen looked at her as if she were \"something good to eat.\" She got along better with Xavier and the three X-Men who escorted him, quickly becoming friends with Ororo Munroe.", "She got along better with Xavier and the three X-Men who escorted him, quickly becoming friends with Ororo Munroe. Ororo told Kitty who she really was and about the X-Men, which made the teenager even more enthusiastic about attending Xavier's school. Their conversation was cut short when they (along with Wolverine and Colossus) were attacked by armored mercenaries in the employ of Frost and the Hellfire Club. The X-Men defeated their assailants, but were subdued by the White Queen's telepathic powers immediately after.", "The X-Men defeated their assailants, but were subdued by the White Queen's telepathic powers immediately after. In the confusion, Kitty was separated from the X-Men, and not captured along with them. She managed to contact Cyclops, Phoenix, and Nightcrawler. With the help of Dazzler and Pryde, those X-Men rescued their teammates from the Hellfire Club. The White Queen appeared to perish in the battle, which meant she was no longer competing with Xavier for the approval of Kitty's parents.", "The White Queen appeared to perish in the battle, which meant she was no longer competing with Xavier for the approval of Kitty's parents. Kitty's parents had not heard from her in more than a day, because during that time she was first being pursued by the Hellfire Club's men and then working with the X-Men to save their friends.", "Kitty's parents had not heard from her in more than a day, because during that time she was first being pursued by the Hellfire Club's men and then working with the X-Men to save their friends. All they knew was Kitty had left with Xavier's \"students\" to get a soda, there had been reports that the soda shop had been blown up, and Kitty had been missing since. Therefore, they were angry at Xavier when he finally returned with Kitty in tow.", "Therefore, they were angry at Xavier when he finally returned with Kitty in tow. At first, it seemed like there was no chance of Kitty being allowed to attend the school and join the X-Men. Phoenix then used her considerable telepathic power to erase the memories of Kitty's parents and plant false ones, resulting in a complete shift in their attitude towards Xavier. Kitty was then allowed to enroll at Xavier's school with her parents' blessing, becoming the youngest member of the team.", "Kitty was then allowed to enroll at Xavier's school with her parents' blessing, becoming the youngest member of the team. Joining the X-Men Kitty joined the X-Men, and assumed the costumed identity of Sprite. Early in her career as an X-Man, Kitty's adult self from an alternate future took possession of her body in the present to help X-Men thwart the assassination of Senator Robert Kelly by the second Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon.", "Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon. Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon. Kitty also briefly attended the White Queen's Massachusetts Academy when her parents became convinced that she needed to be with students of her own age, but following a failed attempt to subdue the X-Men, Frost revoked Kitty's admission. During her teen years, Kitty fostered a number of close relationships with others at the school and in the X-Men. She developed a crush on Colossus and became close friends with his little sister Illyana Rasputin.", "She developed a crush on Colossus and became close friends with his little sister Illyana Rasputin. Initially uneasy around Nightcrawler and other mutants with physical deformities, Kitty finally overcame her fears and became close friends with him. Kitty also befriended Lockheed, a highly intelligent alien resembling a dragon, who followed her home after a mission in outer space. Lockheed is extremely loyal to Kitty, and the two of them share a psychic bond. Wolverine became something of a mentor to Kitty despite his usually gruff personality.", "Wolverine became something of a mentor to Kitty despite his usually gruff personality. Storm came to view Kitty as the daughter she never had. Though Xavier has threatened to reassign Kitty to the New Mutants, a team of younger mutants he established in the absence of the X-Men, ever since the X-Men returned from outer space, she never ended up joining the group, who she derisively calls the \"X-Babies\". Kitty was later abducted by the Morlocks and nearly forced to wed Caliban.", "Kitty was later abducted by the Morlocks and nearly forced to wed Caliban. She was then abducted by the White Queen, but rescued by the New Mutants. During this time, Kitty began to date Colossus, although this did not last long. Colossus developed feelings for an alien woman named Zsaji whom he met on the Beyonder's planet in the first Secret Wars. Colossus' feelings toward Zsaji were primarily a side effect of her own unique healing abilities, which she had used on him after he became injured.", "Colossus' feelings toward Zsaji were primarily a side effect of her own unique healing abilities, which she had used on him after he became injured. Regardless, Colossus' feelings were real and he returned to Earth consumed with grief after Zsaji's death. He admitted to Kitty that he loved Zsaji, which hurt her deeply and ended the budding romantic relationship.", "He admitted to Kitty that he loved Zsaji, which hurt her deeply and ended the budding romantic relationship. Kitty had made good friends with a local boy from Salem Central named Doug Ramsey around this time, but her feelings for him never went as deep as his for her, and they never actually dated, though they remained close, even more so after Doug's status as a mutant was revealed and he joined the New Mutants under the codename Cypher. They remained friends until his death some time later.", "They remained friends until his death some time later. They remained friends until his death some time later. Ogun During the 1984–1985 Kitty Pryde and Wolverine miniseries, Kitty is possessed by a demon, the ninja Ogun. Ogun psychically bestows upon Kitty a virtual lifetime of martial arts training. Kitty was brainwashed by Ogun into becoming a ninja assassin, and was sent to attack Wolverine.", "Kitty was brainwashed by Ogun into becoming a ninja assassin, and was sent to attack Wolverine. Kitty is able to resist Ogun's influence with Wolverine's help, and the two form a strong teacher/student bond, which helps them in vanquishing Ogun. Kitty returns to the X-Men, no longer the innocent girl they once knew, and officially adopts the codename Shadowcat.", "Kitty returns to the X-Men, no longer the innocent girl they once knew, and officially adopts the codename Shadowcat. Morlock Massacre While trying to save Rogue, Kitty was badly injured by Harpoon's energy spear during the Mutant Massacre story arc, in the massacre of the Morlocks, with the result that she lost control of her power and was stuck in an intangible state and could not regain her solidity. She was rushed to Muir Island along with other surviving casualties of the Massacre to be tended to by Moira MacTaggert.", "She was rushed to Muir Island along with other surviving casualties of the Massacre to be tended to by Moira MacTaggert. MacTaggert was able to keep Kitty's condition from deteriorating to the point where she completely lost physical substance and ceased to exist, but was not able to do any more to help her. At this time, Kitty's natural state was to be intangible. Where she once had to make a conscious effort to phase, she could now only maintain her solidity through an act of conscious will.", "Where she once had to make a conscious effort to phase, she could now only maintain her solidity through an act of conscious will. The X-Men went to Reed Richards, Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four, for aid, but Richards initially refused because he was not sure he would be able to help. Having nowhere else to go, the X-Men turned to Richards' enemy Doctor Doom.", "Having nowhere else to go, the X-Men turned to Richards' enemy Doctor Doom. This created a moral dilemma for both the X-Men and the Fantastic Four, and both teams fought each other because the Fantastic Four were trying to stop the treatment while the X-Men were determined to save Kitty's life. In the end, both the personal crisis of the Fantastic Four and the life of Shadowcat were saved after Franklin Richards, with the help of Lockheed, brought both teams to their senses.", "In the end, both the personal crisis of the Fantastic Four and the life of Shadowcat were saved after Franklin Richards, with the help of Lockheed, brought both teams to their senses. Kitty has since recovered from this state and now has full control over her power again. Excalibur Among the others injured and brought to Muir Isle were Colossus and Nightcrawler, although Colossus left the United Kingdom shortly after being released from MacTaggert's care to join the rest of the X-Men on their mission to battle the Adversary.", "Excalibur Among the others injured and brought to Muir Isle were Colossus and Nightcrawler, although Colossus left the United Kingdom shortly after being released from MacTaggert's care to join the rest of the X-Men on their mission to battle the Adversary. The X-Men sacrificed their lives to defeat the Adversary, the battle and their sacrifice was televised and broadcast across the world.", "The X-Men sacrificed their lives to defeat the Adversary, the battle and their sacrifice was televised and broadcast across the world. The X-Men were resurrected later in the same issue, unknown to the world at large, but chose to keep a low profile and perpetuate the belief that they were still dead. This strategy was enforced to more effectively fight their enemies. This meant avoiding contact with friends and family, including Kitty.", "This meant avoiding contact with friends and family, including Kitty. Thinking the X-Men were dead, Kitty and Nightcrawler joined Rachel Summers, Captain Britain, and Meggan to form the Britain-based team Excalibur. For a brief time, Kitty studied at St. Searle's School for Girls in Britain. During her time with Excalibur, Kitty developed a crush on Professor Alistaire Stuart which went unreciprocated since Alistaire was attracted to Rachel. Later, she was romantically involved with former Black Air agent Pete Wisdom.", "Later, she was romantically involved with former Black Air agent Pete Wisdom. At some point Kitty was recruited by the international law enforcement agency S.H.I.E.L.D. to repair the computer system of their flying headquarters. Kitty discovered the problem was due to Ogun's spirit having infiltrated the computer system, and with the aid of Wolverine, she managed to purge Ogun's presence. During this time, Kitty was attracted to a S.H.I.E.L.D. intern her own age, and this made her begin to doubt her relationship with Wisdom.", "intern her own age, and this made her begin to doubt her relationship with Wisdom. Soon after, she broke off their relationship. Back to the X-Men After Excalibur's dissolution, Shadowcat, Nightcrawler, and Colossus return to the X-Men. While returning, they faced a group of imposters following Cerebro, in the guise of Professor X. While tracking Mystique, she stumbles onto prophetic diaries that belonged to Irene Adler, a precognitive. During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha.", "During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha. During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha. Whatever she experienced there is unknown (although presumably connected to her father, living on Genosha at the time), but it had a profound effect on her. She cut her hair and began to act rebelliously, also using one of Wolverine's bone claws broken off during battle as a weapon. Kitty remained with the X-Men for a while before leaving after the apparent death of Colossus.", "Kitty remained with the X-Men for a while before leaving after the apparent death of Colossus. Trying to give herself a normal life, she attended the University of Chicago. During this time, her father was killed when Cassandra Nova’s Sentinels destroyed Genosha. Kitty later finds a recording of his death due to exploring footage of the attack. She is also kidnapped by William Stryker, but the X-Treme X-Men team helped her escape, and she assisted them on several missions.", "She is also kidnapped by William Stryker, but the X-Treme X-Men team helped her escape, and she assisted them on several missions. At the start of Joss Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men, Kitty once again rejoins the X-Men, despite having extreme reservations about working with the former White Queen, given their history. This was the primary reason why Frost herself wanted Kitty on the team, as a sort of \"safety\" should Frost ever revert to type.", "This was the primary reason why Frost herself wanted Kitty on the team, as a sort of \"safety\" should Frost ever revert to type. Frost reasoned that the person who trusted her least would be most likely to spot such behavior. On one of the team's first missions, Shadowcat discovered Colossus was alive. After some initial awkwardness, Kitty and Colossus resumed dating. Kitty Pryde appeared alongside Colossus in the \"Blinded by the Light\" arc in X-Men.", "Kitty Pryde appeared alongside Colossus in the \"Blinded by the Light\" arc in X-Men. They are the two X-Men left to look after the students while the rest of the X-Men leave for Mystique's home in Mississippi to check up on Rogue, during which they are ambushed by the Marauders. Kitty and Colossus, meanwhile, attempt to protect the students from a faction of the Marauders led by Exodus.", "Kitty and Colossus, meanwhile, attempt to protect the students from a faction of the Marauders led by Exodus. It is revealed over the course of the story that Kitty, worried of the Destiny Diaries' safety, devised a plan with Cyclops and Emma Frost to hide them and have Emma wipe the location from her mind. The location could only be revealed by a code word spoken to Kitty.", "The location could only be revealed by a code word spoken to Kitty. The arc concludes with a battle between Iceman and Cannonball against the Marauders for the diaries, during which they are destroyed by Gambit. In the \"Torn\" arc, the latest incarnation of the Hellfire Club begin an assault on Xavier's School.", "In the \"Torn\" arc, the latest incarnation of the Hellfire Club begin an assault on Xavier's School. Kitty fulfilled the role that Emma Frost envisioned, personally taking down Frost and imprisoning her, only to fall under a telepathic delusion created by Hellfire member Perfection, who claimed to be the true, unreformed Emma Frost. Under this delusion, Kitty was made to believe that she and Colossus had conceived a child, which was later taken away by the X-Men because its potential mutant abilities were supposedly dangerous.", "Under this delusion, Kitty was made to believe that she and Colossus had conceived a child, which was later taken away by the X-Men because its potential mutant abilities were supposedly dangerous. Kitty reacts in the delusion by attempting to rescue the child from a near-inescapable \"box\" in the depths of the school, unaware that in reality she is freeing an alien entity, Stuff, who contains the trapped consciousness of Cassandra Nova, the apparent ringleader of this new Hellfire Club.", "Kitty reacts in the delusion by attempting to rescue the child from a near-inescapable \"box\" in the depths of the school, unaware that in reality she is freeing an alien entity, Stuff, who contains the trapped consciousness of Cassandra Nova, the apparent ringleader of this new Hellfire Club. A newly awakened Cyclops revealed that the new Hellfire Club, including Perfection and Nova, are actually mental projections created by a piece of Cassandra Nova's consciousness; which became lodged in Emma's mind during the X-Men's last confrontation with her, playing on her survivor's guilt over the Genoshan massacre, and utilizing Emma's telepathy to both confound the X-Men and orchestrate her (Nova's) escape from the Stuff body.", "A newly awakened Cyclops revealed that the new Hellfire Club, including Perfection and Nova, are actually mental projections created by a piece of Cassandra Nova's consciousness; which became lodged in Emma's mind during the X-Men's last confrontation with her, playing on her survivor's guilt over the Genoshan massacre, and utilizing Emma's telepathy to both confound the X-Men and orchestrate her (Nova's) escape from the Stuff body. As Cyclops killed the mental projections, Emma tried to force Kitty to kill her to get rid of Nova.", "As Cyclops killed the mental projections, Emma tried to force Kitty to kill her to get rid of Nova. Undeterred, Cassandra Nova switched her focus to attempt to transfer her mind to Hisako Ichiki. It appears that Nova did not succeed, as the team was transported to S.W.O.R.D. 's air station en route to Ord's Breakworld for the \"Unstoppable\" arc that concludes Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men.", "'s air station en route to Ord's Breakworld for the \"Unstoppable\" arc that concludes Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men. Breakworld As the team prepares to end the confrontation with the Breakworld leader, the team splits up—with Kitty on the team appointed to stop the missile pointed at Earth. Kitty phases into the missile to disrupt its circuitry noting that it is composed of the same material as the rest of Breakworld, a material that is difficult and exhausting for her to phase through.", "Kitty phases into the missile to disrupt its circuitry noting that it is composed of the same material as the rest of Breakworld, a material that is difficult and exhausting for her to phase through. After phasing for a mile into the missile, Kitty finds the center only to discover it empty.", "After phasing for a mile into the missile, Kitty finds the center only to discover it empty. The missile is fired, causing Kitty to pass out inside of it as Beast discovers too late that due to its shape, trajectory, and lack of internal circuitry, the Breakworld's weapon is not a missile, but a bullet. As the bullet hurtles toward Earth, Kitty lies unconscious within it.", "As the bullet hurtles toward Earth, Kitty lies unconscious within it. As the situation becomes increasingly dire, Emma establishes mental contact with Kitty, reassuring her that she will come out of this fine, though it eventually becomes clear to both that the situation will be grim. Kitty and Emma come to an understanding and reconciliation, Emma stating that she never wanted something like this to happen to her. Kitty then phases the bullet through Earth, but is trapped within.", "Kitty then phases the bullet through Earth, but is trapped within. At the end of Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men, Scott Summers mentions that Doctor Strange, Reed Richards, and some \"top men\" tried to save her, but believe she has fused to the bullet, as it continues to hurtle through space. Whether she is alive or dead is unknown, though the X-Men consider her lost to them.", "Whether she is alive or dead is unknown, though the X-Men consider her lost to them. As a result of these events Kitty does not appear in the X-Men crossover event X-Men: Messiah Complex, since this takes place after the events of Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men. She is briefly mentioned in the aftermath of the Messiah Complex, by Colossus, Nightcrawler, and Wolverine, as the three of them discuss \"losing her.\"", "She is briefly mentioned in the aftermath of the Messiah Complex, by Colossus, Nightcrawler, and Wolverine, as the three of them discuss \"losing her.\" To cope with Kitty's loss, Colossus takes down a group of Russian criminals dealing in human trafficking, and gets a tattoo of the name 'Katya' on his chest. Emma begins having a recurring dream in which she hears a voice whom she believes is Kitty's trying to reach out to her.", "Emma begins having a recurring dream in which she hears a voice whom she believes is Kitty's trying to reach out to her. It was later confirmed by Abigail Brand that Kitty Pryde was still alive within the bullet, but because the bullet's design would harden as time went on, it would become increasingly difficult to break the bullet open.", "It was later confirmed by Abigail Brand that Kitty Pryde was still alive within the bullet, but because the bullet's design would harden as time went on, it would become increasingly difficult to break the bullet open. Return After the X-Men move to the island of Utopia, Magneto arrives on the island professing his desire to join and support the X-Men in their effort to unite the world's remaining mutants. The X-Men reluctantly let him stay, remaining wary of him despite his efforts to gain their trust.", "The X-Men reluctantly let him stay, remaining wary of him despite his efforts to gain their trust. In a final bid to gain their trust, Magneto focuses his powers, attempting to divert the interstellar path of the metal bullet Kitty is trapped in and bring her home to Earth. Meanwhile, inside the bullet, Kitty is revealed to still be alive. Unbeknownst to the others, Magneto had encountered the bullet earlier while attempting to regain his powers with the High Evolutionary and surmised that Kitty was inside.", "Unbeknownst to the others, Magneto had encountered the bullet earlier while attempting to regain his powers with the High Evolutionary and surmised that Kitty was inside. Despite this and the High Evolutionary's apparent ability to retrieve the bullet and Kitty, Magneto chose to focus on regaining his powers, secretly keeping tabs on the bullet until his decision to draw it back to Earth. During her time trapped inside the bullet, Kitty keeps herself and the bullet phased to avoid collisions with any inhabited objects in its path.", "During her time trapped inside the bullet, Kitty keeps herself and the bullet phased to avoid collisions with any inhabited objects in its path. Magneto brings Kitty Pryde safely down to Earth by cracking the bullet in two and levitating Kitty to the ground. When she and Colossus try to touch, it is revealed that she is trapped in her intangible form, unable to speak, and the X-Men place her in a protective chamber similar to the one used for her following the events of the Mutant Massacre.", "When she and Colossus try to touch, it is revealed that she is trapped in her intangible form, unable to speak, and the X-Men place her in a protective chamber similar to the one used for her following the events of the Mutant Massacre. How Kitty survived her time in the bullet is unclear to the X-Men's science team, where the X-Men discover that all her bodily functions halted.", "How Kitty survived her time in the bullet is unclear to the X-Men's science team, where the X-Men discover that all her bodily functions halted. An analysis by Kavita Rao hypothesizes that Kitty created an intense muscle memory to keep herself and the bullet phased and has \"forgotten\" how to un-phase. During a conversation with Colossus, with Emma Frost acting as the psi-conduit, Kitty picks up Emma's stray thoughts on killing the captive Sebastian Shaw, to prevent Namor from discovering she previously lied to him.", "During a conversation with Colossus, with Emma Frost acting as the psi-conduit, Kitty picks up Emma's stray thoughts on killing the captive Sebastian Shaw, to prevent Namor from discovering she previously lied to him. While disgusted at Emma's intentions, Kitty offers a compromise. Due to her current ghost state, she is the perfect tool for making Shaw disappear. In a storyline in Uncanny X-Men, the Breakworlders make their way to Earth.", "In a storyline in Uncanny X-Men, the Breakworlders make their way to Earth. During the conflict between the Breakworlder Kr'uun and the X-Men, Kitty is slain and resurrected by Kr'uun's mate in an alien ritual, which results in her powers returning to normal. Regenesis Shortly thereafter, Kitty breaks up with Colossus, and decides to return with Wolverine to Westchester to open the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning.", "Regenesis Shortly thereafter, Kitty breaks up with Colossus, and decides to return with Wolverine to Westchester to open the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning. In Wolverine and the X-Men #4, she appears to be suddenly pregnant, but the pregnancy was revealed to be a Brood infestation, and it was swiftly dealt with by a team of X-Men. Since returning to Westchester, Kitty has shared several kisses with Iceman.", "Since returning to Westchester, Kitty has shared several kisses with Iceman. During the events of Avengers vs. X-Men, Kitty does not take a side, but instead decides to stay at the school to work with the students. Once Bobby returned from working with the X-Men after realizing that the Phoenix had corrupted them, he and Kitty finally decide to go on a date.", "Once Bobby returned from working with the X-Men after realizing that the Phoenix had corrupted them, he and Kitty finally decide to go on a date. All-New X-Men After Beast brings the original five X-Men into the future to stop Cyclops in the present, Kitty volunteers to take responsibility for the temporally relocated X-Men while they work to undo this dark future.", "All-New X-Men After Beast brings the original five X-Men into the future to stop Cyclops in the present, Kitty volunteers to take responsibility for the temporally relocated X-Men while they work to undo this dark future. This soon puts her at odds with the rest of her team as they believed the original five should go back to their own time in order to prevent any damage to the space-time continuity.", "This soon puts her at odds with the rest of her team as they believed the original five should go back to their own time in order to prevent any damage to the space-time continuity. Eventually, this leads Kitty to take the decision of abandoning the school with the time-displaced X-Men and join Cyclops's X-Men at the New Xavier School. During the first few weeks at the New Xavier School, Jean Grey is abducted by the Shiar Empire to stand trial for her future self's crimes.", "During the first few weeks at the New Xavier School, Jean Grey is abducted by the Shiar Empire to stand trial for her future self's crimes. Kitty and the time-displaced X-Men team up with the Guardians of the Galaxy and succeed in rescuing Jean from the Shiar. At the conclusion of the storyline, Kitty begins a long-distance, flirtatious relationship with Starlord, Peter Quill. The Black Vortex In the following weeks, Kitty's relationship with Peter Quill evolves more and more as they developed stronger feelings for each other every day.", "The Black Vortex In the following weeks, Kitty's relationship with Peter Quill evolves more and more as they developed stronger feelings for each other every day. At one point, Quill gets captured during one of their dates and she has no option but to go to his rescue, despite her fear of space as a result of her being trapped on the giant space bullet. After rescuing Peter, she decides to stay in space with him.", "After rescuing Peter, she decides to stay in space with him. Then, Kitty convinces Peter to steal a powerful artifact called the Black Vortex from his father J'son. Soon, they find themselves being chased by J'son's assassination squad, the Slaughter Lords. In despair, they request the aid of the X-Men and the Guardians of the Galaxy to protect the Vortex.", "In despair, they request the aid of the X-Men and the Guardians of the Galaxy to protect the Vortex. After a few of their own friends can't resist the temptation and submit to the Vortex, betray the team, and escape with the artifact; the team splits and Kitty stays in Spartax to help an orphanage.", "After a few of their own friends can't resist the temptation and submit to the Vortex, betray the team, and escape with the artifact; the team splits and Kitty stays in Spartax to help an orphanage. She is encased in amber after Thane (who was allied with J'son) freezes the whole planet along with the people inside it; but thanks to her phasing powers, she manages to get out of the amber.", "She is encased in amber after Thane (who was allied with J'son) freezes the whole planet along with the people inside it; but thanks to her phasing powers, she manages to get out of the amber. Then the Brood attacks Spartax, planning to use every encased person to lay eggs and create an army of Brood to start invading other planets and conquering them. Kitty feels the only way to stop them is by submitting to the Vortex herself as she's the only one who can resist the cosmic corruption.", "Kitty feels the only way to stop them is by submitting to the Vortex herself as she's the only one who can resist the cosmic corruption. She reluctantly submits and becomes a being of unlimited power. After being reminded of the love between her and Peter Quill, she goes back and phases all the amber that encased Spartax, along with the Broods trying to infect the people, and sends them all to another dimension. Kitty doesn't give up the cosmic power but admits to Peter that she is afraid of it.", "Kitty doesn't give up the cosmic power but admits to Peter that she is afraid of it. Peter promises her that he will never abandon her no matter how much she changes. Then, Peter kneels and proposes marriage to Kitty. She, with tears in her eyes, accepts. Later when Star Lord is declared Emperor of Spartax she is told she will become the first lady of Spartax.", "Later when Star Lord is declared Emperor of Spartax she is told she will become the first lady of Spartax. Guardians of the Galaxy Kitty takes on the mantle of Star Lord and joins the Guardians of the Galaxy in Peter Quill's place so he can take on his royal duties. When Hala the Accuser massacres Spartax in an attempt to make Quill pay for J'son's actions against her people, she initially easily lays waste to the capitol and overpowers the Guardians.", "When Hala the Accuser massacres Spartax in an attempt to make Quill pay for J'son's actions against her people, she initially easily lays waste to the capitol and overpowers the Guardians. After the Guardians regroup and formulate a strategy to defeat her, Kitty manages to partially phase Hala into the ground so the rest of the Guardians can knock her out and separate her from her weapon.", "After the Guardians regroup and formulate a strategy to defeat her, Kitty manages to partially phase Hala into the ground so the rest of the Guardians can knock her out and separate her from her weapon. After Quill loses his title as king he and Kitty end up on a mission with the rest of the Guardians on a concentration camp prison planet owned by the Badoon after Gamora gave them information on it so they can free Angela.", "After Quill loses his title as king he and Kitty end up on a mission with the rest of the Guardians on a concentration camp prison planet owned by the Badoon after Gamora gave them information on it so they can free Angela. Once there, Kitty has a personal reaction upon seeing the prisoners and makes it her mission to liberate everyone there and defeat the captors, as it reminds her of Nazi concentration camps.", "Once there, Kitty has a personal reaction upon seeing the prisoners and makes it her mission to liberate everyone there and defeat the captors, as it reminds her of Nazi concentration camps. After Quill gets captured and sentenced to death in an arena battle, Kitty finds and kills one of the Badoon leaders by phasing his heart out of his body. When Captain Marvel summons the Guardians to Earth to help her address Tony Stark, Kitty learns that Thanos is a prisoner on Earth and tries to convince Quill to tell Gamora.", "When Captain Marvel summons the Guardians to Earth to help her address Tony Stark, Kitty learns that Thanos is a prisoner on Earth and tries to convince Quill to tell Gamora. When fighting starts Kitty woefully realizes that some of her former students are on Tony Stark's side instead of fighting with Captain Marvel. During the battle the Guardians' ship was destroyed, effectively stranding them on Earth.", "During the battle the Guardians' ship was destroyed, effectively stranding them on Earth. After helping the Guardians stop Thanos from leading an invasion from the Negative Zone the Guardians are given a new ship; however, Kitty decides to stay on Earth and ends her time with the Guardians and Quill. Leading the X-Men Upon returning to Earth, Kitty hopes to finally regain a semblance of a normal life but ends up approached by Storm, who informs Kitty of everything the X-Men have gone through while Kitty was away.", "Leading the X-Men Upon returning to Earth, Kitty hopes to finally regain a semblance of a normal life but ends up approached by Storm, who informs Kitty of everything the X-Men have gone through while Kitty was away. Storm announces to Kitty that she intends to step down as leader of the X-Men due to the guilt that she feels for leading the X-Men to war and offers Kitty her position.", "Storm announces to Kitty that she intends to step down as leader of the X-Men due to the guilt that she feels for leading the X-Men to war and offers Kitty her position. After touring X-Haven and seeing how much things have changed and how much things need to change for the better, Kitty agrees to lead the X-Men as long as Storm remains on the team.", "After touring X-Haven and seeing how much things have changed and how much things need to change for the better, Kitty agrees to lead the X-Men as long as Storm remains on the team. Her next act is to relocate the mansion from Limbo to Central Park, New York so the X-Men can refocus on being part of the world instead of fearing it under the belief that if the X-Men truly are to be seen as heroes, then they need to actually live in the world that they are trying to save instead of constantly worrying about their own survival.", "Her next act is to relocate the mansion from Limbo to Central Park, New York so the X-Men can refocus on being part of the world instead of fearing it under the belief that if the X-Men truly are to be seen as heroes, then they need to actually live in the world that they are trying to save instead of constantly worrying about their own survival. Under Kitty's new leadership, the X-Men go through some small changes in order to shed their past history and make new names for themselves, such as convincing Rachel Summers to change her code name to Prestige and renaming the mansion as The Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Outreach.", "Under Kitty's new leadership, the X-Men go through some small changes in order to shed their past history and make new names for themselves, such as convincing Rachel Summers to change her code name to Prestige and renaming the mansion as The Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Outreach. Kitty learns first-hand how hard it is to balance leading the X-Men as well as managing the mansion when there are many political factors trying to deliberately get in the way of the X-Men.", "Kitty learns first-hand how hard it is to balance leading the X-Men as well as managing the mansion when there are many political factors trying to deliberately get in the way of the X-Men. She also begins to have awkward one-on-one moments with Colossus; they try to remain friends, but given their long history their interactions swiftly become complicated. Kitty's first case as field leader of the X-Men sees her and her team taking on a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants.", "Kitty's first case as field leader of the X-Men sees her and her team taking on a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. After discovering that an outspoken anti-mutant politician brainwashed this new Brotherhood to work for her to publicly discredit mutants, Kitty threatened to expose her if she continued exploiting mutants for her own personal gain.", "After discovering that an outspoken anti-mutant politician brainwashed this new Brotherhood to work for her to publicly discredit mutants, Kitty threatened to expose her if she continued exploiting mutants for her own personal gain. Dawn of X After Krakoa became a new sovereign nation for Mutants, Kitty Pryde, now going by Captain Kate Pryde, discovers she is the sole mutant who is, for unknown reasons, unable to use the various warp gates leading to Krakoa.", "Dawn of X After Krakoa became a new sovereign nation for Mutants, Kitty Pryde, now going by Captain Kate Pryde, discovers she is the sole mutant who is, for unknown reasons, unable to use the various warp gates leading to Krakoa. It is implied that she has done something to anger Krakoa, but that restriction does not mean Kitty cannot use other means to reach the mutant homeland. She steals a boat and sets sail for the island.", "She steals a boat and sets sail for the island. Kitty's time on Krakoa proves to be just as fruitless, as the island's natural resources (like flowers that grow into biome homes) are similarly prohibited to Kitty.", "Kitty's time on Krakoa proves to be just as fruitless, as the island's natural resources (like flowers that grow into biome homes) are similarly prohibited to Kitty. Emma Frost comes asking Kitty to take up a special mission: taking a bigger boat out to serve as pirate captain on the X-Men's mission to liberate mutants trapped in oppressive countries that do not recognize mutant sovereignty, while also smuggling and supplying for Emma's Hellfire Trading Company the lifesaving drugs the X-Men provide to humans.", "Emma Frost comes asking Kitty to take up a special mission: taking a bigger boat out to serve as pirate captain on the X-Men's mission to liberate mutants trapped in oppressive countries that do not recognize mutant sovereignty, while also smuggling and supplying for Emma's Hellfire Trading Company the lifesaving drugs the X-Men provide to humans. Kate Pryde is later appointed the new Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company by Emma Frost, to the dismay of Sebastian Shaw.", "Kate Pryde is later appointed the new Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company by Emma Frost, to the dismay of Sebastian Shaw. Seeing Pryde as an obstacle to his complete control of the Hellfire Corporation, Shaw began plotting against Kate and her crew.", "Seeing Pryde as an obstacle to his complete control of the Hellfire Corporation, Shaw began plotting against Kate and her crew. After taking notice how Emma became overprotective of the newly crowned Red Queen, Shaw realized that for the same reason she can't travel through Krakoa's gates nor read or understand the Krakoan language until Emma implanted it in her brain, the X-Men's Resurrection Protocols also won't apply to her, which means Kate cannot be resurrected if she died.", "After taking notice how Emma became overprotective of the newly crowned Red Queen, Shaw realized that for the same reason she can't travel through Krakoa's gates nor read or understand the Krakoan language until Emma implanted it in her brain, the X-Men's Resurrection Protocols also won't apply to her, which means Kate cannot be resurrected if she died. He orchestrated a distraction by paying off human supremacists Homines Verendi to stage an attack on his own son.", "He orchestrated a distraction by paying off human supremacists Homines Verendi to stage an attack on his own son. Once Kate was defenseless, Shaw emerged from below deck and ensnared Lockheed with a net gun, making him a helpless hostage. He then released Krakoan seeds at her feet, which wrapped around her and prevented her from using her powers. He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea.", "He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea. He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea. While Lockheed was able to survive, Kate sank helplessly, and once her head dropped under the surface, she had no air left and drowned instantly. Her death is later confirmed by Bishop as he retrieves Kate's body, as it was also established that the Resurrection Protocols indeed do not apply to Kate, as the Five, for reasons unknown, cannot resurrect her.", "Her death is later confirmed by Bishop as he retrieves Kate's body, as it was also established that the Resurrection Protocols indeed do not apply to Kate, as the Five, for reasons unknown, cannot resurrect her. However, she is later resurrected, as Emma Frost realized that it was due to the nature of Kate's intangibility powers that her mindless body was unable to break out of the egg.", "However, she is later resurrected, as Emma Frost realized that it was due to the nature of Kate's intangibility powers that her mindless body was unable to break out of the egg. Powers and abilities Kitty is a mutant with the ability to pass through solid matter by passing her atomic particles through the spaces between the atoms of the object through which she is moving.", "Powers and abilities Kitty is a mutant with the ability to pass through solid matter by passing her atomic particles through the spaces between the atoms of the object through which she is moving. In this way she and the object through which she is passing can temporarily merge without interacting, and each is unharmed when Shadowcat has finished passing through the object. This process is called \"phasing\" or quantum tunneling and it renders her almost completely intangible to physical touch.", "This process is called \"phasing\" or quantum tunneling and it renders her almost completely intangible to physical touch. Shadowcat passes through objects at the same speed at which she is moving before she enters them. Since she is unable to breathe while inside an object, she can only continuously phase through solid objects (as when she travels underground) as long as she can hold her breath. However, contrary depictions of the duration of her phasing ability have been presented, such as when she has phased miles within an object.", "However, contrary depictions of the duration of her phasing ability have been presented, such as when she has phased miles within an object. The use of her abilities also interferes with any electrical systems as she passes through by disrupting the flow of electrons from atom to atom, including the bio-electric systems of living bodies if she concentrates in the right way. This typically causes machines to malfunction or be destroyed as she phases through them, and can induce shock and unconsciousness in living beings.", "This typically causes machines to malfunction or be destroyed as she phases through them, and can induce shock and unconsciousness in living beings. Using her power began as an optional ability, but for a period (over ten years of published comics, approximately two years in-continuity) Kitty existed in a naturally \"phased\" state, and had to consciously choose to become solid. Kitty has returned to her original form and is normally solid and must choose to use her power.", "Kitty has returned to her original form and is normally solid and must choose to use her power. While phasing, she does not physically walk on surfaces, but rather interacts with the molecules of air above them, allowing her to ascend and descend, causing her to seemingly walk on air. While phased, she is immune to most physical attacks, and has inconsistent showings of some resistance to telepathy.", "While phased, she is immune to most physical attacks, and has inconsistent showings of some resistance to telepathy. The density of some materials (such as adamantium) can prove deleterious to her phasing, causing her to be severely disoriented or experience pain if she tries to pass through them. Some energy attacks also prove problematic for Kitty. For example, an energy blast fired by Harpoon, a member of the Marauders, caused her to lose her ability to become fully tangible for months.", "For example, an energy blast fired by Harpoon, a member of the Marauders, caused her to lose her ability to become fully tangible for months. Magic and magical beings can also harm her in her phased state, as demonstrated in a battle with a N'Garai demon whose claws left no visible marks, but caused Kitty severe pain as they passed through her intangible body. Kitty can also extend her powers to phase other people and objects.", "Kitty can also extend her powers to phase other people and objects. She is able to phase at least six other people (or objects of similar mass) with her, so long as they establish and maintain physical contact with her. She can extend her phasing effect to her own clothing or any other object with mass up to that of a small truck, as long as she remains in contact with it. Kitty can also make objects intangible by maintaining contact with them.", "Kitty can also make objects intangible by maintaining contact with them. She has threatened to leave people phased into a wall, and used her power offensively to harm the Technarch Magus, and Danger. Kitty's powers seem to have increased over the years. During an X-Treme X-Men story arc in which she is kidnapped by Reverend William Stryker, she phases out of sync with Earth's rotation to move from one place in the world (only east or west) to another seemingly instantaneously.", "During an X-Treme X-Men story arc in which she is kidnapped by Reverend William Stryker, she phases out of sync with Earth's rotation to move from one place in the world (only east or west) to another seemingly instantaneously. At the climax of Astonishing X-Men, Kitty phases a 10 mi (16 km) long \"bullet\" composed of super-dense alien metals through the entire planet Earth. This feat caused her considerable strain, but she is unable to phase out of the bullet.", "This feat caused her considerable strain, but she is unable to phase out of the bullet. Moreover, originally Kitty found it difficult or impossible to phase only part of her body at a time. In the Days of Future Past story arc, she is possessed by her older future self, allowing her to solidify only her shoulder while phasing the rest of her body through Destiny—a feat explicitly beyond the 13-year-old Kitty's abilities.", "In the Days of Future Past story arc, she is possessed by her older future self, allowing her to solidify only her shoulder while phasing the rest of her body through Destiny—a feat explicitly beyond the 13-year-old Kitty's abilities. By contrast, the Kitty Pryde of Joss Whedon's run can punch and kick someone standing on the other side of a wall, selectively phasing and unphasing body parts as necessary.", "By contrast, the Kitty Pryde of Joss Whedon's run can punch and kick someone standing on the other side of a wall, selectively phasing and unphasing body parts as necessary. She can even run and leap through an armed opponent, grabbing their weapon as she passes by, which presumably requires her to solidify only the surface area of the palms of her hands and then immediately phase both her palms and the weapon. Besides her mutant powers, Kitty is a genius in the field of applied technology and computer science.", "Besides her mutant powers, Kitty is a genius in the field of applied technology and computer science. She is highly talented in the design and use of computer hardware. She is a skilled pilot of piston and jet engine aircraft, and a competent pilot of certain advanced interstellar vehicles. She has previously shown a unique ability to wield the Soulsword and also be harmed by it.", "She has previously shown a unique ability to wield the Soulsword and also be harmed by it. Since her possession by the ninja demon Ogun, she has been consistently shown to be an excellent hand-to-hand combatant, having since been endowed with a lifetime of training in the martial arts of Japanese ninja and samurai. She is a professional-level dancer in both ballet and modern dance.", "She is a professional-level dancer in both ballet and modern dance. She speaks fluent English, Japanese, Russian, and the royal and standard languages of the alien Shi'ar and Skrull, and has moderate expertise in Gaelic, Hebrew, and German. Kitty also shares a mental/empathic connection with her pet dragon Lockheed; both she and the alien dragon can \"sense\" each other's presence at times and generally understand one another's thoughts and actions.", "Kitty also shares a mental/empathic connection with her pet dragon Lockheed; both she and the alien dragon can \"sense\" each other's presence at times and generally understand one another's thoughts and actions. When Kitty used the Black Vortex, her powers were augmented to a cosmic scale making her a god-like being. She can phase through any material of any density and can even phase a planet out of Thane's amber, whereas in her normal state it is an extremely difficult task to simply phase herself out of the amber.", "She can phase through any material of any density and can even phase a planet out of Thane's amber, whereas in her normal state it is an extremely difficult task to simply phase herself out of the amber. She can also apparently transverse between the planes of the multiverse and is immune to the effects of space. Her appearance can be changed but her natural form appears to be rather gaseous in look. Other versions In addition to her mainstream incarnation, Kitty Pryde has been depicted in other fictional universes.", "Other versions In addition to her mainstream incarnation, Kitty Pryde has been depicted in other fictional universes. Age of Apocalypse In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Kitty grows up under harsh circumstances and her nature reflects it. She has short hair, tight clothes, and chain smokes cigarettes. Her parents are killed in the Chicago Cullings, and she is forcibly recruited into Apocalypse's army, but is later rescued by Colossus.", "Her parents are killed in the Chicago Cullings, and she is forcibly recruited into Apocalypse's army, but is later rescued by Colossus. Magneto puts Shadowcat under Weapon X's training, hoping to turn her into the X-Men's assassin, and she is given a set of retractable artificial claws around each wrist to better imitate her teacher's fighting style. After the fallout between Colossus and Magneto, Shadowcat sides with Colossus, whom she has married.", "After the fallout between Colossus and Magneto, Shadowcat sides with Colossus, whom she has married. Instead of leaving the fight against Apocalypse altogether, the couple become the teachers of Generation Next. The two submit their trainees to harsh situations, giving them little comfort despite the fact that Shadowcat is close to the age of her students. Shadowcat assists the team in rescuing Illyana Rasputin from the Seattle Core, and, at Colossus' behest, abandons her students after Illyana is saved.", "Shadowcat assists the team in rescuing Illyana Rasputin from the Seattle Core, and, at Colossus' behest, abandons her students after Illyana is saved. She is killed by Colossus in his ruthless obsession to protect his sister, Illyana; coming between an enraged Colossus and his endangered sister, Shadowcat never believed he would harm her. Days of Future Past In the Days of Future Past timeline (Earth-811), Shadowcat goes by the name Kate Pryde.", "Days of Future Past In the Days of Future Past timeline (Earth-811), Shadowcat goes by the name Kate Pryde. Kate attempts to go back in time to prevent the assassination of Senator Robert Kelly by Mystique and the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. She succeeds, only to create a separate timeline where the events of her past still come to pass. After returning to her own time Kate helps Rachel Summers escape back to the timeline she just created.", "After returning to her own time Kate helps Rachel Summers escape back to the timeline she just created. Captured by Sentinels, Kate escapes by phasing through her inhibitor collar and fell into a time warp, causing her to merge with the Sentinel that was scanning her, and arrives in the timeline Rachel is inhabiting. Kate's mind settles in a small, metal, off-spherical body and becomes known as Widget.", "Kate's mind settles in a small, metal, off-spherical body and becomes known as Widget. After a few adventures in that timeline, mostly in company with her Earth-616 counterpart's team Excalibur, Kate regains her memory and returns to her original timeline where she is able to reprogram the ruling Sentinels to protect life, ending their tyranny. Earth X In Earth X it is revealed in the appendix of issue six that Kitty Pryde is killed saving Colossus while he could not shift into his metal form.", "Earth X In Earth X it is revealed in the appendix of issue six that Kitty Pryde is killed saving Colossus while he could not shift into his metal form. Instead of phasing the bullet through her, she heroically takes the bullet and is killed. Exiles A version of Kitty Pryde codenamed Cat first appeared in Exiles #96. She is younger than her Earth-616 counterpart. She has the appearance and powers of the normal Shadowcat although she wears a different costume.", "She has the appearance and powers of the normal Shadowcat although she wears a different costume. Prior to her joining the Exiles, this version of Kitty had been recruited by Emma Frost as one of the core agents of the Hellfire Club's strike force. She helps Psylocke defeat Doom's soldiers who have invaded the Panoptichron. She helps retrieve Blink, Morph, and Sabretooth from being scattered across the multiverse. She works as a computer expert for the team and is a full member of the Exiles.", "She works as a computer expert for the team and is a full member of the Exiles. Cat's skill with using her powers means she is not tied to any dimension and can see through various realities, including those of the mind (for instance seeing the various personalities in Sage's mind as \"ghosts\" surrounding her).", "Cat's skill with using her powers means she is not tied to any dimension and can see through various realities, including those of the mind (for instance seeing the various personalities in Sage's mind as \"ghosts\" surrounding her). Her arrival in the Crystal Palace and connection to its computers has increased this, giving her the ability to \"cascade\" through different alternative versions of herself, altering her appearance and details of her powers.", "Her arrival in the Crystal Palace and connection to its computers has increased this, giving her the ability to \"cascade\" through different alternative versions of herself, altering her appearance and details of her powers. Amongst other versions, she has assumed the form of a Kitty Pryde with the appearance and powers of Tigra. During the New Exiles' last mission Cat faced off against Madame Hydra (Sue Storm) and killed her at the cost of her own life.", "During the New Exiles' last mission Cat faced off against Madame Hydra (Sue Storm) and killed her at the cost of her own life. There has been another version of Kitty that appeared in the King Hyperion story arc (Exiles #38-40). She had survived an attack on the X-Mansion by the Sentinels. The Colossus from her universe had been killed in the attack but she had the same feelings towards Weapon X's Colossus even though he was not her Colossus.", "The Colossus from her universe had been killed in the attack but she had the same feelings towards Weapon X's Colossus even though he was not her Colossus. The two eventually fell in love with each other. Unfortunately this did not last since she died with Colossus when they were shot into the empty vacuum of space by Hyperion.", "Unfortunately this did not last since she died with Colossus when they were shot into the empty vacuum of space by Hyperion. House of M When the Scarlet Witch altered reality in the 616 Universe, creating the reality known as House of M where mutants were the dominant population, Kitty Pryde was a teacher in a public middle school in Cincinnati, Ohio. Like many of the heroes of Earth 616, she is reminded of the true reality by Layla Miller and recruited in the fight to restore reality.", "Like many of the heroes of Earth 616, she is reminded of the true reality by Layla Miller and recruited in the fight to restore reality. Magik In the limited series Magik (Illyana and Storm), an alternative reality Kitty renames herself \"Cat\" after she is mutated by the demonic sorcerer Belasco into a more feline form, with cat eyes, whiskers, a tail, and enhanced physical abilities and senses.", "Magik In the limited series Magik (Illyana and Storm), an alternative reality Kitty renames herself \"Cat\" after she is mutated by the demonic sorcerer Belasco into a more feline form, with cat eyes, whiskers, a tail, and enhanced physical abilities and senses. Trapped in Belasco's Limbo, Cat takes a militant view towards defeating the sorcerer, eschewing the magic that her reality's Storm embraces, instead turning to skills in swordplay and physical combat.", "Trapped in Belasco's Limbo, Cat takes a militant view towards defeating the sorcerer, eschewing the magic that her reality's Storm embraces, instead turning to skills in swordplay and physical combat. She tries to save the Illyana Rasputin of Earth-616 from corruption through magic by taking Illyana into the wilderness of Limbo and teaching the child to fight and survive. Like the Kitty Pryde of Earth-616 eventually would, Cat became Illyana's best friend, but more in the role of an older sister due to the difference in their ages.", "Like the Kitty Pryde of Earth-616 eventually would, Cat became Illyana's best friend, but more in the role of an older sister due to the difference in their ages. Cat's plan goes awry when the pair's attempt to confront Belasco fails, at the cost of the life of an enslaved Nightcrawler; Illyana falls under Belasco's influence and Cat is further transformed towards a feline, with a semi-animalistic mind completely loyal to Belasco.", "Cat's plan goes awry when the pair's attempt to confront Belasco fails, at the cost of the life of an enslaved Nightcrawler; Illyana falls under Belasco's influence and Cat is further transformed towards a feline, with a semi-animalistic mind completely loyal to Belasco. Cat is eventually slain by Illyana when Belasco sets Cat upon his rebellious apprentice; facing death at Cat's hands and knowing that, deep down, a part of Kitty still exists and hates her enslavement, Illyana broke Cat's neck in self-defense.", "Cat is eventually slain by Illyana when Belasco sets Cat upon his rebellious apprentice; facing death at Cat's hands and knowing that, deep down, a part of Kitty still exists and hates her enslavement, Illyana broke Cat's neck in self-defense. Long after Illyana overthrows Belasco, escapes Limbo, and becomes a member of the junior X-Men team known as the New Mutants, Cat's remains are found by the team in Limbo's throne room. By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton.", "By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton. By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton. Illyana, facing a rebellion of Limbo's demon population that threatened to overrun Earth, smashed Cat's skull in rage over the demonic taint that Belasco left on her soul and frustration over the horrible choice she had to make to kill Cat. Marvel Zombies Kitty is briefly shown in the background as a zombie in Ultimate Fantastic Four #23, despite her mutant phasing powers.", "Marvel Zombies Kitty is briefly shown in the background as a zombie in Ultimate Fantastic Four #23, despite her mutant phasing powers. She is also seen in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, when zombie Alpha Flight attack the X-Men.", "She is also seen in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, when zombie Alpha Flight attack the X-Men. This would appear to have been retconned, though, as of Marvel Zombies: Halloween, which depicts her and her son Peter with Colossus surviving for several years in an out of the way house farm, encountering zombies, but, fortunately, being rescued by Mephisto, who dispatched the remaining zombies.", "This would appear to have been retconned, though, as of Marvel Zombies: Halloween, which depicts her and her son Peter with Colossus surviving for several years in an out of the way house farm, encountering zombies, but, fortunately, being rescued by Mephisto, who dispatched the remaining zombies. The Earth-91126/Earth-Z Kitty is recruited by Earth-2149/Marvel Zombies Spider-Man to help him develop a cure for the zombie hunger, on the grounds that her powers mean that she would be in no danger from him if he should succumb to his zombie instincts, but she is later seemingly killed when the zombie Quasar holds her underwater until she is forced to become solid once more, allowing the infected Namor to eat her flesh (much to the rage of the zombie Wolverine, of Earth-2149).", "The Earth-91126/Earth-Z Kitty is recruited by Earth-2149/Marvel Zombies Spider-Man to help him develop a cure for the zombie hunger, on the grounds that her powers mean that she would be in no danger from him if he should succumb to his zombie instincts, but she is later seemingly killed when the zombie Quasar holds her underwater until she is forced to become solid once more, allowing the infected Namor to eat her flesh (much to the rage of the zombie Wolverine, of Earth-2149). Mutant X Storm was taken by the vampire Dracula and unlike Earth 616, she does not return.", "Mutant X Storm was taken by the vampire Dracula and unlike Earth 616, she does not return. Kitty goes off to battle her, either to save or kill her. Kitty slays several vampires in the way but Storm proves too much for her and Kitty becomes her unwilling slave for some time. She later shows up as the Black Queen of the Hellfire Club and seems to be none too happy with Storm. It's also hinted that she was engaged or going to be engaged to Colossus.", "It's also hinted that she was engaged or going to be engaged to Colossus. Her ultimate fate at the end of the series is unknown. Lightning Force In the reality of Earth-597, an alternative universe where World War II was won by Nazi Germany, Kitty is forced to serve as Shadowcat alongside Nightcrawler, Meggan, and Hauptmann Englande as a member of the Lightning Force (a version of Excalibur), made a virtual slave because of her Jewish heritage.", "Lightning Force In the reality of Earth-597, an alternative universe where World War II was won by Nazi Germany, Kitty is forced to serve as Shadowcat alongside Nightcrawler, Meggan, and Hauptmann Englande as a member of the Lightning Force (a version of Excalibur), made a virtual slave because of her Jewish heritage. She leads a sad existence and is easily identified by her shaved head and the Star of David tattooed on her forehead.", "She leads a sad existence and is easily identified by her shaved head and the Star of David tattooed on her forehead. It is indicated, from her own statements and those made by her reality's counterpart of Moira MacTaggert, that this Shadowcat is a true ghost, raised from the dead by a combination of science and magic and bound to serve the Nazi regime.", "It is indicated, from her own statements and those made by her reality's counterpart of Moira MacTaggert, that this Shadowcat is a true ghost, raised from the dead by a combination of science and magic and bound to serve the Nazi regime. This Shadowcat had the added ability to disrupt life force with her phasing power, knocking her victims unconscious, much like how her counterpart in the \"prime\" Marvel Universe (Earth-616) can disrupt technology that she phases through.", "This Shadowcat had the added ability to disrupt life force with her phasing power, knocking her victims unconscious, much like how her counterpart in the \"prime\" Marvel Universe (Earth-616) can disrupt technology that she phases through. She is also able to alter her facial features to a \"demonic\" aspect when attacking enemies or else responding to aggressive, commanding behavior from her superiors.", "She is also able to alter her facial features to a \"demonic\" aspect when attacking enemies or else responding to aggressive, commanding behavior from her superiors. Pirate Kitty Kitty tells Illyana a bedtime story and casts herself as Pirate Kitty Pryde, captain of the Abdul Alhazred, who operated in a magical world. Unlike her mainstream counterpart, she did not have any mutant powers and wore a classic pirate outfit which also included her Star of David necklace. She was also sometimes known as Colleen.", "She was also sometimes known as Colleen. She was also sometimes known as Colleen. Kitty was good friends of her version of Colossus, the Bamfs (Nightcrawler), Windrider (Storm), the \"Fiend-with-no-name\" (later revealed to be named \"Mean\") (Wolverine) and Lockheed (an alternative version of the X-Jet). Kitty also helped her versions of Professor X and Cyclops capture and cure that universe's version of Dark Phoenix.", "Kitty also helped her versions of Professor X and Cyclops capture and cure that universe's version of Dark Phoenix. At first she was only a fairy tale character, but later it is revealed that her fairy tale is actually an alternative universe. (In fact, several members of this universe, the Bamfs, would later come to Earth-616 to cause trouble.)", "(In fact, several members of this universe, the Bamfs, would later come to Earth-616 to cause trouble.) When Earth-616's Nightcrawler was temporarily stranded in her world, Kitty helped him defeat the sorcerer Shagreen and also encountered the Earth-616 versions of Illyana, Lockheed, and herself. Professor W's X-Men In the native universe of the Exiles member Nocturne, Kitty is a senior member of the X-Men led by Nightcrawler. She is a teacher and TJ refers to her as \"Aunt Kate\".", "She is a teacher and TJ refers to her as \"Aunt Kate\". During a fight with Apocalypse Kitty gets exposed to a machine that reverts her to a younger stage of her life when she had only been with the X-Men a few weeks. Nocturne helps Kitty fit into the school and becomes her best friend. She also proves useful in the fight against the Brotherhood led by Cyclops.", "She also proves useful in the fight against the Brotherhood led by Cyclops. Ruins Imprisoned alongside other mutants at a prison camp in Texas by President X, Kitty attempted to use her phasing powers to escape, only to get stuck halfway through her cell door, losing three feet of intestines in the process. Secret Wars (2015) During the Secret Wars storyline, a version of Kitty named Kitten resides in the wuxia-inspired K'un-L'un region of Battleworld.", "Secret Wars (2015) During the Secret Wars storyline, a version of Kitty named Kitten resides in the wuxia-inspired K'un-L'un region of Battleworld. In this reality, Kitten is a martial artist who joins Callisto's band of outcasts after being expelled from her school for attempting a forbidden technique, a side effect of which left her intangible. Kitten and her fellow outcasts became pupils of Shang-Chi, the exiled son of Emperor Zheng Zu.", "Kitten and her fellow outcasts became pupils of Shang-Chi, the exiled son of Emperor Zheng Zu. Dubbing their new school The Lowest Caste, Shang-Chi represents the group as their master for the tournament deciding the next Emperor of K'un-L'un, hoping to usurp his father's tyrannical rule. Kitten accompanies Shang-Chi for each of his fights in the Thirteen Chambers. During his final fight with Zu, Shang-Chi uses Kitten's technique of intangibility, which leads to his eventual victory and replaces his father as the new Emperor of K'un-L'un.", "During his final fight with Zu, Shang-Chi uses Kitten's technique of intangibility, which leads to his eventual victory and replaces his father as the new Emperor of K'un-L'un. Ultimate Marvel The Ultimate version of Shadowcat (Kitty Pryde) first appears as a 14-year-old girl in Ultimate X-Men #21. She is also Jewish and wears the Star of David around her neck, but does not appear to possess the same genius IQ as her mainstream (Earth-616) counterpart.", "She is also Jewish and wears the Star of David around her neck, but does not appear to possess the same genius IQ as her mainstream (Earth-616) counterpart. Kitty's mother, worried about Kitty's mutation, seeks help from Professor Charles Xavier. Kitty becomes a student at Xavier's school, when her mother allows her to attend under the condition she does not take part in any X-Men missions, nor train in any \"Danger Room\" simulations.", "Kitty becomes a student at Xavier's school, when her mother allows her to attend under the condition she does not take part in any X-Men missions, nor train in any \"Danger Room\" simulations. Kitty soon rebels against this and joins the X-Men as their youngest member. She idolizes Spider-Man and has a crush on him; she even dates Peter Parker for a time.", "She idolizes Spider-Man and has a crush on him; she even dates Peter Parker for a time. After a fierce argument with Professor Xavier concerning Peter's secret identity, which his Aunt May had just found out about, Kitty leaves the X-Men and enrolls in Peter's school.", "After a fierce argument with Professor Xavier concerning Peter's secret identity, which his Aunt May had just found out about, Kitty leaves the X-Men and enrolls in Peter's school. Their relationship is strained after their romantic involvement (as superheroes) becomes publicly known, making it impossible for them to date anymore in their civilian identities, and eventually comes to an end when Peter realizes he cannot get over his feelings for Mary Jane. However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him.", "However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him. However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him. Following the disastrous flood triggered by Magneto and the subsequent ban of public use of mutant powers, Kitty assumes the identity of the Shroud. Kitty also discovers that she can also decrease the space between her atoms make herself super-dense, giving her both superhuman strength and durability. When the authorities see Kitty as a threat, she enters into a fierce rage and demonstrates these powers for the first time to her friends.", "When the authorities see Kitty as a threat, she enters into a fierce rage and demonstrates these powers for the first time to her friends. She is strong and angry enough to punch Spider-Man several feet through the air. She eventually escapes and goes into hiding in the now abandoned Morlock Tunnel with Iceman and the Human Torch after Peter Parker's death. Kitty makes an appearance in Ultimate Comics: X, locating Jimmy Hudson, who is revealed to be Wolverine's son.", "Kitty makes an appearance in Ultimate Comics: X, locating Jimmy Hudson, who is revealed to be Wolverine's son. Kitty was charged by Logan before his death to locate Jimmy and reveal his true origins to him. After the death of Spider-Man she formed new team of X-Men consisting of herself, Iceman and the Human Torch. They soon rescued the mutant Rogue from the mutant-hunting Nimrod robots, going on to recruit Jimmy Hudson into their group as well.", "They soon rescued the mutant Rogue from the mutant-hunting Nimrod robots, going on to recruit Jimmy Hudson into their group as well. After killing the mutant-hunting William Stryker, Kitty decided to leave New York for the Southwest along with Bobby, Rogue, and Jimmy (leaving only Johnny behind) in order to save the mutants there and defeat the Nimrods, now controlled by the deceased Stryker's consciousness. Spider-Gwen In the reality where Gwen Stacy is Spider-Woman, Kitty is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.", "Spider-Gwen In the reality where Gwen Stacy is Spider-Woman, Kitty is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Black Ops department, where she works closely with Wolverine to keep him in check and to help him fight his immortal curse. Like the Age of Apocalypse version, she also wields artificial claws on her wrists. It's revealed that she works with Logan out of guilt, as Stryker forced her to use her powers to subject Logan to the Weapon X experiment.", "It's revealed that she works with Logan out of guilt, as Stryker forced her to use her powers to subject Logan to the Weapon X experiment. What If In What if Phoenix Had Not Died, Kitty is obliterated by Dark Phoenix before she destroyed the Earth. In What If the X-Men had Lost Inferno?, Kitty is one of the last eight remaining superheroes on the planet.", "In What If the X-Men had Lost Inferno?, Kitty is one of the last eight remaining superheroes on the planet. She is slain by a demonic Wolverine, but her death makes Wolverine come to his senses and he fights against Baron Mordo, who had joined up with the demon hordes. In What If... Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Kitty is the only hero left to kill a Hydra-programmed Wolverine after he has taken down the Marvel Universe.", "In What If... Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Kitty is the only hero left to kill a Hydra-programmed Wolverine after he has taken down the Marvel Universe. Kitty was the last remaining member of the team assembled to recapture Wolverine. The initial plan failed and Kitty was forced to phase her hand into Wolverine's brain. She then solidified her hand killing Wolverine instantly although she lost her hand in the process.", "She then solidified her hand killing Wolverine instantly although she lost her hand in the process. In What if Magneto and Professor X Had Formed The X-Men Together, Kitty is the tech guru at the Good Shepard clinic (That reality's version of the X-Mansion). She is very similar to her mainstream counterpart. But unlike the mainstream version this Kitty Pryde would wear different coloured wigs and cut her natural hair short.", "But unlike the mainstream version this Kitty Pryde would wear different coloured wigs and cut her natural hair short. She also had trouble with her powers since she would phase herself through a solid object and accidentally leave her clothes behind. She was also friends with Lockheed although she only called him Dragon. In What if Astonishing X-Men, Kitty is amongst the X-Men who fight a Phoenix powered Emma Frost. She phased Emma's heart from her chest but a Phoenix fire flares up from her body killing Kitty instantly.", "She phased Emma's heart from her chest but a Phoenix fire flares up from her body killing Kitty instantly. In the second story during the events of Astonishing X-Men #6-#12 Elixir had not been able to heal Kitty after being impaled and she dies. In \"What if the Dark Phoenix Rose Again\", Kitty has Colossus \"set up a fastball special\" to help her phase into a Master Mold. She is killed after solidifying inside the Master Mold's head destroying it in the process.", "She is killed after solidifying inside the Master Mold's head destroying it in the process. In What if Storm Had the Power of the Phoenix, Kitty helps revive the 'real' Storm (the Phoenix being the cosmic entity in Storm's shape) by phasing inside her body and getting her internal organs working again. X-Babies An X-Baby version of Shadowcat appears briefly in the X-Babies one-shot comic. She is wearing her original costume and is younger than the other X-Babies. She is named as Shadowkitty rather than Shadowcat or Kitty Pryde.", "She is named as Shadowkitty rather than Shadowcat or Kitty Pryde. She also doesn't seem to have a strong bond with the X-Baby version of Lockheed. X-Men Forever In the X-Men Forever series, Kitty and Nightcrawler have left Excalibur and rejoined the X-Men after the events of X-Men #1-3. Of the X-Men, she undergoes the most drastic changes from the events of X-Men Forever #1. During the battle with Fabian Cortez, she phases through Wolverine while he is being affected by Cortez's power.", "During the battle with Fabian Cortez, she phases through Wolverine while he is being affected by Cortez's power. This drives her powers haywire as well, and somehow she ends up with one of Wolverine's claws in her wrist. Claremont has also hinted in dialogue throughout the title so far that she may have also undergone psychological or psychic changes as a result of the event.", "Claremont has also hinted in dialogue throughout the title so far that she may have also undergone psychological or psychic changes as a result of the event. From Forever #4 to the current issue, she is shown to be able to use the claw in the exact method Wolverine would manifest it, with no apparent ill effects (the mechanism for this has not yet been made clear) outside of excruciating pain.", "From Forever #4 to the current issue, she is shown to be able to use the claw in the exact method Wolverine would manifest it, with no apparent ill effects (the mechanism for this has not yet been made clear) outside of excruciating pain. Because of the merger with Logan's DNA she has begun to develop a healing factor, slower than Wolverine's but it heals faster when she is intangible.", "Because of the merger with Logan's DNA she has begun to develop a healing factor, slower than Wolverine's but it heals faster when she is intangible. She has also slightly enhanced senses, she also can produce a set of five retractable claws on her left hand like Sabretooth. She has also begun to take on Logan's personality and memories as well. And because of this she is beginning to wonder what part of her truly remains the same.", "And because of this she is beginning to wonder what part of her truly remains the same. X-Men: Misfits In the X-Men: Misfits original English language manga one-shot graphic novel from Marvel and DelRay, Kitty is the newest and only female student of the all-male Xavier School for Gifted Youngsters, which is now experimenting with having a co-ed student body. As the sole girl, she becomes the center of attention and attraction for the rest of the students.", "As the sole girl, she becomes the center of attention and attraction for the rest of the students. She becomes a member and the mascot of the elitist fraternity, The Hellfire Club, and has a short-lived romantic relationship with the school troublemaker Pyro. X-Men: The End In the X-Men: The End future, Kitty Pryde becomes the mayor of Chicago and then President of the United States.", "X-Men: The End In the X-Men: The End future, Kitty Pryde becomes the mayor of Chicago and then President of the United States. She has three children: her eldest daughter, named Meredith, and twins 10 years younger than Meredith, Sara and Doug, with an unnamed partner who died protecting her from an assassination attempt. Miscellaneous In Excalibur #103, we see many alternative versions of Shadowcat.", "Miscellaneous In Excalibur #103, we see many alternative versions of Shadowcat. Many of these variations have appeared in other comics, such as Age of Apocalypse, but there were other variations, including one of her as a Phalanx convert, a sex dominatrix, a homeless person, a nun, a version wearing a costume similar to Phantom Girl, and a normal person who owns an Olde Curiosity Shoppe.", "Many of these variations have appeared in other comics, such as Age of Apocalypse, but there were other variations, including one of her as a Phalanx convert, a sex dominatrix, a homeless person, a nun, a version wearing a costume similar to Phantom Girl, and a normal person who owns an Olde Curiosity Shoppe. In New Mutants #63 Illyana (Magik), along with Lockheed, gets trapped on an alien spaceship that has been invaded by a Brood Queen.", "In New Mutants #63 Illyana (Magik), along with Lockheed, gets trapped on an alien spaceship that has been invaded by a Brood Queen. On this ship the Brood Queen created clones of the X-Men, including Kitty. This one had the Ariel suit on, but it was green, instead of the typical blue. These X-Men are implanted with Brood eggs. Her memories were altered by the Brood Queen like the other X-Men, but eventually they rebel against her and are free.", "Her memories were altered by the Brood Queen like the other X-Men, but eventually they rebel against her and are free. Illyana uses the soulsword to eliminate the Brood Eggs from their bodies. The X-Men stay on the ship; whether they are still on it is unknown. During the Cross Time Caper storyline a few different appearances of Kitty appear. One was a princess who was gifted with magic abilities. She eventually married a short dashing prince (who had originally fallen in love with the mainstream version of Kitty).", "She eventually married a short dashing prince (who had originally fallen in love with the mainstream version of Kitty). A second version was a crime boss who was betrayed and killed by her partner in crime Illiyana Rasputin. A third was from a world of sentient dinosaurs. She went by the name of Shadowcompsognathus. Collected editions Several of Kitty Pryde's earlier adventures were collected in paperback form. In other media Music Kitty Pryde is referenced in Weezer's song \"In the Garage\" from their \"Blue Album\".", "In other media Music Kitty Pryde is referenced in Weezer's song \"In the Garage\" from their \"Blue Album\". Television Kitty Pryde appeared as Sprite in \"The X-Men Adventure\" episode of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which guest-starred the X-Men. She was voiced by Melissa Sue Anderson. She also appeared in her short-lived \"Ariel\" costume in the X-Men group cameo at the end of the episode \"The Education of a Superhero\".", "She also appeared in her short-lived \"Ariel\" costume in the X-Men group cameo at the end of the episode \"The Education of a Superhero\". Kitty Pryde (voiced by Kath Soucie) was a viewpoint character in the animated television one-shot Pryde of the X-Men, as the newest member of the team. She is a new recruit of the team and is initially frightened of Nightcrawler, due to his demonic appearance. She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto.", "She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto. She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto. Once Nightcrawler seemingly dies as a result of having apparently sacrificed himself, Kitty begins to cry until discovering that he is alive and is met with positive relations by her teammates, except Wolverine. As the pilot was a failure, and the character had lost prominence in comics at the time, she was not used in the next X-Men TV series, not even in cameos.", "As the pilot was a failure, and the character had lost prominence in comics at the time, she was not used in the next X-Men TV series, not even in cameos. Jubilee replaced her as the young viewpoint character, and in the adaptations of stories that involved her. In the animated series X-Men: Evolution, Shadowcat is a main character, who is shown as the teenybopper of the team and who has a romantic interest in Brotherhood member Lance Alvers.", "In the animated series X-Men: Evolution, Shadowcat is a main character, who is shown as the teenybopper of the team and who has a romantic interest in Brotherhood member Lance Alvers. Shadowcat saves Wolverine in the season one episode \"Grim Reminder\", where she unintentionally stows away with Nightcrawler while on the Blackbird without the knowledge that he was beginning to pilot the jet. She is also shown to have developed a close friendship with Nightcrawler, despite the fact that she at first displayed a dislike for his appearance.", "She is also shown to have developed a close friendship with Nightcrawler, despite the fact that she at first displayed a dislike for his appearance. Besides Nightcrawler, she is shown to have formed a friendship with Rogue and Spyke. Her initial dislike of his appearance changes after he is severely wounded by Rogue, while she and the rest of the X-Men tried to recruit her.", "Her initial dislike of his appearance changes after he is severely wounded by Rogue, while she and the rest of the X-Men tried to recruit her. In this series, she does not have Lockheed for a pet, but she is shown preferring to sleep with a stuffed dragon instead of a teddy bear. Though she has an on-and-off interest in the delinquent mutant boy Lance Alvers, early in the series she displays interest in Cyclops.", "Though she has an on-and-off interest in the delinquent mutant boy Lance Alvers, early in the series she displays interest in Cyclops. After Rogue is recruited, she serves as her support in beginning a romantic relationship with Scott and develops a friendship with her, despite their differences. When Avalanche tries to join the X-Men in the season two episode \"Joyride\", she tries to help him and shows additional attraction to him as she grades him and the other members of the junior team.", "When Avalanche tries to join the X-Men in the season two episode \"Joyride\", she tries to help him and shows additional attraction to him as she grades him and the other members of the junior team. After he informs her that some members of the group have started a joyride on the Blackbird and helps her avert catastrophe, she staunchly defends him once he is accused by Cyclops of being responsible. When Avalanche starts to leave, Shadowcat gives him a brief kiss before his departure.", "When Avalanche starts to leave, Shadowcat gives him a brief kiss before his departure. Their relationship continues with the two of them going to a school dance, talking on the phone and going to the mall. Despite being with the Brotherhood, Avalanche tries to protect Kitty in the fight against the Scarlet Witch. In season 3, Kitty and Lance's relationship briefly ends after the Brotherhood and Mystique blow up the X Mansion and are in part responsible for the exposure of mutants.", "In season 3, Kitty and Lance's relationship briefly ends after the Brotherhood and Mystique blow up the X Mansion and are in part responsible for the exposure of mutants. Kitty calls Lance a \"hood\" after he attacks the high school and he says \"he will never be good enough for her\". Both look sad at these comments. In the fourth season, the X-Men try to use her powers to damage one of Apocalypse's domes and fails, instead being electrocuted briefly.", "In the fourth season, the X-Men try to use her powers to damage one of Apocalypse's domes and fails, instead being electrocuted briefly. In the fiftieth episode of the series, entitled \"Ghost of a Chance\", she comes across Danielle Moonstar once she depicts herself in a dream sequence to her. Once she wakes out of it, she tries to and successfully finds her, becoming friends with the girl after learning she had been in suspended animation for two years.", "Once she wakes out of it, she tries to and successfully finds her, becoming friends with the girl after learning she had been in suspended animation for two years. Prior to this, it is discovered that her fear is phasing repeatedly into the ground and going further without any control of where she is going. Shadowcat plays a key role in the defeat of Apocalypse and asks the Brotherhood for help. They come to her aid; as Lance and Kitty resume their romantic relationship.", "They come to her aid; as Lance and Kitty resume their romantic relationship. Of the six main X-Men from the first season of the series, she is one of the four that is still a member of the team in the future Charles Xavier saw while in the mind of Apocalypse. Shadowcat was voiced by Maggie Blue O'Hara. Shadowcat appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Danielle Judovits and was a student at the Xavier Institute before the destruction of the X-Mansion and disappearance of Professor X.", "Shadowcat appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Danielle Judovits and was a student at the Xavier Institute before the destruction of the X-Mansion and disappearance of Professor X. When Wolverine reformed the X-Men to take down the Mutant Response Division and save the dismal future controlled by the Sentinels, Kitty was on her way to the \"mutant paradise\" Genosha. The X-Men came to re-recruit her and she immediately rejoined the team.", "The X-Men came to re-recruit her and she immediately rejoined the team. Shadowcat appears as the youngest member of the team and she seems to have a crush on Iceman as she is jealous when his attention is taken by Emma Frost and is shown with a love-struck face when she lands on Bobby during a Danger Room training session, though she quickly moves away from him when Angel arrives. She seems to have formed a friendship with Tildie Soames after babysitting her in one episode.", "She seems to have formed a friendship with Tildie Soames after babysitting her in one episode. In the last episode of the series, she uses her powers to penetrate a Sentinel controlled by Magneto, of which Beast had difficulty with. Her design is inspired by the appearance of the character in the Astonishing X-Men comics, and her costume emulates the design with the appearance of the blue and yellow used on her costume.", "Her design is inspired by the appearance of the character in the Astonishing X-Men comics, and her costume emulates the design with the appearance of the blue and yellow used on her costume. The shorts she wears are based on the appearances of the original X-Men, and her first appearance when she wore a variant of the uniform. Shadowcat appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"And Lo...A Pilot Shall Come\".", "Shadowcat appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"And Lo...A Pilot Shall Come\". She appears alongside Colossus at the unveiling of the Great Wall that separates Super Hero City from Villainville and helping citizens into the S.H.I.E.L.D. Shelters. In the episode \"Mysterious Mayhem at Mutant Academy\", she uses Lockheed to chase Reptil and the hypnotized X-Men out of the girls' bathroom. Motion comics Shadowcat appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, voiced by Eileen Stevens and later by Laura Harris.", "Motion comics Shadowcat appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, voiced by Eileen Stevens and later by Laura Harris. Film In the film X-Men, she has a small cameo, played by Sumela Kay. She is referenced as the \"girl in Illinois who can walk through walls\" by Senator Kelly. She is shown in Xavier's class when Wolverine walks in; she returns for her books which she had left behind, grabs them, and phases through the door on her way out.", "She is shown in Xavier's class when Wolverine walks in; she returns for her books which she had left behind, grabs them, and phases through the door on her way out. Xavier responds with a cheerful \"Bye, Kitty\" while Wolverine looks on, startled. In X2, she has a brief appearance played by Katie Stuart. She is shown phasing through walls and through people to escape William Stryker's military forces during their attack on the X-Mansion.", "She is shown phasing through walls and through people to escape William Stryker's military forces during their attack on the X-Mansion. Another scene shows her falling through her bed to avoid an assault. She shares a room with Siryn; in the novelization it is stated that this is because her phasing ability gives her partial protection from Siryn's scream. When the President of the United States asks Professor Xavier how he got the files he gave him, Xavier replies that he knows a little girl who can walk through walls.", "When the President of the United States asks Professor Xavier how he got the files he gave him, Xavier replies that he knows a little girl who can walk through walls. In X-Men: The Last Stand, she is portrayed by a pre-transition Elliot Page, and has a central role. She serves as a rival to Rogue for the romantic attentions of Iceman, since their close friendship and their kiss (deleted scene) make Rogue increasingly jealous and frustrated.", "She serves as a rival to Rogue for the romantic attentions of Iceman, since their close friendship and their kiss (deleted scene) make Rogue increasingly jealous and frustrated. She also joins the X-Men in the battle on Alcatraz Island, breaking off from the battle to save Leech from the Juggernaut. In the novelization of the film, it is hinted that at some point Kitty had a romantic relationship with Colossus, but that it had long since run its course, although Colossus appears to still retain feelings towards her.", "In the novelization of the film, it is hinted that at some point Kitty had a romantic relationship with Colossus, but that it had long since run its course, although Colossus appears to still retain feelings towards her. Page reprised the role in X-Men: Days of Future Past. Pryde is the prime facilitator because she has developed a new power. In this film, she can send the consciousness of another person back into his or her body in the past.", "In this film, she can send the consciousness of another person back into his or her body in the past. At the beginning of the film, she has been using this ability to repeatedly send Bishop four days back in time whenever the Sentinels attack, thus; preventing her group from ever engaging them by having him warn the past team before they are detected.", "At the beginning of the film, she has been using this ability to repeatedly send Bishop four days back in time whenever the Sentinels attack, thus; preventing her group from ever engaging them by having him warn the past team before they are detected. In order to prevent the Sentinels' creation, she sends Wolverine back to 1973 (chosen as the strain of sending someone else back that far would snap their mind, with Logan's healing factor the only thing that makes such a trip survivable for him) and was gravely injured when Wolverine becomes violent; due to provocation from events in 1973.", "In order to prevent the Sentinels' creation, she sends Wolverine back to 1973 (chosen as the strain of sending someone else back that far would snap their mind, with Logan's healing factor the only thing that makes such a trip survivable for him) and was gravely injured when Wolverine becomes violent; due to provocation from events in 1973. After the timeline was successfully altered, Kitty is seen teaching a class at the X-Mansion with Colossus.", "After the timeline was successfully altered, Kitty is seen teaching a class at the X-Mansion with Colossus. In the film's alternate release, called The Rogue Cut, Kitty's injuries from sending Wolverine back to the past result in the X-Men rescuing Rogue to take over for her. Rogue absorbs Kitty's powers and takes over, stabilizing Wolverine and Kitty helps Magneto flee a Sentinel attack.", "Rogue absorbs Kitty's powers and takes over, stabilizing Wolverine and Kitty helps Magneto flee a Sentinel attack. In January 2018, a Kitty Pryde solo movie was announced to be in development, with Tim Miller attached as the director and Brian Michael Bendis as the writer, but in March 2019, after Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox, Fox executive Emma Watts described The New Mutants as the final film in the X-Men series, thus; ending the development of the Kitty Pryde film.", "In January 2018, a Kitty Pryde solo movie was announced to be in development, with Tim Miller attached as the director and Brian Michael Bendis as the writer, but in March 2019, after Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox, Fox executive Emma Watts described The New Mutants as the final film in the X-Men series, thus; ending the development of the Kitty Pryde film. Video games Kitty Pryde appears in Konami's 1992 X-Men video arcade game, as a non-playable character (NPC).", "Video games Kitty Pryde appears in Konami's 1992 X-Men video arcade game, as a non-playable character (NPC). In this game, she is not known as \"Sprite\"; instead, she plays the \"damsel in distress\" role as it is based on \"Pryde of the X-Men\". In the 2010 re-release of the game she is voiced by Mela Lee. Shadowcat is a playable character in the game X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants.", "Shadowcat is a playable character in the game X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants. Shadowcat appears as an NPC in the X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Kim Mai Guest. She has special dialogue with Colossus (who she scolds for flirting with Scarlet Witch). Shadowcat appears in X-Men: The Official Game, with Kim Mai Guest reprising her role. Shadowcat is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tara Strong.", "Shadowcat is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tara Strong. In X-Men: Destiny, Gambit mentions that the U-Men had captured Kitty and extracted bits of her power. Gambit obtains a vial of a substance which temporarily lets the character fall through the roof (if the player chose the correct option). Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the X-Men: Days of Future Past app game.", "Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the X-Men: Days of Future Past app game. Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the online MMO Marvel Heroes, with Danielle Judovits reprising her role. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force. Novels Kitty Pryde appears in the X-Men/Star Trek crossover novel Planet X.", "Novels Kitty Pryde appears in the X-Men/Star Trek crossover novel Planet X. In it, she is examined by Geordi La Forge, who notes the similarities between her ability and the chroniton displacement he and Ro Laren experienced in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \"The Next Phase\". Reception Kitty Pryde has been well received as a comic book character and as a member of the X-Men. Wizard magazine put her at number #13 in 200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time.", "Wizard magazine put her at number #13 in 200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time. She was the highest female comic character in the list beating rivals such as Wonder Woman, Buffy Summers, and She-Hulk. IGN ranked her as the 47th greatest comic book hero of all time stating that \"as X-Men writers have often found it useful to introduce younger teen recruits to offset the experienced members of the team, Kitty Pryde set the standard when she debuted, and none have surpassed her\".", "IGN ranked her as the 47th greatest comic book hero of all time stating that \"as X-Men writers have often found it useful to introduce younger teen recruits to offset the experienced members of the team, Kitty Pryde set the standard when she debuted, and none have surpassed her\". IGN rated Kitty Pryde #3 on its list of the Top 25 X-Men from the Past 40 Years describing her as the mutant everyman, the common girl turned superhero; IGN also stated that as her pet dragon, Lockheed, \"became instantly attached to Kitty, [they] were hooked early on\".", "IGN rated Kitty Pryde #3 on its list of the Top 25 X-Men from the Past 40 Years describing her as the mutant everyman, the common girl turned superhero; IGN also stated that as her pet dragon, Lockheed, \"became instantly attached to Kitty, [they] were hooked early on\". Marvel.com ranked her as the tenth greatest X-Men member stating that \"unquestionably, the dynamic of the X-Men shifted entirely when teenage whiz kid Kitty Pryde joined the team in the early 1980s\"; Marvel.com also stated that even though Kitty has since blossomed into a young woman of considerable maturity and power, she remains the access point to the X-Men for countless readers.", "Marvel.com ranked her as the tenth greatest X-Men member stating that \"unquestionably, the dynamic of the X-Men shifted entirely when teenage whiz kid Kitty Pryde joined the team in the early 1980s\"; Marvel.com also stated that even though Kitty has since blossomed into a young woman of considerable maturity and power, she remains the access point to the X-Men for countless readers. A later list on Marvel's website, ranking the top 50 X-Men characters, placed her in first place, citing the ease of identifying with her for the audience, and her development over the years.", "A later list on Marvel's website, ranking the top 50 X-Men characters, placed her in first place, citing the ease of identifying with her for the audience, and her development over the years. Notes References External links Kitty Pryde at Marvel.com UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Shadowcat American superheroes Characters created by Chris Claremont Characters created by John Byrne (comics) Comics characters introduced in 1980 Excalibur (comics) Female characters in animation Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional American Jews in comics Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional dancers Fictional female ninja Fictional linguists Fictional mayors Fictional schoolteachers Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional women soldiers and warriors Jewish superheroes Marvel Comics female superheroes Marvel Comics film characters Marvel Comics LGBT superheroes Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics mutants S.H.I.E.L.D.", "Notes References External links Kitty Pryde at Marvel.com UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Shadowcat American superheroes Characters created by Chris Claremont Characters created by John Byrne (comics) Comics characters introduced in 1980 Excalibur (comics) Female characters in animation Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional American Jews in comics Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional dancers Fictional female ninja Fictional linguists Fictional mayors Fictional schoolteachers Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional women soldiers and warriors Jewish superheroes Marvel Comics female superheroes Marvel Comics film characters Marvel Comics LGBT superheroes Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics mutants S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Teenage characters in comics X-Men members" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Fictional character biography", "How did Kitty Pryde get her superpowers?", "Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers." ]

[ "María José Maza (born October 9, 1990 in Guayaquil) is a model and beauty pageant contestant.\n\nBiography\n\nEarly life\nShe was born in Guayaquil, María José speaks Spanish and English, and she is graduated Engineering in Sales Administration at Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil.\n\nPageantry\n\nMiss Ecuador 2011 \nMaza competed in Miss Ecuador 2011 where she was a favorite but at the end of final night she was unplaced.\n\nMiss Bikini International 2011 \nAs Miss Ecuador 2011's contestant she was designed by Miss Ecuador Organization the represent to the country at Miss Bikini International 2011 where she was on top 12 in Qingdao, China. 94 countries participated.\n\nMiss Panamerican 2013 \nShe was the Ecuadorian represent to Miss Panamerican International 2013 in Los Angeles, California, USA, and she won the second crown to Ecuador.\n\nMiss Caraibes Hibiscus 2013 \nIn 2013 she was designed to represent Ecuador in Miss Caraibes Habicus 2013 in Saint Maarten where she placed as 2nd Runner-up.\n\nMiss Earth Ecuador 2014 \nShe was designated on August, 2014 by José Hidalgo, the director of Miss Earth Ecuador, as the national representative to compete in Miss Earth 2014.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Miss Ecuador website\n\n1990 births\nLiving people\nEcuadorian beauty pageant winners\nEcuadorian people of Spanish descent\nMiss Earth 2014 contestants\nEcuadorian female models\n21st-century Ecuadorian women", "Lidia Lwow-Eberle nom de guerre \"Ewa\" (14 November 1920 – 5 January 2021) was a Russian born Polish nationalist and paramedic. She was arrested by the communist authorities and she was imprisoned \"for life\". She later married and became an archaeologist.\n\nLife\nLwow-Eberle was born in the Russian town of Plyos in 1920. Her parents were Barbara (born Tuganove) and Leon Lvov. In 1921 her family moved to Poland where her father taught in a secondary school. In time her father became an agronomist. After 1930 her family moved again where her father worked near Vilnius. She graduated in 1939 when she got to know Janina Wasałojć and Zygmunt Szendzielarz.\n\nBy 1943 she was part of a unit commanded by Antoni Burzynski where she was known as \"Ewa\". The unit was captured and some of the force were killed. Although she was born a Russian, this was not important at the time. The important point was that she was working to create a Polish state.\n\nDuring the war she served as a paramedic in one unit who were captured and then she joined her friend Janina Wasałojć as a nurse in the Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade which was commanded by another acquaintance Major Zygmunt Szendzielarz. She rose to be a second lieutenant after fighting the Germans near Worziany in 1944 and then three days later a Soviet partisan group. She was wounded in the battle with the Germans. In February 1945, Major Szendzielarz's wife died and after that time he became her partner. \n\nThey were both arrested by the communist authorities. They were arrested on 30 June 1948. She was in Osielec when she was arrested and the others arrested included and his wife , Captain Henryk Borowski and Lt. Col. Antoni Olechnowicz. She was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1950 and Major Szendzielarz was sentenced to death. He was killed on 9 February 1951 in Mokotów Prison. \n\nShe and Wanda Czarnecka-Minkiewicz were released in 1956 and she set out on a new career as an archaeologist. She married a historian Jan Eberle in 1961 and she graduated in archaeoloogy in 1962. She worked at the Museum of Warsaw taking credit for setting up the Museum of the Guild of Leather-based Crafts.\n\nIn 2013 it was announced that the authorities had discovered unmarked graves in \"Meadows in Powązki\" in Warsaw. Amongst them was her post war partner who was identified using DNA comparisons with his close relatives.\n\nLwow-Eberle died in Warsaw aged 100 years old on 5 January 2021. Her military funeral was in Warsaw on 22 January at the Powązki Military Cemetery.\n\nReferences\n\n1920 births\n2021 deaths\nPeople from Privolzhsky District, Ivanovo Oblast\nPolish archaeologists\nPolish centenarians\nHome Army members\nPolish women in World War II resistance\nBurials at Powązki Military Cemetery" ]

[ "Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men. The character first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980) and was co-created by writer-artist John Byrne and Chris Claremont. A mutant, Pryde possesses a \"phasing\" ability that allows her, as well as objects or people she is in contact with, to become intangible. This power also disrupts any electrical field she passes through, and lets her simulate levitation.", "This power also disrupts any electrical field she passes through, and lets her simulate levitation. The youngest to join the X-Men, she was first portrayed as a \"kid sister\" to many older members of the group, filling the role of literary foil to the more established characters. She occasionally used the codenames Sprite and Ariel, cycling through several uniforms until settling for her trademark black-and-gold costume.", "She occasionally used the codenames Sprite and Ariel, cycling through several uniforms until settling for her trademark black-and-gold costume. During the miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine, she was renamed Shadowcat, the alias she would be most associated with, and shifted to a more mature depiction in her subsequent appearances. Pryde would eventually abandon her nickname, \"Kitty\", and switch to \"Kate\". She was one of the main cast of characters depicted in the original Excalibur title.", "She was one of the main cast of characters depicted in the original Excalibur title. After momentarily joining the Guardians of the Galaxy, she assumed her then-fiancé's superhero identity as the Star-Lord (Star-Lady). As of the series Marauders, she is now informally known as Captain Kate Pryde and the Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company. In the X-Men film series, Kitty Pryde was initially portrayed by young actresses in cameos; Sumela Kay in X-Men (2000) and Katie Stuart in X2 (2003).", "In the X-Men film series, Kitty Pryde was initially portrayed by young actresses in cameos; Sumela Kay in X-Men (2000) and Katie Stuart in X2 (2003). Later, a pre-transition Elliot Page portrayed the character in X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) and X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014) in full-length appearances. Pryde is ranked #47 in IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.", "Pryde is ranked #47 in IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes. Publication history Kitty Pryde was introduced into the X-Men title as the result of an editorial dictate that the book was supposed to depict a school for mutants. Uncanny X-Men artist John Byrne named Kitty Pryde after a classmate he met in art school, Alberta College of Art and Design in Calgary in 1973. He had told Pryde he liked her name and asked for permission to use it, promising to name his first original comics character after her.", "He had told Pryde he liked her name and asked for permission to use it, promising to name his first original comics character after her. Byrne drew the character to slightly resemble an adolescent Sigourney Weaver. The fictional Kitty Pryde first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980), by writer Chris Claremont and artist Byrne, as a highly intelligent 13-year-old girl. Claremont said several elements of the character's personality were derived from those of X-Men editor Louise Simonson's daughter, Julie.", "Claremont said several elements of the character's personality were derived from those of X-Men editor Louise Simonson's daughter, Julie. Claremont and Byrne made the new character a full-fledged X-Man in issue #139, where she was codenamed \"Sprite\". She was the main character in issues #141–142, the \"Days of Future Past\" storyline, where she is possessed by her older self, whose consciousness time travels to the past to prevent a mass extermination of mutants.", "She was the main character in issues #141–142, the \"Days of Future Past\" storyline, where she is possessed by her older self, whose consciousness time travels to the past to prevent a mass extermination of mutants. The six-issue miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (1984–1985), written by Claremont, is a coming-of-age storyline in which she matures from a girl to a young woman, adopting the new name \"Shadowcat\".", "The six-issue miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (1984–1985), written by Claremont, is a coming-of-age storyline in which she matures from a girl to a young woman, adopting the new name \"Shadowcat\". In the late 1980s, Kitty joined the British-based super team, Excalibur, where she remained for roughly ten years before coming back to the X-Men. In the early 2000s, she disappeared from the spotlight after semi-retiring from superhero work.", "In the early 2000s, she disappeared from the spotlight after semi-retiring from superhero work. She was featured in the 2002 mini-series Mekanix and came back to the main X-Men books in 2004 under the pen of Joss Whedon in Astonishing X-Men. She remained a part of the X-Men books until 2008 when she left again for roughly 2 years. After coming back, she was featured in Jason Aaron's Wolverine and the X-Men and Brian Michael Bendis' All-New X-Men books. In early 2015, she joined the Guardians of the Galaxy.", "In early 2015, she joined the Guardians of the Galaxy. After the Secret Wars event, she adopted her new alias, Star-Lord (first believed to be Star-Lady). In 2020, Kitty Pryde was revealed to be bisexual. Her co-creator, Chris Claremont, had always intended this to be the case, considering Rachel Summers as a possible love interest for Pryde. However, Claremont wasn't allowed to show this at the time due to censorship, as he revealed on the \"Xplain the X-Men\" podcast in 2016.", "However, Claremont wasn't allowed to show this at the time due to censorship, as he revealed on the \"Xplain the X-Men\" podcast in 2016. Shadowcat's popularity had a profound effect on the real-life Kitty Pryde: the latter became so overwhelmed by attention from Shadowcat fans, she abbreviated her name to K.D. Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart.", "Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart. Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart. She has since stated she has mixed feelings about her fame, saying she values Byrne's comics for their entertainment and artistic value, but wishes more people would appreciate her as more than just Shadowcat's namesake. Fictional character biography Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde.", "Fictional character biography Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde. She is an Ashkenazi Jewish-American and her paternal grandfather, Samuel Prydeman, was held in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers. She was approached by both the X-Men's Charles Xavier and the Hellfire Club's White Queen, Emma Frost, both of whom hoped to recruit her for their respective causes.", "She was approached by both the X-Men's Charles Xavier and the Hellfire Club's White Queen, Emma Frost, both of whom hoped to recruit her for their respective causes. Kitty was unnerved by Frost, observing that the White Queen looked at her as if she were \"something good to eat.\" She got along better with Xavier and the three X-Men who escorted him, quickly becoming friends with Ororo Munroe.", "She got along better with Xavier and the three X-Men who escorted him, quickly becoming friends with Ororo Munroe. Ororo told Kitty who she really was and about the X-Men, which made the teenager even more enthusiastic about attending Xavier's school. Their conversation was cut short when they (along with Wolverine and Colossus) were attacked by armored mercenaries in the employ of Frost and the Hellfire Club. The X-Men defeated their assailants, but were subdued by the White Queen's telepathic powers immediately after.", "The X-Men defeated their assailants, but were subdued by the White Queen's telepathic powers immediately after. In the confusion, Kitty was separated from the X-Men, and not captured along with them. She managed to contact Cyclops, Phoenix, and Nightcrawler. With the help of Dazzler and Pryde, those X-Men rescued their teammates from the Hellfire Club. The White Queen appeared to perish in the battle, which meant she was no longer competing with Xavier for the approval of Kitty's parents.", "The White Queen appeared to perish in the battle, which meant she was no longer competing with Xavier for the approval of Kitty's parents. Kitty's parents had not heard from her in more than a day, because during that time she was first being pursued by the Hellfire Club's men and then working with the X-Men to save their friends.", "Kitty's parents had not heard from her in more than a day, because during that time she was first being pursued by the Hellfire Club's men and then working with the X-Men to save their friends. All they knew was Kitty had left with Xavier's \"students\" to get a soda, there had been reports that the soda shop had been blown up, and Kitty had been missing since. Therefore, they were angry at Xavier when he finally returned with Kitty in tow.", "Therefore, they were angry at Xavier when he finally returned with Kitty in tow. At first, it seemed like there was no chance of Kitty being allowed to attend the school and join the X-Men. Phoenix then used her considerable telepathic power to erase the memories of Kitty's parents and plant false ones, resulting in a complete shift in their attitude towards Xavier. Kitty was then allowed to enroll at Xavier's school with her parents' blessing, becoming the youngest member of the team.", "Kitty was then allowed to enroll at Xavier's school with her parents' blessing, becoming the youngest member of the team. Joining the X-Men Kitty joined the X-Men, and assumed the costumed identity of Sprite. Early in her career as an X-Man, Kitty's adult self from an alternate future took possession of her body in the present to help X-Men thwart the assassination of Senator Robert Kelly by the second Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon.", "Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon. Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon. Kitty also briefly attended the White Queen's Massachusetts Academy when her parents became convinced that she needed to be with students of her own age, but following a failed attempt to subdue the X-Men, Frost revoked Kitty's admission. During her teen years, Kitty fostered a number of close relationships with others at the school and in the X-Men. She developed a crush on Colossus and became close friends with his little sister Illyana Rasputin.", "She developed a crush on Colossus and became close friends with his little sister Illyana Rasputin. Initially uneasy around Nightcrawler and other mutants with physical deformities, Kitty finally overcame her fears and became close friends with him. Kitty also befriended Lockheed, a highly intelligent alien resembling a dragon, who followed her home after a mission in outer space. Lockheed is extremely loyal to Kitty, and the two of them share a psychic bond. Wolverine became something of a mentor to Kitty despite his usually gruff personality.", "Wolverine became something of a mentor to Kitty despite his usually gruff personality. Storm came to view Kitty as the daughter she never had. Though Xavier has threatened to reassign Kitty to the New Mutants, a team of younger mutants he established in the absence of the X-Men, ever since the X-Men returned from outer space, she never ended up joining the group, who she derisively calls the \"X-Babies\". Kitty was later abducted by the Morlocks and nearly forced to wed Caliban.", "Kitty was later abducted by the Morlocks and nearly forced to wed Caliban. She was then abducted by the White Queen, but rescued by the New Mutants. During this time, Kitty began to date Colossus, although this did not last long. Colossus developed feelings for an alien woman named Zsaji whom he met on the Beyonder's planet in the first Secret Wars. Colossus' feelings toward Zsaji were primarily a side effect of her own unique healing abilities, which she had used on him after he became injured.", "Colossus' feelings toward Zsaji were primarily a side effect of her own unique healing abilities, which she had used on him after he became injured. Regardless, Colossus' feelings were real and he returned to Earth consumed with grief after Zsaji's death. He admitted to Kitty that he loved Zsaji, which hurt her deeply and ended the budding romantic relationship.", "He admitted to Kitty that he loved Zsaji, which hurt her deeply and ended the budding romantic relationship. Kitty had made good friends with a local boy from Salem Central named Doug Ramsey around this time, but her feelings for him never went as deep as his for her, and they never actually dated, though they remained close, even more so after Doug's status as a mutant was revealed and he joined the New Mutants under the codename Cypher. They remained friends until his death some time later.", "They remained friends until his death some time later. They remained friends until his death some time later. Ogun During the 1984–1985 Kitty Pryde and Wolverine miniseries, Kitty is possessed by a demon, the ninja Ogun. Ogun psychically bestows upon Kitty a virtual lifetime of martial arts training. Kitty was brainwashed by Ogun into becoming a ninja assassin, and was sent to attack Wolverine.", "Kitty was brainwashed by Ogun into becoming a ninja assassin, and was sent to attack Wolverine. Kitty is able to resist Ogun's influence with Wolverine's help, and the two form a strong teacher/student bond, which helps them in vanquishing Ogun. Kitty returns to the X-Men, no longer the innocent girl they once knew, and officially adopts the codename Shadowcat.", "Kitty returns to the X-Men, no longer the innocent girl they once knew, and officially adopts the codename Shadowcat. Morlock Massacre While trying to save Rogue, Kitty was badly injured by Harpoon's energy spear during the Mutant Massacre story arc, in the massacre of the Morlocks, with the result that she lost control of her power and was stuck in an intangible state and could not regain her solidity. She was rushed to Muir Island along with other surviving casualties of the Massacre to be tended to by Moira MacTaggert.", "She was rushed to Muir Island along with other surviving casualties of the Massacre to be tended to by Moira MacTaggert. MacTaggert was able to keep Kitty's condition from deteriorating to the point where she completely lost physical substance and ceased to exist, but was not able to do any more to help her. At this time, Kitty's natural state was to be intangible. Where she once had to make a conscious effort to phase, she could now only maintain her solidity through an act of conscious will.", "Where she once had to make a conscious effort to phase, she could now only maintain her solidity through an act of conscious will. The X-Men went to Reed Richards, Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four, for aid, but Richards initially refused because he was not sure he would be able to help. Having nowhere else to go, the X-Men turned to Richards' enemy Doctor Doom.", "Having nowhere else to go, the X-Men turned to Richards' enemy Doctor Doom. This created a moral dilemma for both the X-Men and the Fantastic Four, and both teams fought each other because the Fantastic Four were trying to stop the treatment while the X-Men were determined to save Kitty's life. In the end, both the personal crisis of the Fantastic Four and the life of Shadowcat were saved after Franklin Richards, with the help of Lockheed, brought both teams to their senses.", "In the end, both the personal crisis of the Fantastic Four and the life of Shadowcat were saved after Franklin Richards, with the help of Lockheed, brought both teams to their senses. Kitty has since recovered from this state and now has full control over her power again. Excalibur Among the others injured and brought to Muir Isle were Colossus and Nightcrawler, although Colossus left the United Kingdom shortly after being released from MacTaggert's care to join the rest of the X-Men on their mission to battle the Adversary.", "Excalibur Among the others injured and brought to Muir Isle were Colossus and Nightcrawler, although Colossus left the United Kingdom shortly after being released from MacTaggert's care to join the rest of the X-Men on their mission to battle the Adversary. The X-Men sacrificed their lives to defeat the Adversary, the battle and their sacrifice was televised and broadcast across the world.", "The X-Men sacrificed their lives to defeat the Adversary, the battle and their sacrifice was televised and broadcast across the world. The X-Men were resurrected later in the same issue, unknown to the world at large, but chose to keep a low profile and perpetuate the belief that they were still dead. This strategy was enforced to more effectively fight their enemies. This meant avoiding contact with friends and family, including Kitty.", "This meant avoiding contact with friends and family, including Kitty. Thinking the X-Men were dead, Kitty and Nightcrawler joined Rachel Summers, Captain Britain, and Meggan to form the Britain-based team Excalibur. For a brief time, Kitty studied at St. Searle's School for Girls in Britain. During her time with Excalibur, Kitty developed a crush on Professor Alistaire Stuart which went unreciprocated since Alistaire was attracted to Rachel. Later, she was romantically involved with former Black Air agent Pete Wisdom.", "Later, she was romantically involved with former Black Air agent Pete Wisdom. At some point Kitty was recruited by the international law enforcement agency S.H.I.E.L.D. to repair the computer system of their flying headquarters. Kitty discovered the problem was due to Ogun's spirit having infiltrated the computer system, and with the aid of Wolverine, she managed to purge Ogun's presence. During this time, Kitty was attracted to a S.H.I.E.L.D. intern her own age, and this made her begin to doubt her relationship with Wisdom.", "intern her own age, and this made her begin to doubt her relationship with Wisdom. Soon after, she broke off their relationship. Back to the X-Men After Excalibur's dissolution, Shadowcat, Nightcrawler, and Colossus return to the X-Men. While returning, they faced a group of imposters following Cerebro, in the guise of Professor X. While tracking Mystique, she stumbles onto prophetic diaries that belonged to Irene Adler, a precognitive. During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha.", "During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha. During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha. Whatever she experienced there is unknown (although presumably connected to her father, living on Genosha at the time), but it had a profound effect on her. She cut her hair and began to act rebelliously, also using one of Wolverine's bone claws broken off during battle as a weapon. Kitty remained with the X-Men for a while before leaving after the apparent death of Colossus.", "Kitty remained with the X-Men for a while before leaving after the apparent death of Colossus. Trying to give herself a normal life, she attended the University of Chicago. During this time, her father was killed when Cassandra Nova’s Sentinels destroyed Genosha. Kitty later finds a recording of his death due to exploring footage of the attack. She is also kidnapped by William Stryker, but the X-Treme X-Men team helped her escape, and she assisted them on several missions.", "She is also kidnapped by William Stryker, but the X-Treme X-Men team helped her escape, and she assisted them on several missions. At the start of Joss Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men, Kitty once again rejoins the X-Men, despite having extreme reservations about working with the former White Queen, given their history. This was the primary reason why Frost herself wanted Kitty on the team, as a sort of \"safety\" should Frost ever revert to type.", "This was the primary reason why Frost herself wanted Kitty on the team, as a sort of \"safety\" should Frost ever revert to type. Frost reasoned that the person who trusted her least would be most likely to spot such behavior. On one of the team's first missions, Shadowcat discovered Colossus was alive. After some initial awkwardness, Kitty and Colossus resumed dating. Kitty Pryde appeared alongside Colossus in the \"Blinded by the Light\" arc in X-Men.", "Kitty Pryde appeared alongside Colossus in the \"Blinded by the Light\" arc in X-Men. They are the two X-Men left to look after the students while the rest of the X-Men leave for Mystique's home in Mississippi to check up on Rogue, during which they are ambushed by the Marauders. Kitty and Colossus, meanwhile, attempt to protect the students from a faction of the Marauders led by Exodus.", "Kitty and Colossus, meanwhile, attempt to protect the students from a faction of the Marauders led by Exodus. It is revealed over the course of the story that Kitty, worried of the Destiny Diaries' safety, devised a plan with Cyclops and Emma Frost to hide them and have Emma wipe the location from her mind. The location could only be revealed by a code word spoken to Kitty.", "The location could only be revealed by a code word spoken to Kitty. The arc concludes with a battle between Iceman and Cannonball against the Marauders for the diaries, during which they are destroyed by Gambit. In the \"Torn\" arc, the latest incarnation of the Hellfire Club begin an assault on Xavier's School.", "In the \"Torn\" arc, the latest incarnation of the Hellfire Club begin an assault on Xavier's School. Kitty fulfilled the role that Emma Frost envisioned, personally taking down Frost and imprisoning her, only to fall under a telepathic delusion created by Hellfire member Perfection, who claimed to be the true, unreformed Emma Frost. Under this delusion, Kitty was made to believe that she and Colossus had conceived a child, which was later taken away by the X-Men because its potential mutant abilities were supposedly dangerous.", "Under this delusion, Kitty was made to believe that she and Colossus had conceived a child, which was later taken away by the X-Men because its potential mutant abilities were supposedly dangerous. Kitty reacts in the delusion by attempting to rescue the child from a near-inescapable \"box\" in the depths of the school, unaware that in reality she is freeing an alien entity, Stuff, who contains the trapped consciousness of Cassandra Nova, the apparent ringleader of this new Hellfire Club.", "Kitty reacts in the delusion by attempting to rescue the child from a near-inescapable \"box\" in the depths of the school, unaware that in reality she is freeing an alien entity, Stuff, who contains the trapped consciousness of Cassandra Nova, the apparent ringleader of this new Hellfire Club. A newly awakened Cyclops revealed that the new Hellfire Club, including Perfection and Nova, are actually mental projections created by a piece of Cassandra Nova's consciousness; which became lodged in Emma's mind during the X-Men's last confrontation with her, playing on her survivor's guilt over the Genoshan massacre, and utilizing Emma's telepathy to both confound the X-Men and orchestrate her (Nova's) escape from the Stuff body.", "A newly awakened Cyclops revealed that the new Hellfire Club, including Perfection and Nova, are actually mental projections created by a piece of Cassandra Nova's consciousness; which became lodged in Emma's mind during the X-Men's last confrontation with her, playing on her survivor's guilt over the Genoshan massacre, and utilizing Emma's telepathy to both confound the X-Men and orchestrate her (Nova's) escape from the Stuff body. As Cyclops killed the mental projections, Emma tried to force Kitty to kill her to get rid of Nova.", "As Cyclops killed the mental projections, Emma tried to force Kitty to kill her to get rid of Nova. Undeterred, Cassandra Nova switched her focus to attempt to transfer her mind to Hisako Ichiki. It appears that Nova did not succeed, as the team was transported to S.W.O.R.D. 's air station en route to Ord's Breakworld for the \"Unstoppable\" arc that concludes Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men.", "'s air station en route to Ord's Breakworld for the \"Unstoppable\" arc that concludes Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men. Breakworld As the team prepares to end the confrontation with the Breakworld leader, the team splits up—with Kitty on the team appointed to stop the missile pointed at Earth. Kitty phases into the missile to disrupt its circuitry noting that it is composed of the same material as the rest of Breakworld, a material that is difficult and exhausting for her to phase through.", "Kitty phases into the missile to disrupt its circuitry noting that it is composed of the same material as the rest of Breakworld, a material that is difficult and exhausting for her to phase through. After phasing for a mile into the missile, Kitty finds the center only to discover it empty.", "After phasing for a mile into the missile, Kitty finds the center only to discover it empty. The missile is fired, causing Kitty to pass out inside of it as Beast discovers too late that due to its shape, trajectory, and lack of internal circuitry, the Breakworld's weapon is not a missile, but a bullet. As the bullet hurtles toward Earth, Kitty lies unconscious within it.", "As the bullet hurtles toward Earth, Kitty lies unconscious within it. As the situation becomes increasingly dire, Emma establishes mental contact with Kitty, reassuring her that she will come out of this fine, though it eventually becomes clear to both that the situation will be grim. Kitty and Emma come to an understanding and reconciliation, Emma stating that she never wanted something like this to happen to her. Kitty then phases the bullet through Earth, but is trapped within.", "Kitty then phases the bullet through Earth, but is trapped within. At the end of Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men, Scott Summers mentions that Doctor Strange, Reed Richards, and some \"top men\" tried to save her, but believe she has fused to the bullet, as it continues to hurtle through space. Whether she is alive or dead is unknown, though the X-Men consider her lost to them.", "Whether she is alive or dead is unknown, though the X-Men consider her lost to them. As a result of these events Kitty does not appear in the X-Men crossover event X-Men: Messiah Complex, since this takes place after the events of Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men. She is briefly mentioned in the aftermath of the Messiah Complex, by Colossus, Nightcrawler, and Wolverine, as the three of them discuss \"losing her.\"", "She is briefly mentioned in the aftermath of the Messiah Complex, by Colossus, Nightcrawler, and Wolverine, as the three of them discuss \"losing her.\" To cope with Kitty's loss, Colossus takes down a group of Russian criminals dealing in human trafficking, and gets a tattoo of the name 'Katya' on his chest. Emma begins having a recurring dream in which she hears a voice whom she believes is Kitty's trying to reach out to her.", "Emma begins having a recurring dream in which she hears a voice whom she believes is Kitty's trying to reach out to her. It was later confirmed by Abigail Brand that Kitty Pryde was still alive within the bullet, but because the bullet's design would harden as time went on, it would become increasingly difficult to break the bullet open.", "It was later confirmed by Abigail Brand that Kitty Pryde was still alive within the bullet, but because the bullet's design would harden as time went on, it would become increasingly difficult to break the bullet open. Return After the X-Men move to the island of Utopia, Magneto arrives on the island professing his desire to join and support the X-Men in their effort to unite the world's remaining mutants. The X-Men reluctantly let him stay, remaining wary of him despite his efforts to gain their trust.", "The X-Men reluctantly let him stay, remaining wary of him despite his efforts to gain their trust. In a final bid to gain their trust, Magneto focuses his powers, attempting to divert the interstellar path of the metal bullet Kitty is trapped in and bring her home to Earth. Meanwhile, inside the bullet, Kitty is revealed to still be alive. Unbeknownst to the others, Magneto had encountered the bullet earlier while attempting to regain his powers with the High Evolutionary and surmised that Kitty was inside.", "Unbeknownst to the others, Magneto had encountered the bullet earlier while attempting to regain his powers with the High Evolutionary and surmised that Kitty was inside. Despite this and the High Evolutionary's apparent ability to retrieve the bullet and Kitty, Magneto chose to focus on regaining his powers, secretly keeping tabs on the bullet until his decision to draw it back to Earth. During her time trapped inside the bullet, Kitty keeps herself and the bullet phased to avoid collisions with any inhabited objects in its path.", "During her time trapped inside the bullet, Kitty keeps herself and the bullet phased to avoid collisions with any inhabited objects in its path. Magneto brings Kitty Pryde safely down to Earth by cracking the bullet in two and levitating Kitty to the ground. When she and Colossus try to touch, it is revealed that she is trapped in her intangible form, unable to speak, and the X-Men place her in a protective chamber similar to the one used for her following the events of the Mutant Massacre.", "When she and Colossus try to touch, it is revealed that she is trapped in her intangible form, unable to speak, and the X-Men place her in a protective chamber similar to the one used for her following the events of the Mutant Massacre. How Kitty survived her time in the bullet is unclear to the X-Men's science team, where the X-Men discover that all her bodily functions halted.", "How Kitty survived her time in the bullet is unclear to the X-Men's science team, where the X-Men discover that all her bodily functions halted. An analysis by Kavita Rao hypothesizes that Kitty created an intense muscle memory to keep herself and the bullet phased and has \"forgotten\" how to un-phase. During a conversation with Colossus, with Emma Frost acting as the psi-conduit, Kitty picks up Emma's stray thoughts on killing the captive Sebastian Shaw, to prevent Namor from discovering she previously lied to him.", "During a conversation with Colossus, with Emma Frost acting as the psi-conduit, Kitty picks up Emma's stray thoughts on killing the captive Sebastian Shaw, to prevent Namor from discovering she previously lied to him. While disgusted at Emma's intentions, Kitty offers a compromise. Due to her current ghost state, she is the perfect tool for making Shaw disappear. In a storyline in Uncanny X-Men, the Breakworlders make their way to Earth.", "In a storyline in Uncanny X-Men, the Breakworlders make their way to Earth. During the conflict between the Breakworlder Kr'uun and the X-Men, Kitty is slain and resurrected by Kr'uun's mate in an alien ritual, which results in her powers returning to normal. Regenesis Shortly thereafter, Kitty breaks up with Colossus, and decides to return with Wolverine to Westchester to open the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning.", "Regenesis Shortly thereafter, Kitty breaks up with Colossus, and decides to return with Wolverine to Westchester to open the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning. In Wolverine and the X-Men #4, she appears to be suddenly pregnant, but the pregnancy was revealed to be a Brood infestation, and it was swiftly dealt with by a team of X-Men. Since returning to Westchester, Kitty has shared several kisses with Iceman.", "Since returning to Westchester, Kitty has shared several kisses with Iceman. During the events of Avengers vs. X-Men, Kitty does not take a side, but instead decides to stay at the school to work with the students. Once Bobby returned from working with the X-Men after realizing that the Phoenix had corrupted them, he and Kitty finally decide to go on a date.", "Once Bobby returned from working with the X-Men after realizing that the Phoenix had corrupted them, he and Kitty finally decide to go on a date. All-New X-Men After Beast brings the original five X-Men into the future to stop Cyclops in the present, Kitty volunteers to take responsibility for the temporally relocated X-Men while they work to undo this dark future.", "All-New X-Men After Beast brings the original five X-Men into the future to stop Cyclops in the present, Kitty volunteers to take responsibility for the temporally relocated X-Men while they work to undo this dark future. This soon puts her at odds with the rest of her team as they believed the original five should go back to their own time in order to prevent any damage to the space-time continuity.", "This soon puts her at odds with the rest of her team as they believed the original five should go back to their own time in order to prevent any damage to the space-time continuity. Eventually, this leads Kitty to take the decision of abandoning the school with the time-displaced X-Men and join Cyclops's X-Men at the New Xavier School. During the first few weeks at the New Xavier School, Jean Grey is abducted by the Shiar Empire to stand trial for her future self's crimes.", "During the first few weeks at the New Xavier School, Jean Grey is abducted by the Shiar Empire to stand trial for her future self's crimes. Kitty and the time-displaced X-Men team up with the Guardians of the Galaxy and succeed in rescuing Jean from the Shiar. At the conclusion of the storyline, Kitty begins a long-distance, flirtatious relationship with Starlord, Peter Quill. The Black Vortex In the following weeks, Kitty's relationship with Peter Quill evolves more and more as they developed stronger feelings for each other every day.", "The Black Vortex In the following weeks, Kitty's relationship with Peter Quill evolves more and more as they developed stronger feelings for each other every day. At one point, Quill gets captured during one of their dates and she has no option but to go to his rescue, despite her fear of space as a result of her being trapped on the giant space bullet. After rescuing Peter, she decides to stay in space with him.", "After rescuing Peter, she decides to stay in space with him. Then, Kitty convinces Peter to steal a powerful artifact called the Black Vortex from his father J'son. Soon, they find themselves being chased by J'son's assassination squad, the Slaughter Lords. In despair, they request the aid of the X-Men and the Guardians of the Galaxy to protect the Vortex.", "In despair, they request the aid of the X-Men and the Guardians of the Galaxy to protect the Vortex. After a few of their own friends can't resist the temptation and submit to the Vortex, betray the team, and escape with the artifact; the team splits and Kitty stays in Spartax to help an orphanage.", "After a few of their own friends can't resist the temptation and submit to the Vortex, betray the team, and escape with the artifact; the team splits and Kitty stays in Spartax to help an orphanage. She is encased in amber after Thane (who was allied with J'son) freezes the whole planet along with the people inside it; but thanks to her phasing powers, she manages to get out of the amber.", "She is encased in amber after Thane (who was allied with J'son) freezes the whole planet along with the people inside it; but thanks to her phasing powers, she manages to get out of the amber. Then the Brood attacks Spartax, planning to use every encased person to lay eggs and create an army of Brood to start invading other planets and conquering them. Kitty feels the only way to stop them is by submitting to the Vortex herself as she's the only one who can resist the cosmic corruption.", "Kitty feels the only way to stop them is by submitting to the Vortex herself as she's the only one who can resist the cosmic corruption. She reluctantly submits and becomes a being of unlimited power. After being reminded of the love between her and Peter Quill, she goes back and phases all the amber that encased Spartax, along with the Broods trying to infect the people, and sends them all to another dimension. Kitty doesn't give up the cosmic power but admits to Peter that she is afraid of it.", "Kitty doesn't give up the cosmic power but admits to Peter that she is afraid of it. Peter promises her that he will never abandon her no matter how much she changes. Then, Peter kneels and proposes marriage to Kitty. She, with tears in her eyes, accepts. Later when Star Lord is declared Emperor of Spartax she is told she will become the first lady of Spartax.", "Later when Star Lord is declared Emperor of Spartax she is told she will become the first lady of Spartax. Guardians of the Galaxy Kitty takes on the mantle of Star Lord and joins the Guardians of the Galaxy in Peter Quill's place so he can take on his royal duties. When Hala the Accuser massacres Spartax in an attempt to make Quill pay for J'son's actions against her people, she initially easily lays waste to the capitol and overpowers the Guardians.", "When Hala the Accuser massacres Spartax in an attempt to make Quill pay for J'son's actions against her people, she initially easily lays waste to the capitol and overpowers the Guardians. After the Guardians regroup and formulate a strategy to defeat her, Kitty manages to partially phase Hala into the ground so the rest of the Guardians can knock her out and separate her from her weapon.", "After the Guardians regroup and formulate a strategy to defeat her, Kitty manages to partially phase Hala into the ground so the rest of the Guardians can knock her out and separate her from her weapon. After Quill loses his title as king he and Kitty end up on a mission with the rest of the Guardians on a concentration camp prison planet owned by the Badoon after Gamora gave them information on it so they can free Angela.", "After Quill loses his title as king he and Kitty end up on a mission with the rest of the Guardians on a concentration camp prison planet owned by the Badoon after Gamora gave them information on it so they can free Angela. Once there, Kitty has a personal reaction upon seeing the prisoners and makes it her mission to liberate everyone there and defeat the captors, as it reminds her of Nazi concentration camps.", "Once there, Kitty has a personal reaction upon seeing the prisoners and makes it her mission to liberate everyone there and defeat the captors, as it reminds her of Nazi concentration camps. After Quill gets captured and sentenced to death in an arena battle, Kitty finds and kills one of the Badoon leaders by phasing his heart out of his body. When Captain Marvel summons the Guardians to Earth to help her address Tony Stark, Kitty learns that Thanos is a prisoner on Earth and tries to convince Quill to tell Gamora.", "When Captain Marvel summons the Guardians to Earth to help her address Tony Stark, Kitty learns that Thanos is a prisoner on Earth and tries to convince Quill to tell Gamora. When fighting starts Kitty woefully realizes that some of her former students are on Tony Stark's side instead of fighting with Captain Marvel. During the battle the Guardians' ship was destroyed, effectively stranding them on Earth.", "During the battle the Guardians' ship was destroyed, effectively stranding them on Earth. After helping the Guardians stop Thanos from leading an invasion from the Negative Zone the Guardians are given a new ship; however, Kitty decides to stay on Earth and ends her time with the Guardians and Quill. Leading the X-Men Upon returning to Earth, Kitty hopes to finally regain a semblance of a normal life but ends up approached by Storm, who informs Kitty of everything the X-Men have gone through while Kitty was away.", "Leading the X-Men Upon returning to Earth, Kitty hopes to finally regain a semblance of a normal life but ends up approached by Storm, who informs Kitty of everything the X-Men have gone through while Kitty was away. Storm announces to Kitty that she intends to step down as leader of the X-Men due to the guilt that she feels for leading the X-Men to war and offers Kitty her position.", "Storm announces to Kitty that she intends to step down as leader of the X-Men due to the guilt that she feels for leading the X-Men to war and offers Kitty her position. After touring X-Haven and seeing how much things have changed and how much things need to change for the better, Kitty agrees to lead the X-Men as long as Storm remains on the team.", "After touring X-Haven and seeing how much things have changed and how much things need to change for the better, Kitty agrees to lead the X-Men as long as Storm remains on the team. Her next act is to relocate the mansion from Limbo to Central Park, New York so the X-Men can refocus on being part of the world instead of fearing it under the belief that if the X-Men truly are to be seen as heroes, then they need to actually live in the world that they are trying to save instead of constantly worrying about their own survival.", "Her next act is to relocate the mansion from Limbo to Central Park, New York so the X-Men can refocus on being part of the world instead of fearing it under the belief that if the X-Men truly are to be seen as heroes, then they need to actually live in the world that they are trying to save instead of constantly worrying about their own survival. Under Kitty's new leadership, the X-Men go through some small changes in order to shed their past history and make new names for themselves, such as convincing Rachel Summers to change her code name to Prestige and renaming the mansion as The Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Outreach.", "Under Kitty's new leadership, the X-Men go through some small changes in order to shed their past history and make new names for themselves, such as convincing Rachel Summers to change her code name to Prestige and renaming the mansion as The Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Outreach. Kitty learns first-hand how hard it is to balance leading the X-Men as well as managing the mansion when there are many political factors trying to deliberately get in the way of the X-Men.", "Kitty learns first-hand how hard it is to balance leading the X-Men as well as managing the mansion when there are many political factors trying to deliberately get in the way of the X-Men. She also begins to have awkward one-on-one moments with Colossus; they try to remain friends, but given their long history their interactions swiftly become complicated. Kitty's first case as field leader of the X-Men sees her and her team taking on a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants.", "Kitty's first case as field leader of the X-Men sees her and her team taking on a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. After discovering that an outspoken anti-mutant politician brainwashed this new Brotherhood to work for her to publicly discredit mutants, Kitty threatened to expose her if she continued exploiting mutants for her own personal gain.", "After discovering that an outspoken anti-mutant politician brainwashed this new Brotherhood to work for her to publicly discredit mutants, Kitty threatened to expose her if she continued exploiting mutants for her own personal gain. Dawn of X After Krakoa became a new sovereign nation for Mutants, Kitty Pryde, now going by Captain Kate Pryde, discovers she is the sole mutant who is, for unknown reasons, unable to use the various warp gates leading to Krakoa.", "Dawn of X After Krakoa became a new sovereign nation for Mutants, Kitty Pryde, now going by Captain Kate Pryde, discovers she is the sole mutant who is, for unknown reasons, unable to use the various warp gates leading to Krakoa. It is implied that she has done something to anger Krakoa, but that restriction does not mean Kitty cannot use other means to reach the mutant homeland. She steals a boat and sets sail for the island.", "She steals a boat and sets sail for the island. Kitty's time on Krakoa proves to be just as fruitless, as the island's natural resources (like flowers that grow into biome homes) are similarly prohibited to Kitty.", "Kitty's time on Krakoa proves to be just as fruitless, as the island's natural resources (like flowers that grow into biome homes) are similarly prohibited to Kitty. Emma Frost comes asking Kitty to take up a special mission: taking a bigger boat out to serve as pirate captain on the X-Men's mission to liberate mutants trapped in oppressive countries that do not recognize mutant sovereignty, while also smuggling and supplying for Emma's Hellfire Trading Company the lifesaving drugs the X-Men provide to humans.", "Emma Frost comes asking Kitty to take up a special mission: taking a bigger boat out to serve as pirate captain on the X-Men's mission to liberate mutants trapped in oppressive countries that do not recognize mutant sovereignty, while also smuggling and supplying for Emma's Hellfire Trading Company the lifesaving drugs the X-Men provide to humans. Kate Pryde is later appointed the new Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company by Emma Frost, to the dismay of Sebastian Shaw.", "Kate Pryde is later appointed the new Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company by Emma Frost, to the dismay of Sebastian Shaw. Seeing Pryde as an obstacle to his complete control of the Hellfire Corporation, Shaw began plotting against Kate and her crew.", "Seeing Pryde as an obstacle to his complete control of the Hellfire Corporation, Shaw began plotting against Kate and her crew. After taking notice how Emma became overprotective of the newly crowned Red Queen, Shaw realized that for the same reason she can't travel through Krakoa's gates nor read or understand the Krakoan language until Emma implanted it in her brain, the X-Men's Resurrection Protocols also won't apply to her, which means Kate cannot be resurrected if she died.", "After taking notice how Emma became overprotective of the newly crowned Red Queen, Shaw realized that for the same reason she can't travel through Krakoa's gates nor read or understand the Krakoan language until Emma implanted it in her brain, the X-Men's Resurrection Protocols also won't apply to her, which means Kate cannot be resurrected if she died. He orchestrated a distraction by paying off human supremacists Homines Verendi to stage an attack on his own son.", "He orchestrated a distraction by paying off human supremacists Homines Verendi to stage an attack on his own son. Once Kate was defenseless, Shaw emerged from below deck and ensnared Lockheed with a net gun, making him a helpless hostage. He then released Krakoan seeds at her feet, which wrapped around her and prevented her from using her powers. He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea.", "He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea. He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea. While Lockheed was able to survive, Kate sank helplessly, and once her head dropped under the surface, she had no air left and drowned instantly. Her death is later confirmed by Bishop as he retrieves Kate's body, as it was also established that the Resurrection Protocols indeed do not apply to Kate, as the Five, for reasons unknown, cannot resurrect her.", "Her death is later confirmed by Bishop as he retrieves Kate's body, as it was also established that the Resurrection Protocols indeed do not apply to Kate, as the Five, for reasons unknown, cannot resurrect her. However, she is later resurrected, as Emma Frost realized that it was due to the nature of Kate's intangibility powers that her mindless body was unable to break out of the egg.", "However, she is later resurrected, as Emma Frost realized that it was due to the nature of Kate's intangibility powers that her mindless body was unable to break out of the egg. Powers and abilities Kitty is a mutant with the ability to pass through solid matter by passing her atomic particles through the spaces between the atoms of the object through which she is moving.", "Powers and abilities Kitty is a mutant with the ability to pass through solid matter by passing her atomic particles through the spaces between the atoms of the object through which she is moving. In this way she and the object through which she is passing can temporarily merge without interacting, and each is unharmed when Shadowcat has finished passing through the object. This process is called \"phasing\" or quantum tunneling and it renders her almost completely intangible to physical touch.", "This process is called \"phasing\" or quantum tunneling and it renders her almost completely intangible to physical touch. Shadowcat passes through objects at the same speed at which she is moving before she enters them. Since she is unable to breathe while inside an object, she can only continuously phase through solid objects (as when she travels underground) as long as she can hold her breath. However, contrary depictions of the duration of her phasing ability have been presented, such as when she has phased miles within an object.", "However, contrary depictions of the duration of her phasing ability have been presented, such as when she has phased miles within an object. The use of her abilities also interferes with any electrical systems as she passes through by disrupting the flow of electrons from atom to atom, including the bio-electric systems of living bodies if she concentrates in the right way. This typically causes machines to malfunction or be destroyed as she phases through them, and can induce shock and unconsciousness in living beings.", "This typically causes machines to malfunction or be destroyed as she phases through them, and can induce shock and unconsciousness in living beings. Using her power began as an optional ability, but for a period (over ten years of published comics, approximately two years in-continuity) Kitty existed in a naturally \"phased\" state, and had to consciously choose to become solid. Kitty has returned to her original form and is normally solid and must choose to use her power.", "Kitty has returned to her original form and is normally solid and must choose to use her power. While phasing, she does not physically walk on surfaces, but rather interacts with the molecules of air above them, allowing her to ascend and descend, causing her to seemingly walk on air. While phased, she is immune to most physical attacks, and has inconsistent showings of some resistance to telepathy.", "While phased, she is immune to most physical attacks, and has inconsistent showings of some resistance to telepathy. The density of some materials (such as adamantium) can prove deleterious to her phasing, causing her to be severely disoriented or experience pain if she tries to pass through them. Some energy attacks also prove problematic for Kitty. For example, an energy blast fired by Harpoon, a member of the Marauders, caused her to lose her ability to become fully tangible for months.", "For example, an energy blast fired by Harpoon, a member of the Marauders, caused her to lose her ability to become fully tangible for months. Magic and magical beings can also harm her in her phased state, as demonstrated in a battle with a N'Garai demon whose claws left no visible marks, but caused Kitty severe pain as they passed through her intangible body. Kitty can also extend her powers to phase other people and objects.", "Kitty can also extend her powers to phase other people and objects. She is able to phase at least six other people (or objects of similar mass) with her, so long as they establish and maintain physical contact with her. She can extend her phasing effect to her own clothing or any other object with mass up to that of a small truck, as long as she remains in contact with it. Kitty can also make objects intangible by maintaining contact with them.", "Kitty can also make objects intangible by maintaining contact with them. She has threatened to leave people phased into a wall, and used her power offensively to harm the Technarch Magus, and Danger. Kitty's powers seem to have increased over the years. During an X-Treme X-Men story arc in which she is kidnapped by Reverend William Stryker, she phases out of sync with Earth's rotation to move from one place in the world (only east or west) to another seemingly instantaneously.", "During an X-Treme X-Men story arc in which she is kidnapped by Reverend William Stryker, she phases out of sync with Earth's rotation to move from one place in the world (only east or west) to another seemingly instantaneously. At the climax of Astonishing X-Men, Kitty phases a 10 mi (16 km) long \"bullet\" composed of super-dense alien metals through the entire planet Earth. This feat caused her considerable strain, but she is unable to phase out of the bullet.", "This feat caused her considerable strain, but she is unable to phase out of the bullet. Moreover, originally Kitty found it difficult or impossible to phase only part of her body at a time. In the Days of Future Past story arc, she is possessed by her older future self, allowing her to solidify only her shoulder while phasing the rest of her body through Destiny—a feat explicitly beyond the 13-year-old Kitty's abilities.", "In the Days of Future Past story arc, she is possessed by her older future self, allowing her to solidify only her shoulder while phasing the rest of her body through Destiny—a feat explicitly beyond the 13-year-old Kitty's abilities. By contrast, the Kitty Pryde of Joss Whedon's run can punch and kick someone standing on the other side of a wall, selectively phasing and unphasing body parts as necessary.", "By contrast, the Kitty Pryde of Joss Whedon's run can punch and kick someone standing on the other side of a wall, selectively phasing and unphasing body parts as necessary. She can even run and leap through an armed opponent, grabbing their weapon as she passes by, which presumably requires her to solidify only the surface area of the palms of her hands and then immediately phase both her palms and the weapon. Besides her mutant powers, Kitty is a genius in the field of applied technology and computer science.", "Besides her mutant powers, Kitty is a genius in the field of applied technology and computer science. She is highly talented in the design and use of computer hardware. She is a skilled pilot of piston and jet engine aircraft, and a competent pilot of certain advanced interstellar vehicles. She has previously shown a unique ability to wield the Soulsword and also be harmed by it.", "She has previously shown a unique ability to wield the Soulsword and also be harmed by it. Since her possession by the ninja demon Ogun, she has been consistently shown to be an excellent hand-to-hand combatant, having since been endowed with a lifetime of training in the martial arts of Japanese ninja and samurai. She is a professional-level dancer in both ballet and modern dance.", "She is a professional-level dancer in both ballet and modern dance. She speaks fluent English, Japanese, Russian, and the royal and standard languages of the alien Shi'ar and Skrull, and has moderate expertise in Gaelic, Hebrew, and German. Kitty also shares a mental/empathic connection with her pet dragon Lockheed; both she and the alien dragon can \"sense\" each other's presence at times and generally understand one another's thoughts and actions.", "Kitty also shares a mental/empathic connection with her pet dragon Lockheed; both she and the alien dragon can \"sense\" each other's presence at times and generally understand one another's thoughts and actions. When Kitty used the Black Vortex, her powers were augmented to a cosmic scale making her a god-like being. She can phase through any material of any density and can even phase a planet out of Thane's amber, whereas in her normal state it is an extremely difficult task to simply phase herself out of the amber.", "She can phase through any material of any density and can even phase a planet out of Thane's amber, whereas in her normal state it is an extremely difficult task to simply phase herself out of the amber. She can also apparently transverse between the planes of the multiverse and is immune to the effects of space. Her appearance can be changed but her natural form appears to be rather gaseous in look. Other versions In addition to her mainstream incarnation, Kitty Pryde has been depicted in other fictional universes.", "Other versions In addition to her mainstream incarnation, Kitty Pryde has been depicted in other fictional universes. Age of Apocalypse In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Kitty grows up under harsh circumstances and her nature reflects it. She has short hair, tight clothes, and chain smokes cigarettes. Her parents are killed in the Chicago Cullings, and she is forcibly recruited into Apocalypse's army, but is later rescued by Colossus.", "Her parents are killed in the Chicago Cullings, and she is forcibly recruited into Apocalypse's army, but is later rescued by Colossus. Magneto puts Shadowcat under Weapon X's training, hoping to turn her into the X-Men's assassin, and she is given a set of retractable artificial claws around each wrist to better imitate her teacher's fighting style. After the fallout between Colossus and Magneto, Shadowcat sides with Colossus, whom she has married.", "After the fallout between Colossus and Magneto, Shadowcat sides with Colossus, whom she has married. Instead of leaving the fight against Apocalypse altogether, the couple become the teachers of Generation Next. The two submit their trainees to harsh situations, giving them little comfort despite the fact that Shadowcat is close to the age of her students. Shadowcat assists the team in rescuing Illyana Rasputin from the Seattle Core, and, at Colossus' behest, abandons her students after Illyana is saved.", "Shadowcat assists the team in rescuing Illyana Rasputin from the Seattle Core, and, at Colossus' behest, abandons her students after Illyana is saved. She is killed by Colossus in his ruthless obsession to protect his sister, Illyana; coming between an enraged Colossus and his endangered sister, Shadowcat never believed he would harm her. Days of Future Past In the Days of Future Past timeline (Earth-811), Shadowcat goes by the name Kate Pryde.", "Days of Future Past In the Days of Future Past timeline (Earth-811), Shadowcat goes by the name Kate Pryde. Kate attempts to go back in time to prevent the assassination of Senator Robert Kelly by Mystique and the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. She succeeds, only to create a separate timeline where the events of her past still come to pass. After returning to her own time Kate helps Rachel Summers escape back to the timeline she just created.", "After returning to her own time Kate helps Rachel Summers escape back to the timeline she just created. Captured by Sentinels, Kate escapes by phasing through her inhibitor collar and fell into a time warp, causing her to merge with the Sentinel that was scanning her, and arrives in the timeline Rachel is inhabiting. Kate's mind settles in a small, metal, off-spherical body and becomes known as Widget.", "Kate's mind settles in a small, metal, off-spherical body and becomes known as Widget. After a few adventures in that timeline, mostly in company with her Earth-616 counterpart's team Excalibur, Kate regains her memory and returns to her original timeline where she is able to reprogram the ruling Sentinels to protect life, ending their tyranny. Earth X In Earth X it is revealed in the appendix of issue six that Kitty Pryde is killed saving Colossus while he could not shift into his metal form.", "Earth X In Earth X it is revealed in the appendix of issue six that Kitty Pryde is killed saving Colossus while he could not shift into his metal form. Instead of phasing the bullet through her, she heroically takes the bullet and is killed. Exiles A version of Kitty Pryde codenamed Cat first appeared in Exiles #96. She is younger than her Earth-616 counterpart. She has the appearance and powers of the normal Shadowcat although she wears a different costume.", "She has the appearance and powers of the normal Shadowcat although she wears a different costume. Prior to her joining the Exiles, this version of Kitty had been recruited by Emma Frost as one of the core agents of the Hellfire Club's strike force. She helps Psylocke defeat Doom's soldiers who have invaded the Panoptichron. She helps retrieve Blink, Morph, and Sabretooth from being scattered across the multiverse. She works as a computer expert for the team and is a full member of the Exiles.", "She works as a computer expert for the team and is a full member of the Exiles. Cat's skill with using her powers means she is not tied to any dimension and can see through various realities, including those of the mind (for instance seeing the various personalities in Sage's mind as \"ghosts\" surrounding her).", "Cat's skill with using her powers means she is not tied to any dimension and can see through various realities, including those of the mind (for instance seeing the various personalities in Sage's mind as \"ghosts\" surrounding her). Her arrival in the Crystal Palace and connection to its computers has increased this, giving her the ability to \"cascade\" through different alternative versions of herself, altering her appearance and details of her powers.", "Her arrival in the Crystal Palace and connection to its computers has increased this, giving her the ability to \"cascade\" through different alternative versions of herself, altering her appearance and details of her powers. Amongst other versions, she has assumed the form of a Kitty Pryde with the appearance and powers of Tigra. During the New Exiles' last mission Cat faced off against Madame Hydra (Sue Storm) and killed her at the cost of her own life.", "During the New Exiles' last mission Cat faced off against Madame Hydra (Sue Storm) and killed her at the cost of her own life. There has been another version of Kitty that appeared in the King Hyperion story arc (Exiles #38-40). She had survived an attack on the X-Mansion by the Sentinels. The Colossus from her universe had been killed in the attack but she had the same feelings towards Weapon X's Colossus even though he was not her Colossus.", "The Colossus from her universe had been killed in the attack but she had the same feelings towards Weapon X's Colossus even though he was not her Colossus. The two eventually fell in love with each other. Unfortunately this did not last since she died with Colossus when they were shot into the empty vacuum of space by Hyperion.", "Unfortunately this did not last since she died with Colossus when they were shot into the empty vacuum of space by Hyperion. House of M When the Scarlet Witch altered reality in the 616 Universe, creating the reality known as House of M where mutants were the dominant population, Kitty Pryde was a teacher in a public middle school in Cincinnati, Ohio. Like many of the heroes of Earth 616, she is reminded of the true reality by Layla Miller and recruited in the fight to restore reality.", "Like many of the heroes of Earth 616, she is reminded of the true reality by Layla Miller and recruited in the fight to restore reality. Magik In the limited series Magik (Illyana and Storm), an alternative reality Kitty renames herself \"Cat\" after she is mutated by the demonic sorcerer Belasco into a more feline form, with cat eyes, whiskers, a tail, and enhanced physical abilities and senses.", "Magik In the limited series Magik (Illyana and Storm), an alternative reality Kitty renames herself \"Cat\" after she is mutated by the demonic sorcerer Belasco into a more feline form, with cat eyes, whiskers, a tail, and enhanced physical abilities and senses. Trapped in Belasco's Limbo, Cat takes a militant view towards defeating the sorcerer, eschewing the magic that her reality's Storm embraces, instead turning to skills in swordplay and physical combat.", "Trapped in Belasco's Limbo, Cat takes a militant view towards defeating the sorcerer, eschewing the magic that her reality's Storm embraces, instead turning to skills in swordplay and physical combat. She tries to save the Illyana Rasputin of Earth-616 from corruption through magic by taking Illyana into the wilderness of Limbo and teaching the child to fight and survive. Like the Kitty Pryde of Earth-616 eventually would, Cat became Illyana's best friend, but more in the role of an older sister due to the difference in their ages.", "Like the Kitty Pryde of Earth-616 eventually would, Cat became Illyana's best friend, but more in the role of an older sister due to the difference in their ages. Cat's plan goes awry when the pair's attempt to confront Belasco fails, at the cost of the life of an enslaved Nightcrawler; Illyana falls under Belasco's influence and Cat is further transformed towards a feline, with a semi-animalistic mind completely loyal to Belasco.", "Cat's plan goes awry when the pair's attempt to confront Belasco fails, at the cost of the life of an enslaved Nightcrawler; Illyana falls under Belasco's influence and Cat is further transformed towards a feline, with a semi-animalistic mind completely loyal to Belasco. Cat is eventually slain by Illyana when Belasco sets Cat upon his rebellious apprentice; facing death at Cat's hands and knowing that, deep down, a part of Kitty still exists and hates her enslavement, Illyana broke Cat's neck in self-defense.", "Cat is eventually slain by Illyana when Belasco sets Cat upon his rebellious apprentice; facing death at Cat's hands and knowing that, deep down, a part of Kitty still exists and hates her enslavement, Illyana broke Cat's neck in self-defense. Long after Illyana overthrows Belasco, escapes Limbo, and becomes a member of the junior X-Men team known as the New Mutants, Cat's remains are found by the team in Limbo's throne room. By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton.", "By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton. By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton. Illyana, facing a rebellion of Limbo's demon population that threatened to overrun Earth, smashed Cat's skull in rage over the demonic taint that Belasco left on her soul and frustration over the horrible choice she had to make to kill Cat. Marvel Zombies Kitty is briefly shown in the background as a zombie in Ultimate Fantastic Four #23, despite her mutant phasing powers.", "Marvel Zombies Kitty is briefly shown in the background as a zombie in Ultimate Fantastic Four #23, despite her mutant phasing powers. She is also seen in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, when zombie Alpha Flight attack the X-Men.", "She is also seen in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, when zombie Alpha Flight attack the X-Men. This would appear to have been retconned, though, as of Marvel Zombies: Halloween, which depicts her and her son Peter with Colossus surviving for several years in an out of the way house farm, encountering zombies, but, fortunately, being rescued by Mephisto, who dispatched the remaining zombies.", "This would appear to have been retconned, though, as of Marvel Zombies: Halloween, which depicts her and her son Peter with Colossus surviving for several years in an out of the way house farm, encountering zombies, but, fortunately, being rescued by Mephisto, who dispatched the remaining zombies. The Earth-91126/Earth-Z Kitty is recruited by Earth-2149/Marvel Zombies Spider-Man to help him develop a cure for the zombie hunger, on the grounds that her powers mean that she would be in no danger from him if he should succumb to his zombie instincts, but she is later seemingly killed when the zombie Quasar holds her underwater until she is forced to become solid once more, allowing the infected Namor to eat her flesh (much to the rage of the zombie Wolverine, of Earth-2149).", "The Earth-91126/Earth-Z Kitty is recruited by Earth-2149/Marvel Zombies Spider-Man to help him develop a cure for the zombie hunger, on the grounds that her powers mean that she would be in no danger from him if he should succumb to his zombie instincts, but she is later seemingly killed when the zombie Quasar holds her underwater until she is forced to become solid once more, allowing the infected Namor to eat her flesh (much to the rage of the zombie Wolverine, of Earth-2149). Mutant X Storm was taken by the vampire Dracula and unlike Earth 616, she does not return.", "Mutant X Storm was taken by the vampire Dracula and unlike Earth 616, she does not return. Kitty goes off to battle her, either to save or kill her. Kitty slays several vampires in the way but Storm proves too much for her and Kitty becomes her unwilling slave for some time. She later shows up as the Black Queen of the Hellfire Club and seems to be none too happy with Storm. It's also hinted that she was engaged or going to be engaged to Colossus.", "It's also hinted that she was engaged or going to be engaged to Colossus. Her ultimate fate at the end of the series is unknown. Lightning Force In the reality of Earth-597, an alternative universe where World War II was won by Nazi Germany, Kitty is forced to serve as Shadowcat alongside Nightcrawler, Meggan, and Hauptmann Englande as a member of the Lightning Force (a version of Excalibur), made a virtual slave because of her Jewish heritage.", "Lightning Force In the reality of Earth-597, an alternative universe where World War II was won by Nazi Germany, Kitty is forced to serve as Shadowcat alongside Nightcrawler, Meggan, and Hauptmann Englande as a member of the Lightning Force (a version of Excalibur), made a virtual slave because of her Jewish heritage. She leads a sad existence and is easily identified by her shaved head and the Star of David tattooed on her forehead.", "She leads a sad existence and is easily identified by her shaved head and the Star of David tattooed on her forehead. It is indicated, from her own statements and those made by her reality's counterpart of Moira MacTaggert, that this Shadowcat is a true ghost, raised from the dead by a combination of science and magic and bound to serve the Nazi regime.", "It is indicated, from her own statements and those made by her reality's counterpart of Moira MacTaggert, that this Shadowcat is a true ghost, raised from the dead by a combination of science and magic and bound to serve the Nazi regime. This Shadowcat had the added ability to disrupt life force with her phasing power, knocking her victims unconscious, much like how her counterpart in the \"prime\" Marvel Universe (Earth-616) can disrupt technology that she phases through.", "This Shadowcat had the added ability to disrupt life force with her phasing power, knocking her victims unconscious, much like how her counterpart in the \"prime\" Marvel Universe (Earth-616) can disrupt technology that she phases through. She is also able to alter her facial features to a \"demonic\" aspect when attacking enemies or else responding to aggressive, commanding behavior from her superiors.", "She is also able to alter her facial features to a \"demonic\" aspect when attacking enemies or else responding to aggressive, commanding behavior from her superiors. Pirate Kitty Kitty tells Illyana a bedtime story and casts herself as Pirate Kitty Pryde, captain of the Abdul Alhazred, who operated in a magical world. Unlike her mainstream counterpart, she did not have any mutant powers and wore a classic pirate outfit which also included her Star of David necklace. She was also sometimes known as Colleen.", "She was also sometimes known as Colleen. She was also sometimes known as Colleen. Kitty was good friends of her version of Colossus, the Bamfs (Nightcrawler), Windrider (Storm), the \"Fiend-with-no-name\" (later revealed to be named \"Mean\") (Wolverine) and Lockheed (an alternative version of the X-Jet). Kitty also helped her versions of Professor X and Cyclops capture and cure that universe's version of Dark Phoenix.", "Kitty also helped her versions of Professor X and Cyclops capture and cure that universe's version of Dark Phoenix. At first she was only a fairy tale character, but later it is revealed that her fairy tale is actually an alternative universe. (In fact, several members of this universe, the Bamfs, would later come to Earth-616 to cause trouble.)", "(In fact, several members of this universe, the Bamfs, would later come to Earth-616 to cause trouble.) When Earth-616's Nightcrawler was temporarily stranded in her world, Kitty helped him defeat the sorcerer Shagreen and also encountered the Earth-616 versions of Illyana, Lockheed, and herself. Professor W's X-Men In the native universe of the Exiles member Nocturne, Kitty is a senior member of the X-Men led by Nightcrawler. She is a teacher and TJ refers to her as \"Aunt Kate\".", "She is a teacher and TJ refers to her as \"Aunt Kate\". During a fight with Apocalypse Kitty gets exposed to a machine that reverts her to a younger stage of her life when she had only been with the X-Men a few weeks. Nocturne helps Kitty fit into the school and becomes her best friend. She also proves useful in the fight against the Brotherhood led by Cyclops.", "She also proves useful in the fight against the Brotherhood led by Cyclops. Ruins Imprisoned alongside other mutants at a prison camp in Texas by President X, Kitty attempted to use her phasing powers to escape, only to get stuck halfway through her cell door, losing three feet of intestines in the process. Secret Wars (2015) During the Secret Wars storyline, a version of Kitty named Kitten resides in the wuxia-inspired K'un-L'un region of Battleworld.", "Secret Wars (2015) During the Secret Wars storyline, a version of Kitty named Kitten resides in the wuxia-inspired K'un-L'un region of Battleworld. In this reality, Kitten is a martial artist who joins Callisto's band of outcasts after being expelled from her school for attempting a forbidden technique, a side effect of which left her intangible. Kitten and her fellow outcasts became pupils of Shang-Chi, the exiled son of Emperor Zheng Zu.", "Kitten and her fellow outcasts became pupils of Shang-Chi, the exiled son of Emperor Zheng Zu. Dubbing their new school The Lowest Caste, Shang-Chi represents the group as their master for the tournament deciding the next Emperor of K'un-L'un, hoping to usurp his father's tyrannical rule. Kitten accompanies Shang-Chi for each of his fights in the Thirteen Chambers. During his final fight with Zu, Shang-Chi uses Kitten's technique of intangibility, which leads to his eventual victory and replaces his father as the new Emperor of K'un-L'un.", "During his final fight with Zu, Shang-Chi uses Kitten's technique of intangibility, which leads to his eventual victory and replaces his father as the new Emperor of K'un-L'un. Ultimate Marvel The Ultimate version of Shadowcat (Kitty Pryde) first appears as a 14-year-old girl in Ultimate X-Men #21. She is also Jewish and wears the Star of David around her neck, but does not appear to possess the same genius IQ as her mainstream (Earth-616) counterpart.", "She is also Jewish and wears the Star of David around her neck, but does not appear to possess the same genius IQ as her mainstream (Earth-616) counterpart. Kitty's mother, worried about Kitty's mutation, seeks help from Professor Charles Xavier. Kitty becomes a student at Xavier's school, when her mother allows her to attend under the condition she does not take part in any X-Men missions, nor train in any \"Danger Room\" simulations.", "Kitty becomes a student at Xavier's school, when her mother allows her to attend under the condition she does not take part in any X-Men missions, nor train in any \"Danger Room\" simulations. Kitty soon rebels against this and joins the X-Men as their youngest member. She idolizes Spider-Man and has a crush on him; she even dates Peter Parker for a time.", "She idolizes Spider-Man and has a crush on him; she even dates Peter Parker for a time. After a fierce argument with Professor Xavier concerning Peter's secret identity, which his Aunt May had just found out about, Kitty leaves the X-Men and enrolls in Peter's school.", "After a fierce argument with Professor Xavier concerning Peter's secret identity, which his Aunt May had just found out about, Kitty leaves the X-Men and enrolls in Peter's school. Their relationship is strained after their romantic involvement (as superheroes) becomes publicly known, making it impossible for them to date anymore in their civilian identities, and eventually comes to an end when Peter realizes he cannot get over his feelings for Mary Jane. However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him.", "However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him. However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him. Following the disastrous flood triggered by Magneto and the subsequent ban of public use of mutant powers, Kitty assumes the identity of the Shroud. Kitty also discovers that she can also decrease the space between her atoms make herself super-dense, giving her both superhuman strength and durability. When the authorities see Kitty as a threat, she enters into a fierce rage and demonstrates these powers for the first time to her friends.", "When the authorities see Kitty as a threat, she enters into a fierce rage and demonstrates these powers for the first time to her friends. She is strong and angry enough to punch Spider-Man several feet through the air. She eventually escapes and goes into hiding in the now abandoned Morlock Tunnel with Iceman and the Human Torch after Peter Parker's death. Kitty makes an appearance in Ultimate Comics: X, locating Jimmy Hudson, who is revealed to be Wolverine's son.", "Kitty makes an appearance in Ultimate Comics: X, locating Jimmy Hudson, who is revealed to be Wolverine's son. Kitty was charged by Logan before his death to locate Jimmy and reveal his true origins to him. After the death of Spider-Man she formed new team of X-Men consisting of herself, Iceman and the Human Torch. They soon rescued the mutant Rogue from the mutant-hunting Nimrod robots, going on to recruit Jimmy Hudson into their group as well.", "They soon rescued the mutant Rogue from the mutant-hunting Nimrod robots, going on to recruit Jimmy Hudson into their group as well. After killing the mutant-hunting William Stryker, Kitty decided to leave New York for the Southwest along with Bobby, Rogue, and Jimmy (leaving only Johnny behind) in order to save the mutants there and defeat the Nimrods, now controlled by the deceased Stryker's consciousness. Spider-Gwen In the reality where Gwen Stacy is Spider-Woman, Kitty is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.", "Spider-Gwen In the reality where Gwen Stacy is Spider-Woman, Kitty is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Black Ops department, where she works closely with Wolverine to keep him in check and to help him fight his immortal curse. Like the Age of Apocalypse version, she also wields artificial claws on her wrists. It's revealed that she works with Logan out of guilt, as Stryker forced her to use her powers to subject Logan to the Weapon X experiment.", "It's revealed that she works with Logan out of guilt, as Stryker forced her to use her powers to subject Logan to the Weapon X experiment. What If In What if Phoenix Had Not Died, Kitty is obliterated by Dark Phoenix before she destroyed the Earth. In What If the X-Men had Lost Inferno?, Kitty is one of the last eight remaining superheroes on the planet.", "In What If the X-Men had Lost Inferno?, Kitty is one of the last eight remaining superheroes on the planet. She is slain by a demonic Wolverine, but her death makes Wolverine come to his senses and he fights against Baron Mordo, who had joined up with the demon hordes. In What If... Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Kitty is the only hero left to kill a Hydra-programmed Wolverine after he has taken down the Marvel Universe.", "In What If... Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Kitty is the only hero left to kill a Hydra-programmed Wolverine after he has taken down the Marvel Universe. Kitty was the last remaining member of the team assembled to recapture Wolverine. The initial plan failed and Kitty was forced to phase her hand into Wolverine's brain. She then solidified her hand killing Wolverine instantly although she lost her hand in the process.", "She then solidified her hand killing Wolverine instantly although she lost her hand in the process. In What if Magneto and Professor X Had Formed The X-Men Together, Kitty is the tech guru at the Good Shepard clinic (That reality's version of the X-Mansion). She is very similar to her mainstream counterpart. But unlike the mainstream version this Kitty Pryde would wear different coloured wigs and cut her natural hair short.", "But unlike the mainstream version this Kitty Pryde would wear different coloured wigs and cut her natural hair short. She also had trouble with her powers since she would phase herself through a solid object and accidentally leave her clothes behind. She was also friends with Lockheed although she only called him Dragon. In What if Astonishing X-Men, Kitty is amongst the X-Men who fight a Phoenix powered Emma Frost. She phased Emma's heart from her chest but a Phoenix fire flares up from her body killing Kitty instantly.", "She phased Emma's heart from her chest but a Phoenix fire flares up from her body killing Kitty instantly. In the second story during the events of Astonishing X-Men #6-#12 Elixir had not been able to heal Kitty after being impaled and she dies. In \"What if the Dark Phoenix Rose Again\", Kitty has Colossus \"set up a fastball special\" to help her phase into a Master Mold. She is killed after solidifying inside the Master Mold's head destroying it in the process.", "She is killed after solidifying inside the Master Mold's head destroying it in the process. In What if Storm Had the Power of the Phoenix, Kitty helps revive the 'real' Storm (the Phoenix being the cosmic entity in Storm's shape) by phasing inside her body and getting her internal organs working again. X-Babies An X-Baby version of Shadowcat appears briefly in the X-Babies one-shot comic. She is wearing her original costume and is younger than the other X-Babies. She is named as Shadowkitty rather than Shadowcat or Kitty Pryde.", "She is named as Shadowkitty rather than Shadowcat or Kitty Pryde. She also doesn't seem to have a strong bond with the X-Baby version of Lockheed. X-Men Forever In the X-Men Forever series, Kitty and Nightcrawler have left Excalibur and rejoined the X-Men after the events of X-Men #1-3. Of the X-Men, she undergoes the most drastic changes from the events of X-Men Forever #1. During the battle with Fabian Cortez, she phases through Wolverine while he is being affected by Cortez's power.", "During the battle with Fabian Cortez, she phases through Wolverine while he is being affected by Cortez's power. This drives her powers haywire as well, and somehow she ends up with one of Wolverine's claws in her wrist. Claremont has also hinted in dialogue throughout the title so far that she may have also undergone psychological or psychic changes as a result of the event.", "Claremont has also hinted in dialogue throughout the title so far that she may have also undergone psychological or psychic changes as a result of the event. From Forever #4 to the current issue, she is shown to be able to use the claw in the exact method Wolverine would manifest it, with no apparent ill effects (the mechanism for this has not yet been made clear) outside of excruciating pain.", "From Forever #4 to the current issue, she is shown to be able to use the claw in the exact method Wolverine would manifest it, with no apparent ill effects (the mechanism for this has not yet been made clear) outside of excruciating pain. Because of the merger with Logan's DNA she has begun to develop a healing factor, slower than Wolverine's but it heals faster when she is intangible.", "Because of the merger with Logan's DNA she has begun to develop a healing factor, slower than Wolverine's but it heals faster when she is intangible. She has also slightly enhanced senses, she also can produce a set of five retractable claws on her left hand like Sabretooth. She has also begun to take on Logan's personality and memories as well. And because of this she is beginning to wonder what part of her truly remains the same.", "And because of this she is beginning to wonder what part of her truly remains the same. X-Men: Misfits In the X-Men: Misfits original English language manga one-shot graphic novel from Marvel and DelRay, Kitty is the newest and only female student of the all-male Xavier School for Gifted Youngsters, which is now experimenting with having a co-ed student body. As the sole girl, she becomes the center of attention and attraction for the rest of the students.", "As the sole girl, she becomes the center of attention and attraction for the rest of the students. She becomes a member and the mascot of the elitist fraternity, The Hellfire Club, and has a short-lived romantic relationship with the school troublemaker Pyro. X-Men: The End In the X-Men: The End future, Kitty Pryde becomes the mayor of Chicago and then President of the United States.", "X-Men: The End In the X-Men: The End future, Kitty Pryde becomes the mayor of Chicago and then President of the United States. She has three children: her eldest daughter, named Meredith, and twins 10 years younger than Meredith, Sara and Doug, with an unnamed partner who died protecting her from an assassination attempt. Miscellaneous In Excalibur #103, we see many alternative versions of Shadowcat.", "Miscellaneous In Excalibur #103, we see many alternative versions of Shadowcat. Many of these variations have appeared in other comics, such as Age of Apocalypse, but there were other variations, including one of her as a Phalanx convert, a sex dominatrix, a homeless person, a nun, a version wearing a costume similar to Phantom Girl, and a normal person who owns an Olde Curiosity Shoppe.", "Many of these variations have appeared in other comics, such as Age of Apocalypse, but there were other variations, including one of her as a Phalanx convert, a sex dominatrix, a homeless person, a nun, a version wearing a costume similar to Phantom Girl, and a normal person who owns an Olde Curiosity Shoppe. In New Mutants #63 Illyana (Magik), along with Lockheed, gets trapped on an alien spaceship that has been invaded by a Brood Queen.", "In New Mutants #63 Illyana (Magik), along with Lockheed, gets trapped on an alien spaceship that has been invaded by a Brood Queen. On this ship the Brood Queen created clones of the X-Men, including Kitty. This one had the Ariel suit on, but it was green, instead of the typical blue. These X-Men are implanted with Brood eggs. Her memories were altered by the Brood Queen like the other X-Men, but eventually they rebel against her and are free.", "Her memories were altered by the Brood Queen like the other X-Men, but eventually they rebel against her and are free. Illyana uses the soulsword to eliminate the Brood Eggs from their bodies. The X-Men stay on the ship; whether they are still on it is unknown. During the Cross Time Caper storyline a few different appearances of Kitty appear. One was a princess who was gifted with magic abilities. She eventually married a short dashing prince (who had originally fallen in love with the mainstream version of Kitty).", "She eventually married a short dashing prince (who had originally fallen in love with the mainstream version of Kitty). A second version was a crime boss who was betrayed and killed by her partner in crime Illiyana Rasputin. A third was from a world of sentient dinosaurs. She went by the name of Shadowcompsognathus. Collected editions Several of Kitty Pryde's earlier adventures were collected in paperback form. In other media Music Kitty Pryde is referenced in Weezer's song \"In the Garage\" from their \"Blue Album\".", "In other media Music Kitty Pryde is referenced in Weezer's song \"In the Garage\" from their \"Blue Album\". Television Kitty Pryde appeared as Sprite in \"The X-Men Adventure\" episode of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which guest-starred the X-Men. She was voiced by Melissa Sue Anderson. She also appeared in her short-lived \"Ariel\" costume in the X-Men group cameo at the end of the episode \"The Education of a Superhero\".", "She also appeared in her short-lived \"Ariel\" costume in the X-Men group cameo at the end of the episode \"The Education of a Superhero\". Kitty Pryde (voiced by Kath Soucie) was a viewpoint character in the animated television one-shot Pryde of the X-Men, as the newest member of the team. She is a new recruit of the team and is initially frightened of Nightcrawler, due to his demonic appearance. She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto.", "She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto. She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto. Once Nightcrawler seemingly dies as a result of having apparently sacrificed himself, Kitty begins to cry until discovering that he is alive and is met with positive relations by her teammates, except Wolverine. As the pilot was a failure, and the character had lost prominence in comics at the time, she was not used in the next X-Men TV series, not even in cameos.", "As the pilot was a failure, and the character had lost prominence in comics at the time, she was not used in the next X-Men TV series, not even in cameos. Jubilee replaced her as the young viewpoint character, and in the adaptations of stories that involved her. In the animated series X-Men: Evolution, Shadowcat is a main character, who is shown as the teenybopper of the team and who has a romantic interest in Brotherhood member Lance Alvers.", "In the animated series X-Men: Evolution, Shadowcat is a main character, who is shown as the teenybopper of the team and who has a romantic interest in Brotherhood member Lance Alvers. Shadowcat saves Wolverine in the season one episode \"Grim Reminder\", where she unintentionally stows away with Nightcrawler while on the Blackbird without the knowledge that he was beginning to pilot the jet. She is also shown to have developed a close friendship with Nightcrawler, despite the fact that she at first displayed a dislike for his appearance.", "She is also shown to have developed a close friendship with Nightcrawler, despite the fact that she at first displayed a dislike for his appearance. Besides Nightcrawler, she is shown to have formed a friendship with Rogue and Spyke. Her initial dislike of his appearance changes after he is severely wounded by Rogue, while she and the rest of the X-Men tried to recruit her.", "Her initial dislike of his appearance changes after he is severely wounded by Rogue, while she and the rest of the X-Men tried to recruit her. In this series, she does not have Lockheed for a pet, but she is shown preferring to sleep with a stuffed dragon instead of a teddy bear. Though she has an on-and-off interest in the delinquent mutant boy Lance Alvers, early in the series she displays interest in Cyclops.", "Though she has an on-and-off interest in the delinquent mutant boy Lance Alvers, early in the series she displays interest in Cyclops. After Rogue is recruited, she serves as her support in beginning a romantic relationship with Scott and develops a friendship with her, despite their differences. When Avalanche tries to join the X-Men in the season two episode \"Joyride\", she tries to help him and shows additional attraction to him as she grades him and the other members of the junior team.", "When Avalanche tries to join the X-Men in the season two episode \"Joyride\", she tries to help him and shows additional attraction to him as she grades him and the other members of the junior team. After he informs her that some members of the group have started a joyride on the Blackbird and helps her avert catastrophe, she staunchly defends him once he is accused by Cyclops of being responsible. When Avalanche starts to leave, Shadowcat gives him a brief kiss before his departure.", "When Avalanche starts to leave, Shadowcat gives him a brief kiss before his departure. Their relationship continues with the two of them going to a school dance, talking on the phone and going to the mall. Despite being with the Brotherhood, Avalanche tries to protect Kitty in the fight against the Scarlet Witch. In season 3, Kitty and Lance's relationship briefly ends after the Brotherhood and Mystique blow up the X Mansion and are in part responsible for the exposure of mutants.", "In season 3, Kitty and Lance's relationship briefly ends after the Brotherhood and Mystique blow up the X Mansion and are in part responsible for the exposure of mutants. Kitty calls Lance a \"hood\" after he attacks the high school and he says \"he will never be good enough for her\". Both look sad at these comments. In the fourth season, the X-Men try to use her powers to damage one of Apocalypse's domes and fails, instead being electrocuted briefly.", "In the fourth season, the X-Men try to use her powers to damage one of Apocalypse's domes and fails, instead being electrocuted briefly. In the fiftieth episode of the series, entitled \"Ghost of a Chance\", she comes across Danielle Moonstar once she depicts herself in a dream sequence to her. Once she wakes out of it, she tries to and successfully finds her, becoming friends with the girl after learning she had been in suspended animation for two years.", "Once she wakes out of it, she tries to and successfully finds her, becoming friends with the girl after learning she had been in suspended animation for two years. Prior to this, it is discovered that her fear is phasing repeatedly into the ground and going further without any control of where she is going. Shadowcat plays a key role in the defeat of Apocalypse and asks the Brotherhood for help. They come to her aid; as Lance and Kitty resume their romantic relationship.", "They come to her aid; as Lance and Kitty resume their romantic relationship. Of the six main X-Men from the first season of the series, she is one of the four that is still a member of the team in the future Charles Xavier saw while in the mind of Apocalypse. Shadowcat was voiced by Maggie Blue O'Hara. Shadowcat appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Danielle Judovits and was a student at the Xavier Institute before the destruction of the X-Mansion and disappearance of Professor X.", "Shadowcat appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Danielle Judovits and was a student at the Xavier Institute before the destruction of the X-Mansion and disappearance of Professor X. When Wolverine reformed the X-Men to take down the Mutant Response Division and save the dismal future controlled by the Sentinels, Kitty was on her way to the \"mutant paradise\" Genosha. The X-Men came to re-recruit her and she immediately rejoined the team.", "The X-Men came to re-recruit her and she immediately rejoined the team. Shadowcat appears as the youngest member of the team and she seems to have a crush on Iceman as she is jealous when his attention is taken by Emma Frost and is shown with a love-struck face when she lands on Bobby during a Danger Room training session, though she quickly moves away from him when Angel arrives. She seems to have formed a friendship with Tildie Soames after babysitting her in one episode.", "She seems to have formed a friendship with Tildie Soames after babysitting her in one episode. In the last episode of the series, she uses her powers to penetrate a Sentinel controlled by Magneto, of which Beast had difficulty with. Her design is inspired by the appearance of the character in the Astonishing X-Men comics, and her costume emulates the design with the appearance of the blue and yellow used on her costume.", "Her design is inspired by the appearance of the character in the Astonishing X-Men comics, and her costume emulates the design with the appearance of the blue and yellow used on her costume. The shorts she wears are based on the appearances of the original X-Men, and her first appearance when she wore a variant of the uniform. Shadowcat appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"And Lo...A Pilot Shall Come\".", "Shadowcat appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"And Lo...A Pilot Shall Come\". She appears alongside Colossus at the unveiling of the Great Wall that separates Super Hero City from Villainville and helping citizens into the S.H.I.E.L.D. Shelters. In the episode \"Mysterious Mayhem at Mutant Academy\", she uses Lockheed to chase Reptil and the hypnotized X-Men out of the girls' bathroom. Motion comics Shadowcat appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, voiced by Eileen Stevens and later by Laura Harris.", "Motion comics Shadowcat appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, voiced by Eileen Stevens and later by Laura Harris. Film In the film X-Men, she has a small cameo, played by Sumela Kay. She is referenced as the \"girl in Illinois who can walk through walls\" by Senator Kelly. She is shown in Xavier's class when Wolverine walks in; she returns for her books which she had left behind, grabs them, and phases through the door on her way out.", "She is shown in Xavier's class when Wolverine walks in; she returns for her books which she had left behind, grabs them, and phases through the door on her way out. Xavier responds with a cheerful \"Bye, Kitty\" while Wolverine looks on, startled. In X2, she has a brief appearance played by Katie Stuart. She is shown phasing through walls and through people to escape William Stryker's military forces during their attack on the X-Mansion.", "She is shown phasing through walls and through people to escape William Stryker's military forces during their attack on the X-Mansion. Another scene shows her falling through her bed to avoid an assault. She shares a room with Siryn; in the novelization it is stated that this is because her phasing ability gives her partial protection from Siryn's scream. When the President of the United States asks Professor Xavier how he got the files he gave him, Xavier replies that he knows a little girl who can walk through walls.", "When the President of the United States asks Professor Xavier how he got the files he gave him, Xavier replies that he knows a little girl who can walk through walls. In X-Men: The Last Stand, she is portrayed by a pre-transition Elliot Page, and has a central role. She serves as a rival to Rogue for the romantic attentions of Iceman, since their close friendship and their kiss (deleted scene) make Rogue increasingly jealous and frustrated.", "She serves as a rival to Rogue for the romantic attentions of Iceman, since their close friendship and their kiss (deleted scene) make Rogue increasingly jealous and frustrated. She also joins the X-Men in the battle on Alcatraz Island, breaking off from the battle to save Leech from the Juggernaut. In the novelization of the film, it is hinted that at some point Kitty had a romantic relationship with Colossus, but that it had long since run its course, although Colossus appears to still retain feelings towards her.", "In the novelization of the film, it is hinted that at some point Kitty had a romantic relationship with Colossus, but that it had long since run its course, although Colossus appears to still retain feelings towards her. Page reprised the role in X-Men: Days of Future Past. Pryde is the prime facilitator because she has developed a new power. In this film, she can send the consciousness of another person back into his or her body in the past.", "In this film, she can send the consciousness of another person back into his or her body in the past. At the beginning of the film, she has been using this ability to repeatedly send Bishop four days back in time whenever the Sentinels attack, thus; preventing her group from ever engaging them by having him warn the past team before they are detected.", "At the beginning of the film, she has been using this ability to repeatedly send Bishop four days back in time whenever the Sentinels attack, thus; preventing her group from ever engaging them by having him warn the past team before they are detected. In order to prevent the Sentinels' creation, she sends Wolverine back to 1973 (chosen as the strain of sending someone else back that far would snap their mind, with Logan's healing factor the only thing that makes such a trip survivable for him) and was gravely injured when Wolverine becomes violent; due to provocation from events in 1973.", "In order to prevent the Sentinels' creation, she sends Wolverine back to 1973 (chosen as the strain of sending someone else back that far would snap their mind, with Logan's healing factor the only thing that makes such a trip survivable for him) and was gravely injured when Wolverine becomes violent; due to provocation from events in 1973. After the timeline was successfully altered, Kitty is seen teaching a class at the X-Mansion with Colossus.", "After the timeline was successfully altered, Kitty is seen teaching a class at the X-Mansion with Colossus. In the film's alternate release, called The Rogue Cut, Kitty's injuries from sending Wolverine back to the past result in the X-Men rescuing Rogue to take over for her. Rogue absorbs Kitty's powers and takes over, stabilizing Wolverine and Kitty helps Magneto flee a Sentinel attack.", "Rogue absorbs Kitty's powers and takes over, stabilizing Wolverine and Kitty helps Magneto flee a Sentinel attack. In January 2018, a Kitty Pryde solo movie was announced to be in development, with Tim Miller attached as the director and Brian Michael Bendis as the writer, but in March 2019, after Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox, Fox executive Emma Watts described The New Mutants as the final film in the X-Men series, thus; ending the development of the Kitty Pryde film.", "In January 2018, a Kitty Pryde solo movie was announced to be in development, with Tim Miller attached as the director and Brian Michael Bendis as the writer, but in March 2019, after Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox, Fox executive Emma Watts described The New Mutants as the final film in the X-Men series, thus; ending the development of the Kitty Pryde film. Video games Kitty Pryde appears in Konami's 1992 X-Men video arcade game, as a non-playable character (NPC).", "Video games Kitty Pryde appears in Konami's 1992 X-Men video arcade game, as a non-playable character (NPC). In this game, she is not known as \"Sprite\"; instead, she plays the \"damsel in distress\" role as it is based on \"Pryde of the X-Men\". In the 2010 re-release of the game she is voiced by Mela Lee. Shadowcat is a playable character in the game X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants.", "Shadowcat is a playable character in the game X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants. Shadowcat appears as an NPC in the X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Kim Mai Guest. She has special dialogue with Colossus (who she scolds for flirting with Scarlet Witch). Shadowcat appears in X-Men: The Official Game, with Kim Mai Guest reprising her role. Shadowcat is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tara Strong.", "Shadowcat is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tara Strong. In X-Men: Destiny, Gambit mentions that the U-Men had captured Kitty and extracted bits of her power. Gambit obtains a vial of a substance which temporarily lets the character fall through the roof (if the player chose the correct option). Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the X-Men: Days of Future Past app game.", "Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the X-Men: Days of Future Past app game. Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the online MMO Marvel Heroes, with Danielle Judovits reprising her role. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force. Novels Kitty Pryde appears in the X-Men/Star Trek crossover novel Planet X.", "Novels Kitty Pryde appears in the X-Men/Star Trek crossover novel Planet X. In it, she is examined by Geordi La Forge, who notes the similarities between her ability and the chroniton displacement he and Ro Laren experienced in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \"The Next Phase\". Reception Kitty Pryde has been well received as a comic book character and as a member of the X-Men. Wizard magazine put her at number #13 in 200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time.", "Wizard magazine put her at number #13 in 200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time. She was the highest female comic character in the list beating rivals such as Wonder Woman, Buffy Summers, and She-Hulk. IGN ranked her as the 47th greatest comic book hero of all time stating that \"as X-Men writers have often found it useful to introduce younger teen recruits to offset the experienced members of the team, Kitty Pryde set the standard when she debuted, and none have surpassed her\".", "IGN ranked her as the 47th greatest comic book hero of all time stating that \"as X-Men writers have often found it useful to introduce younger teen recruits to offset the experienced members of the team, Kitty Pryde set the standard when she debuted, and none have surpassed her\". IGN rated Kitty Pryde #3 on its list of the Top 25 X-Men from the Past 40 Years describing her as the mutant everyman, the common girl turned superhero; IGN also stated that as her pet dragon, Lockheed, \"became instantly attached to Kitty, [they] were hooked early on\".", "IGN rated Kitty Pryde #3 on its list of the Top 25 X-Men from the Past 40 Years describing her as the mutant everyman, the common girl turned superhero; IGN also stated that as her pet dragon, Lockheed, \"became instantly attached to Kitty, [they] were hooked early on\". Marvel.com ranked her as the tenth greatest X-Men member stating that \"unquestionably, the dynamic of the X-Men shifted entirely when teenage whiz kid Kitty Pryde joined the team in the early 1980s\"; Marvel.com also stated that even though Kitty has since blossomed into a young woman of considerable maturity and power, she remains the access point to the X-Men for countless readers.", "Marvel.com ranked her as the tenth greatest X-Men member stating that \"unquestionably, the dynamic of the X-Men shifted entirely when teenage whiz kid Kitty Pryde joined the team in the early 1980s\"; Marvel.com also stated that even though Kitty has since blossomed into a young woman of considerable maturity and power, she remains the access point to the X-Men for countless readers. A later list on Marvel's website, ranking the top 50 X-Men characters, placed her in first place, citing the ease of identifying with her for the audience, and her development over the years.", "A later list on Marvel's website, ranking the top 50 X-Men characters, placed her in first place, citing the ease of identifying with her for the audience, and her development over the years. Notes References External links Kitty Pryde at Marvel.com UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Shadowcat American superheroes Characters created by Chris Claremont Characters created by John Byrne (comics) Comics characters introduced in 1980 Excalibur (comics) Female characters in animation Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional American Jews in comics Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional dancers Fictional female ninja Fictional linguists Fictional mayors Fictional schoolteachers Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional women soldiers and warriors Jewish superheroes Marvel Comics female superheroes Marvel Comics film characters Marvel Comics LGBT superheroes Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics mutants S.H.I.E.L.D.", "Notes References External links Kitty Pryde at Marvel.com UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Shadowcat American superheroes Characters created by Chris Claremont Characters created by John Byrne (comics) Comics characters introduced in 1980 Excalibur (comics) Female characters in animation Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional American Jews in comics Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional dancers Fictional female ninja Fictional linguists Fictional mayors Fictional schoolteachers Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional women soldiers and warriors Jewish superheroes Marvel Comics female superheroes Marvel Comics film characters Marvel Comics LGBT superheroes Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics mutants S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Teenage characters in comics X-Men members" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Fictional character biography", "How did Kitty Pryde get her superpowers?", "Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers.", "Where was she born?", "Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde." ]

[ "Sarah Kramer is a Canadian vegan cookbook author. She is the best-selling author of How It All Vegan, The Garden of Vegan, La Dolce Vegan! and Vegan A Go-Go!. In 2012, she released Go Vegan! w/Sarah Kramer, one of the world's first vegan cookbook iPhone/iPad apps. \nKramer has written for publications such as Herbivore Magazine, Veg News and Shared Vision. She runs a popular vegan website/blog at govegan.net. She had a small vegan boutique called Sarah's Place that opened in 2011 and closed 2 years later after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Sarah did treatment in 2013 and now works full time at the business Tattoo Zoo that she co-owns with her wife, Geri Kramer in Victoria, BC. Sarah and Geri have a podcast called Meet The Kramers in which they discuss their 25-year marriage in relation to Geri's coming out as a trans woman in 2019.\n\nBooks\n How It All Vegan (with Tanya Barnard) (1999) \n The Garden Of Vegan (with Tanya Barnard) (2003) \n La Dolce Vegan (2005) \n Vegan A Go-Go! (2008) \n How It All Vegan: 10th Anniversary Edition (2009)\n\nPodcast \n\n Meet The Kramers podcast\n\nSee also\n Vegan\n List of vegans\n\nReferences\n\nInterviews and articles\n Article in Shared Vision\n Podcast Interview on Vegan Freak Radio\n Interview with The Cookbook Store\n Interview with Abebooks.com\n\nExternal links\n Meet The Kramers podcast\n Tattoo Zoo\n Sarah's Blog\n GoVegan.net, Sarah's website\n Arsenal Pulp Press, Sarah's publisher\n\nChefs of vegan cuisine\nCanadian women chefs\nCanadian food writers\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nWriters from Regina, Saskatchewan\nCanadian cookbook writers\nVegan cookbook writers", "The 1980 United States Olympic trials for track and field were held at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon. These were the first such trials organized by the new national governing body for the sport of track and field, The Athletics Congress formed one year earlier as required by the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. Previous trials had been organized by the AAU. The eight-day competition lasted from June 21 until June 29.\n\nUnlike any of the previous or subsequent years, the Olympic trials in 1980 did not select representatives to the 1980 Summer Olympics. By this point in the year, President Jimmy Carter had already announced the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and its flagrant human rights violations. This affected the competition. Some athletes did not compete or did not persevere through illness or injury as they might have if Olympic bids were on the line. Subsequently, some athletes, notably Tom Hintnaus and Gary Fanelli, chose to compete for other countries. Others like Franklin Jacobs retired.\n\nThe only qualifiers to another meet from this meet came from two women's exhibition events, the 400 m hurdles and 5000 meters, who were invited to the 1980 World Championships in Athletics. Many of the top 3 from this meet ran in the alternative to the Olympics, the Liberty Bell Classic, a few weeks later.\n\nThe trials for the men's and women's marathon were held May 24 in Buffalo, New York, and the trials for the men's 50 km race walk were held May 10 in Niagara Falls, New York.\n\nMen's results\nKey:\n.\n\nMen track events\n\nMen field events\n\nNotes\n\nWomen's results\n\nWomen track events\n\nWomen field events\n\nExternal links\nMen's 5000m Highlights \nHeptathlon and women's shot put Highlights\n\nReferences\n\nUS Olympic Trials\nTrack, Outdoor\nUnited States Summer Olympics Trials\nOlympic Trials (track and field)\nOlympic Trials (track and field)" ]

[ "Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men. The character first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980) and was co-created by writer-artist John Byrne and Chris Claremont. A mutant, Pryde possesses a \"phasing\" ability that allows her, as well as objects or people she is in contact with, to become intangible. This power also disrupts any electrical field she passes through, and lets her simulate levitation.", "This power also disrupts any electrical field she passes through, and lets her simulate levitation. The youngest to join the X-Men, she was first portrayed as a \"kid sister\" to many older members of the group, filling the role of literary foil to the more established characters. She occasionally used the codenames Sprite and Ariel, cycling through several uniforms until settling for her trademark black-and-gold costume.", "She occasionally used the codenames Sprite and Ariel, cycling through several uniforms until settling for her trademark black-and-gold costume. During the miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine, she was renamed Shadowcat, the alias she would be most associated with, and shifted to a more mature depiction in her subsequent appearances. Pryde would eventually abandon her nickname, \"Kitty\", and switch to \"Kate\". She was one of the main cast of characters depicted in the original Excalibur title.", "She was one of the main cast of characters depicted in the original Excalibur title. After momentarily joining the Guardians of the Galaxy, she assumed her then-fiancé's superhero identity as the Star-Lord (Star-Lady). As of the series Marauders, she is now informally known as Captain Kate Pryde and the Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company. In the X-Men film series, Kitty Pryde was initially portrayed by young actresses in cameos; Sumela Kay in X-Men (2000) and Katie Stuart in X2 (2003).", "In the X-Men film series, Kitty Pryde was initially portrayed by young actresses in cameos; Sumela Kay in X-Men (2000) and Katie Stuart in X2 (2003). Later, a pre-transition Elliot Page portrayed the character in X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) and X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014) in full-length appearances. Pryde is ranked #47 in IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.", "Pryde is ranked #47 in IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes. Publication history Kitty Pryde was introduced into the X-Men title as the result of an editorial dictate that the book was supposed to depict a school for mutants. Uncanny X-Men artist John Byrne named Kitty Pryde after a classmate he met in art school, Alberta College of Art and Design in Calgary in 1973. He had told Pryde he liked her name and asked for permission to use it, promising to name his first original comics character after her.", "He had told Pryde he liked her name and asked for permission to use it, promising to name his first original comics character after her. Byrne drew the character to slightly resemble an adolescent Sigourney Weaver. The fictional Kitty Pryde first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980), by writer Chris Claremont and artist Byrne, as a highly intelligent 13-year-old girl. Claremont said several elements of the character's personality were derived from those of X-Men editor Louise Simonson's daughter, Julie.", "Claremont said several elements of the character's personality were derived from those of X-Men editor Louise Simonson's daughter, Julie. Claremont and Byrne made the new character a full-fledged X-Man in issue #139, where she was codenamed \"Sprite\". She was the main character in issues #141–142, the \"Days of Future Past\" storyline, where she is possessed by her older self, whose consciousness time travels to the past to prevent a mass extermination of mutants.", "She was the main character in issues #141–142, the \"Days of Future Past\" storyline, where she is possessed by her older self, whose consciousness time travels to the past to prevent a mass extermination of mutants. The six-issue miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (1984–1985), written by Claremont, is a coming-of-age storyline in which she matures from a girl to a young woman, adopting the new name \"Shadowcat\".", "The six-issue miniseries Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (1984–1985), written by Claremont, is a coming-of-age storyline in which she matures from a girl to a young woman, adopting the new name \"Shadowcat\". In the late 1980s, Kitty joined the British-based super team, Excalibur, where she remained for roughly ten years before coming back to the X-Men. In the early 2000s, she disappeared from the spotlight after semi-retiring from superhero work.", "In the early 2000s, she disappeared from the spotlight after semi-retiring from superhero work. She was featured in the 2002 mini-series Mekanix and came back to the main X-Men books in 2004 under the pen of Joss Whedon in Astonishing X-Men. She remained a part of the X-Men books until 2008 when she left again for roughly 2 years. After coming back, she was featured in Jason Aaron's Wolverine and the X-Men and Brian Michael Bendis' All-New X-Men books. In early 2015, she joined the Guardians of the Galaxy.", "In early 2015, she joined the Guardians of the Galaxy. After the Secret Wars event, she adopted her new alias, Star-Lord (first believed to be Star-Lady). In 2020, Kitty Pryde was revealed to be bisexual. Her co-creator, Chris Claremont, had always intended this to be the case, considering Rachel Summers as a possible love interest for Pryde. However, Claremont wasn't allowed to show this at the time due to censorship, as he revealed on the \"Xplain the X-Men\" podcast in 2016.", "However, Claremont wasn't allowed to show this at the time due to censorship, as he revealed on the \"Xplain the X-Men\" podcast in 2016. Shadowcat's popularity had a profound effect on the real-life Kitty Pryde: the latter became so overwhelmed by attention from Shadowcat fans, she abbreviated her name to K.D. Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart.", "Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart. Pryde to avoid association with her fictional counterpart. She has since stated she has mixed feelings about her fame, saying she values Byrne's comics for their entertainment and artistic value, but wishes more people would appreciate her as more than just Shadowcat's namesake. Fictional character biography Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde.", "Fictional character biography Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde. She is an Ashkenazi Jewish-American and her paternal grandfather, Samuel Prydeman, was held in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers. She was approached by both the X-Men's Charles Xavier and the Hellfire Club's White Queen, Emma Frost, both of whom hoped to recruit her for their respective causes.", "She was approached by both the X-Men's Charles Xavier and the Hellfire Club's White Queen, Emma Frost, both of whom hoped to recruit her for their respective causes. Kitty was unnerved by Frost, observing that the White Queen looked at her as if she were \"something good to eat.\" She got along better with Xavier and the three X-Men who escorted him, quickly becoming friends with Ororo Munroe.", "She got along better with Xavier and the three X-Men who escorted him, quickly becoming friends with Ororo Munroe. Ororo told Kitty who she really was and about the X-Men, which made the teenager even more enthusiastic about attending Xavier's school. Their conversation was cut short when they (along with Wolverine and Colossus) were attacked by armored mercenaries in the employ of Frost and the Hellfire Club. The X-Men defeated their assailants, but were subdued by the White Queen's telepathic powers immediately after.", "The X-Men defeated their assailants, but were subdued by the White Queen's telepathic powers immediately after. In the confusion, Kitty was separated from the X-Men, and not captured along with them. She managed to contact Cyclops, Phoenix, and Nightcrawler. With the help of Dazzler and Pryde, those X-Men rescued their teammates from the Hellfire Club. The White Queen appeared to perish in the battle, which meant she was no longer competing with Xavier for the approval of Kitty's parents.", "The White Queen appeared to perish in the battle, which meant she was no longer competing with Xavier for the approval of Kitty's parents. Kitty's parents had not heard from her in more than a day, because during that time she was first being pursued by the Hellfire Club's men and then working with the X-Men to save their friends.", "Kitty's parents had not heard from her in more than a day, because during that time she was first being pursued by the Hellfire Club's men and then working with the X-Men to save their friends. All they knew was Kitty had left with Xavier's \"students\" to get a soda, there had been reports that the soda shop had been blown up, and Kitty had been missing since. Therefore, they were angry at Xavier when he finally returned with Kitty in tow.", "Therefore, they were angry at Xavier when he finally returned with Kitty in tow. At first, it seemed like there was no chance of Kitty being allowed to attend the school and join the X-Men. Phoenix then used her considerable telepathic power to erase the memories of Kitty's parents and plant false ones, resulting in a complete shift in their attitude towards Xavier. Kitty was then allowed to enroll at Xavier's school with her parents' blessing, becoming the youngest member of the team.", "Kitty was then allowed to enroll at Xavier's school with her parents' blessing, becoming the youngest member of the team. Joining the X-Men Kitty joined the X-Men, and assumed the costumed identity of Sprite. Early in her career as an X-Man, Kitty's adult self from an alternate future took possession of her body in the present to help X-Men thwart the assassination of Senator Robert Kelly by the second Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon.", "Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon. Kitty then singlehandedly defeated a N'Garai demon. Kitty also briefly attended the White Queen's Massachusetts Academy when her parents became convinced that she needed to be with students of her own age, but following a failed attempt to subdue the X-Men, Frost revoked Kitty's admission. During her teen years, Kitty fostered a number of close relationships with others at the school and in the X-Men. She developed a crush on Colossus and became close friends with his little sister Illyana Rasputin.", "She developed a crush on Colossus and became close friends with his little sister Illyana Rasputin. Initially uneasy around Nightcrawler and other mutants with physical deformities, Kitty finally overcame her fears and became close friends with him. Kitty also befriended Lockheed, a highly intelligent alien resembling a dragon, who followed her home after a mission in outer space. Lockheed is extremely loyal to Kitty, and the two of them share a psychic bond. Wolverine became something of a mentor to Kitty despite his usually gruff personality.", "Wolverine became something of a mentor to Kitty despite his usually gruff personality. Storm came to view Kitty as the daughter she never had. Though Xavier has threatened to reassign Kitty to the New Mutants, a team of younger mutants he established in the absence of the X-Men, ever since the X-Men returned from outer space, she never ended up joining the group, who she derisively calls the \"X-Babies\". Kitty was later abducted by the Morlocks and nearly forced to wed Caliban.", "Kitty was later abducted by the Morlocks and nearly forced to wed Caliban. She was then abducted by the White Queen, but rescued by the New Mutants. During this time, Kitty began to date Colossus, although this did not last long. Colossus developed feelings for an alien woman named Zsaji whom he met on the Beyonder's planet in the first Secret Wars. Colossus' feelings toward Zsaji were primarily a side effect of her own unique healing abilities, which she had used on him after he became injured.", "Colossus' feelings toward Zsaji were primarily a side effect of her own unique healing abilities, which she had used on him after he became injured. Regardless, Colossus' feelings were real and he returned to Earth consumed with grief after Zsaji's death. He admitted to Kitty that he loved Zsaji, which hurt her deeply and ended the budding romantic relationship.", "He admitted to Kitty that he loved Zsaji, which hurt her deeply and ended the budding romantic relationship. Kitty had made good friends with a local boy from Salem Central named Doug Ramsey around this time, but her feelings for him never went as deep as his for her, and they never actually dated, though they remained close, even more so after Doug's status as a mutant was revealed and he joined the New Mutants under the codename Cypher. They remained friends until his death some time later.", "They remained friends until his death some time later. They remained friends until his death some time later. Ogun During the 1984–1985 Kitty Pryde and Wolverine miniseries, Kitty is possessed by a demon, the ninja Ogun. Ogun psychically bestows upon Kitty a virtual lifetime of martial arts training. Kitty was brainwashed by Ogun into becoming a ninja assassin, and was sent to attack Wolverine.", "Kitty was brainwashed by Ogun into becoming a ninja assassin, and was sent to attack Wolverine. Kitty is able to resist Ogun's influence with Wolverine's help, and the two form a strong teacher/student bond, which helps them in vanquishing Ogun. Kitty returns to the X-Men, no longer the innocent girl they once knew, and officially adopts the codename Shadowcat.", "Kitty returns to the X-Men, no longer the innocent girl they once knew, and officially adopts the codename Shadowcat. Morlock Massacre While trying to save Rogue, Kitty was badly injured by Harpoon's energy spear during the Mutant Massacre story arc, in the massacre of the Morlocks, with the result that she lost control of her power and was stuck in an intangible state and could not regain her solidity. She was rushed to Muir Island along with other surviving casualties of the Massacre to be tended to by Moira MacTaggert.", "She was rushed to Muir Island along with other surviving casualties of the Massacre to be tended to by Moira MacTaggert. MacTaggert was able to keep Kitty's condition from deteriorating to the point where she completely lost physical substance and ceased to exist, but was not able to do any more to help her. At this time, Kitty's natural state was to be intangible. Where she once had to make a conscious effort to phase, she could now only maintain her solidity through an act of conscious will.", "Where she once had to make a conscious effort to phase, she could now only maintain her solidity through an act of conscious will. The X-Men went to Reed Richards, Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four, for aid, but Richards initially refused because he was not sure he would be able to help. Having nowhere else to go, the X-Men turned to Richards' enemy Doctor Doom.", "Having nowhere else to go, the X-Men turned to Richards' enemy Doctor Doom. This created a moral dilemma for both the X-Men and the Fantastic Four, and both teams fought each other because the Fantastic Four were trying to stop the treatment while the X-Men were determined to save Kitty's life. In the end, both the personal crisis of the Fantastic Four and the life of Shadowcat were saved after Franklin Richards, with the help of Lockheed, brought both teams to their senses.", "In the end, both the personal crisis of the Fantastic Four and the life of Shadowcat were saved after Franklin Richards, with the help of Lockheed, brought both teams to their senses. Kitty has since recovered from this state and now has full control over her power again. Excalibur Among the others injured and brought to Muir Isle were Colossus and Nightcrawler, although Colossus left the United Kingdom shortly after being released from MacTaggert's care to join the rest of the X-Men on their mission to battle the Adversary.", "Excalibur Among the others injured and brought to Muir Isle were Colossus and Nightcrawler, although Colossus left the United Kingdom shortly after being released from MacTaggert's care to join the rest of the X-Men on their mission to battle the Adversary. The X-Men sacrificed their lives to defeat the Adversary, the battle and their sacrifice was televised and broadcast across the world.", "The X-Men sacrificed their lives to defeat the Adversary, the battle and their sacrifice was televised and broadcast across the world. The X-Men were resurrected later in the same issue, unknown to the world at large, but chose to keep a low profile and perpetuate the belief that they were still dead. This strategy was enforced to more effectively fight their enemies. This meant avoiding contact with friends and family, including Kitty.", "This meant avoiding contact with friends and family, including Kitty. Thinking the X-Men were dead, Kitty and Nightcrawler joined Rachel Summers, Captain Britain, and Meggan to form the Britain-based team Excalibur. For a brief time, Kitty studied at St. Searle's School for Girls in Britain. During her time with Excalibur, Kitty developed a crush on Professor Alistaire Stuart which went unreciprocated since Alistaire was attracted to Rachel. Later, she was romantically involved with former Black Air agent Pete Wisdom.", "Later, she was romantically involved with former Black Air agent Pete Wisdom. At some point Kitty was recruited by the international law enforcement agency S.H.I.E.L.D. to repair the computer system of their flying headquarters. Kitty discovered the problem was due to Ogun's spirit having infiltrated the computer system, and with the aid of Wolverine, she managed to purge Ogun's presence. During this time, Kitty was attracted to a S.H.I.E.L.D. intern her own age, and this made her begin to doubt her relationship with Wisdom.", "intern her own age, and this made her begin to doubt her relationship with Wisdom. Soon after, she broke off their relationship. Back to the X-Men After Excalibur's dissolution, Shadowcat, Nightcrawler, and Colossus return to the X-Men. While returning, they faced a group of imposters following Cerebro, in the guise of Professor X. While tracking Mystique, she stumbles onto prophetic diaries that belonged to Irene Adler, a precognitive. During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha.", "During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha. During the six-month gap, Kitty visited Genosha. Whatever she experienced there is unknown (although presumably connected to her father, living on Genosha at the time), but it had a profound effect on her. She cut her hair and began to act rebelliously, also using one of Wolverine's bone claws broken off during battle as a weapon. Kitty remained with the X-Men for a while before leaving after the apparent death of Colossus.", "Kitty remained with the X-Men for a while before leaving after the apparent death of Colossus. Trying to give herself a normal life, she attended the University of Chicago. During this time, her father was killed when Cassandra Nova’s Sentinels destroyed Genosha. Kitty later finds a recording of his death due to exploring footage of the attack. She is also kidnapped by William Stryker, but the X-Treme X-Men team helped her escape, and she assisted them on several missions.", "She is also kidnapped by William Stryker, but the X-Treme X-Men team helped her escape, and she assisted them on several missions. At the start of Joss Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men, Kitty once again rejoins the X-Men, despite having extreme reservations about working with the former White Queen, given their history. This was the primary reason why Frost herself wanted Kitty on the team, as a sort of \"safety\" should Frost ever revert to type.", "This was the primary reason why Frost herself wanted Kitty on the team, as a sort of \"safety\" should Frost ever revert to type. Frost reasoned that the person who trusted her least would be most likely to spot such behavior. On one of the team's first missions, Shadowcat discovered Colossus was alive. After some initial awkwardness, Kitty and Colossus resumed dating. Kitty Pryde appeared alongside Colossus in the \"Blinded by the Light\" arc in X-Men.", "Kitty Pryde appeared alongside Colossus in the \"Blinded by the Light\" arc in X-Men. They are the two X-Men left to look after the students while the rest of the X-Men leave for Mystique's home in Mississippi to check up on Rogue, during which they are ambushed by the Marauders. Kitty and Colossus, meanwhile, attempt to protect the students from a faction of the Marauders led by Exodus.", "Kitty and Colossus, meanwhile, attempt to protect the students from a faction of the Marauders led by Exodus. It is revealed over the course of the story that Kitty, worried of the Destiny Diaries' safety, devised a plan with Cyclops and Emma Frost to hide them and have Emma wipe the location from her mind. The location could only be revealed by a code word spoken to Kitty.", "The location could only be revealed by a code word spoken to Kitty. The arc concludes with a battle between Iceman and Cannonball against the Marauders for the diaries, during which they are destroyed by Gambit. In the \"Torn\" arc, the latest incarnation of the Hellfire Club begin an assault on Xavier's School.", "In the \"Torn\" arc, the latest incarnation of the Hellfire Club begin an assault on Xavier's School. Kitty fulfilled the role that Emma Frost envisioned, personally taking down Frost and imprisoning her, only to fall under a telepathic delusion created by Hellfire member Perfection, who claimed to be the true, unreformed Emma Frost. Under this delusion, Kitty was made to believe that she and Colossus had conceived a child, which was later taken away by the X-Men because its potential mutant abilities were supposedly dangerous.", "Under this delusion, Kitty was made to believe that she and Colossus had conceived a child, which was later taken away by the X-Men because its potential mutant abilities were supposedly dangerous. Kitty reacts in the delusion by attempting to rescue the child from a near-inescapable \"box\" in the depths of the school, unaware that in reality she is freeing an alien entity, Stuff, who contains the trapped consciousness of Cassandra Nova, the apparent ringleader of this new Hellfire Club.", "Kitty reacts in the delusion by attempting to rescue the child from a near-inescapable \"box\" in the depths of the school, unaware that in reality she is freeing an alien entity, Stuff, who contains the trapped consciousness of Cassandra Nova, the apparent ringleader of this new Hellfire Club. A newly awakened Cyclops revealed that the new Hellfire Club, including Perfection and Nova, are actually mental projections created by a piece of Cassandra Nova's consciousness; which became lodged in Emma's mind during the X-Men's last confrontation with her, playing on her survivor's guilt over the Genoshan massacre, and utilizing Emma's telepathy to both confound the X-Men and orchestrate her (Nova's) escape from the Stuff body.", "A newly awakened Cyclops revealed that the new Hellfire Club, including Perfection and Nova, are actually mental projections created by a piece of Cassandra Nova's consciousness; which became lodged in Emma's mind during the X-Men's last confrontation with her, playing on her survivor's guilt over the Genoshan massacre, and utilizing Emma's telepathy to both confound the X-Men and orchestrate her (Nova's) escape from the Stuff body. As Cyclops killed the mental projections, Emma tried to force Kitty to kill her to get rid of Nova.", "As Cyclops killed the mental projections, Emma tried to force Kitty to kill her to get rid of Nova. Undeterred, Cassandra Nova switched her focus to attempt to transfer her mind to Hisako Ichiki. It appears that Nova did not succeed, as the team was transported to S.W.O.R.D. 's air station en route to Ord's Breakworld for the \"Unstoppable\" arc that concludes Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men.", "'s air station en route to Ord's Breakworld for the \"Unstoppable\" arc that concludes Whedon's run on Astonishing X-Men. Breakworld As the team prepares to end the confrontation with the Breakworld leader, the team splits up—with Kitty on the team appointed to stop the missile pointed at Earth. Kitty phases into the missile to disrupt its circuitry noting that it is composed of the same material as the rest of Breakworld, a material that is difficult and exhausting for her to phase through.", "Kitty phases into the missile to disrupt its circuitry noting that it is composed of the same material as the rest of Breakworld, a material that is difficult and exhausting for her to phase through. After phasing for a mile into the missile, Kitty finds the center only to discover it empty.", "After phasing for a mile into the missile, Kitty finds the center only to discover it empty. The missile is fired, causing Kitty to pass out inside of it as Beast discovers too late that due to its shape, trajectory, and lack of internal circuitry, the Breakworld's weapon is not a missile, but a bullet. As the bullet hurtles toward Earth, Kitty lies unconscious within it.", "As the bullet hurtles toward Earth, Kitty lies unconscious within it. As the situation becomes increasingly dire, Emma establishes mental contact with Kitty, reassuring her that she will come out of this fine, though it eventually becomes clear to both that the situation will be grim. Kitty and Emma come to an understanding and reconciliation, Emma stating that she never wanted something like this to happen to her. Kitty then phases the bullet through Earth, but is trapped within.", "Kitty then phases the bullet through Earth, but is trapped within. At the end of Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men, Scott Summers mentions that Doctor Strange, Reed Richards, and some \"top men\" tried to save her, but believe she has fused to the bullet, as it continues to hurtle through space. Whether she is alive or dead is unknown, though the X-Men consider her lost to them.", "Whether she is alive or dead is unknown, though the X-Men consider her lost to them. As a result of these events Kitty does not appear in the X-Men crossover event X-Men: Messiah Complex, since this takes place after the events of Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men. She is briefly mentioned in the aftermath of the Messiah Complex, by Colossus, Nightcrawler, and Wolverine, as the three of them discuss \"losing her.\"", "She is briefly mentioned in the aftermath of the Messiah Complex, by Colossus, Nightcrawler, and Wolverine, as the three of them discuss \"losing her.\" To cope with Kitty's loss, Colossus takes down a group of Russian criminals dealing in human trafficking, and gets a tattoo of the name 'Katya' on his chest. Emma begins having a recurring dream in which she hears a voice whom she believes is Kitty's trying to reach out to her.", "Emma begins having a recurring dream in which she hears a voice whom she believes is Kitty's trying to reach out to her. It was later confirmed by Abigail Brand that Kitty Pryde was still alive within the bullet, but because the bullet's design would harden as time went on, it would become increasingly difficult to break the bullet open.", "It was later confirmed by Abigail Brand that Kitty Pryde was still alive within the bullet, but because the bullet's design would harden as time went on, it would become increasingly difficult to break the bullet open. Return After the X-Men move to the island of Utopia, Magneto arrives on the island professing his desire to join and support the X-Men in their effort to unite the world's remaining mutants. The X-Men reluctantly let him stay, remaining wary of him despite his efforts to gain their trust.", "The X-Men reluctantly let him stay, remaining wary of him despite his efforts to gain their trust. In a final bid to gain their trust, Magneto focuses his powers, attempting to divert the interstellar path of the metal bullet Kitty is trapped in and bring her home to Earth. Meanwhile, inside the bullet, Kitty is revealed to still be alive. Unbeknownst to the others, Magneto had encountered the bullet earlier while attempting to regain his powers with the High Evolutionary and surmised that Kitty was inside.", "Unbeknownst to the others, Magneto had encountered the bullet earlier while attempting to regain his powers with the High Evolutionary and surmised that Kitty was inside. Despite this and the High Evolutionary's apparent ability to retrieve the bullet and Kitty, Magneto chose to focus on regaining his powers, secretly keeping tabs on the bullet until his decision to draw it back to Earth. During her time trapped inside the bullet, Kitty keeps herself and the bullet phased to avoid collisions with any inhabited objects in its path.", "During her time trapped inside the bullet, Kitty keeps herself and the bullet phased to avoid collisions with any inhabited objects in its path. Magneto brings Kitty Pryde safely down to Earth by cracking the bullet in two and levitating Kitty to the ground. When she and Colossus try to touch, it is revealed that she is trapped in her intangible form, unable to speak, and the X-Men place her in a protective chamber similar to the one used for her following the events of the Mutant Massacre.", "When she and Colossus try to touch, it is revealed that she is trapped in her intangible form, unable to speak, and the X-Men place her in a protective chamber similar to the one used for her following the events of the Mutant Massacre. How Kitty survived her time in the bullet is unclear to the X-Men's science team, where the X-Men discover that all her bodily functions halted.", "How Kitty survived her time in the bullet is unclear to the X-Men's science team, where the X-Men discover that all her bodily functions halted. An analysis by Kavita Rao hypothesizes that Kitty created an intense muscle memory to keep herself and the bullet phased and has \"forgotten\" how to un-phase. During a conversation with Colossus, with Emma Frost acting as the psi-conduit, Kitty picks up Emma's stray thoughts on killing the captive Sebastian Shaw, to prevent Namor from discovering she previously lied to him.", "During a conversation with Colossus, with Emma Frost acting as the psi-conduit, Kitty picks up Emma's stray thoughts on killing the captive Sebastian Shaw, to prevent Namor from discovering she previously lied to him. While disgusted at Emma's intentions, Kitty offers a compromise. Due to her current ghost state, she is the perfect tool for making Shaw disappear. In a storyline in Uncanny X-Men, the Breakworlders make their way to Earth.", "In a storyline in Uncanny X-Men, the Breakworlders make their way to Earth. During the conflict between the Breakworlder Kr'uun and the X-Men, Kitty is slain and resurrected by Kr'uun's mate in an alien ritual, which results in her powers returning to normal. Regenesis Shortly thereafter, Kitty breaks up with Colossus, and decides to return with Wolverine to Westchester to open the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning.", "Regenesis Shortly thereafter, Kitty breaks up with Colossus, and decides to return with Wolverine to Westchester to open the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning. In Wolverine and the X-Men #4, she appears to be suddenly pregnant, but the pregnancy was revealed to be a Brood infestation, and it was swiftly dealt with by a team of X-Men. Since returning to Westchester, Kitty has shared several kisses with Iceman.", "Since returning to Westchester, Kitty has shared several kisses with Iceman. During the events of Avengers vs. X-Men, Kitty does not take a side, but instead decides to stay at the school to work with the students. Once Bobby returned from working with the X-Men after realizing that the Phoenix had corrupted them, he and Kitty finally decide to go on a date.", "Once Bobby returned from working with the X-Men after realizing that the Phoenix had corrupted them, he and Kitty finally decide to go on a date. All-New X-Men After Beast brings the original five X-Men into the future to stop Cyclops in the present, Kitty volunteers to take responsibility for the temporally relocated X-Men while they work to undo this dark future.", "All-New X-Men After Beast brings the original five X-Men into the future to stop Cyclops in the present, Kitty volunteers to take responsibility for the temporally relocated X-Men while they work to undo this dark future. This soon puts her at odds with the rest of her team as they believed the original five should go back to their own time in order to prevent any damage to the space-time continuity.", "This soon puts her at odds with the rest of her team as they believed the original five should go back to their own time in order to prevent any damage to the space-time continuity. Eventually, this leads Kitty to take the decision of abandoning the school with the time-displaced X-Men and join Cyclops's X-Men at the New Xavier School. During the first few weeks at the New Xavier School, Jean Grey is abducted by the Shiar Empire to stand trial for her future self's crimes.", "During the first few weeks at the New Xavier School, Jean Grey is abducted by the Shiar Empire to stand trial for her future self's crimes. Kitty and the time-displaced X-Men team up with the Guardians of the Galaxy and succeed in rescuing Jean from the Shiar. At the conclusion of the storyline, Kitty begins a long-distance, flirtatious relationship with Starlord, Peter Quill. The Black Vortex In the following weeks, Kitty's relationship with Peter Quill evolves more and more as they developed stronger feelings for each other every day.", "The Black Vortex In the following weeks, Kitty's relationship with Peter Quill evolves more and more as they developed stronger feelings for each other every day. At one point, Quill gets captured during one of their dates and she has no option but to go to his rescue, despite her fear of space as a result of her being trapped on the giant space bullet. After rescuing Peter, she decides to stay in space with him.", "After rescuing Peter, she decides to stay in space with him. Then, Kitty convinces Peter to steal a powerful artifact called the Black Vortex from his father J'son. Soon, they find themselves being chased by J'son's assassination squad, the Slaughter Lords. In despair, they request the aid of the X-Men and the Guardians of the Galaxy to protect the Vortex.", "In despair, they request the aid of the X-Men and the Guardians of the Galaxy to protect the Vortex. After a few of their own friends can't resist the temptation and submit to the Vortex, betray the team, and escape with the artifact; the team splits and Kitty stays in Spartax to help an orphanage.", "After a few of their own friends can't resist the temptation and submit to the Vortex, betray the team, and escape with the artifact; the team splits and Kitty stays in Spartax to help an orphanage. She is encased in amber after Thane (who was allied with J'son) freezes the whole planet along with the people inside it; but thanks to her phasing powers, she manages to get out of the amber.", "She is encased in amber after Thane (who was allied with J'son) freezes the whole planet along with the people inside it; but thanks to her phasing powers, she manages to get out of the amber. Then the Brood attacks Spartax, planning to use every encased person to lay eggs and create an army of Brood to start invading other planets and conquering them. Kitty feels the only way to stop them is by submitting to the Vortex herself as she's the only one who can resist the cosmic corruption.", "Kitty feels the only way to stop them is by submitting to the Vortex herself as she's the only one who can resist the cosmic corruption. She reluctantly submits and becomes a being of unlimited power. After being reminded of the love between her and Peter Quill, she goes back and phases all the amber that encased Spartax, along with the Broods trying to infect the people, and sends them all to another dimension. Kitty doesn't give up the cosmic power but admits to Peter that she is afraid of it.", "Kitty doesn't give up the cosmic power but admits to Peter that she is afraid of it. Peter promises her that he will never abandon her no matter how much she changes. Then, Peter kneels and proposes marriage to Kitty. She, with tears in her eyes, accepts. Later when Star Lord is declared Emperor of Spartax she is told she will become the first lady of Spartax.", "Later when Star Lord is declared Emperor of Spartax she is told she will become the first lady of Spartax. Guardians of the Galaxy Kitty takes on the mantle of Star Lord and joins the Guardians of the Galaxy in Peter Quill's place so he can take on his royal duties. When Hala the Accuser massacres Spartax in an attempt to make Quill pay for J'son's actions against her people, she initially easily lays waste to the capitol and overpowers the Guardians.", "When Hala the Accuser massacres Spartax in an attempt to make Quill pay for J'son's actions against her people, she initially easily lays waste to the capitol and overpowers the Guardians. After the Guardians regroup and formulate a strategy to defeat her, Kitty manages to partially phase Hala into the ground so the rest of the Guardians can knock her out and separate her from her weapon.", "After the Guardians regroup and formulate a strategy to defeat her, Kitty manages to partially phase Hala into the ground so the rest of the Guardians can knock her out and separate her from her weapon. After Quill loses his title as king he and Kitty end up on a mission with the rest of the Guardians on a concentration camp prison planet owned by the Badoon after Gamora gave them information on it so they can free Angela.", "After Quill loses his title as king he and Kitty end up on a mission with the rest of the Guardians on a concentration camp prison planet owned by the Badoon after Gamora gave them information on it so they can free Angela. Once there, Kitty has a personal reaction upon seeing the prisoners and makes it her mission to liberate everyone there and defeat the captors, as it reminds her of Nazi concentration camps.", "Once there, Kitty has a personal reaction upon seeing the prisoners and makes it her mission to liberate everyone there and defeat the captors, as it reminds her of Nazi concentration camps. After Quill gets captured and sentenced to death in an arena battle, Kitty finds and kills one of the Badoon leaders by phasing his heart out of his body. When Captain Marvel summons the Guardians to Earth to help her address Tony Stark, Kitty learns that Thanos is a prisoner on Earth and tries to convince Quill to tell Gamora.", "When Captain Marvel summons the Guardians to Earth to help her address Tony Stark, Kitty learns that Thanos is a prisoner on Earth and tries to convince Quill to tell Gamora. When fighting starts Kitty woefully realizes that some of her former students are on Tony Stark's side instead of fighting with Captain Marvel. During the battle the Guardians' ship was destroyed, effectively stranding them on Earth.", "During the battle the Guardians' ship was destroyed, effectively stranding them on Earth. After helping the Guardians stop Thanos from leading an invasion from the Negative Zone the Guardians are given a new ship; however, Kitty decides to stay on Earth and ends her time with the Guardians and Quill. Leading the X-Men Upon returning to Earth, Kitty hopes to finally regain a semblance of a normal life but ends up approached by Storm, who informs Kitty of everything the X-Men have gone through while Kitty was away.", "Leading the X-Men Upon returning to Earth, Kitty hopes to finally regain a semblance of a normal life but ends up approached by Storm, who informs Kitty of everything the X-Men have gone through while Kitty was away. Storm announces to Kitty that she intends to step down as leader of the X-Men due to the guilt that she feels for leading the X-Men to war and offers Kitty her position.", "Storm announces to Kitty that she intends to step down as leader of the X-Men due to the guilt that she feels for leading the X-Men to war and offers Kitty her position. After touring X-Haven and seeing how much things have changed and how much things need to change for the better, Kitty agrees to lead the X-Men as long as Storm remains on the team.", "After touring X-Haven and seeing how much things have changed and how much things need to change for the better, Kitty agrees to lead the X-Men as long as Storm remains on the team. Her next act is to relocate the mansion from Limbo to Central Park, New York so the X-Men can refocus on being part of the world instead of fearing it under the belief that if the X-Men truly are to be seen as heroes, then they need to actually live in the world that they are trying to save instead of constantly worrying about their own survival.", "Her next act is to relocate the mansion from Limbo to Central Park, New York so the X-Men can refocus on being part of the world instead of fearing it under the belief that if the X-Men truly are to be seen as heroes, then they need to actually live in the world that they are trying to save instead of constantly worrying about their own survival. Under Kitty's new leadership, the X-Men go through some small changes in order to shed their past history and make new names for themselves, such as convincing Rachel Summers to change her code name to Prestige and renaming the mansion as The Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Outreach.", "Under Kitty's new leadership, the X-Men go through some small changes in order to shed their past history and make new names for themselves, such as convincing Rachel Summers to change her code name to Prestige and renaming the mansion as The Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Outreach. Kitty learns first-hand how hard it is to balance leading the X-Men as well as managing the mansion when there are many political factors trying to deliberately get in the way of the X-Men.", "Kitty learns first-hand how hard it is to balance leading the X-Men as well as managing the mansion when there are many political factors trying to deliberately get in the way of the X-Men. She also begins to have awkward one-on-one moments with Colossus; they try to remain friends, but given their long history their interactions swiftly become complicated. Kitty's first case as field leader of the X-Men sees her and her team taking on a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants.", "Kitty's first case as field leader of the X-Men sees her and her team taking on a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. After discovering that an outspoken anti-mutant politician brainwashed this new Brotherhood to work for her to publicly discredit mutants, Kitty threatened to expose her if she continued exploiting mutants for her own personal gain.", "After discovering that an outspoken anti-mutant politician brainwashed this new Brotherhood to work for her to publicly discredit mutants, Kitty threatened to expose her if she continued exploiting mutants for her own personal gain. Dawn of X After Krakoa became a new sovereign nation for Mutants, Kitty Pryde, now going by Captain Kate Pryde, discovers she is the sole mutant who is, for unknown reasons, unable to use the various warp gates leading to Krakoa.", "Dawn of X After Krakoa became a new sovereign nation for Mutants, Kitty Pryde, now going by Captain Kate Pryde, discovers she is the sole mutant who is, for unknown reasons, unable to use the various warp gates leading to Krakoa. It is implied that she has done something to anger Krakoa, but that restriction does not mean Kitty cannot use other means to reach the mutant homeland. She steals a boat and sets sail for the island.", "She steals a boat and sets sail for the island. Kitty's time on Krakoa proves to be just as fruitless, as the island's natural resources (like flowers that grow into biome homes) are similarly prohibited to Kitty.", "Kitty's time on Krakoa proves to be just as fruitless, as the island's natural resources (like flowers that grow into biome homes) are similarly prohibited to Kitty. Emma Frost comes asking Kitty to take up a special mission: taking a bigger boat out to serve as pirate captain on the X-Men's mission to liberate mutants trapped in oppressive countries that do not recognize mutant sovereignty, while also smuggling and supplying for Emma's Hellfire Trading Company the lifesaving drugs the X-Men provide to humans.", "Emma Frost comes asking Kitty to take up a special mission: taking a bigger boat out to serve as pirate captain on the X-Men's mission to liberate mutants trapped in oppressive countries that do not recognize mutant sovereignty, while also smuggling and supplying for Emma's Hellfire Trading Company the lifesaving drugs the X-Men provide to humans. Kate Pryde is later appointed the new Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company by Emma Frost, to the dismay of Sebastian Shaw.", "Kate Pryde is later appointed the new Red Queen of the Hellfire Trading Company by Emma Frost, to the dismay of Sebastian Shaw. Seeing Pryde as an obstacle to his complete control of the Hellfire Corporation, Shaw began plotting against Kate and her crew.", "Seeing Pryde as an obstacle to his complete control of the Hellfire Corporation, Shaw began plotting against Kate and her crew. After taking notice how Emma became overprotective of the newly crowned Red Queen, Shaw realized that for the same reason she can't travel through Krakoa's gates nor read or understand the Krakoan language until Emma implanted it in her brain, the X-Men's Resurrection Protocols also won't apply to her, which means Kate cannot be resurrected if she died.", "After taking notice how Emma became overprotective of the newly crowned Red Queen, Shaw realized that for the same reason she can't travel through Krakoa's gates nor read or understand the Krakoan language until Emma implanted it in her brain, the X-Men's Resurrection Protocols also won't apply to her, which means Kate cannot be resurrected if she died. He orchestrated a distraction by paying off human supremacists Homines Verendi to stage an attack on his own son.", "He orchestrated a distraction by paying off human supremacists Homines Verendi to stage an attack on his own son. Once Kate was defenseless, Shaw emerged from below deck and ensnared Lockheed with a net gun, making him a helpless hostage. He then released Krakoan seeds at her feet, which wrapped around her and prevented her from using her powers. He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea.", "He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea. He then dropped her and Lockheed into the sea. While Lockheed was able to survive, Kate sank helplessly, and once her head dropped under the surface, she had no air left and drowned instantly. Her death is later confirmed by Bishop as he retrieves Kate's body, as it was also established that the Resurrection Protocols indeed do not apply to Kate, as the Five, for reasons unknown, cannot resurrect her.", "Her death is later confirmed by Bishop as he retrieves Kate's body, as it was also established that the Resurrection Protocols indeed do not apply to Kate, as the Five, for reasons unknown, cannot resurrect her. However, she is later resurrected, as Emma Frost realized that it was due to the nature of Kate's intangibility powers that her mindless body was unable to break out of the egg.", "However, she is later resurrected, as Emma Frost realized that it was due to the nature of Kate's intangibility powers that her mindless body was unable to break out of the egg. Powers and abilities Kitty is a mutant with the ability to pass through solid matter by passing her atomic particles through the spaces between the atoms of the object through which she is moving.", "Powers and abilities Kitty is a mutant with the ability to pass through solid matter by passing her atomic particles through the spaces between the atoms of the object through which she is moving. In this way she and the object through which she is passing can temporarily merge without interacting, and each is unharmed when Shadowcat has finished passing through the object. This process is called \"phasing\" or quantum tunneling and it renders her almost completely intangible to physical touch.", "This process is called \"phasing\" or quantum tunneling and it renders her almost completely intangible to physical touch. Shadowcat passes through objects at the same speed at which she is moving before she enters them. Since she is unable to breathe while inside an object, she can only continuously phase through solid objects (as when she travels underground) as long as she can hold her breath. However, contrary depictions of the duration of her phasing ability have been presented, such as when she has phased miles within an object.", "However, contrary depictions of the duration of her phasing ability have been presented, such as when she has phased miles within an object. The use of her abilities also interferes with any electrical systems as she passes through by disrupting the flow of electrons from atom to atom, including the bio-electric systems of living bodies if she concentrates in the right way. This typically causes machines to malfunction or be destroyed as she phases through them, and can induce shock and unconsciousness in living beings.", "This typically causes machines to malfunction or be destroyed as she phases through them, and can induce shock and unconsciousness in living beings. Using her power began as an optional ability, but for a period (over ten years of published comics, approximately two years in-continuity) Kitty existed in a naturally \"phased\" state, and had to consciously choose to become solid. Kitty has returned to her original form and is normally solid and must choose to use her power.", "Kitty has returned to her original form and is normally solid and must choose to use her power. While phasing, she does not physically walk on surfaces, but rather interacts with the molecules of air above them, allowing her to ascend and descend, causing her to seemingly walk on air. While phased, she is immune to most physical attacks, and has inconsistent showings of some resistance to telepathy.", "While phased, she is immune to most physical attacks, and has inconsistent showings of some resistance to telepathy. The density of some materials (such as adamantium) can prove deleterious to her phasing, causing her to be severely disoriented or experience pain if she tries to pass through them. Some energy attacks also prove problematic for Kitty. For example, an energy blast fired by Harpoon, a member of the Marauders, caused her to lose her ability to become fully tangible for months.", "For example, an energy blast fired by Harpoon, a member of the Marauders, caused her to lose her ability to become fully tangible for months. Magic and magical beings can also harm her in her phased state, as demonstrated in a battle with a N'Garai demon whose claws left no visible marks, but caused Kitty severe pain as they passed through her intangible body. Kitty can also extend her powers to phase other people and objects.", "Kitty can also extend her powers to phase other people and objects. She is able to phase at least six other people (or objects of similar mass) with her, so long as they establish and maintain physical contact with her. She can extend her phasing effect to her own clothing or any other object with mass up to that of a small truck, as long as she remains in contact with it. Kitty can also make objects intangible by maintaining contact with them.", "Kitty can also make objects intangible by maintaining contact with them. She has threatened to leave people phased into a wall, and used her power offensively to harm the Technarch Magus, and Danger. Kitty's powers seem to have increased over the years. During an X-Treme X-Men story arc in which she is kidnapped by Reverend William Stryker, she phases out of sync with Earth's rotation to move from one place in the world (only east or west) to another seemingly instantaneously.", "During an X-Treme X-Men story arc in which she is kidnapped by Reverend William Stryker, she phases out of sync with Earth's rotation to move from one place in the world (only east or west) to another seemingly instantaneously. At the climax of Astonishing X-Men, Kitty phases a 10 mi (16 km) long \"bullet\" composed of super-dense alien metals through the entire planet Earth. This feat caused her considerable strain, but she is unable to phase out of the bullet.", "This feat caused her considerable strain, but she is unable to phase out of the bullet. Moreover, originally Kitty found it difficult or impossible to phase only part of her body at a time. In the Days of Future Past story arc, she is possessed by her older future self, allowing her to solidify only her shoulder while phasing the rest of her body through Destiny—a feat explicitly beyond the 13-year-old Kitty's abilities.", "In the Days of Future Past story arc, she is possessed by her older future self, allowing her to solidify only her shoulder while phasing the rest of her body through Destiny—a feat explicitly beyond the 13-year-old Kitty's abilities. By contrast, the Kitty Pryde of Joss Whedon's run can punch and kick someone standing on the other side of a wall, selectively phasing and unphasing body parts as necessary.", "By contrast, the Kitty Pryde of Joss Whedon's run can punch and kick someone standing on the other side of a wall, selectively phasing and unphasing body parts as necessary. She can even run and leap through an armed opponent, grabbing their weapon as she passes by, which presumably requires her to solidify only the surface area of the palms of her hands and then immediately phase both her palms and the weapon. Besides her mutant powers, Kitty is a genius in the field of applied technology and computer science.", "Besides her mutant powers, Kitty is a genius in the field of applied technology and computer science. She is highly talented in the design and use of computer hardware. She is a skilled pilot of piston and jet engine aircraft, and a competent pilot of certain advanced interstellar vehicles. She has previously shown a unique ability to wield the Soulsword and also be harmed by it.", "She has previously shown a unique ability to wield the Soulsword and also be harmed by it. Since her possession by the ninja demon Ogun, she has been consistently shown to be an excellent hand-to-hand combatant, having since been endowed with a lifetime of training in the martial arts of Japanese ninja and samurai. She is a professional-level dancer in both ballet and modern dance.", "She is a professional-level dancer in both ballet and modern dance. She speaks fluent English, Japanese, Russian, and the royal and standard languages of the alien Shi'ar and Skrull, and has moderate expertise in Gaelic, Hebrew, and German. Kitty also shares a mental/empathic connection with her pet dragon Lockheed; both she and the alien dragon can \"sense\" each other's presence at times and generally understand one another's thoughts and actions.", "Kitty also shares a mental/empathic connection with her pet dragon Lockheed; both she and the alien dragon can \"sense\" each other's presence at times and generally understand one another's thoughts and actions. When Kitty used the Black Vortex, her powers were augmented to a cosmic scale making her a god-like being. She can phase through any material of any density and can even phase a planet out of Thane's amber, whereas in her normal state it is an extremely difficult task to simply phase herself out of the amber.", "She can phase through any material of any density and can even phase a planet out of Thane's amber, whereas in her normal state it is an extremely difficult task to simply phase herself out of the amber. She can also apparently transverse between the planes of the multiverse and is immune to the effects of space. Her appearance can be changed but her natural form appears to be rather gaseous in look. Other versions In addition to her mainstream incarnation, Kitty Pryde has been depicted in other fictional universes.", "Other versions In addition to her mainstream incarnation, Kitty Pryde has been depicted in other fictional universes. Age of Apocalypse In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Kitty grows up under harsh circumstances and her nature reflects it. She has short hair, tight clothes, and chain smokes cigarettes. Her parents are killed in the Chicago Cullings, and she is forcibly recruited into Apocalypse's army, but is later rescued by Colossus.", "Her parents are killed in the Chicago Cullings, and she is forcibly recruited into Apocalypse's army, but is later rescued by Colossus. Magneto puts Shadowcat under Weapon X's training, hoping to turn her into the X-Men's assassin, and she is given a set of retractable artificial claws around each wrist to better imitate her teacher's fighting style. After the fallout between Colossus and Magneto, Shadowcat sides with Colossus, whom she has married.", "After the fallout between Colossus and Magneto, Shadowcat sides with Colossus, whom she has married. Instead of leaving the fight against Apocalypse altogether, the couple become the teachers of Generation Next. The two submit their trainees to harsh situations, giving them little comfort despite the fact that Shadowcat is close to the age of her students. Shadowcat assists the team in rescuing Illyana Rasputin from the Seattle Core, and, at Colossus' behest, abandons her students after Illyana is saved.", "Shadowcat assists the team in rescuing Illyana Rasputin from the Seattle Core, and, at Colossus' behest, abandons her students after Illyana is saved. She is killed by Colossus in his ruthless obsession to protect his sister, Illyana; coming between an enraged Colossus and his endangered sister, Shadowcat never believed he would harm her. Days of Future Past In the Days of Future Past timeline (Earth-811), Shadowcat goes by the name Kate Pryde.", "Days of Future Past In the Days of Future Past timeline (Earth-811), Shadowcat goes by the name Kate Pryde. Kate attempts to go back in time to prevent the assassination of Senator Robert Kelly by Mystique and the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. She succeeds, only to create a separate timeline where the events of her past still come to pass. After returning to her own time Kate helps Rachel Summers escape back to the timeline she just created.", "After returning to her own time Kate helps Rachel Summers escape back to the timeline she just created. Captured by Sentinels, Kate escapes by phasing through her inhibitor collar and fell into a time warp, causing her to merge with the Sentinel that was scanning her, and arrives in the timeline Rachel is inhabiting. Kate's mind settles in a small, metal, off-spherical body and becomes known as Widget.", "Kate's mind settles in a small, metal, off-spherical body and becomes known as Widget. After a few adventures in that timeline, mostly in company with her Earth-616 counterpart's team Excalibur, Kate regains her memory and returns to her original timeline where she is able to reprogram the ruling Sentinels to protect life, ending their tyranny. Earth X In Earth X it is revealed in the appendix of issue six that Kitty Pryde is killed saving Colossus while he could not shift into his metal form.", "Earth X In Earth X it is revealed in the appendix of issue six that Kitty Pryde is killed saving Colossus while he could not shift into his metal form. Instead of phasing the bullet through her, she heroically takes the bullet and is killed. Exiles A version of Kitty Pryde codenamed Cat first appeared in Exiles #96. She is younger than her Earth-616 counterpart. She has the appearance and powers of the normal Shadowcat although she wears a different costume.", "She has the appearance and powers of the normal Shadowcat although she wears a different costume. Prior to her joining the Exiles, this version of Kitty had been recruited by Emma Frost as one of the core agents of the Hellfire Club's strike force. She helps Psylocke defeat Doom's soldiers who have invaded the Panoptichron. She helps retrieve Blink, Morph, and Sabretooth from being scattered across the multiverse. She works as a computer expert for the team and is a full member of the Exiles.", "She works as a computer expert for the team and is a full member of the Exiles. Cat's skill with using her powers means she is not tied to any dimension and can see through various realities, including those of the mind (for instance seeing the various personalities in Sage's mind as \"ghosts\" surrounding her).", "Cat's skill with using her powers means she is not tied to any dimension and can see through various realities, including those of the mind (for instance seeing the various personalities in Sage's mind as \"ghosts\" surrounding her). Her arrival in the Crystal Palace and connection to its computers has increased this, giving her the ability to \"cascade\" through different alternative versions of herself, altering her appearance and details of her powers.", "Her arrival in the Crystal Palace and connection to its computers has increased this, giving her the ability to \"cascade\" through different alternative versions of herself, altering her appearance and details of her powers. Amongst other versions, she has assumed the form of a Kitty Pryde with the appearance and powers of Tigra. During the New Exiles' last mission Cat faced off against Madame Hydra (Sue Storm) and killed her at the cost of her own life.", "During the New Exiles' last mission Cat faced off against Madame Hydra (Sue Storm) and killed her at the cost of her own life. There has been another version of Kitty that appeared in the King Hyperion story arc (Exiles #38-40). She had survived an attack on the X-Mansion by the Sentinels. The Colossus from her universe had been killed in the attack but she had the same feelings towards Weapon X's Colossus even though he was not her Colossus.", "The Colossus from her universe had been killed in the attack but she had the same feelings towards Weapon X's Colossus even though he was not her Colossus. The two eventually fell in love with each other. Unfortunately this did not last since she died with Colossus when they were shot into the empty vacuum of space by Hyperion.", "Unfortunately this did not last since she died with Colossus when they were shot into the empty vacuum of space by Hyperion. House of M When the Scarlet Witch altered reality in the 616 Universe, creating the reality known as House of M where mutants were the dominant population, Kitty Pryde was a teacher in a public middle school in Cincinnati, Ohio. Like many of the heroes of Earth 616, she is reminded of the true reality by Layla Miller and recruited in the fight to restore reality.", "Like many of the heroes of Earth 616, she is reminded of the true reality by Layla Miller and recruited in the fight to restore reality. Magik In the limited series Magik (Illyana and Storm), an alternative reality Kitty renames herself \"Cat\" after she is mutated by the demonic sorcerer Belasco into a more feline form, with cat eyes, whiskers, a tail, and enhanced physical abilities and senses.", "Magik In the limited series Magik (Illyana and Storm), an alternative reality Kitty renames herself \"Cat\" after she is mutated by the demonic sorcerer Belasco into a more feline form, with cat eyes, whiskers, a tail, and enhanced physical abilities and senses. Trapped in Belasco's Limbo, Cat takes a militant view towards defeating the sorcerer, eschewing the magic that her reality's Storm embraces, instead turning to skills in swordplay and physical combat.", "Trapped in Belasco's Limbo, Cat takes a militant view towards defeating the sorcerer, eschewing the magic that her reality's Storm embraces, instead turning to skills in swordplay and physical combat. She tries to save the Illyana Rasputin of Earth-616 from corruption through magic by taking Illyana into the wilderness of Limbo and teaching the child to fight and survive. Like the Kitty Pryde of Earth-616 eventually would, Cat became Illyana's best friend, but more in the role of an older sister due to the difference in their ages.", "Like the Kitty Pryde of Earth-616 eventually would, Cat became Illyana's best friend, but more in the role of an older sister due to the difference in their ages. Cat's plan goes awry when the pair's attempt to confront Belasco fails, at the cost of the life of an enslaved Nightcrawler; Illyana falls under Belasco's influence and Cat is further transformed towards a feline, with a semi-animalistic mind completely loyal to Belasco.", "Cat's plan goes awry when the pair's attempt to confront Belasco fails, at the cost of the life of an enslaved Nightcrawler; Illyana falls under Belasco's influence and Cat is further transformed towards a feline, with a semi-animalistic mind completely loyal to Belasco. Cat is eventually slain by Illyana when Belasco sets Cat upon his rebellious apprentice; facing death at Cat's hands and knowing that, deep down, a part of Kitty still exists and hates her enslavement, Illyana broke Cat's neck in self-defense.", "Cat is eventually slain by Illyana when Belasco sets Cat upon his rebellious apprentice; facing death at Cat's hands and knowing that, deep down, a part of Kitty still exists and hates her enslavement, Illyana broke Cat's neck in self-defense. Long after Illyana overthrows Belasco, escapes Limbo, and becomes a member of the junior X-Men team known as the New Mutants, Cat's remains are found by the team in Limbo's throne room. By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton.", "By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton. By then she had completely decomposed to a skeleton. Illyana, facing a rebellion of Limbo's demon population that threatened to overrun Earth, smashed Cat's skull in rage over the demonic taint that Belasco left on her soul and frustration over the horrible choice she had to make to kill Cat. Marvel Zombies Kitty is briefly shown in the background as a zombie in Ultimate Fantastic Four #23, despite her mutant phasing powers.", "Marvel Zombies Kitty is briefly shown in the background as a zombie in Ultimate Fantastic Four #23, despite her mutant phasing powers. She is also seen in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, when zombie Alpha Flight attack the X-Men.", "She is also seen in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, when zombie Alpha Flight attack the X-Men. This would appear to have been retconned, though, as of Marvel Zombies: Halloween, which depicts her and her son Peter with Colossus surviving for several years in an out of the way house farm, encountering zombies, but, fortunately, being rescued by Mephisto, who dispatched the remaining zombies.", "This would appear to have been retconned, though, as of Marvel Zombies: Halloween, which depicts her and her son Peter with Colossus surviving for several years in an out of the way house farm, encountering zombies, but, fortunately, being rescued by Mephisto, who dispatched the remaining zombies. The Earth-91126/Earth-Z Kitty is recruited by Earth-2149/Marvel Zombies Spider-Man to help him develop a cure for the zombie hunger, on the grounds that her powers mean that she would be in no danger from him if he should succumb to his zombie instincts, but she is later seemingly killed when the zombie Quasar holds her underwater until she is forced to become solid once more, allowing the infected Namor to eat her flesh (much to the rage of the zombie Wolverine, of Earth-2149).", "The Earth-91126/Earth-Z Kitty is recruited by Earth-2149/Marvel Zombies Spider-Man to help him develop a cure for the zombie hunger, on the grounds that her powers mean that she would be in no danger from him if he should succumb to his zombie instincts, but she is later seemingly killed when the zombie Quasar holds her underwater until she is forced to become solid once more, allowing the infected Namor to eat her flesh (much to the rage of the zombie Wolverine, of Earth-2149). Mutant X Storm was taken by the vampire Dracula and unlike Earth 616, she does not return.", "Mutant X Storm was taken by the vampire Dracula and unlike Earth 616, she does not return. Kitty goes off to battle her, either to save or kill her. Kitty slays several vampires in the way but Storm proves too much for her and Kitty becomes her unwilling slave for some time. She later shows up as the Black Queen of the Hellfire Club and seems to be none too happy with Storm. It's also hinted that she was engaged or going to be engaged to Colossus.", "It's also hinted that she was engaged or going to be engaged to Colossus. Her ultimate fate at the end of the series is unknown. Lightning Force In the reality of Earth-597, an alternative universe where World War II was won by Nazi Germany, Kitty is forced to serve as Shadowcat alongside Nightcrawler, Meggan, and Hauptmann Englande as a member of the Lightning Force (a version of Excalibur), made a virtual slave because of her Jewish heritage.", "Lightning Force In the reality of Earth-597, an alternative universe where World War II was won by Nazi Germany, Kitty is forced to serve as Shadowcat alongside Nightcrawler, Meggan, and Hauptmann Englande as a member of the Lightning Force (a version of Excalibur), made a virtual slave because of her Jewish heritage. She leads a sad existence and is easily identified by her shaved head and the Star of David tattooed on her forehead.", "She leads a sad existence and is easily identified by her shaved head and the Star of David tattooed on her forehead. It is indicated, from her own statements and those made by her reality's counterpart of Moira MacTaggert, that this Shadowcat is a true ghost, raised from the dead by a combination of science and magic and bound to serve the Nazi regime.", "It is indicated, from her own statements and those made by her reality's counterpart of Moira MacTaggert, that this Shadowcat is a true ghost, raised from the dead by a combination of science and magic and bound to serve the Nazi regime. This Shadowcat had the added ability to disrupt life force with her phasing power, knocking her victims unconscious, much like how her counterpart in the \"prime\" Marvel Universe (Earth-616) can disrupt technology that she phases through.", "This Shadowcat had the added ability to disrupt life force with her phasing power, knocking her victims unconscious, much like how her counterpart in the \"prime\" Marvel Universe (Earth-616) can disrupt technology that she phases through. She is also able to alter her facial features to a \"demonic\" aspect when attacking enemies or else responding to aggressive, commanding behavior from her superiors.", "She is also able to alter her facial features to a \"demonic\" aspect when attacking enemies or else responding to aggressive, commanding behavior from her superiors. Pirate Kitty Kitty tells Illyana a bedtime story and casts herself as Pirate Kitty Pryde, captain of the Abdul Alhazred, who operated in a magical world. Unlike her mainstream counterpart, she did not have any mutant powers and wore a classic pirate outfit which also included her Star of David necklace. She was also sometimes known as Colleen.", "She was also sometimes known as Colleen. She was also sometimes known as Colleen. Kitty was good friends of her version of Colossus, the Bamfs (Nightcrawler), Windrider (Storm), the \"Fiend-with-no-name\" (later revealed to be named \"Mean\") (Wolverine) and Lockheed (an alternative version of the X-Jet). Kitty also helped her versions of Professor X and Cyclops capture and cure that universe's version of Dark Phoenix.", "Kitty also helped her versions of Professor X and Cyclops capture and cure that universe's version of Dark Phoenix. At first she was only a fairy tale character, but later it is revealed that her fairy tale is actually an alternative universe. (In fact, several members of this universe, the Bamfs, would later come to Earth-616 to cause trouble.)", "(In fact, several members of this universe, the Bamfs, would later come to Earth-616 to cause trouble.) When Earth-616's Nightcrawler was temporarily stranded in her world, Kitty helped him defeat the sorcerer Shagreen and also encountered the Earth-616 versions of Illyana, Lockheed, and herself. Professor W's X-Men In the native universe of the Exiles member Nocturne, Kitty is a senior member of the X-Men led by Nightcrawler. She is a teacher and TJ refers to her as \"Aunt Kate\".", "She is a teacher and TJ refers to her as \"Aunt Kate\". During a fight with Apocalypse Kitty gets exposed to a machine that reverts her to a younger stage of her life when she had only been with the X-Men a few weeks. Nocturne helps Kitty fit into the school and becomes her best friend. She also proves useful in the fight against the Brotherhood led by Cyclops.", "She also proves useful in the fight against the Brotherhood led by Cyclops. Ruins Imprisoned alongside other mutants at a prison camp in Texas by President X, Kitty attempted to use her phasing powers to escape, only to get stuck halfway through her cell door, losing three feet of intestines in the process. Secret Wars (2015) During the Secret Wars storyline, a version of Kitty named Kitten resides in the wuxia-inspired K'un-L'un region of Battleworld.", "Secret Wars (2015) During the Secret Wars storyline, a version of Kitty named Kitten resides in the wuxia-inspired K'un-L'un region of Battleworld. In this reality, Kitten is a martial artist who joins Callisto's band of outcasts after being expelled from her school for attempting a forbidden technique, a side effect of which left her intangible. Kitten and her fellow outcasts became pupils of Shang-Chi, the exiled son of Emperor Zheng Zu.", "Kitten and her fellow outcasts became pupils of Shang-Chi, the exiled son of Emperor Zheng Zu. Dubbing their new school The Lowest Caste, Shang-Chi represents the group as their master for the tournament deciding the next Emperor of K'un-L'un, hoping to usurp his father's tyrannical rule. Kitten accompanies Shang-Chi for each of his fights in the Thirteen Chambers. During his final fight with Zu, Shang-Chi uses Kitten's technique of intangibility, which leads to his eventual victory and replaces his father as the new Emperor of K'un-L'un.", "During his final fight with Zu, Shang-Chi uses Kitten's technique of intangibility, which leads to his eventual victory and replaces his father as the new Emperor of K'un-L'un. Ultimate Marvel The Ultimate version of Shadowcat (Kitty Pryde) first appears as a 14-year-old girl in Ultimate X-Men #21. She is also Jewish and wears the Star of David around her neck, but does not appear to possess the same genius IQ as her mainstream (Earth-616) counterpart.", "She is also Jewish and wears the Star of David around her neck, but does not appear to possess the same genius IQ as her mainstream (Earth-616) counterpart. Kitty's mother, worried about Kitty's mutation, seeks help from Professor Charles Xavier. Kitty becomes a student at Xavier's school, when her mother allows her to attend under the condition she does not take part in any X-Men missions, nor train in any \"Danger Room\" simulations.", "Kitty becomes a student at Xavier's school, when her mother allows her to attend under the condition she does not take part in any X-Men missions, nor train in any \"Danger Room\" simulations. Kitty soon rebels against this and joins the X-Men as their youngest member. She idolizes Spider-Man and has a crush on him; she even dates Peter Parker for a time.", "She idolizes Spider-Man and has a crush on him; she even dates Peter Parker for a time. After a fierce argument with Professor Xavier concerning Peter's secret identity, which his Aunt May had just found out about, Kitty leaves the X-Men and enrolls in Peter's school.", "After a fierce argument with Professor Xavier concerning Peter's secret identity, which his Aunt May had just found out about, Kitty leaves the X-Men and enrolls in Peter's school. Their relationship is strained after their romantic involvement (as superheroes) becomes publicly known, making it impossible for them to date anymore in their civilian identities, and eventually comes to an end when Peter realizes he cannot get over his feelings for Mary Jane. However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him.", "However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him. However, Kitty still retains strong feelings for him. Following the disastrous flood triggered by Magneto and the subsequent ban of public use of mutant powers, Kitty assumes the identity of the Shroud. Kitty also discovers that she can also decrease the space between her atoms make herself super-dense, giving her both superhuman strength and durability. When the authorities see Kitty as a threat, she enters into a fierce rage and demonstrates these powers for the first time to her friends.", "When the authorities see Kitty as a threat, she enters into a fierce rage and demonstrates these powers for the first time to her friends. She is strong and angry enough to punch Spider-Man several feet through the air. She eventually escapes and goes into hiding in the now abandoned Morlock Tunnel with Iceman and the Human Torch after Peter Parker's death. Kitty makes an appearance in Ultimate Comics: X, locating Jimmy Hudson, who is revealed to be Wolverine's son.", "Kitty makes an appearance in Ultimate Comics: X, locating Jimmy Hudson, who is revealed to be Wolverine's son. Kitty was charged by Logan before his death to locate Jimmy and reveal his true origins to him. After the death of Spider-Man she formed new team of X-Men consisting of herself, Iceman and the Human Torch. They soon rescued the mutant Rogue from the mutant-hunting Nimrod robots, going on to recruit Jimmy Hudson into their group as well.", "They soon rescued the mutant Rogue from the mutant-hunting Nimrod robots, going on to recruit Jimmy Hudson into their group as well. After killing the mutant-hunting William Stryker, Kitty decided to leave New York for the Southwest along with Bobby, Rogue, and Jimmy (leaving only Johnny behind) in order to save the mutants there and defeat the Nimrods, now controlled by the deceased Stryker's consciousness. Spider-Gwen In the reality where Gwen Stacy is Spider-Woman, Kitty is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.", "Spider-Gwen In the reality where Gwen Stacy is Spider-Woman, Kitty is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Black Ops department, where she works closely with Wolverine to keep him in check and to help him fight his immortal curse. Like the Age of Apocalypse version, she also wields artificial claws on her wrists. It's revealed that she works with Logan out of guilt, as Stryker forced her to use her powers to subject Logan to the Weapon X experiment.", "It's revealed that she works with Logan out of guilt, as Stryker forced her to use her powers to subject Logan to the Weapon X experiment. What If In What if Phoenix Had Not Died, Kitty is obliterated by Dark Phoenix before she destroyed the Earth. In What If the X-Men had Lost Inferno?, Kitty is one of the last eight remaining superheroes on the planet.", "In What If the X-Men had Lost Inferno?, Kitty is one of the last eight remaining superheroes on the planet. She is slain by a demonic Wolverine, but her death makes Wolverine come to his senses and he fights against Baron Mordo, who had joined up with the demon hordes. In What If... Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Kitty is the only hero left to kill a Hydra-programmed Wolverine after he has taken down the Marvel Universe.", "In What If... Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Kitty is the only hero left to kill a Hydra-programmed Wolverine after he has taken down the Marvel Universe. Kitty was the last remaining member of the team assembled to recapture Wolverine. The initial plan failed and Kitty was forced to phase her hand into Wolverine's brain. She then solidified her hand killing Wolverine instantly although she lost her hand in the process.", "She then solidified her hand killing Wolverine instantly although she lost her hand in the process. In What if Magneto and Professor X Had Formed The X-Men Together, Kitty is the tech guru at the Good Shepard clinic (That reality's version of the X-Mansion). She is very similar to her mainstream counterpart. But unlike the mainstream version this Kitty Pryde would wear different coloured wigs and cut her natural hair short.", "But unlike the mainstream version this Kitty Pryde would wear different coloured wigs and cut her natural hair short. She also had trouble with her powers since she would phase herself through a solid object and accidentally leave her clothes behind. She was also friends with Lockheed although she only called him Dragon. In What if Astonishing X-Men, Kitty is amongst the X-Men who fight a Phoenix powered Emma Frost. She phased Emma's heart from her chest but a Phoenix fire flares up from her body killing Kitty instantly.", "She phased Emma's heart from her chest but a Phoenix fire flares up from her body killing Kitty instantly. In the second story during the events of Astonishing X-Men #6-#12 Elixir had not been able to heal Kitty after being impaled and she dies. In \"What if the Dark Phoenix Rose Again\", Kitty has Colossus \"set up a fastball special\" to help her phase into a Master Mold. She is killed after solidifying inside the Master Mold's head destroying it in the process.", "She is killed after solidifying inside the Master Mold's head destroying it in the process. In What if Storm Had the Power of the Phoenix, Kitty helps revive the 'real' Storm (the Phoenix being the cosmic entity in Storm's shape) by phasing inside her body and getting her internal organs working again. X-Babies An X-Baby version of Shadowcat appears briefly in the X-Babies one-shot comic. She is wearing her original costume and is younger than the other X-Babies. She is named as Shadowkitty rather than Shadowcat or Kitty Pryde.", "She is named as Shadowkitty rather than Shadowcat or Kitty Pryde. She also doesn't seem to have a strong bond with the X-Baby version of Lockheed. X-Men Forever In the X-Men Forever series, Kitty and Nightcrawler have left Excalibur and rejoined the X-Men after the events of X-Men #1-3. Of the X-Men, she undergoes the most drastic changes from the events of X-Men Forever #1. During the battle with Fabian Cortez, she phases through Wolverine while he is being affected by Cortez's power.", "During the battle with Fabian Cortez, she phases through Wolverine while he is being affected by Cortez's power. This drives her powers haywire as well, and somehow she ends up with one of Wolverine's claws in her wrist. Claremont has also hinted in dialogue throughout the title so far that she may have also undergone psychological or psychic changes as a result of the event.", "Claremont has also hinted in dialogue throughout the title so far that she may have also undergone psychological or psychic changes as a result of the event. From Forever #4 to the current issue, she is shown to be able to use the claw in the exact method Wolverine would manifest it, with no apparent ill effects (the mechanism for this has not yet been made clear) outside of excruciating pain.", "From Forever #4 to the current issue, she is shown to be able to use the claw in the exact method Wolverine would manifest it, with no apparent ill effects (the mechanism for this has not yet been made clear) outside of excruciating pain. Because of the merger with Logan's DNA she has begun to develop a healing factor, slower than Wolverine's but it heals faster when she is intangible.", "Because of the merger with Logan's DNA she has begun to develop a healing factor, slower than Wolverine's but it heals faster when she is intangible. She has also slightly enhanced senses, she also can produce a set of five retractable claws on her left hand like Sabretooth. She has also begun to take on Logan's personality and memories as well. And because of this she is beginning to wonder what part of her truly remains the same.", "And because of this she is beginning to wonder what part of her truly remains the same. X-Men: Misfits In the X-Men: Misfits original English language manga one-shot graphic novel from Marvel and DelRay, Kitty is the newest and only female student of the all-male Xavier School for Gifted Youngsters, which is now experimenting with having a co-ed student body. As the sole girl, she becomes the center of attention and attraction for the rest of the students.", "As the sole girl, she becomes the center of attention and attraction for the rest of the students. She becomes a member and the mascot of the elitist fraternity, The Hellfire Club, and has a short-lived romantic relationship with the school troublemaker Pyro. X-Men: The End In the X-Men: The End future, Kitty Pryde becomes the mayor of Chicago and then President of the United States.", "X-Men: The End In the X-Men: The End future, Kitty Pryde becomes the mayor of Chicago and then President of the United States. She has three children: her eldest daughter, named Meredith, and twins 10 years younger than Meredith, Sara and Doug, with an unnamed partner who died protecting her from an assassination attempt. Miscellaneous In Excalibur #103, we see many alternative versions of Shadowcat.", "Miscellaneous In Excalibur #103, we see many alternative versions of Shadowcat. Many of these variations have appeared in other comics, such as Age of Apocalypse, but there were other variations, including one of her as a Phalanx convert, a sex dominatrix, a homeless person, a nun, a version wearing a costume similar to Phantom Girl, and a normal person who owns an Olde Curiosity Shoppe.", "Many of these variations have appeared in other comics, such as Age of Apocalypse, but there were other variations, including one of her as a Phalanx convert, a sex dominatrix, a homeless person, a nun, a version wearing a costume similar to Phantom Girl, and a normal person who owns an Olde Curiosity Shoppe. In New Mutants #63 Illyana (Magik), along with Lockheed, gets trapped on an alien spaceship that has been invaded by a Brood Queen.", "In New Mutants #63 Illyana (Magik), along with Lockheed, gets trapped on an alien spaceship that has been invaded by a Brood Queen. On this ship the Brood Queen created clones of the X-Men, including Kitty. This one had the Ariel suit on, but it was green, instead of the typical blue. These X-Men are implanted with Brood eggs. Her memories were altered by the Brood Queen like the other X-Men, but eventually they rebel against her and are free.", "Her memories were altered by the Brood Queen like the other X-Men, but eventually they rebel against her and are free. Illyana uses the soulsword to eliminate the Brood Eggs from their bodies. The X-Men stay on the ship; whether they are still on it is unknown. During the Cross Time Caper storyline a few different appearances of Kitty appear. One was a princess who was gifted with magic abilities. She eventually married a short dashing prince (who had originally fallen in love with the mainstream version of Kitty).", "She eventually married a short dashing prince (who had originally fallen in love with the mainstream version of Kitty). A second version was a crime boss who was betrayed and killed by her partner in crime Illiyana Rasputin. A third was from a world of sentient dinosaurs. She went by the name of Shadowcompsognathus. Collected editions Several of Kitty Pryde's earlier adventures were collected in paperback form. In other media Music Kitty Pryde is referenced in Weezer's song \"In the Garage\" from their \"Blue Album\".", "In other media Music Kitty Pryde is referenced in Weezer's song \"In the Garage\" from their \"Blue Album\". Television Kitty Pryde appeared as Sprite in \"The X-Men Adventure\" episode of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which guest-starred the X-Men. She was voiced by Melissa Sue Anderson. She also appeared in her short-lived \"Ariel\" costume in the X-Men group cameo at the end of the episode \"The Education of a Superhero\".", "She also appeared in her short-lived \"Ariel\" costume in the X-Men group cameo at the end of the episode \"The Education of a Superhero\". Kitty Pryde (voiced by Kath Soucie) was a viewpoint character in the animated television one-shot Pryde of the X-Men, as the newest member of the team. She is a new recruit of the team and is initially frightened of Nightcrawler, due to his demonic appearance. She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto.", "She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto. She and Nightcrawler later succeed in defeating Magneto. Once Nightcrawler seemingly dies as a result of having apparently sacrificed himself, Kitty begins to cry until discovering that he is alive and is met with positive relations by her teammates, except Wolverine. As the pilot was a failure, and the character had lost prominence in comics at the time, she was not used in the next X-Men TV series, not even in cameos.", "As the pilot was a failure, and the character had lost prominence in comics at the time, she was not used in the next X-Men TV series, not even in cameos. Jubilee replaced her as the young viewpoint character, and in the adaptations of stories that involved her. In the animated series X-Men: Evolution, Shadowcat is a main character, who is shown as the teenybopper of the team and who has a romantic interest in Brotherhood member Lance Alvers.", "In the animated series X-Men: Evolution, Shadowcat is a main character, who is shown as the teenybopper of the team and who has a romantic interest in Brotherhood member Lance Alvers. Shadowcat saves Wolverine in the season one episode \"Grim Reminder\", where she unintentionally stows away with Nightcrawler while on the Blackbird without the knowledge that he was beginning to pilot the jet. She is also shown to have developed a close friendship with Nightcrawler, despite the fact that she at first displayed a dislike for his appearance.", "She is also shown to have developed a close friendship with Nightcrawler, despite the fact that she at first displayed a dislike for his appearance. Besides Nightcrawler, she is shown to have formed a friendship with Rogue and Spyke. Her initial dislike of his appearance changes after he is severely wounded by Rogue, while she and the rest of the X-Men tried to recruit her.", "Her initial dislike of his appearance changes after he is severely wounded by Rogue, while she and the rest of the X-Men tried to recruit her. In this series, she does not have Lockheed for a pet, but she is shown preferring to sleep with a stuffed dragon instead of a teddy bear. Though she has an on-and-off interest in the delinquent mutant boy Lance Alvers, early in the series she displays interest in Cyclops.", "Though she has an on-and-off interest in the delinquent mutant boy Lance Alvers, early in the series she displays interest in Cyclops. After Rogue is recruited, she serves as her support in beginning a romantic relationship with Scott and develops a friendship with her, despite their differences. When Avalanche tries to join the X-Men in the season two episode \"Joyride\", she tries to help him and shows additional attraction to him as she grades him and the other members of the junior team.", "When Avalanche tries to join the X-Men in the season two episode \"Joyride\", she tries to help him and shows additional attraction to him as she grades him and the other members of the junior team. After he informs her that some members of the group have started a joyride on the Blackbird and helps her avert catastrophe, she staunchly defends him once he is accused by Cyclops of being responsible. When Avalanche starts to leave, Shadowcat gives him a brief kiss before his departure.", "When Avalanche starts to leave, Shadowcat gives him a brief kiss before his departure. Their relationship continues with the two of them going to a school dance, talking on the phone and going to the mall. Despite being with the Brotherhood, Avalanche tries to protect Kitty in the fight against the Scarlet Witch. In season 3, Kitty and Lance's relationship briefly ends after the Brotherhood and Mystique blow up the X Mansion and are in part responsible for the exposure of mutants.", "In season 3, Kitty and Lance's relationship briefly ends after the Brotherhood and Mystique blow up the X Mansion and are in part responsible for the exposure of mutants. Kitty calls Lance a \"hood\" after he attacks the high school and he says \"he will never be good enough for her\". Both look sad at these comments. In the fourth season, the X-Men try to use her powers to damage one of Apocalypse's domes and fails, instead being electrocuted briefly.", "In the fourth season, the X-Men try to use her powers to damage one of Apocalypse's domes and fails, instead being electrocuted briefly. In the fiftieth episode of the series, entitled \"Ghost of a Chance\", she comes across Danielle Moonstar once she depicts herself in a dream sequence to her. Once she wakes out of it, she tries to and successfully finds her, becoming friends with the girl after learning she had been in suspended animation for two years.", "Once she wakes out of it, she tries to and successfully finds her, becoming friends with the girl after learning she had been in suspended animation for two years. Prior to this, it is discovered that her fear is phasing repeatedly into the ground and going further without any control of where she is going. Shadowcat plays a key role in the defeat of Apocalypse and asks the Brotherhood for help. They come to her aid; as Lance and Kitty resume their romantic relationship.", "They come to her aid; as Lance and Kitty resume their romantic relationship. Of the six main X-Men from the first season of the series, she is one of the four that is still a member of the team in the future Charles Xavier saw while in the mind of Apocalypse. Shadowcat was voiced by Maggie Blue O'Hara. Shadowcat appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Danielle Judovits and was a student at the Xavier Institute before the destruction of the X-Mansion and disappearance of Professor X.", "Shadowcat appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Danielle Judovits and was a student at the Xavier Institute before the destruction of the X-Mansion and disappearance of Professor X. When Wolverine reformed the X-Men to take down the Mutant Response Division and save the dismal future controlled by the Sentinels, Kitty was on her way to the \"mutant paradise\" Genosha. The X-Men came to re-recruit her and she immediately rejoined the team.", "The X-Men came to re-recruit her and she immediately rejoined the team. Shadowcat appears as the youngest member of the team and she seems to have a crush on Iceman as she is jealous when his attention is taken by Emma Frost and is shown with a love-struck face when she lands on Bobby during a Danger Room training session, though she quickly moves away from him when Angel arrives. She seems to have formed a friendship with Tildie Soames after babysitting her in one episode.", "She seems to have formed a friendship with Tildie Soames after babysitting her in one episode. In the last episode of the series, she uses her powers to penetrate a Sentinel controlled by Magneto, of which Beast had difficulty with. Her design is inspired by the appearance of the character in the Astonishing X-Men comics, and her costume emulates the design with the appearance of the blue and yellow used on her costume.", "Her design is inspired by the appearance of the character in the Astonishing X-Men comics, and her costume emulates the design with the appearance of the blue and yellow used on her costume. The shorts she wears are based on the appearances of the original X-Men, and her first appearance when she wore a variant of the uniform. Shadowcat appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"And Lo...A Pilot Shall Come\".", "Shadowcat appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"And Lo...A Pilot Shall Come\". She appears alongside Colossus at the unveiling of the Great Wall that separates Super Hero City from Villainville and helping citizens into the S.H.I.E.L.D. Shelters. In the episode \"Mysterious Mayhem at Mutant Academy\", she uses Lockheed to chase Reptil and the hypnotized X-Men out of the girls' bathroom. Motion comics Shadowcat appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, voiced by Eileen Stevens and later by Laura Harris.", "Motion comics Shadowcat appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, voiced by Eileen Stevens and later by Laura Harris. Film In the film X-Men, she has a small cameo, played by Sumela Kay. She is referenced as the \"girl in Illinois who can walk through walls\" by Senator Kelly. She is shown in Xavier's class when Wolverine walks in; she returns for her books which she had left behind, grabs them, and phases through the door on her way out.", "She is shown in Xavier's class when Wolverine walks in; she returns for her books which she had left behind, grabs them, and phases through the door on her way out. Xavier responds with a cheerful \"Bye, Kitty\" while Wolverine looks on, startled. In X2, she has a brief appearance played by Katie Stuart. She is shown phasing through walls and through people to escape William Stryker's military forces during their attack on the X-Mansion.", "She is shown phasing through walls and through people to escape William Stryker's military forces during their attack on the X-Mansion. Another scene shows her falling through her bed to avoid an assault. She shares a room with Siryn; in the novelization it is stated that this is because her phasing ability gives her partial protection from Siryn's scream. When the President of the United States asks Professor Xavier how he got the files he gave him, Xavier replies that he knows a little girl who can walk through walls.", "When the President of the United States asks Professor Xavier how he got the files he gave him, Xavier replies that he knows a little girl who can walk through walls. In X-Men: The Last Stand, she is portrayed by a pre-transition Elliot Page, and has a central role. She serves as a rival to Rogue for the romantic attentions of Iceman, since their close friendship and their kiss (deleted scene) make Rogue increasingly jealous and frustrated.", "She serves as a rival to Rogue for the romantic attentions of Iceman, since their close friendship and their kiss (deleted scene) make Rogue increasingly jealous and frustrated. She also joins the X-Men in the battle on Alcatraz Island, breaking off from the battle to save Leech from the Juggernaut. In the novelization of the film, it is hinted that at some point Kitty had a romantic relationship with Colossus, but that it had long since run its course, although Colossus appears to still retain feelings towards her.", "In the novelization of the film, it is hinted that at some point Kitty had a romantic relationship with Colossus, but that it had long since run its course, although Colossus appears to still retain feelings towards her. Page reprised the role in X-Men: Days of Future Past. Pryde is the prime facilitator because she has developed a new power. In this film, she can send the consciousness of another person back into his or her body in the past.", "In this film, she can send the consciousness of another person back into his or her body in the past. At the beginning of the film, she has been using this ability to repeatedly send Bishop four days back in time whenever the Sentinels attack, thus; preventing her group from ever engaging them by having him warn the past team before they are detected.", "At the beginning of the film, she has been using this ability to repeatedly send Bishop four days back in time whenever the Sentinels attack, thus; preventing her group from ever engaging them by having him warn the past team before they are detected. In order to prevent the Sentinels' creation, she sends Wolverine back to 1973 (chosen as the strain of sending someone else back that far would snap their mind, with Logan's healing factor the only thing that makes such a trip survivable for him) and was gravely injured when Wolverine becomes violent; due to provocation from events in 1973.", "In order to prevent the Sentinels' creation, she sends Wolverine back to 1973 (chosen as the strain of sending someone else back that far would snap their mind, with Logan's healing factor the only thing that makes such a trip survivable for him) and was gravely injured when Wolverine becomes violent; due to provocation from events in 1973. After the timeline was successfully altered, Kitty is seen teaching a class at the X-Mansion with Colossus.", "After the timeline was successfully altered, Kitty is seen teaching a class at the X-Mansion with Colossus. In the film's alternate release, called The Rogue Cut, Kitty's injuries from sending Wolverine back to the past result in the X-Men rescuing Rogue to take over for her. Rogue absorbs Kitty's powers and takes over, stabilizing Wolverine and Kitty helps Magneto flee a Sentinel attack.", "Rogue absorbs Kitty's powers and takes over, stabilizing Wolverine and Kitty helps Magneto flee a Sentinel attack. In January 2018, a Kitty Pryde solo movie was announced to be in development, with Tim Miller attached as the director and Brian Michael Bendis as the writer, but in March 2019, after Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox, Fox executive Emma Watts described The New Mutants as the final film in the X-Men series, thus; ending the development of the Kitty Pryde film.", "In January 2018, a Kitty Pryde solo movie was announced to be in development, with Tim Miller attached as the director and Brian Michael Bendis as the writer, but in March 2019, after Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox, Fox executive Emma Watts described The New Mutants as the final film in the X-Men series, thus; ending the development of the Kitty Pryde film. Video games Kitty Pryde appears in Konami's 1992 X-Men video arcade game, as a non-playable character (NPC).", "Video games Kitty Pryde appears in Konami's 1992 X-Men video arcade game, as a non-playable character (NPC). In this game, she is not known as \"Sprite\"; instead, she plays the \"damsel in distress\" role as it is based on \"Pryde of the X-Men\". In the 2010 re-release of the game she is voiced by Mela Lee. Shadowcat is a playable character in the game X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants.", "Shadowcat is a playable character in the game X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants. Shadowcat appears as an NPC in the X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Kim Mai Guest. She has special dialogue with Colossus (who she scolds for flirting with Scarlet Witch). Shadowcat appears in X-Men: The Official Game, with Kim Mai Guest reprising her role. Shadowcat is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tara Strong.", "Shadowcat is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tara Strong. In X-Men: Destiny, Gambit mentions that the U-Men had captured Kitty and extracted bits of her power. Gambit obtains a vial of a substance which temporarily lets the character fall through the roof (if the player chose the correct option). Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the X-Men: Days of Future Past app game.", "Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the X-Men: Days of Future Past app game. Kitty Pryde is a playable character in the online MMO Marvel Heroes, with Danielle Judovits reprising her role. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest. Kitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force. Novels Kitty Pryde appears in the X-Men/Star Trek crossover novel Planet X.", "Novels Kitty Pryde appears in the X-Men/Star Trek crossover novel Planet X. In it, she is examined by Geordi La Forge, who notes the similarities between her ability and the chroniton displacement he and Ro Laren experienced in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \"The Next Phase\". Reception Kitty Pryde has been well received as a comic book character and as a member of the X-Men. Wizard magazine put her at number #13 in 200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time.", "Wizard magazine put her at number #13 in 200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time. She was the highest female comic character in the list beating rivals such as Wonder Woman, Buffy Summers, and She-Hulk. IGN ranked her as the 47th greatest comic book hero of all time stating that \"as X-Men writers have often found it useful to introduce younger teen recruits to offset the experienced members of the team, Kitty Pryde set the standard when she debuted, and none have surpassed her\".", "IGN ranked her as the 47th greatest comic book hero of all time stating that \"as X-Men writers have often found it useful to introduce younger teen recruits to offset the experienced members of the team, Kitty Pryde set the standard when she debuted, and none have surpassed her\". IGN rated Kitty Pryde #3 on its list of the Top 25 X-Men from the Past 40 Years describing her as the mutant everyman, the common girl turned superhero; IGN also stated that as her pet dragon, Lockheed, \"became instantly attached to Kitty, [they] were hooked early on\".", "IGN rated Kitty Pryde #3 on its list of the Top 25 X-Men from the Past 40 Years describing her as the mutant everyman, the common girl turned superhero; IGN also stated that as her pet dragon, Lockheed, \"became instantly attached to Kitty, [they] were hooked early on\". Marvel.com ranked her as the tenth greatest X-Men member stating that \"unquestionably, the dynamic of the X-Men shifted entirely when teenage whiz kid Kitty Pryde joined the team in the early 1980s\"; Marvel.com also stated that even though Kitty has since blossomed into a young woman of considerable maturity and power, she remains the access point to the X-Men for countless readers.", "Marvel.com ranked her as the tenth greatest X-Men member stating that \"unquestionably, the dynamic of the X-Men shifted entirely when teenage whiz kid Kitty Pryde joined the team in the early 1980s\"; Marvel.com also stated that even though Kitty has since blossomed into a young woman of considerable maturity and power, she remains the access point to the X-Men for countless readers. A later list on Marvel's website, ranking the top 50 X-Men characters, placed her in first place, citing the ease of identifying with her for the audience, and her development over the years.", "A later list on Marvel's website, ranking the top 50 X-Men characters, placed her in first place, citing the ease of identifying with her for the audience, and her development over the years. Notes References External links Kitty Pryde at Marvel.com UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Shadowcat American superheroes Characters created by Chris Claremont Characters created by John Byrne (comics) Comics characters introduced in 1980 Excalibur (comics) Female characters in animation Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional American Jews in comics Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional dancers Fictional female ninja Fictional linguists Fictional mayors Fictional schoolteachers Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional women soldiers and warriors Jewish superheroes Marvel Comics female superheroes Marvel Comics film characters Marvel Comics LGBT superheroes Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics mutants S.H.I.E.L.D.", "Notes References External links Kitty Pryde at Marvel.com UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Shadowcat American superheroes Characters created by Chris Claremont Characters created by John Byrne (comics) Comics characters introduced in 1980 Excalibur (comics) Female characters in animation Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional American Jews in comics Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional dancers Fictional female ninja Fictional linguists Fictional mayors Fictional schoolteachers Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional women soldiers and warriors Jewish superheroes Marvel Comics female superheroes Marvel Comics film characters Marvel Comics LGBT superheroes Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics mutants S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Teenage characters in comics X-Men members" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" is the title of a number-one R&B single by singer Tevin Campbell. To date, the single is Campbell's biggest hit peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spending one week at number-one on the US R&B chart. The hit song is also Tevin's one and only Adult Contemporary hit, where it peaked at number 43. The song showcases Campbell's four-octave vocal range from a low note of E2 to a D#6 during the bridge of the song.\n\nTrack listings\nUS 7\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental) – 5:00\n\n12\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (album version) – 5:02\n\nUK CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:16\n \"Goodbye\" (7\" Remix Edit) – 3:48\n \"Goodbye\" (Sidub and Listen) – 4:58\n \"Goodbye\" (Tevin's Dub Pt 1 & 2) – 6:53\n\nJapan CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:10\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental version) – 4:10\n\nGermany CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:10\n \"Just Ask Me\" (featuring Chubb Rock) – 4:07\n \"Tomorrow\" (A Better You, Better Me) – 4:46\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nSee also\nList of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nTevin Campbell songs\n1991 singles\n1991 songs\nSongs written by Tevin Campbell\nSongs written by Narada Michael Walden\nSong recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden\nWarner Records singles\nContemporary R&B ballads\nPop ballads\nSoul ballads\n1990s ballads", "\"Tell Me What You Want\" is the fourth single by English R&B band Loose Ends from their first studio album, A Little Spice, and was released in February 1984 by Virgin Records. The single reached number 74 in the UK Singles Chart.\n\nTrack listing\n7” Single: VS658\n \"Tell Me What You Want) 3.35\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Dub Mix)\" 3.34\n\n12” Single: VS658-12\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Version)\" 6.11\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Dub Mix)\" 5.41\n\nU.S. only release - 12” Single: MCA23596 (released 1985)\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Extended Remix)\" 6.08 *\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Dub Version)\" 5.18\n\n* The U.S. Extended Remix version was released on CD on the U.S. Version of the 'A Little Spice' album (MCAD27141).\n\nThe Extended Version also featured on Side D of the limited gatefold sleeve version of 'Magic Touch'\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tell Me What You Want at Discogs.\n\n1984 singles\nLoose Ends (band) songs\nSong recordings produced by Nick Martinelli\nSongs written by Carl McIntosh (musician)\nSongs written by Steve Nichol\n1984 songs\nVirgin Records singles" ]

[ "Thursday is an American post-hardcore band, formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1997. The band currently consists of Geoff Rickly (lead vocals), Tom Keeley (lead guitar, backing vocals), Steve Pedulla (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Tim Payne (bass), and Tucker Rule (drums). Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla.", "Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla. The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart.", "The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart. Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011.", "Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011. In a January 2013 interview, Geoff Rickly confirmed that the band had officially disbanded. However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years.", "However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years. In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago.", "In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago. The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time.", "The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time. History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule.", "History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule. The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well.", "The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well. The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting.", "The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting. The album was released on December 6, 1999 on northern New Jersey-based Eyeball Records without any singles or support from television or radio. Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records.", "Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records. After signing, they were warned by their friends that they \"gotten ourselves into a situation that we would regret\". The group were unsure what they meant, but thought things would turn out fine due to their contract with the label. They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to.", "They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to. However, they realized the deal had in fact stated they could only leave Victory if it was to join a major label, which they thought was \"a far-fetched idea to say the least.\" Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200.", "Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200. Before appearing on Warped Tour, the group visited Victory's offices and learned about Thursday-branded whoopee cushions that the label was planning to sell at the tour. Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\"", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\" On a number of occasions, the group attempted to have better communication with the label in regards to promotion. On one occasion, Brummel informed them they were not living up to his expectations. Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day.", "Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day. Brummel became more positive in his interactions, frequently calling the band \"just to say hello, or to ask how record sales at shows were going.\" The group were disappointed that his positivity \"wasn't there from the beginning. ... Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\"", "Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\" The band's new-found popularity and disgust with the label led to internal problems, which almost led the band to disband. The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records.", "The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records. At live shows, the band routinely told fans not to purchase the EP, but instead to download \"Jet Black New Year\", the only new studio recording found on the EP, with the rest consisting of live performances of four Full Collapse songs. While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels.", "While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels. The group, who \"didn't understand [anything] about major labels\", pondered about other independent labels they would join. However, due to their contract they wouldn't be allowed to move to another independent label. Throughout 2001, people from major label Island Records had been to the band's shows since they became a full-time touring act. Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band.", "Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band. War All the Time (2003–2005) In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels. Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies. On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records.", "On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records. The agreement required parent company Island/Def Jam to buy out Victory's contract claim for the group's next two albums. Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\"", "Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\" In addition, their next two albums were required to feature the Victory logo. With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\".", "With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\". In September and October, the group went on the Plea for Peace Tour, and were planning to work on their next album following its conclusion. They said they had accumulated a lot of ideas but were unable to work on them due to touring. In mid-November, the group began writing new material.", "In mid-November, the group began writing new material. In mid-November, the group began writing new material. After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance.", "After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance. War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey.", "War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war.", "The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war. The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets.", "The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets. Thursday toured extensively to support War All the Time, featuring dates with acts such as AFI, Thrice, and Coheed and Cambria. On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores.", "On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores. The band also recorded a live acoustic session for Y100 Sonic Sessions, a radio program on the now defunct Philadelphia-based radio station, Y100. The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8.", "The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8. The band released two EPs: the first was Live from the SoHo & Santa Monica Stores Split EP and sold exclusively on iTunes, and the second was a promotion found in Revolver, called the Live in Detroit EP. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons.", "The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons. However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website.", "However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website. A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\".", "A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\". The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music.", "The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music. The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album.", "The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album. Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence.", "Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence. Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\".", "Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\". Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom.", "Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom. The album was produced by Dave Fridmann, becoming Thursday's first full-length album not produced by Sal Villanueva. The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz.", "The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz. The album was available for preview on the band's MySpace page on April 18, 2006, two weeks before it was officially released. A City by the Light Divided was generally received well by critics, spawning two singles: \"Counting 5-4-3-2-1\" and \"At This Velocity\", though the latter received considerably less attention. The band left Island Records in early 2007.", "The band left Island Records in early 2007. The band left Island Records in early 2007. At their 2007 New Year's Eve show at the Starland Ballroom, the band announced that they will be writing and recording new material in 2008. During a private show they performed on May 3, 2007 in New York City, long-time friend and artist manager, David \"Rev\" Ciancio proposed to his fiancée on stage. Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort.", "Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort. Thursday cancelled all tour plans until their fall tour with Circle Takes the Square and Portugal. The Man in support of Kill the House Lights, a DVD/CD compilation album and live album. featuring demos, unreleased songs, footage of live performances, and a documentary about the band. The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records.", "The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records. Thursday announced on April 2, 2008, via a MySpace bulletin and their official website, a new split album with Japanese post-hardcore band Envy. The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008.", "The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008. Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\"", "Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\" Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records.", "Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records. In a March 2009 interview, Rickly explained the album's title refers to humanity's shared experience, and that many of the songs were influenced by the words of his favorite poets and authors: \"Almost every song on the record is connected to a different writer. The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man.", "The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man. Another song is based on a book [ Martin Amis'] Time's Arrow. The whole record also has a lot of themes from Roberto Bolano, a poet who wrote The Savage Detectives and a few other things. The song \"Circuits of Fever\" is very influenced by [writer] David Foster Wallace.\" Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly.", "Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act.", "Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act. The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\"", "The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\" No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums.", "No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums. Their sixth album and second release for Epitaph Records, No Devolución, was released on April 12, 2011. Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return.", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return. The songs are more vulnerable than they've been in a long time. [...] It's very atmospheric and mood oriented so far.\" Rickly also stated that the primary lyrical theme is devotion. Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom.", "Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom. On November 22, 2011, Thursday posted a statement on their official website and their Twitter account reading \"Thanks & Love\", expressing their intention to stop producing music together. However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus.", "However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus. The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again.", "The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again. He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced.", "He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced. Since their disbandment, Rickly formed the band No Devotion in 2014 with former members of the band Lostprophets, and has continued his side-project United Nations. Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer.", "Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer. Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account.", "Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account. This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\"", "This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\" Thursday's former booking agent began encouraging them to reunite the band with the freedom to do whatever they wanted and without the pressure of having to write a new album. Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016.", "Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016. In a statement about the reunion show, Rickly said: \"Five years ago, we found it necessary to end Thursday for reasons beyond our control. Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together.", "Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together. This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\"", "This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\" Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival.", "Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival. The band had no intention to reunite before this decision.", "The band had no intention to reunite before this decision. Two months later, it was announced that the band would be playing both Denver and Chicago dates of Riot Fest in September, causing speculation that the band may play more shows later on in the year. On June 15, the band's official Instagram posted a picture of a show bill announcing a 'homecoming' on December 30 at Starland Ballroom. The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned.", "The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned. The lineup and SETLIST are going to be insane.\" On November 6, the band played the inaugural Sound on Sound fest just outside of Austin, TX. On January 31, 2017, the band announced a 24 date tour to take place in March and April 2017. Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York.", "Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York. The band announced in October 2018 that they would be ending their reunion the following year while stating \"when we stopped playing last time, it wasn't on the best of terms. This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want.", "This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want. If we are ever able to do Thursday again, it will be a new, separate chapter. Thank you all for your time, attention and friendship.\". The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY.", "The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY. In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne.", "In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne. After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion.", "After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion. It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way.", "It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way. But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever.", "But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever. After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will.", "After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will. We hope to see you there.\"", "We hope to see you there.\" We hope to see you there.\" They then proceeded to announce a show in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and two UK shows to be held at London's Electric Ballroom, due to play Full Collapse on night one followed by War All the Time on night two, which took place in December 2019. Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance.", "Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance. Second return (2020–present) Despite the band's previous statement that their reunion would come to an end, it was announced in June 2020 that Thursday would play their first show in nearly two years at Riot Fest in September 2021. They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald.", "They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald. Between August 2020 and April 2021, the band shared three virtual performances entitled Signals. The first performance (V1) featured guest guitarist Frank Iero, and largely consisted of stripped-back versions of the band's songs. The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange.", "The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange. The third and final performance (V3) saw the band performing Full Collapse and No Devolución in their entirety. In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night.", "In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night. In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007.", "In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007. A chapter on the band's major-label debut, Full Collapse, was included in the book, as well as a photo of the band performing live serving as the book's cover. Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise.", "Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise. The dove is believed to have been conceived by guitarist Tom Keeley on a tour bus sometime before Full Collapse was recorded. Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa.", "Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa. The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución.", "The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución. The band also used a second logo, a red bullseye with a small chevron below it. This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album.", "This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album. It can also be seen faded in the background of the cover for Kill the House Lights. Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey.", "Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey. Members Current members Tom Keeley – lead guitar, backing vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tim Payne – bass (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Geoff Rickly – lead vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tucker Rule – drums (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Steve Pedulla – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2000–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Former members Bill Henderson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–2000) Andrew Everding – keyboards, synthesizer, backing vocals (2002–2011, 2016–2019) Former touring musicians Lukas Previn – bass Brooks Tipton – keyboards, synthesizer Stuart Richardson – bass Chris \"Ghost\" Macias – bass Timeline Discography Waiting (1999) Full Collapse (2001) War All the Time (2003) A City by the Light Divided (2006) Common Existence (2009) No Devolución (2011) Notes References External links Emo musical groups from New Jersey American screamo musical groups American post-hardcore musical groups Musical groups established in 1997 Musical groups from New Jersey Victory Records artists Epitaph Records artists Island Records artists Musical groups disestablished in 2012 Musical groups reestablished in 2016 Musical groups disestablished in 2019 Musical groups reestablished in 2020 Temporary Residence Limited artists" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know.", "what can you tell me interesting", "In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels." ]

[ "A museum label, also referred to as a caption or tombstone, is a label describing an object exhibited in a museum or one introducing a room or area. Museum labels tend to list the artist's name, the artwork's name, the year the art was completed, and the materials used. They may also include a summary, description, the years the artist lived, and the dimensions of the work. When such labels are used in an art gallery setting they often also include the price of the artwork.\n\nIncreasingly, labels in non-English-speaking countries have labels in English as well as the main local language, and in some parts of the world, labels in three or more languages are common.\n\nHistory\n\nThe first known museum labels are from the Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum originally dating to circa 530 BCE.\n\nThe museum labels of the 20th century and 21st century BCE items found in Ennigaldi's museum were labeled in three different languages on clay cylinders as to what the centuries-old objects were.\n\nSome of these artifacts were:\n a kudurru, Kassite boundary marker (carved with a snake and emblems of various gods).\n part of a statue of King Shulgi.\n clay cone that was part of a building at Larsa.\n\nMuseum-like behavior occurred as early as the 19th-century BCE which gave indications of steps of labeling and cataloging antiquities.\nA \"museum label\" cylinder tablet describing 100-year-old antiquity objects of circa 2000 BCE read,\n\nBy the end of the 19th century, object labels, usually with less information than modern examples, had become standard in Western museums.\n\nLabel types\n\nIntroduction labels\nIntroduction labels are typically large, placed on a wall, and intended to give a broad summary of the contents of one or more galleries. They have large font sizes that can be read from many paces away.\n\nKim Kenney, curator of the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum says that the first label a visitor should see should explain the exhibit display in general. The introduction label should be a \"teaser\" and talk about the main sections of the exhibit to encourage people to explore the rest. If there is something significant or special within the main exhibit, it should be introduced here. At this point, the visitor should have a general sense for what the museum is about. Visitors should understand immediately what they are going to see and they should be motivated to see the entire exhibit. Perhaps a brochure would accompany the introduction explaining the main museum, the price, and the hours.\n\nSection labels \nA section label is a small introduction consisting of sub-topics in a museum exhibition. Kenney says they should represent the \"meat\" of the museum. If the section is large, perhaps more than one section label is in order. The description should consist of approximately 100–200 words. The visitor should not be strained to read all the labels, so they should be on the short side if anything.\n\nObject labels\n\nObject labels are the smallest of the museum labels. Their scope is limited to the individual objects they are displayed next to. Typically, the title of the work or a descriptive title phrase is given, followed by the name and often, the dates of the artist, and the date and place the object was created. The artist may precede the title. The materials or technique of the object are normally given, either before or after any short passage describing or interpreting the object. Increasingly, object labels may include a brief description or commentary. \n\nIf the object is included in an audio guide or some other form of tour, there may be a symbol indicating this. Kenney says she prefers object labels contain a one word title followed by a 25–50 word description for a museum label. She explains that people want specific aspects of the object they might not notice at first glance or might not have already known (i.e. something unusual, material made of, date of artifact, who made). Most people want to know specifics like when it was made, why it was made, usage and when it became part of the museum.\n\nThe lowest part of the label, after a gap, usually has other information in note form, often in a smaller font size. An accession number is often given, and often the accession date. Practice varies as to whether accession dates and donor information are included. Some donations, especially from government organizations, may specify a credit on the label. Loaned objects are usually specified in some way. It is the opinion of Kenney that donor information clutters up the object label. She believes it is better to give a list of donors on a general credit panel, but this does not seem very common, at least for expensive objects like some paintings.\n\nA different approach to layout is to put all the main \"data\", usually on the left, and then beside it the description or commentary. When a number of small objects are displayed together, they are normally given small numbers beside them, which tie in to a group label.\n\nUse of digital technologies\n\nThere are studies recently done that demonstrate the feasibility of a wireless Web-based tool for an in-gallery paperless digital label system, perhaps in the form of \"Digital Label Towers\" or wall mounted digital displays. Some concepts that could be used then is changing configurations of the museum labels, digitally updating the electronic museum label, usability on various display systems, and integrate third party content. \n\nSome museums use barcodes or QR codes on their labels (such as for QRpedia).\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nCasey, Wilson, Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World, Penguin, 2009, .\nLeón, Vicki, Uppity women of ancient times, Conari Press, 1995, .\nWoolley, Leonard, Ur \"of the Chaldees\": the final account, Excavations at Ur, Herbert Press, 1982, .\nWoolley, Leonard, Excavations at Ur — A Record of Twelve Years Work by Sir Leonard Woolley, Ernest Benn Limited, 1955, printed in Great Britain.\n\nExternal links\n \n\nLabel\nMuseology", "Threshold House is one of several record labels created by Coil to release their own work and that of affiliated projects. Associated labels include Eskaton and Chalice. It is also the name for the official Coil website.\n\nThe label was initially a vanity label of sorts, as all releases were manufactured and distributed by other labels, most prominently World Serpent Distribution. Following the bankruptcy of World Serpent, the label continued independently.\n\nThe logo for Threshold House is a castle-like building, possibly what Coil have referred to as \"The East Tower\" in past interviews, and a moon. It is also very similar to artist recreations of the buildings at Catalhoyuk.\n\nAfter the death of John Balance and the disbanding of Coil, Peter Christopherson started a solo effort, The Threshold HouseBoys Choir, based on the name Threshold House.\n\nReleases\n\nLOCI\nThe series of \"LOCI\" were released when Coil resided in England.\n\nTHRESH & THBKK\nThe \"THRESH\" and \"THBKK\" series began with Peter Christopherson's relocation to Bangkok, Thailand.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n List of electronic music record labels\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Threshold House\n\nElectronic music record labels\nVanity record labels\nBritish record labels\nRecord labels established in 1987" ]

[ "Thursday is an American post-hardcore band, formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1997. The band currently consists of Geoff Rickly (lead vocals), Tom Keeley (lead guitar, backing vocals), Steve Pedulla (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Tim Payne (bass), and Tucker Rule (drums). Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla.", "Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla. The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart.", "The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart. Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011.", "Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011. In a January 2013 interview, Geoff Rickly confirmed that the band had officially disbanded. However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years.", "However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years. In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago.", "In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago. The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time.", "The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time. History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule.", "History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule. The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well.", "The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well. The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting.", "The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting. The album was released on December 6, 1999 on northern New Jersey-based Eyeball Records without any singles or support from television or radio. Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records.", "Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records. After signing, they were warned by their friends that they \"gotten ourselves into a situation that we would regret\". The group were unsure what they meant, but thought things would turn out fine due to their contract with the label. They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to.", "They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to. However, they realized the deal had in fact stated they could only leave Victory if it was to join a major label, which they thought was \"a far-fetched idea to say the least.\" Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200.", "Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200. Before appearing on Warped Tour, the group visited Victory's offices and learned about Thursday-branded whoopee cushions that the label was planning to sell at the tour. Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\"", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\" On a number of occasions, the group attempted to have better communication with the label in regards to promotion. On one occasion, Brummel informed them they were not living up to his expectations. Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day.", "Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day. Brummel became more positive in his interactions, frequently calling the band \"just to say hello, or to ask how record sales at shows were going.\" The group were disappointed that his positivity \"wasn't there from the beginning. ... Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\"", "Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\" The band's new-found popularity and disgust with the label led to internal problems, which almost led the band to disband. The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records.", "The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records. At live shows, the band routinely told fans not to purchase the EP, but instead to download \"Jet Black New Year\", the only new studio recording found on the EP, with the rest consisting of live performances of four Full Collapse songs. While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels.", "While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels. The group, who \"didn't understand [anything] about major labels\", pondered about other independent labels they would join. However, due to their contract they wouldn't be allowed to move to another independent label. Throughout 2001, people from major label Island Records had been to the band's shows since they became a full-time touring act. Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band.", "Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band. War All the Time (2003–2005) In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels. Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies. On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records.", "On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records. The agreement required parent company Island/Def Jam to buy out Victory's contract claim for the group's next two albums. Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\"", "Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\" In addition, their next two albums were required to feature the Victory logo. With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\".", "With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\". In September and October, the group went on the Plea for Peace Tour, and were planning to work on their next album following its conclusion. They said they had accumulated a lot of ideas but were unable to work on them due to touring. In mid-November, the group began writing new material.", "In mid-November, the group began writing new material. In mid-November, the group began writing new material. After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance.", "After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance. War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey.", "War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war.", "The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war. The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets.", "The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets. Thursday toured extensively to support War All the Time, featuring dates with acts such as AFI, Thrice, and Coheed and Cambria. On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores.", "On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores. The band also recorded a live acoustic session for Y100 Sonic Sessions, a radio program on the now defunct Philadelphia-based radio station, Y100. The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8.", "The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8. The band released two EPs: the first was Live from the SoHo & Santa Monica Stores Split EP and sold exclusively on iTunes, and the second was a promotion found in Revolver, called the Live in Detroit EP. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons.", "The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons. However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website.", "However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website. A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\".", "A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\". The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music.", "The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music. The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album.", "The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album. Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence.", "Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence. Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\".", "Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\". Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom.", "Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom. The album was produced by Dave Fridmann, becoming Thursday's first full-length album not produced by Sal Villanueva. The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz.", "The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz. The album was available for preview on the band's MySpace page on April 18, 2006, two weeks before it was officially released. A City by the Light Divided was generally received well by critics, spawning two singles: \"Counting 5-4-3-2-1\" and \"At This Velocity\", though the latter received considerably less attention. The band left Island Records in early 2007.", "The band left Island Records in early 2007. The band left Island Records in early 2007. At their 2007 New Year's Eve show at the Starland Ballroom, the band announced that they will be writing and recording new material in 2008. During a private show they performed on May 3, 2007 in New York City, long-time friend and artist manager, David \"Rev\" Ciancio proposed to his fiancée on stage. Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort.", "Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort. Thursday cancelled all tour plans until their fall tour with Circle Takes the Square and Portugal. The Man in support of Kill the House Lights, a DVD/CD compilation album and live album. featuring demos, unreleased songs, footage of live performances, and a documentary about the band. The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records.", "The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records. Thursday announced on April 2, 2008, via a MySpace bulletin and their official website, a new split album with Japanese post-hardcore band Envy. The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008.", "The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008. Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\"", "Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\" Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records.", "Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records. In a March 2009 interview, Rickly explained the album's title refers to humanity's shared experience, and that many of the songs were influenced by the words of his favorite poets and authors: \"Almost every song on the record is connected to a different writer. The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man.", "The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man. Another song is based on a book [ Martin Amis'] Time's Arrow. The whole record also has a lot of themes from Roberto Bolano, a poet who wrote The Savage Detectives and a few other things. The song \"Circuits of Fever\" is very influenced by [writer] David Foster Wallace.\" Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly.", "Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act.", "Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act. The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\"", "The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\" No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums.", "No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums. Their sixth album and second release for Epitaph Records, No Devolución, was released on April 12, 2011. Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return.", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return. The songs are more vulnerable than they've been in a long time. [...] It's very atmospheric and mood oriented so far.\" Rickly also stated that the primary lyrical theme is devotion. Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom.", "Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom. On November 22, 2011, Thursday posted a statement on their official website and their Twitter account reading \"Thanks & Love\", expressing their intention to stop producing music together. However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus.", "However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus. The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again.", "The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again. He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced.", "He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced. Since their disbandment, Rickly formed the band No Devotion in 2014 with former members of the band Lostprophets, and has continued his side-project United Nations. Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer.", "Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer. Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account.", "Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account. This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\"", "This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\" Thursday's former booking agent began encouraging them to reunite the band with the freedom to do whatever they wanted and without the pressure of having to write a new album. Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016.", "Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016. In a statement about the reunion show, Rickly said: \"Five years ago, we found it necessary to end Thursday for reasons beyond our control. Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together.", "Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together. This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\"", "This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\" Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival.", "Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival. The band had no intention to reunite before this decision.", "The band had no intention to reunite before this decision. Two months later, it was announced that the band would be playing both Denver and Chicago dates of Riot Fest in September, causing speculation that the band may play more shows later on in the year. On June 15, the band's official Instagram posted a picture of a show bill announcing a 'homecoming' on December 30 at Starland Ballroom. The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned.", "The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned. The lineup and SETLIST are going to be insane.\" On November 6, the band played the inaugural Sound on Sound fest just outside of Austin, TX. On January 31, 2017, the band announced a 24 date tour to take place in March and April 2017. Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York.", "Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York. The band announced in October 2018 that they would be ending their reunion the following year while stating \"when we stopped playing last time, it wasn't on the best of terms. This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want.", "This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want. If we are ever able to do Thursday again, it will be a new, separate chapter. Thank you all for your time, attention and friendship.\". The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY.", "The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY. In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne.", "In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne. After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion.", "After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion. It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way.", "It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way. But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever.", "But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever. After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will.", "After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will. We hope to see you there.\"", "We hope to see you there.\" We hope to see you there.\" They then proceeded to announce a show in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and two UK shows to be held at London's Electric Ballroom, due to play Full Collapse on night one followed by War All the Time on night two, which took place in December 2019. Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance.", "Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance. Second return (2020–present) Despite the band's previous statement that their reunion would come to an end, it was announced in June 2020 that Thursday would play their first show in nearly two years at Riot Fest in September 2021. They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald.", "They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald. Between August 2020 and April 2021, the band shared three virtual performances entitled Signals. The first performance (V1) featured guest guitarist Frank Iero, and largely consisted of stripped-back versions of the band's songs. The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange.", "The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange. The third and final performance (V3) saw the band performing Full Collapse and No Devolución in their entirety. In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night.", "In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night. In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007.", "In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007. A chapter on the band's major-label debut, Full Collapse, was included in the book, as well as a photo of the band performing live serving as the book's cover. Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise.", "Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise. The dove is believed to have been conceived by guitarist Tom Keeley on a tour bus sometime before Full Collapse was recorded. Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa.", "Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa. The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución.", "The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución. The band also used a second logo, a red bullseye with a small chevron below it. This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album.", "This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album. It can also be seen faded in the background of the cover for Kill the House Lights. Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey.", "Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey. Members Current members Tom Keeley – lead guitar, backing vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tim Payne – bass (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Geoff Rickly – lead vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tucker Rule – drums (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Steve Pedulla – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2000–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Former members Bill Henderson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–2000) Andrew Everding – keyboards, synthesizer, backing vocals (2002–2011, 2016–2019) Former touring musicians Lukas Previn – bass Brooks Tipton – keyboards, synthesizer Stuart Richardson – bass Chris \"Ghost\" Macias – bass Timeline Discography Waiting (1999) Full Collapse (2001) War All the Time (2003) A City by the Light Divided (2006) Common Existence (2009) No Devolución (2011) Notes References External links Emo musical groups from New Jersey American screamo musical groups American post-hardcore musical groups Musical groups established in 1997 Musical groups from New Jersey Victory Records artists Epitaph Records artists Island Records artists Musical groups disestablished in 2012 Musical groups reestablished in 2016 Musical groups disestablished in 2019 Musical groups reestablished in 2020 Temporary Residence Limited artists" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know.", "what can you tell me interesting", "In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels.", "What were some of the other labels", "Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies." ]

[ "This is the discography of the hard rock band Magnum, which is headed by vocalist Bob Catley and guitarist/songwriter Tony Clarkin. Originally formed around 1972 they released their first single in 1975 (a cover of Sweets for My Sweet that did not chart) and their first album Kingdom of Madness in 1978. They continued recording and releasing albums until 1995 when they split. However, they re-formed in 2001 and have released albums every few years since. Many compilations and live albums were released in the gap, as well as Bob and Tony forming Hard Rain before re-forming Magnum with long-time keyboard player Mark Stanway.\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nThere have also been many other compilations across various labels.\n\nCharted singles\n\nVideos and DVDs\n\nReferences\n\nDiscographies of British artists\nRock music group discographies", "The discography of pureNRG, a Christian pop group, consists of four studio albums, one remix album and a compilation album. They have also released three DVDs and four music videos.\n\nAlbums\n\nStudio albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nChristmas albums\n\nRemix albums\n\nChart history\n\n Note: — means that the album did not make the chart.\n\nDVDs\n\nMusic videos\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nDiscographies of American artists\nPop music group discographies" ]

[ "Thursday is an American post-hardcore band, formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1997. The band currently consists of Geoff Rickly (lead vocals), Tom Keeley (lead guitar, backing vocals), Steve Pedulla (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Tim Payne (bass), and Tucker Rule (drums). Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla.", "Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla. The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart.", "The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart. Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011.", "Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011. In a January 2013 interview, Geoff Rickly confirmed that the band had officially disbanded. However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years.", "However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years. In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago.", "In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago. The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time.", "The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time. History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule.", "History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule. The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well.", "The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well. The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting.", "The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting. The album was released on December 6, 1999 on northern New Jersey-based Eyeball Records without any singles or support from television or radio. Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records.", "Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records. After signing, they were warned by their friends that they \"gotten ourselves into a situation that we would regret\". The group were unsure what they meant, but thought things would turn out fine due to their contract with the label. They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to.", "They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to. However, they realized the deal had in fact stated they could only leave Victory if it was to join a major label, which they thought was \"a far-fetched idea to say the least.\" Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200.", "Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200. Before appearing on Warped Tour, the group visited Victory's offices and learned about Thursday-branded whoopee cushions that the label was planning to sell at the tour. Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\"", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\" On a number of occasions, the group attempted to have better communication with the label in regards to promotion. On one occasion, Brummel informed them they were not living up to his expectations. Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day.", "Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day. Brummel became more positive in his interactions, frequently calling the band \"just to say hello, or to ask how record sales at shows were going.\" The group were disappointed that his positivity \"wasn't there from the beginning. ... Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\"", "Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\" The band's new-found popularity and disgust with the label led to internal problems, which almost led the band to disband. The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records.", "The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records. At live shows, the band routinely told fans not to purchase the EP, but instead to download \"Jet Black New Year\", the only new studio recording found on the EP, with the rest consisting of live performances of four Full Collapse songs. While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels.", "While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels. The group, who \"didn't understand [anything] about major labels\", pondered about other independent labels they would join. However, due to their contract they wouldn't be allowed to move to another independent label. Throughout 2001, people from major label Island Records had been to the band's shows since they became a full-time touring act. Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band.", "Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band. War All the Time (2003–2005) In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels. Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies. On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records.", "On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records. The agreement required parent company Island/Def Jam to buy out Victory's contract claim for the group's next two albums. Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\"", "Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\" In addition, their next two albums were required to feature the Victory logo. With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\".", "With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\". In September and October, the group went on the Plea for Peace Tour, and were planning to work on their next album following its conclusion. They said they had accumulated a lot of ideas but were unable to work on them due to touring. In mid-November, the group began writing new material.", "In mid-November, the group began writing new material. In mid-November, the group began writing new material. After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance.", "After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance. War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey.", "War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war.", "The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war. The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets.", "The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets. Thursday toured extensively to support War All the Time, featuring dates with acts such as AFI, Thrice, and Coheed and Cambria. On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores.", "On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores. The band also recorded a live acoustic session for Y100 Sonic Sessions, a radio program on the now defunct Philadelphia-based radio station, Y100. The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8.", "The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8. The band released two EPs: the first was Live from the SoHo & Santa Monica Stores Split EP and sold exclusively on iTunes, and the second was a promotion found in Revolver, called the Live in Detroit EP. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons.", "The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons. However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website.", "However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website. A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\".", "A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\". The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music.", "The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music. The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album.", "The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album. Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence.", "Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence. Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\".", "Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\". Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom.", "Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom. The album was produced by Dave Fridmann, becoming Thursday's first full-length album not produced by Sal Villanueva. The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz.", "The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz. The album was available for preview on the band's MySpace page on April 18, 2006, two weeks before it was officially released. A City by the Light Divided was generally received well by critics, spawning two singles: \"Counting 5-4-3-2-1\" and \"At This Velocity\", though the latter received considerably less attention. The band left Island Records in early 2007.", "The band left Island Records in early 2007. The band left Island Records in early 2007. At their 2007 New Year's Eve show at the Starland Ballroom, the band announced that they will be writing and recording new material in 2008. During a private show they performed on May 3, 2007 in New York City, long-time friend and artist manager, David \"Rev\" Ciancio proposed to his fiancée on stage. Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort.", "Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort. Thursday cancelled all tour plans until their fall tour with Circle Takes the Square and Portugal. The Man in support of Kill the House Lights, a DVD/CD compilation album and live album. featuring demos, unreleased songs, footage of live performances, and a documentary about the band. The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records.", "The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records. Thursday announced on April 2, 2008, via a MySpace bulletin and their official website, a new split album with Japanese post-hardcore band Envy. The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008.", "The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008. Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\"", "Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\" Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records.", "Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records. In a March 2009 interview, Rickly explained the album's title refers to humanity's shared experience, and that many of the songs were influenced by the words of his favorite poets and authors: \"Almost every song on the record is connected to a different writer. The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man.", "The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man. Another song is based on a book [ Martin Amis'] Time's Arrow. The whole record also has a lot of themes from Roberto Bolano, a poet who wrote The Savage Detectives and a few other things. The song \"Circuits of Fever\" is very influenced by [writer] David Foster Wallace.\" Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly.", "Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act.", "Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act. The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\"", "The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\" No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums.", "No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums. Their sixth album and second release for Epitaph Records, No Devolución, was released on April 12, 2011. Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return.", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return. The songs are more vulnerable than they've been in a long time. [...] It's very atmospheric and mood oriented so far.\" Rickly also stated that the primary lyrical theme is devotion. Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom.", "Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom. On November 22, 2011, Thursday posted a statement on their official website and their Twitter account reading \"Thanks & Love\", expressing their intention to stop producing music together. However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus.", "However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus. The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again.", "The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again. He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced.", "He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced. Since their disbandment, Rickly formed the band No Devotion in 2014 with former members of the band Lostprophets, and has continued his side-project United Nations. Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer.", "Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer. Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account.", "Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account. This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\"", "This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\" Thursday's former booking agent began encouraging them to reunite the band with the freedom to do whatever they wanted and without the pressure of having to write a new album. Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016.", "Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016. In a statement about the reunion show, Rickly said: \"Five years ago, we found it necessary to end Thursday for reasons beyond our control. Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together.", "Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together. This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\"", "This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\" Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival.", "Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival. The band had no intention to reunite before this decision.", "The band had no intention to reunite before this decision. Two months later, it was announced that the band would be playing both Denver and Chicago dates of Riot Fest in September, causing speculation that the band may play more shows later on in the year. On June 15, the band's official Instagram posted a picture of a show bill announcing a 'homecoming' on December 30 at Starland Ballroom. The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned.", "The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned. The lineup and SETLIST are going to be insane.\" On November 6, the band played the inaugural Sound on Sound fest just outside of Austin, TX. On January 31, 2017, the band announced a 24 date tour to take place in March and April 2017. Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York.", "Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York. The band announced in October 2018 that they would be ending their reunion the following year while stating \"when we stopped playing last time, it wasn't on the best of terms. This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want.", "This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want. If we are ever able to do Thursday again, it will be a new, separate chapter. Thank you all for your time, attention and friendship.\". The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY.", "The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY. In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne.", "In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne. After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion.", "After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion. It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way.", "It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way. But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever.", "But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever. After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will.", "After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will. We hope to see you there.\"", "We hope to see you there.\" We hope to see you there.\" They then proceeded to announce a show in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and two UK shows to be held at London's Electric Ballroom, due to play Full Collapse on night one followed by War All the Time on night two, which took place in December 2019. Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance.", "Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance. Second return (2020–present) Despite the band's previous statement that their reunion would come to an end, it was announced in June 2020 that Thursday would play their first show in nearly two years at Riot Fest in September 2021. They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald.", "They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald. Between August 2020 and April 2021, the band shared three virtual performances entitled Signals. The first performance (V1) featured guest guitarist Frank Iero, and largely consisted of stripped-back versions of the band's songs. The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange.", "The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange. The third and final performance (V3) saw the band performing Full Collapse and No Devolución in their entirety. In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night.", "In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night. In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007.", "In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007. A chapter on the band's major-label debut, Full Collapse, was included in the book, as well as a photo of the band performing live serving as the book's cover. Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise.", "Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise. The dove is believed to have been conceived by guitarist Tom Keeley on a tour bus sometime before Full Collapse was recorded. Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa.", "Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa. The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución.", "The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución. The band also used a second logo, a red bullseye with a small chevron below it. This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album.", "This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album. It can also be seen faded in the background of the cover for Kill the House Lights. Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey.", "Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey. Members Current members Tom Keeley – lead guitar, backing vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tim Payne – bass (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Geoff Rickly – lead vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tucker Rule – drums (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Steve Pedulla – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2000–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Former members Bill Henderson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–2000) Andrew Everding – keyboards, synthesizer, backing vocals (2002–2011, 2016–2019) Former touring musicians Lukas Previn – bass Brooks Tipton – keyboards, synthesizer Stuart Richardson – bass Chris \"Ghost\" Macias – bass Timeline Discography Waiting (1999) Full Collapse (2001) War All the Time (2003) A City by the Light Divided (2006) Common Existence (2009) No Devolución (2011) Notes References External links Emo musical groups from New Jersey American screamo musical groups American post-hardcore musical groups Musical groups established in 1997 Musical groups from New Jersey Victory Records artists Epitaph Records artists Island Records artists Musical groups disestablished in 2012 Musical groups reestablished in 2016 Musical groups disestablished in 2019 Musical groups reestablished in 2020 Temporary Residence Limited artists" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know.", "what can you tell me interesting", "In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels.", "What were some of the other labels", "Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies.", "did they have other albums", "the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance." ]

[ "Tri-Angle is the debut studio album by South Korean pop group TVXQ, released on October 11, 2004 by S.M. Entertainment. It sold 242,540 copies and became the eighth most successful album of the year in South Korea. The first single \"Hug\" debuted with 169,532 copies sold in 2004, peaking at number four on the national monthly chart. As of 2014, it sold 242,890 copies. In November 2004, the Japanese version of \"Hug\" was released in Japan by Rhythm Zone, ultimately selling 4,710 copies.\n\nThe second single, \"The Way U Are\" debuted at number two on the national chart and sold 214,069 copies. By the end of the year, the single sold 300,226 copies. The album's last title single \"Tri-Angle\" uses a sample from the Symphony No. 40 in G minor by Mozart. The single also features the vocals of BoA and rock band the TRAX.\n\nTri-Angle has sold approximately 309,000 copies as of 2011.\n\nTrack listing\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2004 debut albums\nTVXQ albums\nSM Entertainment albums\nKorean-language albums", "The Polish hip hop scene was born in the early 1990s, due to the popularity of American rap. Nevertheless, rap style in Polish music has its deep roots in the 1980s Polish punk rock, alternative rock, disco and funk music.\n\nPolish hip-hop artists are well-known performers across Europe, especially in the former Eastern Bloc. Many rappers from Poland are collaborating with artists from Europe, the USA and even Cuba.\n\nHistory\nThe first album by a Polish performer was East on the Mic by PM Cool Lee, which featured two songs in Polish. Lee was from Kielce, but Warsaw soon emerged as a center for hip hop, after KOLOR, a radio station, began broadcasting Kolor Shock, hosted by Bogna Świątkowska, Paul Jackson, an African American expatriate, Sylvia Opoku from London, and DJ Volt, whose crew, 1kHz, became performing stars in their own right in 1995. Volt also founded the first Polish independent hip hop label, Beat Records. Although the label did not last long, it did introduce groups like Trzyha and Molesta. In Poznań, PH Kopalnia's Polski Rap - Zakazane Piosenki (Polish rap - Forbidden Songs).\nNow known as Liroy, the former PM Cool Lee released Alboom in 1995, which included the hit \"Scyzoryk\" (Penknife).\n\nThe most recognizable Polish hip hop band abroad is probably WWO, which is no longer active since 2006. Sokół (who is also the owner of the Prosto Label and the Prosto Wear company) since then recorded 3 albums with Pono and 2 with Marysia Starosta (who was also Sokół's fiancée). Jędker abandoned the Polish rap scene to make dance music with Robert M as Monopol (for which he is mocked and disrespected by the present Polish rap scene and most of the listeners) and DJ Deszczu Strugi is an owner of Otra Barwa Studio.\n\nList of best-selling hip-hop music artists in Poland\n\nGeneral\n\nRappers\n\nBands\n\nDuets\n\nSingers\n\nProducers\n\nForeign\n\nSee also\nList of Polish musicians and musical groups#Hip-hop/rap\n\nNotes \na. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Alboom (1995) - 4xPlatinum - 800,000 copies sold, Bafangoo Cz.1 (1996) - Gold - 100,000 copies sold, L (1997) - Gold - 100,000 copies sold, Dzień Szakala (Bafangoo Cz.2) (1999) - Platinum - 100,000 copies sold, and Bestseller (2001) - Gold - 50,000 copies sold. \nb. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Slums Attack: Na legalu? (2001) - Platinum - 100,000 copies sold, Najlepszą obroną jest atak (2005) - Gold - 17,500 copies sold, Szacunek ludzi ulicy (2006) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Fturując (2006) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Reedukacja (2011) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold, and CNO2 (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Peja: Styl życia G'N.O.J.A. (2008) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, and Na serio (2009) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. \nc. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for O.S.T.R.: HollyŁódź (2007) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Ja tu tylko sprzątam (2008) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, O.c.b. (2009) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Tylko dla dorosłych (2010) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold, and Jazz, dwa, trzy (2011) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold. For O.S.T.R. & Hades: Haos (2014) - 30,000 copies sold. For O.S.T.R. & Marco Polo: Kartagina (2013) - 15,000 copies sold. For POE (Projekt Ostry Emade) Złodzieje zapalniczek (2010) - 15,000 copies sold.\nd. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Równonoc. Słowiańska Dusza (2012) - Diamond - 75,000 copies sold.\ne. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Skandal (1998) - Gold - 50,000 copies sold, and Molesta i kumple (2008) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nf. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Sokół & Marysia Starosta: Czysta brudna prawda (2011) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold, and Czarna biała magia (2013) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold. For Sokół fest Pono: Teraz pieniądz w cenie (2007) - 15,000 copies sold.\ng. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Droga (2009) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Jedność (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Lojalność (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Braterstwo (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nh. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: W 63 minuty dookoła świata (1998) - Gold - 50,000 copies sold.\ni. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Kwiaty zła (2008) - Platinum - 15,000 copies sold , Dowód rzeczowy nr 1 (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Dowód rzeczowy nr 2 (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nj. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Miuosh: Piąta strona świata (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Prosto przed siebie (2012) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold. Fo Onar & Miuosh Nowe światło (2013) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nk. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Wideoteka (2003) - Gold - 35,000 copies sold.\nl. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: WGW (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Jeden z Was (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nm. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Witam was w rzeczywistości (2005) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Życie na kredycie (2005) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nn. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Nie pytaj o nią (2008) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Zapiski z 1001 nocy (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\no. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Rekontatk (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\np. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Pezet & Małolat: Dziś w moim mieście (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Pezet: Radio Pezet. Produkcja Sidney Polak (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nq. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Mezo, Tabb & Kasia Wilk: Eudaimonia (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nr. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Note2 (2009) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, FuckTede/Glam Rap (2010) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, Mefistotedes (2012) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, and Elliminati (2013) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold.\ns. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Złodzieje czasu (2009) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, Dolina klaunoow (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nt. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Łona & Webber: Cztery i pół (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nu. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Kali: 50/50 (2011) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, Gdy zgaśnie Słońce (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Paluch & Kali: Milion dróg do śmierci (2013) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Paluch: Lepszego życia diler (2013) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. \nw. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: 23:55 (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. \nx. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Ten Typ Mes: Kandydaci na szaleńców (2011) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold. For Popek: Monster (2013) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold. For Firma: Nasza broń to nasza pasja (2011) - Gold - 5,000 copies sold. For Zeus: Zeus. Nie żyje (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Parias: Parias (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Paktofonika: Muzyka z filmu Jesteś Bogiem (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\ny. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2004) - Platinum - 20,000 copies sold, Encore (2004) - Gold - 20,000 copies sold, The Eminem Show (2002) - Gold 20,000 copies sold, The Marshall Mathers (2000) - Platinum 40,000 copies sold.\n\nReferences\n\nAdditional sources\n For certification criteria by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry between 2002-2005 (with time frame) Radek Miszczak, Andrzej Cała: Beaty, Rymy, Życie: Leksykon muzyki hip-hop. Poznań, Poland: Kurpisz S.A., 2005, page 22. .\n For certification criteria by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry before 2002 (without time frame)" ]

[ "Thursday is an American post-hardcore band, formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1997. The band currently consists of Geoff Rickly (lead vocals), Tom Keeley (lead guitar, backing vocals), Steve Pedulla (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Tim Payne (bass), and Tucker Rule (drums). Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla.", "Thursday released their debut album, Waiting, in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla. The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart.", "The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, Full Collapse, in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, in 2003, which reached number seven on the US Billboard Top 200 Albums chart. Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011.", "Thursday released their fourth album, A City by the Light Divided, in 2006, and two further albums, Common Existence (2009) and No Devolución (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011. In a January 2013 interview, Geoff Rickly confirmed that the band had officially disbanded. However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years.", "However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years. In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago.", "In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago. The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time.", "The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time. History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule.", "History Formation and Waiting (1997–2000) Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule. The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well.", "The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well. The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting.", "The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the 1999 Summer Tour EP, which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, Waiting. The album was released on December 6, 1999 on northern New Jersey-based Eyeball Records without any singles or support from television or radio. Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records.", "Full Collapse (2001–2002) In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records. After signing, they were warned by their friends that they \"gotten ourselves into a situation that we would regret\". The group were unsure what they meant, but thought things would turn out fine due to their contract with the label. They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to.", "They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to. However, they realized the deal had in fact stated they could only leave Victory if it was to join a major label, which they thought was \"a far-fetched idea to say the least.\" Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200.", "Later in the year, they released their second album Full Collapse through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the Billboard 200. Before appearing on Warped Tour, the group visited Victory's offices and learned about Thursday-branded whoopee cushions that the label was planning to sell at the tour. Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\"", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory \"was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band.\" On a number of occasions, the group attempted to have better communication with the label in regards to promotion. On one occasion, Brummel informed them they were not living up to his expectations. Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day.", "Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day. Brummel became more positive in his interactions, frequently calling the band \"just to say hello, or to ask how record sales at shows were going.\" The group were disappointed that his positivity \"wasn't there from the beginning. ... Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\"", "Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers.\" The band's new-found popularity and disgust with the label led to internal problems, which almost led the band to disband. The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records.", "The situation caused the creation of the Five Stories Falling EP, a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records. At live shows, the band routinely told fans not to purchase the EP, but instead to download \"Jet Black New Year\", the only new studio recording found on the EP, with the rest consisting of live performances of four Full Collapse songs. While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels.", "While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels. The group, who \"didn't understand [anything] about major labels\", pondered about other independent labels they would join. However, due to their contract they wouldn't be allowed to move to another independent label. Throughout 2001, people from major label Island Records had been to the band's shows since they became a full-time touring act. Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band.", "Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band. War All the Time (2003–2005) In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels. Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies. On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records.", "On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records. The agreement required parent company Island/Def Jam to buy out Victory's contract claim for the group's next two albums. Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\"", "Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be \"[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label.\" In addition, their next two albums were required to feature the Victory logo. With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\".", "With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be \"really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas\". In September and October, the group went on the Plea for Peace Tour, and were planning to work on their next album following its conclusion. They said they had accumulated a lot of ideas but were unable to work on them due to touring. In mid-November, the group began writing new material.", "In mid-November, the group began writing new material. In mid-November, the group began writing new material. After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance.", "After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance. War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey.", "War All the Time was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war.", "The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war. The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets.", "The album spawned two singles: \"Signals Over the Air\" and \"War All the Time\", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets. Thursday toured extensively to support War All the Time, featuring dates with acts such as AFI, Thrice, and Coheed and Cambria. On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores.", "On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores. The band also recorded a live acoustic session for Y100 Sonic Sessions, a radio program on the now defunct Philadelphia-based radio station, Y100. The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8.", "The live acoustic version of single \"Signals Over the Air\" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8. The band released two EPs: the first was Live from the SoHo & Santa Monica Stores Split EP and sold exclusively on iTunes, and the second was a promotion found in Revolver, called the Live in Detroit EP. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons.", "The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons. However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website.", "However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website. A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\".", "A City by the Light Divided and Envy split release (2006–2008) In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song \"We Are the Fabrication\". The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music.", "The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music. The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album.", "The band confirmed the title of one demo, \"At This Velocity\" and promised it would make their upcoming album. Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence.", "Three other songs (\"The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)\", \"Telegraph Avenue Kiss\", and \"Autumn Leaves Revisited\") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song \"Last Call\" on their fifth studio album, Common Existence. Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\".", "Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up War All the Time but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed \"not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material\". Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom.", "Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, A City by the Light Divided, on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom. The album was produced by Dave Fridmann, becoming Thursday's first full-length album not produced by Sal Villanueva. The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz.", "The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem Sunstone by Octavio Paz. The album was available for preview on the band's MySpace page on April 18, 2006, two weeks before it was officially released. A City by the Light Divided was generally received well by critics, spawning two singles: \"Counting 5-4-3-2-1\" and \"At This Velocity\", though the latter received considerably less attention. The band left Island Records in early 2007.", "The band left Island Records in early 2007. The band left Island Records in early 2007. At their 2007 New Year's Eve show at the Starland Ballroom, the band announced that they will be writing and recording new material in 2008. During a private show they performed on May 3, 2007 in New York City, long-time friend and artist manager, David \"Rev\" Ciancio proposed to his fiancée on stage. Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort.", "Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort. Thursday cancelled all tour plans until their fall tour with Circle Takes the Square and Portugal. The Man in support of Kill the House Lights, a DVD/CD compilation album and live album. featuring demos, unreleased songs, footage of live performances, and a documentary about the band. The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records.", "The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records. Thursday announced on April 2, 2008, via a MySpace bulletin and their official website, a new split album with Japanese post-hardcore band Envy. The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008.", "The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, Thursday / Envy, was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008. Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\"", "Common Existence (2009–2010) The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: \"It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active.\" Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records.", "Thursday released their fifth full-length album,Common Existence, on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records. In a March 2009 interview, Rickly explained the album's title refers to humanity's shared experience, and that many of the songs were influenced by the words of his favorite poets and authors: \"Almost every song on the record is connected to a different writer. The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man.", "The first song, \"Resuscitation of a Dead Man\" is influenced by Denis Johnson's Resuscitation of a Hanged Man. Another song is based on a book [ Martin Amis'] Time's Arrow. The whole record also has a lot of themes from Roberto Bolano, a poet who wrote The Savage Detectives and a few other things. The song \"Circuits of Fever\" is very influenced by [writer] David Foster Wallace.\" Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly.", "Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly. Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act.", "Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act. The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\"", "The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an \"awful experience.\" No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums.", "No Devolución and disbandment (2011–2015) Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums. Their sixth album and second release for Epitaph Records, No Devolución, was released on April 12, 2011. Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return.", "Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, \"In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return. The songs are more vulnerable than they've been in a long time. [...] It's very atmospheric and mood oriented so far.\" Rickly also stated that the primary lyrical theme is devotion. Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom.", "Thursday debuted \"Turnpike Divides\" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom. On November 22, 2011, Thursday posted a statement on their official website and their Twitter account reading \"Thanks & Love\", expressing their intention to stop producing music together. However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus.", "However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus. The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again.", "The following is excerpted from the article: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term \"hiatus\" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again. He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced.", "He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced. Since their disbandment, Rickly formed the band No Devotion in 2014 with former members of the band Lostprophets, and has continued his side-project United Nations. Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer.", "Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer. Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account.", "Reunion and second breakup (2016–2019) In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account. This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\"", "This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were \"just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds.\" Thursday's former booking agent began encouraging them to reunite the band with the freedom to do whatever they wanted and without the pressure of having to write a new album. Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016.", "Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016. In a statement about the reunion show, Rickly said: \"Five years ago, we found it necessary to end Thursday for reasons beyond our control. Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together.", "Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together. This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\"", "This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on Full Collapse and jointly worked on every record since.\" Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival.", "Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform \"in our own way, including involving a charity\" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival. The band had no intention to reunite before this decision.", "The band had no intention to reunite before this decision. Two months later, it was announced that the band would be playing both Denver and Chicago dates of Riot Fest in September, causing speculation that the band may play more shows later on in the year. On June 15, the band's official Instagram posted a picture of a show bill announcing a 'homecoming' on December 30 at Starland Ballroom. The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned.", "The caption on the Instagram post read, \"NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned. The lineup and SETLIST are going to be insane.\" On November 6, the band played the inaugural Sound on Sound fest just outside of Austin, TX. On January 31, 2017, the band announced a 24 date tour to take place in March and April 2017. Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York.", "Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York. The band announced in October 2018 that they would be ending their reunion the following year while stating \"when we stopped playing last time, it wasn't on the best of terms. This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want.", "This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want. If we are ever able to do Thursday again, it will be a new, separate chapter. Thank you all for your time, attention and friendship.\". The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY.", "The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY. In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne.", "In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: \"We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne. After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion.", "After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion. It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way.", "It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way. But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever.", "But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever. After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will.", "After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will. We hope to see you there.\"", "We hope to see you there.\" We hope to see you there.\" They then proceeded to announce a show in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and two UK shows to be held at London's Electric Ballroom, due to play Full Collapse on night one followed by War All the Time on night two, which took place in December 2019. Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance.", "Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance. Second return (2020–present) Despite the band's previous statement that their reunion would come to an end, it was announced in June 2020 that Thursday would play their first show in nearly two years at Riot Fest in September 2021. They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald.", "They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald. Between August 2020 and April 2021, the band shared three virtual performances entitled Signals. The first performance (V1) featured guest guitarist Frank Iero, and largely consisted of stripped-back versions of the band's songs. The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange.", "The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange. The third and final performance (V3) saw the band performing Full Collapse and No Devolución in their entirety. In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night.", "In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night. In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007.", "In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007. A chapter on the band's major-label debut, Full Collapse, was included in the book, as well as a photo of the band performing live serving as the book's cover. Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise.", "Logo Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise. The dove is believed to have been conceived by guitarist Tom Keeley on a tour bus sometime before Full Collapse was recorded. Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa.", "Lyrics from the song \"Cross Out the Eyes\" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa. The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución.", "The logo debuted on the cover art for War All the Time in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album No Devolución. The band also used a second logo, a red bullseye with a small chevron below it. This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album.", "This logo first appeared on the cover art for A City by the Light Divided in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album. It can also be seen faded in the background of the cover for Kill the House Lights. Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey.", "Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey. Members Current members Tom Keeley – lead guitar, backing vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tim Payne – bass (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Geoff Rickly – lead vocals (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Tucker Rule – drums (1997–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Steve Pedulla – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2000–2011, 2016–2019, 2020–present) Former members Bill Henderson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–2000) Andrew Everding – keyboards, synthesizer, backing vocals (2002–2011, 2016–2019) Former touring musicians Lukas Previn – bass Brooks Tipton – keyboards, synthesizer Stuart Richardson – bass Chris \"Ghost\" Macias – bass Timeline Discography Waiting (1999) Full Collapse (2001) War All the Time (2003) A City by the Light Divided (2006) Common Existence (2009) No Devolución (2011) Notes References External links Emo musical groups from New Jersey American screamo musical groups American post-hardcore musical groups Musical groups established in 1997 Musical groups from New Jersey Victory Records artists Epitaph Records artists Island Records artists Musical groups disestablished in 2012 Musical groups reestablished in 2016 Musical groups disestablished in 2019 Musical groups reestablished in 2020 Temporary Residence Limited artists" ]

[ "Ryuichi Sakamoto", "Awards and nominations" ]

[ "is a 1994 Japanese film directed by Junji Sakamoto.\n\nAwards and nominations\n16th Yokohama Film Festival \nWon: Best Film\nWon: Best Director - Junji Sakamoto\nWon: Best Supporting Actor - Kōichi Satō\n\nReferences\n\n1994 films\nFilms directed by Junji Sakamoto\nJapanese films\nJapanese-language films", "is a 2000 Japanese film directed by Junji Sakamoto. At the 24th Japan Academy Prize, it won one award, and received four other nominations.\n\nPlot\nSullen and withdrawn \"ugly\" elder sister Masako toils endlessly with mending chores in her widowed mother's dry cleaning shop, seething with hatred for her flashy younger sister Yukari, who visits only for free laundry service. When mother dies, and Yukari persists in her abuse, Masako cracks and strangles her. She flees, and takes a number of identities and odd jobs, meeting people as she goes. To her surprise, Masako finds people in general to be kind and helpful (although she's sexually abused more than once), and she blossoms as a personality, even to the extent of becoming a popularly liked bar hostess like her murdered sister.\n\nCast \n Naomi Fujiyama\n Michiyo Okusu\n Riho Makise\n Kenji Sakaguchi\n\nAwards and nominations \n24th Japan Academy Prize. \nWon: Best Director - Junji Sakamoto\nNominated: Best Picture\nNominated: Best Screenplay - Junji Sakamoto and Isamu Uno\nNominated: Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Michiyo Okusu\nNominated: Best Music - Yasuhiro Kobayashi\n25th Hochi Film Award \nWon: Best Film\nWon: Best Actress - Naomi Fujiyama\n22nd Yokohama Film Festival \nWon: Best Film\nWon: Best Director - Junji Sakamoto\nWon: Best Screenplay - Junji Sakamoto and Isamu Uno\nWon: Best Actress - Naomi Fujiyama\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n2000 films\nFilms directed by Junji Sakamoto\nJapanese films\nJapanese-language films\nBest Film Kinema Junpo Award winners" ]

[ "is a Japanese composer, pianist, singer, record producer and actor who has pursued a diverse range of styles as a solo artist and as a member of Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO). With his bandmates Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi, Sakamoto influenced and pioneered a number of electronic music genres. Sakamoto began his career while at university in the 1970s as a session musician, producer, and arranger. His first major success came in 1978 as co-founder of YMO.", "His first major success came in 1978 as co-founder of YMO. He concurrently pursued a solo career, releasing the experimental electronic fusion album Thousand Knives in 1978. Two years later, he released the album B-2 Unit. It included the track \"Riot in Lagos\", which was significant in the development of electro and hip hop music. He went on to produce more solo records, and collaborate with many international artists, David Sylvian, Carsten Nicolai, Youssou N'Dour, and Fennesz among them.", "He went on to produce more solo records, and collaborate with many international artists, David Sylvian, Carsten Nicolai, Youssou N'Dour, and Fennesz among them. Sakamoto composed music for the opening ceremony of the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, and his composition \"Energy Flow\" (1999) was the first instrumental number-one single in Japan's Oricon charts history. As a film-score composer, Sakamoto has won an Oscar, a BAFTA, a Grammy, and 2 Golden Globe Awards.", "As a film-score composer, Sakamoto has won an Oscar, a BAFTA, a Grammy, and 2 Golden Globe Awards. Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) marked his debut as both an actor and a film-score composer; its main theme was adapted into the single \"Forbidden Colours\" which became an international hit.", "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) marked his debut as both an actor and a film-score composer; its main theme was adapted into the single \"Forbidden Colours\" which became an international hit. His most successful work as a film composer was The Last Emperor (1987), after which he continued earning accolades composing for films such as The Sheltering Sky (1990), Little Buddha (1993), and The Revenant (2015).", "His most successful work as a film composer was The Last Emperor (1987), after which he continued earning accolades composing for films such as The Sheltering Sky (1990), Little Buddha (1993), and The Revenant (2015). On occasion, Sakamoto has also worked as a composer and a scenario writer on anime and video games. In 2009, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the Ministry of Culture of France for his contributions to music.", "In 2009, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the Ministry of Culture of France for his contributions to music. Career 1970s Sakamoto entered the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music in 1970, earning a B.A. in music composition and an M.A. with special emphasis on both electronic and ethnic music.", "with special emphasis on both electronic and ethnic music. with special emphasis on both electronic and ethnic music. He studied ethnomusicology there with the intention of becoming a researcher in the field, due to his interest in various world music traditions, particularly the Japanese (especially Okinawan), Indian and African musical traditions. He was also trained in classical music and began experimenting with the electronic music equipment available at the university, including synthesizers such as the Buchla, Moog, and ARP.", "He was also trained in classical music and began experimenting with the electronic music equipment available at the university, including synthesizers such as the Buchla, Moog, and ARP. One of Sakamoto's classical influences was Claude Debussy, who he described as his \"hero\" and stated that \"Asian music heavily influenced Debussy, and Debussy heavily influenced me. So, the music goes around the world and comes full circle.\" In 1975, Sakamoto collaborated with percussionist Tsuchitori Toshiyuki to release Disappointment-Hateruma.", "In 1975, Sakamoto collaborated with percussionist Tsuchitori Toshiyuki to release Disappointment-Hateruma. After working as a session musician with Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi in 1977, the trio formed the internationally successful electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO) in 1978. Known for their seminal influence on electronic music, the group helped pioneer electronic genres such as electropop/technopop, synthpop, cyberpunk music, ambient house, and electronica.", "Known for their seminal influence on electronic music, the group helped pioneer electronic genres such as electropop/technopop, synthpop, cyberpunk music, ambient house, and electronica. The group's work has had a lasting influence across genres, ranging from hip hop and techno to acid house and general melodic music.", "The group's work has had a lasting influence across genres, ranging from hip hop and techno to acid house and general melodic music. Sakamoto was the songwriter and composer for a number of the band's hit songs—including \"Yellow Magic (Tong Poo)\" (1978), \"Technopolis\" (1979), \"Nice Age\" (1980), \"Ongaku\" (1983) and \"You've Got to Help Yourself\" (1983)—while playing keyboards for many of their other songs, including international hits such as \"Computer Game/Firecracker\" (1978) and \"Rydeen\" (1979).", "Sakamoto was the songwriter and composer for a number of the band's hit songs—including \"Yellow Magic (Tong Poo)\" (1978), \"Technopolis\" (1979), \"Nice Age\" (1980), \"Ongaku\" (1983) and \"You've Got to Help Yourself\" (1983)—while playing keyboards for many of their other songs, including international hits such as \"Computer Game/Firecracker\" (1978) and \"Rydeen\" (1979). He also sang on several songs, such as \"Kimi ni Mune Kyun\" (1983).", "He also sang on several songs, such as \"Kimi ni Mune Kyun\" (1983). Sakamoto's composition \"Technopolis\" (1979) was credited as a contribution to the development of techno music, while the internationally successful \"Behind the Mask\" (1978)—a synthpop song in which he sang vocals through a vocoder—was later covered by a number of international artists, including Michael Jackson and Eric Clapton.", "Sakamoto's composition \"Technopolis\" (1979) was credited as a contribution to the development of techno music, while the internationally successful \"Behind the Mask\" (1978)—a synthpop song in which he sang vocals through a vocoder—was later covered by a number of international artists, including Michael Jackson and Eric Clapton. Sakamoto released his first solo album Thousand Knives of Ryūichi Sakamoto in mid-1978 with the help of Hideki Matsutake—Hosono also contributed to the song \"Thousand Knives\".", "Sakamoto released his first solo album Thousand Knives of Ryūichi Sakamoto in mid-1978 with the help of Hideki Matsutake—Hosono also contributed to the song \"Thousand Knives\". The album experimented with different styles, such as \"Thousand Knives\" and \"The End of Asia\"—in which electronic music was fused with traditional Japanese music—while \"Grasshoppers\" is a more minimalistic piano song.", "The album experimented with different styles, such as \"Thousand Knives\" and \"The End of Asia\"—in which electronic music was fused with traditional Japanese music—while \"Grasshoppers\" is a more minimalistic piano song. The album was recorded from April to July 1978 with a variety of electronic musical instruments, including various synthesizers, such as the KORG PS-3100, a polyphonic synthesizer; the Oberheim Eight-Voice; the Moog III-C; the Polymoog, the Minimoog; the Micromoog; the Korg VC-10, which is a vocoder; the KORG SQ-10, which is an analog sequencer; the Syn-Drums, an electronic drum kit; and the microprocessor-based Roland MC-8 Microcomposer, which is a music sequencer that was programmed by Matsutake and played by Sakamoto.", "The album was recorded from April to July 1978 with a variety of electronic musical instruments, including various synthesizers, such as the KORG PS-3100, a polyphonic synthesizer; the Oberheim Eight-Voice; the Moog III-C; the Polymoog, the Minimoog; the Micromoog; the Korg VC-10, which is a vocoder; the KORG SQ-10, which is an analog sequencer; the Syn-Drums, an electronic drum kit; and the microprocessor-based Roland MC-8 Microcomposer, which is a music sequencer that was programmed by Matsutake and played by Sakamoto. A version of the song \"Thousand Knives\" was released on the Yellow Magic Orchestra's 1981 album BGM.", "A version of the song \"Thousand Knives\" was released on the Yellow Magic Orchestra's 1981 album BGM. This version was one of the earliest uses of the Roland TR-808 drum machine, for YMO's live performance of \"1000 Knives\" in 1980 and their BGM album release in 1981.", "This version was one of the earliest uses of the Roland TR-808 drum machine, for YMO's live performance of \"1000 Knives\" in 1980 and their BGM album release in 1981. 1980s In 1980, Sakamoto released the solo album B-2 Unit, which has been referred to as his \"edgiest\" record and is known for the electronic song \"Riot in Lagos\", which is considered an early example of electro music (electro-funk), as Sakamoto anticipated the beats and sounds of electro.", "1980s In 1980, Sakamoto released the solo album B-2 Unit, which has been referred to as his \"edgiest\" record and is known for the electronic song \"Riot in Lagos\", which is considered an early example of electro music (electro-funk), as Sakamoto anticipated the beats and sounds of electro. Early electro and hip hop artists, such as Afrika Bambaata and Kurtis Mantronik, were influenced by the album—especially \"Riot in Lagos\"—with Mantronik citing the work as a major influence on his electro hip hop group Mantronix.", "Early electro and hip hop artists, such as Afrika Bambaata and Kurtis Mantronik, were influenced by the album—especially \"Riot in Lagos\"—with Mantronik citing the work as a major influence on his electro hip hop group Mantronix. \"Riot in Lagos\" was later included in Playgroup's compilation album Kings of Electro (2007), alongside other significant electro compositions, such as Hashim's \"Al-Naafyish\" (1983).", "\"Riot in Lagos\" was later included in Playgroup's compilation album Kings of Electro (2007), alongside other significant electro compositions, such as Hashim's \"Al-Naafyish\" (1983). According to Dusted Magazine, Sakamoto's use of squelching bounce sounds and mechanical beats was later incorporated in early electro and hip hop music productions, such as “Message II (Survival)” (1982), by Melle Mel and Duke Bootee; “Magic's Wand” (1982), by Whodini and Thomas Dolby; Twilight 22's “Electric Kingdom” (1983); and Kurt Mantronik's Mantronix: The Album (1985).", "According to Dusted Magazine, Sakamoto's use of squelching bounce sounds and mechanical beats was later incorporated in early electro and hip hop music productions, such as “Message II (Survival)” (1982), by Melle Mel and Duke Bootee; “Magic's Wand” (1982), by Whodini and Thomas Dolby; Twilight 22's “Electric Kingdom” (1983); and Kurt Mantronik's Mantronix: The Album (1985). The 1980 release of \"Riot in Lagos\" was listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music.", "The 1980 release of \"Riot in Lagos\" was listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music. Among other tracks on B-2 Unit, \"Differencia\" has, according to Fact, \"relentless tumbling beats and a stabbing bass synth that foreshadows jungle by nearly a decade\". Some tracks on the album also foreshadow genres such as IDM, broken beat, and industrial techno, and the work of producers such as Actress and Oneohtrix Point Never.", "Some tracks on the album also foreshadow genres such as IDM, broken beat, and industrial techno, and the work of producers such as Actress and Oneohtrix Point Never. For several tracks on the album, Sakamoto worked with UK reggae producer Dennis Bovell, incorporating elements of afrobeat and dub music.", "For several tracks on the album, Sakamoto worked with UK reggae producer Dennis Bovell, incorporating elements of afrobeat and dub music. Also in 1980, Sakamoto released the single \"War Head/Lexington Queen\", an experimental synthpop and electro record, and began a long-standing collaboration with David Sylvian, when he co-wrote and performed on the Japan track \"Taking Islands In Africa\". In the following year, Sakamoto collaborated with Talking Heads and King Crimson guitarist Adrian Belew and Robin Scott for an album titled Left-Handed Dream.", "In the following year, Sakamoto collaborated with Talking Heads and King Crimson guitarist Adrian Belew and Robin Scott for an album titled Left-Handed Dream. Following Japan's dissolution, Sakamoto worked on another collaboration with Sylvian, a single entitled \"Bamboo Houses/Bamboo Music\" in 1982. Sakamoto's 1980 collaboration with Kiyoshiro Imawano, \"Ikenai Rouge Magic\", topped the Oricon singles chart. In 1983, Sakamoto starred alongside David Bowie in director Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence.", "In 1983, Sakamoto starred alongside David Bowie in director Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence. In addition to acting in the film, Sakamoto also composed the film's musical score and again collaborated with Sylvian on the film's main theme (\"Forbidden Colours\") – which became a minor hit. In a 2016 interview, Sakamoto reflected on his time acting in the film, claiming that he \"hung out\" with Bowie every evening for a month while filming on location.", "In a 2016 interview, Sakamoto reflected on his time acting in the film, claiming that he \"hung out\" with Bowie every evening for a month while filming on location. He remembered Bowie as \"straightforward\" and \"nice\", while also lamenting the fact that he never mustered the courage to ask for Bowie's help while scoring the film's soundtrack as he believed Bowie was too \"concentrated on acting\". Sakamoto released a number of solo albums during the 1980s.", "Sakamoto released a number of solo albums during the 1980s. While primarily focused on the piano and synthesizer, this series of albums included collaborations with artists such as Sylvian, David Byrne, Thomas Dolby, Nam June Paik, and Iggy Pop. Sakamoto would alternated between exploring a variety of musical styles and focusing on a specific subject or theme, such as the Italian Futurism movement. As his solo career began to extend outside Japan in the late 1980s, Sakamoto's explorations, influences and collaborators also developed further.", "As his solo career began to extend outside Japan in the late 1980s, Sakamoto's explorations, influences and collaborators also developed further. Beauty (1989) features a track list that combines pop with traditional Japanese and Okinawan songs, as well as guest appearances by Jill Jones, Robert Wyatt, Brian Wilson and Robbie Robertson.", "Beauty (1989) features a track list that combines pop with traditional Japanese and Okinawan songs, as well as guest appearances by Jill Jones, Robert Wyatt, Brian Wilson and Robbie Robertson. Heartbeat (1991) and Sweet Revenge (1994) features Sakamoto's collaborations with a global range of artists such as Roddy Frame, Dee Dee Brave, Marco Prince, Arto Lindsay, Youssou N'Dour, David Sylvian and Ingrid Chavez.", "Heartbeat (1991) and Sweet Revenge (1994) features Sakamoto's collaborations with a global range of artists such as Roddy Frame, Dee Dee Brave, Marco Prince, Arto Lindsay, Youssou N'Dour, David Sylvian and Ingrid Chavez. 1990s In 1995 Sakamoto released Smoochy, described by the Sound On Sound website as Sakamoto's \"excursion into the land of easy-listening and Latin\", followed by the 1996 album, which featured a number of previously released pieces arranged for solo piano, violin and cello.", "1990s In 1995 Sakamoto released Smoochy, described by the Sound On Sound website as Sakamoto's \"excursion into the land of easy-listening and Latin\", followed by the 1996 album, which featured a number of previously released pieces arranged for solo piano, violin and cello. During December 1996 Sakamoto, composed the entirety of an hour-long orchestral work entitled \"Untitled 01\" and released as the album Discord (1998).", "During December 1996 Sakamoto, composed the entirety of an hour-long orchestral work entitled \"Untitled 01\" and released as the album Discord (1998). The Sony Classical release of Discord was sold in a jewel case that was covered by a blue-colored slipcase made of foil, while the CD also contained a data video track. In 1998 the Ninja Tune record label released the Prayer/Salvation Remixes, for which prominent electronica artists such as Ashley Beedle and Andrea Parker remixed sections from the \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\" parts of Discord.", "In 1998 the Ninja Tune record label released the Prayer/Salvation Remixes, for which prominent electronica artists such as Ashley Beedle and Andrea Parker remixed sections from the \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\" parts of Discord. Sakamoto collaborated primarily with guitarist David Torn and DJ Spooky—artist Laurie Anderson provides spoken word on the composition—and the recording was condensed from nine live performances of the work, recorded during a Japanese tour.", "Sakamoto collaborated primarily with guitarist David Torn and DJ Spooky—artist Laurie Anderson provides spoken word on the composition—and the recording was condensed from nine live performances of the work, recorded during a Japanese tour. Discord was divided into four parts: \"Grief\", \"Anger\", \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\"; Sakamoto explained in 1998 that he was \"not religious, but maybe spiritual\" and \"The Prayer is to anybody or anything you want to name.\"", "Discord was divided into four parts: \"Grief\", \"Anger\", \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\"; Sakamoto explained in 1998 that he was \"not religious, but maybe spiritual\" and \"The Prayer is to anybody or anything you want to name.\" Sakamoto further explained: In 1998, Italian ethnomusicologist Massimo Milano published Ryuichi Sakamoto. Conversazioni through the Padova, Arcana imprint. All three editions of the book were published in the Italian language.", "All three editions of the book were published in the Italian language. Sakamoto's next album, BTTB (1998)—an acronym for \"Back to the Basics\"—was a fairly opaque reaction to the prior year's multilayered, lushly orchestrated Discord. The album comprised a series of original pieces on solo piano, including \"Energy Flow\" (a major hit in Japan) and a frenetic, four-hand arrangement of the Yellow Magic Orchestra classic \"Tong Poo\".", "The album comprised a series of original pieces on solo piano, including \"Energy Flow\" (a major hit in Japan) and a frenetic, four-hand arrangement of the Yellow Magic Orchestra classic \"Tong Poo\". On the BTTB U.S. tour, he opened the show performing a brief avant-garde DJ set under the stage name DJ Lovegroove. Sakamoto's long-awaited \"opera\" LIFE was released in 1999, with visual direction by Shiro Takatani, artistic director of Dumb Type. It premiered with seven sold-out performances in Tokyo and Osaka.", "It premiered with seven sold-out performances in Tokyo and Osaka. This ambitious multi-genre multi-media project featured contributions by over 100 performers, including Pina Bausch, Bernardo Bertolucci, Josep Carreras, the Dalai Lama and Salman Rushdie. 2000s Sakamoto teamed with cellist Jaques Morelenbaum (a member of his 1996 trio), and Morelenbaum's wife, Paula, on a pair of albums celebrating the work of bossa nova pioneer Antonio Carlos Jobim.", "2000s Sakamoto teamed with cellist Jaques Morelenbaum (a member of his 1996 trio), and Morelenbaum's wife, Paula, on a pair of albums celebrating the work of bossa nova pioneer Antonio Carlos Jobim. They recorded their first album, Casa (2001), mostly in Jobim's home studio in Rio de Janeiro, with Sakamoto performing on the late Jobim's grand piano. The album was well received, having been included in the list of The New York Timess top albums of 2002.", "The album was well received, having been included in the list of The New York Timess top albums of 2002. A live album, Live in Tokyo, and a second album, A Day in New York, soon followed. Sakamoto and the Morelenbaums would also collaborate on N.M.L. No More Landmine, an international effort to raise awareness for the removal of landmines.", "No More Landmine, an international effort to raise awareness for the removal of landmines. The trio would release the single \"Zero Landmine\", which also featured David Sylvian, Brian Eno, Kraftwerk, Cyndi Lauper, and Haruomi Hosono & Yukihiro Takahashi, the other two founding members of Yellow Magic Orchestra, amongst nearly one hundred other performers.", "The trio would release the single \"Zero Landmine\", which also featured David Sylvian, Brian Eno, Kraftwerk, Cyndi Lauper, and Haruomi Hosono & Yukihiro Takahashi, the other two founding members of Yellow Magic Orchestra, amongst nearly one hundred other performers. Sakamoto collaborated with Alva Noto (an alias of Carsten Nicolai) to release Vrioon, an album of Sakamoto's piano clusters treated by Nicolai's unique style of digital manipulation, involving the creation of \"micro-loops\" and minimal percussion.", "Sakamoto collaborated with Alva Noto (an alias of Carsten Nicolai) to release Vrioon, an album of Sakamoto's piano clusters treated by Nicolai's unique style of digital manipulation, involving the creation of \"micro-loops\" and minimal percussion. The two produced this work by passing the pieces back and forth until both were satisfied with the result. This debut, released on German label Raster-Noton, was voted record of the year 2004 in the electronica category by British magazine The Wire.", "This debut, released on German label Raster-Noton, was voted record of the year 2004 in the electronica category by British magazine The Wire. They then released Insen (2005)—while produced in a similar manner to Vrioon, this album is somewhat more restrained and minimalist. They keep on collaborating and have released two more albums: utp_ (2008) and Summvs (2011). In 2005, Finnish mobile phone manufacturer Nokia hired Sakamoto to compose ring and alert tones for their high-end phone, the Nokia 8800.", "In 2005, Finnish mobile phone manufacturer Nokia hired Sakamoto to compose ring and alert tones for their high-end phone, the Nokia 8800. In 2006, Nokia offered the ringtones for free on their website. Around this time, a reunion with YMO cofounders Hosono and Takahashi caused a stir in the Japanese press. They released a single \"Rescue\" in 2007 and a DVD \"HAS/YMO\" in 2008. In July 2009, Sakamoto was honored as Officier of Ordre des Arts et des Lettres at the French embassy in Tokyo.", "In July 2009, Sakamoto was honored as Officier of Ordre des Arts et des Lettres at the French embassy in Tokyo. 2010s–present Throughout the latter part of the 2000s, Sakamoto collaborated on several projects with visual artist Shiro Takatani, including the installations LIFE - fluid, invisible, inaudible... (2007–2013), commissioned by YCAM, Yamaguchi, collapsed and silence spins at the Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo in 2012 and 2013 Sharjah Biennial (U.A.E.", "2010s–present Throughout the latter part of the 2000s, Sakamoto collaborated on several projects with visual artist Shiro Takatani, including the installations LIFE - fluid, invisible, inaudible... (2007–2013), commissioned by YCAM, Yamaguchi, collapsed and silence spins at the Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo in 2012 and 2013 Sharjah Biennial (U.A.E. ), LIFE-WELL in 2013 and a special version for Park Hyatt Tokyo's 20th anniversary in 2014, and he did music for the joint performance LIFE-WELL featuring the actor Noh/Kyogen Mansai Nomura, and for Shiro Takatani's performance ST/LL in 2015.", "), LIFE-WELL in 2013 and a special version for Park Hyatt Tokyo's 20th anniversary in 2014, and he did music for the joint performance LIFE-WELL featuring the actor Noh/Kyogen Mansai Nomura, and for Shiro Takatani's performance ST/LL in 2015. In 2013, Sakamoto was a jury member at the 70th Venice International Film Festival. The jury viewed 20 films and was chaired by filmmaker Bernardo Bertolucci. In 2014, Sakamoto became the first Guest Artistic Director of The Sapporo International Art Festival 2014 (SIAF2014).", "In 2014, Sakamoto became the first Guest Artistic Director of The Sapporo International Art Festival 2014 (SIAF2014). On July 10, Sakamoto released a statement indicating that he had been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in late June of the same year. He announced a break from his work while he sought treatment and recovery. On August 3, 2015, Sakamoto posted on his website that he was \"in great shape ...", "On August 3, 2015, Sakamoto posted on his website that he was \"in great shape ... I am thinking about returning to work\" and announced that he would be providing music for Yoji Yamada's Haha to Kuraseba (Living with My Mother). In 2015, Sakamoto also composed the score for the Alejandro González Iñárritu's film, The Revenant, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination.", "In 2015, Sakamoto also composed the score for the Alejandro González Iñárritu's film, The Revenant, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination. In January 2017 it was announced that Sakamoto would release a solo album in April 2017 through Milan Records; the new album, titled async, was released on March 29, 2017 to critical acclaim. In February 2018, he was selected to be on the jury for the main competition section of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival.", "In February 2018, he was selected to be on the jury for the main competition section of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival. On June 14, 2018, a documentary about the life and work of Sakamoto, entitled Coda, was released. The film follows Sakamoto as he recovers from cancer and resumes creating music, protests nuclear power plants following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, and creates field recordings in a variety of locales. Directed by Stephen Nomura Schible, the documentary was met with critical praise.", "Directed by Stephen Nomura Schible, the documentary was met with critical praise. Production work Sakamoto's production credits represent a prolific career in this role. In 1983, he produced Mari Iijima's debut album Rosé, the same year that the Yellow Magic Orchestra was disbanded. Sakamoto subsequently worked with artists such as Thomas Dolby; Aztec Camera, on the Dreamland (1993) album; and Imai Miki, co-producing her 1994 album A Place In The Sun.", "Sakamoto subsequently worked with artists such as Thomas Dolby; Aztec Camera, on the Dreamland (1993) album; and Imai Miki, co-producing her 1994 album A Place In The Sun. In 1996, Sakamoto produced \"Mind Circus\", the first single from actress Miki Nakatani, leading to a collaboration period spanning 9 singles and 7 albums though 2001.", "In 1996, Sakamoto produced \"Mind Circus\", the first single from actress Miki Nakatani, leading to a collaboration period spanning 9 singles and 7 albums though 2001. Roddy Frame, who worked with Sakamoto as a member of Aztec Camera, explained in a 1993 interview preceding the release of Dreamland that he had had to wait a lengthy period of time before he was able to work with Sakamoto, who wrote two soundtracks, a solo album and the music for the opening ceremony at the Barcelona Olympics, prior to working with Frame over four weeks in a New York studio.", "Roddy Frame, who worked with Sakamoto as a member of Aztec Camera, explained in a 1993 interview preceding the release of Dreamland that he had had to wait a lengthy period of time before he was able to work with Sakamoto, who wrote two soundtracks, a solo album and the music for the opening ceremony at the Barcelona Olympics, prior to working with Frame over four weeks in a New York studio. Frame said that he was impressed by the work of YMO and the Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence soundtrack, explaining: \"That's where you realise that the atmosphere around his compositions is actually in the writing - it's got nothing to do with synthesisers.\"", "Frame said that he was impressed by the work of YMO and the Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence soundtrack, explaining: \"That's where you realise that the atmosphere around his compositions is actually in the writing - it's got nothing to do with synthesisers.\" Frame's decision to ask Sakamoto was finalized after he saw his performance at the Japan Festival that was held in London, United Kingdom.", "Frame's decision to ask Sakamoto was finalized after he saw his performance at the Japan Festival that was held in London, United Kingdom. Of his experience recording with Sakamoto, Frame said: Film work Sakamoto began working in films, as a composer and actor, in Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (1983), for which he composed the score, title theme, and the duet \"Forbidden Colours\" with David Sylvian.", "Of his experience recording with Sakamoto, Frame said: Film work Sakamoto began working in films, as a composer and actor, in Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (1983), for which he composed the score, title theme, and the duet \"Forbidden Colours\" with David Sylvian. Sakamoto later composed Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor (1987), which earned him the Academy Award with fellow composers David Byrne and Cong Su.", "Sakamoto later composed Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor (1987), which earned him the Academy Award with fellow composers David Byrne and Cong Su. In that same year, he composed the score to the cult-classic anime film Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise. Sakamoto also went on to compose the score of the opening ceremony for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, telecast live to an audience of over a billion viewers.", "Sakamoto also went on to compose the score of the opening ceremony for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, telecast live to an audience of over a billion viewers. Other films scored by Sakamoto include Pedro Almodóvar's Tacones lejanos (High Heels) (1991); Bertolucci's The Little Buddha (1993); Oliver Stone's Wild Palms (1993); John Maybury's Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998); Brian De Palma's Snake Eyes (1998) and Femme Fatale (2002); Oshima's Gohatto (1999); and Jun Ichikawa's (director of the Mitsui ReHouse commercial from 1997 to 1999 starring Chizuru Ikewaki and Mao Inoue) Tony Takitani (2005).", "Other films scored by Sakamoto include Pedro Almodóvar's Tacones lejanos (High Heels) (1991); Bertolucci's The Little Buddha (1993); Oliver Stone's Wild Palms (1993); John Maybury's Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998); Brian De Palma's Snake Eyes (1998) and Femme Fatale (2002); Oshima's Gohatto (1999); and Jun Ichikawa's (director of the Mitsui ReHouse commercial from 1997 to 1999 starring Chizuru Ikewaki and Mao Inoue) Tony Takitani (2005). Several tracks from Sakamoto's earlier solo albums have also appeared in film soundtracks.", "Several tracks from Sakamoto's earlier solo albums have also appeared in film soundtracks. In particular, variations of \"Chinsagu No Hana\" (from Beauty) and \"Bibo No Aozora\" (from 1996) provide the poignant closing pieces for Sue Brooks's Japanese Story (2003) and Alejandro González Iñárritu's Babel (2006), respectively. In 2015, Sakamoto teamed up with Iñárritu to score his film, The Revenant starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy.", "In 2015, Sakamoto teamed up with Iñárritu to score his film, The Revenant starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy. Sakamoto has also acted in several films: perhaps his most notable performance was as the conflicted Captain Yonoi in Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence, alongside Takeshi Kitano and British rock singer David Bowie. He also played roles in The Last Emperor (as Masahiko Amakasu) and Madonna's \"Rain\" music video.", "He also played roles in The Last Emperor (as Masahiko Amakasu) and Madonna's \"Rain\" music video. Personal life Sakamoto's first of three marriages occurred in 1972, but ended in divorce two years later—Sakamoto has a daughter from this relationship. Sakamoto then married popular Japanese pianist and singer Akiko Yano in 1982, following several musical collaborations with her, including touring work with the Yellow Magic Orchestra.", "Sakamoto then married popular Japanese pianist and singer Akiko Yano in 1982, following several musical collaborations with her, including touring work with the Yellow Magic Orchestra. Sakamoto's second marriage ended in August 2006, 14 years after a mutual decision to live separately—Yano and Sakamoto raised one daughter, J-pop singer Miu Sakamoto. He has lived with his manager and wife Norika Sora since around 1990 and has two children with her. Beginning in June 2014, Sakamoto took a year-long hiatus after he was diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer.", "Beginning in June 2014, Sakamoto took a year-long hiatus after he was diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer. In 2015, he returned, stating: \"Right now I'm good. I feel better. Much, much better. I feel energy inside, but you never know. The cancer might come back in three years, five years, maybe 10 years. Also the radiation makes your immune system really low. It means I'm very susceptible to another cancer in my body.\"", "It means I'm very susceptible to another cancer in my body.\" On January 21, 2021, Sakamoto shared a link on his official pages, which contained a letter announcing that though his throat cancer went into remission, he was now diagnosed with rectal cancer, and that he's currently undergoing treatment after a successful surgery. He wrote: \"From now on, I will be living alongside cancer. But, I am hoping to make music for a little while longer.\"", "But, I am hoping to make music for a little while longer.\" Activism Sakamoto is a member of the anti-nuclear organization Stop Rokkasho and has demanded the closing of the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant. In 2012, he organized the No Nukes 2012 concert, which featured performances by 18 groups, including Yellow Magic Orchestra and Kraftwerk. Sakamoto is also known as a critic of copyright law, arguing in 2009 that it is antiquated in the information age.", "Sakamoto is also known as a critic of copyright law, arguing in 2009 that it is antiquated in the information age. He argued that in \"the last 100 years, only a few organizations have dominated the music world and ripped off both fans and creators\" and that \"with the internet we are going back to having tribal attitudes towards music.\"", "He argued that in \"the last 100 years, only a few organizations have dominated the music world and ripped off both fans and creators\" and that \"with the internet we are going back to having tribal attitudes towards music.\" In 2015 Sakamoto also supported opposition to the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in the Oura bay in Henoko, with a new and Okinawan version of his 2004 single \"Undercooled\" whose sales partially contributed to the \"Henoko Fund\", aimed to stop the relocation of the base on Okinawa.", "In 2015 Sakamoto also supported opposition to the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in the Oura bay in Henoko, with a new and Okinawan version of his 2004 single \"Undercooled\" whose sales partially contributed to the \"Henoko Fund\", aimed to stop the relocation of the base on Okinawa. Commmons In 2006 Sakamoto, in collaboration with Japanese music company Avex Group, founded , a record label seeking to change the manner in which music is produced.", "Commmons In 2006 Sakamoto, in collaboration with Japanese music company Avex Group, founded , a record label seeking to change the manner in which music is produced. Sakamoto has explained that Commmons is not his label, but is a platform for all aspiring artists to join as equal collaborators to share the benefits of the music industry. On the initiative's \"About\" page, the label is described as a project that \"aims to find new possibilities for music, while making meaningful contribution to culture and society\".", "On the initiative's \"About\" page, the label is described as a project that \"aims to find new possibilities for music, while making meaningful contribution to culture and society\". The name \"Commmons\" is spelt with three \"m\"s because the third \"m\" stands for music. Awards and nominations Sakamoto has won a number of awards for his work as a film composer, beginning winning the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music with his score for Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983).", "Awards and nominations Sakamoto has won a number of awards for his work as a film composer, beginning winning the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music with his score for Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983). His greatest award success was for scoring The Last Emperor (1987), which won him the Academy Award for Best Original Score, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, and Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, as well as a BAFTA nomination.", "His greatest award success was for scoring The Last Emperor (1987), which won him the Academy Award for Best Original Score, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, and Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, as well as a BAFTA nomination. His score for The Sheltering Sky (1990) won him his second Golden Globe Award, and his score for Little Buddha (1993) received another Grammy Award nomination.", "His score for The Sheltering Sky (1990) won him his second Golden Globe Award, and his score for Little Buddha (1993) received another Grammy Award nomination. In 1997, his collaboration with Toshio Iwai, Music Plays Images X Images Play Music, was awarded the Golden Nica, the grand prize of the Prix Ars Electronica competition. He also contributed to the Academy Award winning soundtrack for Babel (2006) with several pieces of music, including the closing theme \"Bibo no Aozora\".", "He also contributed to the Academy Award winning soundtrack for Babel (2006) with several pieces of music, including the closing theme \"Bibo no Aozora\". In 2009, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France's Ministry of Culture for his musical contributions. His score for The Revenant (2015) was nominated for the Golden Globe and BAFTA, and won Best Musical Score from the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association.", "His score for The Revenant (2015) was nominated for the Golden Globe and BAFTA, and won Best Musical Score from the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. The music video for \"Risky\", written and directed by Meiert Avis, also won the first ever MTV \"Breakthrough Video Award\".", "The music video for \"Risky\", written and directed by Meiert Avis, also won the first ever MTV \"Breakthrough Video Award\". The ground breaking video explores transhumanist philosopher FM-2030's (Persian: فریدون اسفندیاری) ideas of \"Nostalgia for the Future\", in the form of an imagined love affair between a robot and one of Man Ray's models in Paris in the late 1930s.", "The ground breaking video explores transhumanist philosopher FM-2030's (Persian: فریدون اسفندیاری) ideas of \"Nostalgia for the Future\", in the form of an imagined love affair between a robot and one of Man Ray's models in Paris in the late 1930s. Additional inspiration was drawn from Jean Baudrillard, Edvard Munch's 1894 painting \"Puberty\", and Roland Barthes \"Death of the Author\". The surrealist black and white video uses stop motion, light painting, and other retro in-camera effects techniques.", "The surrealist black and white video uses stop motion, light painting, and other retro in-camera effects techniques. Meiert Avis shot Sakamoto while at work on the score for \"The Last Emperor\" in London. Sakamoto also appears in the video painting words and messages to an open shutter camera. Iggy Pop, who performs the vocals on \"Risky\", chose not to appear in the video, allowing his performance space to be occupied by the surrealist era robot.", "Iggy Pop, who performs the vocals on \"Risky\", chose not to appear in the video, allowing his performance space to be occupied by the surrealist era robot. Sakamoto won the Golden Pine Award (Lifetime Achievement) at the 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival, along with Clint Eastwood and Gerald Fried.", "Sakamoto won the Golden Pine Award (Lifetime Achievement) at the 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival, along with Clint Eastwood and Gerald Fried. Honorary awards 2009 – Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, from France's Ministry of Culture 2013 – Golden Pine Award (Lifetime Achievement), at 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival Soundtrack awards Academy Award for Best Original Score 1987 – The Last Emperor (won) BAFTA Award for Best Film Music 1983 – Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (won) 1987 – The Last Emperor (nominated) 2015 – The Revenant (nominated) Grand Bell Awards for Best Music 2018 – The Fortress (won) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1987 – The Last Emperor (won) 1990 – The Sheltering Sky (won) 1993 – Little Buddha (nominated) 2015 – The Revenant (nominated) Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media 1987 – The Last Emperor (won) 2015 – The Revenant (nominated) Other awards 1997 – Golden Nica, grand prize of Prix Ars Electronica, for Music Plays Images X Images Play Music MTV Breakthrough Video Award, for music video of \"Risky\" Discography Solo studio albums Thousand Knives (1978) B-2 Unit (1980) Left-Handed Dream (1981) Ongaku Zukan (1984) Esperanto (1985) Futurista (1986) Illustrated Musical Encyclopedia (1986) Neo Geo (1987) Beauty (1989) Heartbeat (1991) Sweet Revenge (1994) Smoochy (1995) 1996 (1996) Discord (1997) BTTB (1999) Comica (2002) Elephantism (2002) Chasm (2004) Out of Noise (2009) Playing the Piano (2009) Three (2013) async (2017) Notes References Further reading External links Commmons – Sakamoto's record label Raster-Noton 1952 births 20th-century classical composers 20th-century classical pianists 20th-century Japanese composers 20th-century Japanese male musicians 21st-century classical composers 21st-century classical pianists 21st-century Japanese composers 21st-century Japanese male musicians Anime composers Avex Group artists Avex Group people Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Composers for piano Golden Globe Award-winning musicians Grammy Award winners Intellectual property activism Island Records artists Japanese anti–nuclear power activists Japanese classical composers Japanese classical pianists Japanese contemporary artists Japanese contemporary classical composers Japanese dance musicians Japanese electro musicians Japanese electronic musicians Japanese film score composers Japanese house musicians Japanese keyboardists Japanese male actors Japanese male classical composers Japanese male classical pianists Japanese male film score composers Japanese opera composers Japanese record producers Japanese techno musicians Japanese trance musicians Living people Male opera composers Musicians from Tokyo New-age composers New-age musicians Progressivism in Japan Samadhi Sound artists Tokyo University of the Arts alumni Video game composers Virgin Records artists Yellow Magic Orchestra members" ]

[ "Ryuichi Sakamoto", "Awards and nominations", "What are some awards and nominations that Sakamoto got?", "Academy Award for Best Original Score, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, and Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture,", "Is that mostly all of the rewards and nominations that he received?", "His score for The Sheltering Sky (1990) later won him his second Golden Globe Award, and his score for Little Buddha (1993) received another Grammy Award nomination. In 1997," ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "is a Japanese composer, pianist, singer, record producer and actor who has pursued a diverse range of styles as a solo artist and as a member of Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO). With his bandmates Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi, Sakamoto influenced and pioneered a number of electronic music genres. Sakamoto began his career while at university in the 1970s as a session musician, producer, and arranger. His first major success came in 1978 as co-founder of YMO.", "His first major success came in 1978 as co-founder of YMO. He concurrently pursued a solo career, releasing the experimental electronic fusion album Thousand Knives in 1978. Two years later, he released the album B-2 Unit. It included the track \"Riot in Lagos\", which was significant in the development of electro and hip hop music. He went on to produce more solo records, and collaborate with many international artists, David Sylvian, Carsten Nicolai, Youssou N'Dour, and Fennesz among them.", "He went on to produce more solo records, and collaborate with many international artists, David Sylvian, Carsten Nicolai, Youssou N'Dour, and Fennesz among them. Sakamoto composed music for the opening ceremony of the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, and his composition \"Energy Flow\" (1999) was the first instrumental number-one single in Japan's Oricon charts history. As a film-score composer, Sakamoto has won an Oscar, a BAFTA, a Grammy, and 2 Golden Globe Awards.", "As a film-score composer, Sakamoto has won an Oscar, a BAFTA, a Grammy, and 2 Golden Globe Awards. Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) marked his debut as both an actor and a film-score composer; its main theme was adapted into the single \"Forbidden Colours\" which became an international hit.", "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) marked his debut as both an actor and a film-score composer; its main theme was adapted into the single \"Forbidden Colours\" which became an international hit. His most successful work as a film composer was The Last Emperor (1987), after which he continued earning accolades composing for films such as The Sheltering Sky (1990), Little Buddha (1993), and The Revenant (2015).", "His most successful work as a film composer was The Last Emperor (1987), after which he continued earning accolades composing for films such as The Sheltering Sky (1990), Little Buddha (1993), and The Revenant (2015). On occasion, Sakamoto has also worked as a composer and a scenario writer on anime and video games. In 2009, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the Ministry of Culture of France for his contributions to music.", "In 2009, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the Ministry of Culture of France for his contributions to music. Career 1970s Sakamoto entered the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music in 1970, earning a B.A. in music composition and an M.A. with special emphasis on both electronic and ethnic music.", "with special emphasis on both electronic and ethnic music. with special emphasis on both electronic and ethnic music. He studied ethnomusicology there with the intention of becoming a researcher in the field, due to his interest in various world music traditions, particularly the Japanese (especially Okinawan), Indian and African musical traditions. He was also trained in classical music and began experimenting with the electronic music equipment available at the university, including synthesizers such as the Buchla, Moog, and ARP.", "He was also trained in classical music and began experimenting with the electronic music equipment available at the university, including synthesizers such as the Buchla, Moog, and ARP. One of Sakamoto's classical influences was Claude Debussy, who he described as his \"hero\" and stated that \"Asian music heavily influenced Debussy, and Debussy heavily influenced me. So, the music goes around the world and comes full circle.\" In 1975, Sakamoto collaborated with percussionist Tsuchitori Toshiyuki to release Disappointment-Hateruma.", "In 1975, Sakamoto collaborated with percussionist Tsuchitori Toshiyuki to release Disappointment-Hateruma. After working as a session musician with Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi in 1977, the trio formed the internationally successful electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO) in 1978. Known for their seminal influence on electronic music, the group helped pioneer electronic genres such as electropop/technopop, synthpop, cyberpunk music, ambient house, and electronica.", "Known for their seminal influence on electronic music, the group helped pioneer electronic genres such as electropop/technopop, synthpop, cyberpunk music, ambient house, and electronica. The group's work has had a lasting influence across genres, ranging from hip hop and techno to acid house and general melodic music.", "The group's work has had a lasting influence across genres, ranging from hip hop and techno to acid house and general melodic music. Sakamoto was the songwriter and composer for a number of the band's hit songs—including \"Yellow Magic (Tong Poo)\" (1978), \"Technopolis\" (1979), \"Nice Age\" (1980), \"Ongaku\" (1983) and \"You've Got to Help Yourself\" (1983)—while playing keyboards for many of their other songs, including international hits such as \"Computer Game/Firecracker\" (1978) and \"Rydeen\" (1979).", "Sakamoto was the songwriter and composer for a number of the band's hit songs—including \"Yellow Magic (Tong Poo)\" (1978), \"Technopolis\" (1979), \"Nice Age\" (1980), \"Ongaku\" (1983) and \"You've Got to Help Yourself\" (1983)—while playing keyboards for many of their other songs, including international hits such as \"Computer Game/Firecracker\" (1978) and \"Rydeen\" (1979). He also sang on several songs, such as \"Kimi ni Mune Kyun\" (1983).", "He also sang on several songs, such as \"Kimi ni Mune Kyun\" (1983). Sakamoto's composition \"Technopolis\" (1979) was credited as a contribution to the development of techno music, while the internationally successful \"Behind the Mask\" (1978)—a synthpop song in which he sang vocals through a vocoder—was later covered by a number of international artists, including Michael Jackson and Eric Clapton.", "Sakamoto's composition \"Technopolis\" (1979) was credited as a contribution to the development of techno music, while the internationally successful \"Behind the Mask\" (1978)—a synthpop song in which he sang vocals through a vocoder—was later covered by a number of international artists, including Michael Jackson and Eric Clapton. Sakamoto released his first solo album Thousand Knives of Ryūichi Sakamoto in mid-1978 with the help of Hideki Matsutake—Hosono also contributed to the song \"Thousand Knives\".", "Sakamoto released his first solo album Thousand Knives of Ryūichi Sakamoto in mid-1978 with the help of Hideki Matsutake—Hosono also contributed to the song \"Thousand Knives\". The album experimented with different styles, such as \"Thousand Knives\" and \"The End of Asia\"—in which electronic music was fused with traditional Japanese music—while \"Grasshoppers\" is a more minimalistic piano song.", "The album experimented with different styles, such as \"Thousand Knives\" and \"The End of Asia\"—in which electronic music was fused with traditional Japanese music—while \"Grasshoppers\" is a more minimalistic piano song. The album was recorded from April to July 1978 with a variety of electronic musical instruments, including various synthesizers, such as the KORG PS-3100, a polyphonic synthesizer; the Oberheim Eight-Voice; the Moog III-C; the Polymoog, the Minimoog; the Micromoog; the Korg VC-10, which is a vocoder; the KORG SQ-10, which is an analog sequencer; the Syn-Drums, an electronic drum kit; and the microprocessor-based Roland MC-8 Microcomposer, which is a music sequencer that was programmed by Matsutake and played by Sakamoto.", "The album was recorded from April to July 1978 with a variety of electronic musical instruments, including various synthesizers, such as the KORG PS-3100, a polyphonic synthesizer; the Oberheim Eight-Voice; the Moog III-C; the Polymoog, the Minimoog; the Micromoog; the Korg VC-10, which is a vocoder; the KORG SQ-10, which is an analog sequencer; the Syn-Drums, an electronic drum kit; and the microprocessor-based Roland MC-8 Microcomposer, which is a music sequencer that was programmed by Matsutake and played by Sakamoto. A version of the song \"Thousand Knives\" was released on the Yellow Magic Orchestra's 1981 album BGM.", "A version of the song \"Thousand Knives\" was released on the Yellow Magic Orchestra's 1981 album BGM. This version was one of the earliest uses of the Roland TR-808 drum machine, for YMO's live performance of \"1000 Knives\" in 1980 and their BGM album release in 1981.", "This version was one of the earliest uses of the Roland TR-808 drum machine, for YMO's live performance of \"1000 Knives\" in 1980 and their BGM album release in 1981. 1980s In 1980, Sakamoto released the solo album B-2 Unit, which has been referred to as his \"edgiest\" record and is known for the electronic song \"Riot in Lagos\", which is considered an early example of electro music (electro-funk), as Sakamoto anticipated the beats and sounds of electro.", "1980s In 1980, Sakamoto released the solo album B-2 Unit, which has been referred to as his \"edgiest\" record and is known for the electronic song \"Riot in Lagos\", which is considered an early example of electro music (electro-funk), as Sakamoto anticipated the beats and sounds of electro. Early electro and hip hop artists, such as Afrika Bambaata and Kurtis Mantronik, were influenced by the album—especially \"Riot in Lagos\"—with Mantronik citing the work as a major influence on his electro hip hop group Mantronix.", "Early electro and hip hop artists, such as Afrika Bambaata and Kurtis Mantronik, were influenced by the album—especially \"Riot in Lagos\"—with Mantronik citing the work as a major influence on his electro hip hop group Mantronix. \"Riot in Lagos\" was later included in Playgroup's compilation album Kings of Electro (2007), alongside other significant electro compositions, such as Hashim's \"Al-Naafyish\" (1983).", "\"Riot in Lagos\" was later included in Playgroup's compilation album Kings of Electro (2007), alongside other significant electro compositions, such as Hashim's \"Al-Naafyish\" (1983). According to Dusted Magazine, Sakamoto's use of squelching bounce sounds and mechanical beats was later incorporated in early electro and hip hop music productions, such as “Message II (Survival)” (1982), by Melle Mel and Duke Bootee; “Magic's Wand” (1982), by Whodini and Thomas Dolby; Twilight 22's “Electric Kingdom” (1983); and Kurt Mantronik's Mantronix: The Album (1985).", "According to Dusted Magazine, Sakamoto's use of squelching bounce sounds and mechanical beats was later incorporated in early electro and hip hop music productions, such as “Message II (Survival)” (1982), by Melle Mel and Duke Bootee; “Magic's Wand” (1982), by Whodini and Thomas Dolby; Twilight 22's “Electric Kingdom” (1983); and Kurt Mantronik's Mantronix: The Album (1985). The 1980 release of \"Riot in Lagos\" was listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music.", "The 1980 release of \"Riot in Lagos\" was listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music. Among other tracks on B-2 Unit, \"Differencia\" has, according to Fact, \"relentless tumbling beats and a stabbing bass synth that foreshadows jungle by nearly a decade\". Some tracks on the album also foreshadow genres such as IDM, broken beat, and industrial techno, and the work of producers such as Actress and Oneohtrix Point Never.", "Some tracks on the album also foreshadow genres such as IDM, broken beat, and industrial techno, and the work of producers such as Actress and Oneohtrix Point Never. For several tracks on the album, Sakamoto worked with UK reggae producer Dennis Bovell, incorporating elements of afrobeat and dub music.", "For several tracks on the album, Sakamoto worked with UK reggae producer Dennis Bovell, incorporating elements of afrobeat and dub music. Also in 1980, Sakamoto released the single \"War Head/Lexington Queen\", an experimental synthpop and electro record, and began a long-standing collaboration with David Sylvian, when he co-wrote and performed on the Japan track \"Taking Islands In Africa\". In the following year, Sakamoto collaborated with Talking Heads and King Crimson guitarist Adrian Belew and Robin Scott for an album titled Left-Handed Dream.", "In the following year, Sakamoto collaborated with Talking Heads and King Crimson guitarist Adrian Belew and Robin Scott for an album titled Left-Handed Dream. Following Japan's dissolution, Sakamoto worked on another collaboration with Sylvian, a single entitled \"Bamboo Houses/Bamboo Music\" in 1982. Sakamoto's 1980 collaboration with Kiyoshiro Imawano, \"Ikenai Rouge Magic\", topped the Oricon singles chart. In 1983, Sakamoto starred alongside David Bowie in director Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence.", "In 1983, Sakamoto starred alongside David Bowie in director Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence. In addition to acting in the film, Sakamoto also composed the film's musical score and again collaborated with Sylvian on the film's main theme (\"Forbidden Colours\") – which became a minor hit. In a 2016 interview, Sakamoto reflected on his time acting in the film, claiming that he \"hung out\" with Bowie every evening for a month while filming on location.", "In a 2016 interview, Sakamoto reflected on his time acting in the film, claiming that he \"hung out\" with Bowie every evening for a month while filming on location. He remembered Bowie as \"straightforward\" and \"nice\", while also lamenting the fact that he never mustered the courage to ask for Bowie's help while scoring the film's soundtrack as he believed Bowie was too \"concentrated on acting\". Sakamoto released a number of solo albums during the 1980s.", "Sakamoto released a number of solo albums during the 1980s. While primarily focused on the piano and synthesizer, this series of albums included collaborations with artists such as Sylvian, David Byrne, Thomas Dolby, Nam June Paik, and Iggy Pop. Sakamoto would alternated between exploring a variety of musical styles and focusing on a specific subject or theme, such as the Italian Futurism movement. As his solo career began to extend outside Japan in the late 1980s, Sakamoto's explorations, influences and collaborators also developed further.", "As his solo career began to extend outside Japan in the late 1980s, Sakamoto's explorations, influences and collaborators also developed further. Beauty (1989) features a track list that combines pop with traditional Japanese and Okinawan songs, as well as guest appearances by Jill Jones, Robert Wyatt, Brian Wilson and Robbie Robertson.", "Beauty (1989) features a track list that combines pop with traditional Japanese and Okinawan songs, as well as guest appearances by Jill Jones, Robert Wyatt, Brian Wilson and Robbie Robertson. Heartbeat (1991) and Sweet Revenge (1994) features Sakamoto's collaborations with a global range of artists such as Roddy Frame, Dee Dee Brave, Marco Prince, Arto Lindsay, Youssou N'Dour, David Sylvian and Ingrid Chavez.", "Heartbeat (1991) and Sweet Revenge (1994) features Sakamoto's collaborations with a global range of artists such as Roddy Frame, Dee Dee Brave, Marco Prince, Arto Lindsay, Youssou N'Dour, David Sylvian and Ingrid Chavez. 1990s In 1995 Sakamoto released Smoochy, described by the Sound On Sound website as Sakamoto's \"excursion into the land of easy-listening and Latin\", followed by the 1996 album, which featured a number of previously released pieces arranged for solo piano, violin and cello.", "1990s In 1995 Sakamoto released Smoochy, described by the Sound On Sound website as Sakamoto's \"excursion into the land of easy-listening and Latin\", followed by the 1996 album, which featured a number of previously released pieces arranged for solo piano, violin and cello. During December 1996 Sakamoto, composed the entirety of an hour-long orchestral work entitled \"Untitled 01\" and released as the album Discord (1998).", "During December 1996 Sakamoto, composed the entirety of an hour-long orchestral work entitled \"Untitled 01\" and released as the album Discord (1998). The Sony Classical release of Discord was sold in a jewel case that was covered by a blue-colored slipcase made of foil, while the CD also contained a data video track. In 1998 the Ninja Tune record label released the Prayer/Salvation Remixes, for which prominent electronica artists such as Ashley Beedle and Andrea Parker remixed sections from the \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\" parts of Discord.", "In 1998 the Ninja Tune record label released the Prayer/Salvation Remixes, for which prominent electronica artists such as Ashley Beedle and Andrea Parker remixed sections from the \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\" parts of Discord. Sakamoto collaborated primarily with guitarist David Torn and DJ Spooky—artist Laurie Anderson provides spoken word on the composition—and the recording was condensed from nine live performances of the work, recorded during a Japanese tour.", "Sakamoto collaborated primarily with guitarist David Torn and DJ Spooky—artist Laurie Anderson provides spoken word on the composition—and the recording was condensed from nine live performances of the work, recorded during a Japanese tour. Discord was divided into four parts: \"Grief\", \"Anger\", \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\"; Sakamoto explained in 1998 that he was \"not religious, but maybe spiritual\" and \"The Prayer is to anybody or anything you want to name.\"", "Discord was divided into four parts: \"Grief\", \"Anger\", \"Prayer\" and \"Salvation\"; Sakamoto explained in 1998 that he was \"not religious, but maybe spiritual\" and \"The Prayer is to anybody or anything you want to name.\" Sakamoto further explained: In 1998, Italian ethnomusicologist Massimo Milano published Ryuichi Sakamoto. Conversazioni through the Padova, Arcana imprint. All three editions of the book were published in the Italian language.", "All three editions of the book were published in the Italian language. Sakamoto's next album, BTTB (1998)—an acronym for \"Back to the Basics\"—was a fairly opaque reaction to the prior year's multilayered, lushly orchestrated Discord. The album comprised a series of original pieces on solo piano, including \"Energy Flow\" (a major hit in Japan) and a frenetic, four-hand arrangement of the Yellow Magic Orchestra classic \"Tong Poo\".", "The album comprised a series of original pieces on solo piano, including \"Energy Flow\" (a major hit in Japan) and a frenetic, four-hand arrangement of the Yellow Magic Orchestra classic \"Tong Poo\". On the BTTB U.S. tour, he opened the show performing a brief avant-garde DJ set under the stage name DJ Lovegroove. Sakamoto's long-awaited \"opera\" LIFE was released in 1999, with visual direction by Shiro Takatani, artistic director of Dumb Type. It premiered with seven sold-out performances in Tokyo and Osaka.", "It premiered with seven sold-out performances in Tokyo and Osaka. This ambitious multi-genre multi-media project featured contributions by over 100 performers, including Pina Bausch, Bernardo Bertolucci, Josep Carreras, the Dalai Lama and Salman Rushdie. 2000s Sakamoto teamed with cellist Jaques Morelenbaum (a member of his 1996 trio), and Morelenbaum's wife, Paula, on a pair of albums celebrating the work of bossa nova pioneer Antonio Carlos Jobim.", "2000s Sakamoto teamed with cellist Jaques Morelenbaum (a member of his 1996 trio), and Morelenbaum's wife, Paula, on a pair of albums celebrating the work of bossa nova pioneer Antonio Carlos Jobim. They recorded their first album, Casa (2001), mostly in Jobim's home studio in Rio de Janeiro, with Sakamoto performing on the late Jobim's grand piano. The album was well received, having been included in the list of The New York Timess top albums of 2002.", "The album was well received, having been included in the list of The New York Timess top albums of 2002. A live album, Live in Tokyo, and a second album, A Day in New York, soon followed. Sakamoto and the Morelenbaums would also collaborate on N.M.L. No More Landmine, an international effort to raise awareness for the removal of landmines.", "No More Landmine, an international effort to raise awareness for the removal of landmines. The trio would release the single \"Zero Landmine\", which also featured David Sylvian, Brian Eno, Kraftwerk, Cyndi Lauper, and Haruomi Hosono & Yukihiro Takahashi, the other two founding members of Yellow Magic Orchestra, amongst nearly one hundred other performers.", "The trio would release the single \"Zero Landmine\", which also featured David Sylvian, Brian Eno, Kraftwerk, Cyndi Lauper, and Haruomi Hosono & Yukihiro Takahashi, the other two founding members of Yellow Magic Orchestra, amongst nearly one hundred other performers. Sakamoto collaborated with Alva Noto (an alias of Carsten Nicolai) to release Vrioon, an album of Sakamoto's piano clusters treated by Nicolai's unique style of digital manipulation, involving the creation of \"micro-loops\" and minimal percussion.", "Sakamoto collaborated with Alva Noto (an alias of Carsten Nicolai) to release Vrioon, an album of Sakamoto's piano clusters treated by Nicolai's unique style of digital manipulation, involving the creation of \"micro-loops\" and minimal percussion. The two produced this work by passing the pieces back and forth until both were satisfied with the result. This debut, released on German label Raster-Noton, was voted record of the year 2004 in the electronica category by British magazine The Wire.", "This debut, released on German label Raster-Noton, was voted record of the year 2004 in the electronica category by British magazine The Wire. They then released Insen (2005)—while produced in a similar manner to Vrioon, this album is somewhat more restrained and minimalist. They keep on collaborating and have released two more albums: utp_ (2008) and Summvs (2011). In 2005, Finnish mobile phone manufacturer Nokia hired Sakamoto to compose ring and alert tones for their high-end phone, the Nokia 8800.", "In 2005, Finnish mobile phone manufacturer Nokia hired Sakamoto to compose ring and alert tones for their high-end phone, the Nokia 8800. In 2006, Nokia offered the ringtones for free on their website. Around this time, a reunion with YMO cofounders Hosono and Takahashi caused a stir in the Japanese press. They released a single \"Rescue\" in 2007 and a DVD \"HAS/YMO\" in 2008. In July 2009, Sakamoto was honored as Officier of Ordre des Arts et des Lettres at the French embassy in Tokyo.", "In July 2009, Sakamoto was honored as Officier of Ordre des Arts et des Lettres at the French embassy in Tokyo. 2010s–present Throughout the latter part of the 2000s, Sakamoto collaborated on several projects with visual artist Shiro Takatani, including the installations LIFE - fluid, invisible, inaudible... (2007–2013), commissioned by YCAM, Yamaguchi, collapsed and silence spins at the Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo in 2012 and 2013 Sharjah Biennial (U.A.E.", "2010s–present Throughout the latter part of the 2000s, Sakamoto collaborated on several projects with visual artist Shiro Takatani, including the installations LIFE - fluid, invisible, inaudible... (2007–2013), commissioned by YCAM, Yamaguchi, collapsed and silence spins at the Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo in 2012 and 2013 Sharjah Biennial (U.A.E. ), LIFE-WELL in 2013 and a special version for Park Hyatt Tokyo's 20th anniversary in 2014, and he did music for the joint performance LIFE-WELL featuring the actor Noh/Kyogen Mansai Nomura, and for Shiro Takatani's performance ST/LL in 2015.", "), LIFE-WELL in 2013 and a special version for Park Hyatt Tokyo's 20th anniversary in 2014, and he did music for the joint performance LIFE-WELL featuring the actor Noh/Kyogen Mansai Nomura, and for Shiro Takatani's performance ST/LL in 2015. In 2013, Sakamoto was a jury member at the 70th Venice International Film Festival. The jury viewed 20 films and was chaired by filmmaker Bernardo Bertolucci. In 2014, Sakamoto became the first Guest Artistic Director of The Sapporo International Art Festival 2014 (SIAF2014).", "In 2014, Sakamoto became the first Guest Artistic Director of The Sapporo International Art Festival 2014 (SIAF2014). On July 10, Sakamoto released a statement indicating that he had been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in late June of the same year. He announced a break from his work while he sought treatment and recovery. On August 3, 2015, Sakamoto posted on his website that he was \"in great shape ...", "On August 3, 2015, Sakamoto posted on his website that he was \"in great shape ... I am thinking about returning to work\" and announced that he would be providing music for Yoji Yamada's Haha to Kuraseba (Living with My Mother). In 2015, Sakamoto also composed the score for the Alejandro González Iñárritu's film, The Revenant, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination.", "In 2015, Sakamoto also composed the score for the Alejandro González Iñárritu's film, The Revenant, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination. In January 2017 it was announced that Sakamoto would release a solo album in April 2017 through Milan Records; the new album, titled async, was released on March 29, 2017 to critical acclaim. In February 2018, he was selected to be on the jury for the main competition section of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival.", "In February 2018, he was selected to be on the jury for the main competition section of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival. On June 14, 2018, a documentary about the life and work of Sakamoto, entitled Coda, was released. The film follows Sakamoto as he recovers from cancer and resumes creating music, protests nuclear power plants following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, and creates field recordings in a variety of locales. Directed by Stephen Nomura Schible, the documentary was met with critical praise.", "Directed by Stephen Nomura Schible, the documentary was met with critical praise. Production work Sakamoto's production credits represent a prolific career in this role. In 1983, he produced Mari Iijima's debut album Rosé, the same year that the Yellow Magic Orchestra was disbanded. Sakamoto subsequently worked with artists such as Thomas Dolby; Aztec Camera, on the Dreamland (1993) album; and Imai Miki, co-producing her 1994 album A Place In The Sun.", "Sakamoto subsequently worked with artists such as Thomas Dolby; Aztec Camera, on the Dreamland (1993) album; and Imai Miki, co-producing her 1994 album A Place In The Sun. In 1996, Sakamoto produced \"Mind Circus\", the first single from actress Miki Nakatani, leading to a collaboration period spanning 9 singles and 7 albums though 2001.", "In 1996, Sakamoto produced \"Mind Circus\", the first single from actress Miki Nakatani, leading to a collaboration period spanning 9 singles and 7 albums though 2001. Roddy Frame, who worked with Sakamoto as a member of Aztec Camera, explained in a 1993 interview preceding the release of Dreamland that he had had to wait a lengthy period of time before he was able to work with Sakamoto, who wrote two soundtracks, a solo album and the music for the opening ceremony at the Barcelona Olympics, prior to working with Frame over four weeks in a New York studio.", "Roddy Frame, who worked with Sakamoto as a member of Aztec Camera, explained in a 1993 interview preceding the release of Dreamland that he had had to wait a lengthy period of time before he was able to work with Sakamoto, who wrote two soundtracks, a solo album and the music for the opening ceremony at the Barcelona Olympics, prior to working with Frame over four weeks in a New York studio. Frame said that he was impressed by the work of YMO and the Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence soundtrack, explaining: \"That's where you realise that the atmosphere around his compositions is actually in the writing - it's got nothing to do with synthesisers.\"", "Frame said that he was impressed by the work of YMO and the Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence soundtrack, explaining: \"That's where you realise that the atmosphere around his compositions is actually in the writing - it's got nothing to do with synthesisers.\" Frame's decision to ask Sakamoto was finalized after he saw his performance at the Japan Festival that was held in London, United Kingdom.", "Frame's decision to ask Sakamoto was finalized after he saw his performance at the Japan Festival that was held in London, United Kingdom. Of his experience recording with Sakamoto, Frame said: Film work Sakamoto began working in films, as a composer and actor, in Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (1983), for which he composed the score, title theme, and the duet \"Forbidden Colours\" with David Sylvian.", "Of his experience recording with Sakamoto, Frame said: Film work Sakamoto began working in films, as a composer and actor, in Nagisa Oshima's Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (1983), for which he composed the score, title theme, and the duet \"Forbidden Colours\" with David Sylvian. Sakamoto later composed Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor (1987), which earned him the Academy Award with fellow composers David Byrne and Cong Su.", "Sakamoto later composed Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor (1987), which earned him the Academy Award with fellow composers David Byrne and Cong Su. In that same year, he composed the score to the cult-classic anime film Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise. Sakamoto also went on to compose the score of the opening ceremony for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, telecast live to an audience of over a billion viewers.", "Sakamoto also went on to compose the score of the opening ceremony for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, telecast live to an audience of over a billion viewers. Other films scored by Sakamoto include Pedro Almodóvar's Tacones lejanos (High Heels) (1991); Bertolucci's The Little Buddha (1993); Oliver Stone's Wild Palms (1993); John Maybury's Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998); Brian De Palma's Snake Eyes (1998) and Femme Fatale (2002); Oshima's Gohatto (1999); and Jun Ichikawa's (director of the Mitsui ReHouse commercial from 1997 to 1999 starring Chizuru Ikewaki and Mao Inoue) Tony Takitani (2005).", "Other films scored by Sakamoto include Pedro Almodóvar's Tacones lejanos (High Heels) (1991); Bertolucci's The Little Buddha (1993); Oliver Stone's Wild Palms (1993); John Maybury's Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998); Brian De Palma's Snake Eyes (1998) and Femme Fatale (2002); Oshima's Gohatto (1999); and Jun Ichikawa's (director of the Mitsui ReHouse commercial from 1997 to 1999 starring Chizuru Ikewaki and Mao Inoue) Tony Takitani (2005). Several tracks from Sakamoto's earlier solo albums have also appeared in film soundtracks.", "Several tracks from Sakamoto's earlier solo albums have also appeared in film soundtracks. In particular, variations of \"Chinsagu No Hana\" (from Beauty) and \"Bibo No Aozora\" (from 1996) provide the poignant closing pieces for Sue Brooks's Japanese Story (2003) and Alejandro González Iñárritu's Babel (2006), respectively. In 2015, Sakamoto teamed up with Iñárritu to score his film, The Revenant starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy.", "In 2015, Sakamoto teamed up with Iñárritu to score his film, The Revenant starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy. Sakamoto has also acted in several films: perhaps his most notable performance was as the conflicted Captain Yonoi in Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence, alongside Takeshi Kitano and British rock singer David Bowie. He also played roles in The Last Emperor (as Masahiko Amakasu) and Madonna's \"Rain\" music video.", "He also played roles in The Last Emperor (as Masahiko Amakasu) and Madonna's \"Rain\" music video. Personal life Sakamoto's first of three marriages occurred in 1972, but ended in divorce two years later—Sakamoto has a daughter from this relationship. Sakamoto then married popular Japanese pianist and singer Akiko Yano in 1982, following several musical collaborations with her, including touring work with the Yellow Magic Orchestra.", "Sakamoto then married popular Japanese pianist and singer Akiko Yano in 1982, following several musical collaborations with her, including touring work with the Yellow Magic Orchestra. Sakamoto's second marriage ended in August 2006, 14 years after a mutual decision to live separately—Yano and Sakamoto raised one daughter, J-pop singer Miu Sakamoto. He has lived with his manager and wife Norika Sora since around 1990 and has two children with her. Beginning in June 2014, Sakamoto took a year-long hiatus after he was diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer.", "Beginning in June 2014, Sakamoto took a year-long hiatus after he was diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer. In 2015, he returned, stating: \"Right now I'm good. I feel better. Much, much better. I feel energy inside, but you never know. The cancer might come back in three years, five years, maybe 10 years. Also the radiation makes your immune system really low. It means I'm very susceptible to another cancer in my body.\"", "It means I'm very susceptible to another cancer in my body.\" On January 21, 2021, Sakamoto shared a link on his official pages, which contained a letter announcing that though his throat cancer went into remission, he was now diagnosed with rectal cancer, and that he's currently undergoing treatment after a successful surgery. He wrote: \"From now on, I will be living alongside cancer. But, I am hoping to make music for a little while longer.\"", "But, I am hoping to make music for a little while longer.\" Activism Sakamoto is a member of the anti-nuclear organization Stop Rokkasho and has demanded the closing of the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant. In 2012, he organized the No Nukes 2012 concert, which featured performances by 18 groups, including Yellow Magic Orchestra and Kraftwerk. Sakamoto is also known as a critic of copyright law, arguing in 2009 that it is antiquated in the information age.", "Sakamoto is also known as a critic of copyright law, arguing in 2009 that it is antiquated in the information age. He argued that in \"the last 100 years, only a few organizations have dominated the music world and ripped off both fans and creators\" and that \"with the internet we are going back to having tribal attitudes towards music.\"", "He argued that in \"the last 100 years, only a few organizations have dominated the music world and ripped off both fans and creators\" and that \"with the internet we are going back to having tribal attitudes towards music.\" In 2015 Sakamoto also supported opposition to the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in the Oura bay in Henoko, with a new and Okinawan version of his 2004 single \"Undercooled\" whose sales partially contributed to the \"Henoko Fund\", aimed to stop the relocation of the base on Okinawa.", "In 2015 Sakamoto also supported opposition to the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in the Oura bay in Henoko, with a new and Okinawan version of his 2004 single \"Undercooled\" whose sales partially contributed to the \"Henoko Fund\", aimed to stop the relocation of the base on Okinawa. Commmons In 2006 Sakamoto, in collaboration with Japanese music company Avex Group, founded , a record label seeking to change the manner in which music is produced.", "Commmons In 2006 Sakamoto, in collaboration with Japanese music company Avex Group, founded , a record label seeking to change the manner in which music is produced. Sakamoto has explained that Commmons is not his label, but is a platform for all aspiring artists to join as equal collaborators to share the benefits of the music industry. On the initiative's \"About\" page, the label is described as a project that \"aims to find new possibilities for music, while making meaningful contribution to culture and society\".", "On the initiative's \"About\" page, the label is described as a project that \"aims to find new possibilities for music, while making meaningful contribution to culture and society\". The name \"Commmons\" is spelt with three \"m\"s because the third \"m\" stands for music. Awards and nominations Sakamoto has won a number of awards for his work as a film composer, beginning winning the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music with his score for Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983).", "Awards and nominations Sakamoto has won a number of awards for his work as a film composer, beginning winning the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music with his score for Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983). His greatest award success was for scoring The Last Emperor (1987), which won him the Academy Award for Best Original Score, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, and Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, as well as a BAFTA nomination.", "His greatest award success was for scoring The Last Emperor (1987), which won him the Academy Award for Best Original Score, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, and Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, as well as a BAFTA nomination. His score for The Sheltering Sky (1990) won him his second Golden Globe Award, and his score for Little Buddha (1993) received another Grammy Award nomination.", "His score for The Sheltering Sky (1990) won him his second Golden Globe Award, and his score for Little Buddha (1993) received another Grammy Award nomination. In 1997, his collaboration with Toshio Iwai, Music Plays Images X Images Play Music, was awarded the Golden Nica, the grand prize of the Prix Ars Electronica competition. He also contributed to the Academy Award winning soundtrack for Babel (2006) with several pieces of music, including the closing theme \"Bibo no Aozora\".", "He also contributed to the Academy Award winning soundtrack for Babel (2006) with several pieces of music, including the closing theme \"Bibo no Aozora\". In 2009, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France's Ministry of Culture for his musical contributions. His score for The Revenant (2015) was nominated for the Golden Globe and BAFTA, and won Best Musical Score from the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association.", "His score for The Revenant (2015) was nominated for the Golden Globe and BAFTA, and won Best Musical Score from the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. The music video for \"Risky\", written and directed by Meiert Avis, also won the first ever MTV \"Breakthrough Video Award\".", "The music video for \"Risky\", written and directed by Meiert Avis, also won the first ever MTV \"Breakthrough Video Award\". The ground breaking video explores transhumanist philosopher FM-2030's (Persian: فریدون اسفندیاری) ideas of \"Nostalgia for the Future\", in the form of an imagined love affair between a robot and one of Man Ray's models in Paris in the late 1930s.", "The ground breaking video explores transhumanist philosopher FM-2030's (Persian: فریدون اسفندیاری) ideas of \"Nostalgia for the Future\", in the form of an imagined love affair between a robot and one of Man Ray's models in Paris in the late 1930s. Additional inspiration was drawn from Jean Baudrillard, Edvard Munch's 1894 painting \"Puberty\", and Roland Barthes \"Death of the Author\". The surrealist black and white video uses stop motion, light painting, and other retro in-camera effects techniques.", "The surrealist black and white video uses stop motion, light painting, and other retro in-camera effects techniques. Meiert Avis shot Sakamoto while at work on the score for \"The Last Emperor\" in London. Sakamoto also appears in the video painting words and messages to an open shutter camera. Iggy Pop, who performs the vocals on \"Risky\", chose not to appear in the video, allowing his performance space to be occupied by the surrealist era robot.", "Iggy Pop, who performs the vocals on \"Risky\", chose not to appear in the video, allowing his performance space to be occupied by the surrealist era robot. Sakamoto won the Golden Pine Award (Lifetime Achievement) at the 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival, along with Clint Eastwood and Gerald Fried.", "Sakamoto won the Golden Pine Award (Lifetime Achievement) at the 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival, along with Clint Eastwood and Gerald Fried. Honorary awards 2009 – Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, from France's Ministry of Culture 2013 – Golden Pine Award (Lifetime Achievement), at 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival Soundtrack awards Academy Award for Best Original Score 1987 – The Last Emperor (won) BAFTA Award for Best Film Music 1983 – Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (won) 1987 – The Last Emperor (nominated) 2015 – The Revenant (nominated) Grand Bell Awards for Best Music 2018 – The Fortress (won) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1987 – The Last Emperor (won) 1990 – The Sheltering Sky (won) 1993 – Little Buddha (nominated) 2015 – The Revenant (nominated) Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media 1987 – The Last Emperor (won) 2015 – The Revenant (nominated) Other awards 1997 – Golden Nica, grand prize of Prix Ars Electronica, for Music Plays Images X Images Play Music MTV Breakthrough Video Award, for music video of \"Risky\" Discography Solo studio albums Thousand Knives (1978) B-2 Unit (1980) Left-Handed Dream (1981) Ongaku Zukan (1984) Esperanto (1985) Futurista (1986) Illustrated Musical Encyclopedia (1986) Neo Geo (1987) Beauty (1989) Heartbeat (1991) Sweet Revenge (1994) Smoochy (1995) 1996 (1996) Discord (1997) BTTB (1999) Comica (2002) Elephantism (2002) Chasm (2004) Out of Noise (2009) Playing the Piano (2009) Three (2013) async (2017) Notes References Further reading External links Commmons – Sakamoto's record label Raster-Noton 1952 births 20th-century classical composers 20th-century classical pianists 20th-century Japanese composers 20th-century Japanese male musicians 21st-century classical composers 21st-century classical pianists 21st-century Japanese composers 21st-century Japanese male musicians Anime composers Avex Group artists Avex Group people Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Composers for piano Golden Globe Award-winning musicians Grammy Award winners Intellectual property activism Island Records artists Japanese anti–nuclear power activists Japanese classical composers Japanese classical pianists Japanese contemporary artists Japanese contemporary classical composers Japanese dance musicians Japanese electro musicians Japanese electronic musicians Japanese film score composers Japanese house musicians Japanese keyboardists Japanese male actors Japanese male classical composers Japanese male classical pianists Japanese male film score composers Japanese opera composers Japanese record producers Japanese techno musicians Japanese trance musicians Living people Male opera composers Musicians from Tokyo New-age composers New-age musicians Progressivism in Japan Samadhi Sound artists Tokyo University of the Arts alumni Video game composers Virgin Records artists Yellow Magic Orchestra members" ]

[ "Toots Thielemans", "1960s-1970s" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans (29 April 1922 – 22 August 2016), known professionally as Toots Thielemans, was a Belgian jazz musician. He was mostly known for his chromatic harmonica playing, as well as his guitar, whistling skills, and composing. According to jazz historian Ted Gioia, his most important contribution was in \"championing the humble harmonica\", which Thielemans made into a \"legitimate voice in jazz\". He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player.", "He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player. His first professional performances were with Benny Goodman's band when they toured Europe in 1949 and 1950. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1951, becoming a citizen in 1957. From 1953 to 1959 he played with George Shearing, and then led his own groups on tours in the U.S. and Europe. In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling.", "In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling. In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera.", "In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera. Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).", "Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). His harmonica theme song for the popular Sesame Street TV show was heard for 40 years. He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\"", "He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\" In 2009 he was designated a Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor for a jazz musician in the United States. Early years Thielemans was born in Brussels on 29 April 1922. His parents owned a café. He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three.", "He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three. During the German occupation of Belgium beginning in 1940, he became attracted to jazz, but was then playing on full-size accordion or a harmonica, which he taught himself to play in his teens. After being introduced to the music of Belgian-born jazz guitarist, Django Reinhardt, he became inspired to teach himself guitar, which he did by listening to Reinhardt's recordings. At the time he was a college student majoring in math.", "At the time he was a college student majoring in math. By the war's end in 1945, he considered himself a full-time musician. He said in 1950, \"Django is still one of my main influences, I think, for lyricism. He can make me cry when I hear him.\" During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\"", "During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\" He played in two Silverio Pisu's stories: Giacomino passerotto vagabondo and Manolo gattino sognatore. Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others.", "Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others. He first heard the faster bebop style of jazz from records by Parker and Dizzy Gillespie after they had reached Belgium after the war. They became his musical \"prophets.\" As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most.", "As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most. During a visit to the U.S. in 1948, an agent of Benny Goodman heard him play at a small New York music club. Not long after he returned to his home in Belgium, he received a letter inviting him to join Goodman's band while they toured in Europe. He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950.", "He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950. During the tour, Goodman was \"shocked\" when he learned that these tours were the first time Thielemans had earned money from his playing. Although Thielemans was hired on as a guitarist, when Goodman's group debuted at the London Palladium, he played the harmonica due to union restrictions. During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims.", "During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. In 1951 he toured with singer-songwriter and compatriot Bobbejaan Schoepen, performing strictly as a guitarist. Thielemans moved to the United States in 1952 where he was a member of Charlie Parker's All-Stars and worked with Miles Davis and Dinah Washington. In 1957 he became a U.S. citizen. From 1953 to 1959 he played guitar and harmonica with the George Shearing Quintet. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire.", "With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. While playing in Hamburg in 1960 on tour with Shearing, a young musician and observer —John Lennon— noticed that Thielemans played a Rickenbacker guitar. Lennon was impressed, and felt he had to have an American guitar, on the principle that \"if was good enough for Thielemans it was good enough for me.\" Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous.", "Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. In 1955, Thielmans he recorded his first album as a band leader, \"The Sound.\" During the 1950s, Thielemans had dominated the \"miscellaneous instrument\" category in Down Beat magazine's poll. Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio.", "Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio. He recorded with singers and musicians including Ella Fitzgerald, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Stephane Grappelli, J.J. Johnson, Oscar Peterson, Shirley Horn, Joe Pass, and jazz pianist Bill Evans, among others. Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites.", "Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites. 1960s–1970s Toots Thielemans wrote \"Bluesette,\" a jazz standard, which he performed on harmonica or while playing the guitar and whistling in unison. He said, \"If there's a piece of music that describes me, it's that song.\" First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit.", "First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit. It has since been covered by over one hundred artists. Toots also wrote the ballad \"Lady Fingers,\" which appeared on Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass's album \"Whipped Cream and Other Delights.\" He worked both as a bandleader and as a sideman, including many projects with composer/arranger Quincy Jones. In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee.", "In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special.", "In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special. During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995).", "During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995). His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years.", "His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years. His music was heard on the Belgian television series Witse, and in the Netherlands, for the Baantjer program. He composed the music for the 1974 Swedish film Dunderklumpen!, in which he also provided the voice of the animated character Pellegnillot. His whistling and harmonica playing was heard on Old Spice commercials in the 1960s. He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years.", "He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years. 1980s and later During the early 1980s Thielemans was a guest a number of times on Late Night with David Letterman. He has performed with the bassist Jaco Pastorius, and in 1983 he contributed to Billy Joel's album An Innocent Man, in the song, \"Leave A Tender Moment Alone.\" (The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.)", "(The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.) A year later, he appeared on the Julian Lennon song \"Too Late for Goodbyes\" from the album Valotte. In 1984, he recorded with Billy Eckstine on the singer's final album (I Am a Singer), featuring ballads and standards arranged and conducted by Angelo DiPippo. In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music.", "In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music. In 1998 he released a French-flavoured album titled Chez Toots featuring guest singer Johnny Mathis. During those years, he often recorded songs as personal tributes to those who were influential during his career. On Chez Toots, for example, he included \"Dance For Victor,\" which he dedicated to his sometimes keyboard accompanist, Victor Feldman. Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins.", "Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins. In June 1998, at Germany's Jazzbaltica, he paid tribute to Frank Sinatra who died a month earlier. And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon.", "And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon. Thielemans was well liked for his modesty and kind demeanor in his native Belgium, and was known for describing himself as a Brussels \"ket,\" which means \"street kid\" in old Brussels slang. Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.", "Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. In 2001, he was raised into the Belgian nobility by King Albert II and created Baron Thielemans for life, this in recognition of his contribution to music. Herewith, he chose the motto Be yourself, no more no less. In 2006, Thielemans was honoured by an all-star tribute concert for him at Carnegie Hall. Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers.", "Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers. In 2009, he was awarded the highest U.S. honour that can be accorded to a jazz musician, the distinction of \"Jazz Master,\" by The National Endowment for the Arts. Honours Created \"Baron Thielemans\" by Royal Order. Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician.", "Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician. Later life He was nominated for the title of the Greatest Belgian in 2005. In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th.", "In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th. On 23 January 2009, he joined guitarist Philip Catherine on stage at the Liberchies church (Belgium) in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Django Reinhardt. In 2012, the Jazz at Lincoln Center concerts in New York celebrated Thielman's 90th birthday with, among others, Herbie Hancock, Eliane Elias, and Kenny Werner. He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends.", "He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends. Because of health issues that led to show cancellations, Thielemans announced his retirement on 12 March 2014, cancelling all scheduled concerts. He was also hospitalized for a broken arm. His manager stated that Thielemans \"wants to enjoy the rest he deserves.\" However, he did make one more stage appearance, unannounced, in August 2014, at the Jazz Middelheim Festival in Antwerp. Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94.", "Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94. After the announcement, the Netherlands-based jazz and pop orchestra Metropole Orkest, along with American musician Quincy Jones, performed at London's Royal Albert Hall in Thielemans' honor. Another concert was performed at the Grand Place, Brussels. Thielemans was buried on 27 August 2016 in La Hulpe, just outside Brussels. Pianist Kenny Werner read a personal message from U.S. President Barack Obama for his widow, Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette.", "It read: \"Dear Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette. I was deeply saddened when I heard about your husband's passing. I hope that shared memories will soften your suffering. Lift faith from the support of friends and family. Know that you will be in my thoughts for the next days. May Toots' music lead you and offer you consolation. I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\"", "I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\" Toots Thielemans Collection In December 2016, the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium acquired the Toots Thielemans Collection. The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes.", "The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes. Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much!", "Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much! Toots!", "Toots! Toots! (Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy!", "(Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy! (Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince.", "(Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince. \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\".", "\"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 28 October 1978. Herdies, Rita. \"Profile: Toots Thielemans\". The Rotarian. June 1993. Hall, Fred. \"Seventy and Still Swinging: A Love for Performing Keeps These Jazz Greats as Ageless as Their Music\". The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17.", "The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17. 14 - 17. External links Official MySpace page NEA Jazz Masters Toots Thielemans Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2005) 1922 births 2016 deaths 20th-century guitarists 20th-century Belgian musicians 21st-century guitarists 21st-century Belgian musicians Barons of Belgium Bebop harmonica players Belgian emigrants to the United States Belgian expatriates in the United States Belgian jazz guitarists Belgian jazz harmonica players Brazilian jazz (genre) harmonica players Jazz harmonica players Latin jazz harmonica players Mainstream jazz harmonica players Musicians from Brussels People from Uccle Private Music artists Riverside Records artists Whistlers EmArcy Records artists" ]

[ "Toots Thielemans", "1960s-1970s", "What happened in the 1960's?", "In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans (29 April 1922 – 22 August 2016), known professionally as Toots Thielemans, was a Belgian jazz musician. He was mostly known for his chromatic harmonica playing, as well as his guitar, whistling skills, and composing. According to jazz historian Ted Gioia, his most important contribution was in \"championing the humble harmonica\", which Thielemans made into a \"legitimate voice in jazz\". He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player.", "He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player. His first professional performances were with Benny Goodman's band when they toured Europe in 1949 and 1950. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1951, becoming a citizen in 1957. From 1953 to 1959 he played with George Shearing, and then led his own groups on tours in the U.S. and Europe. In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling.", "In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling. In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera.", "In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera. Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).", "Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). His harmonica theme song for the popular Sesame Street TV show was heard for 40 years. He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\"", "He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\" In 2009 he was designated a Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor for a jazz musician in the United States. Early years Thielemans was born in Brussels on 29 April 1922. His parents owned a café. He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three.", "He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three. During the German occupation of Belgium beginning in 1940, he became attracted to jazz, but was then playing on full-size accordion or a harmonica, which he taught himself to play in his teens. After being introduced to the music of Belgian-born jazz guitarist, Django Reinhardt, he became inspired to teach himself guitar, which he did by listening to Reinhardt's recordings. At the time he was a college student majoring in math.", "At the time he was a college student majoring in math. By the war's end in 1945, he considered himself a full-time musician. He said in 1950, \"Django is still one of my main influences, I think, for lyricism. He can make me cry when I hear him.\" During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\"", "During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\" He played in two Silverio Pisu's stories: Giacomino passerotto vagabondo and Manolo gattino sognatore. Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others.", "Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others. He first heard the faster bebop style of jazz from records by Parker and Dizzy Gillespie after they had reached Belgium after the war. They became his musical \"prophets.\" As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most.", "As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most. During a visit to the U.S. in 1948, an agent of Benny Goodman heard him play at a small New York music club. Not long after he returned to his home in Belgium, he received a letter inviting him to join Goodman's band while they toured in Europe. He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950.", "He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950. During the tour, Goodman was \"shocked\" when he learned that these tours were the first time Thielemans had earned money from his playing. Although Thielemans was hired on as a guitarist, when Goodman's group debuted at the London Palladium, he played the harmonica due to union restrictions. During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims.", "During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. In 1951 he toured with singer-songwriter and compatriot Bobbejaan Schoepen, performing strictly as a guitarist. Thielemans moved to the United States in 1952 where he was a member of Charlie Parker's All-Stars and worked with Miles Davis and Dinah Washington. In 1957 he became a U.S. citizen. From 1953 to 1959 he played guitar and harmonica with the George Shearing Quintet. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire.", "With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. While playing in Hamburg in 1960 on tour with Shearing, a young musician and observer —John Lennon— noticed that Thielemans played a Rickenbacker guitar. Lennon was impressed, and felt he had to have an American guitar, on the principle that \"if was good enough for Thielemans it was good enough for me.\" Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous.", "Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. In 1955, Thielmans he recorded his first album as a band leader, \"The Sound.\" During the 1950s, Thielemans had dominated the \"miscellaneous instrument\" category in Down Beat magazine's poll. Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio.", "Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio. He recorded with singers and musicians including Ella Fitzgerald, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Stephane Grappelli, J.J. Johnson, Oscar Peterson, Shirley Horn, Joe Pass, and jazz pianist Bill Evans, among others. Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites.", "Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites. 1960s–1970s Toots Thielemans wrote \"Bluesette,\" a jazz standard, which he performed on harmonica or while playing the guitar and whistling in unison. He said, \"If there's a piece of music that describes me, it's that song.\" First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit.", "First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit. It has since been covered by over one hundred artists. Toots also wrote the ballad \"Lady Fingers,\" which appeared on Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass's album \"Whipped Cream and Other Delights.\" He worked both as a bandleader and as a sideman, including many projects with composer/arranger Quincy Jones. In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee.", "In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special.", "In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special. During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995).", "During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995). His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years.", "His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years. His music was heard on the Belgian television series Witse, and in the Netherlands, for the Baantjer program. He composed the music for the 1974 Swedish film Dunderklumpen!, in which he also provided the voice of the animated character Pellegnillot. His whistling and harmonica playing was heard on Old Spice commercials in the 1960s. He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years.", "He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years. 1980s and later During the early 1980s Thielemans was a guest a number of times on Late Night with David Letterman. He has performed with the bassist Jaco Pastorius, and in 1983 he contributed to Billy Joel's album An Innocent Man, in the song, \"Leave A Tender Moment Alone.\" (The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.)", "(The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.) A year later, he appeared on the Julian Lennon song \"Too Late for Goodbyes\" from the album Valotte. In 1984, he recorded with Billy Eckstine on the singer's final album (I Am a Singer), featuring ballads and standards arranged and conducted by Angelo DiPippo. In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music.", "In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music. In 1998 he released a French-flavoured album titled Chez Toots featuring guest singer Johnny Mathis. During those years, he often recorded songs as personal tributes to those who were influential during his career. On Chez Toots, for example, he included \"Dance For Victor,\" which he dedicated to his sometimes keyboard accompanist, Victor Feldman. Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins.", "Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins. In June 1998, at Germany's Jazzbaltica, he paid tribute to Frank Sinatra who died a month earlier. And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon.", "And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon. Thielemans was well liked for his modesty and kind demeanor in his native Belgium, and was known for describing himself as a Brussels \"ket,\" which means \"street kid\" in old Brussels slang. Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.", "Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. In 2001, he was raised into the Belgian nobility by King Albert II and created Baron Thielemans for life, this in recognition of his contribution to music. Herewith, he chose the motto Be yourself, no more no less. In 2006, Thielemans was honoured by an all-star tribute concert for him at Carnegie Hall. Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers.", "Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers. In 2009, he was awarded the highest U.S. honour that can be accorded to a jazz musician, the distinction of \"Jazz Master,\" by The National Endowment for the Arts. Honours Created \"Baron Thielemans\" by Royal Order. Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician.", "Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician. Later life He was nominated for the title of the Greatest Belgian in 2005. In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th.", "In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th. On 23 January 2009, he joined guitarist Philip Catherine on stage at the Liberchies church (Belgium) in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Django Reinhardt. In 2012, the Jazz at Lincoln Center concerts in New York celebrated Thielman's 90th birthday with, among others, Herbie Hancock, Eliane Elias, and Kenny Werner. He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends.", "He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends. Because of health issues that led to show cancellations, Thielemans announced his retirement on 12 March 2014, cancelling all scheduled concerts. He was also hospitalized for a broken arm. His manager stated that Thielemans \"wants to enjoy the rest he deserves.\" However, he did make one more stage appearance, unannounced, in August 2014, at the Jazz Middelheim Festival in Antwerp. Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94.", "Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94. After the announcement, the Netherlands-based jazz and pop orchestra Metropole Orkest, along with American musician Quincy Jones, performed at London's Royal Albert Hall in Thielemans' honor. Another concert was performed at the Grand Place, Brussels. Thielemans was buried on 27 August 2016 in La Hulpe, just outside Brussels. Pianist Kenny Werner read a personal message from U.S. President Barack Obama for his widow, Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette.", "It read: \"Dear Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette. I was deeply saddened when I heard about your husband's passing. I hope that shared memories will soften your suffering. Lift faith from the support of friends and family. Know that you will be in my thoughts for the next days. May Toots' music lead you and offer you consolation. I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\"", "I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\" Toots Thielemans Collection In December 2016, the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium acquired the Toots Thielemans Collection. The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes.", "The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes. Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much!", "Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much! Toots!", "Toots! Toots! (Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy!", "(Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy! (Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince.", "(Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince. \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\".", "\"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 28 October 1978. Herdies, Rita. \"Profile: Toots Thielemans\". The Rotarian. June 1993. Hall, Fred. \"Seventy and Still Swinging: A Love for Performing Keeps These Jazz Greats as Ageless as Their Music\". The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17.", "The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17. 14 - 17. External links Official MySpace page NEA Jazz Masters Toots Thielemans Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2005) 1922 births 2016 deaths 20th-century guitarists 20th-century Belgian musicians 21st-century guitarists 21st-century Belgian musicians Barons of Belgium Bebop harmonica players Belgian emigrants to the United States Belgian expatriates in the United States Belgian jazz guitarists Belgian jazz harmonica players Brazilian jazz (genre) harmonica players Jazz harmonica players Latin jazz harmonica players Mainstream jazz harmonica players Musicians from Brussels People from Uccle Private Music artists Riverside Records artists Whistlers EmArcy Records artists" ]

[ "Toots Thielemans", "1960s-1970s", "What happened in the 1960's?", "In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964)," ]

[ "Caught Up: Motion From the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to Darin Scott's 1998 crime film Caught Up. It was released on February 24, 1998 through Virgin Records's Noo Trybe label and consisted entirely of hip hop music. The soundtrack did fairly well on the Billboard charts, making it to #30 on the Billboard 200 and #6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1998 soundtrack albums\nDrama film soundtracks\nHip hop soundtracks\nGangsta rap soundtracks\nVirgin Records soundtracks\nAlbums produced by Bink (record producer)\nAlbums produced by Daz Dillinger\nAlbums produced by DJ Premier\nAlbums produced by DJ Quik\nAlbums produced by Jermaine Dupri\nAlbums produced by KRS-One\nAlbums produced by Mike Dean (record producer)\nAlbums produced by Soopafly\nAlbums produced by Soulshock and Karlin\nAlbums produced by The Legendary Traxster\nAlbums produced by True Master", "Tropic Thunder: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film was released in theaters.\n\nFive songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack.\n\nThe soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboard'''s Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Soundtracks for 'Tropic Thunder' at Internet Movie Database\n\n2008 soundtrack albums\nFilm scores\nAction film soundtracks\nComedy film soundtracks" ]

[ "Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans (29 April 1922 – 22 August 2016), known professionally as Toots Thielemans, was a Belgian jazz musician. He was mostly known for his chromatic harmonica playing, as well as his guitar, whistling skills, and composing. According to jazz historian Ted Gioia, his most important contribution was in \"championing the humble harmonica\", which Thielemans made into a \"legitimate voice in jazz\". He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player.", "He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player. His first professional performances were with Benny Goodman's band when they toured Europe in 1949 and 1950. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1951, becoming a citizen in 1957. From 1953 to 1959 he played with George Shearing, and then led his own groups on tours in the U.S. and Europe. In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling.", "In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling. In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera.", "In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera. Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).", "Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). His harmonica theme song for the popular Sesame Street TV show was heard for 40 years. He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\"", "He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\" In 2009 he was designated a Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor for a jazz musician in the United States. Early years Thielemans was born in Brussels on 29 April 1922. His parents owned a café. He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three.", "He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three. During the German occupation of Belgium beginning in 1940, he became attracted to jazz, but was then playing on full-size accordion or a harmonica, which he taught himself to play in his teens. After being introduced to the music of Belgian-born jazz guitarist, Django Reinhardt, he became inspired to teach himself guitar, which he did by listening to Reinhardt's recordings. At the time he was a college student majoring in math.", "At the time he was a college student majoring in math. By the war's end in 1945, he considered himself a full-time musician. He said in 1950, \"Django is still one of my main influences, I think, for lyricism. He can make me cry when I hear him.\" During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\"", "During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\" He played in two Silverio Pisu's stories: Giacomino passerotto vagabondo and Manolo gattino sognatore. Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others.", "Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others. He first heard the faster bebop style of jazz from records by Parker and Dizzy Gillespie after they had reached Belgium after the war. They became his musical \"prophets.\" As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most.", "As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most. During a visit to the U.S. in 1948, an agent of Benny Goodman heard him play at a small New York music club. Not long after he returned to his home in Belgium, he received a letter inviting him to join Goodman's band while they toured in Europe. He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950.", "He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950. During the tour, Goodman was \"shocked\" when he learned that these tours were the first time Thielemans had earned money from his playing. Although Thielemans was hired on as a guitarist, when Goodman's group debuted at the London Palladium, he played the harmonica due to union restrictions. During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims.", "During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. In 1951 he toured with singer-songwriter and compatriot Bobbejaan Schoepen, performing strictly as a guitarist. Thielemans moved to the United States in 1952 where he was a member of Charlie Parker's All-Stars and worked with Miles Davis and Dinah Washington. In 1957 he became a U.S. citizen. From 1953 to 1959 he played guitar and harmonica with the George Shearing Quintet. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire.", "With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. While playing in Hamburg in 1960 on tour with Shearing, a young musician and observer —John Lennon— noticed that Thielemans played a Rickenbacker guitar. Lennon was impressed, and felt he had to have an American guitar, on the principle that \"if was good enough for Thielemans it was good enough for me.\" Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous.", "Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. In 1955, Thielmans he recorded his first album as a band leader, \"The Sound.\" During the 1950s, Thielemans had dominated the \"miscellaneous instrument\" category in Down Beat magazine's poll. Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio.", "Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio. He recorded with singers and musicians including Ella Fitzgerald, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Stephane Grappelli, J.J. Johnson, Oscar Peterson, Shirley Horn, Joe Pass, and jazz pianist Bill Evans, among others. Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites.", "Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites. 1960s–1970s Toots Thielemans wrote \"Bluesette,\" a jazz standard, which he performed on harmonica or while playing the guitar and whistling in unison. He said, \"If there's a piece of music that describes me, it's that song.\" First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit.", "First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit. It has since been covered by over one hundred artists. Toots also wrote the ballad \"Lady Fingers,\" which appeared on Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass's album \"Whipped Cream and Other Delights.\" He worked both as a bandleader and as a sideman, including many projects with composer/arranger Quincy Jones. In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee.", "In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special.", "In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special. During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995).", "During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995). His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years.", "His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years. His music was heard on the Belgian television series Witse, and in the Netherlands, for the Baantjer program. He composed the music for the 1974 Swedish film Dunderklumpen!, in which he also provided the voice of the animated character Pellegnillot. His whistling and harmonica playing was heard on Old Spice commercials in the 1960s. He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years.", "He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years. 1980s and later During the early 1980s Thielemans was a guest a number of times on Late Night with David Letterman. He has performed with the bassist Jaco Pastorius, and in 1983 he contributed to Billy Joel's album An Innocent Man, in the song, \"Leave A Tender Moment Alone.\" (The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.)", "(The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.) A year later, he appeared on the Julian Lennon song \"Too Late for Goodbyes\" from the album Valotte. In 1984, he recorded with Billy Eckstine on the singer's final album (I Am a Singer), featuring ballads and standards arranged and conducted by Angelo DiPippo. In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music.", "In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music. In 1998 he released a French-flavoured album titled Chez Toots featuring guest singer Johnny Mathis. During those years, he often recorded songs as personal tributes to those who were influential during his career. On Chez Toots, for example, he included \"Dance For Victor,\" which he dedicated to his sometimes keyboard accompanist, Victor Feldman. Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins.", "Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins. In June 1998, at Germany's Jazzbaltica, he paid tribute to Frank Sinatra who died a month earlier. And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon.", "And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon. Thielemans was well liked for his modesty and kind demeanor in his native Belgium, and was known for describing himself as a Brussels \"ket,\" which means \"street kid\" in old Brussels slang. Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.", "Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. In 2001, he was raised into the Belgian nobility by King Albert II and created Baron Thielemans for life, this in recognition of his contribution to music. Herewith, he chose the motto Be yourself, no more no less. In 2006, Thielemans was honoured by an all-star tribute concert for him at Carnegie Hall. Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers.", "Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers. In 2009, he was awarded the highest U.S. honour that can be accorded to a jazz musician, the distinction of \"Jazz Master,\" by The National Endowment for the Arts. Honours Created \"Baron Thielemans\" by Royal Order. Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician.", "Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician. Later life He was nominated for the title of the Greatest Belgian in 2005. In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th.", "In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th. On 23 January 2009, he joined guitarist Philip Catherine on stage at the Liberchies church (Belgium) in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Django Reinhardt. In 2012, the Jazz at Lincoln Center concerts in New York celebrated Thielman's 90th birthday with, among others, Herbie Hancock, Eliane Elias, and Kenny Werner. He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends.", "He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends. Because of health issues that led to show cancellations, Thielemans announced his retirement on 12 March 2014, cancelling all scheduled concerts. He was also hospitalized for a broken arm. His manager stated that Thielemans \"wants to enjoy the rest he deserves.\" However, he did make one more stage appearance, unannounced, in August 2014, at the Jazz Middelheim Festival in Antwerp. Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94.", "Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94. After the announcement, the Netherlands-based jazz and pop orchestra Metropole Orkest, along with American musician Quincy Jones, performed at London's Royal Albert Hall in Thielemans' honor. Another concert was performed at the Grand Place, Brussels. Thielemans was buried on 27 August 2016 in La Hulpe, just outside Brussels. Pianist Kenny Werner read a personal message from U.S. President Barack Obama for his widow, Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette.", "It read: \"Dear Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette. I was deeply saddened when I heard about your husband's passing. I hope that shared memories will soften your suffering. Lift faith from the support of friends and family. Know that you will be in my thoughts for the next days. May Toots' music lead you and offer you consolation. I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\"", "I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\" Toots Thielemans Collection In December 2016, the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium acquired the Toots Thielemans Collection. The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes.", "The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes. Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much!", "Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much! Toots!", "Toots! Toots! (Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy!", "(Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy! (Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince.", "(Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince. \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\".", "\"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 28 October 1978. Herdies, Rita. \"Profile: Toots Thielemans\". The Rotarian. June 1993. Hall, Fred. \"Seventy and Still Swinging: A Love for Performing Keeps These Jazz Greats as Ageless as Their Music\". The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17.", "The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17. 14 - 17. External links Official MySpace page NEA Jazz Masters Toots Thielemans Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2005) 1922 births 2016 deaths 20th-century guitarists 20th-century Belgian musicians 21st-century guitarists 21st-century Belgian musicians Barons of Belgium Bebop harmonica players Belgian emigrants to the United States Belgian expatriates in the United States Belgian jazz guitarists Belgian jazz harmonica players Brazilian jazz (genre) harmonica players Jazz harmonica players Latin jazz harmonica players Mainstream jazz harmonica players Musicians from Brussels People from Uccle Private Music artists Riverside Records artists Whistlers EmArcy Records artists" ]

[ "Toots Thielemans", "1960s-1970s", "What happened in the 1960's?", "In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964),", "what other soundtracks did he record on?", "), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974", "did he win any types of awards?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Metallic Metals Act was a fictional piece of legislation included in a 1947 American opinion survey conducted by Sam Gill and published in the March 14, 1947 issue of Tide magazine. When given four possible replies, 70% of respondents claimed to have an opinion on the act. It has become a classic example of the risks of meaningless responses to closed-ended questions and prompted the study of the pseudo-opinion phenomenon.\n\nThe question\nRespondents were asked this question and were given four possible answers: \nWhich of the following statements most closely coincides with your opinion of the Metallic Metals Act?\n It would be a good move on the part of the US.\n It would be a good thing, but should be left to the individual states\n It’s alright for foreign countries, but should not be required here.\n It is of no value at all\n\nInitial publication and reaction\nSam Gill was a Marketing Research Director for Sherman & Marquette, Inc when he included a question about the fictional Metallic Metals Act in a survey. He reported on the results in the March 14, 1947 issue of Tide magazine in an article titled \"How Do You Stand on Sin?\", saying that 70% of respondents claimed to have an opinion on the topic. Gill also asked respondents if they favored incest, an unfamiliar term to most people at the time, and one third supported it. The article did not include any information on the size or make-up of the sample population, nor how much pressure the interviewer applied to receive a response.\n\nA similar study by Eugene Hartley in 1946 asked college students how connected they felt to students of various nationalities. His questionnaire included three imaginary nationalities, but a majority of students did not question them. Together, these two studies are the earliest publicized examples of opinion surveys on fake subjects, a phenomenon known as a pseudo-opinion. At the time, the results of both studies amused laymen but were not immediately taken seriously in the field of public opinion because most professionals felt the studies were ridiculous and reflected negatively on their field. One exception, Stanley L. Payne, wrote about Gill's study in the 1951 The Public Opinion Quarterly journal article \"Thoughts About Meaningless Questions\" and called for further investigation into this type of non-sampling error.\n\nLegacy\nDespite Payne's call to action, pseudo-opinions remained largely unstudied until the 1980s, but in 1970 Philip Converse postulated that answering \"don't know\" is seen by respondents as an admission of \"mental incapacity\". In 1981, researchers Howard Schuman and Stanley Presser were unable to locate documentation for Gill's study and concluded it should be taken as an anecdote rather than a true study. Their research found that pseudo-opinions are a significant source of error but not as prevalent as Hartley and Gill's studies suggested.\n\nThe Metallic Metals Act is considered a classic example of pseudo-opinions and difficulties with close-ended survey questions and continues to be supported by later studies. By 1991, it had become standard practice to include a false question in opinion surveys to gauge the degree of pseudo-opinions. A study by the University of Cincinnati found 20 to 40 percent of Americans will provide pseudo-opinions because of social pressure, using context clues to select an answer they believe will please the questioner. This has occasionally provided a source for jokes on talk shows and comedy shows who air interviews to mock the respondents. Other studies have shown the phenomenon is not limited to the United States. In a 2019 opinion piece written for The Guardian, Richard Seymour speculated that most opinion polls only represent what respondents heard most recently in the news media.\n\nReferences\n\nPsychology experiments\nHoaxes in the United States\n1940s hoaxes\n1947 introductions", "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region" ]

[ "Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans (29 April 1922 – 22 August 2016), known professionally as Toots Thielemans, was a Belgian jazz musician. He was mostly known for his chromatic harmonica playing, as well as his guitar, whistling skills, and composing. According to jazz historian Ted Gioia, his most important contribution was in \"championing the humble harmonica\", which Thielemans made into a \"legitimate voice in jazz\". He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player.", "He eventually became the \"preeminent\" jazz harmonica player. His first professional performances were with Benny Goodman's band when they toured Europe in 1949 and 1950. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1951, becoming a citizen in 1957. From 1953 to 1959 he played with George Shearing, and then led his own groups on tours in the U.S. and Europe. In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling.", "In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, \"Bluesette\", which featured him playing guitar and whistling. In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera.", "In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon and Paquito D'Rivera. Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).", "Among the film soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). His harmonica theme song for the popular Sesame Street TV show was heard for 40 years. He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\"", "He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him \"one of the greatest musicians of our time.\" In 2009 he was designated a Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor for a jazz musician in the United States. Early years Thielemans was born in Brussels on 29 April 1922. His parents owned a café. He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three.", "He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three. During the German occupation of Belgium beginning in 1940, he became attracted to jazz, but was then playing on full-size accordion or a harmonica, which he taught himself to play in his teens. After being introduced to the music of Belgian-born jazz guitarist, Django Reinhardt, he became inspired to teach himself guitar, which he did by listening to Reinhardt's recordings. At the time he was a college student majoring in math.", "At the time he was a college student majoring in math. By the war's end in 1945, he considered himself a full-time musician. He said in 1950, \"Django is still one of my main influences, I think, for lyricism. He can make me cry when I hear him.\" During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\"", "During an interview in 1988, he recalled, \"I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language.\" He played in two Silverio Pisu's stories: Giacomino passerotto vagabondo and Manolo gattino sognatore. Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others.", "Career 1940s–1950s In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others. He first heard the faster bebop style of jazz from records by Parker and Dizzy Gillespie after they had reached Belgium after the war. They became his musical \"prophets.\" As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most.", "As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most. During a visit to the U.S. in 1948, an agent of Benny Goodman heard him play at a small New York music club. Not long after he returned to his home in Belgium, he received a letter inviting him to join Goodman's band while they toured in Europe. He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950.", "He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950. During the tour, Goodman was \"shocked\" when he learned that these tours were the first time Thielemans had earned money from his playing. Although Thielemans was hired on as a guitarist, when Goodman's group debuted at the London Palladium, he played the harmonica due to union restrictions. During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims.", "During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. In 1951 he toured with singer-songwriter and compatriot Bobbejaan Schoepen, performing strictly as a guitarist. Thielemans moved to the United States in 1952 where he was a member of Charlie Parker's All-Stars and worked with Miles Davis and Dinah Washington. In 1957 he became a U.S. citizen. From 1953 to 1959 he played guitar and harmonica with the George Shearing Quintet. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire.", "With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. While playing in Hamburg in 1960 on tour with Shearing, a young musician and observer —John Lennon— noticed that Thielemans played a Rickenbacker guitar. Lennon was impressed, and felt he had to have an American guitar, on the principle that \"if was good enough for Thielemans it was good enough for me.\" Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous.", "Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker world-famous. In 1955, Thielmans he recorded his first album as a band leader, \"The Sound.\" During the 1950s, Thielemans had dominated the \"miscellaneous instrument\" category in Down Beat magazine's poll. Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio.", "Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio. He recorded with singers and musicians including Ella Fitzgerald, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Stephane Grappelli, J.J. Johnson, Oscar Peterson, Shirley Horn, Joe Pass, and jazz pianist Bill Evans, among others. Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites.", "Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites. 1960s–1970s Toots Thielemans wrote \"Bluesette,\" a jazz standard, which he performed on harmonica or while playing the guitar and whistling in unison. He said, \"If there's a piece of music that describes me, it's that song.\" First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit.", "First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit. It has since been covered by over one hundred artists. Toots also wrote the ballad \"Lady Fingers,\" which appeared on Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass's album \"Whipped Cream and Other Delights.\" He worked both as a bandleader and as a sideman, including many projects with composer/arranger Quincy Jones. In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee.", "In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special.", "In 1969 he recorded \"Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil\" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special. During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995).", "During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995). His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years.", "His theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years. His music was heard on the Belgian television series Witse, and in the Netherlands, for the Baantjer program. He composed the music for the 1974 Swedish film Dunderklumpen!, in which he also provided the voice of the animated character Pellegnillot. His whistling and harmonica playing was heard on Old Spice commercials in the 1960s. He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years.", "He played harmonica on \"Night Game\" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years. 1980s and later During the early 1980s Thielemans was a guest a number of times on Late Night with David Letterman. He has performed with the bassist Jaco Pastorius, and in 1983 he contributed to Billy Joel's album An Innocent Man, in the song, \"Leave A Tender Moment Alone.\" (The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.)", "(The two later collaborated on this selection in concert, and this was recorded on video.) A year later, he appeared on the Julian Lennon song \"Too Late for Goodbyes\" from the album Valotte. In 1984, he recorded with Billy Eckstine on the singer's final album (I Am a Singer), featuring ballads and standards arranged and conducted by Angelo DiPippo. In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music.", "In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music. In 1998 he released a French-flavoured album titled Chez Toots featuring guest singer Johnny Mathis. During those years, he often recorded songs as personal tributes to those who were influential during his career. On Chez Toots, for example, he included \"Dance For Victor,\" which he dedicated to his sometimes keyboard accompanist, Victor Feldman. Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins.", "Similarly, he recorded \"Waltz for Sonny\" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins. In June 1998, at Germany's Jazzbaltica, he paid tribute to Frank Sinatra who died a month earlier. And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon.", "And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of \"Imagine,\" his tribute to its writer, John Lennon. Thielemans was well liked for his modesty and kind demeanor in his native Belgium, and was known for describing himself as a Brussels \"ket,\" which means \"street kid\" in old Brussels slang. Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.", "Honours and awards Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. In 2001, he was raised into the Belgian nobility by King Albert II and created Baron Thielemans for life, this in recognition of his contribution to music. Herewith, he chose the motto Be yourself, no more no less. In 2006, Thielemans was honoured by an all-star tribute concert for him at Carnegie Hall. Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers.", "Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers. In 2009, he was awarded the highest U.S. honour that can be accorded to a jazz musician, the distinction of \"Jazz Master,\" by The National Endowment for the Arts. Honours Created \"Baron Thielemans\" by Royal Order. Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician.", "Commander of the Order of Leopold Knight of the Order of Leopold II Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters A Brussels metro station under the Avenue de Stalingrad/Stalingradlaan is to be named after the musician. Later life He was nominated for the title of the Greatest Belgian in 2005. In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th.", "In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th. On 23 January 2009, he joined guitarist Philip Catherine on stage at the Liberchies church (Belgium) in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Django Reinhardt. In 2012, the Jazz at Lincoln Center concerts in New York celebrated Thielman's 90th birthday with, among others, Herbie Hancock, Eliane Elias, and Kenny Werner. He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends.", "He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends. Because of health issues that led to show cancellations, Thielemans announced his retirement on 12 March 2014, cancelling all scheduled concerts. He was also hospitalized for a broken arm. His manager stated that Thielemans \"wants to enjoy the rest he deserves.\" However, he did make one more stage appearance, unannounced, in August 2014, at the Jazz Middelheim Festival in Antwerp. Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94.", "Death Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94. After the announcement, the Netherlands-based jazz and pop orchestra Metropole Orkest, along with American musician Quincy Jones, performed at London's Royal Albert Hall in Thielemans' honor. Another concert was performed at the Grand Place, Brussels. Thielemans was buried on 27 August 2016 in La Hulpe, just outside Brussels. Pianist Kenny Werner read a personal message from U.S. President Barack Obama for his widow, Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette.", "It read: \"Dear Huguette. It read: \"Dear Huguette. I was deeply saddened when I heard about your husband's passing. I hope that shared memories will soften your suffering. Lift faith from the support of friends and family. Know that you will be in my thoughts for the next days. May Toots' music lead you and offer you consolation. I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\"", "I'm sure it will do this for all of us.\" Toots Thielemans Collection In December 2016, the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium acquired the Toots Thielemans Collection. The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes.", "The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes. Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much!", "Discography As leader The Sound (Columbia, 1955) Man Bites Harmonica (Riverside, 1958) Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958) The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960) The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962) The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964) Too Much! Toots!", "Toots! Toots! (Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy!", "(Philips, 1965) Contrasts (Command, 1966) Toots (Command, 1968) Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973) Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)] Captured Alive (Choice, 1974) Affinity with Bill Evans (Warner Bros., 1979) The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981) Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981) Live (Inner City, 1982) Live 2 (Inner City, 1982) Live 3 (Inner City, 1982) Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982) Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (1984) Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988) Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990) For My Lady with Shirley Horn (EmArcy, 1991) Footprints (EmArcy, 1992) The Brazil Project (Private Music, 1992) The Brazil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993) Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994) East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994) Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998) The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000) Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001) One More for the Road (Verve, 2006) As sideman With John Denver Aerie (RCA Records, 1971) Farewell Andromeda (RCA Records, 1973) With Eliane Elias Illusions (Denon, 1986) Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note Records, 2008) With Bill Evans Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979) With Michael Franks Passionfruit (Warner Bros. Records, 1983) With Dizzy Gillespie Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With Peggy Lee Blues Cross Country (Capitol Records, 1962) Somethin' Groovy! (Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince.", "(Capitol Records, 1967) With Urbie Green The Fox (CTI, 1976) With Shirley Horn I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998) With Billy Joel An Innocent Man (Columbia Records, 1983) With James Taylor James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia Records, 2006) With Melanie Gather Me (Neighborhood Records, 1971) As I See It Now (Neighborhood Records, 1975) With Brook Benton Brook Benton Today (Atlantic Records, 1970) With Sheena Easton No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987) With Diane Schuur Love Songs (GPR, 1993) With Quincy Jones Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury Records, 1964) Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream Records, 1966) You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M Records, 1973) Mellow Madness (A&M Records, 1975) The Dude (A&M Records, 1981) With Sarah Vaughan Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic Records, 1981) With Fumio Karashima Rencontre (Polydor Records, 1999) With Natalie Cole Stardust (Elektra Records, 1996) With James Last Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor Records, 1987) With Joe Lovano Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note Records, 2001) With Jaco Pastorius Word of Mouth (Warner Bros. Records, 1981) With Oscar Peterson The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980) With George Shearing and Dakota Staton In the Night (Capitol Records, 1958) With Elis Regina Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (Phillips, 1969) With Julian Lennon Valotte (Atlantic Records, 1984) With Pat Metheny Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With George Shearing Latin Affair (Capitol Records, 1958) With Paul Simon Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia Records, 1975) With Jay Anderson Local Color (DMP, 1994) References Further reading Leonard, Vince. \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\".", "\"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". \"Math Dropout Thielemans Scores With Jazz Harmonica\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 28 October 1978. Herdies, Rita. \"Profile: Toots Thielemans\". The Rotarian. June 1993. Hall, Fred. \"Seventy and Still Swinging: A Love for Performing Keeps These Jazz Greats as Ageless as Their Music\". The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17.", "The Rotarian. March 1995. pp. 14 - 17. 14 - 17. External links Official MySpace page NEA Jazz Masters Toots Thielemans Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2005) 1922 births 2016 deaths 20th-century guitarists 20th-century Belgian musicians 21st-century guitarists 21st-century Belgian musicians Barons of Belgium Bebop harmonica players Belgian emigrants to the United States Belgian expatriates in the United States Belgian jazz guitarists Belgian jazz harmonica players Brazilian jazz (genre) harmonica players Jazz harmonica players Latin jazz harmonica players Mainstream jazz harmonica players Musicians from Brussels People from Uccle Private Music artists Riverside Records artists Whistlers EmArcy Records artists" ]

[ "The Undertones", "Casbah Rock" ]

[ "The Casbah Recording Studio or simply Casbah is a recording studio in the Orange County suburb of Fullerton, California that helped to spawn several highly successful acts, including Berlin, Stacey Q, and Social Distortion.\n\nFounding of Casbah\nCasbah was founded in the late 1970s by bandmates Jon St. James, and Charles \"Chaz\" Ramirez, with money borrowed from St. James' parents. Initially it boasted only a TEAC 8-track tape machine, a mixing console and a few effects. St. James purchased additional electronic devices and rack mount equipment using money he earned doing a series of sound-alike jingles for the now-defunct Los Angeles rock and roll station KMET 94.7 FM. In the early 1980s, the 8-track TEAC was replaced with a Tascam 16 track, which was considered the standard in many studios at the time. It was on that reel-to-reel tape machine that Stacey Q's Better Than Heaven album was recorded. The Casbah attracted a variety of talent, including Righteous Brothers keyboardist John Van Tongeren and Berlin drummer, synthesist and producer Dan Van Patten, who lent their abilities to a variety of projects. As a songwriter, guitarist, and producer, St. James helped to bring the talents of techno-pop diva Stacey Q, the dance-pop duo Bardeux, and the dance-pop artist Katalina to a wide audience.\n\nPunk Rock Boom\nCasbah's roll in the punk boom can be heavily attributed to St. James's partnership with Charles \"Chaz\" Ramirez. While St. James and Ramirez had very different styles, their partnership gave birth to classic records by iconic punk bands such as the Adolescents, Social Distortion, Agent Orange, The Cadillac Tramps, and The Vandals. \"Chaz\", as he was known to most, was guitarist for Eddie and the Subtitles, a local punk band that was influential on younger Fullerton punks as the Adolescents and Social Distortion, both of which recorded their early demos and singles at Casbah, and continued recording albums there as their popularity grew. “I don’t think they shared musical tastes\" stated Michael Hutchinson, producer for Billy Idol and Berlin, observing \"I don’t know how excited Chaz was about Berlin – he was more excited about punk stuff.” Yet there was an excitement that came from the blending of the two distinct cultures; one typified by Chaz and his cronies’ slacker ethos, the other by St. James and his commercial sensibilities and keen awareness of musical trends. After the success of Stacey Q's Better Than Heaven, St. James deferred ownership of The Casbah to Ramirez.\n\nRamirez and his influence played a vital role in fostering the punk rock boom that became Orange County's signature contribution to '80s music, helping Fullerton to become the epicenter for early OC punk. Under Ramirez, Casbah became known as a Meca for the punk rock scene. “Most punk bands wanted to go there and record,” stated Hutchinson, “Mostly, I think because of the vibe, and because of Chaz. Chaz always cared that everybody got what they wanted and had a good time,\" added Hutchinson. Mike Ness, front-man for Social Distortion, said of Ramirez \"He was a fun guy, probably one of the most well-liked guys I ever met,\" adding \"I don't think he had an enemy in the world.\" Ramirez described punk rock as \"the cool new folk music, the new music of the people,\" adding \"People equate folk music with nylon string guitars, but folk music is folk music, and this is it.\"\n\nRamirez co-produced Social Distortion's first two albums, Mommy's Little Monster and Prison Bound, and continued to help the band fashion its sound in demo sessions and rehearsals at Casbah after it graduated in 1990 to Epic Records.\n\nRamirez was able to branch beyond punk. He engineered Berlin's hot-selling 1983 album, Pleasure Victim And he worked closely with Stryper, the metal band whose glossier sound helped it become the best-selling Orange County rock band of the '80s. \"Chaz wasn't just a punk rock producer at all,\" Sweet said. \"He 100% knew what he was doing, and he was one of the easiest guys to work with in the business,\" said Michael Sweet, lead singer of Stryper.\n\nIn 1998, Ramirez brought on partner Greg Heil, who engineered and produced the album \"Johny Bravo\" for Joyride (former members of the Adolescents), \"post-punk\" alternative bands such as Breakfast with Amy, Fluffy, and EXIT, and speed-metal bands such as The Crucified.\n\nTragically, Chaz Ramirez died on Wednesday, Dec 2, 1992, following an accidental fall, after years of shaping some of the most memorable and widely heard rock music to have come out of Orange County. He was 39 years old.\n\nFollowing the passing of Ramirez, Social Distortion began leasing the space, where they continue using the studio for practicing and recording new material.\n\nThe new Casbah\nSt. James recently opened a new Casbah recording studio in downtown Fullerton—a Pro Tools equipped digital studio offering recording, mixing, and mastering services.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nRecording studios in California\nBuildings and structures in Fullerton, California\nOrange County, California culture\nCulture of Fullerton, California", "\"Rock the Casbah\" is a song by the English punk rock band The Clash, released in 1982. The song was released as the second single from their fifth album, Combat Rock. It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US (their second and last top 40 and only top 10 single in the United States) and, along with the track \"Mustapha Dance\", it also reached number eight on the dance chart.\n\nRecording\n\"Rock the Casbah\" was composed by the band's drummer Topper Headon, based on a piano part that he had been toying with. Finding himself in the studio without his three bandmates, Headon progressively taped the drum, piano and bass parts, recording the bulk of the song's musical instrumentation himself.\n\nThis origin makes \"Rock the Casbah\" different from the majority of Clash songs, which tended to originate with music written by the Joe Strummer–Mick Jones songwriting partnership. Upon entering the studio to hear Headon's recording, the other Clash members were impressed with his creation, stating that they felt the musical track was essentially complete. From this point, relatively minor overdubs were added, such as guitars and percussion.\n\nHowever, Strummer was not impressed by the page of suggested lyrics that Headon gave him. According to Clash guitar technician Digby Cleaver, they were \"a soppy set of lyrics about how much he missed his girlfriend\". \"Strummer just took one look at these words and said, 'How incredibly interesting!', screwed the piece of paper into a ball and chucked it backwards over his head.\"\n\nStrummer had been developing a set of lyrical ideas that he was looking to match with an appropriate tune. Before hearing Headon's music, Strummer had already come up with the phrases \"rock the casbah\" and \"you'll have to let that raga drop\" as lyrical ideas that he was considering for future songs. After hearing Headon's music, Strummer went into the studio's toilets and wrote lyrics to match the song's melody.\n\nThe version of the song on Combat Rock, as well as many other Clash compilations, features an electronic sound effect beginning at the 1:52-minute point of the song. This noise is a monophonic version of the song \"Dixie\". The sound effect source was generated by the alarm from a digital wristwatch that Mick Jones owned, and was intentionally added to the recording by Jones.\n\nLyrics\nJoe Strummer had been toying with the phrase \"rock the casbah\" prior to hearing Topper Headon's musical track that would form the basis of the song. This phrase had originated during a jam session with Strummer's violinist friend Tymon Dogg. Dogg began playing Eastern scales with his violin and Strummer started shouting \"rock the casbah!\" Not hearing Strummer properly, Dogg thought that Strummer had been shouting at him to \"stop, you cadger!\"\n\nFurther inspiration for the lyrics of \"Rock the Casbah\" originated from Strummer observing the band's manager Bernie Rhodes moaning about The Clash's increasing tendency to perform lengthy songs. Rhodes asked the band facetiously \"does everything have to be as long as this rāga?\" (referring to the Indian musical style known for its length and complexity). Strummer later returned to his room at the Iroquois Hotel in New York City and wrote the opening lines to the song: \"The King told the boogie-men 'you have to let that rāga drop.'\"\n\nThe song gives a fabulist account of a ban on Western rock music by an Arab king. The lyrics describe the king's efforts to stop his population from listening to this music, such as ordering his military's jet fighters to bomb any people in violation of the ban. The pilots ignore the orders, and instead play rock music on their cockpit radios. The population then proceed to \"rock the casbah\" by dancing to the music. This scenario was inspired by the ban on Western music in Iran after the 1979 Islamic Revolution.\n\nThe song's lyrics feature various Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish, and Sanskrit loan-words, such as \"sharif\", \"bedouin\", \"sheikh\", \"kosher\", \"rāga\", \"muezzin\", \"minaret\", and \"casbah\".\n\nSingle\nThe single version has more pronounced bass. Also when Joe Strummer screams \"The crowd caught a whiff / Of that crazy casbah jive\" at the end of the third verse the word \"jive\" is sustained for several seconds with digital delay. Additionally, the sound effects of the jet fighters in the last verse are lower in the mix, particularly just after \"drop your bombs between the minarets.\" The single version of the song is what is played in the music video. \"Mustapha Dance\", which features in many releases of the single, is an instrumental remix of the song.\n\nSingle issues\nThe single has several issues, all with different cover, format and B-side (see the table below).\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Rock the Casbah\" was filmed in Austin, Texas by director Don Letts on 8 and 9 June 1982. It intermixes footage of The Clash (with Terry Chimes on the drums) miming a performance of the song, with a storyline depicting two characters travelling together throughout Texas. The video depicts a Muslim hitchhiker and a Hasidic Jewish limo driver befriending each other on the road and skanking together through the streets to a Clash concert at Austin's City Coliseum. Throughout the video, an armadillo appears at points. At one point they are seen eating hamburgers in front of a Burger King restaurant. At another point, the Muslim character is seen drinking a beer; Letts stated that all that imagery was \"about breaking taboos.\"\n\nThe Clash is shown miming a performance of the song in front of a pumpjack in a Texas oil field. For most of the video clip, guitarist Mick Jones's face is obscured by a veiled camouflage hat. The reason for this is that Jones was in a bad mood during the film shoot. Jones' face remains hidden until the final 30 seconds of the clip, when Strummer pulls the hat off at the \"he thinks it's not kosher!\" line.\n\nLegacy\nThe song was chosen by Armed Forces Radio to be the first song broadcast on the service covering the area during Operation Desert Storm. In one of the campfire scenes late in the 2007 documentary Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten, a friend states that Strummer wept when he heard that the phrase \"Rock the Casbah\" was written on an American bomb that was to be detonated on Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.\n\nFollowing the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the song was placed on the list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles distributed by Clear Channel. In 2006, the conservative National Review released their list of the top 50 \"Conservative Rock Songs\", with \"Rock the Casbah\" at number 20, noting the Clear Channel list as well as frequent requests to the British Forces Broadcasting Service during the Iraq War. Cultural reviewer and political analyst Charlie Pierce commented that \"the notion of the Clash as spokesfolk for adventurism in the Middle East might have been enough to bring Joe Strummer back from the dead.\"\n\nVulture writer Bill Wyman in 2017 ranked the song number ten of all the band's 139 songs, calling it \"one of the greatest rock singles of all time.\" Wyman further wrote, \"Like other Clash songs, this song requires some historical context\" about Iran, starting from the 1953 coup d'état—which overthrew the democratically elected leader Mohammad Mosaddegh—to the 1979 Revolution—resulting in overthrowing Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's (the Shah) rule and then hostage crisis at the US embassy in Tehran, rupturing their diplomatic relations—followed by Jimmy Carter—who was criticised for the handling of the hostage crisis—losing his 1980 US presidential election to Ronald Reagan.\n\nCover versions\nThe Algerian rock singer Rachid Taha covered the song (in Arabic) on his 2004 album Tékitoi. On 27 November 2005 at the Astoria, London, during the Stop the War Coalition Benefit Concert, \"...for the night's grandstanding conclusion, the Clash legend Mick Jones strides on in a skinny black suit and plays probably the most exciting guitar he has delivered in years. He and the band are brilliant on Taha's definitive take on \"Rock the Casbah\", for which the audience goes berserk.\" They again played Taha's version of the song, \"Rock el Casbah\", in February 2006, at the France 4 TV show Taratatà. In 2007 at the Barbican, \".... The band were later joined by special guest Mick Jones from The Clash who performed on \"Rock El Casbah\" and then stayed on stage for the remainder of the show.\"\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nPersonnel\nJoe Strummer – lead vocals, guitar\nMick Jones – guitar, backing vocals, sound effects\nPaul Simonon – backing vocals\nTopper Headon – drums, piano, bass guitar\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\"A Brief History of 'Rock the Casbah'\" City Pages (15 December 1999)\n\n1982 singles\n1982 songs\nThe Clash songs\nDance-punk songs\nMacaronic songs\nCBS Records singles\nColumbia Records singles\nEpic Records singles\nBritish new wave songs\nPolitical songs\nWorks about the Middle East\nProtest songs" ]

[ "The Undertones are a rock band formed in Derry, Northern Ireland in 1974. From 1975 to 1983, the Undertones consisted of Feargal Sharkey (vocals), John O'Neill (rhythm guitar, vocals), Damian O'Neill (lead guitar, vocals), Michael Bradley (bass, vocals) and Billy Doherty (drums).", "From 1975 to 1983, the Undertones consisted of Feargal Sharkey (vocals), John O'Neill (rhythm guitar, vocals), Damian O'Neill (lead guitar, vocals), Michael Bradley (bass, vocals) and Billy Doherty (drums). Much of the earlier Undertones material drew influence from punk rock and new wave; the Undertones also incorporated elements of rock, glam rock and post-punk into material released after 1979, before citing soul and Motown as the influence for the material released upon their final album.", "Much of the earlier Undertones material drew influence from punk rock and new wave; the Undertones also incorporated elements of rock, glam rock and post-punk into material released after 1979, before citing soul and Motown as the influence for the material released upon their final album. The Undertones released thirteen singles and four studio albums between 1978 and 1983 before Sharkey announced his intention to leave the band in May 1983, citing musical differences as the reason for the break up.", "The Undertones released thirteen singles and four studio albums between 1978 and 1983 before Sharkey announced his intention to leave the band in May 1983, citing musical differences as the reason for the break up. Despite the backdrop of the Troubles in Derry and across Northern Ireland, the vast majority (though not all) of the material the Undertones released focused not upon the political climate, but upon issues such as adolescence, teenage angst and heartbreak.", "Despite the backdrop of the Troubles in Derry and across Northern Ireland, the vast majority (though not all) of the material the Undertones released focused not upon the political climate, but upon issues such as adolescence, teenage angst and heartbreak. AllMusic has stated that guitarists John and Damian O'Neill \"mated infectious guitar hooks to 1960s garage, 1970s glam rock, and Feargal Sharkey's signature vocal quaver.\" In 1999, the Undertones reformed, replacing lead singer Sharkey with Paul McLoone.", "In 1999, the Undertones reformed, replacing lead singer Sharkey with Paul McLoone. The Undertones remain the most successful band to have emerged from Derry, and one of the most successful bands to have emerged from Northern Ireland. Formation and early gigs The Undertones formed in Derry, Northern Ireland in 1974.", "Formation and early gigs The Undertones formed in Derry, Northern Ireland in 1974. The band members were five friends from Creggan and the Bogside, who originally drew inspiration from such artists as the Beatles, Small Faces and Lindisfarne and who decided in part to form their own band due to both their common interest in music and the fact that—because of the Troubles— many entertainment venues in the city were closed in late evenings.", "The band members were five friends from Creggan and the Bogside, who originally drew inspiration from such artists as the Beatles, Small Faces and Lindisfarne and who decided in part to form their own band due to both their common interest in music and the fact that—because of the Troubles— many entertainment venues in the city were closed in late evenings. The band initially rehearsed cover versions at the home of the guitarists, brothers John and Vincent O'Neill, and in the shed of a neighbour.", "The band initially rehearsed cover versions at the home of the guitarists, brothers John and Vincent O'Neill, and in the shed of a neighbour. (In early 1976, before the band had played gigs at any venues, Vincent O'Neill left the band; he was soon replaced by his younger brother Damian.)", "(In early 1976, before the band had played gigs at any venues, Vincent O'Neill left the band; he was soon replaced by his younger brother Damian.) Beginning in February 1976 the group, at this stage still unnamed, began playing gigs at various minor local venues, including schools, parish halls and Scout huts, where the band's lead singer, Feargal Sharkey, was a local Scout leader.", "Beginning in February 1976 the group, at this stage still unnamed, began playing gigs at various minor local venues, including schools, parish halls and Scout huts, where the band's lead singer, Feargal Sharkey, was a local Scout leader. Sharkey was also responsible for giving the band their first name: at the introduction to a gig at Saint Joseph's Secondary School in Derry on 16 March 1976, Feargal Sharkey was asked the name of the band and quickly replied \"The Hot Rods\".", "Sharkey was also responsible for giving the band their first name: at the introduction to a gig at Saint Joseph's Secondary School in Derry on 16 March 1976, Feargal Sharkey was asked the name of the band and quickly replied \"The Hot Rods\". At a later gig, Sharkey named the band \"Little Feat\": another name already used by another group. Later that year, drummer Billy Doherty proposed an alternate name for the group: The Undertones, which Doherty had discovered in his school history book.", "Later that year, drummer Billy Doherty proposed an alternate name for the group: The Undertones, which Doherty had discovered in his school history book. The other members of the band agreed to the proposal. With the arrival of punk rock in late 1976, the artistic focus of the band changed. Artists such as the Adverts, Sex Pistols, Buzzcocks and, particularly, the Ramones became major influences on the Undertones. In addition to being a Scout leader, Feargal Sharkey worked as a television repairman and delivery man.", "In addition to being a Scout leader, Feargal Sharkey worked as a television repairman and delivery man. The van which Sharkey drove in this employment was used by the Undertones to transport their equipment to and from various venues. The Casbah By 1977 the band were performing their own three-chord pop punk material, which was performed alongside cover versions at concerts, primarily at the Casbah, where the band began to perform in February.", "The Casbah By 1977 the band were performing their own three-chord pop punk material, which was performed alongside cover versions at concerts, primarily at the Casbah, where the band began to perform in February. The Undertones had occasionally earned money at venues where they had performed throughout 1976, but these gigs at the Casbah were the first performances for which the Undertones were paid on a regular basis, as performing at the Casbah earned the group up to £30 for each attendance fee.", "The Undertones had occasionally earned money at venues where they had performed throughout 1976, but these gigs at the Casbah were the first performances for which the Undertones were paid on a regular basis, as performing at the Casbah earned the group up to £30 for each attendance fee. Both the money earned and their popularity at this venue inspired the band to write and rehearse further material, as a means of remaining a popular act at the Casbah.", "Both the money earned and their popularity at this venue inspired the band to write and rehearse further material, as a means of remaining a popular act at the Casbah. By the following year, the concerts the Undertones performed would include the song \"Teenage Kicks\", which had been written by guitarist John O'Neill in mid-1977.", "By the following year, the concerts the Undertones performed would include the song \"Teenage Kicks\", which had been written by guitarist John O'Neill in mid-1977. The gigs performed at the Casbah gave the Undertones increased confidence in their musical ability, and in June 1977 they performed concerts outside Derry for the first time, supporting a Dublin punk group named The Radiators from Space.", "The gigs performed at the Casbah gave the Undertones increased confidence in their musical ability, and in June 1977 they performed concerts outside Derry for the first time, supporting a Dublin punk group named The Radiators from Space. In March 1978, the Undertones recorded a demo tape at Magee University in Derry and sent copies of the tape to various record companies in the hope of securing a record deal, but only received official letters of rejection.", "In March 1978, the Undertones recorded a demo tape at Magee University in Derry and sent copies of the tape to various record companies in the hope of securing a record deal, but only received official letters of rejection. The band had also sent a copy of their recordings to influential BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, requesting he play the songs on his radio programme. Peel replied to the band, offering to pay for a recording session in Belfast.", "Peel replied to the band, offering to pay for a recording session in Belfast. On 15 June 1978, the band recorded their debut four-song EP \"Teenage Kicks\" on a budget of only £200. The EP was engineered by Davy Shannon at Wizard Studios, Belfast, and was released on Belfast's Good Vibrations record label. The title song became a hit with support from John Peel, who considered Teenage Kicks his all-time favourite song, an opinion he held through to his death in 2004.", "The title song became a hit with support from John Peel, who considered Teenage Kicks his all-time favourite song, an opinion he held through to his death in 2004. Sire Records Seymour Stein, the president of Sire Records – in London on business – heard John Peel play \"Teenage Kicks\" on BBC Radio 1 and became interested in the band. Stein sent a London-based representative named Paul McNally to Derry to discuss a record deal with the band.", "Stein sent a London-based representative named Paul McNally to Derry to discuss a record deal with the band. McNally saw the band play live in what would ultimately prove to be their final performance at the Casbah on 29 September 1978. The following day, McNally convened with the Undertones to discuss a record contract. Three members of the band signed the proposed contract on this date, with the understanding that Feargal Sharkey and Michael Bradley would discuss negotiations to the contract with Seymour Stein in person in London.", "Three members of the band signed the proposed contract on this date, with the understanding that Feargal Sharkey and Michael Bradley would discuss negotiations to the contract with Seymour Stein in person in London. Teenage Kicks (1978–1979) On 2 October 1978, Bradley and Sharkey agreed to an increased advance fee of £10,000 offered by Stein upon the recording contract and signed to Sire Records on a five-year contract.", "Teenage Kicks (1978–1979) On 2 October 1978, Bradley and Sharkey agreed to an increased advance fee of £10,000 offered by Stein upon the recording contract and signed to Sire Records on a five-year contract. Sire Records subsequently obtained all rights to the material released upon the Teenage Kicks EP and the song was re-released as a standard vinyl single upon Sire's own label two weeks later. On 26 October, the Undertones performed \"Teenage Kicks\" live on Top of the Pops.", "On 26 October, the Undertones performed \"Teenage Kicks\" live on Top of the Pops. With help from Peel (who had also recorded and broadcast a Peel Session with the Undertones on the 16th), Teenage Kicks peaked at number 31 in the UK Singles Chart the following month. In November 1978, the Undertones embarked on their first tour of the UK.", "In November 1978, the Undertones embarked on their first tour of the UK. This tour lasted until 16 December and saw the band appear as the supporting act for The Rezillos and John Otway in England and Wales in addition to headlining in three concerts in Belfast and Derry.", "This tour lasted until 16 December and saw the band appear as the supporting act for The Rezillos and John Otway in England and Wales in addition to headlining in three concerts in Belfast and Derry. In January 1979, the Undertones recorded their eponymous debut album at Eden Studios in Acton, West London, using producer Roger Bechirian, whom the band had worked with for the first time the previous December, when Bechirian had produced the band's second single, \"Get Over You\".", "In January 1979, the Undertones recorded their eponymous debut album at Eden Studios in Acton, West London, using producer Roger Bechirian, whom the band had worked with for the first time the previous December, when Bechirian had produced the band's second single, \"Get Over You\". Much of the material upon their first album had been performed regularly at the Casbah, and the band were able to record this album in the space of less than four weeks.", "Much of the material upon their first album had been performed regularly at the Casbah, and the band were able to record this album in the space of less than four weeks. Following the release of \"Get Over You\" in February 1979, the Undertones' eponymous debut album was released in May. The primary lyrical concern of the songs focused upon youthful relationships and adolescence.", "The primary lyrical concern of the songs focused upon youthful relationships and adolescence. Three further punk singles \"Jimmy Jimmy\", \"Here Comes the Summer\" and \"You've Got My Number (Why Don't You Use It?)\" were released between April and October 1979, each to critical acclaim. In September 1979, the Undertones toured the United States for the first time, supporting The Clash with eight concerts in six different States.", "In September 1979, the Undertones toured the United States for the first time, supporting The Clash with eight concerts in six different States. Hypnotised (1980) Following the 'You Got My Number tour' of October 1979, the Undertones began recording the songs for their second album, Hypnotised, at Wisseloord Studios in the Netherlands. The recording of the songs began in December. Ten songs were recorded before the band returned to Derry prior to Christmas to write and record further songs for the album.", "Ten songs were recorded before the band returned to Derry prior to Christmas to write and record further songs for the album. Three further songs were written during this break: \"Tearproof\", \"More Songs About Chocolate and Girls\" and \"Wednesday Week\".", "Three further songs were written during this break: \"Tearproof\", \"More Songs About Chocolate and Girls\" and \"Wednesday Week\". In January 1980, the production of Hypnotised was finished at Eden Studios in London, with the Undertones recording the three further songs written the previous December, plus two further songs—\"Hypnotised\" and a cover of \"Under The Boardwalk\"—which had been written that month.", "In January 1980, the production of Hypnotised was finished at Eden Studios in London, with the Undertones recording the three further songs written the previous December, plus two further songs—\"Hypnotised\" and a cover of \"Under The Boardwalk\"—which had been written that month. Following the completion of their second LP, the band embarked upon a two-week tour of Ireland before touring continental Europe for the first time in March. On 28 March 1980, the Undertones released their sixth single, \"My Perfect Cousin\".", "On 28 March 1980, the Undertones released their sixth single, \"My Perfect Cousin\". The song, which had been written the previous summer by Damian O'Neill and Michael Bradley, reached number 9 in the UK charts and would subsequently prove to be the band's highest charting single in the United Kingdom. The following month, on 21 April 1980, the band's second LP, Hypnotised was released. This album reached number 6 in the UK Albums Chart, remaining in the Top 10 for one month.", "This album reached number 6 in the UK Albums Chart, remaining in the Top 10 for one month. The same week the album was released, the Undertones embarked on their 'Humming tour', which saw the band play a total of 25 gigs across the UK between April and June. Less than two weeks after the completion of the 'Humming tour', the Undertones toured the United States for the second time; this time as the headlining band.", "Less than two weeks after the completion of the 'Humming tour', the Undertones toured the United States for the second time; this time as the headlining band. \"Wednesday Week\"—the second single to be released from Hypnotised—was released in July 1980. This single reached number 11 in the UK chart and remained in the Top 40 for a total of seven weeks.", "This single reached number 11 in the UK chart and remained in the Top 40 for a total of seven weeks. Between September and December 1980, the Undertones performed two further tours: the 'Disaster Tour (European Style)', which saw the band perform in continental Europe and—in December—the 'See No More' tour of the UK. In terms of chart sales, the year 1980 was the Undertones' most successful year.", "In terms of chart sales, the year 1980 was the Undertones' most successful year. In a review by Sounds magazine the same year, the Undertones were described as: \"Possibly the best pop group in the English speaking world.\" EMI Positive Touch (1981–1982) In December 1980, the Undertones announced their intention to split from Sire Records as they were unhappy with the lack of promotion they were receiving outside of the UK, particularly in the US.", "EMI Positive Touch (1981–1982) In December 1980, the Undertones announced their intention to split from Sire Records as they were unhappy with the lack of promotion they were receiving outside of the UK, particularly in the US. Following negotiations, their manager, Andy Ferguson, succeeded in the band retaining ownership rights to the material released on Sire Records; Ferguson subsequently signed the group to EMI in March 1981.", "Following negotiations, their manager, Andy Ferguson, succeeded in the band retaining ownership rights to the material released on Sire Records; Ferguson subsequently signed the group to EMI in March 1981. On 4 January 1981, the band began recording their third album, Positive Touch, again at Wisseloord Studios, and again with Roger Bechirian as producer. The band recorded a total of eight songs in five days before returning to Derry. Later the same month, the band returned to Wisseloord Studios to complete the recording of the LP.", "Later the same month, the band returned to Wisseloord Studios to complete the recording of the LP. The songs on this album indicated a change in both musical and lyrical influences: although the songs remained largely guitar-oriented, the band had written songs which focused upon the Troubles in Northern Ireland such as \"Crisis of Mine\", \"You're Welcome\" and the single \"It's Going To Happen! \", which preceded the release of the LP and was inspired by the 1980–81 Hunger Strikes.", "\", which preceded the release of the LP and was inspired by the 1980–81 Hunger Strikes. In addition, several songs upon the LP included instruments such as pianos, saxophones, recorders and brass instruments, with two further songs (\"Julie Ocean\" and \"It's Going To Happen!\") drawing musical inspiration from contemporary artists Orange Juice and Dexy's Midnight Runners respectively.", "drawing musical inspiration from contemporary artists Orange Juice and Dexy's Midnight Runners respectively. The band themselves were content with the change of influences for Positive Touch, which bassist Michael Bradley later described as a \"natural progression\" for the band, adding that, at the time, consensus between the band members was that the songs upon the LP were their best yet.", "The band themselves were content with the change of influences for Positive Touch, which bassist Michael Bradley later described as a \"natural progression\" for the band, adding that, at the time, consensus between the band members was that the songs upon the LP were their best yet. One month prior to the release of this third album, in April 1981, the Undertones embarked on their 'Positive Touch tour'; this tour saw the band perform a total of 36 gigs across the UK mainland in the space of less than two months.", "One month prior to the release of this third album, in April 1981, the Undertones embarked on their 'Positive Touch tour'; this tour saw the band perform a total of 36 gigs across the UK mainland in the space of less than two months. Positive Touch was released in May 1981. This third album peaked at number 17 in the UK charts—remaining in the Top 40 for a total of four weeks.", "This third album peaked at number 17 in the UK charts—remaining in the Top 40 for a total of four weeks. The album also received favourable reviews from several music critics and was listed by NME as one of the best albums to be released in 1981, although neither the album nor either of the singles released were as successful as any of the material released the previous year. Following the conclusion of their 'Positive Touch tour' in June 1981, the Undertones released their second single of 1981, \"Julie Ocean\".", "Following the conclusion of their 'Positive Touch tour' in June 1981, the Undertones released their second single of 1981, \"Julie Ocean\". The single – an extended recording of the 90-second album version – was produced by Hugh Jones and Dave Balfe. On 29 September 1981, the Undertones embarked on their biggest tour of Continental Europe, which lasted until 20 October 1981 and saw the band perform a total of 19 concerts in six countries.", "On 29 September 1981, the Undertones embarked on their biggest tour of Continental Europe, which lasted until 20 October 1981 and saw the band perform a total of 19 concerts in six countries. 1982 saw a lull in activity from the Undertones, who only performed live on a total of five occasions throughout the entire year. Two of these gigs were held in England, with three further live appearances held in the United States in August.", "Two of these gigs were held in England, with three further live appearances held in the United States in August. Much of the time the band spent together was devoted towards writing and recording songs for their next LP in their 8-track demo studio. Damian O'Neill, the Undertones' lead guitarist, later admitted: \"We (had) definitely lost a bit of the spark. I don't know but I tend to think some of us got too complacent sitting in our homes in Derry.\"", "I don't know but I tend to think some of us got too complacent sitting in our homes in Derry.\" The Undertones released two studio singles, \"Beautiful Friend\" and \"The Love Parade\", in February and October; both of these singles failed to make an impact upon the UK charts. The Sin of Pride (1983) In March 1983, the Undertones released their fourth album, The Sin of Pride.", "The Sin of Pride (1983) In March 1983, the Undertones released their fourth album, The Sin of Pride. This album, which drew inspiration from both soul and Motown, was produced by Mike Hedges, who had replaced Roger Bechirian as the Undertones' producer following the 1981 release of Positive Touch. Feargal Sharkey is known to have stated he had worked harder upon this album than at any point in his singing career to date, and that he considers this album the finest the Undertones ever produced.", "Feargal Sharkey is known to have stated he had worked harder upon this album than at any point in his singing career to date, and that he considers this album the finest the Undertones ever produced. The Sin of Pride was met with critical acclaim upon release, and the Undertones performed several gigs in both Scotland and England to promote the release of this album; it reached number 43 in the UK chart.", "The Sin of Pride was met with critical acclaim upon release, and the Undertones performed several gigs in both Scotland and England to promote the release of this album; it reached number 43 in the UK chart. The Undertones released two further studio singles in 1983; their first single, \"Got To Have You Back\"—which was inspired by both ABC and Smokey Robinson—was released in February and their second single, \"Chain of Love\", was released in May.", "The Undertones released two further studio singles in 1983; their first single, \"Got To Have You Back\"—which was inspired by both ABC and Smokey Robinson—was released in February and their second single, \"Chain of Love\", was released in May. Both failed to make any major impact on the UK chart. Disbandment In April 1983, the Undertones embarked on their 'UK Sin of Pride tour' to promote their latest album.", "Disbandment In April 1983, the Undertones embarked on their 'UK Sin of Pride tour' to promote their latest album. By this stage in their career, the band were acutely aware of the pressure they were under from EMI, who were unhappy with the lack of chart success of much of the material the band had released since the release of their Positive Touch LP. In addition, internal tensions between various members of the band, in particular between Feargal Sharkey and John O'Neill, had deteriorated significantly.", "In addition, internal tensions between various members of the band, in particular between Feargal Sharkey and John O'Neill, had deteriorated significantly. These factors led to Sharkey announcing his intentions to leave the Undertones during the 'European Tour 1983', which the group performed in May of that year. To fulfill agreed commitments, the Undertones remained together for a further two months, performing several gigs across continental Europe before disbanding in mid-1983, with their final concert being played at Punchestown Racecourse in County Kildare in Ireland on 17 July.", "To fulfill agreed commitments, the Undertones remained together for a further two months, performing several gigs across continental Europe before disbanding in mid-1983, with their final concert being played at Punchestown Racecourse in County Kildare in Ireland on 17 July. Subsequent careers Following the disbandment of the Undertones in 1983, Feargal Sharkey was invited by Vince Clarke and Eric Radcliffe of the synthpop duet The Assembly to provide lead vocals on the single \"Never Never,\" which was released by The Assembly in November 1983 and peaked at number 4 in the UK charts.", "Subsequent careers Following the disbandment of the Undertones in 1983, Feargal Sharkey was invited by Vince Clarke and Eric Radcliffe of the synthpop duet The Assembly to provide lead vocals on the single \"Never Never,\" which was released by The Assembly in November 1983 and peaked at number 4 in the UK charts. Sharkey was never officially a member of The Assembly and his vocal contribution to \"Never Never\" proved to be Sharkey's only recording with the band, who would only issue this one single before folding.", "Sharkey was never officially a member of The Assembly and his vocal contribution to \"Never Never\" proved to be Sharkey's only recording with the band, who would only issue this one single before folding. Sharkey subsequently embarked upon a brief, but commercially successful solo career in the mid 1980s to early 1990s. Two of the other band members, John O'Neill and Damian O'Neill, formed That Petrol Emotion in 1984. That Petrol Emotion released a total of fifteen singles and six albums between 1985 and 1994.", "That Petrol Emotion released a total of fifteen singles and six albums between 1985 and 1994. In the 1990s John O'Neill formed a trip hop group called Rare under the stage name Seán Ó'Néill with vocalist Mary Gallagher. They only had one notable chart appearance and disbanded shortly after the release of their only album in 1998. Reunion The Undertones reformed in November 1999, initially to play concerts in Derry. For their reformation, the Undertones replaced Sharkey (who declined to rejoin) with singer Paul McLoone.", "For their reformation, the Undertones replaced Sharkey (who declined to rejoin) with singer Paul McLoone. Since 1999, the Undertones have performed several tours across the UK, Ireland, Continental Europe, Japan, Turkey and North America and continue to perform live.", "Since 1999, the Undertones have performed several tours across the UK, Ireland, Continental Europe, Japan, Turkey and North America and continue to perform live. Noteworthy gigs by the Undertones since their 1999 reformation include performing at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2005, providing pre-match entertainment prior to kick-off at Celtic Park in the UEFA Champions League play-off between Celtic and Arsenal in August 2009 and, in March and April 2011, performing a series of UK gigs in which they played their debut album, The Undertones, in its entirety as part of each show.", "Noteworthy gigs by the Undertones since their 1999 reformation include performing at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2005, providing pre-match entertainment prior to kick-off at Celtic Park in the UEFA Champions League play-off between Celtic and Arsenal in August 2009 and, in March and April 2011, performing a series of UK gigs in which they played their debut album, The Undertones, in its entirety as part of each show. This tour was timed to accompany a re-release of a double compilation album containing all of the A- and B-sides of their singles.", "This tour was timed to accompany a re-release of a double compilation album containing all of the A- and B-sides of their singles. Since their reformation, the Undertones have released two albums of original material with Paul McLoone providing vocals: Get What You Need on 30 September 2003; and Dig Yourself Deep, on 15 October 2007. In April 2013, the Undertones released their first new material for over five years with the double A-side single \"Much Too Late / When It Hurts I Count To Ten.\"", "In April 2013, the Undertones released their first new material for over five years with the double A-side single \"Much Too Late / When It Hurts I Count To Ten.\" This single—limited to 1,000 numbered copies—was released as part of the Record Store Day promotion in the UK and was recorded at Toe Rag Studios in London.", "This single—limited to 1,000 numbered copies—was released as part of the Record Store Day promotion in the UK and was recorded at Toe Rag Studios in London. Media recognition In a 2000 poll by Q to discover the 100 greatest British albums of all time as voted by the British public, the Undertones' eponymous debut LP was voted the 90th greatest British album.", "Media recognition In a 2000 poll by Q to discover the 100 greatest British albums of all time as voted by the British public, the Undertones' eponymous debut LP was voted the 90th greatest British album. The Undertones have also been the subject of two documentaries: The first documentary to be produced: The Story of the Undertones: Teenage Kicks, was recorded in 2001 and released in 2004.", "The Undertones have also been the subject of two documentaries: The first documentary to be produced: The Story of the Undertones: Teenage Kicks, was recorded in 2001 and released in 2004. Directed by Tom Collins, this 65-minute documentary was produced with the cooperation of John Peel, who interviews all current and former members of the band (with the exception of Vincent O'Neill) in addition to Seymour Stein and Eamonn McCann.", "Directed by Tom Collins, this 65-minute documentary was produced with the cooperation of John Peel, who interviews all current and former members of the band (with the exception of Vincent O'Neill) in addition to Seymour Stein and Eamonn McCann. In this documentary, the band discuss their formation, career, subsequent careers, personal lives and 1999 reunion. The second documentary relating to The Undertones: Here Comes the Summer: The Undertones Story, was commissioned by the BBC and broadcast on BBC Four in September 2012.", "The second documentary relating to The Undertones: Here Comes the Summer: The Undertones Story, was commissioned by the BBC and broadcast on BBC Four in September 2012. This documentary also features with interviews with current and former members of the Undertones (excluding Feargal Sharkey) in addition to numerous fans, friends, journalists, and additional personnel involved in the band's recordings and career. The band were also portrayed in the 2013 film Good Vibrations about Terri Hooley and the Good Vibrations record label, featuring Jodie Whittaker and Richard Dormer.", "The band were also portrayed in the 2013 film Good Vibrations about Terri Hooley and the Good Vibrations record label, featuring Jodie Whittaker and Richard Dormer. Members Current members John O'Neill – rhythm guitar and backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Michael Bradley – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Billy Doherty – drums (1975–1983, 1999–present) Damian O'Neill – lead guitar, keyboards and backing vocals (1976–1983, 1999–present) Paul McLoone – lead vocals (1999–present) Former members Vincent O'Neill – guitar (1975–1976) Feargal Sharkey – lead vocals (1975–1983) Discography The Undertones (1979) Hypnotised (1980) Positive Touch (1981) The Sin of Pride (1983) Get What You Need (2003) Dig Yourself Deep (2007) Notes References Further reading Bradley, Michael (2016).", "Members Current members John O'Neill – rhythm guitar and backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Michael Bradley – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Billy Doherty – drums (1975–1983, 1999–present) Damian O'Neill – lead guitar, keyboards and backing vocals (1976–1983, 1999–present) Paul McLoone – lead vocals (1999–present) Former members Vincent O'Neill – guitar (1975–1976) Feargal Sharkey – lead vocals (1975–1983) Discography The Undertones (1979) Hypnotised (1980) Positive Touch (1981) The Sin of Pride (1983) Get What You Need (2003) Dig Yourself Deep (2007) Notes References Further reading Bradley, Michael (2016). Teenage Kicks: My Life as an Undertone.", "Teenage Kicks: My Life as an Undertone. Teenage Kicks: My Life as an Undertone. Omnibus Press. External links Official Site History of the band from an unofficial fan site Sold On Song Top 100: Teenage Kicks (No. 51) Teenage Kicks from Salon.com History of Punk in Derry, Northern Ireland.", "51) Teenage Kicks from Salon.com History of Punk in Derry, Northern Ireland. Profile of The Undertones A Panorama of The Undertones Playing in Brooke Park, Derry, August 2007 Official press release for the Undertones' 'True Confessions' greatest hits album 1974 establishments in Northern Ireland Harvest Records artists Musical groups established in 1974 Musical groups from Derry (city) New wave musical groups from Northern Ireland Pop punk groups from Northern Ireland Punk rock groups from Northern Ireland Rykodisc artists Sire Records artists" ]

[ "The Undertones", "Casbah Rock", "What was Casbah Rock?", "By 1977 the band were performing their own three-chord pop punk material, which was performed alongside cover versions at concerts, primarily at The Casbah," ]

[ "\"Rock the Casbah\" is a song by the English punk rock band The Clash, released in 1982. The song was released as the second single from their fifth album, Combat Rock. It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US (their second and last top 40 and only top 10 single in the United States) and, along with the track \"Mustapha Dance\", it also reached number eight on the dance chart.\n\nRecording\n\"Rock the Casbah\" was composed by the band's drummer Topper Headon, based on a piano part that he had been toying with. Finding himself in the studio without his three bandmates, Headon progressively taped the drum, piano and bass parts, recording the bulk of the song's musical instrumentation himself.\n\nThis origin makes \"Rock the Casbah\" different from the majority of Clash songs, which tended to originate with music written by the Joe Strummer–Mick Jones songwriting partnership. Upon entering the studio to hear Headon's recording, the other Clash members were impressed with his creation, stating that they felt the musical track was essentially complete. From this point, relatively minor overdubs were added, such as guitars and percussion.\n\nHowever, Strummer was not impressed by the page of suggested lyrics that Headon gave him. According to Clash guitar technician Digby Cleaver, they were \"a soppy set of lyrics about how much he missed his girlfriend\". \"Strummer just took one look at these words and said, 'How incredibly interesting!', screwed the piece of paper into a ball and chucked it backwards over his head.\"\n\nStrummer had been developing a set of lyrical ideas that he was looking to match with an appropriate tune. Before hearing Headon's music, Strummer had already come up with the phrases \"rock the casbah\" and \"you'll have to let that raga drop\" as lyrical ideas that he was considering for future songs. After hearing Headon's music, Strummer went into the studio's toilets and wrote lyrics to match the song's melody.\n\nThe version of the song on Combat Rock, as well as many other Clash compilations, features an electronic sound effect beginning at the 1:52-minute point of the song. This noise is a monophonic version of the song \"Dixie\". The sound effect source was generated by the alarm from a digital wristwatch that Mick Jones owned, and was intentionally added to the recording by Jones.\n\nLyrics\nJoe Strummer had been toying with the phrase \"rock the casbah\" prior to hearing Topper Headon's musical track that would form the basis of the song. This phrase had originated during a jam session with Strummer's violinist friend Tymon Dogg. Dogg began playing Eastern scales with his violin and Strummer started shouting \"rock the casbah!\" Not hearing Strummer properly, Dogg thought that Strummer had been shouting at him to \"stop, you cadger!\"\n\nFurther inspiration for the lyrics of \"Rock the Casbah\" originated from Strummer observing the band's manager Bernie Rhodes moaning about The Clash's increasing tendency to perform lengthy songs. Rhodes asked the band facetiously \"does everything have to be as long as this rāga?\" (referring to the Indian musical style known for its length and complexity). Strummer later returned to his room at the Iroquois Hotel in New York City and wrote the opening lines to the song: \"The King told the boogie-men 'you have to let that rāga drop.'\"\n\nThe song gives a fabulist account of a ban on Western rock music by an Arab king. The lyrics describe the king's efforts to stop his population from listening to this music, such as ordering his military's jet fighters to bomb any people in violation of the ban. The pilots ignore the orders, and instead play rock music on their cockpit radios. The population then proceed to \"rock the casbah\" by dancing to the music. This scenario was inspired by the ban on Western music in Iran after the 1979 Islamic Revolution.\n\nThe song's lyrics feature various Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish, and Sanskrit loan-words, such as \"sharif\", \"bedouin\", \"sheikh\", \"kosher\", \"rāga\", \"muezzin\", \"minaret\", and \"casbah\".\n\nSingle\nThe single version has more pronounced bass. Also when Joe Strummer screams \"The crowd caught a whiff / Of that crazy casbah jive\" at the end of the third verse the word \"jive\" is sustained for several seconds with digital delay. Additionally, the sound effects of the jet fighters in the last verse are lower in the mix, particularly just after \"drop your bombs between the minarets.\" The single version of the song is what is played in the music video. \"Mustapha Dance\", which features in many releases of the single, is an instrumental remix of the song.\n\nSingle issues\nThe single has several issues, all with different cover, format and B-side (see the table below).\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Rock the Casbah\" was filmed in Austin, Texas by director Don Letts on 8 and 9 June 1982. It intermixes footage of The Clash (with Terry Chimes on the drums) miming a performance of the song, with a storyline depicting two characters travelling together throughout Texas. The video depicts a Muslim hitchhiker and a Hasidic Jewish limo driver befriending each other on the road and skanking together through the streets to a Clash concert at Austin's City Coliseum. Throughout the video, an armadillo appears at points. At one point they are seen eating hamburgers in front of a Burger King restaurant. At another point, the Muslim character is seen drinking a beer; Letts stated that all that imagery was \"about breaking taboos.\"\n\nThe Clash is shown miming a performance of the song in front of a pumpjack in a Texas oil field. For most of the video clip, guitarist Mick Jones's face is obscured by a veiled camouflage hat. The reason for this is that Jones was in a bad mood during the film shoot. Jones' face remains hidden until the final 30 seconds of the clip, when Strummer pulls the hat off at the \"he thinks it's not kosher!\" line.\n\nLegacy\nThe song was chosen by Armed Forces Radio to be the first song broadcast on the service covering the area during Operation Desert Storm. In one of the campfire scenes late in the 2007 documentary Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten, a friend states that Strummer wept when he heard that the phrase \"Rock the Casbah\" was written on an American bomb that was to be detonated on Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.\n\nFollowing the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the song was placed on the list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles distributed by Clear Channel. In 2006, the conservative National Review released their list of the top 50 \"Conservative Rock Songs\", with \"Rock the Casbah\" at number 20, noting the Clear Channel list as well as frequent requests to the British Forces Broadcasting Service during the Iraq War. Cultural reviewer and political analyst Charlie Pierce commented that \"the notion of the Clash as spokesfolk for adventurism in the Middle East might have been enough to bring Joe Strummer back from the dead.\"\n\nVulture writer Bill Wyman in 2017 ranked the song number ten of all the band's 139 songs, calling it \"one of the greatest rock singles of all time.\" Wyman further wrote, \"Like other Clash songs, this song requires some historical context\" about Iran, starting from the 1953 coup d'état—which overthrew the democratically elected leader Mohammad Mosaddegh—to the 1979 Revolution—resulting in overthrowing Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's (the Shah) rule and then hostage crisis at the US embassy in Tehran, rupturing their diplomatic relations—followed by Jimmy Carter—who was criticised for the handling of the hostage crisis—losing his 1980 US presidential election to Ronald Reagan.\n\nCover versions\nThe Algerian rock singer Rachid Taha covered the song (in Arabic) on his 2004 album Tékitoi. On 27 November 2005 at the Astoria, London, during the Stop the War Coalition Benefit Concert, \"...for the night's grandstanding conclusion, the Clash legend Mick Jones strides on in a skinny black suit and plays probably the most exciting guitar he has delivered in years. He and the band are brilliant on Taha's definitive take on \"Rock the Casbah\", for which the audience goes berserk.\" They again played Taha's version of the song, \"Rock el Casbah\", in February 2006, at the France 4 TV show Taratatà. In 2007 at the Barbican, \".... The band were later joined by special guest Mick Jones from The Clash who performed on \"Rock El Casbah\" and then stayed on stage for the remainder of the show.\"\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nPersonnel\nJoe Strummer – lead vocals, guitar\nMick Jones – guitar, backing vocals, sound effects\nPaul Simonon – backing vocals\nTopper Headon – drums, piano, bass guitar\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\"A Brief History of 'Rock the Casbah'\" City Pages (15 December 1999)\n\n1982 singles\n1982 songs\nThe Clash songs\nDance-punk songs\nMacaronic songs\nCBS Records singles\nColumbia Records singles\nEpic Records singles\nBritish new wave songs\nPolitical songs\nWorks about the Middle East\nProtest songs", "Mustapha Skandrani, (17 November 1920 in the Lower Casbah, Algiers – 8 October 2005) was an Algerian pianist, performer of chaâbi music.\n\nEarly life\nBorn in 1920, in the Casbah of Algiers, in Algeria, Skandrani's family were of Turkish origin and originally came from Iskander, Turkey. Indeed, his family surname \"Skandrani\" is a Turkish origin surname used in Algeria by families from İskenderun.\n\nHe grew up and studied until the elementary certificate without problem in the secular Casbah.\n\nCareer\nSkandrani made his radio debut with the composer Rachid Ksentini and his partner Marie Soussan. That was followed by a tour of Algeria in 1940 with Umm Kulthum, Mahieddine Bachtarzi, Driscar, Mustapha Kateb and others. On his return from tour, he accompanied all the stars who attended concerts among other Dahmane Ben Achour, El Hadj Menouar and the dean of Chaabi music El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka. As a conductor of the concert part, Skandrani was present in 46 creations of the Arab Theatre of the Opera of Algiers.\n\nIn 1956, musicologist El Boudali Safir assigned Skandrani to the modern orchestra as a replacement for El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka. He was also the soloist in the classical orchestra commissioned to Abderrazak Fakhardji, a position he held until the independence of Algeria, combining its radio business with interests in the emerging television.\n\nBeginning in 1938, Skandrani composed over 300 modern compositions or chaâbi and 187 qasida and ditties including \"Youm El Djemaa\", \"El Haraz\", \"Kifechhilti\", \"Qahoua ou lateye\", \"A bouya Hnini\" \"A laini filaati. \" From 1966 to 1981, he was a teacher at the Conservatory of Algiers and served as director from 1981.\n\nHe died on 8 October 2005 at the age of 85 at his home in Algiers after a long illness. He is buried at the Sidi M'hamed Cemetery.\n\nDiscography \n\n Touchia (1963 EP, Pathé)\n Stikhbar (1965 LP, Pathé)\n Khlassat (1965 LP, Pathé)\n Le Piano Dans La Musique Arabe (1992 Compilation, Artistes Arabes Associés)\n Les Virtuoses (1993 Compilation, Artistes Arabes Associés)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1920 births\n2005 deaths\nAlgerian people of Turkish descent\nAlgerian musicians\nAlgerian pianists\nPeople from Casbah\n20th-century pianists\n21st-century Algerian people" ]

[ "The Undertones are a rock band formed in Derry, Northern Ireland in 1974. From 1975 to 1983, the Undertones consisted of Feargal Sharkey (vocals), John O'Neill (rhythm guitar, vocals), Damian O'Neill (lead guitar, vocals), Michael Bradley (bass, vocals) and Billy Doherty (drums).", "From 1975 to 1983, the Undertones consisted of Feargal Sharkey (vocals), John O'Neill (rhythm guitar, vocals), Damian O'Neill (lead guitar, vocals), Michael Bradley (bass, vocals) and Billy Doherty (drums). Much of the earlier Undertones material drew influence from punk rock and new wave; the Undertones also incorporated elements of rock, glam rock and post-punk into material released after 1979, before citing soul and Motown as the influence for the material released upon their final album.", "Much of the earlier Undertones material drew influence from punk rock and new wave; the Undertones also incorporated elements of rock, glam rock and post-punk into material released after 1979, before citing soul and Motown as the influence for the material released upon their final album. The Undertones released thirteen singles and four studio albums between 1978 and 1983 before Sharkey announced his intention to leave the band in May 1983, citing musical differences as the reason for the break up.", "The Undertones released thirteen singles and four studio albums between 1978 and 1983 before Sharkey announced his intention to leave the band in May 1983, citing musical differences as the reason for the break up. Despite the backdrop of the Troubles in Derry and across Northern Ireland, the vast majority (though not all) of the material the Undertones released focused not upon the political climate, but upon issues such as adolescence, teenage angst and heartbreak.", "Despite the backdrop of the Troubles in Derry and across Northern Ireland, the vast majority (though not all) of the material the Undertones released focused not upon the political climate, but upon issues such as adolescence, teenage angst and heartbreak. AllMusic has stated that guitarists John and Damian O'Neill \"mated infectious guitar hooks to 1960s garage, 1970s glam rock, and Feargal Sharkey's signature vocal quaver.\" In 1999, the Undertones reformed, replacing lead singer Sharkey with Paul McLoone.", "In 1999, the Undertones reformed, replacing lead singer Sharkey with Paul McLoone. The Undertones remain the most successful band to have emerged from Derry, and one of the most successful bands to have emerged from Northern Ireland. Formation and early gigs The Undertones formed in Derry, Northern Ireland in 1974.", "Formation and early gigs The Undertones formed in Derry, Northern Ireland in 1974. The band members were five friends from Creggan and the Bogside, who originally drew inspiration from such artists as the Beatles, Small Faces and Lindisfarne and who decided in part to form their own band due to both their common interest in music and the fact that—because of the Troubles— many entertainment venues in the city were closed in late evenings.", "The band members were five friends from Creggan and the Bogside, who originally drew inspiration from such artists as the Beatles, Small Faces and Lindisfarne and who decided in part to form their own band due to both their common interest in music and the fact that—because of the Troubles— many entertainment venues in the city were closed in late evenings. The band initially rehearsed cover versions at the home of the guitarists, brothers John and Vincent O'Neill, and in the shed of a neighbour.", "The band initially rehearsed cover versions at the home of the guitarists, brothers John and Vincent O'Neill, and in the shed of a neighbour. (In early 1976, before the band had played gigs at any venues, Vincent O'Neill left the band; he was soon replaced by his younger brother Damian.)", "(In early 1976, before the band had played gigs at any venues, Vincent O'Neill left the band; he was soon replaced by his younger brother Damian.) Beginning in February 1976 the group, at this stage still unnamed, began playing gigs at various minor local venues, including schools, parish halls and Scout huts, where the band's lead singer, Feargal Sharkey, was a local Scout leader.", "Beginning in February 1976 the group, at this stage still unnamed, began playing gigs at various minor local venues, including schools, parish halls and Scout huts, where the band's lead singer, Feargal Sharkey, was a local Scout leader. Sharkey was also responsible for giving the band their first name: at the introduction to a gig at Saint Joseph's Secondary School in Derry on 16 March 1976, Feargal Sharkey was asked the name of the band and quickly replied \"The Hot Rods\".", "Sharkey was also responsible for giving the band their first name: at the introduction to a gig at Saint Joseph's Secondary School in Derry on 16 March 1976, Feargal Sharkey was asked the name of the band and quickly replied \"The Hot Rods\". At a later gig, Sharkey named the band \"Little Feat\": another name already used by another group. Later that year, drummer Billy Doherty proposed an alternate name for the group: The Undertones, which Doherty had discovered in his school history book.", "Later that year, drummer Billy Doherty proposed an alternate name for the group: The Undertones, which Doherty had discovered in his school history book. The other members of the band agreed to the proposal. With the arrival of punk rock in late 1976, the artistic focus of the band changed. Artists such as the Adverts, Sex Pistols, Buzzcocks and, particularly, the Ramones became major influences on the Undertones. In addition to being a Scout leader, Feargal Sharkey worked as a television repairman and delivery man.", "In addition to being a Scout leader, Feargal Sharkey worked as a television repairman and delivery man. The van which Sharkey drove in this employment was used by the Undertones to transport their equipment to and from various venues. The Casbah By 1977 the band were performing their own three-chord pop punk material, which was performed alongside cover versions at concerts, primarily at the Casbah, where the band began to perform in February.", "The Casbah By 1977 the band were performing their own three-chord pop punk material, which was performed alongside cover versions at concerts, primarily at the Casbah, where the band began to perform in February. The Undertones had occasionally earned money at venues where they had performed throughout 1976, but these gigs at the Casbah were the first performances for which the Undertones were paid on a regular basis, as performing at the Casbah earned the group up to £30 for each attendance fee.", "The Undertones had occasionally earned money at venues where they had performed throughout 1976, but these gigs at the Casbah were the first performances for which the Undertones were paid on a regular basis, as performing at the Casbah earned the group up to £30 for each attendance fee. Both the money earned and their popularity at this venue inspired the band to write and rehearse further material, as a means of remaining a popular act at the Casbah.", "Both the money earned and their popularity at this venue inspired the band to write and rehearse further material, as a means of remaining a popular act at the Casbah. By the following year, the concerts the Undertones performed would include the song \"Teenage Kicks\", which had been written by guitarist John O'Neill in mid-1977.", "By the following year, the concerts the Undertones performed would include the song \"Teenage Kicks\", which had been written by guitarist John O'Neill in mid-1977. The gigs performed at the Casbah gave the Undertones increased confidence in their musical ability, and in June 1977 they performed concerts outside Derry for the first time, supporting a Dublin punk group named The Radiators from Space.", "The gigs performed at the Casbah gave the Undertones increased confidence in their musical ability, and in June 1977 they performed concerts outside Derry for the first time, supporting a Dublin punk group named The Radiators from Space. In March 1978, the Undertones recorded a demo tape at Magee University in Derry and sent copies of the tape to various record companies in the hope of securing a record deal, but only received official letters of rejection.", "In March 1978, the Undertones recorded a demo tape at Magee University in Derry and sent copies of the tape to various record companies in the hope of securing a record deal, but only received official letters of rejection. The band had also sent a copy of their recordings to influential BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, requesting he play the songs on his radio programme. Peel replied to the band, offering to pay for a recording session in Belfast.", "Peel replied to the band, offering to pay for a recording session in Belfast. On 15 June 1978, the band recorded their debut four-song EP \"Teenage Kicks\" on a budget of only £200. The EP was engineered by Davy Shannon at Wizard Studios, Belfast, and was released on Belfast's Good Vibrations record label. The title song became a hit with support from John Peel, who considered Teenage Kicks his all-time favourite song, an opinion he held through to his death in 2004.", "The title song became a hit with support from John Peel, who considered Teenage Kicks his all-time favourite song, an opinion he held through to his death in 2004. Sire Records Seymour Stein, the president of Sire Records – in London on business – heard John Peel play \"Teenage Kicks\" on BBC Radio 1 and became interested in the band. Stein sent a London-based representative named Paul McNally to Derry to discuss a record deal with the band.", "Stein sent a London-based representative named Paul McNally to Derry to discuss a record deal with the band. McNally saw the band play live in what would ultimately prove to be their final performance at the Casbah on 29 September 1978. The following day, McNally convened with the Undertones to discuss a record contract. Three members of the band signed the proposed contract on this date, with the understanding that Feargal Sharkey and Michael Bradley would discuss negotiations to the contract with Seymour Stein in person in London.", "Three members of the band signed the proposed contract on this date, with the understanding that Feargal Sharkey and Michael Bradley would discuss negotiations to the contract with Seymour Stein in person in London. Teenage Kicks (1978–1979) On 2 October 1978, Bradley and Sharkey agreed to an increased advance fee of £10,000 offered by Stein upon the recording contract and signed to Sire Records on a five-year contract.", "Teenage Kicks (1978–1979) On 2 October 1978, Bradley and Sharkey agreed to an increased advance fee of £10,000 offered by Stein upon the recording contract and signed to Sire Records on a five-year contract. Sire Records subsequently obtained all rights to the material released upon the Teenage Kicks EP and the song was re-released as a standard vinyl single upon Sire's own label two weeks later. On 26 October, the Undertones performed \"Teenage Kicks\" live on Top of the Pops.", "On 26 October, the Undertones performed \"Teenage Kicks\" live on Top of the Pops. With help from Peel (who had also recorded and broadcast a Peel Session with the Undertones on the 16th), Teenage Kicks peaked at number 31 in the UK Singles Chart the following month. In November 1978, the Undertones embarked on their first tour of the UK.", "In November 1978, the Undertones embarked on their first tour of the UK. This tour lasted until 16 December and saw the band appear as the supporting act for The Rezillos and John Otway in England and Wales in addition to headlining in three concerts in Belfast and Derry.", "This tour lasted until 16 December and saw the band appear as the supporting act for The Rezillos and John Otway in England and Wales in addition to headlining in three concerts in Belfast and Derry. In January 1979, the Undertones recorded their eponymous debut album at Eden Studios in Acton, West London, using producer Roger Bechirian, whom the band had worked with for the first time the previous December, when Bechirian had produced the band's second single, \"Get Over You\".", "In January 1979, the Undertones recorded their eponymous debut album at Eden Studios in Acton, West London, using producer Roger Bechirian, whom the band had worked with for the first time the previous December, when Bechirian had produced the band's second single, \"Get Over You\". Much of the material upon their first album had been performed regularly at the Casbah, and the band were able to record this album in the space of less than four weeks.", "Much of the material upon their first album had been performed regularly at the Casbah, and the band were able to record this album in the space of less than four weeks. Following the release of \"Get Over You\" in February 1979, the Undertones' eponymous debut album was released in May. The primary lyrical concern of the songs focused upon youthful relationships and adolescence.", "The primary lyrical concern of the songs focused upon youthful relationships and adolescence. Three further punk singles \"Jimmy Jimmy\", \"Here Comes the Summer\" and \"You've Got My Number (Why Don't You Use It?)\" were released between April and October 1979, each to critical acclaim. In September 1979, the Undertones toured the United States for the first time, supporting The Clash with eight concerts in six different States.", "In September 1979, the Undertones toured the United States for the first time, supporting The Clash with eight concerts in six different States. Hypnotised (1980) Following the 'You Got My Number tour' of October 1979, the Undertones began recording the songs for their second album, Hypnotised, at Wisseloord Studios in the Netherlands. The recording of the songs began in December. Ten songs were recorded before the band returned to Derry prior to Christmas to write and record further songs for the album.", "Ten songs were recorded before the band returned to Derry prior to Christmas to write and record further songs for the album. Three further songs were written during this break: \"Tearproof\", \"More Songs About Chocolate and Girls\" and \"Wednesday Week\".", "Three further songs were written during this break: \"Tearproof\", \"More Songs About Chocolate and Girls\" and \"Wednesday Week\". In January 1980, the production of Hypnotised was finished at Eden Studios in London, with the Undertones recording the three further songs written the previous December, plus two further songs—\"Hypnotised\" and a cover of \"Under The Boardwalk\"—which had been written that month.", "In January 1980, the production of Hypnotised was finished at Eden Studios in London, with the Undertones recording the three further songs written the previous December, plus two further songs—\"Hypnotised\" and a cover of \"Under The Boardwalk\"—which had been written that month. Following the completion of their second LP, the band embarked upon a two-week tour of Ireland before touring continental Europe for the first time in March. On 28 March 1980, the Undertones released their sixth single, \"My Perfect Cousin\".", "On 28 March 1980, the Undertones released their sixth single, \"My Perfect Cousin\". The song, which had been written the previous summer by Damian O'Neill and Michael Bradley, reached number 9 in the UK charts and would subsequently prove to be the band's highest charting single in the United Kingdom. The following month, on 21 April 1980, the band's second LP, Hypnotised was released. This album reached number 6 in the UK Albums Chart, remaining in the Top 10 for one month.", "This album reached number 6 in the UK Albums Chart, remaining in the Top 10 for one month. The same week the album was released, the Undertones embarked on their 'Humming tour', which saw the band play a total of 25 gigs across the UK between April and June. Less than two weeks after the completion of the 'Humming tour', the Undertones toured the United States for the second time; this time as the headlining band.", "Less than two weeks after the completion of the 'Humming tour', the Undertones toured the United States for the second time; this time as the headlining band. \"Wednesday Week\"—the second single to be released from Hypnotised—was released in July 1980. This single reached number 11 in the UK chart and remained in the Top 40 for a total of seven weeks.", "This single reached number 11 in the UK chart and remained in the Top 40 for a total of seven weeks. Between September and December 1980, the Undertones performed two further tours: the 'Disaster Tour (European Style)', which saw the band perform in continental Europe and—in December—the 'See No More' tour of the UK. In terms of chart sales, the year 1980 was the Undertones' most successful year.", "In terms of chart sales, the year 1980 was the Undertones' most successful year. In a review by Sounds magazine the same year, the Undertones were described as: \"Possibly the best pop group in the English speaking world.\" EMI Positive Touch (1981–1982) In December 1980, the Undertones announced their intention to split from Sire Records as they were unhappy with the lack of promotion they were receiving outside of the UK, particularly in the US.", "EMI Positive Touch (1981–1982) In December 1980, the Undertones announced their intention to split from Sire Records as they were unhappy with the lack of promotion they were receiving outside of the UK, particularly in the US. Following negotiations, their manager, Andy Ferguson, succeeded in the band retaining ownership rights to the material released on Sire Records; Ferguson subsequently signed the group to EMI in March 1981.", "Following negotiations, their manager, Andy Ferguson, succeeded in the band retaining ownership rights to the material released on Sire Records; Ferguson subsequently signed the group to EMI in March 1981. On 4 January 1981, the band began recording their third album, Positive Touch, again at Wisseloord Studios, and again with Roger Bechirian as producer. The band recorded a total of eight songs in five days before returning to Derry. Later the same month, the band returned to Wisseloord Studios to complete the recording of the LP.", "Later the same month, the band returned to Wisseloord Studios to complete the recording of the LP. The songs on this album indicated a change in both musical and lyrical influences: although the songs remained largely guitar-oriented, the band had written songs which focused upon the Troubles in Northern Ireland such as \"Crisis of Mine\", \"You're Welcome\" and the single \"It's Going To Happen! \", which preceded the release of the LP and was inspired by the 1980–81 Hunger Strikes.", "\", which preceded the release of the LP and was inspired by the 1980–81 Hunger Strikes. In addition, several songs upon the LP included instruments such as pianos, saxophones, recorders and brass instruments, with two further songs (\"Julie Ocean\" and \"It's Going To Happen!\") drawing musical inspiration from contemporary artists Orange Juice and Dexy's Midnight Runners respectively.", "drawing musical inspiration from contemporary artists Orange Juice and Dexy's Midnight Runners respectively. The band themselves were content with the change of influences for Positive Touch, which bassist Michael Bradley later described as a \"natural progression\" for the band, adding that, at the time, consensus between the band members was that the songs upon the LP were their best yet.", "The band themselves were content with the change of influences for Positive Touch, which bassist Michael Bradley later described as a \"natural progression\" for the band, adding that, at the time, consensus between the band members was that the songs upon the LP were their best yet. One month prior to the release of this third album, in April 1981, the Undertones embarked on their 'Positive Touch tour'; this tour saw the band perform a total of 36 gigs across the UK mainland in the space of less than two months.", "One month prior to the release of this third album, in April 1981, the Undertones embarked on their 'Positive Touch tour'; this tour saw the band perform a total of 36 gigs across the UK mainland in the space of less than two months. Positive Touch was released in May 1981. This third album peaked at number 17 in the UK charts—remaining in the Top 40 for a total of four weeks.", "This third album peaked at number 17 in the UK charts—remaining in the Top 40 for a total of four weeks. The album also received favourable reviews from several music critics and was listed by NME as one of the best albums to be released in 1981, although neither the album nor either of the singles released were as successful as any of the material released the previous year. Following the conclusion of their 'Positive Touch tour' in June 1981, the Undertones released their second single of 1981, \"Julie Ocean\".", "Following the conclusion of their 'Positive Touch tour' in June 1981, the Undertones released their second single of 1981, \"Julie Ocean\". The single – an extended recording of the 90-second album version – was produced by Hugh Jones and Dave Balfe. On 29 September 1981, the Undertones embarked on their biggest tour of Continental Europe, which lasted until 20 October 1981 and saw the band perform a total of 19 concerts in six countries.", "On 29 September 1981, the Undertones embarked on their biggest tour of Continental Europe, which lasted until 20 October 1981 and saw the band perform a total of 19 concerts in six countries. 1982 saw a lull in activity from the Undertones, who only performed live on a total of five occasions throughout the entire year. Two of these gigs were held in England, with three further live appearances held in the United States in August.", "Two of these gigs were held in England, with three further live appearances held in the United States in August. Much of the time the band spent together was devoted towards writing and recording songs for their next LP in their 8-track demo studio. Damian O'Neill, the Undertones' lead guitarist, later admitted: \"We (had) definitely lost a bit of the spark. I don't know but I tend to think some of us got too complacent sitting in our homes in Derry.\"", "I don't know but I tend to think some of us got too complacent sitting in our homes in Derry.\" The Undertones released two studio singles, \"Beautiful Friend\" and \"The Love Parade\", in February and October; both of these singles failed to make an impact upon the UK charts. The Sin of Pride (1983) In March 1983, the Undertones released their fourth album, The Sin of Pride.", "The Sin of Pride (1983) In March 1983, the Undertones released their fourth album, The Sin of Pride. This album, which drew inspiration from both soul and Motown, was produced by Mike Hedges, who had replaced Roger Bechirian as the Undertones' producer following the 1981 release of Positive Touch. Feargal Sharkey is known to have stated he had worked harder upon this album than at any point in his singing career to date, and that he considers this album the finest the Undertones ever produced.", "Feargal Sharkey is known to have stated he had worked harder upon this album than at any point in his singing career to date, and that he considers this album the finest the Undertones ever produced. The Sin of Pride was met with critical acclaim upon release, and the Undertones performed several gigs in both Scotland and England to promote the release of this album; it reached number 43 in the UK chart.", "The Sin of Pride was met with critical acclaim upon release, and the Undertones performed several gigs in both Scotland and England to promote the release of this album; it reached number 43 in the UK chart. The Undertones released two further studio singles in 1983; their first single, \"Got To Have You Back\"—which was inspired by both ABC and Smokey Robinson—was released in February and their second single, \"Chain of Love\", was released in May.", "The Undertones released two further studio singles in 1983; their first single, \"Got To Have You Back\"—which was inspired by both ABC and Smokey Robinson—was released in February and their second single, \"Chain of Love\", was released in May. Both failed to make any major impact on the UK chart. Disbandment In April 1983, the Undertones embarked on their 'UK Sin of Pride tour' to promote their latest album.", "Disbandment In April 1983, the Undertones embarked on their 'UK Sin of Pride tour' to promote their latest album. By this stage in their career, the band were acutely aware of the pressure they were under from EMI, who were unhappy with the lack of chart success of much of the material the band had released since the release of their Positive Touch LP. In addition, internal tensions between various members of the band, in particular between Feargal Sharkey and John O'Neill, had deteriorated significantly.", "In addition, internal tensions between various members of the band, in particular between Feargal Sharkey and John O'Neill, had deteriorated significantly. These factors led to Sharkey announcing his intentions to leave the Undertones during the 'European Tour 1983', which the group performed in May of that year. To fulfill agreed commitments, the Undertones remained together for a further two months, performing several gigs across continental Europe before disbanding in mid-1983, with their final concert being played at Punchestown Racecourse in County Kildare in Ireland on 17 July.", "To fulfill agreed commitments, the Undertones remained together for a further two months, performing several gigs across continental Europe before disbanding in mid-1983, with their final concert being played at Punchestown Racecourse in County Kildare in Ireland on 17 July. Subsequent careers Following the disbandment of the Undertones in 1983, Feargal Sharkey was invited by Vince Clarke and Eric Radcliffe of the synthpop duet The Assembly to provide lead vocals on the single \"Never Never,\" which was released by The Assembly in November 1983 and peaked at number 4 in the UK charts.", "Subsequent careers Following the disbandment of the Undertones in 1983, Feargal Sharkey was invited by Vince Clarke and Eric Radcliffe of the synthpop duet The Assembly to provide lead vocals on the single \"Never Never,\" which was released by The Assembly in November 1983 and peaked at number 4 in the UK charts. Sharkey was never officially a member of The Assembly and his vocal contribution to \"Never Never\" proved to be Sharkey's only recording with the band, who would only issue this one single before folding.", "Sharkey was never officially a member of The Assembly and his vocal contribution to \"Never Never\" proved to be Sharkey's only recording with the band, who would only issue this one single before folding. Sharkey subsequently embarked upon a brief, but commercially successful solo career in the mid 1980s to early 1990s. Two of the other band members, John O'Neill and Damian O'Neill, formed That Petrol Emotion in 1984. That Petrol Emotion released a total of fifteen singles and six albums between 1985 and 1994.", "That Petrol Emotion released a total of fifteen singles and six albums between 1985 and 1994. In the 1990s John O'Neill formed a trip hop group called Rare under the stage name Seán Ó'Néill with vocalist Mary Gallagher. They only had one notable chart appearance and disbanded shortly after the release of their only album in 1998. Reunion The Undertones reformed in November 1999, initially to play concerts in Derry. For their reformation, the Undertones replaced Sharkey (who declined to rejoin) with singer Paul McLoone.", "For their reformation, the Undertones replaced Sharkey (who declined to rejoin) with singer Paul McLoone. Since 1999, the Undertones have performed several tours across the UK, Ireland, Continental Europe, Japan, Turkey and North America and continue to perform live.", "Since 1999, the Undertones have performed several tours across the UK, Ireland, Continental Europe, Japan, Turkey and North America and continue to perform live. Noteworthy gigs by the Undertones since their 1999 reformation include performing at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2005, providing pre-match entertainment prior to kick-off at Celtic Park in the UEFA Champions League play-off between Celtic and Arsenal in August 2009 and, in March and April 2011, performing a series of UK gigs in which they played their debut album, The Undertones, in its entirety as part of each show.", "Noteworthy gigs by the Undertones since their 1999 reformation include performing at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2005, providing pre-match entertainment prior to kick-off at Celtic Park in the UEFA Champions League play-off between Celtic and Arsenal in August 2009 and, in March and April 2011, performing a series of UK gigs in which they played their debut album, The Undertones, in its entirety as part of each show. This tour was timed to accompany a re-release of a double compilation album containing all of the A- and B-sides of their singles.", "This tour was timed to accompany a re-release of a double compilation album containing all of the A- and B-sides of their singles. Since their reformation, the Undertones have released two albums of original material with Paul McLoone providing vocals: Get What You Need on 30 September 2003; and Dig Yourself Deep, on 15 October 2007. In April 2013, the Undertones released their first new material for over five years with the double A-side single \"Much Too Late / When It Hurts I Count To Ten.\"", "In April 2013, the Undertones released their first new material for over five years with the double A-side single \"Much Too Late / When It Hurts I Count To Ten.\" This single—limited to 1,000 numbered copies—was released as part of the Record Store Day promotion in the UK and was recorded at Toe Rag Studios in London.", "This single—limited to 1,000 numbered copies—was released as part of the Record Store Day promotion in the UK and was recorded at Toe Rag Studios in London. Media recognition In a 2000 poll by Q to discover the 100 greatest British albums of all time as voted by the British public, the Undertones' eponymous debut LP was voted the 90th greatest British album.", "Media recognition In a 2000 poll by Q to discover the 100 greatest British albums of all time as voted by the British public, the Undertones' eponymous debut LP was voted the 90th greatest British album. The Undertones have also been the subject of two documentaries: The first documentary to be produced: The Story of the Undertones: Teenage Kicks, was recorded in 2001 and released in 2004.", "The Undertones have also been the subject of two documentaries: The first documentary to be produced: The Story of the Undertones: Teenage Kicks, was recorded in 2001 and released in 2004. Directed by Tom Collins, this 65-minute documentary was produced with the cooperation of John Peel, who interviews all current and former members of the band (with the exception of Vincent O'Neill) in addition to Seymour Stein and Eamonn McCann.", "Directed by Tom Collins, this 65-minute documentary was produced with the cooperation of John Peel, who interviews all current and former members of the band (with the exception of Vincent O'Neill) in addition to Seymour Stein and Eamonn McCann. In this documentary, the band discuss their formation, career, subsequent careers, personal lives and 1999 reunion. The second documentary relating to The Undertones: Here Comes the Summer: The Undertones Story, was commissioned by the BBC and broadcast on BBC Four in September 2012.", "The second documentary relating to The Undertones: Here Comes the Summer: The Undertones Story, was commissioned by the BBC and broadcast on BBC Four in September 2012. This documentary also features with interviews with current and former members of the Undertones (excluding Feargal Sharkey) in addition to numerous fans, friends, journalists, and additional personnel involved in the band's recordings and career. The band were also portrayed in the 2013 film Good Vibrations about Terri Hooley and the Good Vibrations record label, featuring Jodie Whittaker and Richard Dormer.", "The band were also portrayed in the 2013 film Good Vibrations about Terri Hooley and the Good Vibrations record label, featuring Jodie Whittaker and Richard Dormer. Members Current members John O'Neill – rhythm guitar and backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Michael Bradley – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Billy Doherty – drums (1975–1983, 1999–present) Damian O'Neill – lead guitar, keyboards and backing vocals (1976–1983, 1999–present) Paul McLoone – lead vocals (1999–present) Former members Vincent O'Neill – guitar (1975–1976) Feargal Sharkey – lead vocals (1975–1983) Discography The Undertones (1979) Hypnotised (1980) Positive Touch (1981) The Sin of Pride (1983) Get What You Need (2003) Dig Yourself Deep (2007) Notes References Further reading Bradley, Michael (2016).", "Members Current members John O'Neill – rhythm guitar and backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Michael Bradley – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1975–1983, 1999–present) Billy Doherty – drums (1975–1983, 1999–present) Damian O'Neill – lead guitar, keyboards and backing vocals (1976–1983, 1999–present) Paul McLoone – lead vocals (1999–present) Former members Vincent O'Neill – guitar (1975–1976) Feargal Sharkey – lead vocals (1975–1983) Discography The Undertones (1979) Hypnotised (1980) Positive Touch (1981) The Sin of Pride (1983) Get What You Need (2003) Dig Yourself Deep (2007) Notes References Further reading Bradley, Michael (2016). Teenage Kicks: My Life as an Undertone.", "Teenage Kicks: My Life as an Undertone. Teenage Kicks: My Life as an Undertone. Omnibus Press. External links Official Site History of the band from an unofficial fan site Sold On Song Top 100: Teenage Kicks (No. 51) Teenage Kicks from Salon.com History of Punk in Derry, Northern Ireland.", "51) Teenage Kicks from Salon.com History of Punk in Derry, Northern Ireland. Profile of The Undertones A Panorama of The Undertones Playing in Brooke Park, Derry, August 2007 Official press release for the Undertones' 'True Confessions' greatest hits album 1974 establishments in Northern Ireland Harvest Records artists Musical groups established in 1974 Musical groups from Derry (city) New wave musical groups from Northern Ireland Pop punk groups from Northern Ireland Punk rock groups from Northern Ireland Rykodisc artists Sire Records artists" ]

[ "Skinny Puppy", "Live performances", "when did skinny puppy's live performances begin?", "(1987-1988),", "who were part of this band?", "Key cutting steel with an angle grinder," ]

[ "Best of the Soul Years is a 2015 compilation album by Australian singer-songwriter, Jimmy Barnes. The album is compiled from his three platinum-selling albums of soul and R&B classics; Soul Deep (1991), Soul Deeper... Songs from the Deep South (2000) and The Rhythm and the Blues (2009). The album also includes two new recordings, \"In the Midnight Hour\" and \"Mustang Sally\".\nThe album was released in Australia on 14 August 2015 and peaked at number 3.\n\nTrack listing\nCD (Disc 1)/Digital download\n \"River Deep – Mountain High\"\n \"I Gotcha\"\n \"In the Midnight Hour\"\n \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\"\n \"Land of 1000 Dances\"\n \"Mustang Sally\"\n \"Chain of Fools\"\n \"Red Hot\"\n \"Hallelujah I Love Her So\"\n \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\"\n \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n \"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted\"\n \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours\"\n \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\"\n \"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby\" (with John Farnham)\n \"Reflections\"\n\nDVD (Disc 2)\n \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\" (live performance at The Palais)\n \"River Deep – Mountain High\" (live performance at The Palais)\n \"In the Midnight Hour\" (live performance at The Palais)\n \"Land of 1000 Dances\" (music video)\n \"Mustang Sally\" (music video)\n \"Chain of Fools\" (music video)\n \"Red Hot\" (music video)\n \"Hallelujah I Love Her So\" (music video)\n \"Shake Rattle and Roll\" (music video)\n \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\" (live performance at The Basement)\n \"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted\" (live performance at The Basement)\n \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours\" (live performance at The Palais)\n \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" (music video)\n \"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby\" (music video)\n \"In the Midnight Hour\" (music video)\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nMushroom Records compilation albums\n2015 greatest hits albums\nJimmy Barnes albums\nCompilation albums by Australian artists", "\"What a Beautiful Name\" is a song by Australian praise and worship group Hillsong Worship. The song, written and led by Brooke Ligertwood and co-written with Ben Fielding, refers to the promise of salvation through Jesus Christ as represented by His Holy Name. The \"genre-smashing single\" contributed to Hillsong being named Billboards Top Christian Artist of 2017. \"What a Beautiful Name\" won two Dove Awards for Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year in 2017. It won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. \"What a Beautiful Name\" was released on 6 January 2017, as the lead single from their 25th live album, Let There Be Light (2016).\n\nBackground\n\"What a Beautiful Name\" was composed in December 2015 in Sydney, Australia, for the upcoming Hillsong Conference, the annual church gathering. The scriptural foundation of the song can be found in , and .\n\nComposition\nAccording to sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Hillsong Publishing, \"What a Beautiful Name\" is a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of D major. Brooke Ligertwood's vocal range spans from A3 to B4 during the song.\n\nMusic video\nA video for the song was recorded at the Hillsong Conference in Sydney and was released on 30 September 2016. The YouTube video has more than 400 million views as of 16 April 2021.\n\nCriticism and Reception\nMusic critic Matt Collar praised Hillsong Worship for their \"passionate, faith-based sound\" and wrote that fans of the group \"will surely appreciate this emotive, uplifting Christian pop.\"\n\nHowever, theologian and pastor John Piper had criticised this song for heresy, saying\n\nAnother pastor, Sam Storms criticised the song along similar lines, but stopped short of labelling it \"heretical\".\n\nHillsong responded to the criticisms of the song with a blog by singer Ben Fielding to defend the scriptural inspiration behind it.\n\nJake Gosselin attributes the popularity of the song in the Christian community to a number of factors. He writes that \"What a Beautiful Name\" is \"singable.\" In practice this refers to the \"small vocal range\" of the song which is \"one note over an octave.\" This translates to a song that is easy to sing and which does not strain the voice with notes that are too high or too low. He also comments that the song is written in the key of D which is \"the optimal key for both men and women.\"\n\nChart performance\n\"What a Beautiful Name\" had its worldwide digital release on 6 January 2017, and topped Billboard's Hot Christian Songs chart on 25 February. The single has held the top position for 37 weeks making it the third-longest-leading No. 1 in the 14-year history of the Hot Christian chart. The song which claims the distinction as the longest-leading No. 1 is \"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\" and was released by another Hillsong unit, Hillsong United. \"Oceans\" led the Hot Christian chart for 61 weeks. The song has stayed on the chart for 77 weeks, making it the third longest running song on the chart.\n\n\"What a Beautiful Name\" is ranked as the No. 1 song of the year for 2017 on the Christian Digital Sales chart, No. 3 on Christian Streaming Songs, and is also the No. 3 song on Christian Airplay. The song spent nine weeks as No. 1 on Christian Airplay and was Hillsong Worship's first No. 1 on the chart. What a Beautiful Name also leads the CCLI, the international licensing service for 250,000 churches.\n\n\"What a Beautiful Name\" is a track from Hillsong Worship's 25th live album, Let There Be Light. The album was released on 14 October 2016, and debuted as No. 1 on the Top Christian Albums chart. For 2017, Let There be Light was ranked the No. 9 of the year.\n\nAwards and accolades\nHillsong Worship was named Billboard's Top Christian Artist of 2017, as well as Top Christian Duo/Group. \"What a Beautiful Name\" earned two Dove awards, Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year. \"What a Beautiful Name\" won the award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song at the 60th Grammy Awards, the first for Hillsong Worship.\n\nLive performances\nThe song was recorded at a live performance at the annual Hillsong Conference in 2016. Hillsong performed the song at the 48th Annual Dove Awards held at Allen Arena in Nashville. The performance was well received and \"had audience members on their feet with their hands in the air.\"\n\nWhen asked about performing the song in an interview with Billboards Jim Asker, Ligertwood said about the audience: \nFinally, she said about performing the song:\n\nOther versions\nIn July 2017, the Voices of Lee, the \"elite\" a cappella singing group, posted a video of the song to their Facebook page. The cover was an instant hit and reached the so-called viral threshold of 5 million views in two days. As of October 2017, it had amassed 33 million views. The group represents Lee University in Tennessee; the video was filmed in the school's chapel.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nDecade-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nFurther reading\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \"What a Beautiful Name\" video \n \"The Story Behind What a Beautiful Name\" video\n Lyrics and chords\n\n2017 singles\n2016 songs\nSparrow Records singles\nSongs written by Brooke Fraser\nHillsong Worship songs" ]

[ "Skinny Puppy is a Canadian industrial music group formed in Vancouver in 1982. The group is among the founders of the industrial rock and electro-industrial genres. Initially envisioned as an experimental side-project by cEvin Key (Kevin Crompton) while he was in the new wave band Images in Vogue, Skinny Puppy evolved into a full-time project with the addition of vocalist Nivek Ogre (Kevin Ogilvie). Over the course of a dozen studio albums and many live tours, Key and Ogre have been the only constant members.", "Over the course of a dozen studio albums and many live tours, Key and Ogre have been the only constant members. Other members have included Dwayne Goettel (1986–1995), Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (long-time associate, producer, and \"unofficial\" fourth member until 1996; not a relative of Kevin Ogilvie), Mark Walk (2003–present), and a number of guests, including Bill Leeb (1985–1986, under the pseudonym Wilhelm Schroeder), Al Jourgensen (1989), Danny Carey (2004), and many others.", "Other members have included Dwayne Goettel (1986–1995), Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (long-time associate, producer, and \"unofficial\" fourth member until 1996; not a relative of Kevin Ogilvie), Mark Walk (2003–present), and a number of guests, including Bill Leeb (1985–1986, under the pseudonym Wilhelm Schroeder), Al Jourgensen (1989), Danny Carey (2004), and many others. After the self-release of their first cassette in 1984, Skinny Puppy soon signed to Vancouver label Nettwerk, anchoring its early roster.", "After the self-release of their first cassette in 1984, Skinny Puppy soon signed to Vancouver label Nettwerk, anchoring its early roster. From their Nettwerk debut EP Remission in 1984 to their 1992 album Last Rights, Skinny Puppy developed into an influential band with a dedicated cult following, fusing elements of industrial, funk, noise, new wave, electro, and rock music and making innovative use of sampling.", "From their Nettwerk debut EP Remission in 1984 to their 1992 album Last Rights, Skinny Puppy developed into an influential band with a dedicated cult following, fusing elements of industrial, funk, noise, new wave, electro, and rock music and making innovative use of sampling. Over the course of several tours of North America and Europe in this period, they became known for theatrical, horror-themed live performances and videos, drawing attention to issues such as chemical warfare and animal testing.", "Over the course of several tours of North America and Europe in this period, they became known for theatrical, horror-themed live performances and videos, drawing attention to issues such as chemical warfare and animal testing. In 1993, Skinny Puppy left Nettwerk and long-time producer Rave, signing with American Recordings and relocating to Malibu, California, where drug problems and tension between band members plagued the recording of their next album, The Process (1996).", "In 1993, Skinny Puppy left Nettwerk and long-time producer Rave, signing with American Recordings and relocating to Malibu, California, where drug problems and tension between band members plagued the recording of their next album, The Process (1996). Ogre quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995, and Goettel died of a heroin overdose two months later.", "Ogre quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995, and Goettel died of a heroin overdose two months later. Key and Ogre, already active in a number of other projects, went their separate ways, reuniting for a one-off Skinny Puppy concert at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden, Germany, in 2000.", "Key and Ogre, already active in a number of other projects, went their separate ways, reuniting for a one-off Skinny Puppy concert at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden, Germany, in 2000. Reforming Skinny Puppy in 2003 with producer Mark Walk, they released their ninth album, The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004), which was followed by the release of the albums Mythmaker (2007) and HanDover (2011).", "Reforming Skinny Puppy in 2003 with producer Mark Walk, they released their ninth album, The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004), which was followed by the release of the albums Mythmaker (2007) and HanDover (2011). In 2013, they released their twelfth album, Weapon, which was inspired by allegations that their music had been used for torture in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.", "In 2013, they released their twelfth album, Weapon, which was inspired by allegations that their music had been used for torture in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. History Formation and first releases (1982–1985) Skinny Puppy formed in 1982 as a side project for Kevin Crompton in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Crompton was dissatisfied with the pop direction of the band he was in, Images in Vogue, and began Skinny Puppy with the intention of doing something more compelling and experimental.", "Crompton was dissatisfied with the pop direction of the band he was in, Images in Vogue, and began Skinny Puppy with the intention of doing something more compelling and experimental. Images in Vogue had become a popular act in Vancouver, achieving several radio hits and opening for groups such as Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, and Roxy Music.", "Images in Vogue had become a popular act in Vancouver, achieving several radio hits and opening for groups such as Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, and Roxy Music. Crompton had planned Skinny Puppy to be a side project while he continued his work in Images in Vogue; however, when Images in Vogue relocated to Toronto, Crompton made Skinny Puppy his full-time project. Crompton had already created the name for the project and recorded several songs when he asked Kevin Graham Ogilvie to join.", "Crompton had already created the name for the project and recorded several songs when he asked Kevin Graham Ogilvie to join. Ogilvie had been a roommate of Images in Vogue member Gary Blair Smith and had met Crompton at a party in late 1982. To avoid the confusion of having two people named Kevin in one band, the pair created stage names, with Crompton becoming cEvin Key and Ogilvie becoming Nivek Ogre.", "To avoid the confusion of having two people named Kevin in one band, the pair created stage names, with Crompton becoming cEvin Key and Ogilvie becoming Nivek Ogre. Using Key's apartment as a makeshift studio, the duo began recording songs and in 1983 with the help of Images in Vogue recording engineer Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (no relation to Ogre), Skinny Puppy released the EP Back & Forth.", "Using Key's apartment as a makeshift studio, the duo began recording songs and in 1983 with the help of Images in Vogue recording engineer Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (no relation to Ogre), Skinny Puppy released the EP Back & Forth. This was the beginning of a long partnership between Skinny Puppy and Rave, who would serve as their producer until 1993, and again in 1995, and was occasionally listed as a member of the band in album liner notes.", "This was the beginning of a long partnership between Skinny Puppy and Rave, who would serve as their producer until 1993, and again in 1995, and was occasionally listed as a member of the band in album liner notes. Though only 35 copies were ever printed, the self-released Back & Forth drew the attention of Vancouver startup label Nettwerk, who signed the band later that year.", "Though only 35 copies were ever printed, the self-released Back & Forth drew the attention of Vancouver startup label Nettwerk, who signed the band later that year. The first live Skinny Puppy show was held at the Unovis art gallery in Vancouver in February 1984; the British group Alien Sex Fiend were among the 300 people in attendance.", "The first live Skinny Puppy show was held at the Unovis art gallery in Vancouver in February 1984; the British group Alien Sex Fiend were among the 300 people in attendance. Ogre has said that Skinny Puppy acted as an escape for Key, who wished to distance himself from Images in Vogue: \"He was looking for something to break out of [Images in Vogue], and maybe I was it\". Key would continue to drum for Images in Vogue until the group relocated to Toronto in 1985.", "Key would continue to drum for Images in Vogue until the group relocated to Toronto in 1985. Key's concept behind Skinny Puppy came from the group's first song ever recorded, \"K-9\". The idea, according to Key, was to create music which explored \"life as seen through a dog's eyes\". Skinny Puppy also incorporated the use of \"B-grade horror movie visuals\", including fake blood and props, into their live performances.", "Skinny Puppy also incorporated the use of \"B-grade horror movie visuals\", including fake blood and props, into their live performances. Key justified these \"shock gore\" antics with the following: What we're presenting isn't much different from what [the audience] is subjected to in everyday life. For example, a commercial is a very plastic view of existence and reality.", "For example, a commercial is a very plastic view of existence and reality. When you watch a TV show and see a world with picture-perfect endings, all you have to do is switch the station and watch the news. Having scored a record deal with Nettwerk and with interest surrounding the Back & Forth EP growing, Skinny Puppy was invited to Vancouver's Mushroom Studios to work on new material. It was here that the group recruited Bill Leeb to perform bass synth and backing vocals.", "It was here that the group recruited Bill Leeb to perform bass synth and backing vocals. Like Ogre and Key before him, Leeb created a stage name, Wilhelm Schroeder; \"my real name is Wilhelm\" said Leeb, \"Schroeder we picked out from the guy playing the piano in the Charlie Brown cartoon\". Skinny Puppy released their second EP, Remission in December 1984, almost a year following Back & Forth.", "Skinny Puppy released their second EP, Remission in December 1984, almost a year following Back & Forth. Remission marked the first time Skinny Puppy would collaborate with artist Steven Gilmore, who created the album artwork. The EP was initially only released in vinyl, but was later given a cassette release in 1985. According to Nettwerk VP of A&R and Marketing George Maniatis, Remission \"grabbed everybody by the you-know-whats\" and, for Nettwerk Records, brought with it an association with industrial dance music.", "According to Nettwerk VP of A&R and Marketing George Maniatis, Remission \"grabbed everybody by the you-know-whats\" and, for Nettwerk Records, brought with it an association with industrial dance music. The EP was supported by music videos for the songs \"Far Too Frail\" and \"Smothered Hope\", the latter of which being the closest thing to a hit song any North American industrial act had achieved at the time.", "The EP was supported by music videos for the songs \"Far Too Frail\" and \"Smothered Hope\", the latter of which being the closest thing to a hit song any North American industrial act had achieved at the time. Skinny Puppy released its first full-length album, Bites, in 1985 and was produced by Key and Dave Ogilvie. Tom Ellard of the Australian electronic act Severed Heads lent a hand to the production of Bites, acting as a producer and performing various sampling and mixing duties.", "Tom Ellard of the Australian electronic act Severed Heads lent a hand to the production of Bites, acting as a producer and performing various sampling and mixing duties. Described by Billboard magazine as \"techno dance...a la Kraftwerk\", Bites yielded the underground hit \"Assimilate\". Key and Ogre opened for Chris & Cosey on their 1985 Canadian tour as Hell 'O' Death Day; some of the material the duo had performed would appear on Bites as bonus tracks.", "Key and Ogre opened for Chris & Cosey on their 1985 Canadian tour as Hell 'O' Death Day; some of the material the duo had performed would appear on Bites as bonus tracks. One of these bonus tracks, a song called \"The Centre Bullet\", featured lyrics by Legendary Pink Dots founder Edward Ka-Spel. While Skinny Puppy had become well received by underground audiences in most major urban areas, due in part to their anti-consumerist themes and Cure-like aesthetics, not everyone was friendly to the group.", "While Skinny Puppy had become well received by underground audiences in most major urban areas, due in part to their anti-consumerist themes and Cure-like aesthetics, not everyone was friendly to the group. Key described Skinny Puppy as the antithesis of \"the Bruce Springsteen mentality of music\", rejecting \"Top 40 conformity\". Toronto-based music journalist and DJ Greg Clow recalled Michael Williams, who was a VJ for Muchmusic, introducing him to Skinny Puppy, describing them as \"Canada's answer to Depeche Mode\".", "Toronto-based music journalist and DJ Greg Clow recalled Michael Williams, who was a VJ for Muchmusic, introducing him to Skinny Puppy, describing them as \"Canada's answer to Depeche Mode\". Dwayne Goettel and stylistic transition (1986–1987) In 1986, Nettwerk made a distribution deal with Capitol Records, allowing Skinny Puppy and others in Nettwerk's roster to expand their respective audiences. Capitol manager Stephen Powers stated that signing groups such as Skinny Puppy gave the company \"a real credibility\" with the alternative and college music scenes.", "Capitol manager Stephen Powers stated that signing groups such as Skinny Puppy gave the company \"a real credibility\" with the alternative and college music scenes. Skinny Puppy also signed to Play It Again Sam, allowing the group's music to expand into Europe. It was this expansion into the European market that would help to make Skinny Puppy a \"cash cow\" for Nettwerk in the early years.", "It was this expansion into the European market that would help to make Skinny Puppy a \"cash cow\" for Nettwerk in the early years. In a 2007 interview with CraveOnline, Ogre commented on Skinny Puppy's time with Capitol, saying: We're so lucky to have gotten here, and if we look back on the fact that we were on Capitol Records at a certain point, being distributed and making these albums under budget… there was one year when we were the only band on the label to profit, when MC Hammer lost a shitload of money.", "In a 2007 interview with CraveOnline, Ogre commented on Skinny Puppy's time with Capitol, saying: We're so lucky to have gotten here, and if we look back on the fact that we were on Capitol Records at a certain point, being distributed and making these albums under budget… there was one year when we were the only band on the label to profit, when MC Hammer lost a shitload of money. I can still appreciate how odd it was that we had the chance to do that because it doesn't really happen in a lot of cases.", "I can still appreciate how odd it was that we had the chance to do that because it doesn't really happen in a lot of cases. Bill Leeb left Skinny Puppy in 1986 to pursue his own musical project, Front Line Assembly. Leeb gave his reasons for leaving the group stating that his bandmates expressed different ideas from his own and that he had been interested in singing. Leeb's replacement would be quiet Alberta native Dwayne Goettel.", "Leeb's replacement would be quiet Alberta native Dwayne Goettel. A classically trained musician, Goettel had been in a duo named Water with vocalist Sandy Weir and had worked with the synthpop band Psyche, among others. Skinny Puppy's production values improved with the addition of Goettel, with Key remarking that \"Dwayne brought us a whole new sense and aesthetic that we didn't have. Up to that point, we were really punk rock in our approach\".", "Up to that point, we were really punk rock in our approach\". Key continued on that \"he [Goettel] had an incredible knowledge of equipment and at a very early stage was really the master of sampling, which had really just begun\". Goettel's contributions to Skinny Puppy's second full-length effort, 1986's Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse, helped to propel the band towards the style of their \"chaotic future masterworks\".", "Goettel's contributions to Skinny Puppy's second full-length effort, 1986's Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse, helped to propel the band towards the style of their \"chaotic future masterworks\". To promote the album, the band made an appearance on CBC Radio's Brave New Waves program in September 1986, and released their first single, \"Dig It\". A music video for \"Dig It\" was produced and received extensive airplay on MTV.", "A music video for \"Dig It\" was produced and received extensive airplay on MTV. Further promotion for the album came from a world tour with the band Severed Heads. The tour proved to be a vital learning experience for the group, having encounters with, according to Key, \"tour managers and agents that didn't pay us\". In 1987, the song \"Stairs and Flowers\" was released as a single, as was a new song titled \"Chainsaw\".", "In 1987, the song \"Stairs and Flowers\" was released as a single, as was a new song titled \"Chainsaw\". The group attracted the attention of the Parent Music Resource Center (PMRC), which named Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse one of several albums believed to be \"violent, sexually explicit, or condoning substance abuse\". The album was named by Melody Maker magazine as one of the best releases of the year.", "The album was named by Melody Maker magazine as one of the best releases of the year. Later in 1987 came Skinny Puppy's third full-length album, Cleanse Fold and Manipulate. Described as \"a turning point, where experimentation is just beginning to gel with innovation\", the album marks the point where the group began to explore more political themes, delving into topics such as the AIDS epidemic and the Vietnam War. A song from the album, \"Addiction\" was released as a single.", "A song from the album, \"Addiction\" was released as a single. The group later went on tour, with a performance at Toronto's Concert Hall being released on VHS in 1989 and CD in 1991 as Ain't It Dead Yet?. Also released in 1987 was Bites and Remission (through Capitol Records) and Remission & Bites (European release, through Pay It Again Sam), both compilations of Skinny Puppy's first two Nettwerk releases.", "Also released in 1987 was Bites and Remission (through Capitol Records) and Remission & Bites (European release, through Pay It Again Sam), both compilations of Skinny Puppy's first two Nettwerk releases. Subsequent success (1988–1989) Skinny Puppy's live performances had become increasingly more elaborate, with Ogre interacting with an onstage crucifix and other \"crudely constructed\" stage props.", "Subsequent success (1988–1989) Skinny Puppy's live performances had become increasingly more elaborate, with Ogre interacting with an onstage crucifix and other \"crudely constructed\" stage props. Craig MacInnis of the Toronto Star described their new stage show as \"neo-dadaist shock theatre\", while Tom Lanham of the San Francisco Chronicle referred to it as \"grotesque\". The band continued to tour in 1988 with the European Head Trauma tour, supported by Edward Ka-Spel.", "The band continued to tour in 1988 with the European Head Trauma tour, supported by Edward Ka-Spel. Following the tour, the group returned to the studio to record what Ogre described would be the band's most critical statement regarding animal testing. Skinny Puppy released their fourth album, VIVIsectVI, in 1988; the album's name is a pun intended to associate vivisection with Satanism (i.e. the \"666 sect\").", "the \"666 sect\"). the \"666 sect\"). The group's primary aim with the album was to bring attention to the topic of vivisection and other issues regarding animal rights. The album's subject matter also deals with subjects such as chemical warfare, environmental waste, and disease.", "The album's subject matter also deals with subjects such as chemical warfare, environmental waste, and disease. Lead track \"Dogshit\" was released as a single in 1988 under the name \"Censor\"; the name change was made by the band when it was decided that the single would not sell well with its original name. The single \"Testure\", which denounced the testing of animals for research purposes, reached No. 19 on Billboards Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989.", "19 on Billboards Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989. According to Ogre, \"Testure\" was intended to be accessible in the hope of spreading their \"anti-vivisectionist\" message. \"It's the only song I think they will be able to play on the radio\", he said. \"I hope they do play it because it's the only way we can go beyond our ranks and our loyal fans who already understand the message\".", "\"I hope they do play it because it's the only way we can go beyond our ranks and our loyal fans who already understand the message\". \"Testure\" also featured several well-chosen samples from the film The Plague Dogs, an animated adventure about two dogs who escape from a research laboratory. Melody Maker named VIVIsectVI one of the best albums of 1988. Skinny Puppy toured in support of the album, featuring an early incarnation of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails as their opening act.", "Skinny Puppy toured in support of the album, featuring an early incarnation of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails as their opening act. The concept for the live show revolved around a vivisectionist (played by Ogre) who is eventually transformed into a tortured animal; the idea was to portray the \"inner workings of the mind under the strain of vivisection\". The stage show included the mock vivisection of a stuffed dog the band had named Chud.", "The stage show included the mock vivisection of a stuffed dog the band had named Chud. Following a show in Cincinnati, Ohio, Key, Ogre, and tour manager Dan McGee were arrested for \"disorderly conduct\" when an audience member, believing the stuffed animal Ogre was \"vivisecting\" to be a real dog, called the police. Two plainclothes officers entered the group's dressing room demanding they inspect the prop.", "Two plainclothes officers entered the group's dressing room demanding they inspect the prop. Following a heated argument, the trio spent the night in jail, but were released the following day after paying a $200 fine. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the band members began working on various side projects. Key and Goettel were involved with The Tear Garden (a collaboration with The Legendary Pink Dots) and Doubting Thomas (an outlet for their non-Skinny Puppy instrumentals).", "Key and Goettel were involved with The Tear Garden (a collaboration with The Legendary Pink Dots) and Doubting Thomas (an outlet for their non-Skinny Puppy instrumentals). The band Hilt, a collaboration between Key and Goettel, and Al Nelson, also started when Nettwerk challenged the group to produce an album for as little money as possible.", "The band Hilt, a collaboration between Key and Goettel, and Al Nelson, also started when Nettwerk challenged the group to produce an album for as little money as possible. Ogre struck up a friendship with Ministry's Al Jourgensen, having first worked together during the recording of the PTP song \"Show Me Your Spine\" (featured in the 1987 film RoboCop). For Skinny Puppy's fifth album, Rabies, released in 1989, Jourgensen joined Rave as producer.", "For Skinny Puppy's fifth album, Rabies, released in 1989, Jourgensen joined Rave as producer. The album, featuring Jourgensen's electric guitar work and backing vocals, drew mixed reception from fans. Despite these reactions, the album was a commercial success, selling 150,000 copies and receiving extensive airplay on college radio.", "Despite these reactions, the album was a commercial success, selling 150,000 copies and receiving extensive airplay on college radio. The single \"Worlock\" – which featured samples of Charles Manson singing parts of the song \"Helter Skelter\" from The Beatles' White Album, accompanied by a fragmented portion of the songs guitar introduction – helped to bring the band \"massive popularity\".", "The single \"Worlock\" – which featured samples of Charles Manson singing parts of the song \"Helter Skelter\" from The Beatles' White Album, accompanied by a fragmented portion of the songs guitar introduction – helped to bring the band \"massive popularity\". A video produced for the song, featuring spliced-together footage from dozens of horror films and a statement denouncing censorship of the genre by the MPAA, was circulated widely as a promotional and bootleg item.", "A video produced for the song, featuring spliced-together footage from dozens of horror films and a statement denouncing censorship of the genre by the MPAA, was circulated widely as a promotional and bootleg item. The song \"Tin Omen\" was also released as a single and \"Hexonxonx\" received some airplay on alternative radio. In spite of the album's initial mixed reception, Brad Filicky in a 2003 issue of CMJ magazine named Rabies as a classic album, calling it \"a masterpiece of the industrial genre\".", "In spite of the album's initial mixed reception, Brad Filicky in a 2003 issue of CMJ magazine named Rabies as a classic album, calling it \"a masterpiece of the industrial genre\". This period marked the beginning of divisions within the band, as rather than tour in support of Rabies, Ogre joined Ministry while they toured in support of their album The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989); Ogre contributed guitars, keyboards, and vocals during the tour.", "This period marked the beginning of divisions within the band, as rather than tour in support of Rabies, Ogre joined Ministry while they toured in support of their album The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989); Ogre contributed guitars, keyboards, and vocals during the tour. Ogre had also begun working with the Ministry side project Revolting Cocks.", "Ogre had also begun working with the Ministry side project Revolting Cocks. Key was later quoted saying of Ogre's involvement with Ministry and, later on, Martin Atkins' Pigface that he sometimes felt \"like a wife that's been cheated on\". Too Dark Park (1990–1991) Following the production of Rabies, a divide grew between the group members, with Key and Goettel often siding against Ogre, feeling he was more interested in solo work.", "Too Dark Park (1990–1991) Following the production of Rabies, a divide grew between the group members, with Key and Goettel often siding against Ogre, feeling he was more interested in solo work. The group were ultimately disappointed with the outcome of Rabies, with Goettel saying that the completed product was \"less within the Skinny Puppy vision\", and Key being displeased with Jourgensen's involvement. Ogre also expressed his disapproval for the album, claiming that he had \"flopped\".", "Ogre also expressed his disapproval for the album, claiming that he had \"flopped\". \"The work and artistic environment really weren't there at all either. It was completely negative\". Key and Goettel completed work on some of their side projects such a Hilt, releasing their first effort, Call the Ambulance (Before I Hurt Myself), which was produced by Rave. Key also reunited with Bill Leeb to form the project known as Cyberaktif; Goettel acted as an assistant producer and provided some instrumentation.", "Key also reunited with Bill Leeb to form the project known as Cyberaktif; Goettel acted as an assistant producer and provided some instrumentation. Jourgensen offered Ogre the chance to tour with the Revolting Cocks, having provided vocals on their previous tour. Ogre refused the offer, citing some occurrences during his time with Ministry which led him to question his friendship with Jourgensen. The group, having finished work on their various side projects, returned to the studio and released their sixth studio album, Too Dark Park, in 1990.", "The group, having finished work on their various side projects, returned to the studio and released their sixth studio album, Too Dark Park, in 1990. Goettel said in a radio interview that the major intentions behind the album were to reevaluate what Skinny Puppy was and create a new style of music to mark the beginning of a new decade. This reevaluation included hiring Jim Cummins (I, Braineater) to design the cover artwork, feeling that their longtime designer Steven Gilmore had lost his creative spark.", "This reevaluation included hiring Jim Cummins (I, Braineater) to design the cover artwork, feeling that their longtime designer Steven Gilmore had lost his creative spark. Described as \"forceful and consistently abrasive\", Too Dark Park was what Key referred to as the true successor to \"the last pure\" Skinny Puppy album, VIVIsectVI. Critics such as Staci Bonner of Spin magazine applauded the use of sampling and stated that the album was a \"return to the bloodbath\" for the group.", "Critics such as Staci Bonner of Spin magazine applauded the use of sampling and stated that the album was a \"return to the bloodbath\" for the group. The album yielded the singles \"Tormentor\" and \"Spasmolytic\", the latter of which spawned a music video directed by Jim Van Bebber. Billboard called \"Spasmolytic\" a \"delicious mind-altering affair\", a sentiment shared by Wil Lewellyn of Treblezine who included the song in a list of the best underground songs of the 1990s.", "Billboard called \"Spasmolytic\" a \"delicious mind-altering affair\", a sentiment shared by Wil Lewellyn of Treblezine who included the song in a list of the best underground songs of the 1990s. Environmental degradation was a major theme on both the album and the North American Too Dark Park tour. For the tour, Key took on the role of drummer, leaving Goettel as lead keyboardist.", "For the tour, Key took on the role of drummer, leaving Goettel as lead keyboardist. Key told Alternative Press that \"we could very well have a backing tape and stand behind synths playing two notes on the keyboard, but we've decided to physically strain ourselves and learn additional parts along with what we've already written\".", "Key told Alternative Press that \"we could very well have a backing tape and stand behind synths playing two notes on the keyboard, but we've decided to physically strain ourselves and learn additional parts along with what we've already written\". Onstage theatrics included a segment with Ogre performing on stucco stilts and pneumatic crutches, Ogre being hoisted from the stage by cables, and a backing film featuring scenes of graphic violence, most notably sequences from the Japanese film series Guinea Pig.", "Onstage theatrics included a segment with Ogre performing on stucco stilts and pneumatic crutches, Ogre being hoisted from the stage by cables, and a backing film featuring scenes of graphic violence, most notably sequences from the Japanese film series Guinea Pig. Ogre later gave insight on the backing film's conception, saying: We did an experiment ... We've always been accused of celebrating violence for idiotic reasons. [So] we used some images in our show from a film called Guinea Pig.", "[So] we used some images in our show from a film called Guinea Pig. They're these incredibly realistic, but simulated, Japanese snuff films. We inserted them into this roller-coaster ride of violent images and people were quite disgusted. People were vomiting in front of the stage. People came up to me after the show, saying I was the most disgusting human being-until they found out what it was all about. The whole reason we did that was to see if there was a difference.", "The whole reason we did that was to see if there was a difference. Will people react differently to something that's real as opposed to something they know is staged? They will. There's a whole different set of emotions people go through. It doesn't look like it looks on TV. It's quite sickening. Ogre, who considered the tour to be a high point in his career, compared the band's performances to something like intense car races. \"People go there expecting an accident to happen ...", "\"People go there expecting an accident to happen ... \"People go there expecting an accident to happen ... I was really running off that car-crash energy\". Following the tour, Ogre became involved with Martin Atkins' project Pigface in 1991, for a short time becoming the group's lead vocalist. Pigface included talent from several other industrial groups such as William Rieflin of Ministry and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, who helped record the song \"Suck\".", "Pigface included talent from several other industrial groups such as William Rieflin of Ministry and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, who helped record the song \"Suck\". Ogre and Reznor performed the song together in the live album Welcome to Mexico... Asshole. Also on the album was a cover of the song \"T.F.W.O.\" from Too Dark Park, led by Ogre.", "from Too Dark Park, led by Ogre. from Too Dark Park, led by Ogre. In 2003, Alexander Chow of Spin magazine named Too Dark Park an essential industrial album, stating that \"schizophrenic beats, manic-depressive mumblings, and just the right dose of fist-raising choruses\" made for a dance floor favorite.", "In 2003, Alexander Chow of Spin magazine named Too Dark Park an essential industrial album, stating that \"schizophrenic beats, manic-depressive mumblings, and just the right dose of fist-raising choruses\" made for a dance floor favorite. Last Rights (1992) Following Too Dark Park, Skinny Puppy was commissioned by the dance group La La La Human Steps to compose several songs for their 1991 production Infante C'est Destroy, a duty shared alongside the likes of Einstürzende Neubauten.", "Last Rights (1992) Following Too Dark Park, Skinny Puppy was commissioned by the dance group La La La Human Steps to compose several songs for their 1991 production Infante C'est Destroy, a duty shared alongside the likes of Einstürzende Neubauten. It was also during this time that Ogre made a concerted effort to rid his drug addictions. In an interview with CITR-FM, Ogre discussed his ordeals with hepatitis A and subsequent hospilization; he also thanked Pigface for looking after him during his \"hour of need\".", "In an interview with CITR-FM, Ogre discussed his ordeals with hepatitis A and subsequent hospilization; he also thanked Pigface for looking after him during his \"hour of need\". Skinny Puppy released their seventh studio album, Last Rights, in 1992. It was the last album the band released under Nettwerk/Capitol.", "It was the last album the band released under Nettwerk/Capitol. Relationships between the band members during the album's production were \"tense and unhealthy\", with Ogre, under the supervision of Rave, coming into the studio at night to perform vocals for the music Key and Goettel composed earlier in the day. Ogre said that the production of Last Rights acted as a form of therapy which he used to help him come to terms with his addictions.", "Ogre said that the production of Last Rights acted as a form of therapy which he used to help him come to terms with his addictions. \"It's painful for me to be reminded of certain things, but for me to say it never happened is wrong. I'll be glad to put it behind me, but I had to do this\".", "I'll be glad to put it behind me, but I had to do this\". Described by Entertainment Weekly as a \"nonstop stretch of horrific soundscapes\", Last Rights became the first Skinny Puppy record to chart on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 193. The album remained on Billboard's Heatseekers album chart for several weeks, peaking at No. 10.", "10. 10. The track \"Inquisition\" was released as a single and included several alternative cuts of the song, as well as the b-side \"LaHuman8\" (one of the tracks produced for La La La Human Steps). A second single, \"Love in Vein\", was never released, although an unfinished remix intended for it later appeared on Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996.", "A second single, \"Love in Vein\", was never released, although an unfinished remix intended for it later appeared on Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996. A music video was created for the song \"Killing Game\" which featured a student dance troupe performing in \"high-contrast black and white\". A track titled \"Left Handshake\" was excluded from Last Rights, leaving a blank track 10 on some copies of the album.", "A track titled \"Left Handshake\" was excluded from Last Rights, leaving a blank track 10 on some copies of the album. Clearance for a lengthy vocal sample from Timothy Leary's Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out, was approved by Leary, but denied by the copyright holder, Henry G. Saperstein. Commenting on the ordeal, Key said, \"We tried to convince him, but he [Saperstein] said, 'it doesn't matter what Leary said, he doesn't own his own work'\".", "Commenting on the ordeal, Key said, \"We tried to convince him, but he [Saperstein] said, 'it doesn't matter what Leary said, he doesn't own his own work'\". The song, in which Ogre provides commentary to Leary's instructions for avoiding a \"bad trip\", was eventually released on the initial European edition of Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996, and on a limited edition single called \"Track 10\" sold at the Skinny Puppy reunion concert in 2000 at Dresden.", "The song, in which Ogre provides commentary to Leary's instructions for avoiding a \"bad trip\", was eventually released on the initial European edition of Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996, and on a limited edition single called \"Track 10\" sold at the Skinny Puppy reunion concert in 2000 at Dresden. The stage show for the Last Rights tour in North America, much like the album itself, was built around a detailed narrative inspired by Ogre's past ordeals with drug abuse.", "The stage show for the Last Rights tour in North America, much like the album itself, was built around a detailed narrative inspired by Ogre's past ordeals with drug abuse. The show involved Ogre interacting with a backing film by way of a virtual reality machine, a tree made of human heads and fetuses, and numerous other props and costumes. For this tour, Key once more focused exclusively on live drumming, leaving Goettel on keyboard duty.", "For this tour, Key once more focused exclusively on live drumming, leaving Goettel on keyboard duty. One incident that occurred at a show in Boston involved several concert goers climbing on stage and grabbing at Ogre's various masks and props, several of which were stolen. The band's manager, Tim Gore, pursued the thieves but was punched by a security guard. Following the punch, Gore began having issues breathing and was taken to a hospital; the guard was fired as a result of the incident.", "Following the punch, Gore began having issues breathing and was taken to a hospital; the guard was fired as a result of the incident. The Process, Goettel's death and breakup (1993–1999) In 1993, Skinny Puppy contributed the song \"Ode to Groovy\" to the compilation album In Defense of Animals, released through Restless Records. The album was named after the animal rights group of the same name. Though the track is credited to Skinny Puppy, Ogre and Rave were the only people to work on it.", "Though the track is credited to Skinny Puppy, Ogre and Rave were the only people to work on it. Ogre, Key, and Goettel signed a contract with American Recordings and moved to Malibu, California to record The Process, a concept album inspired by 1960s cult The Process Church of The Final Judgment, with Roli Mosimann producing. The recording sessions were beset by everything from fires and floods, to the Northridge earthquake. Mosimann was eventually replaced with Martin Atkins.", "Mosimann was eventually replaced with Martin Atkins. Mosimann was eventually replaced with Martin Atkins. Atkins' presence exacerbated the rift that was forming between Ogre and the rest of the band. The band's bickering and excessive drug use made the recording process so long and costly that American reduced Skinny Puppy's contract from three albums to one. In 1994, Key and Goettel returned to Vancouver with the master tapes, but Ogre remained in Los Angeles and quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995.", "In 1994, Key and Goettel returned to Vancouver with the master tapes, but Ogre remained in Los Angeles and quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995. Goettel was found dead of a heroin overdose in his parents' home two months later. The Process was eventually completed with Rave and released in 1996. It was dedicated to the memory of Goettel. It was an overall stylistic departure from their previous albums, prominently featuring untreated vocals, guitar, and more accessible song structures.", "It was an overall stylistic departure from their previous albums, prominently featuring untreated vocals, guitar, and more accessible song structures. The liner notes that accompanied the CD included thank-yous to \"Electronic Music Lovers\" and \"Puppy People\", followed by the words \"The End\" in bold type. The album charted on the Billboard 200 at No. 102 and reached the No. 1 spot on Billboard'''s Heatseekers album chart.", "1 spot on Billboard'''s Heatseekers album chart. 1 spot on Billboard'''s Heatseekers album chart. During the Process era, a loose-knit art/philosophy collective also known as The Process was formed, with early contributions from Ogre and Genesis P-Orridge, among others. P-Orridge and Chris Carter jammed with Skinny Puppy during this period, a recording of which was eventually released as Puppy Gristle on a limited basis in 2002.", "P-Orridge and Chris Carter jammed with Skinny Puppy during this period, a recording of which was eventually released as Puppy Gristle on a limited basis in 2002. The creation of the Download project, which Key and Goettel formed with Mark Spybey and Phil Western, also occurred at this time. Download explored everything from electronic improvisation with spoken vocals to techno, and toured in 1996. Earlier, in 1993, Goettel and Western had issued a breakbeat hardcore single (under the name aDuck) on their own label, Subconscious Records.", "Earlier, in 1993, Goettel and Western had issued a breakbeat hardcore single (under the name aDuck) on their own label, Subconscious Records. After Goettel's death, Subconscious evolved into a recording studio and record label imprint that Key used to release a number of his own and Skinny Puppy's recordings. Key also continued to work with The Tear Garden, produced industrial/trance music with Western in the side project platEAU, and released his first solo album in 1998.", "Key also continued to work with The Tear Garden, produced industrial/trance music with Western in the side project platEAU, and released his first solo album in 1998. Ogre had toured extensively with Martin Atkins' industrial supergroup Pigface since 1991, and toured with them again after leaving Skinny Puppy. He recorded material for his side project WELT. with Ruby's Mark Walk before quitting Skinny Puppy, but due to legal issues with American Recordings, this would not see release until 2001 under the new name, ohGr.", "with Ruby's Mark Walk before quitting Skinny Puppy, but due to legal issues with American Recordings, this would not see release until 2001 under the new name, ohGr. In the meantime, he toured with KMFDM, and released an album with Martin Atkins under the name Rx (also known as Ritalin). The ohGr and Rx releases included some of Ogre's most positive and forward-thinking songwriting to date.", "The ohGr and Rx releases included some of Ogre's most positive and forward-thinking songwriting to date. Several collections were released while Skinny Puppy was dormant, including Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996, and The Singles Collect and B-Sides Collect in 1999. Nettwerk commissioned a remix album in 1998; titled remix dystemper, it featured various Skinny Puppy tracks re-worked by artists including Autechre, Deftones, and Guru.", "Nettwerk commissioned a remix album in 1998; titled remix dystemper, it featured various Skinny Puppy tracks re-worked by artists including Autechre, Deftones, and Guru. Ogre and Walk also took part, contributing a remix of \"Dig It\" and an updated version of Remissions \"Smothered Hope\" with new vocals by Ogre. In 1999, \"Draining Faces\" appeared on the soundtrack for The Blair Witch Project.", "In 1999, \"Draining Faces\" appeared on the soundtrack for The Blair Witch Project. Reunion, The Greater Wrong of the Right and Mythmaker (2000–2008) In August 2000, at the insistence of German promoters, Ogre and Key reunited and performed live as Skinny Puppy for the first time since 1992 at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden. The show was meant to be a continuation of the Last Rights tour, with the stage design taking influence from those performances.", "The show was meant to be a continuation of the Last Rights tour, with the stage design taking influence from those performances. Rather than find a replacement for Goettel, the band simply left the keyboard station on stage empty. The performance was filmed and recorded, and a live album, Doomsday: Back and Forth Series 5: Live in Dresden, was released in 2001; a DVD release was planned but canceled by Nettwerk.", "The performance was filmed and recorded, and a live album, Doomsday: Back and Forth Series 5: Live in Dresden, was released in 2001; a DVD release was planned but canceled by Nettwerk. Live clips of \"Testure\" and \"Worlock\" as well as a behind the scenes interview with the band were broadcast on Crazy Clip TV in Germany and \"Worlock\" was included on a VCD compilation by German magazine Sonic Seducer in 2002.", "Live clips of \"Testure\" and \"Worlock\" as well as a behind the scenes interview with the band were broadcast on Crazy Clip TV in Germany and \"Worlock\" was included on a VCD compilation by German magazine Sonic Seducer in 2002. Key joined ohGr on drums for its 2001 tour, while Ogre appeared on the track \"Frozen Sky\" on Key's 2001 album The Ghost of Each Room.", "Key joined ohGr on drums for its 2001 tour, while Ogre appeared on the track \"Frozen Sky\" on Key's 2001 album The Ghost of Each Room. When asked by Terrorizer magazine about the future of Skinny Puppy, Key responded: Our goals for the future are to combine everything, take the best of what we can do with Ogre, and the best of what we have from our past, as well as the future stuff that we can do, and put it into one touring situation which I'm sure will stroll back into bloodville.", "When asked by Terrorizer magazine about the future of Skinny Puppy, Key responded: Our goals for the future are to combine everything, take the best of what we can do with Ogre, and the best of what we have from our past, as well as the future stuff that we can do, and put it into one touring situation which I'm sure will stroll back into bloodville. The first new Skinny Puppy track in several years, \"Optimissed\", appeared on the Underworld soundtrack in 2003.", "The first new Skinny Puppy track in several years, \"Optimissed\", appeared on the Underworld soundtrack in 2003. Ogre, Key, Mark Walk and various guests, including Danny Carey of Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X, recorded the band's ninth studio album, The Greater Wrong of the Right, released in 2004 on Synthetic Symphony, a sub-label of SPV. The album, described by Key as being based in \"pseudopop\", received generally favorable reviews from critics and landed on several Billboard charts.", "The album, described by Key as being based in \"pseudopop\", received generally favorable reviews from critics and landed on several Billboard charts. A music video was made for the song \"Pro-Test\" which featured a style unlike many of the group's previous work, so much so that some were unsure if it was an official video. Skinny Puppy toured North America and Europe in support of the album in 2004, joined by William Morrison on guitar and Justin Bennett on drums.", "Skinny Puppy toured North America and Europe in support of the album in 2004, joined by William Morrison on guitar and Justin Bennett on drums. Shows in Toronto and Montreal were filmed for the live DVD Greater Wrong of the Right Live, which was released in September 2005. The DVD included Information Warfare, a documentary made by Morrison about the U.S.-led wars in Iraq.", "The DVD included Information Warfare, a documentary made by Morrison about the U.S.-led wars in Iraq. The anti-Bush administration stance taken by the band at their live shows drew the ire of PABAAH (Patriotic Americans Boycotting Anti-American Hollywood), which attempted a boycott of college radio stations that played Skinny Puppy. Skinny Puppy toured Europe again in 2005, and returned to the studio to complete their next album, Mythmaker, which was released in January 2007. The album reached No. 4 on the Independent Albums Chart, No.", "4 on the Independent Albums Chart, No. 4 on the Independent Albums Chart, No. 5 on the Dance/Electronic Albums Chart, and No. 17 on the Heatseekers Chart, but barely broke the Billboard 200. The band's 2007 North American and European tour, titled Mythrus, began in May 2007. While some fans longed for the sounds of their earlier days, Ogre, speaking with Electronic Musician, stated the band's intention was to move forward rather than dwell in the past.", "While some fans longed for the sounds of their earlier days, Ogre, speaking with Electronic Musician, stated the band's intention was to move forward rather than dwell in the past. \"Some people think that the stuff we do now is a pale imitation of the past. All of the older stuff had a time and place, and we decided to move forward to where we are now\".", "All of the older stuff had a time and place, and we decided to move forward to where we are now\". In Solvent See tour and HanDover (2009–2012) According to a news posting on the official Skinny Puppy website, the band's next studio album was originally slated for release in October 2009, but the release of this album was delayed due to insolvency issues with the SPV label (thus leading to Ogre naming the 2009 tour the \"In Solvent See\" tour).", "In Solvent See tour and HanDover (2009–2012) According to a news posting on the official Skinny Puppy website, the band's next studio album was originally slated for release in October 2009, but the release of this album was delayed due to insolvency issues with the SPV label (thus leading to Ogre naming the 2009 tour the \"In Solvent See\" tour). These issues were not expected to be resolved until the end of 2009.", "These issues were not expected to be resolved until the end of 2009. However, the \"In Solvent See\" Tour took place as planned, and began on 30 October. In October 2010, there were reports that the new Skinny Puppy album would be released in February 2011. In May 2011, Skinny Puppy announced that they finished recording a new album titled HanDover, and that they were soliciting it to other record labels for a September 2011 release date.", "In May 2011, Skinny Puppy announced that they finished recording a new album titled HanDover, and that they were soliciting it to other record labels for a September 2011 release date. On 27 August 2011, HanDover was officially confirmed as having a 25 October 2011, release in the United States and a 28 October 2011, release in Europe. Steven R Gilmore created the artwork for the album once again. The album landed on a number of Billboard charts, including a spot at No.", "The album landed on a number of Billboard charts, including a spot at No. 168 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart. Skinny Puppy were scheduled to perform at numerous European festivals in the summer of 2010, including the Amphi Festival in Germany, the 2010 Waregem Gothic Festival in Belgium, and the Recession Festival in Denmark. A live album, titled Bootlegged, Broke and in Solvent Seas and recorded on the band's 2010 European tour, was released on 12 June 2012.", "A live album, titled Bootlegged, Broke and in Solvent Seas and recorded on the band's 2010 European tour, was released on 12 June 2012. Weapon and subsequent tours (2013–present) Skinny Puppy announced that a new album, entitled Weapon, would be released on 28 May 2013. The album was inspired by news brought to the band by a former guard at Guantanamo Bay that their music had been used to torture inmates.", "The album was inspired by news brought to the band by a former guard at Guantanamo Bay that their music had been used to torture inmates. Inspiration also came from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and from Ogre's personal views on the human species; in an interview with Vice, Ogre stated that he \"view[s] the human being primarily as a weapon, and a lot of the things that we've created have had disastrous effects on us as a species\".", "Inspiration also came from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and from Ogre's personal views on the human species; in an interview with Vice, Ogre stated that he \"view[s] the human being primarily as a weapon, and a lot of the things that we've created have had disastrous effects on us as a species\". The album was released to generally favorable reviews from critics, several noting the 1980s-esque musical style, and included a re-hashed version of the Remission-era track \"Solvent\".", "The album was released to generally favorable reviews from critics, several noting the 1980s-esque musical style, and included a re-hashed version of the Remission-era track \"Solvent\". Key told the Phoenix New Times that the band had been dissatisfied with HanDovers production schedule, noting that it had taken them several years to produce the album. For Weapon, they made a return to the fast-paced, one-song-a-day style of their early years.", "For Weapon, they made a return to the fast-paced, one-song-a-day style of their early years. The decision to remake the song \"Solvent\" helped to set the album's quickened pace; Key said that the music they were making for the album wouldn't sound correct \"If it didn't sound like something we had just made quickly, like in the old days\".", "The decision to remake the song \"Solvent\" helped to set the album's quickened pace; Key said that the music they were making for the album wouldn't sound correct \"If it didn't sound like something we had just made quickly, like in the old days\". The band released a music video for the song \"Illisit\" and in October 2013, announced their Live Shape For Arms Tour, a North American tour starting in January 2014 at The Observatory in Santa Ana, CA.", "The band released a music video for the song \"Illisit\" and in October 2013, announced their Live Shape For Arms Tour, a North American tour starting in January 2014 at The Observatory in Santa Ana, CA. In early 2014, Ogre and Key sent an invoice of $666,000 to the US government for the use of their music at Guantanamo Bay, bringing the issue to the attention of mainstream media outlets.", "In early 2014, Ogre and Key sent an invoice of $666,000 to the US government for the use of their music at Guantanamo Bay, bringing the issue to the attention of mainstream media outlets. Later in 2014, the Alliance of Sound tour was announced, with performances by Skinny Puppy, VNV Nation, Haujobb, and Youth Code.", "Later in 2014, the Alliance of Sound tour was announced, with performances by Skinny Puppy, VNV Nation, Haujobb, and Youth Code. However, in early November, Front Line Assembly replaced VNV Nation and the tour was renamed Eye vs. Spy, which was a 17-city North American tour between 28 November to 20 December 2014. In June 2015, Skinny Puppy performed at the Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Canada, alongside acts such as Ministry and The Dillinger Escape Plan.", "In June 2015, Skinny Puppy performed at the Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Canada, alongside acts such as Ministry and The Dillinger Escape Plan. Following two successful tours with Weapon, the band yet again embarked with Youth Code, this time to play shows across North America in 2015 and across Europe in 2017 under the Down the SocioPath tour, which dropped all Weapon tracks and instead introduced many songs from the band's 1996 album, The Process, which had not been accompanied by any live performances due to the death of Goettel in 1995.", "Following two successful tours with Weapon, the band yet again embarked with Youth Code, this time to play shows across North America in 2015 and across Europe in 2017 under the Down the SocioPath tour, which dropped all Weapon tracks and instead introduced many songs from the band's 1996 album, The Process, which had not been accompanied by any live performances due to the death of Goettel in 1995. Unlike the previous tours for Weapon, Down the SocioPath scaled back the theatrics and introduced Matthew Setzer as a live guitarist.", "Unlike the previous tours for Weapon, Down the SocioPath scaled back the theatrics and introduced Matthew Setzer as a live guitarist. Ogre began these concerts in a white hooded robe which was removed to reveal a suit into which a stagehand inserted oversized needles. The Down the Sociopath Too Euro 2017 leg lasted from 30 May to 16 June 2017. The tour included stops at the Download Festival in France, Primavera Sound, and Wave-Gotik-Treffen.", "The tour included stops at the Download Festival in France, Primavera Sound, and Wave-Gotik-Treffen. Style Sound Inspired by the music of Suicide, SPK, Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra, Cabaret Voltaire, Chrome, Throbbing Gristle, Bauhaus, Joy Division, New Order, Depeche Mode, Fad Gadget, Nocturnal Emissions, Portion Control, and The Legendary Pink Dots, music which had been accessible to the band primarily via tape exchange, Skinny Puppy experimented with analog and digital recording techniques, composing multi-layered music with synthesizers, drum machines, acoustic percussion, tape loops, samplers, and conventional rock music instruments to create what they called \"audio sculpture\".", "Style Sound Inspired by the music of Suicide, SPK, Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra, Cabaret Voltaire, Chrome, Throbbing Gristle, Bauhaus, Joy Division, New Order, Depeche Mode, Fad Gadget, Nocturnal Emissions, Portion Control, and The Legendary Pink Dots, music which had been accessible to the band primarily via tape exchange, Skinny Puppy experimented with analog and digital recording techniques, composing multi-layered music with synthesizers, drum machines, acoustic percussion, tape loops, samplers, and conventional rock music instruments to create what they called \"audio sculpture\". Their extensive use of sampling from horror films and radio broadcasts served to \"clarify or obscure\" song meanings, and they applied liberal amounts of distortion and other effects to Ogre's vocals, which are often delivered as a stream of consciousness.", "Their extensive use of sampling from horror films and radio broadcasts served to \"clarify or obscure\" song meanings, and they applied liberal amounts of distortion and other effects to Ogre's vocals, which are often delivered as a stream of consciousness. Lyrics commonly reference social and political subjects including animal rights, environmental degradation, drug addiction, suicide, war, privacy, and self-determination.", "Lyrics commonly reference social and political subjects including animal rights, environmental degradation, drug addiction, suicide, war, privacy, and self-determination. They have also used their music to draw attention to events such as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the AIDS epidemic, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.", "They have also used their music to draw attention to events such as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the AIDS epidemic, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Skinny Puppy's often informal, improvisational approach to musical composition is indicated by use of the term \"brap\", coined by them and defined as a verb meaning \"to get together, hook up electronic instruments, get high, and record\".", "Skinny Puppy's often informal, improvisational approach to musical composition is indicated by use of the term \"brap\", coined by them and defined as a verb meaning \"to get together, hook up electronic instruments, get high, and record\". Initially a dark synth-pop group, Skinny Puppy took on a more industrial sound following the inclusion of Dwayne Goettel in 1986, and later came to be recognized as pioneers of the electro-industrial genre.", "Initially a dark synth-pop group, Skinny Puppy took on a more industrial sound following the inclusion of Dwayne Goettel in 1986, and later came to be recognized as pioneers of the electro-industrial genre. Their music has been described as encompassing a range styles including ambient music, avant-funk, noise rock and industrial metal. The music that followed Goettel's death has been likened to genres such as glitch and intelligent dance music.", "The music that followed Goettel's death has been likened to genres such as glitch and intelligent dance music. The Village Voice described Skinny Puppy's early work as \"dark electro-pop\", while Billboard's Bill Coleman thought of them as a \"moody techno-outfit\" with an \"aggravating\" musical delivery. People magazine called Ogre's vocals \"incomprehensible\", and likened the group's use of sampling to noises heard on \"a TV set in an adjoining hotel room\".", "People magazine called Ogre's vocals \"incomprehensible\", and likened the group's use of sampling to noises heard on \"a TV set in an adjoining hotel room\". AllMusic referred to Skinny Puppy's music as \"primal\" and \"Kraftwerk gone netherworld\", going on to say that unlike the bands that followed in their wake, \"Ogre and Key knew how to craft tunes and marry them to the most ingenious of sound patterns\".", "AllMusic referred to Skinny Puppy's music as \"primal\" and \"Kraftwerk gone netherworld\", going on to say that unlike the bands that followed in their wake, \"Ogre and Key knew how to craft tunes and marry them to the most ingenious of sound patterns\". Ogre told the Windsor Star in 1986 that \"in some sense our music, or the feeling expressed by our music, is felt by a lot more people\" than had been anticipated.", "Ogre told the Windsor Star in 1986 that \"in some sense our music, or the feeling expressed by our music, is felt by a lot more people\" than had been anticipated. Ogre said in an interview with Auxiliary Magazine in June 2013, \"there is a very military side to Industrial music, and we are far more in the psychedelic side.\" Music videos Due to their graphic nature, the majority of Skinny Puppy's videos received limited commercial airplay, or were outright banned from broadcast.", "Music videos Due to their graphic nature, the majority of Skinny Puppy's videos received limited commercial airplay, or were outright banned from broadcast. The music video for \"Stairs and Flowers\" was banned by the Canadian Censorship Bureau because of scenes depicting \"an excrement-covered woman being beaten by soldiers\"; the woman in question was Ogre soaked in mud. The letterbox effect used in the video for \"Dig It\", which portrayed stock market footage, was accused by both the bureau and MuchMusic to instead be showing pornography.", "The letterbox effect used in the video for \"Dig It\", which portrayed stock market footage, was accused by both the bureau and MuchMusic to instead be showing pornography. Also banned was the video for \"Testure\", an action resulting from a viewer poll held by CityTV, as was the video for the song \"Worlock\", which was banned from MTV.", "Also banned was the video for \"Testure\", an action resulting from a viewer poll held by CityTV, as was the video for the song \"Worlock\", which was banned from MTV. Ogre, a self-described horror fan, defended the \"Worlock\" video by saying \"I knew there was no way they'd play 'Worlock' there [the United States]. But I went out to make that video so no one would play it!", "But I went out to make that video so no one would play it! \"; he affirmed that the video was meant to draw attention to censorship in horror films. Some of the band's videos have received airplay, such as those for the promotional songs \"Killing Game\" and \"Pro-test\"; \"Dig It\" was also regularly played on MTV.", "Some of the band's videos have received airplay, such as those for the promotional songs \"Killing Game\" and \"Pro-test\"; \"Dig It\" was also regularly played on MTV. A 30-second television promo was produced for the band by Capital Records in 1987, featuring a mix of scenes from the \"Stairs and Flowers\" and \"Dig It\" videos.", "A 30-second television promo was produced for the band by Capital Records in 1987, featuring a mix of scenes from the \"Stairs and Flowers\" and \"Dig It\" videos. In a 1990 radio interview, Goettel explained the group's outlook on music videos, stating that \"it's great to do videos when you have the money to do them, but for Skinny Puppy's part it's less of a promotional tool\". He said that touring and word of mouth were their preferred avenues of promotion.", "He said that touring and word of mouth were their preferred avenues of promotion. \"When a video gets made its not like 'OK we're going to spend $50,000 and it's going to sell this many more records'... it doesn't sell any more records\". Live performances Skinny Puppy is noted for theatrical and controversial live performances which blend performance art with music.", "Live performances Skinny Puppy is noted for theatrical and controversial live performances which blend performance art with music. Ogre has been critical of the band's early performances, telling Spin magazine in 1992 that \"I would do things on stage that would blow – they just wouldn't work\". Live performances involved periods of musical improvisation, film projections, and elaborate stage props and machines, many of which are designed and built by Ogre himself.", "Live performances involved periods of musical improvisation, film projections, and elaborate stage props and machines, many of which are designed and built by Ogre himself. While discussing Skinny Puppy's performances, Ogre remarked that \"our shows combine images with theater. It works better than just coming out and doing a horror magic routine\".", "It works better than just coming out and doing a horror magic routine\". He explained to the Vancouver Sun in 1988 that he wanted his act to have \"that grey area where anything could happen – where I can cut my head off by accident and people will go, 'wow, that's great'\". On-stage theatrics have included Ogre being suspended from racks and cables, play with a hangman's noose, use of an angle grinder, and mock executions of Ogre and George H.W. Bush.", "Bush. Bush. Following the 2004 United States presidential election, promoters began to ask the band to refrain from using fake blood during their performances. This reaction was prompted by the performance of a mock execution on stage, during which Ogre was \"decapitated\" by actors dressed as then U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney.", "This reaction was prompted by the performance of a mock execution on stage, during which Ogre was \"decapitated\" by actors dressed as then U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. The band was also asked by Samsung (who had been asked by Ogre to sponsor the band with a large flat screen) to \"not insult the president\" while performing on stage.", "The band was also asked by Samsung (who had been asked by Ogre to sponsor the band with a large flat screen) to \"not insult the president\" while performing on stage. In a 1987 television interview with Kim Clarke Champniss, Key explained that while Ogre follows a \"rough guideline\" during a live performance, a majority of his on-stage theatrics are conceived spontaneously. Key told Champniss that Ogre's demeanor on stage could \"range from just a sort of laid back kind of lurking to a rampant psycho\".", "Key told Champniss that Ogre's demeanor on stage could \"range from just a sort of laid back kind of lurking to a rampant psycho\". Ogre once remarked that touring was, for himself, like \"dating hydrogen peroxide\", referencing the numerous injuries which he would acquire over the course of touring. Though Ogre and Key have remained the only constant members of Skinny Puppy's live act since Goettel's death, the pair have hired various other musicians to assist them onstage.", "Though Ogre and Key have remained the only constant members of Skinny Puppy's live act since Goettel's death, the pair have hired various other musicians to assist them onstage. They include drummer Justin Bennett, guitarist William Morrison, and guitarist Matthew Setzer. Influence and legacy Despite little mainstream airplay, several Skinny Puppy releases have charted in North America and Europe, and their influence on industrial and electronic music is considerable.", "Influence and legacy Despite little mainstream airplay, several Skinny Puppy releases have charted in North America and Europe, and their influence on industrial and electronic music is considerable. Widely considered originators of a unique sound and live performance style, Skinny Puppy are also known as pioneers of the industrial rock and electro-industrial genres. They were one of the earliest groups to help popularize industrial music, and the Los Angeles Times recognized Ogre as the \"first industrial rock star\".", "They were one of the earliest groups to help popularize industrial music, and the Los Angeles Times recognized Ogre as the \"first industrial rock star\". Their gloomy and androgynous aesthetic helped attract the attention of the goth scene, from which they were able to draw a larger female audience than any previous industrial group. By the end of the 90s, they had sold some two million records for Nettwerk worldwide, and two of their releases, Remission and Bites, were certified gold in Canada.", "By the end of the 90s, they had sold some two million records for Nettwerk worldwide, and two of their releases, Remission and Bites, were certified gold in Canada. Their music has spawned \"a litter of like-minded bands\", extending from independent acts like Tin Omen, to industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails, who opened for Skinny Puppy for a short time on their 1988 VIVIsectVI tour.", "Their music has spawned \"a litter of like-minded bands\", extending from independent acts like Tin Omen, to industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails, who opened for Skinny Puppy for a short time on their 1988 VIVIsectVI tour. Trent Reznor also acknowledged that Skinny Puppy's \"Dig It\" inspired the very first Nine Inch Nails track written, \"Down in It\". Canadian synth-pop artist Grimes includes Skinny Puppy as an influence on her music, having grown up in Vancouver's industrial music scene.", "Canadian synth-pop artist Grimes includes Skinny Puppy as an influence on her music, having grown up in Vancouver's industrial music scene. Sara Taylor of the EBM group Youth Code has said that the song \"Worlock\" was \"one of the most influential songs\" she had ever heard.", "Sara Taylor of the EBM group Youth Code has said that the song \"Worlock\" was \"one of the most influential songs\" she had ever heard. Other artists impacted by Skinny Puppy's music include Marilyn Manson, Chester Bennington, Moby, Jonathan Davis, Daron Malakian, 3Teeth, Foals vocalist Yannis Philippakis, Al Jourgensen, Chris Vrenna, John Grant, Mortiis,Blush Response, Celldweller, Finite Automata, Shooter Jennings, Death Grips vocalist MC Ride, X Marks the Pedwalk, Wumpscut, Haujobb, Orgy, Filter, Front Line Assembly, Orphx, Crystal Castles, AFI side project Blaqk Audio, and Mayhem vocalist Attila Csihar.", "Other artists impacted by Skinny Puppy's music include Marilyn Manson, Chester Bennington, Moby, Jonathan Davis, Daron Malakian, 3Teeth, Foals vocalist Yannis Philippakis, Al Jourgensen, Chris Vrenna, John Grant, Mortiis,Blush Response, Celldweller, Finite Automata, Shooter Jennings, Death Grips vocalist MC Ride, X Marks the Pedwalk, Wumpscut, Haujobb, Orgy, Filter, Front Line Assembly, Orphx, Crystal Castles, AFI side project Blaqk Audio, and Mayhem vocalist Attila Csihar. The band inspired a tribute album, Hymns of the Worlock: A Tribute to Skinny Puppy published by Cleopatra Records, which features groups such as Crocodile Shop and The Electric Hellfire Club.", "The band inspired a tribute album, Hymns of the Worlock: A Tribute to Skinny Puppy published by Cleopatra Records, which features groups such as Crocodile Shop and The Electric Hellfire Club. Skinny Puppy's remix album Remix dystemper includes contributions from a wide array of musicians such as electronic music DJ Josh Wink, Guru, KMFDM, Deftones, and former Nine Inch Nails drummer Chris Vrenna. Vrenna's solo project, Tweaker, opened for Skinny Puppy during their 2004 North American tour.", "Vrenna's solo project, Tweaker, opened for Skinny Puppy during their 2004 North American tour. Danny Carey from Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X provided drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song \"Use Less\" from The Greater Wrong of the Right.", "Danny Carey from Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X provided drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song \"Use Less\" from The Greater Wrong of the Right. Ogre worked with KMFDM on several occasions, touring with them in 1997 and providing vocals on the song \"Torture\" from their album Symbols (the song also features production from Dave Ogilvie) as well as for the songs \"That's All\" and \"Full Worm Garden\" from 1999's Adios.", "Ogre worked with KMFDM on several occasions, touring with them in 1997 and providing vocals on the song \"Torture\" from their album Symbols (the song also features production from Dave Ogilvie) as well as for the songs \"That's All\" and \"Full Worm Garden\" from 1999's Adios. Skinny Puppy also provided a remix for the Mötley Crüe song \"Hooligan's Holiday\"; Nikki Sixx reported that the band \"just dumped the whole song in the computer and went off\".", "Skinny Puppy also provided a remix for the Mötley Crüe song \"Hooligan's Holiday\"; Nikki Sixx reported that the band \"just dumped the whole song in the computer and went off\". Skinny Puppy's music has been included in the soundtracks of films such as Bad Influence, An American Werewolf in Paris, The Blair Witch Project, Underworld, and Saw II, among others. The group was given a brief role as the \"gang of goons\" in the 1995 dark comedy film The Doom Generation.", "The group was given a brief role as the \"gang of goons\" in the 1995 dark comedy film The Doom Generation. The 1996 Video Game Descent II included original music from Ogre and Mark Walk, while the 2014 PlayStation exclusive LittleBigPlanet 3 featured the song \"Rodent\" from the album Rabies. Alternative Press included Skinny Puppy in their 1996 list of \"100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years.\"", "Alternative Press included Skinny Puppy in their 1996 list of \"100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years.\" While discussing the possibility of Nine Inch Nails being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Richard Patrick of the band Filter remarked \"what about Skinny Puppy? \", going on to say that while Nine Inch Nails is the more famous of the two, Skinny Puppy were one of the first groups to craft \"scary and mean\" industrial music.", "\", going on to say that while Nine Inch Nails is the more famous of the two, Skinny Puppy were one of the first groups to craft \"scary and mean\" industrial music. Side-projects Key and Ogre are active in a number of other projects besides Skinny Puppy. Key has released several solo albums including Music for Cats and The Ghost of Each Room in 1998 and 2001, respectively.", "Key has released several solo albums including Music for Cats and The Ghost of Each Room in 1998 and 2001, respectively. Doubting Thomas, a project led by Key and the late Dwayne Goettel, was an outlet for mostly instrumental compositions (save for several film and television samples). The projects only releases were Father Don't Cry in 1990 and The Infidel in 1991, both released through Wax Trax! Records.", "Records. Records. Download was founded by Key and Goettel in 1995 and included the assistance of frequent Skinny Puppy contributors Ken Marshall and Anthony Valcic. The group has released a number of records since its formation and notably provided the soundtrack album Charlie's Family in 1997 for the film The Manson Family, directed by Jim Van Bebber; the film was released six years after the album.", "The group has released a number of records since its formation and notably provided the soundtrack album Charlie's Family in 1997 for the film The Manson Family, directed by Jim Van Bebber; the film was released six years after the album. Bebber had approached Key to produce the soundtrack, having previously directed several Skinny Puppy videos as well as the short horror film Chunk Blower, which starred Goettel and Bill Leeb of Front Line Assembly.", "Bebber had approached Key to produce the soundtrack, having previously directed several Skinny Puppy videos as well as the short horror film Chunk Blower, which starred Goettel and Bill Leeb of Front Line Assembly. Other notable projects include The Tear Garden with Edward Ka-Spel for The Legendary Pink Dots, platEAU with Phil Western, and Cyberaktif with Goettel and Leeb. Key also works as Scaremeister, his film scoring alter ego, having previously contributed to John Debney's score for End of Days.", "Key also works as Scaremeister, his film scoring alter ego, having previously contributed to John Debney's score for End of Days. Scaremeister composed the album 31 Spirits, a collection of short musical pieces which have been used in the trailers of numerous films such as Inglourious Basterds, My Bloody Valentine, and The Book of Eli.", "Scaremeister composed the album 31 Spirits, a collection of short musical pieces which have been used in the trailers of numerous films such as Inglourious Basterds, My Bloody Valentine, and The Book of Eli. Ogre's main project outside Skinny Puppy is ohGr, which has released five albums, Welt (2001), SunnyPsyOp (2003), Devils in my Details (2008), UnDeveloped (2011), and TrickS (2018).", "Ogre's main project outside Skinny Puppy is ohGr, which has released five albums, Welt (2001), SunnyPsyOp (2003), Devils in my Details (2008), UnDeveloped (2011), and TrickS (2018). In the mid-nineties, Ogre and producer Martin Atkins created the project known as Rx (formerly known as Ritalin). Rx released only one album, Bedside Toxicology, in 1998.", "Rx released only one album, Bedside Toxicology, in 1998. He also toured extensively with Pigface (1991–1995) and Ministry (1987–1990) and appeared on a number of Pigface and Ministry-related recordings. Guantanamo Bay torture allegations Skinny Puppy have accused the US military of using their music to torture inmates at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, without the band's knowledge or permission. In response, the band have sent an \"invoice\" to the Pentagon.", "In response, the band have sent an \"invoice\" to the Pentagon. Members Current Nivek Ogre – vocals, keyboards (1982–1996, 2003–present) cEvin Key – guitars, drums, bass, synthesizers (1982–1996, 2003–present) Mark Walk – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass, drums (2003–present) Former Dwayne Goettel – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass (1986–1995; died 1995) Bill Leeb (Wilhelm Schroeder) – bass synth, backing vocals (1984–1986) Touring Justin Bennett – drums (2004–present) Matthew Setzer – guitars (2015–present) William Morrison – guitars (2004–2005) Timeline Discography Remission (1984) Bites (1985) Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse (1986) Cleanse Fold and Manipulate (1987) VIVIsectVI (1988) Rabies (1989) Too Dark Park (1990) Last Rights (1992) The Process (1996) The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004) Mythmaker (2007) hanDover (2011) Weapon (2013) Videography Ain't It Dead Yet?, 1991, VHS/DVD Live performance at The Concert Hall, Toronto, Ontario, 31 May and 1 June 1987.", "Members Current Nivek Ogre – vocals, keyboards (1982–1996, 2003–present) cEvin Key – guitars, drums, bass, synthesizers (1982–1996, 2003–present) Mark Walk – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass, drums (2003–present) Former Dwayne Goettel – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass (1986–1995; died 1995) Bill Leeb (Wilhelm Schroeder) – bass synth, backing vocals (1984–1986) Touring Justin Bennett – drums (2004–present) Matthew Setzer – guitars (2015–present) William Morrison – guitars (2004–2005) Timeline Discography Remission (1984) Bites (1985) Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse (1986) Cleanse Fold and Manipulate (1987) VIVIsectVI (1988) Rabies (1989) Too Dark Park (1990) Last Rights (1992) The Process (1996) The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004) Mythmaker (2007) hanDover (2011) Weapon (2013) Videography Ain't It Dead Yet?, 1991, VHS/DVD Live performance at The Concert Hall, Toronto, Ontario, 31 May and 1 June 1987. Video Collection (1984-1992), 1996, VHS/DVD Includes videos for \"Dig It\", \"Stairs and Flowers\", \"Far Too Frail\" (live footage 1985), \"Smothered Hope\" (live footage 1985), \"Deep Down Trauma Hounds\" (live footage from the 1987 Ain't It Dead Yet?", "Video Collection (1984-1992), 1996, VHS/DVD Includes videos for \"Dig It\", \"Stairs and Flowers\", \"Far Too Frail\" (live footage 1985), \"Smothered Hope\" (live footage 1985), \"Deep Down Trauma Hounds\" (live footage from the 1987 Ain't It Dead Yet? performance), \"Testure\", \"Spasmolytic\", and \"Killing Game\".", "performance), \"Testure\", \"Spasmolytic\", and \"Killing Game\". Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4, 1996, 2-CD Includes a number of video clips on those editions which included a CD-ROM portion. Greater Wrong of the Right LIVE, 2005, 2-DVD Live performances in Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec in late 2004. Also includes videos for \"Pro-Test\", \"Spasmolytic\" (live footage 1990), and \"Love in Vein\" (live footage 1992).", "Also includes videos for \"Pro-Test\", \"Spasmolytic\" (live footage 1990), and \"Love in Vein\" (live footage 1992). A number of other, promo-only videos were released, including \"State Aid\" (live footage 1988), \"Worlock\" (1990), \"Candle\" (1996), \"Curcible\" (1996), \"Hardset Head\" (1996), and \"Haze\" (2007).", "A number of other, promo-only videos were released, including \"State Aid\" (live footage 1988), \"Worlock\" (1990), \"Candle\" (1996), \"Curcible\" (1996), \"Hardset Head\" (1996), and \"Haze\" (2007). See also Go Ask Ogre List of bands from British Columbia Music of Vancouver References Citations Bibliography Further reading Interviews in IndustrialnatioN'' Magazine Issue No. 5, Issue No. 13, & Issue No. 21.", "5, Issue No. 13, & Issue No. 21. 21. External links American Recordings (record label) artists Canadian electronic music groups Canadian industrial music groups Canadian techno music groups Capitol Records artists Dark ambient music groups Dependent Records artists Electro-industrial music groups Electronic body music groups Musical groups established in 1982 Musical groups disestablished in 1995 Musical groups reestablished in 2003 Noise musical groups Canadian post-punk music groups Musical groups from Vancouver Industrial rock musical groups Metropolis Records artists 1982 establishments in British Columbia 1996 disestablishments in British Columbia 2003 establishments in British Columbia" ]

[ "Skinny Puppy", "Live performances", "when did skinny puppy's live performances begin?", "(1987-1988),", "who were part of this band?", "Key cutting steel with an angle grinder,", "what is the high light of their live performance?", "using fake blood during their performances." ]

[ "Audience response is a type of interaction associated with the use of audience response systems, to create interactivity between a presenter and its audience.\n\nSystems for co-located audiences combine wireless hardware with presentation software, and systems for remote audiences may use telephones or web polls for audiences watching through television or the Internet. Various names are used for this technology, including real time response, the worm, dial testing, and audience response meters. In educational settings, such systems are often called \"student response systems\" or \"personal response systems.\" The hand-held remote control that students use to convey their responses to questions is often called a \"clicker.\"\n\nMore recent entrants into the market do not require specialized hardware. There are commercial and open-source, cloud-based tools that allow responses from the audience using a range of personal computing devices such as cell phones, smartphones, and laptops. These types of systems have added new types of functionality as well, such as free text responses that are aggregated into sortable word clouds, as well as the more traditional true/false and multiple choice style questions. This type of system also mitigates some of the concerns articulated below in the \"Challenges of audience response\" section.\n\nCo-located audiences \n\nHardware Based Audience Response:\nThe presenter uses a computer and a video projector to project a presentation for the audience to see. In the most common use of such audience response systems, presentation slides built with the audience response software display questions with several possible answers, more commonly referred to as multiple choice questions. The audience participates by selecting the answer they believe to be correct and pushing the corresponding key on their individual wireless keypad. Their answer is then sent to a base station – or receiver – that is also attached to the presenter's computer. The audience response software collects the results, and the aggregate data is graphically displayed within the presentation for all to see. Some clickers also have additional keys, allowing the presenter to ask (and audience members to answer) True/False questions or even questions calling for particular numerical answers.\n\nDepending on the presenter's requirements, the data can either be collected anonymously (e.g., in the case of voting) or it can be traced to individual participants in circumstances where tracking is required (e.g., classroom quizzes, homework, or questions that ultimately count towards a student's course grade). Incoming data may also be stored in a database that resides on the host computer, and data reports can be created after the presentation for further analysis.\n\nSoftware/Cloud Based Audience Response:\nThe presenter uses a computer to create the questions, sometimes called polls. In this case however, those questions can be open ended, dial testing, and votable open ended as well as multiple choice. Those questions are then downloaded into the presenter's presentation program of choice. During the presentation, the questions automatically display within the presentation program, or from a web browser, and can in some cases even be displayed only on the participant's tablet computer or smartphone. Results are instantly tabulated via the internet, and presented on screen in real time, including grading the \"correct\" answer if desired. Some services offer presenters real time moderation for open ended responses or questions prior to displaying them on screen.\n\nDepending on the presenter's requirements, the data can be collected anonymously, or it can be traced to individual participants who have created accounts in advance of the poll. This method is commonly used on corporate training where attendance must be verified, and in classrooms, where grades must be assigned. Data from both methods can be saved and analyzed by the presenter and loaded manually or via API into learning management systems.\n\nDistributed, virtual, or hybrid \nOnly software or cloud based audience response systems can accommodate distributed audiences, due to the inconveniences and costs of hardware devices.\n\nBenefits \nThere are many reasons for the use of audience response systems (ARS). The tendency to answer based on crowd psychology is reduced because, unlike hand raising, it is difficult to see which selection others are making. The ARS also allows for faster tabulation of answers for large groups than manual methods. Additionally, many college professors use ARS systems to take attendance or grade answers in large lecture halls, which would be highly time-consuming without the system.\n\nAudience response offers many potential benefits to those who use it in group settings.\n Improve attentiveness: In a study done at four University of Wisconsin campuses (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, and University of Wisconsin–Whitewater), faculty members and students in courses using clickers were given a survey that assessed their attitudes about clicker use in Fall 2005 and its effect on teaching and learning. Of the 27 faculty members who responded to the survey, 94 percent either agreed or strongly agreed with the claim \"Clickers increased student engagement in the classroom,\" with the remaining six percent responding that they were neutral about that claim. (None of the faculty respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed with the claim.) Similarly, 69 percent of the 2,684 student respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the claim \"Clickers led me to become engaged in class,\" with only 13 percent disagreeing or strongly disagreeing with that claim.\n Increase knowledge retention: In the same University of Wisconsin study, 74 percent of the faculty respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the claim \"Clickers have been beneficial to my students' learning,\" with the remaining 26 percent choosing a \"neutral\" response. (No faculty respondent disagreed or strongly disagreed with the claim.) Similarly, 53 percent of the student respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the claim \"Clickers have been beneficial to my learning,\" with only 19 percent disagreeing or strongly disagreeing with that claim. In a different but related study, Catherine Crouch and Eric Mazur more directly measured the results of Peer Instruction and \"ConcepTests\" on student learning and retention of information at the end of a semester. Faculty members using this \"Peer Instruction\" pedagogical technique present information to students, then ask the students a question that tests their understanding of a key concept. Students indicate their answer to the instructor using an audience response system, and then they discuss with their fellow students why they chose a particular answer, trying to explain to one another their underlying thinking. The instructor then asks the question again to see the new student results. The study authors used scanned forms and hand-raising for audience response in the initial year of the study, and then they switched to a computer-based audience response system in the following years. The \"clicker\" use was only part of a multi-pronged attempt to introduce peer instruction, but overall they found that \"the students taught with P[eer] I[instruction] (Spring 2000, N = 155) significantly outperformed the students taught traditionally (Spring 1999, N = 178)\" on two standard tests – the \"Force Concept Inventory and the Mechanics Baseline Test\" – and on traditional course exams as well. A Johns Hopkins study on the use of audience response systems in Continuing Medical Education (CME) for physicians and other health personnel found no significant difference in knowledge scores between ARS and non-ARS participants in a clinical round table trial involving 42 programs across the United States.\n Poll anonymously: Unlike a show of hands or a raising of cards with letters on them, sending responses by hand-held remotes is much more anonymous. Except perhaps for a student (our audience member) who watches what the person next to him/her submits, the other students (or audience members) can't really see what response his/her fellow audience members are giving, and the software that summarizes the results aggregates the responses, listing what percent of respondents chose a particular answer, but not what individual respondents said. With some audience response systems, the software allows you to ask questions in truly anonymous mode, so that the database (or \"gradebook\") is not even associating answers with individual respondents.\n Track individual responses: The \"clickers\" that audience members use to send their responses to the receiver (and thus to the presenter's computer) are often registered to a particular user, with some kind of identifying number. When a user sends his/her response, the information is stored in a database (sometimes called the \"Gradebook\" in academic models of audience response systems) associated with each particular number, and presenters have access to that information after the end of the interactive session. Audience response systems can often be linked to a Learning management system, which increases the ability to keep track of individual student performance in an academic setting.\n Display polling results immediately: The audience response system includes software that runs on the presenter's computer that records and tabulates the responses by audience members. Generally, once a question has ended (polling from the audience has ceased), the software displays a bar chart indicating what percent of audience members chose the various possible responses. For questions with right/wrong answers, audience members can get immediate feedback about whether they chose the correct answer, since it can be indicated on the bar chart. For survey-type polling questions, audience members can see from the summary how many other audience members chose the same response, along with how many audience members (or what percent of the audience) chose different responses.\n Create an interactive and fun learning environment: Clickers are in many ways novel devices, so the novelty itself can add interest to the learning environment. More important, though, is the interactive nature of audience response systems. Having been asked a particular question about a concept or opinion, students are genuinely interested in seeing the results. They want to learn if they answered the question correctly, and they want to see how their response compares to the responses of their fellow audience members. The increased student engagement cited in the University of Wisconsin study (see footnote 1 below) attests to the ability of audience response systems to improve the learning environment.\n Confirm audience understanding of key points immediately: In the University of Wisconsin study previously cited, faculty members were unanimous in their recognition of this key advantage of audience response systems. In other words, 100% of the faculty respondents either agreed or strongly agreed with the claim \"Clickers allowed me to assess student knowledge on a particular concept.\". Students also recognized this benefit for their own self-assessment. 75% of student respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the claim, \"Clickers helped me get instant feedback on what I knew and didn't know.\" In a published article, a member of the University of Massachusetts Amherst Physics Education Research Group (UMPERG)articulated this advantage in more detail, using the term \"Classroom Communication System (CCS)\" for what we have been calling an audience response system:\nBy providing feedback to an instructor about students' background knowledge and preconceptions, CCS-based pedagogy can help the instructor design learning and experiences appropriate to student's state of knowledge and explicitly confront and resolve misconceptions. By providing frequent feedback about students' ongoing learning and confusions, it can help an instructor dynamically adjust her teaching to students' real, immediate, changing needs.\n Gather data for reporting and analysis: Unlike other forms of audience participation (such as a show of hands or holding up of response cards), audience response systems use software to record audience responses, and those responses are stored in a database. Database entries are linked to a particular user, based on some ID number entered into the handheld remote device or based on a registration between the user and the company that manufactures the handheld device. Answers can be analyzed over time, and the data can be used for educational research or other forms of analysis.\n\nChallenges \nAudience response systems may present some difficulties in both their deployment and use.\n The per-unit purchase price of ARS devices, typically 10 times the cost of a software only solution\n The maintenance and repair of devices when owned by a central unit or organization\n The configuration, troubleshooting and support of the related presentation software (which may or may not work well with ARS devices)\n The reliability and performance of the devices under non-optimal conditions of the room in which the devices are used\n For hardware only applications: a Lack of open ended questions, dial testing capabilities, and other non standard question formats.\n\nApplications \nAudience response is utilized across a broad range of industries and organizations. A few examples include:\n Political Campaigns\n Political news events\n Corporate training\n Control self-assessment\n Delegate voting\n Public participation in municipal or environmental planning\n Market research\n Decision support\n Game shows e.g. Ask the audience on Who Wants to be a Millionaire?\n Conferences and events\n Executive decision making\n Continuing medical education\n ROI measurement and assessment\n Sales Effectiveness Training\n Hospital patient exit surveys\n\nAudience response systems \nAn audience response system (ARS), or personal response system (PRS), allow large groups of people to vote on a topic or answer a question. Depending on the solution chosen, each person has a device with which selections can be made, or a mobile device that they can use to respond. In a hardware solution, each remote communicates with a computer via receivers located around the room or via a single receiver connected to the presenter's computer using a USB connector. In a software solution, each device communicates with the question via SMS or the internet. After a set time – or after all participants have answered – the system ends the polling for that particular question and tabulates the results. Typically, the results are instantly made available to the participants via a bar graph displayed on the projector but can also be viewed in a web browser for some systems.\n\nIn situations where tracking is required, the serial number of each remote control or the students identity number is entered beforehand in the control computer's database. In this way the answer of each individual can later be identified.\n\nIn addition to the presenter's computer and projector, the typical audience response system has the following components:\n base station (receiver)--for hardware based solutions only\n wireless keypads (one for each participant)--or mobile devices for software/cloud based solutions\n audience response system software\n\nHistory \nSince the 1960s, a number of companies have offered Response Systems, several of whom are now defunct or changed their business model.\n\nCirca 1966, Audience Studies Institute of Hollywood, California developed a proprietary analog ARS system for evaluating the response of a theater audience to unreleased motion pictures, television shows and commercials. This early ARS was used by ASI's clients – major motion picture and television studios and advertising agencies – to evaluate the effectiveness of whatever it was they wanted to accomplish: for example, selling more products, increasing movie ticket sales, and achieving a higher fee per commercial slot. Often, a client would show different versions to different audiences, e.g. different movie endings, to gauge their relative effectiveness. ASI would give out free tickets on the street to bring people into the theater, called the \"Preview House,\" for particular showings where each attendee would fill out a questionnaire and then be placed in a seat with a \"dial\" handset outfitted with a single knob that each attendee would turn to a position to indicate his or her level of interest. Turning the knob all the way left for \"dull\" to turning all the way to the right for \"great.\" In 1976, ASI upgraded their system to become fully digital, have Yes/No buttons and, in some cases, numeric keys for entering in numbers, choices and monetary amounts.\n\nAnother of the industry’s very earliest systems was the Consensor. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, William W. (Bill) Simmons, an IBM executive, reflected on how unproductive most meetings were. Simmons had become essentially a nonacademic futurist in building up IBM's long-range planning operations. He was one of the pioneers of applied futures studies in the private sector, that is, future studies applied to corporate planning. Through this work he had met Theodore J. (Ted) Gordon of The Futures Group (now part of Palladium International). Gordon had conceived and partially developed what would today be called an audience response system, and Simmons immediately saw practical applications for it in large corporate meetings, to allow people to air their true opinions in anonymous fashion, so that each individual's Likert scale answer value for a question would remain secret, but the group's average, weighted with weighting factors, would be instantly displayed. Thus (something approximating) the group's true consensus would be known, even though individual middle managers or aspiring junior executives would not have to jeopardize their conformity to effect this result. (IBM's organizational culture was famous for its valuing of conformity; and this was common at other firms, too.) Simmons retired from IBM in January 1972, and soon after he formed a startup company with Gordon, called Applied Futures, Inc., to develop and market the system, which they called the Consensor [connoting consensus + sensor]. Applied Futures was one of the first audience response companies. In 1972, while Gordon and his assistant Harold S. (Hal) Becker were still working on development, Applied Futures filed for a patent (), which was granted in 1973 with Gordon and Becker as inventors. Another patent, filed for in 1974 and granted in 1976 (), lists Simmons and James A. Marquis. Sales began in 1974.\n\nThe Consensor was a system of dials, wires, and three lights; red, yellow, and green. A question was asked verbally and people would turn their dials anywhere from 0 to 10. If the majority agreed, the green lamp would light. If not, either the yellow or red lamp would light, depending on the level of disagreement.\n\nAlthough business was strong for this fledgling company, the command-and-control management style of the day proved a formidable opponent to this new tool, which promoted consensus building. In his memoir Simmons describes how junior-executive sales prospects tended to like the idea, imagining themselves heroically speaking truth to power (but not paying any price for being a maverick), while their senior-executive bosses tended to see the Consensor as \"a blatant attempt to impose democratic procedures into a corporate hierarchy that is anything but democratic.\" Simmons observed that \"A majority of corporations are run as fiefdoms, with the CEO playing the role of Supreme Power; he may be a benevolent dictator, but nonetheless still a dictator.\" He described this type of senior executives, with ironic tone, as \"secure in the knowledge of their own infallibility.\" Nonetheless, Applied Futures sold plenty of units to business firms and government agencies. In October 1984, it became a subsidiary of Brooks International Corporation, a management consulting firm.\n\nOne of the early educational uses of an audience response system occurred at Rice University. Students in a computer-equipped classroom were able to rate how well they understood portions of a lecture, answer multiple choice questions, and answer short essay questions. Results could be tallied and displayed to the class.\n\nAudience response technology has evolved over time, moving away from hardware that required extensive wiring towards hand held wireless devices and small, portable receivers. In the 1980s, the Consensor product line evolved toward peripherals that could be plugged into a PC, and a software application to run thereon. Wireless LANs allow today's peripherals to be cordless. Another example of this is Microsoft's Mouse Mischief, a PowerPoint add-in, which has made it easier for teachers, professors, and office professionals to integrate audience response into their presentations.\n\nThe advent of smartphones has made possible systems in which audience members download an app (or run it as SaaS in their web browser) which then communicates with the audience response system (which is itself just software running on someone's device, whether desktop, laptop, tablet, or phone) via the local wireless network, the cellular telephone network, or both. In this model, the entire audience response system is a software product; all of the hardware is what the users brought with them.\n\nExperts \nThere are two books that have been written specifically about audience response systems by people who are considered experts in the use of audience response technology. In 2009, Derek Bruff, a professor at Vanderbilt University, published Teaching with Classroom Response Systems: Creating Active Learning Environments. In 2015, David Campt, a meeting strategist and civic engagement consultant, released Read the Room for Real: How a Simple Technology Creates Better Meetings was published; this book focused on using audience response technology in non-academic environments.\n\nHardware \nThe majority of current audience response systems use wireless hardware. Two primary technologies exist to transmit data from the keypads to the base stations: infrared (IR) and radio frequency (RF). A few companies also offer Web-based software that routes the data over the Internet (sometimes in a unified system with IR and RF equipment). Cell phone-based systems are also becoming available.\n\nInfrared \nThe oldest of these technologies, IR audience response systems are better suited for smaller groups. IR uses the same technology as a TV remote, and is therefore the only one of the four technologies that requires line-of-sight between the keypad and receiver. This works well for a single keypad but can fail due to interference when signals from multiple keypads arrive simultaneously at the receiver. IR systems are typically more affordable than RF systems, but do not provide information back to the keypad.\n\nUse in educational settings \n\nAudience response systems can be used as a way of incorporating active learning in a lecture or other classroom-type setting, for example by quizzing students, taking a quick survey, etc. They can also be used for taking attendance. They can be used effectively by students as young as 9 or 10, depending on their maturity level. An educator is able to generate worksheets and let students enter their answer choices at their own pace. After each question, the educator is able to instantly show the results of any quiz, for example in the form of histogram thus creating rapid 2-way feedback about how well learners are doing.\n\nThe fact that students can send responses anonymously means that sensitive topics can be included more readily than would otherwise be the case. An example of this is in helping students to learn about plagiarism.\n\nAudience response systems can also be used in classroom settings to simulate randomized controlled trials (RCT) such as 'Live the Trial', a mock RCT used to teach the concepts of clinical research. The mock trial answered the question 'Do red smarties make you happier?\".\n\nRadio frequency (RF) \nIdeal for large group environments, RF systems can accommodate hundreds of voters on a single base station. Using some systems, multiple base stations can be linked together in order to handle audiences that number in thousands. Other systems allow over a thousand on just one base. Because the data travels via radio frequency, the participant merely needs to be within range of the base station (300 – 500 feet). Some advanced models can accommodate additional features, such as short word answers, user log-in capabilities, and even multi-site polling.\n\nInternet \n\nWeb-based audience response systems work with the participants' existing computing devices. These include notebook computers, smartphones and PDAs, which are typically connected to the Internet via Wi-Fi, as well as classroom desktop computers. If the facilitator's computer is also Wi-Fi-enabled, they can even create their own IP network, allowing a closed system that doesn't depend on a separate base station. The web server resides on or is accessible to the facilitator's computer, letting them control a set of web pages presenting questions. Participants log into the server using web browsers and see the questions with forms to input their responses. The summarized responses are available on a different set of pages, which can be displayed through the projector and also on each participant's device.\n\nInternet has also made it possible to gather audience responses in massive scale. Various implementations of the concept exist. For example, Microsoft featured Bing Pulse during the 2013 State of The Union (US) address by president Barack Obama. The system allowed registered users to input their responses (positive, negative, neutral) to the address and visualized the results as a trending graph in real time. Bing Pulse has since been used to cast over 35 million votes during national news broadcasts and other live meetings. Over 10,000 viewers powered the iPowow Viewer Vote which tracked live viewer emotional response for Channel 7 during the 2013 Australian Federal Election debates and displayed as a live \"worm\" graph on the broadcast screen. For advertising and media research, online \"dial testing\" using an onscreen scale slider that is controlled by a mouse (or finger swipe on a touchscreen) is being used in conjunction with surveys and online communities to gather continuous feedback on video or audio files.\n\nCell phone \nThe familiarity and widespread use of cell phones and text messaging has now given rise to systems that collect SMS responses and display them through a web page. These solutions don't require specialized voting hardware, but they do require telecom hardware (such as a mobile phone) and software, along with a web server, and therefore tend to be operated by dedicated vendors selling usage. They are typically favored by traveling speaking professionals and large conference halls that don't want to distribute, rent, or purchase proprietary ARS hardware. Computing devices with web browsers can also use these serviceLLs through SMS gateways, if a separate web interface isn't provided.\n\nCell Phone enabled response systems, such as SMS Response System, are able to take text inputs from the audience and receive multiple responses to questions per SMS. This allows a new pedagogical approach to teaching and learning, such as the work by Derek Bruff and an initiative on SMSRS.\n\nThe advantage of using such SMS type of response system is not limited to the logistical advantage of the presenter keeping no device inventory, it comes with an associated range of pedagogical advantages, such as agile learning, peer instruction (as possible with all types of response systems), it affords additional educational features like MCQ-Reasoning – a feature developed in a SMSRS system in Singapore that allows respondents to tag a reason to their choice of options in an MCQ, thus eliminating potential case of \"guessing-the-correct-answer\" syndrome, and text mining of SMS responses (to provide the gist of the messages collectively in a visual map).\n\nInteractive SMS Forum is another feature that is proprietary to SMS-type response systems where audiences not only post their questions, but can also answer the questions posted by others via SMS.\n\nSmartphone / HTTP voting \nWith increasing penetration of smartphones with permanent internet connections, live audience response/voting can be achieved over the HTTP protocol. SMS is still a solid solution because of its penetration and stability, but won't easily allow multi-voting support and might cause problem with multi-country audiences. The issue with SMS not supporting multi-country audiences is projected to be solved with SMS hubbing.\n\nIn classrooms and conferences with Wi-Fi support or anywhere with GPRS coverage, software systems can be used for live audience feedback, mood measurement or live polling. These systems frequently support voting with both mobile apps as well as mobile browsers. These apps invoke available local area networks (LAN) and provide a charge-free and cuts the needs to devoted hardware.\n\nWith mobile apps and browser enabled voting, there aren't any setup costs for hardware since the audience uses their own phones as voting devices and the result is often presented in any browser controlled by the lecturer.\n\nWith a standard mobile browser solution these are click and go solutions without additional installations. Therefore, live audiences can be reached, and smartphone voting can be used – as with SMS – in any number of different locations. With the GPRS solution the audience does not necessary need to be in the same area as the lecturer as with radio frequency, infrared or Bluetooth-based response systems.\n\nSoftware \n\nAudience response software enables the presenter to collect participant data, display graphical polling results, and export the data to be used in reporting and analysis. Usually the presenter can create and deliver her entire presentation with the ARS software, either as a stand-alone presentation platform or as a plug-in to PowerPoint or Keynote.\n\nSee also \n Interactive whiteboard\n Presentation software\n Public speaking\n Learning management system\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n \n \n\nAudience measurement\nPolling terms\nLearning methods\nPromotion and marketing communications\n\nde:Audience Response System", "Graham Hill: Driven was a one-off television documentary that chronicled the life of the British motor racing driver Graham Hill.\n\nThe documentary was produced by Mark Stewart Productions, and was first shown in front of a private audience of around 60 people, including Hill's widow, daughters and son, on 8 March 2007. Following this, it was sent to a number of television companies to view, with the BBC eventually acquiring rights to show the programme in the UK. its first television showing was on BBC Four on 26 May 2008.\n\nThe programme combines archive footage of Hill both racing and making public appearances with contemporary interviews. Home movie footage of Hill at home with his family was also included in the programme. Viewing figures for its first airing were 240,000.\n\nCritical response\nGabrielle Starkey writing for The Times newspaper described the programme as \"an evocative profile of Britain's most rakish sportsman\". The Independent's Brian Viner described it as an \"affectionate documentary\" but notes it \"did not dwell too much on the flipside of [Hill's] showmanship\".\n\nIt was one of The Daily Telegraph newspaper's \"iPlayer choices\", Simon Horsford writing that the programme \"touches on what kind of man the free-spirited Hill really was\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nBBC television documentaries\n2008 television specials\nDocumentary films about auto racing\nDocumentary films about sportspeople" ]

[ "Skinny Puppy is a Canadian industrial music group formed in Vancouver in 1982. The group is among the founders of the industrial rock and electro-industrial genres. Initially envisioned as an experimental side-project by cEvin Key (Kevin Crompton) while he was in the new wave band Images in Vogue, Skinny Puppy evolved into a full-time project with the addition of vocalist Nivek Ogre (Kevin Ogilvie). Over the course of a dozen studio albums and many live tours, Key and Ogre have been the only constant members.", "Over the course of a dozen studio albums and many live tours, Key and Ogre have been the only constant members. Other members have included Dwayne Goettel (1986–1995), Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (long-time associate, producer, and \"unofficial\" fourth member until 1996; not a relative of Kevin Ogilvie), Mark Walk (2003–present), and a number of guests, including Bill Leeb (1985–1986, under the pseudonym Wilhelm Schroeder), Al Jourgensen (1989), Danny Carey (2004), and many others.", "Other members have included Dwayne Goettel (1986–1995), Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (long-time associate, producer, and \"unofficial\" fourth member until 1996; not a relative of Kevin Ogilvie), Mark Walk (2003–present), and a number of guests, including Bill Leeb (1985–1986, under the pseudonym Wilhelm Schroeder), Al Jourgensen (1989), Danny Carey (2004), and many others. After the self-release of their first cassette in 1984, Skinny Puppy soon signed to Vancouver label Nettwerk, anchoring its early roster.", "After the self-release of their first cassette in 1984, Skinny Puppy soon signed to Vancouver label Nettwerk, anchoring its early roster. From their Nettwerk debut EP Remission in 1984 to their 1992 album Last Rights, Skinny Puppy developed into an influential band with a dedicated cult following, fusing elements of industrial, funk, noise, new wave, electro, and rock music and making innovative use of sampling.", "From their Nettwerk debut EP Remission in 1984 to their 1992 album Last Rights, Skinny Puppy developed into an influential band with a dedicated cult following, fusing elements of industrial, funk, noise, new wave, electro, and rock music and making innovative use of sampling. Over the course of several tours of North America and Europe in this period, they became known for theatrical, horror-themed live performances and videos, drawing attention to issues such as chemical warfare and animal testing.", "Over the course of several tours of North America and Europe in this period, they became known for theatrical, horror-themed live performances and videos, drawing attention to issues such as chemical warfare and animal testing. In 1993, Skinny Puppy left Nettwerk and long-time producer Rave, signing with American Recordings and relocating to Malibu, California, where drug problems and tension between band members plagued the recording of their next album, The Process (1996).", "In 1993, Skinny Puppy left Nettwerk and long-time producer Rave, signing with American Recordings and relocating to Malibu, California, where drug problems and tension between band members plagued the recording of their next album, The Process (1996). Ogre quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995, and Goettel died of a heroin overdose two months later.", "Ogre quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995, and Goettel died of a heroin overdose two months later. Key and Ogre, already active in a number of other projects, went their separate ways, reuniting for a one-off Skinny Puppy concert at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden, Germany, in 2000.", "Key and Ogre, already active in a number of other projects, went their separate ways, reuniting for a one-off Skinny Puppy concert at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden, Germany, in 2000. Reforming Skinny Puppy in 2003 with producer Mark Walk, they released their ninth album, The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004), which was followed by the release of the albums Mythmaker (2007) and HanDover (2011).", "Reforming Skinny Puppy in 2003 with producer Mark Walk, they released their ninth album, The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004), which was followed by the release of the albums Mythmaker (2007) and HanDover (2011). In 2013, they released their twelfth album, Weapon, which was inspired by allegations that their music had been used for torture in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.", "In 2013, they released their twelfth album, Weapon, which was inspired by allegations that their music had been used for torture in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. History Formation and first releases (1982–1985) Skinny Puppy formed in 1982 as a side project for Kevin Crompton in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Crompton was dissatisfied with the pop direction of the band he was in, Images in Vogue, and began Skinny Puppy with the intention of doing something more compelling and experimental.", "Crompton was dissatisfied with the pop direction of the band he was in, Images in Vogue, and began Skinny Puppy with the intention of doing something more compelling and experimental. Images in Vogue had become a popular act in Vancouver, achieving several radio hits and opening for groups such as Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, and Roxy Music.", "Images in Vogue had become a popular act in Vancouver, achieving several radio hits and opening for groups such as Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, and Roxy Music. Crompton had planned Skinny Puppy to be a side project while he continued his work in Images in Vogue; however, when Images in Vogue relocated to Toronto, Crompton made Skinny Puppy his full-time project. Crompton had already created the name for the project and recorded several songs when he asked Kevin Graham Ogilvie to join.", "Crompton had already created the name for the project and recorded several songs when he asked Kevin Graham Ogilvie to join. Ogilvie had been a roommate of Images in Vogue member Gary Blair Smith and had met Crompton at a party in late 1982. To avoid the confusion of having two people named Kevin in one band, the pair created stage names, with Crompton becoming cEvin Key and Ogilvie becoming Nivek Ogre.", "To avoid the confusion of having two people named Kevin in one band, the pair created stage names, with Crompton becoming cEvin Key and Ogilvie becoming Nivek Ogre. Using Key's apartment as a makeshift studio, the duo began recording songs and in 1983 with the help of Images in Vogue recording engineer Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (no relation to Ogre), Skinny Puppy released the EP Back & Forth.", "Using Key's apartment as a makeshift studio, the duo began recording songs and in 1983 with the help of Images in Vogue recording engineer Dave \"Rave\" Ogilvie (no relation to Ogre), Skinny Puppy released the EP Back & Forth. This was the beginning of a long partnership between Skinny Puppy and Rave, who would serve as their producer until 1993, and again in 1995, and was occasionally listed as a member of the band in album liner notes.", "This was the beginning of a long partnership between Skinny Puppy and Rave, who would serve as their producer until 1993, and again in 1995, and was occasionally listed as a member of the band in album liner notes. Though only 35 copies were ever printed, the self-released Back & Forth drew the attention of Vancouver startup label Nettwerk, who signed the band later that year.", "Though only 35 copies were ever printed, the self-released Back & Forth drew the attention of Vancouver startup label Nettwerk, who signed the band later that year. The first live Skinny Puppy show was held at the Unovis art gallery in Vancouver in February 1984; the British group Alien Sex Fiend were among the 300 people in attendance.", "The first live Skinny Puppy show was held at the Unovis art gallery in Vancouver in February 1984; the British group Alien Sex Fiend were among the 300 people in attendance. Ogre has said that Skinny Puppy acted as an escape for Key, who wished to distance himself from Images in Vogue: \"He was looking for something to break out of [Images in Vogue], and maybe I was it\". Key would continue to drum for Images in Vogue until the group relocated to Toronto in 1985.", "Key would continue to drum for Images in Vogue until the group relocated to Toronto in 1985. Key's concept behind Skinny Puppy came from the group's first song ever recorded, \"K-9\". The idea, according to Key, was to create music which explored \"life as seen through a dog's eyes\". Skinny Puppy also incorporated the use of \"B-grade horror movie visuals\", including fake blood and props, into their live performances.", "Skinny Puppy also incorporated the use of \"B-grade horror movie visuals\", including fake blood and props, into their live performances. Key justified these \"shock gore\" antics with the following: What we're presenting isn't much different from what [the audience] is subjected to in everyday life. For example, a commercial is a very plastic view of existence and reality.", "For example, a commercial is a very plastic view of existence and reality. When you watch a TV show and see a world with picture-perfect endings, all you have to do is switch the station and watch the news. Having scored a record deal with Nettwerk and with interest surrounding the Back & Forth EP growing, Skinny Puppy was invited to Vancouver's Mushroom Studios to work on new material. It was here that the group recruited Bill Leeb to perform bass synth and backing vocals.", "It was here that the group recruited Bill Leeb to perform bass synth and backing vocals. Like Ogre and Key before him, Leeb created a stage name, Wilhelm Schroeder; \"my real name is Wilhelm\" said Leeb, \"Schroeder we picked out from the guy playing the piano in the Charlie Brown cartoon\". Skinny Puppy released their second EP, Remission in December 1984, almost a year following Back & Forth.", "Skinny Puppy released their second EP, Remission in December 1984, almost a year following Back & Forth. Remission marked the first time Skinny Puppy would collaborate with artist Steven Gilmore, who created the album artwork. The EP was initially only released in vinyl, but was later given a cassette release in 1985. According to Nettwerk VP of A&R and Marketing George Maniatis, Remission \"grabbed everybody by the you-know-whats\" and, for Nettwerk Records, brought with it an association with industrial dance music.", "According to Nettwerk VP of A&R and Marketing George Maniatis, Remission \"grabbed everybody by the you-know-whats\" and, for Nettwerk Records, brought with it an association with industrial dance music. The EP was supported by music videos for the songs \"Far Too Frail\" and \"Smothered Hope\", the latter of which being the closest thing to a hit song any North American industrial act had achieved at the time.", "The EP was supported by music videos for the songs \"Far Too Frail\" and \"Smothered Hope\", the latter of which being the closest thing to a hit song any North American industrial act had achieved at the time. Skinny Puppy released its first full-length album, Bites, in 1985 and was produced by Key and Dave Ogilvie. Tom Ellard of the Australian electronic act Severed Heads lent a hand to the production of Bites, acting as a producer and performing various sampling and mixing duties.", "Tom Ellard of the Australian electronic act Severed Heads lent a hand to the production of Bites, acting as a producer and performing various sampling and mixing duties. Described by Billboard magazine as \"techno dance...a la Kraftwerk\", Bites yielded the underground hit \"Assimilate\". Key and Ogre opened for Chris & Cosey on their 1985 Canadian tour as Hell 'O' Death Day; some of the material the duo had performed would appear on Bites as bonus tracks.", "Key and Ogre opened for Chris & Cosey on their 1985 Canadian tour as Hell 'O' Death Day; some of the material the duo had performed would appear on Bites as bonus tracks. One of these bonus tracks, a song called \"The Centre Bullet\", featured lyrics by Legendary Pink Dots founder Edward Ka-Spel. While Skinny Puppy had become well received by underground audiences in most major urban areas, due in part to their anti-consumerist themes and Cure-like aesthetics, not everyone was friendly to the group.", "While Skinny Puppy had become well received by underground audiences in most major urban areas, due in part to their anti-consumerist themes and Cure-like aesthetics, not everyone was friendly to the group. Key described Skinny Puppy as the antithesis of \"the Bruce Springsteen mentality of music\", rejecting \"Top 40 conformity\". Toronto-based music journalist and DJ Greg Clow recalled Michael Williams, who was a VJ for Muchmusic, introducing him to Skinny Puppy, describing them as \"Canada's answer to Depeche Mode\".", "Toronto-based music journalist and DJ Greg Clow recalled Michael Williams, who was a VJ for Muchmusic, introducing him to Skinny Puppy, describing them as \"Canada's answer to Depeche Mode\". Dwayne Goettel and stylistic transition (1986–1987) In 1986, Nettwerk made a distribution deal with Capitol Records, allowing Skinny Puppy and others in Nettwerk's roster to expand their respective audiences. Capitol manager Stephen Powers stated that signing groups such as Skinny Puppy gave the company \"a real credibility\" with the alternative and college music scenes.", "Capitol manager Stephen Powers stated that signing groups such as Skinny Puppy gave the company \"a real credibility\" with the alternative and college music scenes. Skinny Puppy also signed to Play It Again Sam, allowing the group's music to expand into Europe. It was this expansion into the European market that would help to make Skinny Puppy a \"cash cow\" for Nettwerk in the early years.", "It was this expansion into the European market that would help to make Skinny Puppy a \"cash cow\" for Nettwerk in the early years. In a 2007 interview with CraveOnline, Ogre commented on Skinny Puppy's time with Capitol, saying: We're so lucky to have gotten here, and if we look back on the fact that we were on Capitol Records at a certain point, being distributed and making these albums under budget… there was one year when we were the only band on the label to profit, when MC Hammer lost a shitload of money.", "In a 2007 interview with CraveOnline, Ogre commented on Skinny Puppy's time with Capitol, saying: We're so lucky to have gotten here, and if we look back on the fact that we were on Capitol Records at a certain point, being distributed and making these albums under budget… there was one year when we were the only band on the label to profit, when MC Hammer lost a shitload of money. I can still appreciate how odd it was that we had the chance to do that because it doesn't really happen in a lot of cases.", "I can still appreciate how odd it was that we had the chance to do that because it doesn't really happen in a lot of cases. Bill Leeb left Skinny Puppy in 1986 to pursue his own musical project, Front Line Assembly. Leeb gave his reasons for leaving the group stating that his bandmates expressed different ideas from his own and that he had been interested in singing. Leeb's replacement would be quiet Alberta native Dwayne Goettel.", "Leeb's replacement would be quiet Alberta native Dwayne Goettel. A classically trained musician, Goettel had been in a duo named Water with vocalist Sandy Weir and had worked with the synthpop band Psyche, among others. Skinny Puppy's production values improved with the addition of Goettel, with Key remarking that \"Dwayne brought us a whole new sense and aesthetic that we didn't have. Up to that point, we were really punk rock in our approach\".", "Up to that point, we were really punk rock in our approach\". Key continued on that \"he [Goettel] had an incredible knowledge of equipment and at a very early stage was really the master of sampling, which had really just begun\". Goettel's contributions to Skinny Puppy's second full-length effort, 1986's Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse, helped to propel the band towards the style of their \"chaotic future masterworks\".", "Goettel's contributions to Skinny Puppy's second full-length effort, 1986's Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse, helped to propel the band towards the style of their \"chaotic future masterworks\". To promote the album, the band made an appearance on CBC Radio's Brave New Waves program in September 1986, and released their first single, \"Dig It\". A music video for \"Dig It\" was produced and received extensive airplay on MTV.", "A music video for \"Dig It\" was produced and received extensive airplay on MTV. Further promotion for the album came from a world tour with the band Severed Heads. The tour proved to be a vital learning experience for the group, having encounters with, according to Key, \"tour managers and agents that didn't pay us\". In 1987, the song \"Stairs and Flowers\" was released as a single, as was a new song titled \"Chainsaw\".", "In 1987, the song \"Stairs and Flowers\" was released as a single, as was a new song titled \"Chainsaw\". The group attracted the attention of the Parent Music Resource Center (PMRC), which named Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse one of several albums believed to be \"violent, sexually explicit, or condoning substance abuse\". The album was named by Melody Maker magazine as one of the best releases of the year.", "The album was named by Melody Maker magazine as one of the best releases of the year. Later in 1987 came Skinny Puppy's third full-length album, Cleanse Fold and Manipulate. Described as \"a turning point, where experimentation is just beginning to gel with innovation\", the album marks the point where the group began to explore more political themes, delving into topics such as the AIDS epidemic and the Vietnam War. A song from the album, \"Addiction\" was released as a single.", "A song from the album, \"Addiction\" was released as a single. The group later went on tour, with a performance at Toronto's Concert Hall being released on VHS in 1989 and CD in 1991 as Ain't It Dead Yet?. Also released in 1987 was Bites and Remission (through Capitol Records) and Remission & Bites (European release, through Pay It Again Sam), both compilations of Skinny Puppy's first two Nettwerk releases.", "Also released in 1987 was Bites and Remission (through Capitol Records) and Remission & Bites (European release, through Pay It Again Sam), both compilations of Skinny Puppy's first two Nettwerk releases. Subsequent success (1988–1989) Skinny Puppy's live performances had become increasingly more elaborate, with Ogre interacting with an onstage crucifix and other \"crudely constructed\" stage props.", "Subsequent success (1988–1989) Skinny Puppy's live performances had become increasingly more elaborate, with Ogre interacting with an onstage crucifix and other \"crudely constructed\" stage props. Craig MacInnis of the Toronto Star described their new stage show as \"neo-dadaist shock theatre\", while Tom Lanham of the San Francisco Chronicle referred to it as \"grotesque\". The band continued to tour in 1988 with the European Head Trauma tour, supported by Edward Ka-Spel.", "The band continued to tour in 1988 with the European Head Trauma tour, supported by Edward Ka-Spel. Following the tour, the group returned to the studio to record what Ogre described would be the band's most critical statement regarding animal testing. Skinny Puppy released their fourth album, VIVIsectVI, in 1988; the album's name is a pun intended to associate vivisection with Satanism (i.e. the \"666 sect\").", "the \"666 sect\"). the \"666 sect\"). The group's primary aim with the album was to bring attention to the topic of vivisection and other issues regarding animal rights. The album's subject matter also deals with subjects such as chemical warfare, environmental waste, and disease.", "The album's subject matter also deals with subjects such as chemical warfare, environmental waste, and disease. Lead track \"Dogshit\" was released as a single in 1988 under the name \"Censor\"; the name change was made by the band when it was decided that the single would not sell well with its original name. The single \"Testure\", which denounced the testing of animals for research purposes, reached No. 19 on Billboards Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989.", "19 on Billboards Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989. According to Ogre, \"Testure\" was intended to be accessible in the hope of spreading their \"anti-vivisectionist\" message. \"It's the only song I think they will be able to play on the radio\", he said. \"I hope they do play it because it's the only way we can go beyond our ranks and our loyal fans who already understand the message\".", "\"I hope they do play it because it's the only way we can go beyond our ranks and our loyal fans who already understand the message\". \"Testure\" also featured several well-chosen samples from the film The Plague Dogs, an animated adventure about two dogs who escape from a research laboratory. Melody Maker named VIVIsectVI one of the best albums of 1988. Skinny Puppy toured in support of the album, featuring an early incarnation of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails as their opening act.", "Skinny Puppy toured in support of the album, featuring an early incarnation of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails as their opening act. The concept for the live show revolved around a vivisectionist (played by Ogre) who is eventually transformed into a tortured animal; the idea was to portray the \"inner workings of the mind under the strain of vivisection\". The stage show included the mock vivisection of a stuffed dog the band had named Chud.", "The stage show included the mock vivisection of a stuffed dog the band had named Chud. Following a show in Cincinnati, Ohio, Key, Ogre, and tour manager Dan McGee were arrested for \"disorderly conduct\" when an audience member, believing the stuffed animal Ogre was \"vivisecting\" to be a real dog, called the police. Two plainclothes officers entered the group's dressing room demanding they inspect the prop.", "Two plainclothes officers entered the group's dressing room demanding they inspect the prop. Following a heated argument, the trio spent the night in jail, but were released the following day after paying a $200 fine. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the band members began working on various side projects. Key and Goettel were involved with The Tear Garden (a collaboration with The Legendary Pink Dots) and Doubting Thomas (an outlet for their non-Skinny Puppy instrumentals).", "Key and Goettel were involved with The Tear Garden (a collaboration with The Legendary Pink Dots) and Doubting Thomas (an outlet for their non-Skinny Puppy instrumentals). The band Hilt, a collaboration between Key and Goettel, and Al Nelson, also started when Nettwerk challenged the group to produce an album for as little money as possible.", "The band Hilt, a collaboration between Key and Goettel, and Al Nelson, also started when Nettwerk challenged the group to produce an album for as little money as possible. Ogre struck up a friendship with Ministry's Al Jourgensen, having first worked together during the recording of the PTP song \"Show Me Your Spine\" (featured in the 1987 film RoboCop). For Skinny Puppy's fifth album, Rabies, released in 1989, Jourgensen joined Rave as producer.", "For Skinny Puppy's fifth album, Rabies, released in 1989, Jourgensen joined Rave as producer. The album, featuring Jourgensen's electric guitar work and backing vocals, drew mixed reception from fans. Despite these reactions, the album was a commercial success, selling 150,000 copies and receiving extensive airplay on college radio.", "Despite these reactions, the album was a commercial success, selling 150,000 copies and receiving extensive airplay on college radio. The single \"Worlock\" – which featured samples of Charles Manson singing parts of the song \"Helter Skelter\" from The Beatles' White Album, accompanied by a fragmented portion of the songs guitar introduction – helped to bring the band \"massive popularity\".", "The single \"Worlock\" – which featured samples of Charles Manson singing parts of the song \"Helter Skelter\" from The Beatles' White Album, accompanied by a fragmented portion of the songs guitar introduction – helped to bring the band \"massive popularity\". A video produced for the song, featuring spliced-together footage from dozens of horror films and a statement denouncing censorship of the genre by the MPAA, was circulated widely as a promotional and bootleg item.", "A video produced for the song, featuring spliced-together footage from dozens of horror films and a statement denouncing censorship of the genre by the MPAA, was circulated widely as a promotional and bootleg item. The song \"Tin Omen\" was also released as a single and \"Hexonxonx\" received some airplay on alternative radio. In spite of the album's initial mixed reception, Brad Filicky in a 2003 issue of CMJ magazine named Rabies as a classic album, calling it \"a masterpiece of the industrial genre\".", "In spite of the album's initial mixed reception, Brad Filicky in a 2003 issue of CMJ magazine named Rabies as a classic album, calling it \"a masterpiece of the industrial genre\". This period marked the beginning of divisions within the band, as rather than tour in support of Rabies, Ogre joined Ministry while they toured in support of their album The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989); Ogre contributed guitars, keyboards, and vocals during the tour.", "This period marked the beginning of divisions within the band, as rather than tour in support of Rabies, Ogre joined Ministry while they toured in support of their album The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989); Ogre contributed guitars, keyboards, and vocals during the tour. Ogre had also begun working with the Ministry side project Revolting Cocks.", "Ogre had also begun working with the Ministry side project Revolting Cocks. Key was later quoted saying of Ogre's involvement with Ministry and, later on, Martin Atkins' Pigface that he sometimes felt \"like a wife that's been cheated on\". Too Dark Park (1990–1991) Following the production of Rabies, a divide grew between the group members, with Key and Goettel often siding against Ogre, feeling he was more interested in solo work.", "Too Dark Park (1990–1991) Following the production of Rabies, a divide grew between the group members, with Key and Goettel often siding against Ogre, feeling he was more interested in solo work. The group were ultimately disappointed with the outcome of Rabies, with Goettel saying that the completed product was \"less within the Skinny Puppy vision\", and Key being displeased with Jourgensen's involvement. Ogre also expressed his disapproval for the album, claiming that he had \"flopped\".", "Ogre also expressed his disapproval for the album, claiming that he had \"flopped\". \"The work and artistic environment really weren't there at all either. It was completely negative\". Key and Goettel completed work on some of their side projects such a Hilt, releasing their first effort, Call the Ambulance (Before I Hurt Myself), which was produced by Rave. Key also reunited with Bill Leeb to form the project known as Cyberaktif; Goettel acted as an assistant producer and provided some instrumentation.", "Key also reunited with Bill Leeb to form the project known as Cyberaktif; Goettel acted as an assistant producer and provided some instrumentation. Jourgensen offered Ogre the chance to tour with the Revolting Cocks, having provided vocals on their previous tour. Ogre refused the offer, citing some occurrences during his time with Ministry which led him to question his friendship with Jourgensen. The group, having finished work on their various side projects, returned to the studio and released their sixth studio album, Too Dark Park, in 1990.", "The group, having finished work on their various side projects, returned to the studio and released their sixth studio album, Too Dark Park, in 1990. Goettel said in a radio interview that the major intentions behind the album were to reevaluate what Skinny Puppy was and create a new style of music to mark the beginning of a new decade. This reevaluation included hiring Jim Cummins (I, Braineater) to design the cover artwork, feeling that their longtime designer Steven Gilmore had lost his creative spark.", "This reevaluation included hiring Jim Cummins (I, Braineater) to design the cover artwork, feeling that their longtime designer Steven Gilmore had lost his creative spark. Described as \"forceful and consistently abrasive\", Too Dark Park was what Key referred to as the true successor to \"the last pure\" Skinny Puppy album, VIVIsectVI. Critics such as Staci Bonner of Spin magazine applauded the use of sampling and stated that the album was a \"return to the bloodbath\" for the group.", "Critics such as Staci Bonner of Spin magazine applauded the use of sampling and stated that the album was a \"return to the bloodbath\" for the group. The album yielded the singles \"Tormentor\" and \"Spasmolytic\", the latter of which spawned a music video directed by Jim Van Bebber. Billboard called \"Spasmolytic\" a \"delicious mind-altering affair\", a sentiment shared by Wil Lewellyn of Treblezine who included the song in a list of the best underground songs of the 1990s.", "Billboard called \"Spasmolytic\" a \"delicious mind-altering affair\", a sentiment shared by Wil Lewellyn of Treblezine who included the song in a list of the best underground songs of the 1990s. Environmental degradation was a major theme on both the album and the North American Too Dark Park tour. For the tour, Key took on the role of drummer, leaving Goettel as lead keyboardist.", "For the tour, Key took on the role of drummer, leaving Goettel as lead keyboardist. Key told Alternative Press that \"we could very well have a backing tape and stand behind synths playing two notes on the keyboard, but we've decided to physically strain ourselves and learn additional parts along with what we've already written\".", "Key told Alternative Press that \"we could very well have a backing tape and stand behind synths playing two notes on the keyboard, but we've decided to physically strain ourselves and learn additional parts along with what we've already written\". Onstage theatrics included a segment with Ogre performing on stucco stilts and pneumatic crutches, Ogre being hoisted from the stage by cables, and a backing film featuring scenes of graphic violence, most notably sequences from the Japanese film series Guinea Pig.", "Onstage theatrics included a segment with Ogre performing on stucco stilts and pneumatic crutches, Ogre being hoisted from the stage by cables, and a backing film featuring scenes of graphic violence, most notably sequences from the Japanese film series Guinea Pig. Ogre later gave insight on the backing film's conception, saying: We did an experiment ... We've always been accused of celebrating violence for idiotic reasons. [So] we used some images in our show from a film called Guinea Pig.", "[So] we used some images in our show from a film called Guinea Pig. They're these incredibly realistic, but simulated, Japanese snuff films. We inserted them into this roller-coaster ride of violent images and people were quite disgusted. People were vomiting in front of the stage. People came up to me after the show, saying I was the most disgusting human being-until they found out what it was all about. The whole reason we did that was to see if there was a difference.", "The whole reason we did that was to see if there was a difference. Will people react differently to something that's real as opposed to something they know is staged? They will. There's a whole different set of emotions people go through. It doesn't look like it looks on TV. It's quite sickening. Ogre, who considered the tour to be a high point in his career, compared the band's performances to something like intense car races. \"People go there expecting an accident to happen ...", "\"People go there expecting an accident to happen ... \"People go there expecting an accident to happen ... I was really running off that car-crash energy\". Following the tour, Ogre became involved with Martin Atkins' project Pigface in 1991, for a short time becoming the group's lead vocalist. Pigface included talent from several other industrial groups such as William Rieflin of Ministry and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, who helped record the song \"Suck\".", "Pigface included talent from several other industrial groups such as William Rieflin of Ministry and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, who helped record the song \"Suck\". Ogre and Reznor performed the song together in the live album Welcome to Mexico... Asshole. Also on the album was a cover of the song \"T.F.W.O.\" from Too Dark Park, led by Ogre.", "from Too Dark Park, led by Ogre. from Too Dark Park, led by Ogre. In 2003, Alexander Chow of Spin magazine named Too Dark Park an essential industrial album, stating that \"schizophrenic beats, manic-depressive mumblings, and just the right dose of fist-raising choruses\" made for a dance floor favorite.", "In 2003, Alexander Chow of Spin magazine named Too Dark Park an essential industrial album, stating that \"schizophrenic beats, manic-depressive mumblings, and just the right dose of fist-raising choruses\" made for a dance floor favorite. Last Rights (1992) Following Too Dark Park, Skinny Puppy was commissioned by the dance group La La La Human Steps to compose several songs for their 1991 production Infante C'est Destroy, a duty shared alongside the likes of Einstürzende Neubauten.", "Last Rights (1992) Following Too Dark Park, Skinny Puppy was commissioned by the dance group La La La Human Steps to compose several songs for their 1991 production Infante C'est Destroy, a duty shared alongside the likes of Einstürzende Neubauten. It was also during this time that Ogre made a concerted effort to rid his drug addictions. In an interview with CITR-FM, Ogre discussed his ordeals with hepatitis A and subsequent hospilization; he also thanked Pigface for looking after him during his \"hour of need\".", "In an interview with CITR-FM, Ogre discussed his ordeals with hepatitis A and subsequent hospilization; he also thanked Pigface for looking after him during his \"hour of need\". Skinny Puppy released their seventh studio album, Last Rights, in 1992. It was the last album the band released under Nettwerk/Capitol.", "It was the last album the band released under Nettwerk/Capitol. Relationships between the band members during the album's production were \"tense and unhealthy\", with Ogre, under the supervision of Rave, coming into the studio at night to perform vocals for the music Key and Goettel composed earlier in the day. Ogre said that the production of Last Rights acted as a form of therapy which he used to help him come to terms with his addictions.", "Ogre said that the production of Last Rights acted as a form of therapy which he used to help him come to terms with his addictions. \"It's painful for me to be reminded of certain things, but for me to say it never happened is wrong. I'll be glad to put it behind me, but I had to do this\".", "I'll be glad to put it behind me, but I had to do this\". Described by Entertainment Weekly as a \"nonstop stretch of horrific soundscapes\", Last Rights became the first Skinny Puppy record to chart on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 193. The album remained on Billboard's Heatseekers album chart for several weeks, peaking at No. 10.", "10. 10. The track \"Inquisition\" was released as a single and included several alternative cuts of the song, as well as the b-side \"LaHuman8\" (one of the tracks produced for La La La Human Steps). A second single, \"Love in Vein\", was never released, although an unfinished remix intended for it later appeared on Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996.", "A second single, \"Love in Vein\", was never released, although an unfinished remix intended for it later appeared on Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996. A music video was created for the song \"Killing Game\" which featured a student dance troupe performing in \"high-contrast black and white\". A track titled \"Left Handshake\" was excluded from Last Rights, leaving a blank track 10 on some copies of the album.", "A track titled \"Left Handshake\" was excluded from Last Rights, leaving a blank track 10 on some copies of the album. Clearance for a lengthy vocal sample from Timothy Leary's Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out, was approved by Leary, but denied by the copyright holder, Henry G. Saperstein. Commenting on the ordeal, Key said, \"We tried to convince him, but he [Saperstein] said, 'it doesn't matter what Leary said, he doesn't own his own work'\".", "Commenting on the ordeal, Key said, \"We tried to convince him, but he [Saperstein] said, 'it doesn't matter what Leary said, he doesn't own his own work'\". The song, in which Ogre provides commentary to Leary's instructions for avoiding a \"bad trip\", was eventually released on the initial European edition of Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996, and on a limited edition single called \"Track 10\" sold at the Skinny Puppy reunion concert in 2000 at Dresden.", "The song, in which Ogre provides commentary to Leary's instructions for avoiding a \"bad trip\", was eventually released on the initial European edition of Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996, and on a limited edition single called \"Track 10\" sold at the Skinny Puppy reunion concert in 2000 at Dresden. The stage show for the Last Rights tour in North America, much like the album itself, was built around a detailed narrative inspired by Ogre's past ordeals with drug abuse.", "The stage show for the Last Rights tour in North America, much like the album itself, was built around a detailed narrative inspired by Ogre's past ordeals with drug abuse. The show involved Ogre interacting with a backing film by way of a virtual reality machine, a tree made of human heads and fetuses, and numerous other props and costumes. For this tour, Key once more focused exclusively on live drumming, leaving Goettel on keyboard duty.", "For this tour, Key once more focused exclusively on live drumming, leaving Goettel on keyboard duty. One incident that occurred at a show in Boston involved several concert goers climbing on stage and grabbing at Ogre's various masks and props, several of which were stolen. The band's manager, Tim Gore, pursued the thieves but was punched by a security guard. Following the punch, Gore began having issues breathing and was taken to a hospital; the guard was fired as a result of the incident.", "Following the punch, Gore began having issues breathing and was taken to a hospital; the guard was fired as a result of the incident. The Process, Goettel's death and breakup (1993–1999) In 1993, Skinny Puppy contributed the song \"Ode to Groovy\" to the compilation album In Defense of Animals, released through Restless Records. The album was named after the animal rights group of the same name. Though the track is credited to Skinny Puppy, Ogre and Rave were the only people to work on it.", "Though the track is credited to Skinny Puppy, Ogre and Rave were the only people to work on it. Ogre, Key, and Goettel signed a contract with American Recordings and moved to Malibu, California to record The Process, a concept album inspired by 1960s cult The Process Church of The Final Judgment, with Roli Mosimann producing. The recording sessions were beset by everything from fires and floods, to the Northridge earthquake. Mosimann was eventually replaced with Martin Atkins.", "Mosimann was eventually replaced with Martin Atkins. Mosimann was eventually replaced with Martin Atkins. Atkins' presence exacerbated the rift that was forming between Ogre and the rest of the band. The band's bickering and excessive drug use made the recording process so long and costly that American reduced Skinny Puppy's contract from three albums to one. In 1994, Key and Goettel returned to Vancouver with the master tapes, but Ogre remained in Los Angeles and quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995.", "In 1994, Key and Goettel returned to Vancouver with the master tapes, but Ogre remained in Los Angeles and quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995. Goettel was found dead of a heroin overdose in his parents' home two months later. The Process was eventually completed with Rave and released in 1996. It was dedicated to the memory of Goettel. It was an overall stylistic departure from their previous albums, prominently featuring untreated vocals, guitar, and more accessible song structures.", "It was an overall stylistic departure from their previous albums, prominently featuring untreated vocals, guitar, and more accessible song structures. The liner notes that accompanied the CD included thank-yous to \"Electronic Music Lovers\" and \"Puppy People\", followed by the words \"The End\" in bold type. The album charted on the Billboard 200 at No. 102 and reached the No. 1 spot on Billboard'''s Heatseekers album chart.", "1 spot on Billboard'''s Heatseekers album chart. 1 spot on Billboard'''s Heatseekers album chart. During the Process era, a loose-knit art/philosophy collective also known as The Process was formed, with early contributions from Ogre and Genesis P-Orridge, among others. P-Orridge and Chris Carter jammed with Skinny Puppy during this period, a recording of which was eventually released as Puppy Gristle on a limited basis in 2002.", "P-Orridge and Chris Carter jammed with Skinny Puppy during this period, a recording of which was eventually released as Puppy Gristle on a limited basis in 2002. The creation of the Download project, which Key and Goettel formed with Mark Spybey and Phil Western, also occurred at this time. Download explored everything from electronic improvisation with spoken vocals to techno, and toured in 1996. Earlier, in 1993, Goettel and Western had issued a breakbeat hardcore single (under the name aDuck) on their own label, Subconscious Records.", "Earlier, in 1993, Goettel and Western had issued a breakbeat hardcore single (under the name aDuck) on their own label, Subconscious Records. After Goettel's death, Subconscious evolved into a recording studio and record label imprint that Key used to release a number of his own and Skinny Puppy's recordings. Key also continued to work with The Tear Garden, produced industrial/trance music with Western in the side project platEAU, and released his first solo album in 1998.", "Key also continued to work with The Tear Garden, produced industrial/trance music with Western in the side project platEAU, and released his first solo album in 1998. Ogre had toured extensively with Martin Atkins' industrial supergroup Pigface since 1991, and toured with them again after leaving Skinny Puppy. He recorded material for his side project WELT. with Ruby's Mark Walk before quitting Skinny Puppy, but due to legal issues with American Recordings, this would not see release until 2001 under the new name, ohGr.", "with Ruby's Mark Walk before quitting Skinny Puppy, but due to legal issues with American Recordings, this would not see release until 2001 under the new name, ohGr. In the meantime, he toured with KMFDM, and released an album with Martin Atkins under the name Rx (also known as Ritalin). The ohGr and Rx releases included some of Ogre's most positive and forward-thinking songwriting to date.", "The ohGr and Rx releases included some of Ogre's most positive and forward-thinking songwriting to date. Several collections were released while Skinny Puppy was dormant, including Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4 in 1996, and The Singles Collect and B-Sides Collect in 1999. Nettwerk commissioned a remix album in 1998; titled remix dystemper, it featured various Skinny Puppy tracks re-worked by artists including Autechre, Deftones, and Guru.", "Nettwerk commissioned a remix album in 1998; titled remix dystemper, it featured various Skinny Puppy tracks re-worked by artists including Autechre, Deftones, and Guru. Ogre and Walk also took part, contributing a remix of \"Dig It\" and an updated version of Remissions \"Smothered Hope\" with new vocals by Ogre. In 1999, \"Draining Faces\" appeared on the soundtrack for The Blair Witch Project.", "In 1999, \"Draining Faces\" appeared on the soundtrack for The Blair Witch Project. Reunion, The Greater Wrong of the Right and Mythmaker (2000–2008) In August 2000, at the insistence of German promoters, Ogre and Key reunited and performed live as Skinny Puppy for the first time since 1992 at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden. The show was meant to be a continuation of the Last Rights tour, with the stage design taking influence from those performances.", "The show was meant to be a continuation of the Last Rights tour, with the stage design taking influence from those performances. Rather than find a replacement for Goettel, the band simply left the keyboard station on stage empty. The performance was filmed and recorded, and a live album, Doomsday: Back and Forth Series 5: Live in Dresden, was released in 2001; a DVD release was planned but canceled by Nettwerk.", "The performance was filmed and recorded, and a live album, Doomsday: Back and Forth Series 5: Live in Dresden, was released in 2001; a DVD release was planned but canceled by Nettwerk. Live clips of \"Testure\" and \"Worlock\" as well as a behind the scenes interview with the band were broadcast on Crazy Clip TV in Germany and \"Worlock\" was included on a VCD compilation by German magazine Sonic Seducer in 2002.", "Live clips of \"Testure\" and \"Worlock\" as well as a behind the scenes interview with the band were broadcast on Crazy Clip TV in Germany and \"Worlock\" was included on a VCD compilation by German magazine Sonic Seducer in 2002. Key joined ohGr on drums for its 2001 tour, while Ogre appeared on the track \"Frozen Sky\" on Key's 2001 album The Ghost of Each Room.", "Key joined ohGr on drums for its 2001 tour, while Ogre appeared on the track \"Frozen Sky\" on Key's 2001 album The Ghost of Each Room. When asked by Terrorizer magazine about the future of Skinny Puppy, Key responded: Our goals for the future are to combine everything, take the best of what we can do with Ogre, and the best of what we have from our past, as well as the future stuff that we can do, and put it into one touring situation which I'm sure will stroll back into bloodville.", "When asked by Terrorizer magazine about the future of Skinny Puppy, Key responded: Our goals for the future are to combine everything, take the best of what we can do with Ogre, and the best of what we have from our past, as well as the future stuff that we can do, and put it into one touring situation which I'm sure will stroll back into bloodville. The first new Skinny Puppy track in several years, \"Optimissed\", appeared on the Underworld soundtrack in 2003.", "The first new Skinny Puppy track in several years, \"Optimissed\", appeared on the Underworld soundtrack in 2003. Ogre, Key, Mark Walk and various guests, including Danny Carey of Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X, recorded the band's ninth studio album, The Greater Wrong of the Right, released in 2004 on Synthetic Symphony, a sub-label of SPV. The album, described by Key as being based in \"pseudopop\", received generally favorable reviews from critics and landed on several Billboard charts.", "The album, described by Key as being based in \"pseudopop\", received generally favorable reviews from critics and landed on several Billboard charts. A music video was made for the song \"Pro-Test\" which featured a style unlike many of the group's previous work, so much so that some were unsure if it was an official video. Skinny Puppy toured North America and Europe in support of the album in 2004, joined by William Morrison on guitar and Justin Bennett on drums.", "Skinny Puppy toured North America and Europe in support of the album in 2004, joined by William Morrison on guitar and Justin Bennett on drums. Shows in Toronto and Montreal were filmed for the live DVD Greater Wrong of the Right Live, which was released in September 2005. The DVD included Information Warfare, a documentary made by Morrison about the U.S.-led wars in Iraq.", "The DVD included Information Warfare, a documentary made by Morrison about the U.S.-led wars in Iraq. The anti-Bush administration stance taken by the band at their live shows drew the ire of PABAAH (Patriotic Americans Boycotting Anti-American Hollywood), which attempted a boycott of college radio stations that played Skinny Puppy. Skinny Puppy toured Europe again in 2005, and returned to the studio to complete their next album, Mythmaker, which was released in January 2007. The album reached No. 4 on the Independent Albums Chart, No.", "4 on the Independent Albums Chart, No. 4 on the Independent Albums Chart, No. 5 on the Dance/Electronic Albums Chart, and No. 17 on the Heatseekers Chart, but barely broke the Billboard 200. The band's 2007 North American and European tour, titled Mythrus, began in May 2007. While some fans longed for the sounds of their earlier days, Ogre, speaking with Electronic Musician, stated the band's intention was to move forward rather than dwell in the past.", "While some fans longed for the sounds of their earlier days, Ogre, speaking with Electronic Musician, stated the band's intention was to move forward rather than dwell in the past. \"Some people think that the stuff we do now is a pale imitation of the past. All of the older stuff had a time and place, and we decided to move forward to where we are now\".", "All of the older stuff had a time and place, and we decided to move forward to where we are now\". In Solvent See tour and HanDover (2009–2012) According to a news posting on the official Skinny Puppy website, the band's next studio album was originally slated for release in October 2009, but the release of this album was delayed due to insolvency issues with the SPV label (thus leading to Ogre naming the 2009 tour the \"In Solvent See\" tour).", "In Solvent See tour and HanDover (2009–2012) According to a news posting on the official Skinny Puppy website, the band's next studio album was originally slated for release in October 2009, but the release of this album was delayed due to insolvency issues with the SPV label (thus leading to Ogre naming the 2009 tour the \"In Solvent See\" tour). These issues were not expected to be resolved until the end of 2009.", "These issues were not expected to be resolved until the end of 2009. However, the \"In Solvent See\" Tour took place as planned, and began on 30 October. In October 2010, there were reports that the new Skinny Puppy album would be released in February 2011. In May 2011, Skinny Puppy announced that they finished recording a new album titled HanDover, and that they were soliciting it to other record labels for a September 2011 release date.", "In May 2011, Skinny Puppy announced that they finished recording a new album titled HanDover, and that they were soliciting it to other record labels for a September 2011 release date. On 27 August 2011, HanDover was officially confirmed as having a 25 October 2011, release in the United States and a 28 October 2011, release in Europe. Steven R Gilmore created the artwork for the album once again. The album landed on a number of Billboard charts, including a spot at No.", "The album landed on a number of Billboard charts, including a spot at No. 168 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart. Skinny Puppy were scheduled to perform at numerous European festivals in the summer of 2010, including the Amphi Festival in Germany, the 2010 Waregem Gothic Festival in Belgium, and the Recession Festival in Denmark. A live album, titled Bootlegged, Broke and in Solvent Seas and recorded on the band's 2010 European tour, was released on 12 June 2012.", "A live album, titled Bootlegged, Broke and in Solvent Seas and recorded on the band's 2010 European tour, was released on 12 June 2012. Weapon and subsequent tours (2013–present) Skinny Puppy announced that a new album, entitled Weapon, would be released on 28 May 2013. The album was inspired by news brought to the band by a former guard at Guantanamo Bay that their music had been used to torture inmates.", "The album was inspired by news brought to the band by a former guard at Guantanamo Bay that their music had been used to torture inmates. Inspiration also came from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and from Ogre's personal views on the human species; in an interview with Vice, Ogre stated that he \"view[s] the human being primarily as a weapon, and a lot of the things that we've created have had disastrous effects on us as a species\".", "Inspiration also came from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and from Ogre's personal views on the human species; in an interview with Vice, Ogre stated that he \"view[s] the human being primarily as a weapon, and a lot of the things that we've created have had disastrous effects on us as a species\". The album was released to generally favorable reviews from critics, several noting the 1980s-esque musical style, and included a re-hashed version of the Remission-era track \"Solvent\".", "The album was released to generally favorable reviews from critics, several noting the 1980s-esque musical style, and included a re-hashed version of the Remission-era track \"Solvent\". Key told the Phoenix New Times that the band had been dissatisfied with HanDovers production schedule, noting that it had taken them several years to produce the album. For Weapon, they made a return to the fast-paced, one-song-a-day style of their early years.", "For Weapon, they made a return to the fast-paced, one-song-a-day style of their early years. The decision to remake the song \"Solvent\" helped to set the album's quickened pace; Key said that the music they were making for the album wouldn't sound correct \"If it didn't sound like something we had just made quickly, like in the old days\".", "The decision to remake the song \"Solvent\" helped to set the album's quickened pace; Key said that the music they were making for the album wouldn't sound correct \"If it didn't sound like something we had just made quickly, like in the old days\". The band released a music video for the song \"Illisit\" and in October 2013, announced their Live Shape For Arms Tour, a North American tour starting in January 2014 at The Observatory in Santa Ana, CA.", "The band released a music video for the song \"Illisit\" and in October 2013, announced their Live Shape For Arms Tour, a North American tour starting in January 2014 at The Observatory in Santa Ana, CA. In early 2014, Ogre and Key sent an invoice of $666,000 to the US government for the use of their music at Guantanamo Bay, bringing the issue to the attention of mainstream media outlets.", "In early 2014, Ogre and Key sent an invoice of $666,000 to the US government for the use of their music at Guantanamo Bay, bringing the issue to the attention of mainstream media outlets. Later in 2014, the Alliance of Sound tour was announced, with performances by Skinny Puppy, VNV Nation, Haujobb, and Youth Code.", "Later in 2014, the Alliance of Sound tour was announced, with performances by Skinny Puppy, VNV Nation, Haujobb, and Youth Code. However, in early November, Front Line Assembly replaced VNV Nation and the tour was renamed Eye vs. Spy, which was a 17-city North American tour between 28 November to 20 December 2014. In June 2015, Skinny Puppy performed at the Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Canada, alongside acts such as Ministry and The Dillinger Escape Plan.", "In June 2015, Skinny Puppy performed at the Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Canada, alongside acts such as Ministry and The Dillinger Escape Plan. Following two successful tours with Weapon, the band yet again embarked with Youth Code, this time to play shows across North America in 2015 and across Europe in 2017 under the Down the SocioPath tour, which dropped all Weapon tracks and instead introduced many songs from the band's 1996 album, The Process, which had not been accompanied by any live performances due to the death of Goettel in 1995.", "Following two successful tours with Weapon, the band yet again embarked with Youth Code, this time to play shows across North America in 2015 and across Europe in 2017 under the Down the SocioPath tour, which dropped all Weapon tracks and instead introduced many songs from the band's 1996 album, The Process, which had not been accompanied by any live performances due to the death of Goettel in 1995. Unlike the previous tours for Weapon, Down the SocioPath scaled back the theatrics and introduced Matthew Setzer as a live guitarist.", "Unlike the previous tours for Weapon, Down the SocioPath scaled back the theatrics and introduced Matthew Setzer as a live guitarist. Ogre began these concerts in a white hooded robe which was removed to reveal a suit into which a stagehand inserted oversized needles. The Down the Sociopath Too Euro 2017 leg lasted from 30 May to 16 June 2017. The tour included stops at the Download Festival in France, Primavera Sound, and Wave-Gotik-Treffen.", "The tour included stops at the Download Festival in France, Primavera Sound, and Wave-Gotik-Treffen. Style Sound Inspired by the music of Suicide, SPK, Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra, Cabaret Voltaire, Chrome, Throbbing Gristle, Bauhaus, Joy Division, New Order, Depeche Mode, Fad Gadget, Nocturnal Emissions, Portion Control, and The Legendary Pink Dots, music which had been accessible to the band primarily via tape exchange, Skinny Puppy experimented with analog and digital recording techniques, composing multi-layered music with synthesizers, drum machines, acoustic percussion, tape loops, samplers, and conventional rock music instruments to create what they called \"audio sculpture\".", "Style Sound Inspired by the music of Suicide, SPK, Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra, Cabaret Voltaire, Chrome, Throbbing Gristle, Bauhaus, Joy Division, New Order, Depeche Mode, Fad Gadget, Nocturnal Emissions, Portion Control, and The Legendary Pink Dots, music which had been accessible to the band primarily via tape exchange, Skinny Puppy experimented with analog and digital recording techniques, composing multi-layered music with synthesizers, drum machines, acoustic percussion, tape loops, samplers, and conventional rock music instruments to create what they called \"audio sculpture\". Their extensive use of sampling from horror films and radio broadcasts served to \"clarify or obscure\" song meanings, and they applied liberal amounts of distortion and other effects to Ogre's vocals, which are often delivered as a stream of consciousness.", "Their extensive use of sampling from horror films and radio broadcasts served to \"clarify or obscure\" song meanings, and they applied liberal amounts of distortion and other effects to Ogre's vocals, which are often delivered as a stream of consciousness. Lyrics commonly reference social and political subjects including animal rights, environmental degradation, drug addiction, suicide, war, privacy, and self-determination.", "Lyrics commonly reference social and political subjects including animal rights, environmental degradation, drug addiction, suicide, war, privacy, and self-determination. They have also used their music to draw attention to events such as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the AIDS epidemic, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.", "They have also used their music to draw attention to events such as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the AIDS epidemic, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Skinny Puppy's often informal, improvisational approach to musical composition is indicated by use of the term \"brap\", coined by them and defined as a verb meaning \"to get together, hook up electronic instruments, get high, and record\".", "Skinny Puppy's often informal, improvisational approach to musical composition is indicated by use of the term \"brap\", coined by them and defined as a verb meaning \"to get together, hook up electronic instruments, get high, and record\". Initially a dark synth-pop group, Skinny Puppy took on a more industrial sound following the inclusion of Dwayne Goettel in 1986, and later came to be recognized as pioneers of the electro-industrial genre.", "Initially a dark synth-pop group, Skinny Puppy took on a more industrial sound following the inclusion of Dwayne Goettel in 1986, and later came to be recognized as pioneers of the electro-industrial genre. Their music has been described as encompassing a range styles including ambient music, avant-funk, noise rock and industrial metal. The music that followed Goettel's death has been likened to genres such as glitch and intelligent dance music.", "The music that followed Goettel's death has been likened to genres such as glitch and intelligent dance music. The Village Voice described Skinny Puppy's early work as \"dark electro-pop\", while Billboard's Bill Coleman thought of them as a \"moody techno-outfit\" with an \"aggravating\" musical delivery. People magazine called Ogre's vocals \"incomprehensible\", and likened the group's use of sampling to noises heard on \"a TV set in an adjoining hotel room\".", "People magazine called Ogre's vocals \"incomprehensible\", and likened the group's use of sampling to noises heard on \"a TV set in an adjoining hotel room\". AllMusic referred to Skinny Puppy's music as \"primal\" and \"Kraftwerk gone netherworld\", going on to say that unlike the bands that followed in their wake, \"Ogre and Key knew how to craft tunes and marry them to the most ingenious of sound patterns\".", "AllMusic referred to Skinny Puppy's music as \"primal\" and \"Kraftwerk gone netherworld\", going on to say that unlike the bands that followed in their wake, \"Ogre and Key knew how to craft tunes and marry them to the most ingenious of sound patterns\". Ogre told the Windsor Star in 1986 that \"in some sense our music, or the feeling expressed by our music, is felt by a lot more people\" than had been anticipated.", "Ogre told the Windsor Star in 1986 that \"in some sense our music, or the feeling expressed by our music, is felt by a lot more people\" than had been anticipated. Ogre said in an interview with Auxiliary Magazine in June 2013, \"there is a very military side to Industrial music, and we are far more in the psychedelic side.\" Music videos Due to their graphic nature, the majority of Skinny Puppy's videos received limited commercial airplay, or were outright banned from broadcast.", "Music videos Due to their graphic nature, the majority of Skinny Puppy's videos received limited commercial airplay, or were outright banned from broadcast. The music video for \"Stairs and Flowers\" was banned by the Canadian Censorship Bureau because of scenes depicting \"an excrement-covered woman being beaten by soldiers\"; the woman in question was Ogre soaked in mud. The letterbox effect used in the video for \"Dig It\", which portrayed stock market footage, was accused by both the bureau and MuchMusic to instead be showing pornography.", "The letterbox effect used in the video for \"Dig It\", which portrayed stock market footage, was accused by both the bureau and MuchMusic to instead be showing pornography. Also banned was the video for \"Testure\", an action resulting from a viewer poll held by CityTV, as was the video for the song \"Worlock\", which was banned from MTV.", "Also banned was the video for \"Testure\", an action resulting from a viewer poll held by CityTV, as was the video for the song \"Worlock\", which was banned from MTV. Ogre, a self-described horror fan, defended the \"Worlock\" video by saying \"I knew there was no way they'd play 'Worlock' there [the United States]. But I went out to make that video so no one would play it!", "But I went out to make that video so no one would play it! \"; he affirmed that the video was meant to draw attention to censorship in horror films. Some of the band's videos have received airplay, such as those for the promotional songs \"Killing Game\" and \"Pro-test\"; \"Dig It\" was also regularly played on MTV.", "Some of the band's videos have received airplay, such as those for the promotional songs \"Killing Game\" and \"Pro-test\"; \"Dig It\" was also regularly played on MTV. A 30-second television promo was produced for the band by Capital Records in 1987, featuring a mix of scenes from the \"Stairs and Flowers\" and \"Dig It\" videos.", "A 30-second television promo was produced for the band by Capital Records in 1987, featuring a mix of scenes from the \"Stairs and Flowers\" and \"Dig It\" videos. In a 1990 radio interview, Goettel explained the group's outlook on music videos, stating that \"it's great to do videos when you have the money to do them, but for Skinny Puppy's part it's less of a promotional tool\". He said that touring and word of mouth were their preferred avenues of promotion.", "He said that touring and word of mouth were their preferred avenues of promotion. \"When a video gets made its not like 'OK we're going to spend $50,000 and it's going to sell this many more records'... it doesn't sell any more records\". Live performances Skinny Puppy is noted for theatrical and controversial live performances which blend performance art with music.", "Live performances Skinny Puppy is noted for theatrical and controversial live performances which blend performance art with music. Ogre has been critical of the band's early performances, telling Spin magazine in 1992 that \"I would do things on stage that would blow – they just wouldn't work\". Live performances involved periods of musical improvisation, film projections, and elaborate stage props and machines, many of which are designed and built by Ogre himself.", "Live performances involved periods of musical improvisation, film projections, and elaborate stage props and machines, many of which are designed and built by Ogre himself. While discussing Skinny Puppy's performances, Ogre remarked that \"our shows combine images with theater. It works better than just coming out and doing a horror magic routine\".", "It works better than just coming out and doing a horror magic routine\". He explained to the Vancouver Sun in 1988 that he wanted his act to have \"that grey area where anything could happen – where I can cut my head off by accident and people will go, 'wow, that's great'\". On-stage theatrics have included Ogre being suspended from racks and cables, play with a hangman's noose, use of an angle grinder, and mock executions of Ogre and George H.W. Bush.", "Bush. Bush. Following the 2004 United States presidential election, promoters began to ask the band to refrain from using fake blood during their performances. This reaction was prompted by the performance of a mock execution on stage, during which Ogre was \"decapitated\" by actors dressed as then U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney.", "This reaction was prompted by the performance of a mock execution on stage, during which Ogre was \"decapitated\" by actors dressed as then U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. The band was also asked by Samsung (who had been asked by Ogre to sponsor the band with a large flat screen) to \"not insult the president\" while performing on stage.", "The band was also asked by Samsung (who had been asked by Ogre to sponsor the band with a large flat screen) to \"not insult the president\" while performing on stage. In a 1987 television interview with Kim Clarke Champniss, Key explained that while Ogre follows a \"rough guideline\" during a live performance, a majority of his on-stage theatrics are conceived spontaneously. Key told Champniss that Ogre's demeanor on stage could \"range from just a sort of laid back kind of lurking to a rampant psycho\".", "Key told Champniss that Ogre's demeanor on stage could \"range from just a sort of laid back kind of lurking to a rampant psycho\". Ogre once remarked that touring was, for himself, like \"dating hydrogen peroxide\", referencing the numerous injuries which he would acquire over the course of touring. Though Ogre and Key have remained the only constant members of Skinny Puppy's live act since Goettel's death, the pair have hired various other musicians to assist them onstage.", "Though Ogre and Key have remained the only constant members of Skinny Puppy's live act since Goettel's death, the pair have hired various other musicians to assist them onstage. They include drummer Justin Bennett, guitarist William Morrison, and guitarist Matthew Setzer. Influence and legacy Despite little mainstream airplay, several Skinny Puppy releases have charted in North America and Europe, and their influence on industrial and electronic music is considerable.", "Influence and legacy Despite little mainstream airplay, several Skinny Puppy releases have charted in North America and Europe, and their influence on industrial and electronic music is considerable. Widely considered originators of a unique sound and live performance style, Skinny Puppy are also known as pioneers of the industrial rock and electro-industrial genres. They were one of the earliest groups to help popularize industrial music, and the Los Angeles Times recognized Ogre as the \"first industrial rock star\".", "They were one of the earliest groups to help popularize industrial music, and the Los Angeles Times recognized Ogre as the \"first industrial rock star\". Their gloomy and androgynous aesthetic helped attract the attention of the goth scene, from which they were able to draw a larger female audience than any previous industrial group. By the end of the 90s, they had sold some two million records for Nettwerk worldwide, and two of their releases, Remission and Bites, were certified gold in Canada.", "By the end of the 90s, they had sold some two million records for Nettwerk worldwide, and two of their releases, Remission and Bites, were certified gold in Canada. Their music has spawned \"a litter of like-minded bands\", extending from independent acts like Tin Omen, to industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails, who opened for Skinny Puppy for a short time on their 1988 VIVIsectVI tour.", "Their music has spawned \"a litter of like-minded bands\", extending from independent acts like Tin Omen, to industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails, who opened for Skinny Puppy for a short time on their 1988 VIVIsectVI tour. Trent Reznor also acknowledged that Skinny Puppy's \"Dig It\" inspired the very first Nine Inch Nails track written, \"Down in It\". Canadian synth-pop artist Grimes includes Skinny Puppy as an influence on her music, having grown up in Vancouver's industrial music scene.", "Canadian synth-pop artist Grimes includes Skinny Puppy as an influence on her music, having grown up in Vancouver's industrial music scene. Sara Taylor of the EBM group Youth Code has said that the song \"Worlock\" was \"one of the most influential songs\" she had ever heard.", "Sara Taylor of the EBM group Youth Code has said that the song \"Worlock\" was \"one of the most influential songs\" she had ever heard. Other artists impacted by Skinny Puppy's music include Marilyn Manson, Chester Bennington, Moby, Jonathan Davis, Daron Malakian, 3Teeth, Foals vocalist Yannis Philippakis, Al Jourgensen, Chris Vrenna, John Grant, Mortiis,Blush Response, Celldweller, Finite Automata, Shooter Jennings, Death Grips vocalist MC Ride, X Marks the Pedwalk, Wumpscut, Haujobb, Orgy, Filter, Front Line Assembly, Orphx, Crystal Castles, AFI side project Blaqk Audio, and Mayhem vocalist Attila Csihar.", "Other artists impacted by Skinny Puppy's music include Marilyn Manson, Chester Bennington, Moby, Jonathan Davis, Daron Malakian, 3Teeth, Foals vocalist Yannis Philippakis, Al Jourgensen, Chris Vrenna, John Grant, Mortiis,Blush Response, Celldweller, Finite Automata, Shooter Jennings, Death Grips vocalist MC Ride, X Marks the Pedwalk, Wumpscut, Haujobb, Orgy, Filter, Front Line Assembly, Orphx, Crystal Castles, AFI side project Blaqk Audio, and Mayhem vocalist Attila Csihar. The band inspired a tribute album, Hymns of the Worlock: A Tribute to Skinny Puppy published by Cleopatra Records, which features groups such as Crocodile Shop and The Electric Hellfire Club.", "The band inspired a tribute album, Hymns of the Worlock: A Tribute to Skinny Puppy published by Cleopatra Records, which features groups such as Crocodile Shop and The Electric Hellfire Club. Skinny Puppy's remix album Remix dystemper includes contributions from a wide array of musicians such as electronic music DJ Josh Wink, Guru, KMFDM, Deftones, and former Nine Inch Nails drummer Chris Vrenna. Vrenna's solo project, Tweaker, opened for Skinny Puppy during their 2004 North American tour.", "Vrenna's solo project, Tweaker, opened for Skinny Puppy during their 2004 North American tour. Danny Carey from Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X provided drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song \"Use Less\" from The Greater Wrong of the Right.", "Danny Carey from Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X provided drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song \"Use Less\" from The Greater Wrong of the Right. Ogre worked with KMFDM on several occasions, touring with them in 1997 and providing vocals on the song \"Torture\" from their album Symbols (the song also features production from Dave Ogilvie) as well as for the songs \"That's All\" and \"Full Worm Garden\" from 1999's Adios.", "Ogre worked with KMFDM on several occasions, touring with them in 1997 and providing vocals on the song \"Torture\" from their album Symbols (the song also features production from Dave Ogilvie) as well as for the songs \"That's All\" and \"Full Worm Garden\" from 1999's Adios. Skinny Puppy also provided a remix for the Mötley Crüe song \"Hooligan's Holiday\"; Nikki Sixx reported that the band \"just dumped the whole song in the computer and went off\".", "Skinny Puppy also provided a remix for the Mötley Crüe song \"Hooligan's Holiday\"; Nikki Sixx reported that the band \"just dumped the whole song in the computer and went off\". Skinny Puppy's music has been included in the soundtracks of films such as Bad Influence, An American Werewolf in Paris, The Blair Witch Project, Underworld, and Saw II, among others. The group was given a brief role as the \"gang of goons\" in the 1995 dark comedy film The Doom Generation.", "The group was given a brief role as the \"gang of goons\" in the 1995 dark comedy film The Doom Generation. The 1996 Video Game Descent II included original music from Ogre and Mark Walk, while the 2014 PlayStation exclusive LittleBigPlanet 3 featured the song \"Rodent\" from the album Rabies. Alternative Press included Skinny Puppy in their 1996 list of \"100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years.\"", "Alternative Press included Skinny Puppy in their 1996 list of \"100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years.\" While discussing the possibility of Nine Inch Nails being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Richard Patrick of the band Filter remarked \"what about Skinny Puppy? \", going on to say that while Nine Inch Nails is the more famous of the two, Skinny Puppy were one of the first groups to craft \"scary and mean\" industrial music.", "\", going on to say that while Nine Inch Nails is the more famous of the two, Skinny Puppy were one of the first groups to craft \"scary and mean\" industrial music. Side-projects Key and Ogre are active in a number of other projects besides Skinny Puppy. Key has released several solo albums including Music for Cats and The Ghost of Each Room in 1998 and 2001, respectively.", "Key has released several solo albums including Music for Cats and The Ghost of Each Room in 1998 and 2001, respectively. Doubting Thomas, a project led by Key and the late Dwayne Goettel, was an outlet for mostly instrumental compositions (save for several film and television samples). The projects only releases were Father Don't Cry in 1990 and The Infidel in 1991, both released through Wax Trax! Records.", "Records. Records. Download was founded by Key and Goettel in 1995 and included the assistance of frequent Skinny Puppy contributors Ken Marshall and Anthony Valcic. The group has released a number of records since its formation and notably provided the soundtrack album Charlie's Family in 1997 for the film The Manson Family, directed by Jim Van Bebber; the film was released six years after the album.", "The group has released a number of records since its formation and notably provided the soundtrack album Charlie's Family in 1997 for the film The Manson Family, directed by Jim Van Bebber; the film was released six years after the album. Bebber had approached Key to produce the soundtrack, having previously directed several Skinny Puppy videos as well as the short horror film Chunk Blower, which starred Goettel and Bill Leeb of Front Line Assembly.", "Bebber had approached Key to produce the soundtrack, having previously directed several Skinny Puppy videos as well as the short horror film Chunk Blower, which starred Goettel and Bill Leeb of Front Line Assembly. Other notable projects include The Tear Garden with Edward Ka-Spel for The Legendary Pink Dots, platEAU with Phil Western, and Cyberaktif with Goettel and Leeb. Key also works as Scaremeister, his film scoring alter ego, having previously contributed to John Debney's score for End of Days.", "Key also works as Scaremeister, his film scoring alter ego, having previously contributed to John Debney's score for End of Days. Scaremeister composed the album 31 Spirits, a collection of short musical pieces which have been used in the trailers of numerous films such as Inglourious Basterds, My Bloody Valentine, and The Book of Eli.", "Scaremeister composed the album 31 Spirits, a collection of short musical pieces which have been used in the trailers of numerous films such as Inglourious Basterds, My Bloody Valentine, and The Book of Eli. Ogre's main project outside Skinny Puppy is ohGr, which has released five albums, Welt (2001), SunnyPsyOp (2003), Devils in my Details (2008), UnDeveloped (2011), and TrickS (2018).", "Ogre's main project outside Skinny Puppy is ohGr, which has released five albums, Welt (2001), SunnyPsyOp (2003), Devils in my Details (2008), UnDeveloped (2011), and TrickS (2018). In the mid-nineties, Ogre and producer Martin Atkins created the project known as Rx (formerly known as Ritalin). Rx released only one album, Bedside Toxicology, in 1998.", "Rx released only one album, Bedside Toxicology, in 1998. He also toured extensively with Pigface (1991–1995) and Ministry (1987–1990) and appeared on a number of Pigface and Ministry-related recordings. Guantanamo Bay torture allegations Skinny Puppy have accused the US military of using their music to torture inmates at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, without the band's knowledge or permission. In response, the band have sent an \"invoice\" to the Pentagon.", "In response, the band have sent an \"invoice\" to the Pentagon. Members Current Nivek Ogre – vocals, keyboards (1982–1996, 2003–present) cEvin Key – guitars, drums, bass, synthesizers (1982–1996, 2003–present) Mark Walk – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass, drums (2003–present) Former Dwayne Goettel – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass (1986–1995; died 1995) Bill Leeb (Wilhelm Schroeder) – bass synth, backing vocals (1984–1986) Touring Justin Bennett – drums (2004–present) Matthew Setzer – guitars (2015–present) William Morrison – guitars (2004–2005) Timeline Discography Remission (1984) Bites (1985) Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse (1986) Cleanse Fold and Manipulate (1987) VIVIsectVI (1988) Rabies (1989) Too Dark Park (1990) Last Rights (1992) The Process (1996) The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004) Mythmaker (2007) hanDover (2011) Weapon (2013) Videography Ain't It Dead Yet?, 1991, VHS/DVD Live performance at The Concert Hall, Toronto, Ontario, 31 May and 1 June 1987.", "Members Current Nivek Ogre – vocals, keyboards (1982–1996, 2003–present) cEvin Key – guitars, drums, bass, synthesizers (1982–1996, 2003–present) Mark Walk – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass, drums (2003–present) Former Dwayne Goettel – keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, bass (1986–1995; died 1995) Bill Leeb (Wilhelm Schroeder) – bass synth, backing vocals (1984–1986) Touring Justin Bennett – drums (2004–present) Matthew Setzer – guitars (2015–present) William Morrison – guitars (2004–2005) Timeline Discography Remission (1984) Bites (1985) Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse (1986) Cleanse Fold and Manipulate (1987) VIVIsectVI (1988) Rabies (1989) Too Dark Park (1990) Last Rights (1992) The Process (1996) The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004) Mythmaker (2007) hanDover (2011) Weapon (2013) Videography Ain't It Dead Yet?, 1991, VHS/DVD Live performance at The Concert Hall, Toronto, Ontario, 31 May and 1 June 1987. Video Collection (1984-1992), 1996, VHS/DVD Includes videos for \"Dig It\", \"Stairs and Flowers\", \"Far Too Frail\" (live footage 1985), \"Smothered Hope\" (live footage 1985), \"Deep Down Trauma Hounds\" (live footage from the 1987 Ain't It Dead Yet?", "Video Collection (1984-1992), 1996, VHS/DVD Includes videos for \"Dig It\", \"Stairs and Flowers\", \"Far Too Frail\" (live footage 1985), \"Smothered Hope\" (live footage 1985), \"Deep Down Trauma Hounds\" (live footage from the 1987 Ain't It Dead Yet? performance), \"Testure\", \"Spasmolytic\", and \"Killing Game\".", "performance), \"Testure\", \"Spasmolytic\", and \"Killing Game\". Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4, 1996, 2-CD Includes a number of video clips on those editions which included a CD-ROM portion. Greater Wrong of the Right LIVE, 2005, 2-DVD Live performances in Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec in late 2004. Also includes videos for \"Pro-Test\", \"Spasmolytic\" (live footage 1990), and \"Love in Vein\" (live footage 1992).", "Also includes videos for \"Pro-Test\", \"Spasmolytic\" (live footage 1990), and \"Love in Vein\" (live footage 1992). A number of other, promo-only videos were released, including \"State Aid\" (live footage 1988), \"Worlock\" (1990), \"Candle\" (1996), \"Curcible\" (1996), \"Hardset Head\" (1996), and \"Haze\" (2007).", "A number of other, promo-only videos were released, including \"State Aid\" (live footage 1988), \"Worlock\" (1990), \"Candle\" (1996), \"Curcible\" (1996), \"Hardset Head\" (1996), and \"Haze\" (2007). See also Go Ask Ogre List of bands from British Columbia Music of Vancouver References Citations Bibliography Further reading Interviews in IndustrialnatioN'' Magazine Issue No. 5, Issue No. 13, & Issue No. 21.", "5, Issue No. 13, & Issue No. 21. 21. External links American Recordings (record label) artists Canadian electronic music groups Canadian industrial music groups Canadian techno music groups Capitol Records artists Dark ambient music groups Dependent Records artists Electro-industrial music groups Electronic body music groups Musical groups established in 1982 Musical groups disestablished in 1995 Musical groups reestablished in 2003 Noise musical groups Canadian post-punk music groups Musical groups from Vancouver Industrial rock musical groups Metropolis Records artists 1982 establishments in British Columbia 1996 disestablishments in British Columbia 2003 establishments in British Columbia" ]

[ "Julia Louis-Dreyfus", "1990-98: The Seinfeld years" ]

[ "Julia Dreyfus may refer to:\n\nJulia Louis-Dreyfus, US actress most known for her role on the 1990s NBC sitcom Seinfeld\nJulie Dreyfus, French actress and distant relative of the aforementioned American actress.", "Julia Louis-Dreyfus has been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995). She has also been nominated for twenty-one Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won five for individual performance (nine all together) for her portrayals on Seinfeld (1997–98) and Veep (2014, 2017–18).\n\nAdditionally, she has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996). As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight).\n\nIn 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.\n\nMajor associations\n\nPrimetime Emmy Awards\nThe Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming. Louis-Dreyfus has received eleven awards from twenty six nominations.\n\nGolden Globe Awards\nThe Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. Louis-Dreyfus has received one award from nine nominations.\n\nScreen Actors Guild Awards\nThe Screen Actors Guild Award is an accolade given by the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) to recognize outstanding performances in film and primetime television. Louis-Dreyfus has received nine awards from twenty-one nominations.\n\nIndustry awards\n\nAmerican Comedy Awards\nThe American Comedy Awards are a group of awards presented annually in the United States recognizing performances and performers in the field of comedy, with an emphasis on television comedy and comedy films. Louis-Dreyfus has received five awards from ten nominations.\n\nCritics' Choice Awards\nThe Critics' Choice Awards—both film and television—are accolades presented by the Broadcast Film Critics Association (BTJA) (US). Louis-Dreyfus has received two awards from six nominations.\n\nPeople's Choice Awards\nThe People's Choice Awards is an American awards show, recognizing the people and the work of popular culture, voted on by the general public. Louis-Dreyfus has received six nominations.\n\nProducers Guild of America Awards\nThe Producers Guild of America Award was originally established in 1990 by the Producers Guild of America as the Golden Laurel Awards, created by PGA Treasurer Joel Freeman with the support of Guild President Leonard Stern, in order to honor the visionaries who produce and execute motion picture and television product. Louis-Dreyfus has received four nominations.\n\nSatellite Awards\nThe Satellite Awards are annual awards given by the International Press Academy that are commonly noted in entertainment industry journals and blogs. Louis-Dreyfus has received ten nominations.\n\nTelevision Critics Association Awards\nThe TCA Awards are awards presented by the Television Critics Association in recognition of excellence in television. Louis-Dreyfus has received one award from seven nominations.\n\nNote\n\nReferences\n\nLouis-Dreyfus, Julia" ]

[ "Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus ( ; born January 13, 1961) is an American actress, comedian, and producer. She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019).", "She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019). She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins.", "She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins. Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985.", "Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985. Her breakthrough came in 1990 with a nine-season run playing Elaine Benes on Seinfeld, one of the most critically and commercially successful sitcoms of all time. Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO.", "Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO. Her film roles include Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Deconstructing Harry (1997), and Enough Said (2013). She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020).", "She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020). In 2021, she began portraying Valentina Allegra de Fontaine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Louis-Dreyfus has received eleven Emmy Awards, eight for acting and three for producing. She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards.", "She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards. Louis-Dreyfus received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 and was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2014. In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list.", "In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list. In 2018, she received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, presented by the Kennedy Center as America's highest comedy honor. Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961.", "Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961. Her American-born mother, Judith (née LeFever), was a writer and special needs tutor, and her French-born father, Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, chaired the Louis Dreyfus Company. Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II.", "Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II. She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair.", "She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair. Her paternal grandmother was born in the US, of partial Mexican origin, and Catholic; during the 1940s, she moved Julia's father to America from France. In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced.", "In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced. After moving to Washington, D.C., when Julia was four, her mother married L. Thompson Bowles, dean of the George Washington University Medical School; Louis-Dreyfus gained a half-sister Lauren Bowles, also an actress. Due to her stepfather's work with Project HOPE, Louis-Dreyfus spent her childhood in several states and countries, including Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia. She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979.", "She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979. She later said, \"There were things I did in school that, had there been boys in the classroom, I would have been less motivated to do. For instance, I was president of the honor society.\" Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority.", "Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority. She studied theatre and performed in the Mee-Ow Show, a student-run improv and sketch comedy revue, before dropping out during her junior year to take a job at Saturday Night Live. In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University.", "In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University. Career 1982–1988: Early career and Saturday Night Live As part of her comedic training, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in The Second City, one of Chicago's best-known improvisational theatre groups. It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21.", "It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21. Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time.", "Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time. During her time on SNL, she appeared alongside several actors who would later rise to prominence, such as Eddie Murphy, Jim Belushi, Billy Crystal, and Martin Short. It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld.", "It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld. Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\".", "Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\". Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase.", "Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase. In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine.", "In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine. When the pilot did not make it to series, Louis-Dreyfus was retained by producer Gary David Goldberg for a role on his new sitcom Day by Day, as the sarcastic and materialistic neighbor, Eileen Swift. Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled.", "Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled. 1989–1998: Seinfeld and widespread recognition In the early 1990s, Louis-Dreyfus became famous for the role of Elaine Benes on NBC's Seinfeld. She played the role for nine seasons, appearing in all but three episodes. One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series.", "One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series. It was only after the first episode that NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric and demanded that creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld add a woman to the cast. It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show.", "It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show. Louis-Dreyfus won the role over several other actresses who would also eventually enjoy TV success, including Patricia Heaton and Megan Mullally. On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\"", "On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\" Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s.", "Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s. Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998.", "Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998. In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998.", "In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998. After receiving the award, Louis-Dreyfus claimed the win was a \"shocker\", and that after being in both positions, it was \"much better to win than to lose.\" In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons.", "In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons. The series finale aired on May 14 and was one of the most-watched TV events in history, with over 76 million viewers tuning in. During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry.", "During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry. 1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\".", "1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\". In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse.", "In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse. After several years away from a regular TV job, Louis-Dreyfus began a new single-camera sitcom, Watching Ellie, which premiered on NBC in February 2002. The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles.", "The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles. The initial premise of the show was to present viewers with a \"slice of life\" from the goings-on and happenings of the life of Ellie Riggs, a Southern California jazz singer. The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\"", "The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\" Overall, the show received mixed reviews but debuted strongly with over 16 million viewers tuning in for the series premiere, and maintained an average audience of about 10 million viewers per week. When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week.", "When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week. The show had undergone a drastic stylistic change between the production of seasons one and two. The first season was filmed in the single-camera format, but the second season was presented as a traditional multicamera sitcom filmed in front of a live studio audience. With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003.", "With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003. Following NBC's cancellation of Watching Ellie, the media began circulating rumors of a so-called \"Seinfeld curse\", which claimed that none of the former Seinfeld actors could ever achieve success again in the television industry. Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\"", "Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\" Louis-Dreyfus was interested in the role of Susan Mayer on Desperate Housewives, the role that ultimately went to Teri Hatcher. Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005.", "Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005. 2005–2010: The New Adventures of Old Christine In 2005, Louis-Dreyfus was cast in the title role of a new CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine. The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer.", "The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer. The series told the story of Christine Campbell, a single mother who manages to maintain a fantastic relationship with her ex-husband while running a women's gym. The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network.", "The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network. Louis-Dreyfus also garnered considerable critical acclaim for her performance on the show, with Brian Lowry of Variety stating that Louis-Dreyfus broke the so-called \"Seinfeld curse [...] with one of the best conventional half-hours to come along in a while.\" Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\"", "Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\" Louis-Dreyfus additionally earned the 2006 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance in the first season. Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\"", "Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\" Throughout the course of the series, she received five consecutive Emmy Award nominations, three consecutive Satellite Award nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine.", "In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine. In May 2006, Louis-Dreyfus hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live, becoming the first female former cast member to return to the show in the hosting role. In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\".", "In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\". After a successful reception from her 2006 episode, Louis-Dreyfus was invited again to host SNL on March 17, 2007, and again on April 17, 2016. Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\".", "Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\". In the fall of 2009, she appeared with the rest of the cast of Seinfeld in four episodes of the seventh season of Larry David's sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm. The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series.", "The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series. In 2009, Louis-Dreyfus was granted the honorary award for Legacy of Laughter at the TV Land Awards. Previous winners had included Lucille Ball and Mike Myers. She was presented with the award by friend Amy Poehler. The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian.", "The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian. Originally, the star was set with Louis-Dreyfus's name spelled incorrectly. It was missing both the 'o' and the hyphen in her last name. The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress.", "The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress. Celebrity guests at the event included past and current colleagues from throughout her career, including Clark Gregg, Larry David, Eric McCormack, and Jason Alexander. Old Christine was cancelled by CBS on May 18, 2010, after 4 years. After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition.", "After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition. In the spring of 2010, Louis-Dreyfus guest-starred several times in the third season of the web series Web Therapy, starring Lisa Kudrow. Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online.", "Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online. When the series made the transition to cable television on the Showtime network, Louis-Dreyfus's appearance from the web series was included in the second season, airing in July 2012. In fall 2010, Louis-Dreyfus made a guest appearance on the live episode of the Emmy-winning comedy 30 Rock. She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots.", "She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots. Louis-Dreyfus was among several Saturday Night Live alumni appearing in the episode, including Rachel Dratch, Bill Hader, and regulars Tracy Morgan and Fey herself. Louis-Dreyfus also starred in a \"Women of SNL\" special on November 1, 2010, on NBC. 2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris.", "2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris. This was the first time the couple had collaborated since their early-2000s NBC comedy Watching Ellie. Hall wrote and directed the film, while Louis-Dreyfus played the lead role of an ordinary woman with an extraordinary obsession with the city of Paris. The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim.", "The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim. It made its television premiere on HBO on December 17, 2012. In early 2011, HBO confirmed that Louis-Dreyfus had been cast in the lead role of U.S. Vice President Selina Meyer in a new satirical comedy series titled Veep. The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes.", "The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes. It was announced, in addition to her starring role, Louis-Dreyfus would also serve as a producer of the series. In preparation for her role, Louis-Dreyfus spoke with two former vice presidents, including Al Gore, senators, speechwriters, chiefs of staffs of various offices, and schedulers. Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began.", "Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began. The first season was filmed in the fall of 2011, in Baltimore, and the series premiered on April 22, 2012. The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance. The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\"", "The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\" Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\"", "Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\" For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017.", "For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017. Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series.", "Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series. Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category.", "Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category. In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer.", "In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer. She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions.", "She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions. The show, however, won the top award from 2015 to 2017. Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014.", "Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014. Her performance has additionally garnered her five Satellite Award nominations and five consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations. Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice to the 2013 animated film Planes, in the role of Rochelle. To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide.", "To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide. She also starred in the film Enough Said, directed by Nicole Holofcener, which was released on September 18, 2013. This marked her debut as a lead actress in a full-length feature film. The film garnered rave reviews from film critics, ranking among the best-reviewed films of 2013. The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance. She received several Best Actress nominations for her role in the film at award ceremonies, including the Golden Globe Awards, Satellite Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and the American Comedy Awards. Since December 2014, Louis-Dreyfus has appeared in a series of television commercials for Old Navy. On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas.", "On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas. During the episode's cold open, she reprised her role of Elaine Benes from Seinfeld. 2020–present: Production deal with Apple TV+ In 2020, Louis-Dreyfus headlined the comedy-drama Downhill, opposite Will Ferrell. The film premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival and was theatrically released on February 14. Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt.", "Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt. The film was released on March 6, 2020. In January 2020, Louis-Dreyfus signed a multi-year deal with Apple TV+. Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star.", "Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star. In 2021, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier as Valentina Allegra de Fontaine, which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, though she was originally intended to debut in the film Black Widow (where she appears in the post credit scene). Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress.", "Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress. She also has two paternal half-sisters: Phoebe and Emma, the latter of whom died in August 2018. Robert Louis-Dreyfus (1946–2009), one of her cousins, was former CEO of Adidas and owner of the Olympique de Marseille football club. While at Northwestern, Louis-Dreyfus met future husband and Saturday Night Live comedian Brad Hall. They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997).", "They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997). Henry is a singer-songwriter, who has performed on The Tonight Show. Charles was a walk-on for the Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team. In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree.", "In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree. Louis-Dreyfus has stated that she holds much respect for \"women who are not afraid of making themselves look bad or foolish to get a laugh\", and cites her acting idols as Lucille Ball, Mary Tyler Moore, Madeline Kahn, Teri Garr, Valerie Harper, and Cloris Leachman. Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock.", "Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock. On September 28, 2017, Louis-Dreyfus announced on Twitter her diagnosis of breast cancer, a diagnosis she received one day after receiving a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in Veep. She stated, \"One in eight women get breast cancer. Today, I'm the one.", "Today, I'm the one. Today, I'm the one. The good news is that I have the most glorious group of supportive and caring family and friends, and fantastic insurance through my union. The bad news is that not all women are so lucky, so let's fight all cancers and make universal healthcare a reality.\" She announced on the October 18, 2018, episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that she was cancer-free.", "that she was cancer-free. that she was cancer-free. Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012.", "Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012. She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land.", "She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land. She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply.", "She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply. In late October 2010, before the United States Senate election in California, Louis-Dreyfus starred in a humorous Barbara Boxer ad regarding energy policy. During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year.", "During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year. In her acceptance speech at the 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards, she denounced President Donald Trump's executive order of travel ban as \"un-American,\" and said, \"My father fled religious persecution in Nazi-occupied France.\" Louis-Dreyfus emceed the final night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, endorsing Joe Biden. She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote.", "She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996).", "Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996). As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight).", "As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight). She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995).", "She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995). She has also been nominated for twenty-one Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won five for individual performance (nine all together) for her portrayals on Seinfeld (1997–98) and Veep (2014, 2017–18). In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.", "In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. See also Alfred Dreyfus – A distant relative at the center of the Dreyfus Affair miscarriage of justice References External links Julia Louis-Dreyfus at Emmys.com Julia Louis-Dreyfus Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America 1961 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians Actresses from Maryland Actresses from New York City American film actresses American people of Brazilian descent American people of French-Jewish descent American people of Mexican descent American sketch comedians American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Comedians from New York City Hispanic and Latino American actresses Living people Julia Louis-Dreyfus Northwestern University School of Communication alumni Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Bethesda, Maryland People from Manhattan Philanthropists from New York (state)" ]

[ "Julia Louis-Dreyfus", "1990-98: The Seinfeld years", "What role did Julia Louis-Dreyfus play on Seinfeld?", "In the early 1990s, Louis-Dreyfus became famous for the role of Elaine Benes on NBC's Seinfeld. She played the role for nine seasons, appearing in all but three episodes.", "How was she chosen for the role?", "It was only after the first episode that NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric, and demanded that creators Jerry Seinfeld", "How did the public respond to her performance?", "Louis-Dreyfus won the role over several other actresses who would also eventually enjoy their own TV success, including Patricia Heaton, Rosie O'Donnell and Megan Mullally.", "Did she ever win an Emmy for the role?", "Her performance on the series was met with critical acclaim, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s." ]

[ "vWorker was an employment website that enabled companies to outsource projects and independent contractors to find work. Together with Elance, Freelancer.com, Guru.com, and Upwork, it was one of the largest global freelance marketplaces of its kind. It organized and streamlined the management of outsourced employees.\n\nOn November 19, 2012, Freelancer.com acquired vWorker \"for a price in the millions\" and the URL was redirected.\n\nHistory\nvWorker was founded in 2001 in Tampa, Florida by Ian Ippolito under the name of Rent A Coder. Ippolito had previously launched the Planet Source Code website for sharing the source code of computer programs and wanted to create a platform for intermediating paid programming projects.\n\nThe type of job board that he had in mind differed from a static Craigslist-type online bulletin board by being enriched with features that would exclude the possibility that employers give out advance payments for work that does not get delivered when agreed or that does not meet their requirements, and the chance that contractors deliver their work online but never hear back from employers who choose not to pay. These protective features included time tracking software for pay-for-time projects, escrow accounts into which employers place the funds for a job and from which the mediating company pays contractors when the work is delivered, arbitration support for settling disputes, and a double blind rating system from previous employers and contractors for reputation management to build trust and credibility between parties who do not know each other. At the time the features were introduced, Rent A Coder was the first online marketplace to protect both employers and employees with escrowing and arbitration.\n\nvWorker added several innovative features including trialsourcing, in which a competition is used for an initial sample of work, before hiring the freelancer in a traditional outsourcing manner.\n\nContributing factors to its growth were improved technological infrastructures (high-speed internet, open source and rapid development tools), increased competition and demand for expertise not available internally, and the late-2000s financial crisis that made employers look for project-based alternatives to full-time employment, while the smaller number of available full-time jobs in people's immediate physical location made many of them become self-employed or try freelancing to earn additional income.\n\nOn April 15, 2010, the site expanded to a hundred new work categories that included, in addition to programming, also graphic design, writing, personal assistance, paralegal work, and others. To reflect the wider site audience, the company changed its name to vWorker, short for \"virtual worker\".\n\nThe company was listed on the Inc. 5000 ranking of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States for 4 consecutive years from 2007 to 2010.\n\nIn 2010, the site had approximately $3 million in revenue.\n\nAs of 17 November 2012, 1.3 million projects had been posted on the site with users earning $139 million. At that time, the site had 15 workers and $11.1 million in revenue.\n\nBusiness model\nvWorker allowed employers to post projects and jobs on the website. Workers who were registered with the site competed for the opportunity to work on the projects by posting bids. Employers chose the bid they preferred and escrowed the funds with vWorker. When job were completed, employer authorized the release of the funds to the worker.\n\nEmployers did not pay any fees to list their jobs and workers were not charged subscription fees. vWorker made money by charging 6.5%–9% commission fees on successfully completed hourly projects and 7.5%–15% fees on fixed price projects; the commissions included strictly enforced arbitration and payment guarantees.\n\nAccording to the model described, vWorker was not a freelancing marketplace in a traditional sense where workers created works on their own initiative, and then try to market and sell them while keeping the copyright to their work. On vWorker, all projects were performed on a work for hire basis in which an employer requested a certain task to be performed according to his or her specifications and received the copyright to the work produced.\n\nModern freelancing marketplaces are frequently also said to be characterized by a reverse auction type bidding system in which sellers compete to offer the lowest price that meets the specifications of a buyer's bid request, and prices decrease during the auction as sellers compete to offer lower bids than their competitors.\n\nThe bidding system on vWorker differed slightly from that general model. Because vWorker used closed or hidden bidding, a person who submitted a bid did not know the prices that other bidders quoted and could not modify his or her own bid accordingly, so there was no necessary decrease in bid amounts during the auction. It also turned out that the lowest bid on vWorker was chosen only by 20% of the employers and that most buyers tended to choose the bid that was submitted last.\n\nCriticisms\nIn 2004, workers in Livingston County, New York accidentally released private information about low-income and foster care families on the vWorker website while posting a project.\n\nvWorker was also sometimes used by students to hire people to do their homework.\n\nvWorker's solution was to strengthen its copyright and intellectual property complaint system so that it can be used by site users and members of the public for removing sensitive materials. Professors could use the same system to remove projects for homework because the professor who created the homework owns the copyright.\n\nSee also\n Contingent workforce\n Crowdsourcing\n Freelance marketplace\n Intermediation\n Outsourcing\n Remote work\n\nReferences\n\nCrowdsourcing\nDefunct American websites\nFreelance marketplace websites\nEmployment websites in the United States\nInternet properties established in 2001\nInternet properties disestablished in 2012\nOnline employment auction websites\nOnline marketplaces of the United States\nTelecommuting", "Dato' Sri Siti Nurhaliza On Tour is an Asian concert tour by Malaysian singer Siti Nurhaliza. The concert was held on February 21 to March 16, 2019 to coincide with 24th anniversary of Siti's musical career. Estimated at a budget about RM10 million, Siti Nurhaliza on Tour was touted as the most expensive concerts in the Malaysian entertainment history. Siti went on planned to embark her concert tour in London which scheduled in April.\n\nBackground\nThe concert was announced by Siti during the concert's press conference in 18 December 2018. She discloses that the organizer, Shiraz Projects to received any sponsorships openly to any parties for her concert, which slated to toured four countries by 2019. She commented: \"I’m blessed that the organiser behind the tour (Shiraz Project), has arranged for vocal training sessions from the very best. There’s always room for improvement in anything you do, even if you’ve been doing it for a long time,\".\n\nTour dates\n\nSee also\n List of Siti Nurhaliza concert tours\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Dato' Sri Siti Nurhaliza On Tour on Facebook\n\n2019 concert tours\nSiti Nurhaliza concert tours" ]

[ "Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus ( ; born January 13, 1961) is an American actress, comedian, and producer. She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019).", "She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019). She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins.", "She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins. Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985.", "Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985. Her breakthrough came in 1990 with a nine-season run playing Elaine Benes on Seinfeld, one of the most critically and commercially successful sitcoms of all time. Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO.", "Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO. Her film roles include Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Deconstructing Harry (1997), and Enough Said (2013). She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020).", "She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020). In 2021, she began portraying Valentina Allegra de Fontaine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Louis-Dreyfus has received eleven Emmy Awards, eight for acting and three for producing. She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards.", "She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards. Louis-Dreyfus received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 and was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2014. In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list.", "In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list. In 2018, she received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, presented by the Kennedy Center as America's highest comedy honor. Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961.", "Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961. Her American-born mother, Judith (née LeFever), was a writer and special needs tutor, and her French-born father, Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, chaired the Louis Dreyfus Company. Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II.", "Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II. She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair.", "She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair. Her paternal grandmother was born in the US, of partial Mexican origin, and Catholic; during the 1940s, she moved Julia's father to America from France. In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced.", "In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced. After moving to Washington, D.C., when Julia was four, her mother married L. Thompson Bowles, dean of the George Washington University Medical School; Louis-Dreyfus gained a half-sister Lauren Bowles, also an actress. Due to her stepfather's work with Project HOPE, Louis-Dreyfus spent her childhood in several states and countries, including Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia. She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979.", "She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979. She later said, \"There were things I did in school that, had there been boys in the classroom, I would have been less motivated to do. For instance, I was president of the honor society.\" Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority.", "Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority. She studied theatre and performed in the Mee-Ow Show, a student-run improv and sketch comedy revue, before dropping out during her junior year to take a job at Saturday Night Live. In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University.", "In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University. Career 1982–1988: Early career and Saturday Night Live As part of her comedic training, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in The Second City, one of Chicago's best-known improvisational theatre groups. It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21.", "It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21. Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time.", "Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time. During her time on SNL, she appeared alongside several actors who would later rise to prominence, such as Eddie Murphy, Jim Belushi, Billy Crystal, and Martin Short. It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld.", "It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld. Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\".", "Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\". Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase.", "Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase. In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine.", "In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine. When the pilot did not make it to series, Louis-Dreyfus was retained by producer Gary David Goldberg for a role on his new sitcom Day by Day, as the sarcastic and materialistic neighbor, Eileen Swift. Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled.", "Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled. 1989–1998: Seinfeld and widespread recognition In the early 1990s, Louis-Dreyfus became famous for the role of Elaine Benes on NBC's Seinfeld. She played the role for nine seasons, appearing in all but three episodes. One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series.", "One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series. It was only after the first episode that NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric and demanded that creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld add a woman to the cast. It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show.", "It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show. Louis-Dreyfus won the role over several other actresses who would also eventually enjoy TV success, including Patricia Heaton and Megan Mullally. On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\"", "On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\" Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s.", "Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s. Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998.", "Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998. In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998.", "In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998. After receiving the award, Louis-Dreyfus claimed the win was a \"shocker\", and that after being in both positions, it was \"much better to win than to lose.\" In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons.", "In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons. The series finale aired on May 14 and was one of the most-watched TV events in history, with over 76 million viewers tuning in. During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry.", "During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry. 1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\".", "1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\". In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse.", "In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse. After several years away from a regular TV job, Louis-Dreyfus began a new single-camera sitcom, Watching Ellie, which premiered on NBC in February 2002. The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles.", "The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles. The initial premise of the show was to present viewers with a \"slice of life\" from the goings-on and happenings of the life of Ellie Riggs, a Southern California jazz singer. The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\"", "The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\" Overall, the show received mixed reviews but debuted strongly with over 16 million viewers tuning in for the series premiere, and maintained an average audience of about 10 million viewers per week. When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week.", "When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week. The show had undergone a drastic stylistic change between the production of seasons one and two. The first season was filmed in the single-camera format, but the second season was presented as a traditional multicamera sitcom filmed in front of a live studio audience. With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003.", "With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003. Following NBC's cancellation of Watching Ellie, the media began circulating rumors of a so-called \"Seinfeld curse\", which claimed that none of the former Seinfeld actors could ever achieve success again in the television industry. Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\"", "Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\" Louis-Dreyfus was interested in the role of Susan Mayer on Desperate Housewives, the role that ultimately went to Teri Hatcher. Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005.", "Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005. 2005–2010: The New Adventures of Old Christine In 2005, Louis-Dreyfus was cast in the title role of a new CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine. The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer.", "The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer. The series told the story of Christine Campbell, a single mother who manages to maintain a fantastic relationship with her ex-husband while running a women's gym. The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network.", "The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network. Louis-Dreyfus also garnered considerable critical acclaim for her performance on the show, with Brian Lowry of Variety stating that Louis-Dreyfus broke the so-called \"Seinfeld curse [...] with one of the best conventional half-hours to come along in a while.\" Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\"", "Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\" Louis-Dreyfus additionally earned the 2006 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance in the first season. Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\"", "Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\" Throughout the course of the series, she received five consecutive Emmy Award nominations, three consecutive Satellite Award nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine.", "In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine. In May 2006, Louis-Dreyfus hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live, becoming the first female former cast member to return to the show in the hosting role. In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\".", "In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\". After a successful reception from her 2006 episode, Louis-Dreyfus was invited again to host SNL on March 17, 2007, and again on April 17, 2016. Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\".", "Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\". In the fall of 2009, she appeared with the rest of the cast of Seinfeld in four episodes of the seventh season of Larry David's sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm. The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series.", "The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series. In 2009, Louis-Dreyfus was granted the honorary award for Legacy of Laughter at the TV Land Awards. Previous winners had included Lucille Ball and Mike Myers. She was presented with the award by friend Amy Poehler. The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian.", "The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian. Originally, the star was set with Louis-Dreyfus's name spelled incorrectly. It was missing both the 'o' and the hyphen in her last name. The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress.", "The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress. Celebrity guests at the event included past and current colleagues from throughout her career, including Clark Gregg, Larry David, Eric McCormack, and Jason Alexander. Old Christine was cancelled by CBS on May 18, 2010, after 4 years. After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition.", "After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition. In the spring of 2010, Louis-Dreyfus guest-starred several times in the third season of the web series Web Therapy, starring Lisa Kudrow. Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online.", "Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online. When the series made the transition to cable television on the Showtime network, Louis-Dreyfus's appearance from the web series was included in the second season, airing in July 2012. In fall 2010, Louis-Dreyfus made a guest appearance on the live episode of the Emmy-winning comedy 30 Rock. She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots.", "She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots. Louis-Dreyfus was among several Saturday Night Live alumni appearing in the episode, including Rachel Dratch, Bill Hader, and regulars Tracy Morgan and Fey herself. Louis-Dreyfus also starred in a \"Women of SNL\" special on November 1, 2010, on NBC. 2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris.", "2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris. This was the first time the couple had collaborated since their early-2000s NBC comedy Watching Ellie. Hall wrote and directed the film, while Louis-Dreyfus played the lead role of an ordinary woman with an extraordinary obsession with the city of Paris. The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim.", "The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim. It made its television premiere on HBO on December 17, 2012. In early 2011, HBO confirmed that Louis-Dreyfus had been cast in the lead role of U.S. Vice President Selina Meyer in a new satirical comedy series titled Veep. The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes.", "The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes. It was announced, in addition to her starring role, Louis-Dreyfus would also serve as a producer of the series. In preparation for her role, Louis-Dreyfus spoke with two former vice presidents, including Al Gore, senators, speechwriters, chiefs of staffs of various offices, and schedulers. Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began.", "Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began. The first season was filmed in the fall of 2011, in Baltimore, and the series premiered on April 22, 2012. The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance. The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\"", "The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\" Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\"", "Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\" For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017.", "For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017. Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series.", "Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series. Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category.", "Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category. In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer.", "In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer. She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions.", "She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions. The show, however, won the top award from 2015 to 2017. Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014.", "Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014. Her performance has additionally garnered her five Satellite Award nominations and five consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations. Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice to the 2013 animated film Planes, in the role of Rochelle. To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide.", "To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide. She also starred in the film Enough Said, directed by Nicole Holofcener, which was released on September 18, 2013. This marked her debut as a lead actress in a full-length feature film. The film garnered rave reviews from film critics, ranking among the best-reviewed films of 2013. The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance. She received several Best Actress nominations for her role in the film at award ceremonies, including the Golden Globe Awards, Satellite Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and the American Comedy Awards. Since December 2014, Louis-Dreyfus has appeared in a series of television commercials for Old Navy. On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas.", "On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas. During the episode's cold open, she reprised her role of Elaine Benes from Seinfeld. 2020–present: Production deal with Apple TV+ In 2020, Louis-Dreyfus headlined the comedy-drama Downhill, opposite Will Ferrell. The film premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival and was theatrically released on February 14. Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt.", "Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt. The film was released on March 6, 2020. In January 2020, Louis-Dreyfus signed a multi-year deal with Apple TV+. Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star.", "Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star. In 2021, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier as Valentina Allegra de Fontaine, which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, though she was originally intended to debut in the film Black Widow (where she appears in the post credit scene). Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress.", "Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress. She also has two paternal half-sisters: Phoebe and Emma, the latter of whom died in August 2018. Robert Louis-Dreyfus (1946–2009), one of her cousins, was former CEO of Adidas and owner of the Olympique de Marseille football club. While at Northwestern, Louis-Dreyfus met future husband and Saturday Night Live comedian Brad Hall. They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997).", "They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997). Henry is a singer-songwriter, who has performed on The Tonight Show. Charles was a walk-on for the Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team. In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree.", "In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree. Louis-Dreyfus has stated that she holds much respect for \"women who are not afraid of making themselves look bad or foolish to get a laugh\", and cites her acting idols as Lucille Ball, Mary Tyler Moore, Madeline Kahn, Teri Garr, Valerie Harper, and Cloris Leachman. Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock.", "Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock. On September 28, 2017, Louis-Dreyfus announced on Twitter her diagnosis of breast cancer, a diagnosis she received one day after receiving a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in Veep. She stated, \"One in eight women get breast cancer. Today, I'm the one.", "Today, I'm the one. Today, I'm the one. The good news is that I have the most glorious group of supportive and caring family and friends, and fantastic insurance through my union. The bad news is that not all women are so lucky, so let's fight all cancers and make universal healthcare a reality.\" She announced on the October 18, 2018, episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that she was cancer-free.", "that she was cancer-free. that she was cancer-free. Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012.", "Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012. She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land.", "She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land. She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply.", "She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply. In late October 2010, before the United States Senate election in California, Louis-Dreyfus starred in a humorous Barbara Boxer ad regarding energy policy. During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year.", "During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year. In her acceptance speech at the 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards, she denounced President Donald Trump's executive order of travel ban as \"un-American,\" and said, \"My father fled religious persecution in Nazi-occupied France.\" Louis-Dreyfus emceed the final night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, endorsing Joe Biden. She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote.", "She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996).", "Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996). As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight).", "As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight). She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995).", "She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995). She has also been nominated for twenty-one Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won five for individual performance (nine all together) for her portrayals on Seinfeld (1997–98) and Veep (2014, 2017–18). In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.", "In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. See also Alfred Dreyfus – A distant relative at the center of the Dreyfus Affair miscarriage of justice References External links Julia Louis-Dreyfus at Emmys.com Julia Louis-Dreyfus Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America 1961 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians Actresses from Maryland Actresses from New York City American film actresses American people of Brazilian descent American people of French-Jewish descent American people of Mexican descent American sketch comedians American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Comedians from New York City Hispanic and Latino American actresses Living people Julia Louis-Dreyfus Northwestern University School of Communication alumni Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Bethesda, Maryland People from Manhattan Philanthropists from New York (state)" ]

[ "Julia Louis-Dreyfus", "1990-98: The Seinfeld years", "What role did Julia Louis-Dreyfus play on Seinfeld?", "In the early 1990s, Louis-Dreyfus became famous for the role of Elaine Benes on NBC's Seinfeld. She played the role for nine seasons, appearing in all but three episodes.", "How was she chosen for the role?", "It was only after the first episode that NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric, and demanded that creators Jerry Seinfeld", "How did the public respond to her performance?", "Louis-Dreyfus won the role over several other actresses who would also eventually enjoy their own TV success, including Patricia Heaton, Rosie O'Donnell and Megan Mullally.", "Did she ever win an Emmy for the role?", "Her performance on the series was met with critical acclaim, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s.", "Did she do work on any other projects during 1990 to 1998?", "Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations," ]

[ "Samantha Marie Ware (born September 3, 1991), also known by her singer stage name Sameya, is an American actress and singer. She is best known for portraying Jane Hayward in the sixth season of Glee (2015), as well as Angela Archer in the Netflix series What/If (2019). Ware also played Lily in the Nike web series Margot vs. Lily (2016).\n\nEarly life and career \nHailing from Lincoln, Nebraska, Ware started her acting career while attending Doane University at the age of 19. She started acting in theater productions, being cast in a Las Vegas production of The Lion King as Nala and later in 2012 national tour for The Book of Mormon, for which she won the Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Supporting Performer. She was subsequently cast in major roles on the TV series Glee and What/If.\n\nPersonal life \nIn June 2020, Ware accused Glee series main cast member Lea Michele, whom she worked with in late 2014 during Ware's recurring role in the sixth season of the series, of being very rude to her on set, behaving with \"traumatic microaggressions\". Ware made her comments in direct response to Michele having posted a message on social media saying \"George Floyd did not deserve this. This was not an isolated incident and it must end. #BlackLives Matter\", though she did not specifically state that Michele's rude behavior towards new actors with minor roles was akin to the racism involved in the murder of George Floyd.\n\nTwo other actors who co-starred with Michele in the main cast, Heather Morris and Amber Riley, made statements confirming that Michele could be frustratingly rude to everyone on set, but neither saw any link between her wide-ranging rudeness and the implication of Michele being racist. Michele responded with an apology, noting that the comments from numerous cast members in response to Ware's accusation had made her aware that her general treatment of all cast members during those years was \"insensitive or inappropriate\", a sign of \"immaturity\", understood that she was \"unnecessarily difficult\" towards others around her, and she would \"keep working to better myself and take responsibility for my actions.\"\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm and television\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\n1991 births\nLiving people\n21st-century American actresses\n21st-century American women singers\nAfrican-American actresses\nAmerican musical theatre actresses\nAmerican stage actresses\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican television actresses\n21st-century African-American women singers\nAmerican women pop singers\nActors from Lincoln, Nebraska\nMusicians from Lincoln, Nebraska\nActresses from Nebraska\nSingers from Nebraska\n21st-century American singers", "is a Japanese actress and voice actress.\n\nCareer\nNomura was previously affiliated with Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society, then Aoni Production and now she is affiliated with Ken Production, an agency founded by the late Kenji Utsumi.\n\nPersonal life\nShe was married to fellow voice actor Kenji Utsumi until his death in 2013.\n\nNotable voice roles\nSpeed Racer (1967): Mitchi Shimura (\"Trixie\"; episode 5 onwards)\nBabel II (1973): Yumiko Furumi\nSazae-san (1976–2005): Wakame Isono (2nd voice)\nDoraemon (1979-2005): Shizuka Minamoto\nCalimero (1974): Priscila\nMaya the Bee (1975): Maya\nKämpfer (2009): Tora Harakiri\n\nAwards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1938 births\nLiving people\nVoice actresses from Yokohama\nJapanese video game actresses\nJapanese voice actresses\nTokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society voice actors\nAoni Production voice actors\nKen Production voice actors\n20th-century Japanese actresses\n21st-century Japanese actresses" ]

[ "Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus ( ; born January 13, 1961) is an American actress, comedian, and producer. She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019).", "She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019). She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins.", "She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins. Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985.", "Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985. Her breakthrough came in 1990 with a nine-season run playing Elaine Benes on Seinfeld, one of the most critically and commercially successful sitcoms of all time. Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO.", "Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO. Her film roles include Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Deconstructing Harry (1997), and Enough Said (2013). She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020).", "She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020). In 2021, she began portraying Valentina Allegra de Fontaine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Louis-Dreyfus has received eleven Emmy Awards, eight for acting and three for producing. She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards.", "She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards. Louis-Dreyfus received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 and was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2014. In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list.", "In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list. In 2018, she received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, presented by the Kennedy Center as America's highest comedy honor. Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961.", "Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961. Her American-born mother, Judith (née LeFever), was a writer and special needs tutor, and her French-born father, Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, chaired the Louis Dreyfus Company. Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II.", "Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II. She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair.", "She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair. Her paternal grandmother was born in the US, of partial Mexican origin, and Catholic; during the 1940s, she moved Julia's father to America from France. In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced.", "In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced. After moving to Washington, D.C., when Julia was four, her mother married L. Thompson Bowles, dean of the George Washington University Medical School; Louis-Dreyfus gained a half-sister Lauren Bowles, also an actress. Due to her stepfather's work with Project HOPE, Louis-Dreyfus spent her childhood in several states and countries, including Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia. She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979.", "She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979. She later said, \"There were things I did in school that, had there been boys in the classroom, I would have been less motivated to do. For instance, I was president of the honor society.\" Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority.", "Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority. She studied theatre and performed in the Mee-Ow Show, a student-run improv and sketch comedy revue, before dropping out during her junior year to take a job at Saturday Night Live. In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University.", "In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University. Career 1982–1988: Early career and Saturday Night Live As part of her comedic training, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in The Second City, one of Chicago's best-known improvisational theatre groups. It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21.", "It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21. Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time.", "Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time. During her time on SNL, she appeared alongside several actors who would later rise to prominence, such as Eddie Murphy, Jim Belushi, Billy Crystal, and Martin Short. It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld.", "It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld. Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\".", "Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\". Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase.", "Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase. In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine.", "In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine. When the pilot did not make it to series, Louis-Dreyfus was retained by producer Gary David Goldberg for a role on his new sitcom Day by Day, as the sarcastic and materialistic neighbor, Eileen Swift. Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled.", "Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled. 1989–1998: Seinfeld and widespread recognition In the early 1990s, Louis-Dreyfus became famous for the role of Elaine Benes on NBC's Seinfeld. She played the role for nine seasons, appearing in all but three episodes. One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series.", "One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series. It was only after the first episode that NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric and demanded that creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld add a woman to the cast. It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show.", "It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show. Louis-Dreyfus won the role over several other actresses who would also eventually enjoy TV success, including Patricia Heaton and Megan Mullally. On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\"", "On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\" Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s.", "Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s. Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998.", "Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998. In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998.", "In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998. After receiving the award, Louis-Dreyfus claimed the win was a \"shocker\", and that after being in both positions, it was \"much better to win than to lose.\" In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons.", "In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons. The series finale aired on May 14 and was one of the most-watched TV events in history, with over 76 million viewers tuning in. During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry.", "During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry. 1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\".", "1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\". In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse.", "In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse. After several years away from a regular TV job, Louis-Dreyfus began a new single-camera sitcom, Watching Ellie, which premiered on NBC in February 2002. The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles.", "The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles. The initial premise of the show was to present viewers with a \"slice of life\" from the goings-on and happenings of the life of Ellie Riggs, a Southern California jazz singer. The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\"", "The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\" Overall, the show received mixed reviews but debuted strongly with over 16 million viewers tuning in for the series premiere, and maintained an average audience of about 10 million viewers per week. When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week.", "When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week. The show had undergone a drastic stylistic change between the production of seasons one and two. The first season was filmed in the single-camera format, but the second season was presented as a traditional multicamera sitcom filmed in front of a live studio audience. With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003.", "With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003. Following NBC's cancellation of Watching Ellie, the media began circulating rumors of a so-called \"Seinfeld curse\", which claimed that none of the former Seinfeld actors could ever achieve success again in the television industry. Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\"", "Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\" Louis-Dreyfus was interested in the role of Susan Mayer on Desperate Housewives, the role that ultimately went to Teri Hatcher. Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005.", "Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005. 2005–2010: The New Adventures of Old Christine In 2005, Louis-Dreyfus was cast in the title role of a new CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine. The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer.", "The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer. The series told the story of Christine Campbell, a single mother who manages to maintain a fantastic relationship with her ex-husband while running a women's gym. The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network.", "The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network. Louis-Dreyfus also garnered considerable critical acclaim for her performance on the show, with Brian Lowry of Variety stating that Louis-Dreyfus broke the so-called \"Seinfeld curse [...] with one of the best conventional half-hours to come along in a while.\" Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\"", "Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\" Louis-Dreyfus additionally earned the 2006 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance in the first season. Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\"", "Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\" Throughout the course of the series, she received five consecutive Emmy Award nominations, three consecutive Satellite Award nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine.", "In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine. In May 2006, Louis-Dreyfus hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live, becoming the first female former cast member to return to the show in the hosting role. In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\".", "In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\". After a successful reception from her 2006 episode, Louis-Dreyfus was invited again to host SNL on March 17, 2007, and again on April 17, 2016. Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\".", "Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\". In the fall of 2009, she appeared with the rest of the cast of Seinfeld in four episodes of the seventh season of Larry David's sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm. The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series.", "The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series. In 2009, Louis-Dreyfus was granted the honorary award for Legacy of Laughter at the TV Land Awards. Previous winners had included Lucille Ball and Mike Myers. She was presented with the award by friend Amy Poehler. The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian.", "The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian. Originally, the star was set with Louis-Dreyfus's name spelled incorrectly. It was missing both the 'o' and the hyphen in her last name. The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress.", "The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress. Celebrity guests at the event included past and current colleagues from throughout her career, including Clark Gregg, Larry David, Eric McCormack, and Jason Alexander. Old Christine was cancelled by CBS on May 18, 2010, after 4 years. After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition.", "After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition. In the spring of 2010, Louis-Dreyfus guest-starred several times in the third season of the web series Web Therapy, starring Lisa Kudrow. Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online.", "Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online. When the series made the transition to cable television on the Showtime network, Louis-Dreyfus's appearance from the web series was included in the second season, airing in July 2012. In fall 2010, Louis-Dreyfus made a guest appearance on the live episode of the Emmy-winning comedy 30 Rock. She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots.", "She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots. Louis-Dreyfus was among several Saturday Night Live alumni appearing in the episode, including Rachel Dratch, Bill Hader, and regulars Tracy Morgan and Fey herself. Louis-Dreyfus also starred in a \"Women of SNL\" special on November 1, 2010, on NBC. 2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris.", "2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris. This was the first time the couple had collaborated since their early-2000s NBC comedy Watching Ellie. Hall wrote and directed the film, while Louis-Dreyfus played the lead role of an ordinary woman with an extraordinary obsession with the city of Paris. The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim.", "The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim. It made its television premiere on HBO on December 17, 2012. In early 2011, HBO confirmed that Louis-Dreyfus had been cast in the lead role of U.S. Vice President Selina Meyer in a new satirical comedy series titled Veep. The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes.", "The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes. It was announced, in addition to her starring role, Louis-Dreyfus would also serve as a producer of the series. In preparation for her role, Louis-Dreyfus spoke with two former vice presidents, including Al Gore, senators, speechwriters, chiefs of staffs of various offices, and schedulers. Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began.", "Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began. The first season was filmed in the fall of 2011, in Baltimore, and the series premiered on April 22, 2012. The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance. The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\"", "The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\" Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\"", "Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\" For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017.", "For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017. Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series.", "Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series. Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category.", "Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category. In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer.", "In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer. She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions.", "She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions. The show, however, won the top award from 2015 to 2017. Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014.", "Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014. Her performance has additionally garnered her five Satellite Award nominations and five consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations. Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice to the 2013 animated film Planes, in the role of Rochelle. To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide.", "To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide. She also starred in the film Enough Said, directed by Nicole Holofcener, which was released on September 18, 2013. This marked her debut as a lead actress in a full-length feature film. The film garnered rave reviews from film critics, ranking among the best-reviewed films of 2013. The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance. She received several Best Actress nominations for her role in the film at award ceremonies, including the Golden Globe Awards, Satellite Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and the American Comedy Awards. Since December 2014, Louis-Dreyfus has appeared in a series of television commercials for Old Navy. On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas.", "On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas. During the episode's cold open, she reprised her role of Elaine Benes from Seinfeld. 2020–present: Production deal with Apple TV+ In 2020, Louis-Dreyfus headlined the comedy-drama Downhill, opposite Will Ferrell. The film premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival and was theatrically released on February 14. Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt.", "Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt. The film was released on March 6, 2020. In January 2020, Louis-Dreyfus signed a multi-year deal with Apple TV+. Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star.", "Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star. In 2021, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier as Valentina Allegra de Fontaine, which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, though she was originally intended to debut in the film Black Widow (where she appears in the post credit scene). Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress.", "Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress. She also has two paternal half-sisters: Phoebe and Emma, the latter of whom died in August 2018. Robert Louis-Dreyfus (1946–2009), one of her cousins, was former CEO of Adidas and owner of the Olympique de Marseille football club. While at Northwestern, Louis-Dreyfus met future husband and Saturday Night Live comedian Brad Hall. They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997).", "They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997). Henry is a singer-songwriter, who has performed on The Tonight Show. Charles was a walk-on for the Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team. In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree.", "In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree. Louis-Dreyfus has stated that she holds much respect for \"women who are not afraid of making themselves look bad or foolish to get a laugh\", and cites her acting idols as Lucille Ball, Mary Tyler Moore, Madeline Kahn, Teri Garr, Valerie Harper, and Cloris Leachman. Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock.", "Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock. On September 28, 2017, Louis-Dreyfus announced on Twitter her diagnosis of breast cancer, a diagnosis she received one day after receiving a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in Veep. She stated, \"One in eight women get breast cancer. Today, I'm the one.", "Today, I'm the one. Today, I'm the one. The good news is that I have the most glorious group of supportive and caring family and friends, and fantastic insurance through my union. The bad news is that not all women are so lucky, so let's fight all cancers and make universal healthcare a reality.\" She announced on the October 18, 2018, episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that she was cancer-free.", "that she was cancer-free. that she was cancer-free. Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012.", "Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012. She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land.", "She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land. She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply.", "She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply. In late October 2010, before the United States Senate election in California, Louis-Dreyfus starred in a humorous Barbara Boxer ad regarding energy policy. During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year.", "During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year. In her acceptance speech at the 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards, she denounced President Donald Trump's executive order of travel ban as \"un-American,\" and said, \"My father fled religious persecution in Nazi-occupied France.\" Louis-Dreyfus emceed the final night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, endorsing Joe Biden. She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote.", "She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996).", "Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996). As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight).", "As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight). She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995).", "She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995). She has also been nominated for twenty-one Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won five for individual performance (nine all together) for her portrayals on Seinfeld (1997–98) and Veep (2014, 2017–18). In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.", "In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. See also Alfred Dreyfus – A distant relative at the center of the Dreyfus Affair miscarriage of justice References External links Julia Louis-Dreyfus at Emmys.com Julia Louis-Dreyfus Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America 1961 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians Actresses from Maryland Actresses from New York City American film actresses American people of Brazilian descent American people of French-Jewish descent American people of Mexican descent American sketch comedians American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Comedians from New York City Hispanic and Latino American actresses Living people Julia Louis-Dreyfus Northwestern University School of Communication alumni Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Bethesda, Maryland People from Manhattan Philanthropists from New York (state)" ]

[ "Julia Louis-Dreyfus", "1990-98: The Seinfeld years", "What role did Julia Louis-Dreyfus play on Seinfeld?", "In the early 1990s, Louis-Dreyfus became famous for the role of Elaine Benes on NBC's Seinfeld. She played the role for nine seasons, appearing in all but three episodes.", "How was she chosen for the role?", "It was only after the first episode that NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric, and demanded that creators Jerry Seinfeld", "How did the public respond to her performance?", "Louis-Dreyfus won the role over several other actresses who would also eventually enjoy their own TV success, including Patricia Heaton, Rosie O'Donnell and Megan Mullally.", "Did she ever win an Emmy for the role?", "Her performance on the series was met with critical acclaim, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s.", "Did she do work on any other projects during 1990 to 1998?", "Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations,", "Did she work with any notable actors or actresses during this period?", "she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry." ]

[ "Elaine Marley–Threepwood is a fictional character in the Monkey Island series of graphic adventure video games. Created by Ron Gilbert for LucasArts, the character first appears in The Secret of Monkey Island and is one of the core characters in the franchise. Originally conceived as a ruthless island governor, the character evolved during development into the protagonist's love interest. While the first two games in the series did not feature voice acting, Elaine was voiced by Alexandra Boyd in The Curse of Monkey Island and by Charity James in Escape from Monkey Island; Boyd would reprise the role for later entries in the franchise.\n\nElaine is the governor of the Tri-Island Area, a fictional group of pirate islands in the Caribbean. She is loved by the undead pirate LeChuck, who never ceases to pursue her affections and attempts to turn her into his undead bride, but Elaine instead falls in love with hapless protagonist Guybrush Threepwood. Elaine is consistently kidnapped by LeChuck, prompting Guybrush to attempt a rescue, although Elaine is usually more than capable of escaping predicaments by herself. She eventually marries Guybrush and relinquishes her gubernatorial responsibilities to her grandfather, travelling with Guybrush to the fictional Gulf of Melange to cure the outbreak of a voodoo-empowered pox.\n\nThe character has enjoyed positive critical reception. Several sources commended Elaine's aberration of the damsel in distress stereotype. Elaine has been ranked on a number of lists regarding the best female characters in the video game industry, and has received praise for her visual design and resilient personality. Critics have also complimented Boyd's and James' voice acting for the character in the later installments of the series, though some expressed disappointment at the character's reduced lines in The Curse of Monkey Island.\n\nCharacter design\nThe original script for The Secret of Monkey Island called for a character simply named \"the Governor\"; Monkey Island creator Ron Gilbert had envisioned her as a far more ruthless character. The name \"Elaine\" was created later in development by Dave Grossman, who wrote the final scenes of the game in which protagonist Guybrush Threepwood disrupts the wedding of antagonist LeChuck and the governor. One of Grossman's options for gatecrashing the wedding is having Guybrush scream \"Elaine!\" in a parody of a similar scene in the 1967 film The Graduate; Gilbert appreciated the reference, so Elaine was adopted as the governor's name. As development on the game further progressed, the character evolved from being a ruthless governor to the player character's love interest.\n\nWhen the player talks to a number of characters in The Secret of Monkey Island, a close-up portrait of the character is shown. Elaine's appearance in this portrait was based on Avril Harrison, an artist working at LucasArts. Gilbert always felt bothered by these close-up portraits, stating that \"while they were great art, I never felt they matched the style of the rest of the game\". In the 2009 Special Edition, these close-ups were redone in the same stylized artwork featured in the rest of the game.\n\nIn The Curse of Monkey Island, Elaine realises that Guybrush is her true love, and marries him. However, Ron Gilbert did not intend for the relationship between the characters to develop in this way, stating that Elaine \"never really liked Guybrush and thought of him as more of a little brother\". Gilbert was not involved in the production of The Curse of Monkey Island; while thinking that the new development team \"did a pretty good job of capturing what Monkey Island was about\", the relationship between Elaine and Guybrush \"was the thing that bugged [Gilbert] the most about The Curse of Monkey Island\".\n\nThe Curse of Monkey Island was the first Monkey Island game to feature voice acting; in it, the part of Elaine Marley was given to British actress Alexandra Boyd. Boyd explains that she got the part of Elaine as she had worked with voice director Darragh O'Farrell previously; O'Farrell brought Boyd in to read for the part. Boyd joked that \"I figured I got the part because I have red hair like her\". Boyd was not contacted to return as the character for Escape from Monkey Island; Elaine was instead voiced by American actress Charity James. Nevertheless, Boyd reprised the role for Telltale Games' Tales of Monkey Island and the later enhanced remakes of the first two games. Boyd was glad to return, stating that the character \"is very well written and it’s fun doing all that shouting at LeChuck and Guybrush! Exhausting but fun\". Rather than travelling to Telltale's studio in San Rafael, Boyd instead recorded her lines for Tales of Monkey Island in London, communicating with the director remotely with Skype. The development of Elaine's character was one of Gilbert's aims for Tales of Monkey Island; Gilbert wanted Elaine to \"be better informed and more capable than most of the other characters\".\n\nAttributes and depiction\nIntelligent and highly resourceful, Elaine is depicted as a caring and kind person. She is usually more than capable of taking care of herself; on the multiple occasions that she is kidnapped by LeChuck, she is usually able to escape at her own volition and formulate plans to defeat her adversaries. In addition, Elaine is proficient in personal combat and displays an understanding of strategy in battle, reinforced by calm personality that allows Elaine to use common sense and stay composed despite dire situations. While attracted to piracy, Elaine is initially wary of pursuing a relationship with pirates due to a bad liaison with LeChuck while the pirate captain was still alive. Nevertheless, Elaine falls in love with Guybrush, seeing past his faults in favor of his kind personality and sharp wit. While Elaine is the dominant partner in their relationship, she still has faith in his abilities regardless of Guybrush's hapless disposition.\n\nElaine is usually depicted as a beautiful woman with long red hair and with green eyes. She wears a variety of pirate clothing consistent with the game's Golden Age of Piracy setting; her outfit usually consists of pantaloons, a blouse worn under a lightweight tunic, a sash, boots and a headscarf. Elaine usually wears gold earrings, though by Tales of Monkey Island, she wears her diamond engagement ring as an earring until Chapter 2. Her appearances in The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge are in the form of pixel art, with appearances slightly differing between the EGA, Amiga and VGA versions of the games. By The Curse of Monkey Island, Elaine is rendered in a cartoon art style by LucasArts artists Larry Ahern and Bill Tiller, although the character's choice of clothing remains consistent. Escape from Monkey Island translated Ahern and Tiller's depiction into 3D graphics, while the later special editions and Tales of Monkey Island produced a more stylized art form for the character. While under LeChuck's influence as his demon bride in Tales of Monkey Island, Elaine is dressed in a Gothic wedding dress and a tiara, her eyes are pupiless and her skin is given a green hue.\n\nAppearances\n\nElaine Marley debuts in The Secret of Monkey Island as the governor of Mêlée Island, on which hapless protagonist Guybrush Threepwood is striving to become a pirate. As governor, she attracts many suitors, one of these being the pirate captain LeChuck. Although Elaine rebukes\nLeChuck's advances, he nevertheless pursues her love and aims to impress her by discovering the secret of Monkey Island. The exhibition ultimately costs LeChuck his life, but he returns as a ghost still intent on marrying Elaine. LeChuck's ambitions for Elaine's hand in marriage—whether given willingly or not—form a major part of the franchise's plot. Elaine first encounters Guybrush when he breaks into the governor's mansion on Mêlée Island in an attempt to steal a valuable idol. Elaine has been fascinated to meet Guybrush since hearing of his arrival on the island and his strange name, however, their first meeting is stunted by Guybrush being too awestruck by Elaine's beauty to say anything intelligible. When the local sheriff tries to drown Guybrush after a fight, Elaine nevertheless rushes to his aid, confessing that she feels deeply attracted to Guybrush, which he reciprocates. She implores Guybrush to finish his pirate trials before they act on their new-found love, but is kidnapped by LeChuck and taken to his hideout on Monkey Island when the ghost pirate's crew suddenly raids the island. Guybrush mounts a rescue attempt, but fails to reach Elaine before LeChuck's ship returns to Mêlée Island for LeChuck's wedding to Elaine. The well-intentioned Threepwood gatecrashes the wedding, but in actuality ruins Elaine's own plan to defeat LeChuck with an anti-ghost concoction. Guybrush still manages to destroy LeChuck, and the game closes with the happy couple watching the fireworks as the evil pirate's ghost form explodes.\n\nElaine's role is significantly reduced for the sequel Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, though the majority of the story is conveyed by Guybrush to Elaine in the form of a flashback. Between the games, the two have broken off their relationship and Elaine has moved to her governor's mansion on Booty Island. When Guybrush appears at the mansion, she presumes he has come to apologize; instead he is looking for a map that belonged to Elaine's grandfather, which leads to fabled treasure Big Whoop. After discovering Guybrush's intentions, Elaine is infuriated and refuses to speak to him. Guybrush eventually becomes trapped at the site of Big Whoop, with Elaine arriving to rescue him. Guybrush falls into a chasm, where he is confronted by LeChuck, recently resurrected as a zombie. As the game ends with Guybrush thinking he is a child in a theme park, Elaine is seen worrying that LeChuck has placed a curse on Guybrush.\n\nIn The Curse of Monkey Island, with Guybrush indisposed at the end of LeChuck's Revenge, LeChuck attacks Plunder Island, the third island covered by Elaine's gubernatorial powers. LeChuck's efforts to buy Elaine's love are again rebuked by Elaine during an exchange of cannon fire; Elaine is angry at LeChuck for having apparently killed Guybrush, who she realises is the true love of her life. The battle is interrupted by Guybrush, who has escaped from LeChuck's curse and helps defeat the zombie pirate. Afterwards, Guybrush proposes to Elaine, giving her a diamond ring found in LeChuck's hold. Unknown to Guybrush, the ring is cursed and turns Elaine into solid gold. Guybrush manages to remove the curse, but both are captured by a reincarnated demon LeChuck. LeChuck plans to turn Elaine into a fellow undead creature, forcing her to accept him as he will be the only other person in a similar condition. Both Elaine and Guybrush escape, with Elaine eluding LeChuck until he is trapped under an avalanche of ice by Guybrush. Elaine and Guybrush marry, and leave on their honeymoon.\n\nElaine and Guybrush return to Mêlée Island in Escape from Monkey Island from their lengthy honeymoon to find that she has been declared legally dead; as a result the governorship of the Tri-Island Area is up for election. While Elaine and Guybrush work on reversing her legal demise, they discover that the other candidate in the election is actually LeChuck in disguise, but the townspeople, feeling neglected by Elaine's long absence, do not believe her. Guybrush leaves to prevent the Ultimate Insult, a powerful voodoo talisman, from falling into the hands of LeChuck's co-conspirator Ozzie Mandrill. Elaine is defeated in the election and LeChuck becomes governor, while Guybrush is captured and marooned on Monkey Island. On Monkey Island, Guybrush discovers that resident castaway Herman Toothrot is actually Horatio Marley, Elaine's long thought dead grandfather. The two escape Monkey Island and defeat LeChuck and Mandrill. Elaine asks Horatio to take over her position as governor of the Tri-Island Area, and Guybrush and Elaine depart.\n\nIn Tales of Monkey Island, set several years after Escape from Monkey Island, Elaine has once again been kidnapped by LeChuck. In his rescue attempt, Guybrush inadvertently releases a voodoo pox over Gulf of Melange, which turns LeChuck into a human. While events separate Guybrush and Elaine, she befriends the now seemingly unmalicious LeChuck, and helps him return monkeys used for his voodoo spells to their homes. Elaine also attempts, without success, to arbitrate between merpeople with access to a cure for the pox and infected pirates. When negotiations break down, Elaine participates in a battle around the Jerkbait Islands to drive off the pirates. However, Elaine becomes infected with the pox and loses control, travelling to Flotsam Island to sack the town and kill Morgan LeFlay, a bounty hunter who she sees as a rival for Guybrush's love. Guybrush cures the pox, but LeChuck turns on him and fatally stabs him; Elaine cradles her husband as he dies. LeChuck takes Elaine captive and appears to convince her to join him as his demon bride; however, Elaine only submits to LeChuck to acquire a voodoo cutlass capable of destroying LeChuck. Guybrush returns as a ghost and maneuvers LeChuck into a position where Elaine can attack him with the cutlass. With LeChuck defeated, Guybrush restores himself to life by using a spell with Elaine's wedding ring, and returns to his wife.\n\nReception\nThe character of Elaine Marley has garnered a positive reception from critics within the video game industry. Described by GameSpot as the impetus for the whole series, critics lauded Elaine's non-conformity to the damsel in distress stereotype. GameSpot noted that Elaine is usually much more proficient at escaping trouble \"than the so-called hero who comes to save her\", while the video game culture journal Eludamos approved of the character for allowing a level of \"feminine expression which did not necessary always conform to passive ideals of the damsel in distress\". The website That Guy with the Glasses put Elaine as the eighth best female character in gaming, describing her as possibly the only staple character in the series to have \"a shred of sanity and smarts\", praising the character's independence and resilience as well as noting that as a woman in the Golden Age of Piracy, Elaine has risen to a position of power far above what would be historically considered normal for the time.\n\nEurogamer commended Elaine's design as \"worthy of acclaim\", naming her the \"Best Female Supporting Character\" in their 2001 annual Gaming Globes awards, while IGN described her alongside Guybrush and LeChuck as one of \"the most beloved adventure characters of all time\". Alexandra Boyd and Charity James too have been praised for their voicing of Elaine; Computer Games Magazine described Boyd's work for The Curse of Monkey Island as \"wonderful\", though lamented that she did not speak more in the game, while Macworld admired the character's depiction in Escape from Monkey Island as \"beautiful and plucky\". Gadgette also listed Elaine as 4th of their favorite female video game character. IGN India, The Guardian, and GamesRadar all claimed that Elaine and Guybrush were the best video game romance.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Elaine Marley on the Monkey Island Wiki\n\nFemale characters in video games\nFictional governors\nFictional female pirates\nFictional socialites\nMonkey Island characters\nPolitician characters in video games\nVideo game characters introduced in 1990", "Martha Julia () is a Mexican actress. She is best known for playing Isadora Duarte Montalvo in the telenovela Destilando Amor.\n\nCareer\nMartha Julia debuted as soap opera actress in 1995 playing Consuelo Flores, a mistress, in the melodrama El premio mayor. Two years later she returned as the same character in Salud, dinero y amor. She returned to television in 2001 in the soap opera Amigas y rivales playing the character of Margarita.\n\nShe acted in the soap operas Las vías del amor (2002) and Luciana y Nicolás (2003), the latter which was filmed in Peru. In May 2004, she participated as a housemate/tenant in Big Brother VIP 3 (Part 2). In 2005, she acted in the soap opera La Madrastra as the character Ana Rosa.\n\nLater in 2007, Martha Julia was in the soap opera Destilando Amor playing the antagonist Isadora. In 2008, she joined the cast of Alma de Hierro as Paty, which was produced by Roberto Gómez Fernández.\n\nIn 2010, she was a villain in Niña de mi corazón, a production of Pedro Damián, playing the character Tamara. In October of that same year, she had a role as a maid-of-honor in Soy tu dueña, a production of Nicandro Díaz González. Later that year she joined the cast of Cuando me enamoro, produced by Carlos Moreno Laguillo, in the role of Marina.\n\nMartha Julia played the antagonist Flor Escutia in Corona de lágrimas.\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision roles\n\nExternal links\n \n\nLiving people\nMexican telenovela actresses\nMexican television actresses\nPeople from Culiacán\nActresses from Sinaloa\n20th-century Mexican actresses\n21st-century Mexican actresses\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus ( ; born January 13, 1961) is an American actress, comedian, and producer. She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019).", "She is known for her work in the comedy television series Saturday Night Live (1982–1985), Seinfeld (1989–1998), The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010), and Veep (2012–2019). She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins.", "She is one of the most award-winning actresses in American television history, having received more Primetime Emmy Awards and more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer, tying Cloris Leachman (with eight) for the most acting wins. Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985.", "Louis-Dreyfus broke into comedy as a performer in The Practical Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois, which led to her casting in the sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985. Her breakthrough came in 1990 with a nine-season run playing Elaine Benes on Seinfeld, one of the most critically and commercially successful sitcoms of all time. Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO.", "Her other notable television roles include Christine Campbell in The New Adventures of Old Christine, which had a five-season run on CBS; and Selina Meyer in Veep, which ran for seven seasons on HBO. Her film roles include Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Deconstructing Harry (1997), and Enough Said (2013). She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020).", "She also provided voices for the animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020). In 2021, she began portraying Valentina Allegra de Fontaine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Louis-Dreyfus has received eleven Emmy Awards, eight for acting and three for producing. She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards.", "She has also received a Golden Globe Award, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards, five American Comedy Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards. Louis-Dreyfus received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 and was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2014. In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list.", "In 2016, Lena Dunham in Time named Louis-Dreyfus as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in the artists category in the annual Time 100 list. In 2018, she received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, presented by the Kennedy Center as America's highest comedy honor. Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961.", "Early life Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus was born in New York City on January 13, 1961. Her American-born mother, Judith (née LeFever), was a writer and special needs tutor, and her French-born father, Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, chaired the Louis Dreyfus Company. Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II.", "Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group; he was a member of a Jewish family from Alsace and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II. She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair.", "She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, who in 1851 founded the Louis Dreyfus Group, a French commodities and shipping conglomerate, which members of her family still control; and is distantly related to Alfred Dreyfus of the infamous Dreyfus affair. Her paternal grandmother was born in the US, of partial Mexican origin, and Catholic; during the 1940s, she moved Julia's father to America from France. In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced.", "In 1962, one year after Louis-Dreyfus's birth, her parents divorced. After moving to Washington, D.C., when Julia was four, her mother married L. Thompson Bowles, dean of the George Washington University Medical School; Louis-Dreyfus gained a half-sister Lauren Bowles, also an actress. Due to her stepfather's work with Project HOPE, Louis-Dreyfus spent her childhood in several states and countries, including Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia. She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979.", "She graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1979. She later said, \"There were things I did in school that, had there been boys in the classroom, I would have been less motivated to do. For instance, I was president of the honor society.\" Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority.", "Louis-Dreyfus attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she was a member of the Delta Gamma sorority. She studied theatre and performed in the Mee-Ow Show, a student-run improv and sketch comedy revue, before dropping out during her junior year to take a job at Saturday Night Live. In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University.", "In 2007, she received an honorary doctor of arts degree from Northwestern University. Career 1982–1988: Early career and Saturday Night Live As part of her comedic training, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in The Second City, one of Chicago's best-known improvisational theatre groups. It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21.", "It was her performance with The Practical Theatre Company at their \"Golden 50th Anniversary Jubilee\" that led to her being asked to join the cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live at the age of 21. Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time.", "Louis-Dreyfus subsequently became a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985, the youngest female cast member in the history of the program at that time. During her time on SNL, she appeared alongside several actors who would later rise to prominence, such as Eddie Murphy, Jim Belushi, Billy Crystal, and Martin Short. It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld.", "It was during her third and final year on SNL that she met writer Larry David during his only year on the show, who would later co-create Seinfeld. Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\".", "Louis-Dreyfus has commented that her casting on SNL was a \"Cinderella-getting-to-go-to-the-ball kind of experience\"; however, she has also admitted that at times it was often quite tense, stating that she \"didn't know how to navigate the waters of show business in general and specifically doing a live sketch-comedy show\". Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase.", "Recurring characters on Saturday Night Live April May June, a televangelist Becky, El Dorko's (Gary Kroeger) date Consuela, Chi Chi's friend and co-host of Let's Watch TV Darla in SNL 's parody of The Little Rascals Weather Woman, a superhero who controls the weather Patti Lynn Hunnsucker, a teenage correspondent on Weekend Update Following her 1985 departure from SNL, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in several films, including Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters (1986); Soul Man (1986), starring C. Thomas Howell; and National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), in which she starred alongside fellow SNL alumnus Chevy Chase. In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine.", "In 1987 Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the NBC sitcom pilot The Art of Being Nick, an intended spin-off from Family Ties starring Scott Valentine. When the pilot did not make it to series, Louis-Dreyfus was retained by producer Gary David Goldberg for a role on his new sitcom Day by Day, as the sarcastic and materialistic neighbor, Eileen Swift. Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled.", "Premiering in early 1988, Day by Day aired for two seasons on NBC before being cancelled. 1989–1998: Seinfeld and widespread recognition In the early 1990s, Louis-Dreyfus became famous for the role of Elaine Benes on NBC's Seinfeld. She played the role for nine seasons, appearing in all but three episodes. One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series.", "One of the episodes that she did not appear in was the pilot episode, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", because her character was not initially intended to be a part of the series. It was only after the first episode that NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric and demanded that creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld add a woman to the cast. It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show.", "It was revealed in the commentary on the DVD package that the addition of a female character was the condition for commissioning the show. Louis-Dreyfus won the role over several other actresses who would also eventually enjoy TV success, including Patricia Heaton and Megan Mullally. On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\"", "On the \"Notes About Nothing\" featurette on the DVD package, Seinfeld says that Louis-Dreyfus's ability to eat a peanut M&M without breaking the peanut aptly describes the actress: \"She cracks you up without breaking your nuts.\" Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s.", "Louis-Dreyfus garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, and she was a regular winner and nominee at television award shows throughout the 1990s. Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998.", "Her performance earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once in 1994, nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning one in 1995 and two in both 1997 and 1998, and seven American Comedy Awards, winning five times in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 and 1998. In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998.", "In 1996, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, an award she was nominated for on seven occasions from 1992 to 1998. After receiving the award, Louis-Dreyfus claimed the win was a \"shocker\", and that after being in both positions, it was \"much better to win than to lose.\" In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons.", "In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld decided to end the series after nine seasons. The series finale aired on May 14 and was one of the most-watched TV events in history, with over 76 million viewers tuning in. During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry.", "During her time on Seinfeld, she appeared in several films, including Fathers' Day, opposite Robin Williams and Billy Crystal, and Woody Allen's Oscar-nominated Deconstructing Harry. 1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\".", "1999–2004: Post-Seinfeld Following a voice role in the highly successful Pixar film A Bug's Life, Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice as Snake's girlfriend Gloria in The Simpsons episode \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\". In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse.", "In 2001, she made several special guest appearances on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm, playing herself fictionally trying to break the \"curse\" by planning to star in a show in which she would play an actress affected by a Seinfeld-like curse. After several years away from a regular TV job, Louis-Dreyfus began a new single-camera sitcom, Watching Ellie, which premiered on NBC in February 2002. The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles.", "The series was created by husband Brad Hall and co-starred Steve Carell and Louis-Dreyfus's half-sister Lauren Bowles. The initial premise of the show was to present viewers with a \"slice of life\" from the goings-on and happenings of the life of Ellie Riggs, a Southern California jazz singer. The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\"", "The first season included a 22-minute countdown kept digitally in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, which many critics panned, claiming it was useless and \"did nothing for the show.\" Overall, the show received mixed reviews but debuted strongly with over 16 million viewers tuning in for the series premiere, and maintained an average audience of about 10 million viewers per week. When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week.", "When the series returned for a second season in the spring of 2003, it suffered a decline in viewership, averaging around eight million viewers per week. The show had undergone a drastic stylistic change between the production of seasons one and two. The first season was filmed in the single-camera format, but the second season was presented as a traditional multicamera sitcom filmed in front of a live studio audience. With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003.", "With dwindling viewership and failing to retain the numbers from its Frasier lead-in, the series was cancelled by NBC in May 2003. Following NBC's cancellation of Watching Ellie, the media began circulating rumors of a so-called \"Seinfeld curse\", which claimed that none of the former Seinfeld actors could ever achieve success again in the television industry. Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\"", "Louis-Dreyfus dismissed the rumor as \"a made-up thing by the media\", while Seinfeld co-creator Larry David asserted that the curse was \"completely idiotic.\" Louis-Dreyfus was interested in the role of Susan Mayer on Desperate Housewives, the role that ultimately went to Teri Hatcher. Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005.", "Instead, Louis-Dreyfus scored a recurring guest role as Maggie Lizer, the deceitful prosecutor and love interest of Michael Bluth on the Emmy-winning comedy Arrested Development, from 2004 to 2005. 2005–2010: The New Adventures of Old Christine In 2005, Louis-Dreyfus was cast in the title role of a new CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine. The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer.", "The series and its concept were created by writer and producer of Will & Grace, Kari Lizer. The series told the story of Christine Campbell, a single mother who manages to maintain a fantastic relationship with her ex-husband while running a women's gym. The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network.", "The series debuted on CBS in March 2006 to an audience of 15 million and was initially a ratings winner for the network. Louis-Dreyfus also garnered considerable critical acclaim for her performance on the show, with Brian Lowry of Variety stating that Louis-Dreyfus broke the so-called \"Seinfeld curse [...] with one of the best conventional half-hours to come along in a while.\" Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\"", "Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times asserted that Louis-Dreyfus's performance on the series proved she is \"one of the funniest women on network television.\" Louis-Dreyfus additionally earned the 2006 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance in the first season. Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\"", "Referring to the curse, she stated in her acceptance speech, \"I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!\" Throughout the course of the series, she received five consecutive Emmy Award nominations, three consecutive Satellite Award nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine.", "In 2007, she also received two nominations for a People's Choice Award due to her return to popularity, thanks to the success of Old Christine. In May 2006, Louis-Dreyfus hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live, becoming the first female former cast member to return to the show in the hosting role. In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\".", "In the episode, she appeared with her Seinfeld co-stars Jason Alexander and Jerry Seinfeld in her opening monologue, parodying the so-called \"Seinfeld curse\". After a successful reception from her 2006 episode, Louis-Dreyfus was invited again to host SNL on March 17, 2007, and again on April 17, 2016. Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\".", "Louis-Dreyfus reprised her role as Gloria in two Simpsons episodes: 2007's \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" and 2008's \"Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes\". In the fall of 2009, she appeared with the rest of the cast of Seinfeld in four episodes of the seventh season of Larry David's sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm. The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series.", "The reunion shows received much media attention, and the episode received strong ratings for the HBO series. In 2009, Louis-Dreyfus was granted the honorary award for Legacy of Laughter at the TV Land Awards. Previous winners had included Lucille Ball and Mike Myers. She was presented with the award by friend Amy Poehler. The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian.", "The following year, Louis-Dreyfus received the 2,407th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 4, 2010, for her remarkable contribution to the broadcast television industry as both an actress and a comedian. Originally, the star was set with Louis-Dreyfus's name spelled incorrectly. It was missing both the 'o' and the hyphen in her last name. The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress.", "The star was corrected and the misspelled portion was removed and presented to the actress. Celebrity guests at the event included past and current colleagues from throughout her career, including Clark Gregg, Larry David, Eric McCormack, and Jason Alexander. Old Christine was cancelled by CBS on May 18, 2010, after 4 years. After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition.", "After its disbandment from CBS, discussions were held with ABC for the show to be revived on the network, but these plans never came to fruition. In the spring of 2010, Louis-Dreyfus guest-starred several times in the third season of the web series Web Therapy, starring Lisa Kudrow. Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online.", "Louis-Dreyfus played the sister of the main character Fiona Wallice, who gives her therapy online. When the series made the transition to cable television on the Showtime network, Louis-Dreyfus's appearance from the web series was included in the second season, airing in July 2012. In fall 2010, Louis-Dreyfus made a guest appearance on the live episode of the Emmy-winning comedy 30 Rock. She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots.", "She played Tina Fey's role of Liz Lemon in the cutaway shots. Louis-Dreyfus was among several Saturday Night Live alumni appearing in the episode, including Rachel Dratch, Bill Hader, and regulars Tracy Morgan and Fey herself. Louis-Dreyfus also starred in a \"Women of SNL\" special on November 1, 2010, on NBC. 2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris.", "2011–2019: Veep In May and June 2011, Louis-Dreyfus teamed up with husband Brad Hall for her first short film, Picture Paris. This was the first time the couple had collaborated since their early-2000s NBC comedy Watching Ellie. Hall wrote and directed the film, while Louis-Dreyfus played the lead role of an ordinary woman with an extraordinary obsession with the city of Paris. The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim.", "The film premiered on January 29, 2012, at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and has received considerable critical acclaim. It made its television premiere on HBO on December 17, 2012. In early 2011, HBO confirmed that Louis-Dreyfus had been cast in the lead role of U.S. Vice President Selina Meyer in a new satirical comedy series titled Veep. The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes.", "The series was commissioned for a first season of eight episodes. It was announced, in addition to her starring role, Louis-Dreyfus would also serve as a producer of the series. In preparation for her role, Louis-Dreyfus spoke with two former vice presidents, including Al Gore, senators, speechwriters, chiefs of staffs of various offices, and schedulers. Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began.", "Louis-Dreyfus has commended HBO for allowing the cast and crew to engage in a \"protracted pre-production process\", which included a six-week rehearsal period before filming began. The first season was filmed in the fall of 2011, in Baltimore, and the series premiered on April 22, 2012. The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The premiere episode was met with high praise from critics, particularly for Louis-Dreyfus's performance. The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\"", "The Hollywood Reporter asserted that the character of Selina Meyer was her \"best post-Seinfeld role\" to date and claimed that she gives \"an Emmy-worthy effort\", while the Los Angeles Times contended that the series demonstrates that she is \"one of the medium's great comediennes.\" Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\"", "Following the success of the first season, Louis-Dreyfus was named by the Huffington Post as one of the funniest people of 2012, asserting that she is the \"most magnetic and naturally funny woman on TV since Mary Tyler Moore.\" For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017.", "For her performance on Veep, Louis-Dreyfus has received several accolades, most notably six consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 2012 to 2017. Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series.", "Her Emmy wins for Veep, following previous wins for Seinfeld and The New Adventures of Old Christine, resulted in her becoming the only woman to win an acting award for three separate comedy series. Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category.", "Her sixth win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2016 surpassed the record previously held by Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen for the most wins in that category. In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer.", "In 2017 her sixth consecutive win and eighth acting win overall made her the performer with the most Emmys for the same role in the same series (surpassing Candice Bergen and Don Knotts) and put her in a tie with Cloris Leachman for the most Emmys ever won by a performer. She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions.", "She was also nominated as one of the producers for Veep in the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series category from 2012 to 2014, but the show lost to Modern Family on all three occasions. The show, however, won the top award from 2015 to 2017. Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014.", "Louis-Dreyfus has also received five Critics' Choice Television Award nominations, winning twice in 2013 and 2014, ten Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, winning twice in 2014 and 2017, and five Television Critics Association Award nominations, winning once in 2014. Her performance has additionally garnered her five Satellite Award nominations and five consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations. Louis-Dreyfus lent her voice to the 2013 animated film Planes, in the role of Rochelle. To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide.", "To date, the film has grossed well over $200 million at the box office worldwide. She also starred in the film Enough Said, directed by Nicole Holofcener, which was released on September 18, 2013. This marked her debut as a lead actress in a full-length feature film. The film garnered rave reviews from film critics, ranking among the best-reviewed films of 2013. The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance.", "The website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on 152 reviews, many of them praising Louis-Dreyfus's performance. She received several Best Actress nominations for her role in the film at award ceremonies, including the Golden Globe Awards, Satellite Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and the American Comedy Awards. Since December 2014, Louis-Dreyfus has appeared in a series of television commercials for Old Navy. On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas.", "On April 16, 2016, she hosted Saturday Night Live for the third time with musical guest Nick Jonas. During the episode's cold open, she reprised her role of Elaine Benes from Seinfeld. 2020–present: Production deal with Apple TV+ In 2020, Louis-Dreyfus headlined the comedy-drama Downhill, opposite Will Ferrell. The film premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival and was theatrically released on February 14. Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt.", "Next, she voiced a suburban elf mother in Pixar's Onward opposite Tom Holland and Chris Pratt. The film was released on March 6, 2020. In January 2020, Louis-Dreyfus signed a multi-year deal with Apple TV+. Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star.", "Under the deal, she will develop new projects for Apple TV+ as both an executive producer and star. In 2021, Louis-Dreyfus appeared in the Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier as Valentina Allegra de Fontaine, which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, though she was originally intended to debut in the film Black Widow (where she appears in the post credit scene). Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress.", "Personal life Louis-Dreyfus's maternal half-sister, Lauren Bowles, is also an actress. She also has two paternal half-sisters: Phoebe and Emma, the latter of whom died in August 2018. Robert Louis-Dreyfus (1946–2009), one of her cousins, was former CEO of Adidas and owner of the Olympique de Marseille football club. While at Northwestern, Louis-Dreyfus met future husband and Saturday Night Live comedian Brad Hall. They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997).", "They married in 1987 and have two sons together: Henry (born 1992) and Charles (born 1997). Henry is a singer-songwriter, who has performed on The Tonight Show. Charles was a walk-on for the Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team. In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree.", "In 2007, Louis-Dreyfus was invited back to Northwestern to receive an honorary Doctor of Arts degree. Louis-Dreyfus has stated that she holds much respect for \"women who are not afraid of making themselves look bad or foolish to get a laugh\", and cites her acting idols as Lucille Ball, Mary Tyler Moore, Madeline Kahn, Teri Garr, Valerie Harper, and Cloris Leachman. Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock.", "Actress Tina Fey has stated that Louis-Dreyfus served as inspiration for her character Liz Lemon on the award-winning NBC comedy series 30 Rock. On September 28, 2017, Louis-Dreyfus announced on Twitter her diagnosis of breast cancer, a diagnosis she received one day after receiving a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in Veep. She stated, \"One in eight women get breast cancer. Today, I'm the one.", "Today, I'm the one. Today, I'm the one. The good news is that I have the most glorious group of supportive and caring family and friends, and fantastic insurance through my union. The bad news is that not all women are so lucky, so let's fight all cancers and make universal healthcare a reality.\" She announced on the October 18, 2018, episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that she was cancer-free.", "that she was cancer-free. that she was cancer-free. Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012.", "Politics Louis-Dreyfus supported Al Gore's 2000 U.S. presidential bid, and also endorsed Barack Obama's bid for the presidency in 2008 and 2012. She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land.", "She appeared in a video that urged President Obama to reject the proposal of the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that if the pipeline ever were to leak, it would cause mass pollution across the U.S. Additionally, she has voiced her concern for several environmental issues and has raised millions for Heal the Bay, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Trust for Public Land. She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply.", "She also worked for the successful passage of Proposition O, which allocated US$500 million for cleaning up the Los Angeles water supply. In late October 2010, before the United States Senate election in California, Louis-Dreyfus starred in a humorous Barbara Boxer ad regarding energy policy. During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year.", "During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Louis-Dreyfus announced her endorsement of Hillary Clinton for the United States presidential election of that year. In her acceptance speech at the 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards, she denounced President Donald Trump's executive order of travel ban as \"un-American,\" and said, \"My father fled religious persecution in Nazi-occupied France.\" Louis-Dreyfus emceed the final night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, endorsing Joe Biden. She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote.", "She has also published information regarding voting by mail and urged all Americans to vote. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996).", "Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Julia Louis-Dreyfus has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series seven times; once for her role on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) and six consecutive wins for playing Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–17), as well as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series on one occasion for Seinfeld (1996). As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight).", "As of 2017, she holds the record for the most Primetime Emmy wins as an actor for the same role and is tied with Cloris Leachman for the most acting Primetime Emmy wins (with eight). She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995).", "She has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for her role as Elaine Benes on Seinfeld (1995). She has also been nominated for twenty-one Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won five for individual performance (nine all together) for her portrayals on Seinfeld (1997–98) and Veep (2014, 2017–18). In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.", "In 2018 she was the twentieth recipient of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. See also Alfred Dreyfus – A distant relative at the center of the Dreyfus Affair miscarriage of justice References External links Julia Louis-Dreyfus at Emmys.com Julia Louis-Dreyfus Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America 1961 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians Actresses from Maryland Actresses from New York City American film actresses American people of Brazilian descent American people of French-Jewish descent American people of Mexican descent American sketch comedians American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Comedians from New York City Hispanic and Latino American actresses Living people Julia Louis-Dreyfus Northwestern University School of Communication alumni Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Bethesda, Maryland People from Manhattan Philanthropists from New York (state)" ]

[ "Jim Cornette", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993-2005)" ]

[ "Wasn't Tomorrow Wonderful? is the debut album of new wave band the Waitresses, originally released in 1982 by Polydor, licensed from ZE Records.\n\nThe album peaked at No. 41 in the Billboard 200 chart and included the earlier single \"I Know What Boys Like\".\n\nReception\n\nAllMusic critic Ben Tausig, writing retrospectively, said that the album \"was a unique and fairly important moment in early-'80s new wave\", and noted that \"lead singer Patty Donahue's singing ranged from a playful sexiness on the well-known hit \"I Know What Boys Like\" to a half-talk, half-yell with shades of post-punk groups like Gang of Four and the Raincoats on 'Pussy Strut' and 'Go On.' The guitar and bass were bizarre and funk-influenced in much the same way as other well-known Akron, OH, groups like Devo and the Pretenders\".\n\nTrack listing \nThe original US release contained:\n\"No Guilt\" – 3:46\n\"Wise Up\" – 3:20\n\"Quit\" – 5:10\n\"It's My Car\" – 3:20\n\"Wasn't Tomorrow Wonderful?\" – 3:40\n\"I Know What Boys Like\" – 3:11\n\"Heat Night\" – 3:43\n\"Redland\" – 2:55\n\"Pussy Strut\" – 4:12\n\"Go On\" – 2:49\n\"Jimmy Tomorrow\" – 5:37\nAll songs written by Chris Butler.\n\nPersonnel \nPatty Donahue – vocals\nMars Williams – reeds\nTracy Wormworth – bass\nDavid Hofstra – bass\nBilly Ficca – drums\nDan Klayman – keyboards\nChris Butler – guitar\nAriel Warner – backing vocals\nwith:\nRalph Carney – saxophone on \"No Guilt\" and \"I Know What Boys Like\"\nDon Christensen – drums on \"No Guilt\"\nRick Dailey – piano on \"I Know What Boys Like\"\nStuart Austin – drums on \"I Know What Boys Like\"\nAndrew Fuhrmann – art direction\n\nCharts\n\nReferences \n\n1982 debut albums\nThe Waitresses albums\nPolydor Records albums", "Dirty North are a three-piece band from Wythenshawe, Manchester, England, comprising rap, reggae and rock influences amongst others. Forming in 2008, their style is often referred to by the band as \"Wythenshawe Dub\".\n\nIn March 2012, the band were confirmed to be one of the supporting acts at one of The Stone Roses' 2012 summer reunion concerts at Manchester's Heaton Park, playing to an audience of 75,000. The Stone Roses' Reni had said in an earlier press conference when asked about the current state of the music industry, \"Dirty North from Wythenshawe, they're great.\"\n\nIn August 2013, the band released their debut album, Down In The Game, as a pay-what-you-like download through Corporate Records.\n\nDiscography\n \"Mixtape 2008\" (2008)\n \"Mixtape 2 09\" (2009)\n \"Know What I Think\" (2010)\n Down In The Game (2013)\n \"Freestyle EP\" (2014)\n \"Wythenshawe Dub\" (2015)\n\nReferences\n\nMusical groups from Manchester\nMusical groups established in 2008\n2008 establishments in England" ]

[ "James Mark Cornette (born September 17, 1961) is an American author and podcaster who has previously worked in the professional wrestling industry as an agent, booker, color commentator, manager, promoter, trainer, and occasional professional wrestler. During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor.", "During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor. From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling.", "From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling. During the later years of his career, Cornette focused primarily on backstage positions and transitioned away from his role as an on-screen manager. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing.", "In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. During a transitional period prior to the retirement, he worked as an on-screen \"authority figure\" character in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and Ring of Honor, promotions where he also held backstage positions. Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance.", "Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance. Cornette is a member of the NWA, Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Memphis, and Professional Wrestling Hall of Fames. Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking.", "Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking. The Cornette vs. Russo feud has been featured on two episodes of Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring series. Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes.", "Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes. Early life James Cornette was born in Louisville, Kentucky on September 17, 1961 to Doug Cornette (1914–1968), an executive with The Louisville Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times, and Thelma Cornette (1933–2002), a secretary for the Louisville Chamber of Commerce. His father died when he was seven years old.", "His father died when he was seven years old. His father died when he was seven years old. From the age of nine, Cornette had a love for wrestling, claiming that, as a child, he installed a ten-foot antenna on top of his house so he could watch as much regional wrestling as possible. Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent.", "Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent. During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\").", "During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\"). Continental Wrestling Association (1982–1983) By 1982, Cornette was now also writing programs for arena shows, having photos published in wrestling magazines, and contributing to the Championship Wrestling Magazine. In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair.", "In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair. After the show ended, Cornette was offered a wrestling managerial role on television by promoter Jerry Jarrett. As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager.", "As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager. Before making his managing debut, Cornette decided to adapt the ring name James E. Cornette in tribute to legendary wrestling promoter James E. Barnett. Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager.", "Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager. Cornette was given the gimmick of a rich kid turned inept manager whose clients kept firing him after one match. The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\").", "The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\"). Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel.", "Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel. After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart.", "After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart. Mid-South Wrestling (1983–1984) Formation of The Midnight Express In November 1983, Mid-South promoter Bill Watts recognized his business was down, and was looking to reinvigorate his territory. Watts asked Jerry Jarrett and Jerry Lawler to visit a TV taping and offer their opinions. Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked.", "Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked. After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\".", "Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\". As the more senior Jimmy Hart was still required by Jarrett, Watts took Cornette to manage his new team, who decided on the name The Midnight Express. Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart.", "Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart. Mid-South Wrestling had at that point been a territory featuring bigger wrestlers, and Cornette has stated that The Midnight Express, the Rock 'n' Roll Express, and himself were probably the five smallest members of the roster when he arrived. The influx of the new talent had an immediate impact, and business first rebounded and then skyrocketed. It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark.", "It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark. He has stated he had seen a college movie at the time with an obnoxious rich kid carrying a badminton racquet with him (most likely the 1983 film Screwballs), so he decided on a tennis racquet. At times Cornette loaded the racquet with a horse shoe to guard against aggressive fans. Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983.", "Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983. After the first few weeks in the territory the team faced the Mid-South tag team champions Magnum T.A. and Mr. Wrestling II. At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him.", "At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him. The feud continued through to early March 1984, when The Midnight Express won the Mid-South tag team titles after Mr. Wrestling II walked out on his partner during a match. The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake.", "The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake. While Cornette's back was turned, The Rock 'n' Roll Express ran in and shoved Cornette's face in the cake. Cornette was enraged afterwards when Bill Watts replayed the incident on TV as he thought it was funny. This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette.", "This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette. In following weeks, the Midnight Express and Cornette attacked and bloodied Watts leading him to come out of retirement. In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory.", "In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory. The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue).", "The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue). Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome.", "Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome. Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express. Starting in May 1984 immediately following the Last Stampede series, the two teams feuded all through the remainder of the year to packed crowds all through the territory. In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars.", "In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars. Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted.", "Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted. He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other.", "He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other. Cornette maintains enormous respect for Watts as a promoter, citing his ability to attract huge TV ratings and consistently sold-out arenas in a low population area, and describing Watts as a genius. At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance.", "At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance. At one point Cornette worked 103 days straight before being ordered by doctors to have two to four weeks' bed rest. As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action.", "As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action. In describing Mid-South Wrestling, Cornette has offered the following example: \"Two weeks of our lives, fourteen days, we did two one hour TV shows, fifteen house shows, two all day promo sets, drove 4700 miles in a car while doing that, and I can't speak for anybody else, but I made—and I was only 22 years old, and just pleased as punch to be there—$5600 for two weeks. In 1984.", "In 1984. In 1984. Not bad.\" World Class Championship Wrestling (1984–1985) The Midnight Express with Cornette had a short stay in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) in Texas where they feuded mainly with The Fantastics (Bobby Fulton and Tommy Rogers). When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure.", "When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure. Cornette later reflected that they were willing to give Dallas a try, as they welcomed living in a modern city, as well as the easier travel schedule when compared to Mid-South. However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one.", "However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one. Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling (1985–1990, 1993) Managing the Midnight Express (1985–1990) Cornette and the Midnight Express spent five years at Jim Crockett Promotions/WCW. After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane.", "After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane. With Cornette as manager, each version of the team were National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) World tag team champions (Condrey and Eaton for six months in 1986, Eaton and Lane for a few weeks in late 1988). In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions.", "In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions. As a manager, Cornette was known for both his loud mouth and for his ever-present tennis racket, which Cornette often used to ensure victory for his wrestlers, with the implication that the racket case was loaded. Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated.", "Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated. He and the Midnights were so hated, in fact, that they had to be escorted by police to and from the ring at the house shows and have a police escort to the city limits for fear of being attacked by overzealous fans. Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86.", "Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86. In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold.", "In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold. The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold.", "The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold. Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready.", "Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready. Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\"", "Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\" Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager.", "Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager. However, as Rogers was wearing dark sunglasses inside the arena he misjudged his position and Cornette actually landed flat on his feet, three feet away from Rogers. Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage.", "Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage. The injury was so extensive that when Cornette finally saw a doctor to have the knee drained, the amount of blood and fluid filled an entire bedpan. Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health.", "Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health. In 1989, Cornette became the color commentator for Jim Crockett Promotions' nationally syndicated NWA television show, and later took over the same role on the Saturday night TBS broadcasts alongside play-by-play announcer Jim Ross. In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team.", "In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team. As such, Cornette helped write storylines and shape the format of its television shows. Due to friction and animosity between himself and WCW head Jim Herd, Cornette quit the company after Halloween Havoc 1990. Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW).", "Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). Bill Watts, who was the WCW executive vice president, brought The Rock 'n' Roll Express back to WCW and billed them as the Smoky Mountain tag team champions. This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time.", "This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time. On the February 6, 1993 episode on WCW Saturday Night, Jim Cornette, the Bodies and Bobby Eaton (who Cornette once again began to manage) confronted the Express during an interview. Bill Watts came out and suggested the Bodies should wrestle the Express. Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place.", "Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place. The Express won the match by DQ when Eaton interfered in the match, and after the match while Lane held Morton, Cornette put his tennis racket over Morton while Eaton delivered his \"Alabama jam\" on Morton. Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express.", "Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express. The following week, Watts came out with the SMW commissioner Bob Armstrong, who stated he was very upset with Cornette's recent actions, and demanded that Cornette come out to apologize for what he had done. Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead.", "Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead. Armstrong agreed with Watts and then told Cornette if his Bodies did not wrestle the Express at SuperBrawl III that he would be heavily fined, the Bodies would be stripped of the title, and that he would be suspended. Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\"", "Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\" and later came out to the ring with his men, and attacked two jobbers after a match, one being Joey Maggs. The Express then came out and attacked Cornette and his gang. During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas.", "During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas. The Bodies, Austin and Pillman lost two of those matches, one on a February 27 episode of WCW WorldWide by DQ when Cornette interfered, and one by pinfall. The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW.", "The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW. Bobby Eaton would go to SMW where he would team in 6-man tag team matches with the Bodies. In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man.", "In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man. When Cornette pulled the sheet off, it was Arn Anderson, Eaton's former tag team partner in The Dangerous Alliance, who was underneath; Cornette then fell over in shock. Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him.", "Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him. Arn said the reason for this was because after he was injured by Erik Watts at a gas station, Eaton never once called him to see how he was doing. Cornette belittled Anderson and claimed that his men were far superior to him. Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title.", "Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title. When the Bodies faced the Express at SuperBrawl III, Eaton came out with Cornette, he was despite Cornette's protests forced to return to the dressing room. Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match.", "Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match. When Cornette climbed onto the ring apron and began to argue with the referee, the Express won the match by pinfall when an illegal outside attempt from Eaton, who had since come back to the ring failed. Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1991–1995) A firm believer in \"old-school\" territorial wrestling, Cornette began the Smoky Mountain Wrestling promotion in 1991. SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas.", "SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas. By this point, however, the nature of wrestling in the U.S. had already changed irrevocably, leading Cornette to seek a working relationship with the World Wrestling Federation in 1993. This did not change the new national perception that regional promotions were \"minor league\". The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF.", "The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF. Cornette later said that he chose the wrong time to start a wrestling federation because the business as a whole was in a recession. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW. As he had done in other promotions, Cornette held several positions in the WWF, including manager, color commentator and member of the booking committee. Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna.", "Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna. Cornette joined the WWF full-time in 1996 after the demise of SMW, and had a major role in scouting and developing new talent. On screen, he led a top-heel stable of wrestlers referred to as \"Camp Cornette\". At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. He also served as the manager of Tom Prichard and Jimmy Del Ray during their brief stint in the WWF. In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator.", "In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator. It was during this time that he also began performing a series of controversial \"worked shoots\" where he would praise what he felt was right and condemn what he felt was wrong in professional wrestling. Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it.", "Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it. Cornette also became active behind the scenes working on the booking committee for several years before being removed after frequently butting heads with writer Vince Russo. Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo.", "Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo. Cornette later recounted that things came to a head in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the summer of 1997. During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character.", "During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character. Dunn told Cornette that he found him to be \"tiresome\" for continuing to harp on the issue, which enraged Cornette to the point where he mocked Dunn's buck teeth and threatened to assault him in front of everyone in the room. He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions.", "He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions. In June 1997, Cornette made a surprise appearance on the Extreme Championship Wrestling show Orgy of Violence, attacking Tommy Dreamer with his tennis racket as part of the WWF-ECW rivalry angle. NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Later that year, Cornette managed Dan Severn and a new version of The Midnight Express before he stepped back from managing. Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television.", "Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television. Cornette returned to WWF television for one night at WrestleMania X-Seven in Houston, where he took part in the \"gimmick battle royal\", but was quickly eliminated by Hillbilly Jim. Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis.", "Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis. As a talent developer, Cornette had previously been instrumental in developing current and former WWE Superstars such as Kane, D'Lo Brown, Sunny and Al Snow during his time running SMW. WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar.", "WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar. In May 2005, Cornette was suspended for several weeks by WWE after slapping OVW developmental wrestler Anthony Carelli backstage after Carelli had \"no-sold\" fellow wrestler The Boogeyman by laughing at him during a live OVW event. Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005.", "Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005. In the spring of 2007, Carelli, who had since been called up to the WWE as Santino Marella, appeared on a Canadian radio program where he publicly challenged Cornette to a match despite Cornette working for rival promotion TNA at the time. NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management.", "NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management. He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida.", "He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida. After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting.", "After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting. As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon.", "As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon. Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler.", "Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler. Part of Cornette's gimmick was that when multiple situations build up at once, he often took care of them all swiftly by getting all the TNA wrestlers to come out to the Impact! Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office.", "Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office. The clear impact of this feature was made evident right from the start, as the first \"company meeting\" (which aired on the edition of June 29, 2006 of TNA Impact! ), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination.", "), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination. Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006. Disbanding Team Canada as a result of their overly cheating ways (he would later offer them a match which, if they won, would allow them to stay as a unit, with the winner to get a future shot at the championship of their choice; they would lose the match). Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006.", "Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006. (Hebner had since been rehired, due to a lie detector test on Jeff Jarrett). Booking America's Most Wanted and Gail Kim in a match against Sirelda, A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels in an intergender six-person tag team matchup with Styles and Daniels' NWA World Tag Team Championship on the line. Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006. Finally declaring Jeff Jarrett the official NWA World Heavyweight Champion given that Jarrett defended his title against the winner of the fatal four-way at Victory Road. Cornette was released from TNA on September 15, 2009. He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo.", "He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo. Return to ROH and OVW (2009–2012) In 2009, Cornette signed a contract with Ring of Honor to be their Executive Producer for the Ring of Honor Wrestling show on HDNet. Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show.", "Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show. Cornette made his first appearance on Ring of Honor Wrestling on the December 7 episode and immediately made waves by putting ROH champion Austin Aries into a four-way title match later that night and created the Pick 6 contender series. On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion.", "On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion. Cornette left OVW in November 2011, when the promotion announced a working agreement with TNA. On the edition of January 21 of Ring of Honor television, Cornette announced that chairshots to the head were banned and anyone that did so would be fined $5,000. On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned.", "On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned. On October 8, 2012, it was reported that ROH had replaced Cornette as the head booker with Hunter Johnston, a wrestler who performed under the name Delirious. ROH wrote Cornette off television by having him suffer storyline injuries at the hands of Jay Lethal. As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion.", "As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion. The reason for Cornette's absence stems from an outburst he had at the November 3 ROH television taping. At the taping, ROH talent Steve Corino suffered an injury, and no ROH officials were still at the venue to be able to pay for Corino's immediate medical attention or even arrange for an ambulance to be called. This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation.", "This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation. Following his departure from Ring of Honor, Cornette decided to take an extended break from professional wrestling to focus on his health and work on personal projects. What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.", "What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He would be joined on the announce team by his long-time friend Jim Ross, who he had not done commentary with in over fifteen years. He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later.", "He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later. Cornette returned to WCPW at their April 1, 2017 State of Emergency event. At the event, Cornette and Matt Striker provided commentary for the British promotion's debut in the United States. WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017.", "WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017. Cornette was also featured in an episode of the WWE Network Original series Table For 3 alongside Eric Bischoff and Michael Hayes. Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018.", "Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018. Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard.", "Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard. Cornette stated that he was put in charge by Impact's parent company, Anthem Sports & Entertainment, to resolve the Unified GFW World Heavyweight Championship situation. Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match.", "Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match. On September 18, Cornette confirmed he was done with the company. He had been brought in by Jeff Jarrett and the original agreement only included one set of tapings. With Jarrett out of the company, the new creative team was said to be more focused on in-ring action and less on authority figures. According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company.", "According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company. National Wrestling Alliance (2018–2019) The National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) chose Jim Cornette to be the color commentator for the NWA 70th Anniversary show that took place on October 21, 2018. This was the first pay-per-view promoted by the NWA in years. Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes.", "Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes. He returned to the promotion for the NWA's Crockett Cup tournament on April 27, 2019. On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power.", "On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power. However, on the NWA Power episode broadcast on November 19 during a match between Nick Aldis and Trevor Murdoch, Cornette made the remark \"[Trevor Murdoch] is the only man I've ever known that can strap a bucket of fried chicken on his back and ride a motor scooter across Ethiopia. Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\"", "Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Later on the same day, the NWA apologized for the perceived racial overtones of the comment and pulled down the episode to remove the remark. The next day, Cornette left the NWA. Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw.", "Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw. Major League Wrestling (2019) Cornette debuted for Major League Wrestling (MLW) as a color commentator for the March 2, 2019 event Intimidation Games in Chicago, Illinois. He then returned to the commentary desk for their April 2019 events, Rise of the Renegades and Battle Riot II. From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company.", "From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company. This included coaching younger talent on their television presentation and promos. In March he confirmed he is not signed exclusively to the company, but is open to continually working with them. After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July.", "After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July. It was reported that following that show he was not signed on for any further shows, as Tony Schiavone had finished his sports commitments and returned to the MLW commentary table. Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary.", "Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary. Views on the professional wrestling industry Journalist Justin Barrasso of Sports Illustrated wrote in 2019 that \"Cornette remains one of wrestling's more controversial personalities, but his beliefs are rooted in more than four decades of wrestling experience.\" Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\".", "Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\". \"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor.", "\"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor. He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight.", "He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight. Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him.", "Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him. Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part.", "Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part. Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company.", "Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company. In March 2010, Cornette sent then-TNA official Terry Taylor an email in which he said: \"I want Vince Russo to die. If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\"", "If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\" TNA sent the letter to a California law firm, who characterized his comments as a \"terroristic threat\" and said \"any further threats to contact Vince Russo or any other TNA personnel (directly or indirectly) shall be viewed as acts in furtherance of such threats and shall be pursued and prosecuted accordingly.\" During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight.", "During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight. Russo responded by filing a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for \"stalking him across state lines since 1999.\" As a response, Cornette began selling autographed copies of the restraining order on his personal website, with all proceeds being donated to the Crusade for Children. The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively.", "The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively. All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast.", "All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast. AEW commentator Jim Ross defended him and referred to him as a \"Kentucky-fried Howard Stern\" but said he had always had outspoken views and that he just has a bigger platform now. Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\".", "Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\". AEW promoter Tony Khan credits Cornette as being a major influence on his booking career. Dave Meltzer of Wrestling Observer Newsletter agreed with the shock jock characterization, said Cornette had engaged in hate speech and had influenced a fan that tried to run into an AEW ring in July 2021. However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions.", "However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions. Personal life Cornette and his longtime girlfriend Stacey Goff were married October 31, 2007. Goff had previously worked as a manager in Cornette's OVW promotion under the ring name \"Synn.\" Goff, as Synn, was the OVW manager of future WWE Champion Batista. Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru.", "Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru. In early April 2020, Cornette's YouTube channel exceeded 100,000 subscribers, earning him a Silver Play Button. Both shows were among the most listened to wrestling podcasts in 2021. Cornette is a supporter of left-wing politics and has been described by Cenk Uygur as a \"fire-breathing progressive.\" In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans.", "In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans. Cornette had previously described himself as a Democrat and acknowledged having voted for Obama in the 2008 presidential election. Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\"", "Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\" During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\".", "During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\". His political beliefs and statements have earned him attention from the non-professional wrestling media, including an appearance on Internet news show The Young Turks. On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist.", "On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist. In March 2018, Cornette voiced his support for the March for Our Lives rally; he made additional statements advocating for gun control and criticizing the NRA. Cornette is an atheist and is highly critical of religion. Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s.", "Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s. The record has made it difficult for him to work in Canada, and he was turned away from the Canadian border in November 2010. Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville.", "Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville. Independent wrestler Phil Earley accused Cornette of pressuring other wrestlers into having sex with his wife during the Speaking Out movement in 2020. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations.", "Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Awards and accomplishments The Baltimore Sun Non-Wrestler of the Year (2007) Cauliflower Alley Club Other honoree (1997) Iconic Heroes Wrestling Excellence Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame (2015) Memphis Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2017 National Wrestling Alliance NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005) New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Manager of the Year (1985, 1993, 1995) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2012 World Wrestling Federation Slammy Award (2 times) Best Dressed (1994) Blue Light Special for Worst Dresser (1996) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Booker (1993, 2001, 2003) Best Non-Wrestler (2006) Best on Interviews (1985–1988, 1993) Manager of the Year (1984–1990, 1992–1996) Best Pro Wrestling Book (2009) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) Bibliography Jim Cornette Presents: Behind the Curtain - Real Pro Wrestling Stories (2019) Rags, Paper and Pins: The Merchandising of Memphis Wrestling (2013) The Midnight Express & Jim Cornette 25th Anniversary Scrapbook (2009) Tuesday Night at the Gardens (2015) References External links 1961 births American atheists American color commentators American gun control activists American male professional wrestlers American men podcasters American podcasters American television writers American YouTubers Critics of religions Kentucky Democrats Kentucky socialists Living people People charged with assault American male television writers Male YouTubers Ohio Valley Wrestling Professional wrestlers from Kentucky Professional wrestling authority figures Professional wrestling announcers Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Professional wrestling historians Professional wrestling managers and valets Professional wrestling podcasters Professional wrestling promoters Professional wrestling trainers Professional wrestling writers Screenwriters from Kentucky Shock jocks Smoky Mountain Wrestling Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky YouTube podcasters" ]

[ "Jim Cornette", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993-2005)", "What were their earlier years like?", "Cornette held several positions in the WWF," ]

[ "Much like the singles match, tag team professional wrestling matches can and have taken many forms. Just about any singles or melee match type can be adapted to tag teams; for example, hardcore tag team matches are commonplace. Tag team ladder match and variations are also frequently used as a title feud blow-off match. Stipulations, such as \"I quit\" or \"loser leaves town\" may also be applied.\n\nThe following are match variations that are specific to tag team wrestling.\n\nMultiple wrestlers teamed matches\nTag team matches can range from two teams of two fighting, to multiple person teams challenging each other. Such examples are six-man tag team matches or eight-man tag team matches, in which two teams of three or two teams of four fight in a standard one fall tag team match.\n\nRelevos Australianos\nA six-man tag team match between two teams of three wrestlers. Each team has one wrestler designated as team captain. To win, a team must either score a fall against the opposing team's captain, or one fall each against both of the other wrestlers. These matches are often two out of three falls and rules about tagging in are often stretched. This match type is called relevos Australianos (Australian relay) in Mexico and is most often seen in lucha libre promotions such as Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA) and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) although some non-Mexican promotions have used them as gimmick matches as well.\n\nTeam Relay match\nThe Team Relay match has two or more teams of between 3-12 members to a team and before the match there will be a coin toss to see which team switches out first. Every 3 or 5 minutes the teams will switch. The first team to get a pinfall or a submission wins. Sometimes performed with hardcore rules.\n\nFootball Classic match\nA Football Classic match is a match where two cages are placed at ringside, inside each of which is locked a manager with a weapon. The key for each cage is fastened to a football. Two teams of wrestlers must try and gain possession of the football and take it over to their manager's cage, use the key to unlock the cage, then use the manager's weapon to attack the other team. To get the ball to the cage, the wrestlers must pass it between themeselves and attack any opposing wrestlers who have possession of the ball. In his autobiography; Mick Foley describes the match as \"A fun, fan-inclusive cross between keep away, monkey in the middle, and kill the guy with the ball.\"\n\nElimination-style matches\n\nElimination tag team matches\nElimination tag team matches are the same as a normal tag team match except that a wrestler who suffers a loss is eliminated from participation. The match continues until all members of one team are eliminated. WWE uses the term \"Survivor Series match\" to denote an eight or ten person match held during their yearly Survivor Series pay-per-view. Lucha libre wrestling promotions use the term torneo cibernetico (cybernetic tournament) for multi-person elimination matches. Sometimes in these matches, there can be only one winner, so after the other team has been eliminated former teammates face each other in an elimination match. A further variation is where teams of four or more are composed of tag teams, and once a member of a team is eliminated their partner is also eliminated.\n\nThree-way tag team elimination match\nIn a three-way tag team elimination match, three teams compete as tag teams with two or more members per team. One member of two teams start. Anyone can be tagged in by anyone else and can be subject to immediate disqualification for failure to accept a tag. When a wrestler is pinned, the entire team is eliminated and the last team left of the three wins.\n\nFour-way tag team elimination match\nMuch like in a three-way tag team elimination match, a four-way tag team elimination match (also known as a \"fatal four-way tag team elimination match\", and at times has also been called the \"Raw Bowl\" and the \"Superstars Bowl\"), four teams compete. Anyone can be tagged in by anyone else and can be subject to immediate disqualification for failure to accept a tag. When a wrestler is pinned, the entire team is eliminated and the last team of the four wins.\n\nTag team turmoil \nTag team turmoil is another version of an elimination tag team match. Two teams start, and when one is eliminated a new team comes to the ring until all teams have competed, the remaining team is the winner. Teams may either make their entrance from backstage one at a time when it's their turn to wrestle, or - particularly if the match consists of four teams - all occupy a corner each at the start of the match waiting for their turn. Tag team turmoil matches have taken place at SummerSlam in 1999, Armageddon in 2003, Night of Champions in 2010, Night of Champions Kickoff Show in 2013, Elimination Chamber in 2017, and night one of WrestleMania 37. This type of match has also featured on the May 31, 2011 episode of NXT, with a team consisting of a WWE pro and an NXT rookie, and on the May 8, 2017 episode of Raw, where the winning team earned a number one contender's spot for Matt and Jeff Hardy's WWE Raw Tag Team Championship.\n\nTables and stables \nTables and stables are similar to table matches, however, in an elimination styled-manner. Two teams consisting of four compete, and one wrestler can be eliminated either getting dropped by their opponent through a table, or accidentally falling by themselves. As with a normal table match, the match is a no disqualification and a no countout match.\n\nCaptain's fall match \nA captain's fall match is a match where two teams of multiple competitors compete in an elimination match and captains are assigned to both teams. The purpose of the match is to score a fall over the captain to get the win. Eliminations may occur until the captain is pinned and the team loses if a captain is pinned.\n\nMixed matches\n\nIntergender tag team match\nThis tag-team match features mixed-sex teams. It differs from a mixed tag team match in that wrestler of different genders may face each other. Six-person intergender tag team matches are also common, popularized in the early 2000s by Team Xtreme.\n\nMixed tag team match\nThis type of match features either mixed-sex or mixed-size (midgets with a normal-sized wrestler). Each wrestler is designated by category, which are male or female with mixed-sex teams and normal or midget with mixed-size teams. Only wrestlers in the same category may be in the ring at the same time. For example, if a woman tags her male partner, both women leave the ring and both men enter. If a midget tags his normal-size partner, both midgets leave the ring and both normal-size wrestlers enter.\n\nParejas increibles match\nIn this match the teams are composed of enemies or rivals. It is meant to illustrate the tension between the desire to win and the hatred for one's rival. Matches with these pairs are used more frequently in Mexico than anywhere else. Since 2011 Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) holds their CMLL Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles.\n\nIn the United States, however, this type of tag team format is used sometimes used in WWE, where it is called a \"strange bedfellows\" match. The now-defunct World Championship Wrestling referred to this type of tag team format as the \"lethal lottery\", with the members of the winning tag teams advancing to the Battlebowl battle royal.\n\nParejas suicidas\nAnother lucha libre variation of the tag team match, this one begins as a regular tag match but the two members from the losing team are forced to face each other in a lucha de apuestas (bet match), where the loser is forced to either unmask or have their hair shaved off.\n\nScramble\nPrimarily associated with Ring of Honor, a Scramble tag team match has one difference from the normal rules: when a wrestler goes out of the ring either of their own volition or by being forced out, a partner can come in as a replacement without being tagged in. This format is most commonly used in either four corner tags, or with teams of more than 2. The Scramble match can also be done as a six-man scramble where anyone can tag in anyone. This rule is also the norm for all Dragon Gate tag matches.\n\nScramble cage\nA match held inside a cage with wooden platforms in each of the corners for \"high risk\" moves. All men are allowed inside and outside of the cage. The match begins with two teams with another entering every two minutes. The match cannot be won until every team is in the match.\n\nTag team battle royal\nThis match is conducted similarly to a battle royal. If a wrestler is thrown over the ring ropes, both they and their partner are eliminated from the match. In most cases both wrestlers are considered active at the same time and there are no tags, as in a tornado tag team match. Another variation of the tag team battle royal was used during the 2011 WWE draft, where the wrestler's team has to eliminate all members of the opposing team, much like an elimination tag team match where the losing wrestler of a team, who just got thrown over the ring ropes with both feet on the floor, must return to his locker room. In this variation, the team consists of more than 2 men, all of whom are legal at the same time.\n\nTornado tag team match\nOriginally known as the Texas Tornado match. In this match, all wrestlers involved are allowed to be in the ring at the same time, and thus all wrestlers are vulnerable to having a fall scored against them. Whether or not it is truly a \"tag team match\" is debatable, as it involves no tagging, but it is contested between tag teams. The first match of this kind was held on October 2, 1937, in Houston between Milo Steinborn and Whiskers Savage against Tiger Daula and Fazul Mohammed. It was the brainchild of promoter Morris Sigel.\n\nSee also\nProfessional wrestling match types\n\nReferences\n\nTag team wrestling", "(born September 5, 1977) is a Japanese professional wrestler who works as a freelancer. He is known for working at Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling. He is the current Super Asia Champion in his first reign.\n\nCareer\nFujita started in Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW) as a protégé of its top junior heavyweight, Yoshihiro Tajiri. When Tajiri, who was Big Japan junior heavyweight champion, quit the company and gave up the title, Fujita had a decision match against Katsumi Usuda from the Battlarts promotion but ended up losing.\n\nFujita spent his time leaving Big Japan to venture into other Japanese independents, meeting Ikuto Hidaka of Battlarts along the way and making memorable tag team matches with him. The combination, however, despite their combined talent, could not have a future due to their separate schedules; Fujita tried a move to Michinoku Pro Wrestling in 2000, but despite the higher exposure, it did little for him financially and did not raise his stock as a viable junior heavyweight contender.\n\nHe thus headed for Mexico and Puerto Rico, where he won his first major title, the International Wrestling Association junior heavyweight title. Returning to Japan in 2002, he entered New Japan Pro-Wrestling (to which he had been once before, in a Best of the Super Junior tournament), to challenge the heavyweight division, but nothing came out of it. He then headed to Taka Michinoku's Kaientai Dojo promotion, but despite being promoted as a tough-to beat heel, he was never able to win titles there.\n\nA change of pace came in 2004 when he joined Pro Wrestling Zero-One, where old friend Hidaka awaited. The two began teaming more frequently and this time they clicked, collecting several tag team titles along the way. Their greatest victory came in March 2006, when they defeated Pro Wrestling Noah stars Yoshinobu Kanemaru and Takashi Sugiura to win the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. Since then Fujita has been a rising star in Japan and has finally shed the \"underachiever\" tag he was saddled with by foreign observers of puroresu.\n\nFujita defeated Baliyan Akki on the day 2 of the 100th Anniversary of Chocopro on March 28, 2021 to win the Super Asia Championship.\n\nChampionships and accomplishments \n\n Big Japan Pro Wrestling\n BJW Deathmatch Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n UWA World Trios Championship (1 time, current) – with Isami Kodaka and Daiki Shimomura\n DDT Pro-Wrestling\n Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)\n KO-D Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Harashima\n UWA World Trios Championship (2 times) – with Mazada and Nosawa Rongai\n Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling\n Super Asia Championship (1 time, current)\n International Wrestling Association\n IWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n Kohaku Wrestling Wars\n UWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Masamune\n Michinoku Pro Wrestling\n Tohoku Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ikuto Hidaka\n UWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ikuto Hidaka\n Premier Wrestling Federation\n PWF Unified Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ikuto Hidaka\n Pro Wrestling Freedoms\n King of Freedom World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Kenji Fukimoto (1) and Rina Yamashita (1)\n Pro Wrestling Noah\n GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ikuto Hidaka\n Pro Wrestling Zero1\n AWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ikuto Hidaka (1) and Takuya Sugawara (1)\n NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ikuto Hidaka (1) and Takuya Sugawara (1)\n WDB Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Saki Maemura\n Passion Cup Tag Tournament (2007)\n Tenkaichi Jr. (2006)\n Tokyo Gurentai\n Tokyo Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mazada\n Tokyo World Heavyweight Championship (2 time, current)\n Tokyo Sports\n Best Tag Team Award (2005) with Ikuto Hidaka\n Wrestle-1\n UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Mazada and Nosawa Rongai\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n ZERO1 USA English language website\n ZERO1 Japanese language website\n\n1977 births\nJapanese male professional wrestlers\nLiving people" ]

[ "James Mark Cornette (born September 17, 1961) is an American author and podcaster who has previously worked in the professional wrestling industry as an agent, booker, color commentator, manager, promoter, trainer, and occasional professional wrestler. During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor.", "During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor. From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling.", "From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling. During the later years of his career, Cornette focused primarily on backstage positions and transitioned away from his role as an on-screen manager. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing.", "In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. During a transitional period prior to the retirement, he worked as an on-screen \"authority figure\" character in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and Ring of Honor, promotions where he also held backstage positions. Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance.", "Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance. Cornette is a member of the NWA, Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Memphis, and Professional Wrestling Hall of Fames. Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking.", "Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking. The Cornette vs. Russo feud has been featured on two episodes of Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring series. Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes.", "Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes. Early life James Cornette was born in Louisville, Kentucky on September 17, 1961 to Doug Cornette (1914–1968), an executive with The Louisville Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times, and Thelma Cornette (1933–2002), a secretary for the Louisville Chamber of Commerce. His father died when he was seven years old.", "His father died when he was seven years old. His father died when he was seven years old. From the age of nine, Cornette had a love for wrestling, claiming that, as a child, he installed a ten-foot antenna on top of his house so he could watch as much regional wrestling as possible. Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent.", "Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent. During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\").", "During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\"). Continental Wrestling Association (1982–1983) By 1982, Cornette was now also writing programs for arena shows, having photos published in wrestling magazines, and contributing to the Championship Wrestling Magazine. In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair.", "In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair. After the show ended, Cornette was offered a wrestling managerial role on television by promoter Jerry Jarrett. As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager.", "As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager. Before making his managing debut, Cornette decided to adapt the ring name James E. Cornette in tribute to legendary wrestling promoter James E. Barnett. Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager.", "Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager. Cornette was given the gimmick of a rich kid turned inept manager whose clients kept firing him after one match. The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\").", "The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\"). Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel.", "Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel. After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart.", "After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart. Mid-South Wrestling (1983–1984) Formation of The Midnight Express In November 1983, Mid-South promoter Bill Watts recognized his business was down, and was looking to reinvigorate his territory. Watts asked Jerry Jarrett and Jerry Lawler to visit a TV taping and offer their opinions. Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked.", "Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked. After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\".", "Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\". As the more senior Jimmy Hart was still required by Jarrett, Watts took Cornette to manage his new team, who decided on the name The Midnight Express. Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart.", "Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart. Mid-South Wrestling had at that point been a territory featuring bigger wrestlers, and Cornette has stated that The Midnight Express, the Rock 'n' Roll Express, and himself were probably the five smallest members of the roster when he arrived. The influx of the new talent had an immediate impact, and business first rebounded and then skyrocketed. It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark.", "It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark. He has stated he had seen a college movie at the time with an obnoxious rich kid carrying a badminton racquet with him (most likely the 1983 film Screwballs), so he decided on a tennis racquet. At times Cornette loaded the racquet with a horse shoe to guard against aggressive fans. Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983.", "Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983. After the first few weeks in the territory the team faced the Mid-South tag team champions Magnum T.A. and Mr. Wrestling II. At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him.", "At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him. The feud continued through to early March 1984, when The Midnight Express won the Mid-South tag team titles after Mr. Wrestling II walked out on his partner during a match. The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake.", "The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake. While Cornette's back was turned, The Rock 'n' Roll Express ran in and shoved Cornette's face in the cake. Cornette was enraged afterwards when Bill Watts replayed the incident on TV as he thought it was funny. This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette.", "This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette. In following weeks, the Midnight Express and Cornette attacked and bloodied Watts leading him to come out of retirement. In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory.", "In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory. The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue).", "The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue). Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome.", "Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome. Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express. Starting in May 1984 immediately following the Last Stampede series, the two teams feuded all through the remainder of the year to packed crowds all through the territory. In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars.", "In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars. Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted.", "Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted. He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other.", "He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other. Cornette maintains enormous respect for Watts as a promoter, citing his ability to attract huge TV ratings and consistently sold-out arenas in a low population area, and describing Watts as a genius. At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance.", "At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance. At one point Cornette worked 103 days straight before being ordered by doctors to have two to four weeks' bed rest. As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action.", "As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action. In describing Mid-South Wrestling, Cornette has offered the following example: \"Two weeks of our lives, fourteen days, we did two one hour TV shows, fifteen house shows, two all day promo sets, drove 4700 miles in a car while doing that, and I can't speak for anybody else, but I made—and I was only 22 years old, and just pleased as punch to be there—$5600 for two weeks. In 1984.", "In 1984. In 1984. Not bad.\" World Class Championship Wrestling (1984–1985) The Midnight Express with Cornette had a short stay in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) in Texas where they feuded mainly with The Fantastics (Bobby Fulton and Tommy Rogers). When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure.", "When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure. Cornette later reflected that they were willing to give Dallas a try, as they welcomed living in a modern city, as well as the easier travel schedule when compared to Mid-South. However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one.", "However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one. Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling (1985–1990, 1993) Managing the Midnight Express (1985–1990) Cornette and the Midnight Express spent five years at Jim Crockett Promotions/WCW. After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane.", "After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane. With Cornette as manager, each version of the team were National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) World tag team champions (Condrey and Eaton for six months in 1986, Eaton and Lane for a few weeks in late 1988). In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions.", "In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions. As a manager, Cornette was known for both his loud mouth and for his ever-present tennis racket, which Cornette often used to ensure victory for his wrestlers, with the implication that the racket case was loaded. Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated.", "Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated. He and the Midnights were so hated, in fact, that they had to be escorted by police to and from the ring at the house shows and have a police escort to the city limits for fear of being attacked by overzealous fans. Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86.", "Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86. In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold.", "In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold. The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold.", "The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold. Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready.", "Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready. Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\"", "Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\" Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager.", "Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager. However, as Rogers was wearing dark sunglasses inside the arena he misjudged his position and Cornette actually landed flat on his feet, three feet away from Rogers. Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage.", "Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage. The injury was so extensive that when Cornette finally saw a doctor to have the knee drained, the amount of blood and fluid filled an entire bedpan. Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health.", "Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health. In 1989, Cornette became the color commentator for Jim Crockett Promotions' nationally syndicated NWA television show, and later took over the same role on the Saturday night TBS broadcasts alongside play-by-play announcer Jim Ross. In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team.", "In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team. As such, Cornette helped write storylines and shape the format of its television shows. Due to friction and animosity between himself and WCW head Jim Herd, Cornette quit the company after Halloween Havoc 1990. Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW).", "Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). Bill Watts, who was the WCW executive vice president, brought The Rock 'n' Roll Express back to WCW and billed them as the Smoky Mountain tag team champions. This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time.", "This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time. On the February 6, 1993 episode on WCW Saturday Night, Jim Cornette, the Bodies and Bobby Eaton (who Cornette once again began to manage) confronted the Express during an interview. Bill Watts came out and suggested the Bodies should wrestle the Express. Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place.", "Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place. The Express won the match by DQ when Eaton interfered in the match, and after the match while Lane held Morton, Cornette put his tennis racket over Morton while Eaton delivered his \"Alabama jam\" on Morton. Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express.", "Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express. The following week, Watts came out with the SMW commissioner Bob Armstrong, who stated he was very upset with Cornette's recent actions, and demanded that Cornette come out to apologize for what he had done. Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead.", "Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead. Armstrong agreed with Watts and then told Cornette if his Bodies did not wrestle the Express at SuperBrawl III that he would be heavily fined, the Bodies would be stripped of the title, and that he would be suspended. Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\"", "Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\" and later came out to the ring with his men, and attacked two jobbers after a match, one being Joey Maggs. The Express then came out and attacked Cornette and his gang. During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas.", "During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas. The Bodies, Austin and Pillman lost two of those matches, one on a February 27 episode of WCW WorldWide by DQ when Cornette interfered, and one by pinfall. The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW.", "The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW. Bobby Eaton would go to SMW where he would team in 6-man tag team matches with the Bodies. In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man.", "In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man. When Cornette pulled the sheet off, it was Arn Anderson, Eaton's former tag team partner in The Dangerous Alliance, who was underneath; Cornette then fell over in shock. Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him.", "Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him. Arn said the reason for this was because after he was injured by Erik Watts at a gas station, Eaton never once called him to see how he was doing. Cornette belittled Anderson and claimed that his men were far superior to him. Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title.", "Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title. When the Bodies faced the Express at SuperBrawl III, Eaton came out with Cornette, he was despite Cornette's protests forced to return to the dressing room. Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match.", "Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match. When Cornette climbed onto the ring apron and began to argue with the referee, the Express won the match by pinfall when an illegal outside attempt from Eaton, who had since come back to the ring failed. Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1991–1995) A firm believer in \"old-school\" territorial wrestling, Cornette began the Smoky Mountain Wrestling promotion in 1991. SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas.", "SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas. By this point, however, the nature of wrestling in the U.S. had already changed irrevocably, leading Cornette to seek a working relationship with the World Wrestling Federation in 1993. This did not change the new national perception that regional promotions were \"minor league\". The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF.", "The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF. Cornette later said that he chose the wrong time to start a wrestling federation because the business as a whole was in a recession. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW. As he had done in other promotions, Cornette held several positions in the WWF, including manager, color commentator and member of the booking committee. Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna.", "Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna. Cornette joined the WWF full-time in 1996 after the demise of SMW, and had a major role in scouting and developing new talent. On screen, he led a top-heel stable of wrestlers referred to as \"Camp Cornette\". At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. He also served as the manager of Tom Prichard and Jimmy Del Ray during their brief stint in the WWF. In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator.", "In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator. It was during this time that he also began performing a series of controversial \"worked shoots\" where he would praise what he felt was right and condemn what he felt was wrong in professional wrestling. Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it.", "Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it. Cornette also became active behind the scenes working on the booking committee for several years before being removed after frequently butting heads with writer Vince Russo. Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo.", "Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo. Cornette later recounted that things came to a head in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the summer of 1997. During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character.", "During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character. Dunn told Cornette that he found him to be \"tiresome\" for continuing to harp on the issue, which enraged Cornette to the point where he mocked Dunn's buck teeth and threatened to assault him in front of everyone in the room. He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions.", "He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions. In June 1997, Cornette made a surprise appearance on the Extreme Championship Wrestling show Orgy of Violence, attacking Tommy Dreamer with his tennis racket as part of the WWF-ECW rivalry angle. NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Later that year, Cornette managed Dan Severn and a new version of The Midnight Express before he stepped back from managing. Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television.", "Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television. Cornette returned to WWF television for one night at WrestleMania X-Seven in Houston, where he took part in the \"gimmick battle royal\", but was quickly eliminated by Hillbilly Jim. Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis.", "Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis. As a talent developer, Cornette had previously been instrumental in developing current and former WWE Superstars such as Kane, D'Lo Brown, Sunny and Al Snow during his time running SMW. WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar.", "WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar. In May 2005, Cornette was suspended for several weeks by WWE after slapping OVW developmental wrestler Anthony Carelli backstage after Carelli had \"no-sold\" fellow wrestler The Boogeyman by laughing at him during a live OVW event. Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005.", "Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005. In the spring of 2007, Carelli, who had since been called up to the WWE as Santino Marella, appeared on a Canadian radio program where he publicly challenged Cornette to a match despite Cornette working for rival promotion TNA at the time. NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management.", "NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management. He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida.", "He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida. After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting.", "After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting. As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon.", "As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon. Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler.", "Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler. Part of Cornette's gimmick was that when multiple situations build up at once, he often took care of them all swiftly by getting all the TNA wrestlers to come out to the Impact! Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office.", "Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office. The clear impact of this feature was made evident right from the start, as the first \"company meeting\" (which aired on the edition of June 29, 2006 of TNA Impact! ), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination.", "), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination. Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006. Disbanding Team Canada as a result of their overly cheating ways (he would later offer them a match which, if they won, would allow them to stay as a unit, with the winner to get a future shot at the championship of their choice; they would lose the match). Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006.", "Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006. (Hebner had since been rehired, due to a lie detector test on Jeff Jarrett). Booking America's Most Wanted and Gail Kim in a match against Sirelda, A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels in an intergender six-person tag team matchup with Styles and Daniels' NWA World Tag Team Championship on the line. Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006. Finally declaring Jeff Jarrett the official NWA World Heavyweight Champion given that Jarrett defended his title against the winner of the fatal four-way at Victory Road. Cornette was released from TNA on September 15, 2009. He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo.", "He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo. Return to ROH and OVW (2009–2012) In 2009, Cornette signed a contract with Ring of Honor to be their Executive Producer for the Ring of Honor Wrestling show on HDNet. Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show.", "Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show. Cornette made his first appearance on Ring of Honor Wrestling on the December 7 episode and immediately made waves by putting ROH champion Austin Aries into a four-way title match later that night and created the Pick 6 contender series. On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion.", "On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion. Cornette left OVW in November 2011, when the promotion announced a working agreement with TNA. On the edition of January 21 of Ring of Honor television, Cornette announced that chairshots to the head were banned and anyone that did so would be fined $5,000. On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned.", "On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned. On October 8, 2012, it was reported that ROH had replaced Cornette as the head booker with Hunter Johnston, a wrestler who performed under the name Delirious. ROH wrote Cornette off television by having him suffer storyline injuries at the hands of Jay Lethal. As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion.", "As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion. The reason for Cornette's absence stems from an outburst he had at the November 3 ROH television taping. At the taping, ROH talent Steve Corino suffered an injury, and no ROH officials were still at the venue to be able to pay for Corino's immediate medical attention or even arrange for an ambulance to be called. This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation.", "This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation. Following his departure from Ring of Honor, Cornette decided to take an extended break from professional wrestling to focus on his health and work on personal projects. What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.", "What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He would be joined on the announce team by his long-time friend Jim Ross, who he had not done commentary with in over fifteen years. He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later.", "He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later. Cornette returned to WCPW at their April 1, 2017 State of Emergency event. At the event, Cornette and Matt Striker provided commentary for the British promotion's debut in the United States. WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017.", "WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017. Cornette was also featured in an episode of the WWE Network Original series Table For 3 alongside Eric Bischoff and Michael Hayes. Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018.", "Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018. Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard.", "Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard. Cornette stated that he was put in charge by Impact's parent company, Anthem Sports & Entertainment, to resolve the Unified GFW World Heavyweight Championship situation. Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match.", "Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match. On September 18, Cornette confirmed he was done with the company. He had been brought in by Jeff Jarrett and the original agreement only included one set of tapings. With Jarrett out of the company, the new creative team was said to be more focused on in-ring action and less on authority figures. According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company.", "According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company. National Wrestling Alliance (2018–2019) The National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) chose Jim Cornette to be the color commentator for the NWA 70th Anniversary show that took place on October 21, 2018. This was the first pay-per-view promoted by the NWA in years. Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes.", "Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes. He returned to the promotion for the NWA's Crockett Cup tournament on April 27, 2019. On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power.", "On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power. However, on the NWA Power episode broadcast on November 19 during a match between Nick Aldis and Trevor Murdoch, Cornette made the remark \"[Trevor Murdoch] is the only man I've ever known that can strap a bucket of fried chicken on his back and ride a motor scooter across Ethiopia. Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\"", "Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Later on the same day, the NWA apologized for the perceived racial overtones of the comment and pulled down the episode to remove the remark. The next day, Cornette left the NWA. Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw.", "Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw. Major League Wrestling (2019) Cornette debuted for Major League Wrestling (MLW) as a color commentator for the March 2, 2019 event Intimidation Games in Chicago, Illinois. He then returned to the commentary desk for their April 2019 events, Rise of the Renegades and Battle Riot II. From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company.", "From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company. This included coaching younger talent on their television presentation and promos. In March he confirmed he is not signed exclusively to the company, but is open to continually working with them. After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July.", "After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July. It was reported that following that show he was not signed on for any further shows, as Tony Schiavone had finished his sports commitments and returned to the MLW commentary table. Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary.", "Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary. Views on the professional wrestling industry Journalist Justin Barrasso of Sports Illustrated wrote in 2019 that \"Cornette remains one of wrestling's more controversial personalities, but his beliefs are rooted in more than four decades of wrestling experience.\" Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\".", "Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\". \"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor.", "\"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor. He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight.", "He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight. Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him.", "Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him. Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part.", "Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part. Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company.", "Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company. In March 2010, Cornette sent then-TNA official Terry Taylor an email in which he said: \"I want Vince Russo to die. If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\"", "If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\" TNA sent the letter to a California law firm, who characterized his comments as a \"terroristic threat\" and said \"any further threats to contact Vince Russo or any other TNA personnel (directly or indirectly) shall be viewed as acts in furtherance of such threats and shall be pursued and prosecuted accordingly.\" During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight.", "During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight. Russo responded by filing a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for \"stalking him across state lines since 1999.\" As a response, Cornette began selling autographed copies of the restraining order on his personal website, with all proceeds being donated to the Crusade for Children. The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively.", "The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively. All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast.", "All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast. AEW commentator Jim Ross defended him and referred to him as a \"Kentucky-fried Howard Stern\" but said he had always had outspoken views and that he just has a bigger platform now. Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\".", "Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\". AEW promoter Tony Khan credits Cornette as being a major influence on his booking career. Dave Meltzer of Wrestling Observer Newsletter agreed with the shock jock characterization, said Cornette had engaged in hate speech and had influenced a fan that tried to run into an AEW ring in July 2021. However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions.", "However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions. Personal life Cornette and his longtime girlfriend Stacey Goff were married October 31, 2007. Goff had previously worked as a manager in Cornette's OVW promotion under the ring name \"Synn.\" Goff, as Synn, was the OVW manager of future WWE Champion Batista. Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru.", "Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru. In early April 2020, Cornette's YouTube channel exceeded 100,000 subscribers, earning him a Silver Play Button. Both shows were among the most listened to wrestling podcasts in 2021. Cornette is a supporter of left-wing politics and has been described by Cenk Uygur as a \"fire-breathing progressive.\" In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans.", "In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans. Cornette had previously described himself as a Democrat and acknowledged having voted for Obama in the 2008 presidential election. Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\"", "Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\" During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\".", "During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\". His political beliefs and statements have earned him attention from the non-professional wrestling media, including an appearance on Internet news show The Young Turks. On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist.", "On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist. In March 2018, Cornette voiced his support for the March for Our Lives rally; he made additional statements advocating for gun control and criticizing the NRA. Cornette is an atheist and is highly critical of religion. Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s.", "Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s. The record has made it difficult for him to work in Canada, and he was turned away from the Canadian border in November 2010. Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville.", "Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville. Independent wrestler Phil Earley accused Cornette of pressuring other wrestlers into having sex with his wife during the Speaking Out movement in 2020. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations.", "Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Awards and accomplishments The Baltimore Sun Non-Wrestler of the Year (2007) Cauliflower Alley Club Other honoree (1997) Iconic Heroes Wrestling Excellence Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame (2015) Memphis Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2017 National Wrestling Alliance NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005) New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Manager of the Year (1985, 1993, 1995) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2012 World Wrestling Federation Slammy Award (2 times) Best Dressed (1994) Blue Light Special for Worst Dresser (1996) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Booker (1993, 2001, 2003) Best Non-Wrestler (2006) Best on Interviews (1985–1988, 1993) Manager of the Year (1984–1990, 1992–1996) Best Pro Wrestling Book (2009) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) Bibliography Jim Cornette Presents: Behind the Curtain - Real Pro Wrestling Stories (2019) Rags, Paper and Pins: The Merchandising of Memphis Wrestling (2013) The Midnight Express & Jim Cornette 25th Anniversary Scrapbook (2009) Tuesday Night at the Gardens (2015) References External links 1961 births American atheists American color commentators American gun control activists American male professional wrestlers American men podcasters American podcasters American television writers American YouTubers Critics of religions Kentucky Democrats Kentucky socialists Living people People charged with assault American male television writers Male YouTubers Ohio Valley Wrestling Professional wrestlers from Kentucky Professional wrestling authority figures Professional wrestling announcers Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Professional wrestling historians Professional wrestling managers and valets Professional wrestling podcasters Professional wrestling promoters Professional wrestling trainers Professional wrestling writers Screenwriters from Kentucky Shock jocks Smoky Mountain Wrestling Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky YouTube podcasters" ]

[ "Jim Cornette", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993-2005)", "What were their earlier years like?", "Cornette held several positions in the WWF,", "Did he tag team with anyone?", "WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena," ]

[ "The John Cena–Randy Orton rivalry was a professional wrestling rivalry within WWE which lasted between 2007 and 2009 and again from 2013 to 2014. In 2021, WWE released a list of John Cena's top 10 rivalries, ranking it as his number one rivalry, as well as describing it as one of the greatest rivalries in WWE history.\n\n2007\n\nOn the July 23, 2007, episode of WWE Raw, Randy Orton interfered and attacked the WWE Champion John Cena after Cena's match that night. Shortly after, Executive Assistant Jonathan Coachman announced Orton as the new number-one contender to the Championship. Cena and Orton would face off at SummerSlam, with Cena winning the match. On the August 27 episode of Raw, during Cena's match with Booker T, Orton attacked Cena causing a disqualification. Orton then attacked Cena's father who was sitting at ringside by punt kicking him, seriously injuring him, taking his rivalry with Cena to a personal level. Cena sought revenge, and the two faced each other at Unforgiven, where Cena intentionally disqualified himself aggressively attacking Orton during and after the match. Cena would torture Orton with his signature submission hold the STFU while allowing Cena's father who recovered from his injuries to kick Orton in the head. After the match, Coachman booked Cena in a Last Man Standing match against Orton for the WWE Championship at No Mercy to settle the personal rivalry without any restriction. On the September 17 episode of Raw, Orton had Cena tied up at the corner of the ring and forced faced Cena's dad to face him in a match which Orton easily won. The rivalry ended prematurely after Cena suffered a legitimate torn pectoral muscle during a match with Mr. Kennedy which took out Cena from action for months and forced him to vacate the WWE Championship. Orton would be awarded the title at No Mercy before losing it to Triple H before winning it back, with all title changes happening on the same night. Orton would remain WWE Champion throughout 2007.\n\n2008\nCena reignited the rivalry upon returning and winning the 2008 Royal Rumble match, challenging Orton for the title at No Way Out instead of WrestleMania 24. But during the match, Orton got himself intentionally disqualified, thus he did not lose the title. The following night on Raw, Cena once again got an opportunity for the WWE Championship defeating Orton for the title opportunity in a match where Triple H was the special guest referee. A triple threat match took place between Orton, Cena and Triple H at WrestleMania 24, which Orton won. At Backlash a fatal four-way elimination match took place between Cena, Orton, Triple H and John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL). During the match, Orton eliminated Cena, who had previously eliminated JBL. However Triple H eliminated Orton to win the match. This temporarily ended the feud.\n\n2009\nIn July 2009, Cena challenged Triple H and Orton in a triple threat match for the WWE Championship at Night of Champions. At the event, Orton pinned Cena to retain the WWE Championship. This reignited the feud, and various segments were held where the events from 2007 and 2008 would be brought up and The Legacy a villainous stable led by Orton consisting of Ted DiBiase Jr. and Cody Rhodes would attack Cena on numerous occasions. This eventually led to a match at SummerSlam, which Orton won. In an instance, on August 31 episode of Raw, Rhodes tricked Cena into believing he betrayed Legacy, and Cody's father Dusty arranged a match between Orton and Cody with Cena as special guest referee. But during the match Cody betrayed Cena, and along with Orton and Dibiase attacked Cena. However, Cena gained another opportunity to face Orton, this time in an \"I quit\" match at WWE Breaking Point. During the match after a brutal brawl, Orton handcuffed Cena and disrespectfully threw water at him. But Cena was eventually able to break free of the handcuff and tied up Orton with the handcuff while simultaneously applying his STF submission hold. Unable to break free of the situation, Orton was forced to quit, meaning Cena won the match. The match received critical acclaim and is considered the best match between the duo.\n\nOrton would get his rematch at the Hell in a Cell PPV event, in an Hell in a Cell match. This time Orton defeated Cena to win back the WWE Championship. On the October 5 edition of Raw, Cena challenged Orton to one last rematch for the title, this time a 60-minute Iron Man match where the competitor with the most decisions at the end of that time would be named the victor. In order to accept the challenge, Orton added two more conditions to the match—if Cena loses, he would leave Raw and that the match would be \"anything goes\", the conditions which Cena accepted. They also declared that after this match they will no longer be able to face each other for the WWE championship, and they would settle their differences for good. The match took place at Bragging Rights. During the match The Legacy, on behalf of Orton attacked Cena but Kofi Kingston came out to Cena's aid and drove out the Legacy, leaving Cena and Orton one on one. Cena ultimately defeated Orton by 6 falls to 5, making Orton tap out for the final fall using the STF. Despite not being able to face each other for the championship again, Orton and Cena however once more faced off against each other on the December 14, special episode of Raw in order to receive the Slammy Award for the \"Superstar of the Year 2009\" in a tournament final, a match and award that Cena won. This would end their rivalry for nearly four years.\n\n2013–2014\nDuring 2013 Orton was part of the group The Authority, as part of the Authority, Orton received numerous help and privileges from his peers and would feud with fan-favorite wrestler Daniel Bryan, which ended at Hell in a Cell, with Orton beating Bryan and winning the WWE Champion. Also at the event, Cena defeated Alberto del Rio to win the company's other world championship, the World Heavyweight championship. In December, the feud was reignited after Cena suggested that there should only be \"one world champion\" in WWE. The leader of the Authority, Triple H arranged a championship unification Tables, ladders, and chairs match between Cena and Orton for the December 15 TLC event. During the event, Orton defeated Cena to unify the championships. The merged title would briefly be called as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, after which it would just be called the WWE Championship. The rivalry continued, with Orton once again attacking Cena's father in January 2014. Orton and Cena faced each other again for the WWE Championship at Royal Rumble, in a match Orton won after Cena was distracted by The Wyatt Family. At Elimination Chambers in February, Cena was one of the six participants in the Elimination Chambers match competing for Orton's WWE Championship but was once again attacked by the Wyatt Family, whose interference helped Orton eliminate Cena. The rivalry between Cena and Orton once again momentarily halted as Cena focused his attention on The Wyatt Family, while Orton renewed his rivalry with Daniel Bryan.\n\nAfter eight months, in October the rivalry resumed, with Cena being scheduled to face Orton at Hell in a Cell, in their second Hell in a Cell match on October 26, 2014. Cena went on to defeat Orton in the match, ending their historic rivalry once and for all.\n\nReferences\n\nIndividual rivalries in sports\nProfessional wrestling rivalries\nHistory of WWE\n2007 in professional wrestling\n2009 in professional wrestling\n2014 in professional wrestling\nProfessional wrestling in the United States", "The 2010 Survivor Series was the 24th annual Survivor Series professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on November 21, 2010, at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida. It was the last Survivor Series held under the first brand split, which ended in August 2011, but was reinstated in July 2016.\n\nEight matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Randy Orton defeated Wade Barrett to retain the WWE Championship with John Cena as the special guest referee. As per the stipulation of the match, since Orton won, Cena was (kayfabe) fired from WWE.\n\nProduction\n\nBackground\nSurvivor Series is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every November by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 1987. In what has become the second longest running pay-per-view event in history (behind WWE's WrestleMania), it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and SummerSlam, referred to as the \"Big Four\". The event is traditionally characterized by having Survivor Series matches, which are tag team elimination matches that typically pits teams of four or five wrestlers against each other. The 2010 event was the 24th event in the Survivor Series chronology and featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands. It was scheduled to be held on November 21, 2010, at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida.\n\nThe Survivor Series chronology was originally set to end with the 2009 event when during a press conference held on February 11, 2010, WWE Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Vince McMahon announced that WWE would drop the Survivor Series name and rebrand the event. However, following public outcry and several different fan petitions, the name was later reinstated, and in June 2010, WWE started to release tickets for the 2010 event.\n\nStorylines\nSurvivor Series featured professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines that were played out on WWE's television programs, Raw and SmackDown. Wrestlers portrayed heroes or villains as they followed a series of events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.\n\nThe main rivalry from Raw involved The Nexus leader Wade Barrett against champion Randy Orton for his WWE Championship with Nexus member John Cena as the special guest referee. At Hell in a Cell, two months earlier, Cena lost a match against Barrett, forcing Cena to join Nexus. His main priority as a member of Nexus was to help Barrett secure the WWE Championship from Randy Orton, having Cena help Barrett during a Battle Royale to name a number one contender and forcing Cena to help him during his match against Orton at Bragging Rights. At that match, if Barrett did not win the match, he would have Cena fired for breaking their stipulation from their match at Hell in a Cell. However, Cena attacked Barrett during the match giving him the win via disqualification, though Orton still retained the title. The next day on Raw, when Cena won a match against Orton via disqualification, Barrett named Cena the special guest referee for their match at Survivor Series. This time, if Barrett did not win the title, then he would have Cena fired, but as an incentive for Cena to perform his duty, if Barrett did win the title, Barrett would relieve Cena from his obligation to Nexus. On the November 8th episode of Raw, the General Manager made the stipulation that the match can only be won via pinfall or submission; in addition, the other members of The Nexus will be banned from ringside.\n\nThe main rivalry from SmackDown involved the World Heavyweight Champion Kane against Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship. After defeating his half-brother The Undertaker last month at Bragging Rights after their three-month war, Alberto Del Rio, Rey Mysterio and Edge all interfered in Kane's \"funeral\" for the Undertaker. Afterwards, all three competed in a match against each other for a number one contender spot. At the end of the match, Edge came out victorious and thus became the number one contender against Kane at Survivor Series. Over the next weeks, Edge kidnapped and psychologically tormented Kane's storyline father Paul Bearer.\n\nEvent\n\nPrior to Survivor Series coming on the air, R-Truth (with Eve Torres) pinned Zack Ryder in a dark match.\n\nPreliminary matches\nIn the first match, Daniel Bryan faced Ted DiBiase (with Maryse) for the United States Championship. DiBiase dominated in the beginning utilizing various veteran moves. He then threw Bryan to the outside with a suplex off the apron. Back in the ring, DiBiase attempted Dream Street but Bryan countered and locked in the LeBell Lock, and made DiBiase submit.\n\nNext, John Morrison faced Sheamus. The two opponents exchanged punches and kicks, until Sheamus missed a Bicycle Kick, which landed his legs between the top rope. Morrison capitalized, delivering the Flying Chuck. With Sheamus in a seated position, Morrison delivered a running knee to Sheamus and pinned him for the win.\n\nAfter that, Dolph Ziggler (with Vickie Guerrero) defended the Intercontinental Championship against Kaval. Kaval dominated at first with a series of kicks and even almost put Ziggler away with a diving Moonsault. Ziggler came back after delivering a leg drop bulldog, yet only got a two count. Kaval then attempted an inverted roll-up pin, but Ziggler countered by rolling him up, grabbing his tights for leverage and retained the title.\n\nLater, Team Mysterio (Rey Mysterio, Kofi Kingston, Chris Masters, Big Show, and Montel Vontavious Porter) faced Team Del Rio (Alberto Del Rio, Tyler Reks, Drew McIntyre, Jack Swagger, and Cody Rhodes) in a 5-on-5 Traditional Survivor Series Elimination Match. McIntyre eliminated MVP after Del Rio held MVP's foot down. Del Rio eliminated Masters after Masters tapped out to the Cross Armbreaker. Del Rio was eliminated after Big Show hit him with a KO Punch, knocking out Del Rio and making him unable to continue the match, causing him carried to the back of the arena by WWE officials. Big Show pinned Rhodes after a KO Punch, eliminating Rhodes. Kingston eliminated Reks with a Schoolboy pin. Swagger eliminated Kingston after Kingston submitted to the Ankle Lock. Mysterio eliminated Swagger after a 619 and an aided Splash with Big Show. Big Show eliminated McIntyre after a 619 by Mysterio and a Chokeslam. As a result, Team Mysterio won the match.\n\nIn the fifth match, Natalya defeated Lay-Cool (Layla and Michelle McCool) in a two-on-one handicap match for the Divas Championship, winning the title for the first time. After the match, Beth Phoenix returned to WWE and rescued Natayla from Lay-Cool, who attacked Natalya.\n\nNext, Kane and Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship fought to a draw after both competitors had their shoulders pinned down on the canvas. As a result, Kane retained the title. After the match, Edge attacked Kane by putting him in a wheelchair and pushing him through the fan barrier.\n\nIn the seventh match, The Nexus (Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater) (with David Otunga, Michael McGillicutty, and Husky Harris) retained their Tag Team Championship defeating Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov, after The Nexus interfered in the match.\n\nMain event \nThe main event was Randy Orton defending the WWE Championship against Wade Barrett with John Cena as the special guest referee in a free or fired match. The match can only be won by pinfall or submission, and The Nexus was banned from ringside. Randy Orton retained his WWE Championship against Wade Barrett in a free or fired Pinfall-and-submissions-only singles match with John Cena as a special referee. Cena pushed Barrett into a RKO, and because of the stipulations of the match, John Cena was fired. Cena thanked Michael Cole and the fans on his way to the back to close the show.\n\nReception\nThe event was generally well received by critics. The pay-per-view drew 244,000 buys, up from the 235,000 that the previous year's event received.\n\nAftermath\nThe next night, on Raw at the Amway Center in Orlando, Florida, Cena thanked the WWE Universe and was given an ovation by other wrestlers backstage as he exited the arena. Barrett taunted him on his way out. The following night on Raw, Wade Barrett demanded a rematch against Randy Orton for the WWE Championship. During the match, John Cena (who had been fired the previous night) attacked Barrett, costing him the match. Immediately after this match, The Miz cashed in his Money in the Bank briefcase and defeated Orton to become the new WWE Champion. At WWE TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs 2010, The Miz successfully defended his title against Randy Orton in a Tables match.\n\nWith The Nexus having assaulted security, John Cena was free to enter the arena and attack any and all members of The Nexus. Eventually a mutiny formed within The Nexus, and they threatened to kick Wade Barrett out unless he rehired John Cena. Along with that, the rehiring of Cena was met under the condition that Barrett would face him in a Chairs match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs. Cena would go on to win the match at the pay-per-view.\n\nOn the following episode of SmackDown, Kane granted Edge a rematch for the championship in return that his storyline father Paul Bearer would be released from being hostage by Edge. Edge took the opportunity; however, Bearer would still be held hostage. Before the pay-per-view, Kane pushed what he thought was another dummy off of a ladder, only to discover it was actually Paul Bearer himself. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, Kane was scheduled to defend his title in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match against Edge; However, Rey Mysterio and Alberto Del Rio, who were in a feud of their own, were added to the match courtesy of SmackDown GM Theodore Long, thus making it a fatal four-way. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, Edge would go on to win the World Heavyweight Championship.\n\nNatalya and Beth Phoenix's feud with LayCool led to a tag team tables match at TLC, which Natalya and Phoenix won.\n\nAfter Survivor Series, the 2010 King of the Ring tournament took place, with John Morrison and Sheamus making their way to the finals. Sheamus would win, becoming the 2010 King of the Ring; he and Morrison would wrestle at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in a ladder match to determine the #1 contender for the WWE Championship, which Morrison would win.\n\nJustin Gabriel and Heath Slater would lose the WWE Tag Team Championship to Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov. A rematch was granted at TLC: Tables, Ladders, & Chairs, but Marella and Kozlov would retain the titles.\n\nThe 2010 event was the last Survivor Series held under the first brand split, which ended in August 2011. However, the brand split would be reintroduced in July 2016, and the theme of Survivor Series became brand supremacy, featuring the brands in direct competition with each other. Additionally, in April 2011, the promotion ceased using its full name with the \"WWE\" abbreviation becoming an orphaned initialism.\n\nResults\n\nSurvivor Series elimination tag team match\n\nOther on-screen personnel\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Survivor Series website\n\n2010 in professional wrestling in Florida\n2010\nEvents in Miami\nProfessional wrestling in Miami\n2010 WWE pay-per-view events\nNovember 2010 events in the United States" ]

[ "James Mark Cornette (born September 17, 1961) is an American author and podcaster who has previously worked in the professional wrestling industry as an agent, booker, color commentator, manager, promoter, trainer, and occasional professional wrestler. During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor.", "During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor. From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling.", "From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling. During the later years of his career, Cornette focused primarily on backstage positions and transitioned away from his role as an on-screen manager. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing.", "In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. During a transitional period prior to the retirement, he worked as an on-screen \"authority figure\" character in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and Ring of Honor, promotions where he also held backstage positions. Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance.", "Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance. Cornette is a member of the NWA, Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Memphis, and Professional Wrestling Hall of Fames. Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking.", "Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking. The Cornette vs. Russo feud has been featured on two episodes of Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring series. Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes.", "Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes. Early life James Cornette was born in Louisville, Kentucky on September 17, 1961 to Doug Cornette (1914–1968), an executive with The Louisville Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times, and Thelma Cornette (1933–2002), a secretary for the Louisville Chamber of Commerce. His father died when he was seven years old.", "His father died when he was seven years old. His father died when he was seven years old. From the age of nine, Cornette had a love for wrestling, claiming that, as a child, he installed a ten-foot antenna on top of his house so he could watch as much regional wrestling as possible. Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent.", "Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent. During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\").", "During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\"). Continental Wrestling Association (1982–1983) By 1982, Cornette was now also writing programs for arena shows, having photos published in wrestling magazines, and contributing to the Championship Wrestling Magazine. In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair.", "In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair. After the show ended, Cornette was offered a wrestling managerial role on television by promoter Jerry Jarrett. As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager.", "As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager. Before making his managing debut, Cornette decided to adapt the ring name James E. Cornette in tribute to legendary wrestling promoter James E. Barnett. Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager.", "Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager. Cornette was given the gimmick of a rich kid turned inept manager whose clients kept firing him after one match. The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\").", "The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\"). Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel.", "Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel. After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart.", "After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart. Mid-South Wrestling (1983–1984) Formation of The Midnight Express In November 1983, Mid-South promoter Bill Watts recognized his business was down, and was looking to reinvigorate his territory. Watts asked Jerry Jarrett and Jerry Lawler to visit a TV taping and offer their opinions. Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked.", "Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked. After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\".", "Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\". As the more senior Jimmy Hart was still required by Jarrett, Watts took Cornette to manage his new team, who decided on the name The Midnight Express. Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart.", "Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart. Mid-South Wrestling had at that point been a territory featuring bigger wrestlers, and Cornette has stated that The Midnight Express, the Rock 'n' Roll Express, and himself were probably the five smallest members of the roster when he arrived. The influx of the new talent had an immediate impact, and business first rebounded and then skyrocketed. It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark.", "It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark. He has stated he had seen a college movie at the time with an obnoxious rich kid carrying a badminton racquet with him (most likely the 1983 film Screwballs), so he decided on a tennis racquet. At times Cornette loaded the racquet with a horse shoe to guard against aggressive fans. Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983.", "Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983. After the first few weeks in the territory the team faced the Mid-South tag team champions Magnum T.A. and Mr. Wrestling II. At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him.", "At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him. The feud continued through to early March 1984, when The Midnight Express won the Mid-South tag team titles after Mr. Wrestling II walked out on his partner during a match. The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake.", "The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake. While Cornette's back was turned, The Rock 'n' Roll Express ran in and shoved Cornette's face in the cake. Cornette was enraged afterwards when Bill Watts replayed the incident on TV as he thought it was funny. This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette.", "This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette. In following weeks, the Midnight Express and Cornette attacked and bloodied Watts leading him to come out of retirement. In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory.", "In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory. The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue).", "The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue). Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome.", "Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome. Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express. Starting in May 1984 immediately following the Last Stampede series, the two teams feuded all through the remainder of the year to packed crowds all through the territory. In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars.", "In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars. Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted.", "Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted. He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other.", "He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other. Cornette maintains enormous respect for Watts as a promoter, citing his ability to attract huge TV ratings and consistently sold-out arenas in a low population area, and describing Watts as a genius. At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance.", "At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance. At one point Cornette worked 103 days straight before being ordered by doctors to have two to four weeks' bed rest. As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action.", "As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action. In describing Mid-South Wrestling, Cornette has offered the following example: \"Two weeks of our lives, fourteen days, we did two one hour TV shows, fifteen house shows, two all day promo sets, drove 4700 miles in a car while doing that, and I can't speak for anybody else, but I made—and I was only 22 years old, and just pleased as punch to be there—$5600 for two weeks. In 1984.", "In 1984. In 1984. Not bad.\" World Class Championship Wrestling (1984–1985) The Midnight Express with Cornette had a short stay in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) in Texas where they feuded mainly with The Fantastics (Bobby Fulton and Tommy Rogers). When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure.", "When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure. Cornette later reflected that they were willing to give Dallas a try, as they welcomed living in a modern city, as well as the easier travel schedule when compared to Mid-South. However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one.", "However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one. Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling (1985–1990, 1993) Managing the Midnight Express (1985–1990) Cornette and the Midnight Express spent five years at Jim Crockett Promotions/WCW. After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane.", "After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane. With Cornette as manager, each version of the team were National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) World tag team champions (Condrey and Eaton for six months in 1986, Eaton and Lane for a few weeks in late 1988). In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions.", "In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions. As a manager, Cornette was known for both his loud mouth and for his ever-present tennis racket, which Cornette often used to ensure victory for his wrestlers, with the implication that the racket case was loaded. Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated.", "Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated. He and the Midnights were so hated, in fact, that they had to be escorted by police to and from the ring at the house shows and have a police escort to the city limits for fear of being attacked by overzealous fans. Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86.", "Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86. In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold.", "In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold. The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold.", "The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold. Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready.", "Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready. Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\"", "Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\" Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager.", "Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager. However, as Rogers was wearing dark sunglasses inside the arena he misjudged his position and Cornette actually landed flat on his feet, three feet away from Rogers. Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage.", "Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage. The injury was so extensive that when Cornette finally saw a doctor to have the knee drained, the amount of blood and fluid filled an entire bedpan. Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health.", "Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health. In 1989, Cornette became the color commentator for Jim Crockett Promotions' nationally syndicated NWA television show, and later took over the same role on the Saturday night TBS broadcasts alongside play-by-play announcer Jim Ross. In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team.", "In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team. As such, Cornette helped write storylines and shape the format of its television shows. Due to friction and animosity between himself and WCW head Jim Herd, Cornette quit the company after Halloween Havoc 1990. Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW).", "Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). Bill Watts, who was the WCW executive vice president, brought The Rock 'n' Roll Express back to WCW and billed them as the Smoky Mountain tag team champions. This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time.", "This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time. On the February 6, 1993 episode on WCW Saturday Night, Jim Cornette, the Bodies and Bobby Eaton (who Cornette once again began to manage) confronted the Express during an interview. Bill Watts came out and suggested the Bodies should wrestle the Express. Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place.", "Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place. The Express won the match by DQ when Eaton interfered in the match, and after the match while Lane held Morton, Cornette put his tennis racket over Morton while Eaton delivered his \"Alabama jam\" on Morton. Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express.", "Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express. The following week, Watts came out with the SMW commissioner Bob Armstrong, who stated he was very upset with Cornette's recent actions, and demanded that Cornette come out to apologize for what he had done. Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead.", "Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead. Armstrong agreed with Watts and then told Cornette if his Bodies did not wrestle the Express at SuperBrawl III that he would be heavily fined, the Bodies would be stripped of the title, and that he would be suspended. Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\"", "Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\" and later came out to the ring with his men, and attacked two jobbers after a match, one being Joey Maggs. The Express then came out and attacked Cornette and his gang. During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas.", "During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas. The Bodies, Austin and Pillman lost two of those matches, one on a February 27 episode of WCW WorldWide by DQ when Cornette interfered, and one by pinfall. The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW.", "The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW. Bobby Eaton would go to SMW where he would team in 6-man tag team matches with the Bodies. In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man.", "In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man. When Cornette pulled the sheet off, it was Arn Anderson, Eaton's former tag team partner in The Dangerous Alliance, who was underneath; Cornette then fell over in shock. Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him.", "Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him. Arn said the reason for this was because after he was injured by Erik Watts at a gas station, Eaton never once called him to see how he was doing. Cornette belittled Anderson and claimed that his men were far superior to him. Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title.", "Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title. When the Bodies faced the Express at SuperBrawl III, Eaton came out with Cornette, he was despite Cornette's protests forced to return to the dressing room. Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match.", "Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match. When Cornette climbed onto the ring apron and began to argue with the referee, the Express won the match by pinfall when an illegal outside attempt from Eaton, who had since come back to the ring failed. Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1991–1995) A firm believer in \"old-school\" territorial wrestling, Cornette began the Smoky Mountain Wrestling promotion in 1991. SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas.", "SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas. By this point, however, the nature of wrestling in the U.S. had already changed irrevocably, leading Cornette to seek a working relationship with the World Wrestling Federation in 1993. This did not change the new national perception that regional promotions were \"minor league\". The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF.", "The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF. Cornette later said that he chose the wrong time to start a wrestling federation because the business as a whole was in a recession. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW. As he had done in other promotions, Cornette held several positions in the WWF, including manager, color commentator and member of the booking committee. Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna.", "Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna. Cornette joined the WWF full-time in 1996 after the demise of SMW, and had a major role in scouting and developing new talent. On screen, he led a top-heel stable of wrestlers referred to as \"Camp Cornette\". At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. He also served as the manager of Tom Prichard and Jimmy Del Ray during their brief stint in the WWF. In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator.", "In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator. It was during this time that he also began performing a series of controversial \"worked shoots\" where he would praise what he felt was right and condemn what he felt was wrong in professional wrestling. Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it.", "Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it. Cornette also became active behind the scenes working on the booking committee for several years before being removed after frequently butting heads with writer Vince Russo. Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo.", "Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo. Cornette later recounted that things came to a head in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the summer of 1997. During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character.", "During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character. Dunn told Cornette that he found him to be \"tiresome\" for continuing to harp on the issue, which enraged Cornette to the point where he mocked Dunn's buck teeth and threatened to assault him in front of everyone in the room. He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions.", "He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions. In June 1997, Cornette made a surprise appearance on the Extreme Championship Wrestling show Orgy of Violence, attacking Tommy Dreamer with his tennis racket as part of the WWF-ECW rivalry angle. NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Later that year, Cornette managed Dan Severn and a new version of The Midnight Express before he stepped back from managing. Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television.", "Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television. Cornette returned to WWF television for one night at WrestleMania X-Seven in Houston, where he took part in the \"gimmick battle royal\", but was quickly eliminated by Hillbilly Jim. Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis.", "Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis. As a talent developer, Cornette had previously been instrumental in developing current and former WWE Superstars such as Kane, D'Lo Brown, Sunny and Al Snow during his time running SMW. WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar.", "WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar. In May 2005, Cornette was suspended for several weeks by WWE after slapping OVW developmental wrestler Anthony Carelli backstage after Carelli had \"no-sold\" fellow wrestler The Boogeyman by laughing at him during a live OVW event. Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005.", "Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005. In the spring of 2007, Carelli, who had since been called up to the WWE as Santino Marella, appeared on a Canadian radio program where he publicly challenged Cornette to a match despite Cornette working for rival promotion TNA at the time. NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management.", "NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management. He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida.", "He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida. After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting.", "After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting. As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon.", "As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon. Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler.", "Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler. Part of Cornette's gimmick was that when multiple situations build up at once, he often took care of them all swiftly by getting all the TNA wrestlers to come out to the Impact! Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office.", "Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office. The clear impact of this feature was made evident right from the start, as the first \"company meeting\" (which aired on the edition of June 29, 2006 of TNA Impact! ), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination.", "), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination. Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006. Disbanding Team Canada as a result of their overly cheating ways (he would later offer them a match which, if they won, would allow them to stay as a unit, with the winner to get a future shot at the championship of their choice; they would lose the match). Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006.", "Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006. (Hebner had since been rehired, due to a lie detector test on Jeff Jarrett). Booking America's Most Wanted and Gail Kim in a match against Sirelda, A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels in an intergender six-person tag team matchup with Styles and Daniels' NWA World Tag Team Championship on the line. Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006. Finally declaring Jeff Jarrett the official NWA World Heavyweight Champion given that Jarrett defended his title against the winner of the fatal four-way at Victory Road. Cornette was released from TNA on September 15, 2009. He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo.", "He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo. Return to ROH and OVW (2009–2012) In 2009, Cornette signed a contract with Ring of Honor to be their Executive Producer for the Ring of Honor Wrestling show on HDNet. Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show.", "Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show. Cornette made his first appearance on Ring of Honor Wrestling on the December 7 episode and immediately made waves by putting ROH champion Austin Aries into a four-way title match later that night and created the Pick 6 contender series. On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion.", "On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion. Cornette left OVW in November 2011, when the promotion announced a working agreement with TNA. On the edition of January 21 of Ring of Honor television, Cornette announced that chairshots to the head were banned and anyone that did so would be fined $5,000. On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned.", "On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned. On October 8, 2012, it was reported that ROH had replaced Cornette as the head booker with Hunter Johnston, a wrestler who performed under the name Delirious. ROH wrote Cornette off television by having him suffer storyline injuries at the hands of Jay Lethal. As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion.", "As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion. The reason for Cornette's absence stems from an outburst he had at the November 3 ROH television taping. At the taping, ROH talent Steve Corino suffered an injury, and no ROH officials were still at the venue to be able to pay for Corino's immediate medical attention or even arrange for an ambulance to be called. This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation.", "This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation. Following his departure from Ring of Honor, Cornette decided to take an extended break from professional wrestling to focus on his health and work on personal projects. What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.", "What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He would be joined on the announce team by his long-time friend Jim Ross, who he had not done commentary with in over fifteen years. He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later.", "He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later. Cornette returned to WCPW at their April 1, 2017 State of Emergency event. At the event, Cornette and Matt Striker provided commentary for the British promotion's debut in the United States. WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017.", "WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017. Cornette was also featured in an episode of the WWE Network Original series Table For 3 alongside Eric Bischoff and Michael Hayes. Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018.", "Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018. Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard.", "Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard. Cornette stated that he was put in charge by Impact's parent company, Anthem Sports & Entertainment, to resolve the Unified GFW World Heavyweight Championship situation. Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match.", "Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match. On September 18, Cornette confirmed he was done with the company. He had been brought in by Jeff Jarrett and the original agreement only included one set of tapings. With Jarrett out of the company, the new creative team was said to be more focused on in-ring action and less on authority figures. According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company.", "According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company. National Wrestling Alliance (2018–2019) The National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) chose Jim Cornette to be the color commentator for the NWA 70th Anniversary show that took place on October 21, 2018. This was the first pay-per-view promoted by the NWA in years. Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes.", "Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes. He returned to the promotion for the NWA's Crockett Cup tournament on April 27, 2019. On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power.", "On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power. However, on the NWA Power episode broadcast on November 19 during a match between Nick Aldis and Trevor Murdoch, Cornette made the remark \"[Trevor Murdoch] is the only man I've ever known that can strap a bucket of fried chicken on his back and ride a motor scooter across Ethiopia. Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\"", "Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Later on the same day, the NWA apologized for the perceived racial overtones of the comment and pulled down the episode to remove the remark. The next day, Cornette left the NWA. Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw.", "Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw. Major League Wrestling (2019) Cornette debuted for Major League Wrestling (MLW) as a color commentator for the March 2, 2019 event Intimidation Games in Chicago, Illinois. He then returned to the commentary desk for their April 2019 events, Rise of the Renegades and Battle Riot II. From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company.", "From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company. This included coaching younger talent on their television presentation and promos. In March he confirmed he is not signed exclusively to the company, but is open to continually working with them. After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July.", "After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July. It was reported that following that show he was not signed on for any further shows, as Tony Schiavone had finished his sports commitments and returned to the MLW commentary table. Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary.", "Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary. Views on the professional wrestling industry Journalist Justin Barrasso of Sports Illustrated wrote in 2019 that \"Cornette remains one of wrestling's more controversial personalities, but his beliefs are rooted in more than four decades of wrestling experience.\" Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\".", "Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\". \"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor.", "\"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor. He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight.", "He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight. Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him.", "Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him. Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part.", "Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part. Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company.", "Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company. In March 2010, Cornette sent then-TNA official Terry Taylor an email in which he said: \"I want Vince Russo to die. If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\"", "If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\" TNA sent the letter to a California law firm, who characterized his comments as a \"terroristic threat\" and said \"any further threats to contact Vince Russo or any other TNA personnel (directly or indirectly) shall be viewed as acts in furtherance of such threats and shall be pursued and prosecuted accordingly.\" During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight.", "During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight. Russo responded by filing a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for \"stalking him across state lines since 1999.\" As a response, Cornette began selling autographed copies of the restraining order on his personal website, with all proceeds being donated to the Crusade for Children. The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively.", "The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively. All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast.", "All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast. AEW commentator Jim Ross defended him and referred to him as a \"Kentucky-fried Howard Stern\" but said he had always had outspoken views and that he just has a bigger platform now. Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\".", "Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\". AEW promoter Tony Khan credits Cornette as being a major influence on his booking career. Dave Meltzer of Wrestling Observer Newsletter agreed with the shock jock characterization, said Cornette had engaged in hate speech and had influenced a fan that tried to run into an AEW ring in July 2021. However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions.", "However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions. Personal life Cornette and his longtime girlfriend Stacey Goff were married October 31, 2007. Goff had previously worked as a manager in Cornette's OVW promotion under the ring name \"Synn.\" Goff, as Synn, was the OVW manager of future WWE Champion Batista. Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru.", "Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru. In early April 2020, Cornette's YouTube channel exceeded 100,000 subscribers, earning him a Silver Play Button. Both shows were among the most listened to wrestling podcasts in 2021. Cornette is a supporter of left-wing politics and has been described by Cenk Uygur as a \"fire-breathing progressive.\" In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans.", "In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans. Cornette had previously described himself as a Democrat and acknowledged having voted for Obama in the 2008 presidential election. Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\"", "Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\" During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\".", "During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\". His political beliefs and statements have earned him attention from the non-professional wrestling media, including an appearance on Internet news show The Young Turks. On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist.", "On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist. In March 2018, Cornette voiced his support for the March for Our Lives rally; he made additional statements advocating for gun control and criticizing the NRA. Cornette is an atheist and is highly critical of religion. Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s.", "Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s. The record has made it difficult for him to work in Canada, and he was turned away from the Canadian border in November 2010. Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville.", "Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville. Independent wrestler Phil Earley accused Cornette of pressuring other wrestlers into having sex with his wife during the Speaking Out movement in 2020. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations.", "Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Awards and accomplishments The Baltimore Sun Non-Wrestler of the Year (2007) Cauliflower Alley Club Other honoree (1997) Iconic Heroes Wrestling Excellence Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame (2015) Memphis Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2017 National Wrestling Alliance NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005) New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Manager of the Year (1985, 1993, 1995) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2012 World Wrestling Federation Slammy Award (2 times) Best Dressed (1994) Blue Light Special for Worst Dresser (1996) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Booker (1993, 2001, 2003) Best Non-Wrestler (2006) Best on Interviews (1985–1988, 1993) Manager of the Year (1984–1990, 1992–1996) Best Pro Wrestling Book (2009) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) Bibliography Jim Cornette Presents: Behind the Curtain - Real Pro Wrestling Stories (2019) Rags, Paper and Pins: The Merchandising of Memphis Wrestling (2013) The Midnight Express & Jim Cornette 25th Anniversary Scrapbook (2009) Tuesday Night at the Gardens (2015) References External links 1961 births American atheists American color commentators American gun control activists American male professional wrestlers American men podcasters American podcasters American television writers American YouTubers Critics of religions Kentucky Democrats Kentucky socialists Living people People charged with assault American male television writers Male YouTubers Ohio Valley Wrestling Professional wrestlers from Kentucky Professional wrestling authority figures Professional wrestling announcers Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Professional wrestling historians Professional wrestling managers and valets Professional wrestling podcasters Professional wrestling promoters Professional wrestling trainers Professional wrestling writers Screenwriters from Kentucky Shock jocks Smoky Mountain Wrestling Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky YouTube podcasters" ]

[ "Jim Cornette", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993-2005)", "What were their earlier years like?", "Cornette held several positions in the WWF,", "Did he tag team with anyone?", "WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena,", "Did he win any titles with John Cena?", "helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena," ]

[ "Jeri-Show was a villainous professional wrestling tag team consisting of Big Show and Chris Jericho, which competed in the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) promotion.\n\nThe duo made their debut in July 2009 at WWE's Night of Champions pay-per-view event, where Jericho replaced the legitimate injured Edge with Show as his tag team partner in his defense of the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship (which was made by the unification of the World Tag Team Championship and WWE Tag Team Championship).\n\nThroughout the remainder of 2009, Jeri-Show were involved in several highly promoted feuds and angles, as well as defending the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship and challenging for the World Heavyweight Championship. The duo also headlined two of WWE's pay-per-view events during their short tenure together, with the first being at Survivor Series and the second at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs.\n\nHistory\n\nUnified WWE Tag Team Champions (2009–2010) \nAt The Bash on June 28, 2009, Jericho and his then partner Edge, both heels, won the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship (which consisted of the World Tag Team Championship and the WWE Tag Team Championship) as surprise entrants in a tag team match. When Edge suffered a torn Achilles tendon shortly thereafter which left him unable to wrestle, Jericho exploited a contractual loophole that allowed him to choose a new partner to replace Edge so that Jericho's reign could continue uninterrupted, while insulting Edge for being injury prone.\n\nOn July 26 at Night of Champions, Jericho revealed fellow heel Big Show as his new tag team partner and they defeated Legacy members Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase to retain the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship, thus allowing Big Show (who was from the Raw brand) and Jericho (who was from the SmackDown brand) to appear on both brands. Jeri-Show would then feud with Cryme Tyme (JTG and Shad Gaspard), which culminated in a successful title defense for Jeri-Show at SummerSlam on August 23. Jericho and Big Show would then feud with Montel Vontavious Porter and Mark Henry, which would also result in another successful title defense for Jeri-Show at Breaking Point on September 13 against them. Next, Jeri-Show would move on to feud with Batista, who then challenged for the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship with Jericho's rival Rey Mysterio at Hell in a Cell on October 4, where resulted in another successful title defense.\n\nOn the October 5 episode of Raw, Jeri-Show would begin a feud with Shawn Michaels and Triple H of D-Generation X (D-X) following a loss in a non-title match. Leading up to Bragging Rights, Jericho was named as a co-captain (with Kane) for Team SmackDown while Big Show joined Team Raw, which was captained by D-X. At Bragging Rights on October 25, Big Show turned on Team Raw when he attacked his teammates Kofi Kingston and Triple H, resulting in Jericho getting the win for Team SmackDown. Big Show would then reveal that his motives for aiding Team SmackDown was so that he would be granted a shot against SmackDown's World Heavyweight Champion The Undertaker, while Jericho would insert himself into the title match as well after defeating Kane, thus making it a triple threat match. At Survivor Series on November 22, The Undertaker retained his World Heavyweight Championship after Jericho and Big Show turned on each other despite working together throughout most of the match. Jeri-Show would then continue their feud with D-X and on December 13 at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, they lost the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship to D-X in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match, ending their reign at 140 days. On the December 14 episode of Raw, Jeri-Show won a Slammy Award for \"Tag Team of the Year\", while that same night they used their rematch clause against D-X, who quickly intentionally disqualified themselves and retained the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship (as a result, Jericho, from the SmackDown brand, could not appear on Raw as he was no longer a Unified WWE Tag Team Champion). D-X granted Jeri-Show yet another rematch for the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship, with the additional stipulation that Jericho had to \"leave Raw forever\" if Jeri-Show lost, which they did on the January 4, 2010 episode of Raw, marking the end of Jeri-Show.\n\nAfter their breakup, Edge made his return at the 2010 Royal Rumble match to feud with Jericho, eliminating Jericho en route to winning the Rumble. Meanwhile, Big Show would go on to win the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship back from D-X when he teamed with The Miz, forming ShoMiz. Jericho would eventually return to Raw again when he was drafted to the Raw brand through the 2010 WWE draft.\n\nUnofficial reunions (2012–2016) \nOn the July 9, 2012 episode of Raw, Jeri-Show (as villains) reunited for one-time to take on John Cena and Kane in a tag team match, which they lost by disqualification.\n\nOn the September 5, 2014 episode of SmackDown, Jeri-Show (as fan favorites) had a one-night reunion, competing in a ten-man tag team match that consisted of themselves teaming with John Cena, Mark Henry and Roman Reigns against Kane, Seth Rollins and The Wyatt Family (Bray Wyatt, Erick Rowan and Luke Harper), which Jeri-Show's team won by disqualification after The Wyatt Family broke up Cena's STF on Rollins and refused to stop their assault on Cena.\n\nOn the January 28, 2016 episode of SmackDown, Big Show helped Jericho, Reigns and Dean Ambrose from a Wyatt Family assault, having a one night reunion for Jeri-Show.\n\nChampionships and accomplishments \n World Wrestling Entertainment\n World Tag Team Championship (1 time)\n WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time)\n Slammy Award (1 time)\n Tag Team of the Year (2009)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n Cagematch profile\n\nWWE teams and stables\nWWE World Tag Team Champions", "Owen Hart and Yokozuna were a professional wrestling tag team who wrestled in World Wrestling Federation.\n\nHistory \nThe team debuted on WrestleMania XI when former WWF Champion Yokozuna was billed as Hart's mystery partner. This was Yokozuna's first appearance since 1994 Survivor Series. They defeated The Smoking Gunns to win the WWF Tag Team Championship.\n\nDuring their World Tag Team Championship reign, Owen Hart and Yokozuna rose to the top of the tag team division of WWF as they went on to make successful title defenses against the likes of The Smoking Gunns and The Allied Powers. The win over the Allied Powers at In Your House 2 PPV event was considered a major upset in fan's eyes at the time. During the next In Your House ppv event two months later, the World Tag Team Championship title defense was included but Hart was replaced by The British Bulldog because Hart was with his wife who was giving birth to their second child. Yokozuna and Bulldog defended the titles against Diesel and Shawn Michaels but lost to Diesel and Michaels when Diesel pinned Hart after a jacknife powerbomb who came to ringside late in the match.\n\nThey went on to hold the title for 175 days during their first reign. Hart and Yokozuna were awarded the titles back the next day by their lawyer Clarence Mason because Hart was pinned in the match who was not a part of the match therefore Michaels and Diesel could not be champions. The same night, Hart and Yokozuna went on to lose the titles to The Smoking Gunns. After the match, their tag team disbanded as Yokozuna focused on singles career while Hart formed a tag team with The British Bulldog in 1996.\n\nChampionships and accomplishments \n World Wrestling Federation\n WWF Tag Team Championship (2 times)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Yokozuna and Owen Hart at Online World of Wrestling\n Yokozuna's WWE Alumni profile\n\nWWE teams and stables\nWWE World Tag Team Champions" ]

[ "James Mark Cornette (born September 17, 1961) is an American author and podcaster who has previously worked in the professional wrestling industry as an agent, booker, color commentator, manager, promoter, trainer, and occasional professional wrestler. During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor.", "During his career, he has worked for the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation (now called WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now called Impact Wrestling), and Ring of Honor. From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling.", "From 1991 to 1995, he was the owner and head booker of Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from 1999 to 2005, was the co-owner, head booker, and head trainer of Ohio Valley Wrestling. During the later years of his career, Cornette focused primarily on backstage positions and transitioned away from his role as an on-screen manager. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing.", "In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. In 2017, Cornette retired from managing. During a transitional period prior to the retirement, he worked as an on-screen \"authority figure\" character in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and Ring of Honor, promotions where he also held backstage positions. Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance.", "Cornette has also had an extensive commentary career, most recently serving as a color commentator for Major League Wrestling, What Culture Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance. Cornette is a member of the NWA, Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Memphis, and Professional Wrestling Hall of Fames. Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking.", "Cornette is also noted for his long-standing real-life feud with fellow professional wrestling booker Vince Russo; in June 2017, Russo filed a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for stalking. The Cornette vs. Russo feud has been featured on two episodes of Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring series. Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes.", "Outside of wrestling, Cornette is known for his left-wing political views – Cornette, an atheist and democratic socialist, has appeared on The Young Turks to document his criticisms of religious and right-wing causes. Early life James Cornette was born in Louisville, Kentucky on September 17, 1961 to Doug Cornette (1914–1968), an executive with The Louisville Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times, and Thelma Cornette (1933–2002), a secretary for the Louisville Chamber of Commerce. His father died when he was seven years old.", "His father died when he was seven years old. His father died when he was seven years old. From the age of nine, Cornette had a love for wrestling, claiming that, as a child, he installed a ten-foot antenna on top of his house so he could watch as much regional wrestling as possible. Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent.", "Professional wrestling career Early career Cornette began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, timekeeper, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent. During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\").", "During this time, from attending matches at the Louisville Gardens, Cornette got to know promoter Christine Jarrett, who was the mother of Jerry Jarrett, promoter of the Continental Wrestling Association (commonly known as the \"Memphis territory\"). Continental Wrestling Association (1982–1983) By 1982, Cornette was now also writing programs for arena shows, having photos published in wrestling magazines, and contributing to the Championship Wrestling Magazine. In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair.", "In August, he traveled to Memphis to see the TV match between Jerry Lawler and Ric Flair. After the show ended, Cornette was offered a wrestling managerial role on television by promoter Jerry Jarrett. As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager.", "As Cornette has recalled, despite his presence being tolerated at shows and TV tapings for nearly a decade, the first time he was allowed into the locker room was only after he had become a manager. Before making his managing debut, Cornette decided to adapt the ring name James E. Cornette in tribute to legendary wrestling promoter James E. Barnett. Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager.", "Cornette made his ringside debut on September 25, 1982, managing Sherri Martel, who herself would later become a wrestling manager. Cornette was given the gimmick of a rich kid turned inept manager whose clients kept firing him after one match. The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\").", "The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as One Man Gang and Akeem \"The African Dream\"). Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel.", "Over the next 14 months Cornette also managed Jesse Barr, Exotic Adrian Street, and a trio called the \"Cornette Dynasty\" consisting of Carl Fergie, Norman Frederick Charles III, and the Angel. After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart.", "After a short-lived run in Georgia through a deal Jarrett had with Ole Anderson, Cornette returned to Memphis in July 1983, and worked as co-manager alongside Jimmy Hart. Mid-South Wrestling (1983–1984) Formation of The Midnight Express In November 1983, Mid-South promoter Bill Watts recognized his business was down, and was looking to reinvigorate his territory. Watts asked Jerry Jarrett and Jerry Lawler to visit a TV taping and offer their opinions. Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked.", "Jarrett suggested a talent trade, and invited Watts to Memphis to see who he liked. After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "After watching a Memphis TV taping, Watts took singles performers Dennis Condrey and Bobby Eaton to create a new tag team, and also took the existing team of Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson as The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\".", "Watts also noticed the brash young manager in Cornette, and in his own words, recalled \"He was so obnoxious I wanted to slap him\", and \"I knew he was instant box office if he could get me that riled up\". As the more senior Jimmy Hart was still required by Jarrett, Watts took Cornette to manage his new team, who decided on the name The Midnight Express. Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart.", "Notable wrestlers in the trade who left Mid-South for Memphis included Rick Rude and Jim Neidhart. Mid-South Wrestling had at that point been a territory featuring bigger wrestlers, and Cornette has stated that The Midnight Express, the Rock 'n' Roll Express, and himself were probably the five smallest members of the roster when he arrived. The influx of the new talent had an immediate impact, and business first rebounded and then skyrocketed. It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark.", "It was during this time that Cornette acquired his tennis racquet which became his trademark. He has stated he had seen a college movie at the time with an obnoxious rich kid carrying a badminton racquet with him (most likely the 1983 film Screwballs), so he decided on a tennis racquet. At times Cornette loaded the racquet with a horse shoe to guard against aggressive fans. Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983.", "Feud with Magnum TA and Mr. Wrestling II Cornette and The Midnight Express debuted on Mid-South television on November 23, 1983. After the first few weeks in the territory the team faced the Mid-South tag team champions Magnum T.A. and Mr. Wrestling II. At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him.", "At a TV taping for a contract signing for an upcoming championship match, the Midnights and Cornette attacked Magnum TA and tarred and feathered him. The feud continued through to early March 1984, when The Midnight Express won the Mid-South tag team titles after Mr. Wrestling II walked out on his partner during a match. The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake.", "The Last Stampede At a TV taping on March 14, 1984, Cornette and the Midnights staged a celebration for winning the tag team titles, complete with champagne and birthday cake. While Cornette's back was turned, The Rock 'n' Roll Express ran in and shoved Cornette's face in the cake. Cornette was enraged afterwards when Bill Watts replayed the incident on TV as he thought it was funny. This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette.", "This led to a heated altercation between the two, which ended with Watts slapping Cornette. In following weeks, the Midnight Express and Cornette attacked and bloodied Watts leading him to come out of retirement. In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory.", "In a series of matches termed \"The Last Stampede\", Watts and his masked teammate Stagger Lee (suspected to be Junkyard Dog under a mask) faced the Midnight Express and Cornette all through the territory. The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue).", "The stipulations were simple; if the Midnights won Cornette would run Mid-South Wrestling for 60 days; if they lost, Cornette would be stripped down and forced to wear either a diaper or a dress (the outfits varied by venue). Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome.", "Over 5 weeks, the Last Stampede series shattered box office records for Mid-South, with a record gate and attendance at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Texas, combined attendance of 20,000 people in Tulsa and Oklahoma City (on the same day), and a crowd of 23,000 people at the New Orleans Superdome. Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "Rock 'n' Roll Express rivalry Cornette's time in Mid-South was also notable as it marked the beginning of the rivalry with the Rock 'n' Roll Express. Starting in May 1984 immediately following the Last Stampede series, the two teams feuded all through the remainder of the year to packed crowds all through the territory. In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars.", "In particular, the two teams set attendance records in Houston, Tulsa and Oklahoma City, making 1984 the most successful year in Mid-South history, and The Midnight Express and Cornette national stars. Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted.", "Watts' style and influence Cornette has consistently acknowledged that Bill Watts's philosophy of believable and credible wrestling, with an unwavering emphasis on toughness, athleticism and serious presentation, has had a major impact on how he thinks the business should be promoted. He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other.", "He has described the promotion as a military school for wrestling, where Watts' strict enforcement of kayfabe, exhausting travel schedule and passionate fans made it a learning experience like no other. Cornette maintains enormous respect for Watts as a promoter, citing his ability to attract huge TV ratings and consistently sold-out arenas in a low population area, and describing Watts as a genius. At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance.", "At the same time, he acknowledges the grind of constant matches, long drives, and fan riots was a grueling test of endurance. At one point Cornette worked 103 days straight before being ordered by doctors to have two to four weeks' bed rest. As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action.", "As events transpired, he took six days off before returning to action. In describing Mid-South Wrestling, Cornette has offered the following example: \"Two weeks of our lives, fourteen days, we did two one hour TV shows, fifteen house shows, two all day promo sets, drove 4700 miles in a car while doing that, and I can't speak for anybody else, but I made—and I was only 22 years old, and just pleased as punch to be there—$5600 for two weeks. In 1984.", "In 1984. In 1984. Not bad.\" World Class Championship Wrestling (1984–1985) The Midnight Express with Cornette had a short stay in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) in Texas where they feuded mainly with The Fantastics (Bobby Fulton and Tommy Rogers). When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure.", "When opportunities in WCCW looked to go nowhere, The Midnight Express started to look elsewhere for employment and what they found would give the team national and international exposure. Cornette later reflected that they were willing to give Dallas a try, as they welcomed living in a modern city, as well as the easier travel schedule when compared to Mid-South. However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one.", "However the inability to get any rivalry with the Von Erichs—and therefore main event money—made the decision to leave for Charlotte an easy one. Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling (1985–1990, 1993) Managing the Midnight Express (1985–1990) Cornette and the Midnight Express spent five years at Jim Crockett Promotions/WCW. After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane.", "After Condrey left the company in early 1987, he was replaced with Stan Lane. With Cornette as manager, each version of the team were National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) World tag team champions (Condrey and Eaton for six months in 1986, Eaton and Lane for a few weeks in late 1988). In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions.", "In addition, Eaton and Lane were three -time NWA United States tag team champions. As a manager, Cornette was known for both his loud mouth and for his ever-present tennis racket, which Cornette often used to ensure victory for his wrestlers, with the implication that the racket case was loaded. Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated.", "Cornette was at his best as a heel manager; fans loved to see the constantly yelling Cornette and his equally annoying charges beaten and humiliated. He and the Midnights were so hated, in fact, that they had to be escorted by police to and from the ring at the house shows and have a police escort to the city limits for fear of being attacked by overzealous fans. Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86.", "Additionally, Cornette suffered a severe knee injury during a scaffold match between The Midnight Express and The Road Warriors at Starrcade '86. In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold.", "In a shoot interview, Cornette recounted that Dusty Rhodes convinced him to perform a dangerous stunt where he would fall off of the high scaffold, which Cornette estimated was twenty-five feet off the floor of the arena, but about five feet less when measured from the ring mat to the top of the scaffold. The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold.", "The idea was that Paul Ellering, the manager of The Road Warriors, would chase Cornette up the scaffold. Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready.", "Once he was there, he would be met by Road Warrior Animal, who would assist him in getting underneath the scaffold, where Cornette would hang and then drop when ready. Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\"", "Cornette, however, suffered from a severe case of acrophobia and decided that the drop, which he estimated was a total of fourteen feet when he factored in his total body length of eight feet (height plus extended arm length), was, as he put it, \"way too goddamn far.\" Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager.", "Condrey, Eaton, and Cornette discussed an alternative: Big Bubba Rogers, another wrestler of Cornette's, would catch the manager. However, as Rogers was wearing dark sunglasses inside the arena he misjudged his position and Cornette actually landed flat on his feet, three feet away from Rogers. Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage.", "Cornette tore all the ligaments in one of his knees, broke a bone and damaged the cartilage. The injury was so extensive that when Cornette finally saw a doctor to have the knee drained, the amount of blood and fluid filled an entire bedpan. Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health.", "Cornette later said that he knew he might get seriously hurt when he was told he would have to fall off a scaffold, but that performing in front of such a large audience was more important than his own health. In 1989, Cornette became the color commentator for Jim Crockett Promotions' nationally syndicated NWA television show, and later took over the same role on the Saturday night TBS broadcasts alongside play-by-play announcer Jim Ross. In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team.", "In 1989, Cornette became a booker on WCW's creative team. As such, Cornette helped write storylines and shape the format of its television shows. Due to friction and animosity between himself and WCW head Jim Herd, Cornette quit the company after Halloween Havoc 1990. Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW).", "Managing the Heavenly Bodies (1993) In January 1993 Cornette briefly returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) when WCW was doing a talent trade with Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). Bill Watts, who was the WCW executive vice president, brought The Rock 'n' Roll Express back to WCW and billed them as the Smoky Mountain tag team champions. This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time.", "This incensed Cornette since his team The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) were the champions at the time. On the February 6, 1993 episode on WCW Saturday Night, Jim Cornette, the Bodies and Bobby Eaton (who Cornette once again began to manage) confronted the Express during an interview. Bill Watts came out and suggested the Bodies should wrestle the Express. Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place.", "Cornette objected since he claimed that they weren't dressed for it, but the match still took place. The Express won the match by DQ when Eaton interfered in the match, and after the match while Lane held Morton, Cornette put his tennis racket over Morton while Eaton delivered his \"Alabama jam\" on Morton. Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express.", "Cornette then struck referee Nick Patrick, and then Cornette helped his men beat up the Express. The following week, Watts came out with the SMW commissioner Bob Armstrong, who stated he was very upset with Cornette's recent actions, and demanded that Cornette come out to apologize for what he had done. Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead.", "Watts stated that the Express was scheduled to wrestle the Wrecking Crew (Rage and Fury) at SuperBrawl III, but then said the Express should wrestle the Bodies instead. Armstrong agreed with Watts and then told Cornette if his Bodies did not wrestle the Express at SuperBrawl III that he would be heavily fined, the Bodies would be stripped of the title, and that he would be suspended. Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\"", "Cornette was very angry and claimed \"That he hated WCW!\" and later came out to the ring with his men, and attacked two jobbers after a match, one being Joey Maggs. The Express then came out and attacked Cornette and his gang. During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas.", "During Cornette's second stint in WCW, his Heavenly Bodies teamed with Steve Austin and Brian Pillman in 8-man tag team matches against the Express and the Unified tag team champions Ricky Steamboat and Shane Douglas. The Bodies, Austin and Pillman lost two of those matches, one on a February 27 episode of WCW WorldWide by DQ when Cornette interfered, and one by pinfall. The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW.", "The feud between the Bodies and Express would take place in both SMW and WCW. Bobby Eaton would go to SMW where he would team in 6-man tag team matches with the Bodies. In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man.", "In one of these matches, the Express had a person covered by a sheet in their corner, and after the match Cornette with his men came to the ring to see who was under the sheet and began poking, and kicking at the sheeted man. When Cornette pulled the sheet off, it was Arn Anderson, Eaton's former tag team partner in The Dangerous Alliance, who was underneath; Cornette then fell over in shock. Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him.", "Eaton then tried to shake Anderson's hand, but Arn decked him. Arn said the reason for this was because after he was injured by Erik Watts at a gas station, Eaton never once called him to see how he was doing. Cornette belittled Anderson and claimed that his men were far superior to him. Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title.", "Eaton was also very successful in Smoky Mountain, and under Cornette's guidance he won the SMW TV title. When the Bodies faced the Express at SuperBrawl III, Eaton came out with Cornette, he was despite Cornette's protests forced to return to the dressing room. Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match.", "Like almost always Cornette tried to interfere in the match. When Cornette climbed onto the ring apron and began to argue with the referee, the Express won the match by pinfall when an illegal outside attempt from Eaton, who had since come back to the ring failed. Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1991–1995) A firm believer in \"old-school\" territorial wrestling, Cornette began the Smoky Mountain Wrestling promotion in 1991. SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas.", "SMW promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas. By this point, however, the nature of wrestling in the U.S. had already changed irrevocably, leading Cornette to seek a working relationship with the World Wrestling Federation in 1993. This did not change the new national perception that regional promotions were \"minor league\". The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF.", "The move also did not help the federation's finances, and Cornette closed SMW's doors in November 1995 and sold all SMW rights and videos to the WWF. Cornette later said that he chose the wrong time to start a wrestling federation because the business as a whole was in a recession. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2005) Camp Cornette Cornette went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993 while still serving as promoter of SMW. As he had done in other promotions, Cornette held several positions in the WWF, including manager, color commentator and member of the booking committee. Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna.", "Cornette's most notable managerial role in the WWF was as the \"American spokesperson\" of WWF Champion Yokozuna. Cornette joined the WWF full-time in 1996 after the demise of SMW, and had a major role in scouting and developing new talent. On screen, he led a top-heel stable of wrestlers referred to as \"Camp Cornette\". At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "At any given time, Cornette's charges consisted of Yokozuna, Mantaur, Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. He also served as the manager of Tom Prichard and Jimmy Del Ray during their brief stint in the WWF. In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator.", "In 1997, Cornette became a member of the WWF announce team where he served as a color commentator. It was during this time that he also began performing a series of controversial \"worked shoots\" where he would praise what he felt was right and condemn what he felt was wrong in professional wrestling. Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it.", "Although the segments were produced by the WWF, Cornette did not hesitate to give praise to WCW wrestlers that he felt deserved it. Cornette also became active behind the scenes working on the booking committee for several years before being removed after frequently butting heads with writer Vince Russo. Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo.", "Cornette also was part of the television production staff during this time but eventually left this position as well due in part to constant conflict with producer Kevin Dunn and head writer Vince Russo. Cornette later recounted that things came to a head in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the summer of 1997. During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character.", "During the production meeting for Raw, which was to feature the newly signed The Patriot, Cornette repeatedly tried to steer the discussion toward the treatment of what he thought was a new top-of-the-line heroic character. Dunn told Cornette that he found him to be \"tiresome\" for continuing to harp on the issue, which enraged Cornette to the point where he mocked Dunn's buck teeth and threatened to assault him in front of everyone in the room. He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions.", "He was eventually forced to apologize to Dunn for his actions. In June 1997, Cornette made a surprise appearance on the Extreme Championship Wrestling show Orgy of Violence, attacking Tommy Dreamer with his tennis racket as part of the WWF-ECW rivalry angle. NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express.", "NWA invasion; color commentary In 1998, Cornette led an NWA invasion, based on the old Crockett Promotions territory, with a stable including Jeff Jarrett, Barry Windham and The Rock 'n' Roll Express. Later that year, Cornette managed Dan Severn and a new version of The Midnight Express before he stepped back from managing. Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television.", "Cornette then did some color commentating, primarily on Sunday Night Heat, before disappearing from television. Cornette returned to WWF television for one night at WrestleMania X-Seven in Houston, where he took part in the \"gimmick battle royal\", but was quickly eliminated by Hillbilly Jim. Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis.", "Ohio Valley Wrestling In 1999, Cornette became lead booker and part-owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's lead developmental territory at the time, run by \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis. As a talent developer, Cornette had previously been instrumental in developing current and former WWE Superstars such as Kane, D'Lo Brown, Sunny and Al Snow during his time running SMW. WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar.", "WWE credits Cornette with helping foster numerous successful superstars including John Cena, Dave Bautista, Randy Orton and Brock Lesnar. In May 2005, Cornette was suspended for several weeks by WWE after slapping OVW developmental wrestler Anthony Carelli backstage after Carelli had \"no-sold\" fellow wrestler The Boogeyman by laughing at him during a live OVW event. Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005.", "Shortly after Cornette returned from his suspension, a separate incident occurred and the WWE released him from his contract in July 2005. In the spring of 2007, Carelli, who had since been called up to the WWE as Santino Marella, appeared on a Canadian radio program where he publicly challenged Cornette to a match despite Cornette working for rival promotion TNA at the time. NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management.", "NWA Total Nonstop Action (2006–2009) In 2006, Cornette joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as the new face of TNA Management. He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida.", "He held the title of \"Management Director\" according to the press releases following his premiere at the Slammiversary PPV event on June 18, 2006 in Orlando, Florida. After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting.", "After a brief speech, he departed, but returned at the end of the show in light of the \"Orlando Screwjob\", taking the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt after Jeff Jarrett, Larry Zbyszko and Earl Hebner successfully executed a screwjob on Christian Cage and Sting. As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon.", "As the figurehead \"Management Director\" of TNA, Cornette did not usually take up more than ten minutes of the show, which could be attributed to both his quick tongue and TNA's lack of desire to create another Mr. McMahon. Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler.", "Matt Morgan had also become Cornette's on-screen bodyguard to prevent harm to his physical being, until leaving that post to become a full-time wrestler. Part of Cornette's gimmick was that when multiple situations build up at once, he often took care of them all swiftly by getting all the TNA wrestlers to come out to the Impact! Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office.", "Zone for a \"company meeting\" to hear his decisions, or exasperatedly deal swiftly with people who barge into his office. The clear impact of this feature was made evident right from the start, as the first \"company meeting\" (which aired on the edition of June 29, 2006 of TNA Impact! ), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination.", "), where every wrestler was asked to come out and stand at either ramp, saw Cornette clear up several issues: Forcing The Latin American Xchange to start wrestling again under the threat of termination. Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking Raven and Zbyszko in a hair vs. hair match against each other for Victory Road 2006. Disbanding Team Canada as a result of their overly cheating ways (he would later offer them a match which, if they won, would allow them to stay as a unit, with the winner to get a future shot at the championship of their choice; they would lose the match). Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006.", "Firing Earl Hebner for his role in the \"Orlando Screwjob\" at Slammiversary 2006. (Hebner had since been rehired, due to a lie detector test on Jeff Jarrett). Booking America's Most Wanted and Gail Kim in a match against Sirelda, A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels in an intergender six-person tag team matchup with Styles and Daniels' NWA World Tag Team Championship on the line. Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006.", "Booking a fatal four-way between Christian Cage, Sting, Scott Steiner, and Samoa Joe for Victory Road 2006. Finally declaring Jeff Jarrett the official NWA World Heavyweight Champion given that Jarrett defended his title against the winner of the fatal four-way at Victory Road. Cornette was released from TNA on September 15, 2009. He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo.", "He has said that he was released because he was not \"100 percent\" behind TNA's creative team, headed by Vince Russo. Return to ROH and OVW (2009–2012) In 2009, Cornette signed a contract with Ring of Honor to be their Executive Producer for the Ring of Honor Wrestling show on HDNet. Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show.", "Cornette made his surprise return to ROH at Glory By Honor VIII: The Final Countdown on September 26, announcing he was the new executive producer for the show. Cornette made his first appearance on Ring of Honor Wrestling on the December 7 episode and immediately made waves by putting ROH champion Austin Aries into a four-way title match later that night and created the Pick 6 contender series. On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion.", "On September 8, 2010, Ohio Valley Wrestling announced that Cornette would resume his duties as the head booker of the promotion. Cornette left OVW in November 2011, when the promotion announced a working agreement with TNA. On the edition of January 21 of Ring of Honor television, Cornette announced that chairshots to the head were banned and anyone that did so would be fined $5,000. On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned.", "On the February 4 telecast, Cornette made another ban in which the piledriver — in any form — was banned. On October 8, 2012, it was reported that ROH had replaced Cornette as the head booker with Hunter Johnston, a wrestler who performed under the name Delirious. ROH wrote Cornette off television by having him suffer storyline injuries at the hands of Jay Lethal. As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion.", "As of November 2012, it was revealed that Cornette had left the promotion. The reason for Cornette's absence stems from an outburst he had at the November 3 ROH television taping. At the taping, ROH talent Steve Corino suffered an injury, and no ROH officials were still at the venue to be able to pay for Corino's immediate medical attention or even arrange for an ambulance to be called. This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation.", "This left Corino in pain for hours and Cornette to be the only person there with enough power to handle the situation. Following his departure from Ring of Honor, Cornette decided to take an extended break from professional wrestling to focus on his health and work on personal projects. What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.", "What Culture Pro Wrestling (2016–2017) On October 6, 2016, Cornette made his first appearance doing color commentary in two years, debuting for What Culture Pro Wrestling at their Refuse to Lose event in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He would be joined on the announce team by his long-time friend Jim Ross, who he had not done commentary with in over fifteen years. He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later.", "He then provided commentary for their next event True Legacy, which took place a few days later. Cornette returned to WCPW at their April 1, 2017 State of Emergency event. At the event, Cornette and Matt Striker provided commentary for the British promotion's debut in the United States. WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017.", "WWE appearances (2017–2018) On March 31, 2017, Jim Cornette made his first appearance with WWE in 12 years when he inducted The Rock 'n' Roll Express into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017. Cornette was also featured in an episode of the WWE Network Original series Table For 3 alongside Eric Bischoff and Michael Hayes. Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018.", "Since then, Cornette made another appearance for WWE, starring in an episode of the WWE Network Original Series Photo Shoot in March 2018. Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard.", "Return to Impact Wrestling (2017) Cornette returned to Impact Wrestling, which had formerly been known as TNA, and was attempting to rebrand as Global Force Wrestling (GFW), on August 17, 2017, at Destination X and fired Bruce Prichard. Cornette stated that he was put in charge by Impact's parent company, Anthem Sports & Entertainment, to resolve the Unified GFW World Heavyweight Championship situation. Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match.", "Cornette made the decision to book Low Ki as the twentieth entrant in the GFW World Heavyweight Championship gauntlet match. On September 18, Cornette confirmed he was done with the company. He had been brought in by Jeff Jarrett and the original agreement only included one set of tapings. With Jarrett out of the company, the new creative team was said to be more focused on in-ring action and less on authority figures. According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company.", "According to Cornette, there was no \"heat\" between him and the company. National Wrestling Alliance (2018–2019) The National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) chose Jim Cornette to be the color commentator for the NWA 70th Anniversary show that took place on October 21, 2018. This was the first pay-per-view promoted by the NWA in years. Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes.", "Cornette was joined on commentary by Tony Schiavone for the main event NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Nick Aldis and Cody Rhodes. He returned to the promotion for the NWA's Crockett Cup tournament on April 27, 2019. On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power.", "On September 12, Cornette was announced as part of the commentary team for the NWA's weekly studio series, NWA Power. However, on the NWA Power episode broadcast on November 19 during a match between Nick Aldis and Trevor Murdoch, Cornette made the remark \"[Trevor Murdoch] is the only man I've ever known that can strap a bucket of fried chicken on his back and ride a motor scooter across Ethiopia. Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\"", "Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Trevor Murdoch can take care of himself!\" Later on the same day, the NWA apologized for the perceived racial overtones of the comment and pulled down the episode to remove the remark. The next day, Cornette left the NWA. Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw.", "Cornette had previously made the same comment on commentary during the March 6, 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw. Major League Wrestling (2019) Cornette debuted for Major League Wrestling (MLW) as a color commentator for the March 2, 2019 event Intimidation Games in Chicago, Illinois. He then returned to the commentary desk for their April 2019 events, Rise of the Renegades and Battle Riot II. From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company.", "From the start, he would also work unofficially in an agent-like role for the company. This included coaching younger talent on their television presentation and promos. In March he confirmed he is not signed exclusively to the company, but is open to continually working with them. After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July.", "After immediately being uncertain of his future with them, Cornette continued to do commentary for them, working Fury Road in June and their following event in July. It was reported that following that show he was not signed on for any further shows, as Tony Schiavone had finished his sports commitments and returned to the MLW commentary table. Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary.", "Cornette announced on the December 13, 2019 episode of his Experience podcast that he was officially retired from announcing/commentary. Views on the professional wrestling industry Journalist Justin Barrasso of Sports Illustrated wrote in 2019 that \"Cornette remains one of wrestling's more controversial personalities, but his beliefs are rooted in more than four decades of wrestling experience.\" Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\".", "Cornette has been very vocal against other styles of wrestling, such as Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling hardcore style, which he referred to as \"hardcore bullshit\". \"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor.", "\"Comedy wrestling\" (that which is deemed silly or goofy as opposed to serious) has also been on the receiving end of his rants, with him routinely criticizing those he considers \"comedy wrestlers\" such as Joey Ryan, Kenny Omega, and Chuck Taylor. He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight.", "He has also criticized the physical appearance of wrestlers; for example Marko Stunt's height or Kevin Steen and Joey Janela's weight. Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him.", "Cornette has garnered some support from industry personalities including former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, who wrote an article for Flagged Sports defending Cornette and his position as NWA commentator after a separate article asked promoters to stop hiring him. Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part.", "Conflicts with Vince Russo Cornette worked with writer Vince Russo in the WWF during the 1990s and in TNA during the 2000s, and regularly conflicted with him due to his views on the business, which emphasize entertainment storylines over actual in-ring action to the point of intense hatred on Cornette's part. Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company.", "Cornette has criticized Russo publicly since his departure from TNA in 2009, which Cornette has stated was a result of his lack of support for Russo's creative direction in the company. In March 2010, Cornette sent then-TNA official Terry Taylor an email in which he said: \"I want Vince Russo to die. If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\"", "If I could figure out a way to murder him without going to prison, I would consider it the greatest accomplishment of my life.\" TNA sent the letter to a California law firm, who characterized his comments as a \"terroristic threat\" and said \"any further threats to contact Vince Russo or any other TNA personnel (directly or indirectly) shall be viewed as acts in furtherance of such threats and shall be pursued and prosecuted accordingly.\" During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight.", "During a 2017 podcast, Cornette challenged Russo to a fight. Russo responded by filing a restraining order (EPO) against Cornette for \"stalking him across state lines since 1999.\" As a response, Cornette began selling autographed copies of the restraining order on his personal website, with all proceeds being donated to the Crusade for Children. The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively.", "The Russo vs. Cornette rivalry was prominently featured in Viceland's Dark Side of the Ring episodes covering the Montreal Screwjob and WWF's Brawl for All, which aired in 2019 and 2020 respectively. All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast.", "All Elite Wrestling All Elite Wrestling (AEW) executives The Young Bucks have accused Cornette of being a shock jock who says disparaging things about the company to get listeners for his podcast. AEW commentator Jim Ross defended him and referred to him as a \"Kentucky-fried Howard Stern\" but said he had always had outspoken views and that he just has a bigger platform now. Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\".", "Ross said that some of these traits had made him \"arguably the best manager ever\". AEW promoter Tony Khan credits Cornette as being a major influence on his booking career. Dave Meltzer of Wrestling Observer Newsletter agreed with the shock jock characterization, said Cornette had engaged in hate speech and had influenced a fan that tried to run into an AEW ring in July 2021. However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions.", "However, Meltzer also noted that Cornette condemned the fan for his actions. Personal life Cornette and his longtime girlfriend Stacey Goff were married October 31, 2007. Goff had previously worked as a manager in Cornette's OVW promotion under the ring name \"Synn.\" Goff, as Synn, was the OVW manager of future WWE Champion Batista. Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru.", "Cornette currently hosts two podcasts, The Jim Cornette Experience and Jim Cornette's Drive-Thru. In early April 2020, Cornette's YouTube channel exceeded 100,000 subscribers, earning him a Silver Play Button. Both shows were among the most listened to wrestling podcasts in 2021. Cornette is a supporter of left-wing politics and has been described by Cenk Uygur as a \"fire-breathing progressive.\" In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans.", "In September 2009, during a podcast interview on Who's Slamming Who?, he voiced his support for President Barack Obama's health care reform plans. Cornette had previously described himself as a Democrat and acknowledged having voted for Obama in the 2008 presidential election. Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\"", "Cornette, inversely, is a fierce critic of right-wing politics, condemning what he considers \"fearmongering\" from the Republican Party as well as controversially labeling former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as \"a useless twat.\" During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\".", "During the time that Donald Trump was President, Cornette frequently referred to Trump on his podcasts as \"President Pigshit\" and to Trump's wife Melania as \"Melanoma\" and \"The First Cunt\". His political beliefs and statements have earned him attention from the non-professional wrestling media, including an appearance on Internet news show The Young Turks. On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist.", "On December 17, 2017, Cornette stated that he is a democratic socialist. In March 2018, Cornette voiced his support for the March for Our Lives rally; he made additional statements advocating for gun control and criticizing the NRA. Cornette is an atheist and is highly critical of religion. Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s.", "Cornette has a criminal record which includes a number of assaults, mostly stemming from incidents involving fights with fans who attacked him while he was a manager in the 1980s. The record has made it difficult for him to work in Canada, and he was turned away from the Canadian border in November 2010. Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville.", "Then Knox County, Tennessee, mayor Tim Burchett declared November 17, 2014 \"Jim Cornette Day\" during a Southeastern Championship Wrestling taping in Knoxville. Independent wrestler Phil Earley accused Cornette of pressuring other wrestlers into having sex with his wife during the Speaking Out movement in 2020. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations.", "Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Cornette has vehemently denied the allegations. Awards and accomplishments The Baltimore Sun Non-Wrestler of the Year (2007) Cauliflower Alley Club Other honoree (1997) Iconic Heroes Wrestling Excellence Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame (2015) Memphis Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2017 National Wrestling Alliance NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005) New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Manager of the Year (1985, 1993, 1995) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2012 World Wrestling Federation Slammy Award (2 times) Best Dressed (1994) Blue Light Special for Worst Dresser (1996) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Booker (1993, 2001, 2003) Best Non-Wrestler (2006) Best on Interviews (1985–1988, 1993) Manager of the Year (1984–1990, 1992–1996) Best Pro Wrestling Book (2009) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) Bibliography Jim Cornette Presents: Behind the Curtain - Real Pro Wrestling Stories (2019) Rags, Paper and Pins: The Merchandising of Memphis Wrestling (2013) The Midnight Express & Jim Cornette 25th Anniversary Scrapbook (2009) Tuesday Night at the Gardens (2015) References External links 1961 births American atheists American color commentators American gun control activists American male professional wrestlers American men podcasters American podcasters American television writers American YouTubers Critics of religions Kentucky Democrats Kentucky socialists Living people People charged with assault American male television writers Male YouTubers Ohio Valley Wrestling Professional wrestlers from Kentucky Professional wrestling authority figures Professional wrestling announcers Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Professional wrestling historians Professional wrestling managers and valets Professional wrestling podcasters Professional wrestling promoters Professional wrestling trainers Professional wrestling writers Screenwriters from Kentucky Shock jocks Smoky Mountain Wrestling Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky YouTube podcasters" ]

[ "Chuck Schuldiner", "Biography" ]

[ "Since the first human spaceflight by the Soviet Union, citizens of 42 countries have flown in space. For each nationality, the launch date of the first mission is listed. The list is based on the nationality of the person at the time of the launch. Only 3 of the 42 \"first flyers\" have been women (Helen Sharman for the United Kingdom in 1991, Anousheh Ansari for Iran in 2006, and Yi So-yeon for South Korea in 2008). Only three nations (Soviet Union/Russia, U.S., China) have launched their own crewed spacecraft, with the Soviets/Russians and the American programs providing rides to other nations' astronauts. Twenty-seven \"first flights\" occurred on Soviet or Russian flights while the United States carried fourteen.\n\nTimeline\nNote: All dates given are UTC. Countries indicated in bold have achieved independent human spaceflight capability.\n\nNotes\n\nOther claims\nThe above list uses the nationality at the time of launch. Lists with differing criteria might include the following people:\n Pavel Popovich, first launched 12 August 1962, was the first Ukrainian-born man in space. At the time, Ukraine was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Michael Collins, first launched 18 July 1966 was born in Italy to American parents and was an American citizen when he went into space.\n William Anders, American citizen, first launched 21 December 1968, was the first Hong Kong-born man in space.\n Vladimir Shatalov, first launched 14 January 1969, was the first Kazakh-born man in space. At the time, Kazakhstan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Bill Pogue, first launched 16 November 1973, as an inductee to the 5 Civilized Tribes Hall of Fame can lay claim to being the first Native American in space. See John Herrington below regarding technicality of tribal registration.\n Pyotr Klimuk, first launched 18 December 1973, was the first Belorussian-born man in space. At the time, Belarus was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Vladimir Dzhanibekov, first launched 16 March 1978, was the first Uzbek-born man in space. At the time, Uzbekistan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Paul D. Scully-Power, first launched 5 October 1984, was born in Australia, but was an American citizen when he went into space; Australian law at the time forbade dual-citizenship.\n Taylor Gun-Jin Wang, first launched 29 April 1985, was born in China to Chinese parents, but was an American citizen when he went into space.\n Lodewijk van den Berg, launched 29 April 1985, was born in the Netherlands, but was an American citizen when he went into space.\n Patrick Baudry, first launched 17 June 1985, was born in French Cameroun (now part of Cameroon), but was a French citizen when he went into space.\n Shannon Lucid, first launched 17 June 1985, was born in China to American parents of European descent, and was an American citizen when she went into space.\n Franklin Chang-Diaz, first launched 12 January 1986, was born in Costa Rica, but was an American citizen when he went into space\n Musa Manarov, first launched 21 December 1987, was the first Azerbaijan-born man in space. At the time, Azerbaijan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Anatoly Solovyev, first launched 7 June 1988, was the first Latvian-born man in space. At the time, Latvia was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev and Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Volkov became Russian rather than Soviet citizens while still in orbit aboard Mir, making them the first purely Russian citizens in space.\n James H. Newman, American citizen, first launched 12 September 1993, was born in the portion of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands that is now the Federated States of Micronesia.\n Talgat Musabayev, first launched 1 July 1994, was born in the Kazakh SSR and is known in Kazakhstan as the \"first cosmonaut of independent Kazakhstan\", but was a Russian citizen when he went into space.\n Frederick W. Leslie, American citizen, launched 20 October 1995, was born in Panama Canal Zone (now Panama).\n Andy Thomas, first launched 19 May 1996, was born in Australia but like Paul D. Scully-Power was an American citizen when he went to space; Australian law at the time forbade dual-citizenship.\n Carlos I. Noriega, first launched 15 May 1997, was born in Peru, but was an American citizen when he went into space.\n Bjarni Tryggvason, launched 7 August 1997, was born in Iceland, but was a Canadian citizen when he went into space.\n Salizhan Sharipov, first launched 22 January 1998, was born in Kyrgyzstan (then the Kirghiz SSR), but was a Russian citizen when he went into space. Sharipov is of Uzbek ancestry.\n Philippe Perrin, first launched 5 June 2002, was born in Morocco, but was a French citizen when he went into space.\n John Herrington, an American citizen first launched 24 November 2002, is the first tribal registered Native American in space (Chickasaw). See also Bill Pogue above.\n Fyodor Yurchikhin, first launched 7 October 2002, was born in Georgia (then the Georgian SSR). He was a Russian citizen at the time he went into space and is of Pontian Greek descent.\n Joseph M. Acaba, first launched 15 March 2009, was born in the U.S. state of California to American parents of Puerto Rican descent.\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCurrent Space Demographics, compiled by William Harwood, CBS News Space Consultant, and Rob Navias, NASA.\n\nLists of firsts in space\nSpaceflight timelines", "This is a list of notable books by young authors and of books written by notable writers in their early years. These books were written, or substantially completed, before the author's twentieth birthday. \n\nAlexandra Adornetto (born 18 April 1994) wrote her debut novel, The Shadow Thief, when she was 13. It was published in 2007. Other books written by her as a teenager are: The Lampo Circus (2008), Von Gobstopper's Arcade (2009), Halo (2010) and Hades (2011).\nMargery Allingham (1904–1966) had her first novel, Blackkerchief Dick, about smugglers in 17th century Essex, published in 1923, when she was 19.\nJorge Amado (1912–2001) had his debut novel, The Country of Carnival, published in 1931, when he was 18.\nPrateek Arora wrote his debut novel Village 1104 at the age of 16. It was published in 2010.\nDaisy Ashford (1881–1972) wrote The Young Visiters while aged nine. This novella was first published in 1919, preserving her juvenile punctuation and spelling. An earlier work, The Life of Father McSwiney, was dictated to her father when she was four. It was published almost a century later in 1983.\nAmelia Atwater-Rhodes (born 1984) had her first novel, In the Forests of the Night, published in 1999. Subsequent novels include Demon in My View (2000), Shattered Mirror (2001), Midnight Predator (2002), Hawksong (2003) and Snakecharm (2004).\nJane Austen (1775–1817) wrote Lady Susan, a short epistolary novel, between 1793 and 1795 when she was aged 18-20.\nRuskin Bond (born 1934) wrote his semi-autobiographical novel The Room on the Roof when he was 17. It was published in 1955.\nMarjorie Bowen (1885–1952) wrote the historical novel The Viper of Milan when she was 16. Published in 1906 after several rejections, it became a bestseller.\nOliver Madox Brown (1855–1874) finished his novel Gabriel Denver in early 1872, when he was 17. It was published the following year.\nPamela Brown (1924–1989) finished her children's novel about an amateur theatre company, The Swish of the Curtain (1941), when she was 16 and later wrote other books about the stage.\nCeleste and Carmel Buckingham wrote The Lost Princess when they were 11 and 9.\nFlavia Bujor (born 8 August 1988) wrote The Prophecy of the Stones (2002) when she was 13.\nLord Byron (1788–1824) published two volumes of poetry in his teens, Fugitive Pieces and Hours of Idleness.\nTaylor Caldwell's The Romance of Atlantis was written when she was 12.\n (1956–1976), Le Don de Vorace, was published in 1974.\nHilda Conkling (1910–1986) had her poems published in Poems by a Little Girl (1920), Shoes of the Wind (1922) and Silverhorn (1924).\nAbraham Cowley (1618–1667), Tragicall History of Piramus and Thisbe (1628), Poetical Blossoms (published 1633).\nMaureen Daly (1921–2006) completed Seventeenth Summer before she was 20. It was published in 1942.\nJuliette Davies (born 2000) wrote the first book in the JJ Halo series when she was eight years old. The series was published the following year.\nSamuel R. Delany (born 1 April 1942) published his The Jewels of Aptor in 1962.\nPatricia Finney's A Shadow of Gulls was published in 1977 when she was 18. Its sequel, The Crow Goddess, was published in 1978.\nBarbara Newhall Follett (1914–1939) wrote her first novel The House Without Windows at the age of eight. The manuscript was destroyed in a house fire and she later retyped her manuscript at the age of 12. The novel was published by Knopf publishing house in January 1927.\nFord Madox Ford (né Hueffer) (1873–1939) published in 1892 two children's stories, The Brown Owl and The Feather, and a novel, The Shifting of the Fire.\nAnne Frank (1929–1945) wrote her diary for two-and-a-half years starting on her 13th birthday. It was published posthumously as Het Achterhuis in 1947 and then in English translation in 1952 as Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. An unabridged translation followed in 1996.\nMiles Franklin wrote My Brilliant Career (1901) when she was a teenager.\nAlec Greven's How to Talk to Girls was published in 2008 when he was nine years old. Subsequently he has published How to Talk to Moms, How to Talk to Dads and How to Talk to Santa.\nFaïza Guène (born 1985) had Kiffe kiffe demain published in 2004, when she was 19. It has since been translated into 22 languages, including English (as Kiffe Kiffe Tomorrow).\nSonya Hartnett (born 1968) was thirteen years old when she wrote her first novel, Trouble All the Way, which was published in Australia in 1984.\nAlex and Brett Harris wrote the best-selling book Do Hard Things (2008), a non-fiction book challenging teenagers to \"rebel against low expectations\", at age 19. Two years later came a follow-up book called Start Here (2010).\nGeorgette Heyer (1902–1974) wrote The Black Moth when she was 17 and received a publishing contract when she was 18. It was published just after she turned 19.\nSusan Hill (born 1942), The Enclosure, published in 1961.\nS. E. Hinton (born 1948), The Outsiders, first published in 1967.\nPalle Huld (1912–2010) wrote A Boy Scout Around the World (Jorden Rundt i 44 dage) when he was 15, following a sponsored journey around the world.\nGeorge Vernon Hudson (1867–1946) completed An Elementary Manual of New Zealand Entomology at the end of 1886, when he was 19, but not published until 1892.\nKatharine Hull (1921–1977) and Pamela Whitlock (1920–1982) wrote the children's outdoor adventure novel The Far-Distant Oxus in 1937. It was followed in 1938 by Escape to Persia and in 1939 by Oxus in Summer.\nLeigh Hunt (1784–1859) published Juvenilia; or, a Collection of Poems Written between the ages of Twelve and Sixteen by J. H. L. Hunt, Late of the Grammar School of Christ's Hospital in March 1801.\nKody Keplinger (born 1991) wrote her debut novel The DUFF when she was 17.\nGordon Korman (born 1963), This Can't Be Happening at Macdonald Hall (1978), three sequels, and I Want to Go Home (1981).\nMatthew Gregory Lewis (1775–1818) wrote the Gothic novel The Monk, now regarded as a classic of the genre, before he was twenty. It was published in 1796.\nNina Lugovskaya (1918–1993), a painter, theater director and Gulag survivor, kept a diary in 1932–37, which shows strong social sensitivities. It was found in the Russian State Archives and published 2003. It appeared in English in the same year.\nJoyce Maynard (born 1953) completed Looking Back while she was 19. It was first published in 1973.\nMargaret Mitchell (1900–1949) wrote her novella Lost Laysen at the age of fifteen and gave the two notebooks containing the manuscript to her boyfriend, Henry Love Angel. The novel was published posthumously in 1996.\nBen Okri, the Nigerian poet and novelist, (born 1959) wrote his first book Flowers and Shadows while he was 19.\nAlice Oseman(born 1994) wrote the novel Solitaire when she was 17 and it was published in 2014.\nHelen Oyeyemi (born 1984) completed The Icarus Girl while still 18. First published in 2005.\nChristopher Paolini (born 1983) had Eragon, the first novel of the Inheritance Cycle, first published 2002.\nEmily Pepys (1833–1877), daughter of a bishop, wrote a vivid private journal over six months of 1844–45, aged ten. It was discovered much later and published in 1984.\nAnya Reiss (born 1991) wrote her play Spur of the Moment when she was 17. It was both performed and published in 2010, when she was 18.\nArthur Rimbaud (1854–1891) wrote almost all his prose and poetry while still a teenager, for example Le Soleil était encore chaud (1866), Le Bateau ivre (1871) and Une Saison en Enfer (1873).\nJohn Thomas Romney Robinson (1792–1882) saw his juvenile poems published in 1806, when he was 13.\nFrançoise Sagan (1935–2004) had Bonjour tristesse published in 1954, when she was 18.\nMary Shelley (1797–1851) completed Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus during May 1817, when she was 19. It was first published in the following year.\nMattie Stepanek (1990–2004), an American poet, published seven best-selling books of poetry.\nJohn Steptoe (1950–1989), author and illustrator, began his picture book Stevie at 16. It was published in 1969 in Life.\nAnna Stothard (born 1983) saw her Isabel and Rocco published when she was 19.\nDorothy Straight (born 1958) in 1962 wrote How the World Began, which was published by Pantheon Books in 1964. She holds the Guinness world record for the youngest female published author.\nJalaluddin Al-Suyuti (c. 1445–1505) wrote his first book, Sharh Al-Isti'aadha wal-Basmalah, at the age of 17.\nF. J. Thwaites (1908–1979) wrote his bestselling novel The Broken Melody when he was 19.\nJohn Kennedy Toole (1937–1969) wrote The Neon Bible in 1954 when he was 16. It was not published until 1989.\nAlec Waugh (1898–1981) wrote his novel about school life, The Loom of Youth, after leaving school. It was published in 1917.\nCatherine Webb (born 1986) had five young adult books published before she was 20: Mirror Dreams (2002), Mirror Wakes (2003), Waywalkers (2003), Timekeepers (2004) and The Extraordinary and Unusual Adventures of Horatio Lyle (February 2006).\nNancy Yi Fan (born 1993) published her debut Swordbird when she was 12. Other books she published as a teenager include Sword Quest (2008) and Sword Mountain (2012).\nKat Zhang (born 1991) was 20 when she sold, in a three-book deal, her entire Hybrid Chronicles trilogy. The first book, What's Left of Me, was published 2012.\n\nSee also \nLists of books\n\nReferences \n\nBooks Written By Children and Teenagers\nbooks\nChildren And Teenagers, Written By\nChi" ]

[ "Charles Michael Schuldiner (May 13, 1967 – December 13, 2001) was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He founded the band Death in 1983 and was their lead vocalist and guitarist until his death in 2001. His obituary in the January 5, 2002, issue of UK's Kerrang! magazine described him as \"one of the most significant figures in the history of metal.\" Schuldiner was ranked No. 10 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists in 2009 and No.", "10 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists in 2009 and No. 20 in March 2004 Guitar Worlds \"The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists\". In 1987, Schuldiner founded the publishing company Mutilation Music, affiliated with performance rights organization BMI. Schuldiner died in 2001 of a brain tumor. Schuldiner is often referred to as \"The Godfather of death metal\", although he was uncomfortable with this nickname, remarking that \"I don't think I should take the credits for this death metal stuff.", "Schuldiner is often referred to as \"The Godfather of death metal\", although he was uncomfortable with this nickname, remarking that \"I don't think I should take the credits for this death metal stuff. I'm just a guy from a band, and I think Death is a metal band.\" Biography Early life Schuldiner was born on May 13, 1967, on Long Island, New York.", "Biography Early life Schuldiner was born on May 13, 1967, on Long Island, New York. His father Mal Schuldiner was Jewish and the son of Austrian immigrants, and his mother Jane Schuldiner was from the American South and had converted to Judaism. In 1968, his family moved to Florida. He started playing guitar at the age of 9.", "He started playing guitar at the age of 9. He started playing guitar at the age of 9. He took classical lessons for less than a year in which his teacher taught him \"Mary had a Little Lamb\", which he did not like very much, and almost stopped completely until his parents bought him an electric guitar at a yard sale. The young Schuldiner immediately took to the instrument and began playing, writing and teaching himself.", "The young Schuldiner immediately took to the instrument and began playing, writing and teaching himself. He was known to spend the weekend in the garage or his room playing his guitar but was limited to three hours on weekdays when school was in session. Schuldiner first played in public in his early teens. Schuldiner was originally inspired by Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Kiss and classical jazz, among others.", "Schuldiner was originally inspired by Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Kiss and classical jazz, among others. He was particularly interested in the metal movement known as NWOBHM – New Wave of British Heavy Metal – and cited bands of that genre among his favorites. He frequently cited French band Sortilège as his personal favorite metal group. Slayer, Celtic Frost, Possessed, Mercyful Fate/King Diamond and Metallica were later influences he would apply more to his own songwriting.", "Slayer, Celtic Frost, Possessed, Mercyful Fate/King Diamond and Metallica were later influences he would apply more to his own songwriting. Later in his career, Schuldiner frequently cited progressive metal bands such as Watchtower, Coroner and Queensrÿche as influences. The official Schuldiner website, Empty Words, quotes Schuldiner's mother making the claim that he enjoyed all forms of music except country and rap. He also enjoyed jazz and classical music in addition to metal and British alternative acts such as Lush.", "He also enjoyed jazz and classical music in addition to metal and British alternative acts such as Lush. Schuldiner performed well in school before becoming bored with education and eventually dropping out. He later regretted this decision. He has stated that if he had not become a musician, he would have liked to have become a veterinarian or a cook. Musical career Taking inspiration from Nasty Savage, Schuldiner formed Death as Mantas in 1983 when he was just 16 years old.", "Musical career Taking inspiration from Nasty Savage, Schuldiner formed Death as Mantas in 1983 when he was just 16 years old. Original members were Schuldiner (guitar), Rick Rozz (guitar) and Kam Lee (drums and vocals). In January 1986, Schuldiner moved to Toronto and temporarily joined the Canadian band Slaughter. However, he quickly returned to continue the formation of Death. Death underwent many lineup changes. With Chris Reifert, Schuldiner eventually released the first Death album, titled Scream Bloody Gore, in 1987.", "With Chris Reifert, Schuldiner eventually released the first Death album, titled Scream Bloody Gore, in 1987. He continued with 1988's Leprosy with the line-up of former Mantas guitarist Rick Rozz and rhythm section Terry Butler on bass and Bill Andrews on drums, and 1990's Spiritual Healing, where guitarist James Murphy had replaced the fired Rozz in 1989.", "He continued with 1988's Leprosy with the line-up of former Mantas guitarist Rick Rozz and rhythm section Terry Butler on bass and Bill Andrews on drums, and 1990's Spiritual Healing, where guitarist James Murphy had replaced the fired Rozz in 1989. After Spiritual Healing, Schuldiner stopped working with full-time band members, preferring to work with studio and live venue musicians, due to bad relationships with Death's previous rhythm section and guitarists. This earned Schuldiner something of a 'perfectionist' reputation in the metal community.", "This earned Schuldiner something of a 'perfectionist' reputation in the metal community. Schuldiner had also fired his manager Eric Greif but settled and re-hired him before the recording of his next, influential release. Death's breakthrough album, Human saw the band evolving to a more technical and progressive style, in which Schuldiner displayed his guitar skills more than ever. He continued in this style (and continued the success of the band) with 1993's Individual Thought Patterns, 1995's Symbolic, and finally The Sound of Perseverance in 1998.", "He continued in this style (and continued the success of the band) with 1993's Individual Thought Patterns, 1995's Symbolic, and finally The Sound of Perseverance in 1998. He put Death on hold after this to continue Control Denied, which he had been putting together prior to the release of The Sound of Perseverance, and released The Fragile Art of Existence in 1999. Control Denied also had other players from the latest Death album but featured a melodic metal vocalist.", "Control Denied also had other players from the latest Death album but featured a melodic metal vocalist. Schuldiner also played guitar in the \"supergroup\" Voodoocult on the album Jesus Killing Machine in 1994 and played a guest solo on Naphobia's 1995 release, Of Hell on the track \"As Ancients Evolve\" as a favor to the band's bassist at the time who was a friend of Schuldiner's. Schuldiner was also asked to be one of the many guest vocalists on Dave Grohl's 2001 Probot.", "Schuldiner was also asked to be one of the many guest vocalists on Dave Grohl's 2001 Probot. Grohl, Napalm Death, Ozzy Osbourne, and Anthrax all increased efforts to raise funds for Schuldiner's medical bills with Grohl trying to involve Schuldiner on an album he was working on. In a 1999 interview, Schuldiner spoke about why he didn't sing on the Control Denied album The Fragile Art of Existence \"...these vocals are all I ever wanted to do in Death but couldn't.", "In a 1999 interview, Schuldiner spoke about why he didn't sing on the Control Denied album The Fragile Art of Existence \"...these vocals are all I ever wanted to do in Death but couldn't. I've had this dream of recording like that for years, and it seems like a dream come true. Tim Aymar is an amazing singer and this is the main difference. I think people will be surprised at the violence and strength of the album.", "I think people will be surprised at the violence and strength of the album. Many people are expecting something like Iron Maiden, but, despite being one of my favorite bands, I didn't want to make an Iron Maiden-like album. I wanted to make an unpredictable album, just like I did in Death, I guess. I don't like to make predictable albums.\" Illness and death In 1999, Schuldiner was diagnosed with brain cancer.", "Illness and death In 1999, Schuldiner was diagnosed with brain cancer. He continued to work on his music, continuing his work with Control Denied. He was at first unable to afford the surgery that he needed immediately. A press release called for support from everyone, including fellow artists. Jane Schuldiner urged all who read the statements about Schuldiner and his illness to go out and get insurance, stating her frustration in the American healthcare system.", "Jane Schuldiner urged all who read the statements about Schuldiner and his illness to go out and get insurance, stating her frustration in the American healthcare system. Schuldiner had taken out medical insurance after his first surgery, but the insurer had refused to pay because the cancer pre-dated insurance being taken out. Many artists, including Kid Rock, Korn and Red Hot Chili Peppers, got together during the summer of 2001 to auction off personal items, with the funds assisting Schuldiner's medical expenses, an effort covered by MTV.", "Many artists, including Kid Rock, Korn and Red Hot Chili Peppers, got together during the summer of 2001 to auction off personal items, with the funds assisting Schuldiner's medical expenses, an effort covered by MTV. Matt Heafy, vocalist and guitarist for Trivium, has also stated that the band had played a benefit show for Schuldiner while he was in the hospital in their days as a local band. In November 2001, Schuldiner's condition worsened as he became ill with Pneumocystis carinii.", "In November 2001, Schuldiner's condition worsened as he became ill with Pneumocystis carinii. On December 13, 2001, Schuldiner died at the age of 34 and was cremated. MTV reported that recording artists including Dave Grohl, Mike Patton, Max Cavalera, King Diamond, Ville Valo, Trey Azagthoth, Glen Benton, Jason Newsted, Corey Taylor, and all former and active members of Death, attended his memorial service.", "MTV reported that recording artists including Dave Grohl, Mike Patton, Max Cavalera, King Diamond, Ville Valo, Trey Azagthoth, Glen Benton, Jason Newsted, Corey Taylor, and all former and active members of Death, attended his memorial service. Legacy With the assistance of Schuldiner's family, former manager Eric Greif handled his legacy as President of Perseverance Holdings Ltd. Schuldiner's mother Jane and sister Beth Schuldiner frequently interact with his fans and both have stated many times that they enjoy his music.", "Legacy With the assistance of Schuldiner's family, former manager Eric Greif handled his legacy as President of Perseverance Holdings Ltd. Schuldiner's mother Jane and sister Beth Schuldiner frequently interact with his fans and both have stated many times that they enjoy his music. Greif kept track of his recordings and handled Schuldiner's intellectual property. Beth Schuldiner has a son named Christopher Steele, who also plays guitar and has all of Schuldiner's guitars.", "Beth Schuldiner has a son named Christopher Steele, who also plays guitar and has all of Schuldiner's guitars. BC Rich also released a statement in their 2008 catalog stating that Schuldiner's signature model Stealth will be available for purchase, and that endorsement is overseen by Steele. Schuldiner had homes and two dogs in the area surrounding Orlando. Schuldiner built a studio inside the garage where many of his songs such as \"Crystal Mountain\" were inspired.", "Schuldiner built a studio inside the garage where many of his songs such as \"Crystal Mountain\" were inspired. Schuldiner's home office was the site of the Metal Crusade newsletter and fan club. A legal battle began from the time of Schuldiner's death on the settlement of the rights to the partially completed second Control Denied album, When Man and Machine Collide, which was recorded in 2000–2001 and was scheduled for release in 2013.", "A legal battle began from the time of Schuldiner's death on the settlement of the rights to the partially completed second Control Denied album, When Man and Machine Collide, which was recorded in 2000–2001 and was scheduled for release in 2013. Demos of these unreleased Control Denied songs, as well as early Death demos and live Death recordings from 1990, were released in the Zero Tolerance two-part compilation bootlegs by the Dutch Hammerheart Holdings company and the Schuldiners and Greif asserted rights on behalf of Schuldiner's Estate.", "Demos of these unreleased Control Denied songs, as well as early Death demos and live Death recordings from 1990, were released in the Zero Tolerance two-part compilation bootlegs by the Dutch Hammerheart Holdings company and the Schuldiners and Greif asserted rights on behalf of Schuldiner's Estate. The matter was settled in November 2009, anticipating the project being finished and released in 2010. Tribute concerts have been coordinated or funded by Schuldiner's mother and family and various Death tribute groups internationally.", "Tribute concerts have been coordinated or funded by Schuldiner's mother and family and various Death tribute groups internationally. Former CKY frontman, Deron Miller, who considers Schuldiner an idol of his, got the idea, while working on various projects with former Death guitarist (and pituitary tumor survivor) James Murphy, to do a tribute album. Murphy announced he would release a Chuck Schuldiner tribute album to commemorate his lasting mark on the metal community and Schuldiner's family publicly offered support for Murphy's effort, though it has never materialized.", "Murphy announced he would release a Chuck Schuldiner tribute album to commemorate his lasting mark on the metal community and Schuldiner's family publicly offered support for Murphy's effort, though it has never materialized. Schuldiner's sister Beth confirmed via her YouTube channel that Death: Live in Japan, a behind the scenes Death video, as well as a potential boxset containing all of Schuldiner's works including some exclusive copies of handwritten notes by Schuldiner are in the works via Relapse Records.", "Schuldiner's sister Beth confirmed via her YouTube channel that Death: Live in Japan, a behind the scenes Death video, as well as a potential boxset containing all of Schuldiner's works including some exclusive copies of handwritten notes by Schuldiner are in the works via Relapse Records. Schuldiner Estate lawyer Eric Greif held a charity Chuck Schuldiner Birthday Bash in Calgary, Alberta, May 13, 2011, featuring speeches by Greif and former Death guitarist Paul Masvidal, as well as bands performing Schuldiner's music.", "Schuldiner Estate lawyer Eric Greif held a charity Chuck Schuldiner Birthday Bash in Calgary, Alberta, May 13, 2011, featuring speeches by Greif and former Death guitarist Paul Masvidal, as well as bands performing Schuldiner's music. Greif repeated this May 12, 2012, with special guest band Massacre, featuring former Death members Rick Rozz and Terry Butler. Book In January 2001, Mahyar Dean, an Iranian metal guitarist/musician, wrote Death, a book about Death and Schuldiner poems.", "Book In January 2001, Mahyar Dean, an Iranian metal guitarist/musician, wrote Death, a book about Death and Schuldiner poems. The book includes bilingual lyrics and many articles about the band. The book was sent through the site keepers of emptywords.org to Schuldiner, who in his words was \"truly blown away and honored by the obvious work and devotion he put into bringing the book to life\". Beliefs Schuldiner designed the Death logo and its various incarnations during the length of his career.", "Beliefs Schuldiner designed the Death logo and its various incarnations during the length of his career. In 1991, before the release of Human, he cleaned up the logo taking out more intricate details and the \"T\" in the logo was swapped from an inverted cross to a more regular looking \"T\", one reason being to quash any implication of religion. Schuldiner was also openly against hard drugs; he is quoted as saying, \"I've tripped several times.", "Schuldiner was also openly against hard drugs; he is quoted as saying, \"I've tripped several times. That's all because I don't like the hard drugs. And my only drugs are alcohol and grass.\" Schuldiner also stated that he was pro-choice. He is quoted as saying that \"it should be legal. If I was a woman surely I would like to have a choice to have a child or not. In U.S. a lot of new-borns are killed because they were unwanted.", "In U.S. a lot of new-borns are killed because they were unwanted. It is better to solve it immediately when a woman finds out about the pregnancy and she doesn't want a child. Better to go for an abortion than to kill a baby. That is terrible. Men cannot force women to keep a child when they themselves feel they can't.\" Musical style Schuldiner was mostly self-taught as a guitarist.", "Musical style Schuldiner was mostly self-taught as a guitarist. Musical style Schuldiner was mostly self-taught as a guitarist. In 1993, he expressed a disinterest in music theory: \"I know enough about what I'm playing to memorize the scales and things, but I have no idea how you would label them. As long as I can play it, memorize it and apply it, I don't need to know what you call it.\"", "As long as I can play it, memorize it and apply it, I don't need to know what you call it.\" In the early days of Death, Schuldiner used a \"deep, raspy\" death growl vocal technique. He said in 1993 that \"it takes a lot of energy and a lot of throat abuse to get through a show.\" Equipment Guitars Schuldiner's primary guitar throughout most of his career was the B.C.", "Equipment Guitars Schuldiner's primary guitar throughout most of his career was the B.C. Rich Stealth model, an extremely rare model produced in small amounts under the B.C. Rich US (U-) series name along with the Custom Shop, until it was released to the public as the Chuck Schuldiner Tribute Stealth. The Stealth was also released as an N.J. model in the 1980's and 1990's, but was extremely rare. Prior to this, he used a B.C.", "Prior to this, he used a B.C. Prior to this, he used a B.C. Rich Mockingbird copy, built by \"someone in Florida\", and a B.C Rich Ignitor. Most of Schuldiner's sound came from a DiMarzio X2N pickup placed in the bridge. During the (In)Human Tour of the World (1991–92), Schuldiner briefly endorsed a small Wisconsin custom guitar company called Axtra, who worked with him on designs, though he still insisted on using his B.C.", "During the (In)Human Tour of the World (1991–92), Schuldiner briefly endorsed a small Wisconsin custom guitar company called Axtra, who worked with him on designs, though he still insisted on using his B.C. Rich during filming of the Lack of Comprehension video in September 1991 in Orlando.", "Rich during filming of the Lack of Comprehension video in September 1991 in Orlando. Amplifiers The amplifier he used towards the end of his career was a Marshall Valvestate (Model 8100) amplifier head and Valvestate 4x12 speaker cabinets on Individual Thought Patterns as well as the ITP tour and eventually started using Marshall 1960 cabinets.", "Amplifiers The amplifier he used towards the end of his career was a Marshall Valvestate (Model 8100) amplifier head and Valvestate 4x12 speaker cabinets on Individual Thought Patterns as well as the ITP tour and eventually started using Marshall 1960 cabinets. Before that he used various equipment including Randall RG100ES heads and Randall cabinets, and on the (In)Human Tour of the World he used a small GK 250ML miked up, despite having hollow 4x12 stacks 'for show'.", "Before that he used various equipment including Randall RG100ES heads and Randall cabinets, and on the (In)Human Tour of the World he used a small GK 250ML miked up, despite having hollow 4x12 stacks 'for show'. On the first two Death albums, he stated he used a Boss distortion pedal, but didn't specify which, after which he used amplifier distortion.", "On the first two Death albums, he stated he used a Boss distortion pedal, but didn't specify which, after which he used amplifier distortion. Discography Death 1987: Scream Bloody Gore 1988: Leprosy 1990: Spiritual Healing 1991: Human 1993: Individual Thought Patterns 1995: Symbolic 1998: The Sound of Perseverance Voodoocult 1994: Jesus Killing Machine Control Denied 1999: The Fragile Art of Existence See also Honorific nicknames in popular music References Sources The Metal Crusade, official site of The Death Fan Club Empty Words, official Death/Control Denied archival site 1967 births 2001 deaths Deaths from pneumonia in Florida American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American people of Austrian-Jewish descent Rhythm guitarists Lead guitarists Death (metal band) members Death metal musicians Deaths from brain tumor Deaths from cancer in Florida Neurological disease deaths in Florida Jewish American musicians Jewish singers Jewish American songwriters Singers from Florida Singers from New York (state) People from Glen Cove, New York Singers from Orlando, Florida People from Altamonte Springs, Florida Progressive metal guitarists Songwriters from Florida Songwriters from New York (state) 20th-century American singers Jewish heavy metal musicians 20th-century American guitarists Guitarists from Florida Guitarists from New York (state) American male guitarists Control Denied members Voodoocult members 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American Jews American male songwriters" ]

[ "Chuck Schuldiner", "Biography", "When was he born?", "May 13, 1967," ]

[ "Grow Up may refer to:\nAdvance in age\nProgress toward psychological maturity\nGrow Up (book), a 2007 book by Keith Allen\nGrow Up (video game), 2016 video game\n\nMusic\nGrow Up (Desperate Journalist album), 2017\nGrow Up (The Queers album), 1990\nGrow Up (Svoy album), 2011\nGrow Up, a 2015 EP by HALO\n\"Grow Up\" (Olly Murs song)\n\"Grow Up\" (Paramore song)\n\"Grow Up\" (Simple Plan song)\n\"Grow Up\", a song by Rockwell\n\"Grow Up\", a song from the Bratz album Rock Angelz\n\"Grow Up\", a song by Cher Lloyd from Sticks and Stones\n\nSee also\nGrowing Up (disambiguation)\nGrow Up, Tony Phillips, a 2013 film by Emily Hagins", "\"When I Grow Up\" is the second single from Swedish recording artist Fever Ray's self-titled debut album, Fever Ray (2009).\n\nCritical reception\nPitchfork Media placed \"When I Grow Up\" at number 36 on the website's list of The Top 100 Tracks of 2009.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"When I Grow Up\" was directed by Martin de Thurah. He said of the video's visual statement:\n\n\"That initial idea was something about something coming out of water—something which was about to take form – a state turning into something new. And a double headed creature not deciding which to turn. But the idea had to take a simpler form, to let the song grow by itself. I remembered a photo I took in Croatia two years ago, a swimming pool with its shining blue color in a grey foggy autumn landscape.\"\n\nThe video premiered on Fever Ray's YouTube channel on 19 February 2009. It has received over 12 million views as of March 2016.\n\n\"When I Grow Up\" was placed at number three on Spins list of The 20 Best Videos of 2009.\n\nTrack listings\niTunes single\n\"When I Grow Up\" – 4:31\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Håkan Lidbo's Encephalitis Remix) – 5:59\n\"When I Grow Up\" (D. Lissvik) – 4:28\n\"Memories from When I Grew Up (Remembered by The Subliminal Kid)\" – 16:41\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Van Rivers Dark Sails on the Horizon Mix) – 9:16\n\"When I Grow Up\" (We Grow Apart Vocal Version by Pär Grindvik) – 6:02\n\"When I Grow Up\" (We Grow Apart Inspiration - Take 2 - By Pär Grindvik) – 7:59\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Scuba's High Up Mix) – 6:17\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Scuba's Straight Down Mix) – 5:54\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Video) – 4:04\n\nSwedish 12\" single \nA1. \"When I Grow Up\" (Van Rivers Dark Sails on the Horizon Mix) – 9:10\nA2. \"When I Grow Up\" (D. Lissvik) – 4:28\nB1. \"Memories from When I Grew Up (Remembered by The Subliminal Kid)\" – 16:41\n\nUK promo CD single \n\"When I Grow Up\" (Edit) – 3:42\n\"When I Grow Up\" (D. Lissvik Radio Edit) – 3:19\n\nNominations\n\nAppearances in other media\nThe song was used as part of the soundtrack for the video game Pro Evolution Soccer 2011.\n\nReferences\n\n2009 singles\n2009 songs\nFever Ray songs\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer" ]

[ "Charles Michael Schuldiner (May 13, 1967 – December 13, 2001) was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He founded the band Death in 1983 and was their lead vocalist and guitarist until his death in 2001. His obituary in the January 5, 2002, issue of UK's Kerrang! magazine described him as \"one of the most significant figures in the history of metal.\" Schuldiner was ranked No. 10 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists in 2009 and No.", "10 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists in 2009 and No. 20 in March 2004 Guitar Worlds \"The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists\". In 1987, Schuldiner founded the publishing company Mutilation Music, affiliated with performance rights organization BMI. Schuldiner died in 2001 of a brain tumor. Schuldiner is often referred to as \"The Godfather of death metal\", although he was uncomfortable with this nickname, remarking that \"I don't think I should take the credits for this death metal stuff.", "Schuldiner is often referred to as \"The Godfather of death metal\", although he was uncomfortable with this nickname, remarking that \"I don't think I should take the credits for this death metal stuff. I'm just a guy from a band, and I think Death is a metal band.\" Biography Early life Schuldiner was born on May 13, 1967, on Long Island, New York.", "Biography Early life Schuldiner was born on May 13, 1967, on Long Island, New York. His father Mal Schuldiner was Jewish and the son of Austrian immigrants, and his mother Jane Schuldiner was from the American South and had converted to Judaism. In 1968, his family moved to Florida. He started playing guitar at the age of 9.", "He started playing guitar at the age of 9. He started playing guitar at the age of 9. He took classical lessons for less than a year in which his teacher taught him \"Mary had a Little Lamb\", which he did not like very much, and almost stopped completely until his parents bought him an electric guitar at a yard sale. The young Schuldiner immediately took to the instrument and began playing, writing and teaching himself.", "The young Schuldiner immediately took to the instrument and began playing, writing and teaching himself. He was known to spend the weekend in the garage or his room playing his guitar but was limited to three hours on weekdays when school was in session. Schuldiner first played in public in his early teens. Schuldiner was originally inspired by Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Kiss and classical jazz, among others.", "Schuldiner was originally inspired by Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Kiss and classical jazz, among others. He was particularly interested in the metal movement known as NWOBHM – New Wave of British Heavy Metal – and cited bands of that genre among his favorites. He frequently cited French band Sortilège as his personal favorite metal group. Slayer, Celtic Frost, Possessed, Mercyful Fate/King Diamond and Metallica were later influences he would apply more to his own songwriting.", "Slayer, Celtic Frost, Possessed, Mercyful Fate/King Diamond and Metallica were later influences he would apply more to his own songwriting. Later in his career, Schuldiner frequently cited progressive metal bands such as Watchtower, Coroner and Queensrÿche as influences. The official Schuldiner website, Empty Words, quotes Schuldiner's mother making the claim that he enjoyed all forms of music except country and rap. He also enjoyed jazz and classical music in addition to metal and British alternative acts such as Lush.", "He also enjoyed jazz and classical music in addition to metal and British alternative acts such as Lush. Schuldiner performed well in school before becoming bored with education and eventually dropping out. He later regretted this decision. He has stated that if he had not become a musician, he would have liked to have become a veterinarian or a cook. Musical career Taking inspiration from Nasty Savage, Schuldiner formed Death as Mantas in 1983 when he was just 16 years old.", "Musical career Taking inspiration from Nasty Savage, Schuldiner formed Death as Mantas in 1983 when he was just 16 years old. Original members were Schuldiner (guitar), Rick Rozz (guitar) and Kam Lee (drums and vocals). In January 1986, Schuldiner moved to Toronto and temporarily joined the Canadian band Slaughter. However, he quickly returned to continue the formation of Death. Death underwent many lineup changes. With Chris Reifert, Schuldiner eventually released the first Death album, titled Scream Bloody Gore, in 1987.", "With Chris Reifert, Schuldiner eventually released the first Death album, titled Scream Bloody Gore, in 1987. He continued with 1988's Leprosy with the line-up of former Mantas guitarist Rick Rozz and rhythm section Terry Butler on bass and Bill Andrews on drums, and 1990's Spiritual Healing, where guitarist James Murphy had replaced the fired Rozz in 1989.", "He continued with 1988's Leprosy with the line-up of former Mantas guitarist Rick Rozz and rhythm section Terry Butler on bass and Bill Andrews on drums, and 1990's Spiritual Healing, where guitarist James Murphy had replaced the fired Rozz in 1989. After Spiritual Healing, Schuldiner stopped working with full-time band members, preferring to work with studio and live venue musicians, due to bad relationships with Death's previous rhythm section and guitarists. This earned Schuldiner something of a 'perfectionist' reputation in the metal community.", "This earned Schuldiner something of a 'perfectionist' reputation in the metal community. Schuldiner had also fired his manager Eric Greif but settled and re-hired him before the recording of his next, influential release. Death's breakthrough album, Human saw the band evolving to a more technical and progressive style, in which Schuldiner displayed his guitar skills more than ever. He continued in this style (and continued the success of the band) with 1993's Individual Thought Patterns, 1995's Symbolic, and finally The Sound of Perseverance in 1998.", "He continued in this style (and continued the success of the band) with 1993's Individual Thought Patterns, 1995's Symbolic, and finally The Sound of Perseverance in 1998. He put Death on hold after this to continue Control Denied, which he had been putting together prior to the release of The Sound of Perseverance, and released The Fragile Art of Existence in 1999. Control Denied also had other players from the latest Death album but featured a melodic metal vocalist.", "Control Denied also had other players from the latest Death album but featured a melodic metal vocalist. Schuldiner also played guitar in the \"supergroup\" Voodoocult on the album Jesus Killing Machine in 1994 and played a guest solo on Naphobia's 1995 release, Of Hell on the track \"As Ancients Evolve\" as a favor to the band's bassist at the time who was a friend of Schuldiner's. Schuldiner was also asked to be one of the many guest vocalists on Dave Grohl's 2001 Probot.", "Schuldiner was also asked to be one of the many guest vocalists on Dave Grohl's 2001 Probot. Grohl, Napalm Death, Ozzy Osbourne, and Anthrax all increased efforts to raise funds for Schuldiner's medical bills with Grohl trying to involve Schuldiner on an album he was working on. In a 1999 interview, Schuldiner spoke about why he didn't sing on the Control Denied album The Fragile Art of Existence \"...these vocals are all I ever wanted to do in Death but couldn't.", "In a 1999 interview, Schuldiner spoke about why he didn't sing on the Control Denied album The Fragile Art of Existence \"...these vocals are all I ever wanted to do in Death but couldn't. I've had this dream of recording like that for years, and it seems like a dream come true. Tim Aymar is an amazing singer and this is the main difference. I think people will be surprised at the violence and strength of the album.", "I think people will be surprised at the violence and strength of the album. Many people are expecting something like Iron Maiden, but, despite being one of my favorite bands, I didn't want to make an Iron Maiden-like album. I wanted to make an unpredictable album, just like I did in Death, I guess. I don't like to make predictable albums.\" Illness and death In 1999, Schuldiner was diagnosed with brain cancer.", "Illness and death In 1999, Schuldiner was diagnosed with brain cancer. He continued to work on his music, continuing his work with Control Denied. He was at first unable to afford the surgery that he needed immediately. A press release called for support from everyone, including fellow artists. Jane Schuldiner urged all who read the statements about Schuldiner and his illness to go out and get insurance, stating her frustration in the American healthcare system.", "Jane Schuldiner urged all who read the statements about Schuldiner and his illness to go out and get insurance, stating her frustration in the American healthcare system. Schuldiner had taken out medical insurance after his first surgery, but the insurer had refused to pay because the cancer pre-dated insurance being taken out. Many artists, including Kid Rock, Korn and Red Hot Chili Peppers, got together during the summer of 2001 to auction off personal items, with the funds assisting Schuldiner's medical expenses, an effort covered by MTV.", "Many artists, including Kid Rock, Korn and Red Hot Chili Peppers, got together during the summer of 2001 to auction off personal items, with the funds assisting Schuldiner's medical expenses, an effort covered by MTV. Matt Heafy, vocalist and guitarist for Trivium, has also stated that the band had played a benefit show for Schuldiner while he was in the hospital in their days as a local band. In November 2001, Schuldiner's condition worsened as he became ill with Pneumocystis carinii.", "In November 2001, Schuldiner's condition worsened as he became ill with Pneumocystis carinii. On December 13, 2001, Schuldiner died at the age of 34 and was cremated. MTV reported that recording artists including Dave Grohl, Mike Patton, Max Cavalera, King Diamond, Ville Valo, Trey Azagthoth, Glen Benton, Jason Newsted, Corey Taylor, and all former and active members of Death, attended his memorial service.", "MTV reported that recording artists including Dave Grohl, Mike Patton, Max Cavalera, King Diamond, Ville Valo, Trey Azagthoth, Glen Benton, Jason Newsted, Corey Taylor, and all former and active members of Death, attended his memorial service. Legacy With the assistance of Schuldiner's family, former manager Eric Greif handled his legacy as President of Perseverance Holdings Ltd. Schuldiner's mother Jane and sister Beth Schuldiner frequently interact with his fans and both have stated many times that they enjoy his music.", "Legacy With the assistance of Schuldiner's family, former manager Eric Greif handled his legacy as President of Perseverance Holdings Ltd. Schuldiner's mother Jane and sister Beth Schuldiner frequently interact with his fans and both have stated many times that they enjoy his music. Greif kept track of his recordings and handled Schuldiner's intellectual property. Beth Schuldiner has a son named Christopher Steele, who also plays guitar and has all of Schuldiner's guitars.", "Beth Schuldiner has a son named Christopher Steele, who also plays guitar and has all of Schuldiner's guitars. BC Rich also released a statement in their 2008 catalog stating that Schuldiner's signature model Stealth will be available for purchase, and that endorsement is overseen by Steele. Schuldiner had homes and two dogs in the area surrounding Orlando. Schuldiner built a studio inside the garage where many of his songs such as \"Crystal Mountain\" were inspired.", "Schuldiner built a studio inside the garage where many of his songs such as \"Crystal Mountain\" were inspired. Schuldiner's home office was the site of the Metal Crusade newsletter and fan club. A legal battle began from the time of Schuldiner's death on the settlement of the rights to the partially completed second Control Denied album, When Man and Machine Collide, which was recorded in 2000–2001 and was scheduled for release in 2013.", "A legal battle began from the time of Schuldiner's death on the settlement of the rights to the partially completed second Control Denied album, When Man and Machine Collide, which was recorded in 2000–2001 and was scheduled for release in 2013. Demos of these unreleased Control Denied songs, as well as early Death demos and live Death recordings from 1990, were released in the Zero Tolerance two-part compilation bootlegs by the Dutch Hammerheart Holdings company and the Schuldiners and Greif asserted rights on behalf of Schuldiner's Estate.", "Demos of these unreleased Control Denied songs, as well as early Death demos and live Death recordings from 1990, were released in the Zero Tolerance two-part compilation bootlegs by the Dutch Hammerheart Holdings company and the Schuldiners and Greif asserted rights on behalf of Schuldiner's Estate. The matter was settled in November 2009, anticipating the project being finished and released in 2010. Tribute concerts have been coordinated or funded by Schuldiner's mother and family and various Death tribute groups internationally.", "Tribute concerts have been coordinated or funded by Schuldiner's mother and family and various Death tribute groups internationally. Former CKY frontman, Deron Miller, who considers Schuldiner an idol of his, got the idea, while working on various projects with former Death guitarist (and pituitary tumor survivor) James Murphy, to do a tribute album. Murphy announced he would release a Chuck Schuldiner tribute album to commemorate his lasting mark on the metal community and Schuldiner's family publicly offered support for Murphy's effort, though it has never materialized.", "Murphy announced he would release a Chuck Schuldiner tribute album to commemorate his lasting mark on the metal community and Schuldiner's family publicly offered support for Murphy's effort, though it has never materialized. Schuldiner's sister Beth confirmed via her YouTube channel that Death: Live in Japan, a behind the scenes Death video, as well as a potential boxset containing all of Schuldiner's works including some exclusive copies of handwritten notes by Schuldiner are in the works via Relapse Records.", "Schuldiner's sister Beth confirmed via her YouTube channel that Death: Live in Japan, a behind the scenes Death video, as well as a potential boxset containing all of Schuldiner's works including some exclusive copies of handwritten notes by Schuldiner are in the works via Relapse Records. Schuldiner Estate lawyer Eric Greif held a charity Chuck Schuldiner Birthday Bash in Calgary, Alberta, May 13, 2011, featuring speeches by Greif and former Death guitarist Paul Masvidal, as well as bands performing Schuldiner's music.", "Schuldiner Estate lawyer Eric Greif held a charity Chuck Schuldiner Birthday Bash in Calgary, Alberta, May 13, 2011, featuring speeches by Greif and former Death guitarist Paul Masvidal, as well as bands performing Schuldiner's music. Greif repeated this May 12, 2012, with special guest band Massacre, featuring former Death members Rick Rozz and Terry Butler. Book In January 2001, Mahyar Dean, an Iranian metal guitarist/musician, wrote Death, a book about Death and Schuldiner poems.", "Book In January 2001, Mahyar Dean, an Iranian metal guitarist/musician, wrote Death, a book about Death and Schuldiner poems. The book includes bilingual lyrics and many articles about the band. The book was sent through the site keepers of emptywords.org to Schuldiner, who in his words was \"truly blown away and honored by the obvious work and devotion he put into bringing the book to life\". Beliefs Schuldiner designed the Death logo and its various incarnations during the length of his career.", "Beliefs Schuldiner designed the Death logo and its various incarnations during the length of his career. In 1991, before the release of Human, he cleaned up the logo taking out more intricate details and the \"T\" in the logo was swapped from an inverted cross to a more regular looking \"T\", one reason being to quash any implication of religion. Schuldiner was also openly against hard drugs; he is quoted as saying, \"I've tripped several times.", "Schuldiner was also openly against hard drugs; he is quoted as saying, \"I've tripped several times. That's all because I don't like the hard drugs. And my only drugs are alcohol and grass.\" Schuldiner also stated that he was pro-choice. He is quoted as saying that \"it should be legal. If I was a woman surely I would like to have a choice to have a child or not. In U.S. a lot of new-borns are killed because they were unwanted.", "In U.S. a lot of new-borns are killed because they were unwanted. It is better to solve it immediately when a woman finds out about the pregnancy and she doesn't want a child. Better to go for an abortion than to kill a baby. That is terrible. Men cannot force women to keep a child when they themselves feel they can't.\" Musical style Schuldiner was mostly self-taught as a guitarist.", "Musical style Schuldiner was mostly self-taught as a guitarist. Musical style Schuldiner was mostly self-taught as a guitarist. In 1993, he expressed a disinterest in music theory: \"I know enough about what I'm playing to memorize the scales and things, but I have no idea how you would label them. As long as I can play it, memorize it and apply it, I don't need to know what you call it.\"", "As long as I can play it, memorize it and apply it, I don't need to know what you call it.\" In the early days of Death, Schuldiner used a \"deep, raspy\" death growl vocal technique. He said in 1993 that \"it takes a lot of energy and a lot of throat abuse to get through a show.\" Equipment Guitars Schuldiner's primary guitar throughout most of his career was the B.C.", "Equipment Guitars Schuldiner's primary guitar throughout most of his career was the B.C. Rich Stealth model, an extremely rare model produced in small amounts under the B.C. Rich US (U-) series name along with the Custom Shop, until it was released to the public as the Chuck Schuldiner Tribute Stealth. The Stealth was also released as an N.J. model in the 1980's and 1990's, but was extremely rare. Prior to this, he used a B.C.", "Prior to this, he used a B.C. Prior to this, he used a B.C. Rich Mockingbird copy, built by \"someone in Florida\", and a B.C Rich Ignitor. Most of Schuldiner's sound came from a DiMarzio X2N pickup placed in the bridge. During the (In)Human Tour of the World (1991–92), Schuldiner briefly endorsed a small Wisconsin custom guitar company called Axtra, who worked with him on designs, though he still insisted on using his B.C.", "During the (In)Human Tour of the World (1991–92), Schuldiner briefly endorsed a small Wisconsin custom guitar company called Axtra, who worked with him on designs, though he still insisted on using his B.C. Rich during filming of the Lack of Comprehension video in September 1991 in Orlando.", "Rich during filming of the Lack of Comprehension video in September 1991 in Orlando. Amplifiers The amplifier he used towards the end of his career was a Marshall Valvestate (Model 8100) amplifier head and Valvestate 4x12 speaker cabinets on Individual Thought Patterns as well as the ITP tour and eventually started using Marshall 1960 cabinets.", "Amplifiers The amplifier he used towards the end of his career was a Marshall Valvestate (Model 8100) amplifier head and Valvestate 4x12 speaker cabinets on Individual Thought Patterns as well as the ITP tour and eventually started using Marshall 1960 cabinets. Before that he used various equipment including Randall RG100ES heads and Randall cabinets, and on the (In)Human Tour of the World he used a small GK 250ML miked up, despite having hollow 4x12 stacks 'for show'.", "Before that he used various equipment including Randall RG100ES heads and Randall cabinets, and on the (In)Human Tour of the World he used a small GK 250ML miked up, despite having hollow 4x12 stacks 'for show'. On the first two Death albums, he stated he used a Boss distortion pedal, but didn't specify which, after which he used amplifier distortion.", "On the first two Death albums, he stated he used a Boss distortion pedal, but didn't specify which, after which he used amplifier distortion. Discography Death 1987: Scream Bloody Gore 1988: Leprosy 1990: Spiritual Healing 1991: Human 1993: Individual Thought Patterns 1995: Symbolic 1998: The Sound of Perseverance Voodoocult 1994: Jesus Killing Machine Control Denied 1999: The Fragile Art of Existence See also Honorific nicknames in popular music References Sources The Metal Crusade, official site of The Death Fan Club Empty Words, official Death/Control Denied archival site 1967 births 2001 deaths Deaths from pneumonia in Florida American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American people of Austrian-Jewish descent Rhythm guitarists Lead guitarists Death (metal band) members Death metal musicians Deaths from brain tumor Deaths from cancer in Florida Neurological disease deaths in Florida Jewish American musicians Jewish singers Jewish American songwriters Singers from Florida Singers from New York (state) People from Glen Cove, New York Singers from Orlando, Florida People from Altamonte Springs, Florida Progressive metal guitarists Songwriters from Florida Songwriters from New York (state) 20th-century American singers Jewish heavy metal musicians 20th-century American guitarists Guitarists from Florida Guitarists from New York (state) American male guitarists Control Denied members Voodoocult members 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American Jews American male songwriters" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Popular culture" ]

[ "The 1958 RAC Tourist Trophy took place on 13 September, on the Goodwood Circuit, (England). It was also the sixth and final round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. This was the first time the event had taken place, since 1955 following the death of three drivers during the race.\n\nReport\n\nEntry\n\nA grand total 36 racing cars were registered for this event, of which 29 arrived for practice and qualifying. Scuderia Ferrari, did entry one car for the event, 250 TR 58, but were among those who did not arrive, perhaps the disinterest from Maranello was due to the lack of drivers and the fact that their victory at Le Mans had given them the Championship. The event also did not attract the Belgian equipes. The entry was therefore headed by the three works Aston Martins, entered under the name of David Brown Ltd. Their DBR1/300s were from Stirling Moss/Tony Brooks, Carroll Shelby/Stuart Lewis-Evans and Roy Salvadori/Jack Brabham.\n\nQualifying\n\nThe Aston Martin DBR1/300 of Stirling Moss took pole position, averaging a speed of 93.913 mph around the 2.4 mile circuit.\n\nRace\n\nOf the 29 starters, only the three Astons were considered the potential winners, and so it proved as they finished in the first three places, winning the Team Awards in the process. The winning partnership of Moss/Brooks won in a time of 4hr 01:17.0mins., averaging a speed of 88.324 mph. They covered a distance of 355.2 miles. Just 0.4 seconds behind came Salvadori/Brabham, with Shelby/Lewis-Evans the same margin adrift in complete the podium.\n\nOfficial Classification\n\nClass Winners are in Bold text.\n\n Fastest Lap: Stirling Moss, 1:32.6 secs (93.305 mph)\n\nClass Winners\n\nStandings after the race\n\nReferences\n\nGoodwood\nRAC Tourist Trophy\nRAC", "The 7th Kanonloppet was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 20 August 1961 at the Karlskoga Circuit, Sweden. The race was run over 30 laps of the little circuit, and was won by British driver Stirling Moss in a Lotus 18/21, run by the UDT Laystall Racing Team.\n\nThis race featured some local drivers who did not compete regularly in Formula One, and also the multiple world motorcycle champion Geoff Duke.\n\nStirling Moss arrived late at the circuit and missed the practice and qualifying sessions, but was allowed to start from the back of the grid.\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\n \"The Grand Prix Who's Who\", Steve Small, 1995.\n\nKanonloppet\nKanonloppet" ]

[ "Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss (17 September 1929 – 12 April 2020) was a British Formula One racing driver. An inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, he won 212 of the 529 races he entered across several categories of competition and has been described as \"the greatest driver never to win the World Championship\". In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and in third place the other three times.", "In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and in third place the other three times. Early life Moss was born in London, son of Alfred Moss, a dentist of Bray, Berkshire, and Aileen (née Craufurd). His grandfather was Jewish, from a family that changed their surname from Moses to Moss. He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the south bank of the River Thames.", "He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the south bank of the River Thames. His father was an amateur racing driver who had come 16th in the 1924 Indianapolis 500. Aileen Moss had also been involved in motorsport, entering prewar hillclimbs at the wheel of a Singer Nine. Stirling was a gifted horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss, who became a successful rally driver in her own right and also married Swedish rally driver Erik Carlsson.", "Stirling was a gifted horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss, who became a successful rally driver in her own right and also married Swedish rally driver Erik Carlsson. Moss was educated at several independent schools: Shrewsbury House School in Surbiton, Clewer Manor Junior School, and the linked senior school, Haileybury and Imperial Service College, located at Hertford Heath, near Hertford. He disliked school and did not attain a good academic performance. At Haileybury, he was subjected to antisemitic bullying because of his Jewish roots.", "At Haileybury, he was subjected to antisemitic bullying because of his Jewish roots. He concealed the bullying from his parents and used it as \"motivation to succeed\". Moss received his first car, an Austin 7, from his father at the age of nine, and drove it on the fields around Long White Cloud. He purchased his own car at age 15 after he obtained a driving licence.", "He purchased his own car at age 15 after he obtained a driving licence. After the Second World War, Moss was ruled exempt from doing the mandatory two-year national service for men his age because he had nephritis. Racing career Moss raced from 1948 to 1962, winning 212 of the 529 races he entered, including 16 Formula One Grands Prix. He competed in as many as 62 races in a single year and drove 84 different makes of car over the course of his racing career.", "He competed in as many as 62 races in a single year and drove 84 different makes of car over the course of his racing career. He preferred to race British cars, stating, \"Better to lose honourably in a British car than win in a foreign one\". At Vanwall, he was instrumental in breaking the German/Italian stranglehold on F1 racing (as was Jack Brabham at Cooper). He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races.", "He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races. 1948–1954 Moss began his career at the wheel of his father Alfred's 328 BMW, DPX 653. Moss was one of the Cooper Car Company's first customers, using winnings from competing in horse-riding events to pay the deposit on a Cooper 500 racing car in 1948. He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it.", "He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it. He soon demonstrated his ability with numerous wins at national and international levels, and continued to compete in Formula Three, with Coopers and Kiefts, after he had progressed to more senior categories. His first major international race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland.", "His first major international race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland. He went on to win the race six more times, in 1951 (Jaguar C-Type), 1955 (Mercedes-Benz 300SLR), 1958 and 1959 (Aston Martin DBR1), and 1960 and 1961 (Ferrari 250 GT).", "He went on to win the race six more times, in 1951 (Jaguar C-Type), 1955 (Mercedes-Benz 300SLR), 1958 and 1959 (Aston Martin DBR1), and 1960 and 1961 (Ferrari 250 GT). Enzo Ferrari, the founder of Ferrari, approached Moss and offered him a Formula Two car to drive at the 1951 Bari Grand Prix before a full -season in 1952.", "Enzo Ferrari, the founder of Ferrari, approached Moss and offered him a Formula Two car to drive at the 1951 Bari Grand Prix before a full -season in 1952. Moss and his father went to Apulia only to find out that the Ferrari car was to be driven by experienced driver Piero Taruffi and were incensed. Also a competent rally driver, Moss was one of three people to have won a Coupe d'Or (Gold Cup) for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally (Coupe des Alpes).", "Also a competent rally driver, Moss was one of three people to have won a Coupe d'Or (Gold Cup) for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally (Coupe des Alpes). He finished second in the 1952 Monte Carlo Rally driving a Sunbeam-Talbot 90 with Desmond Scannell and Autocar magazine editor John Cooper as co-drivers. In 1954, he became the first non-American to win the 12 Hours of Sebring, sharing the Cunningham team's 1.5-liter O.S.C.A. MT4 with American Bill Lloyd.", "MT4 with American Bill Lloyd. MT4 with American Bill Lloyd. In 1953 Mercedes-Benz racing boss Alfred Neubauer had spoken to Moss's manager, Ken Gregory, about the possibility of Moss's joining the Mercedes Grand Prix team. Having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season.", "Having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season. He bought a Maserati 250F, and although the car's unreliability prevented his scoring high points in the 1954 Drivers' Championship he qualified alongside the Mercedes front runners several times and performed well in the races. He achieved his first Formula One victory when he won the non-Championship Oulton Park International Gold Cup in the Maserati.", "He achieved his first Formula One victory when he won the non-Championship Oulton Park International Gold Cup in the Maserati. In the Italian Grand Prix at Monza he passed both drivers who were regarded as the best in Formula One at the time—Juan Manuel Fangio in a Mercedes and Alberto Ascari in a Ferrari—and took the lead. Ascari retired with engine problems, and Moss led until lap 68 when his engine also failed. Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line.", "Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line. Neubauer, already impressed when Moss had tested a Mercedes-Benz W196 at Hockenheim, promptly signed him for 1955. 1955 Moss's first World Championship victory was in the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree, a race he was also the first British driver to win. Leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor.", "Leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor. It has been suggested that Fangio sportingly allowed Moss to win in front of his home crowd. Moss himself asked Fangio repeatedly, and Fangio always replied: \"No. You were just better than me that day.\" The same year, Moss also won the RAC Tourist Trophy, the Targa Florio (sharing the drive with Peter Collins) and the Mille Miglia.", "The same year, Moss also won the RAC Tourist Trophy, the Targa Florio (sharing the drive with Peter Collins) and the Mille Miglia. Mille Miglia In 1955 Moss won Italy's thousand-mile Mille Miglia road race, an achievement Doug Nye described as the \"most iconic single day's drive in motor racing history.\" He was paired with motor racing journalist Denis Jenkinson, who prepared pace note for Moss, and the two completed the race in ten hours and seven minutes.", "He was paired with motor racing journalist Denis Jenkinson, who prepared pace note for Moss, and the two completed the race in ten hours and seven minutes. Motor Trend headlined it as \"The Most Epic Drive. Ever.\" Before the race, he had taken a \"magic pill\" given to him by Fangio, and he has commented that although he did not know what was in it, \"Dexedrine and Benzedrine were commonly used in rallies.", "Before the race, he had taken a \"magic pill\" given to him by Fangio, and he has commented that although he did not know what was in it, \"Dexedrine and Benzedrine were commonly used in rallies. The object was simply to keep awake, like wartime bomber crews.\" After the win, he spent the night and the following day driving his girlfriend to Cologne, stopping for breakfast in Munich and lunch in Stuttgart. 1956–1962 Moss won the Nassau Cup at the 1956 and 1957 Bahamas Speed Week.", "1956–1962 Moss won the Nassau Cup at the 1956 and 1957 Bahamas Speed Week. Also in 1957 he won on the longest circuit ever to hold a World Championship Grand Prix, the Pescara Circuit, where he again demonstrated his mastery of long-distance racing. The event lasted three hours and Moss beat Fangio, who started from pole position, by a little over 3 minutes. In 1958, Moss's forward-thinking attitude made waves in the racing world.", "In 1958, Moss's forward-thinking attitude made waves in the racing world. Moss won the first race of the season in a rear-engined F1 car, which became the common design by 1961. At Monza that year, he raced in the \"Eldorado\" Maserati in the Race of Two Worlds, the first single-seater car in Europe to be sponsored by a non-racing brand—the Eldorado Ice Cream Company.", "At Monza that year, he raced in the \"Eldorado\" Maserati in the Race of Two Worlds, the first single-seater car in Europe to be sponsored by a non-racing brand—the Eldorado Ice Cream Company. This was the first case in Europe of contemporary sponsorship, with the ice cream maker's colors replacing the ones assigned by the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA). Moss's sporting attitude cost him the 1958 Formula One World Championship.", "Moss's sporting attitude cost him the 1958 Formula One World Championship. When rival Mike Hawthorn was threatened with a penalty after the Portuguese Grand Prix, Moss defended him. Hawthorn was accused of reversing on the track after spinning and stalling his car on an uphill section. Moss had shouted advice to Hawthorn to steer downhill, against traffic, to bump-start the car. Moss's quick thinking, and his defence of Hawthorn before the stewards, preserved Hawthorn's 6 points for finishing second behind Moss.", "Moss's quick thinking, and his defence of Hawthorn before the stewards, preserved Hawthorn's 6 points for finishing second behind Moss. Hawthorn went on to beat Moss for the championship title by one point, even though he had won only one race that year to Moss's four. Moss's loss in the championship could also be attributed to an error in communication between his pit crew and the driver at one race.", "Moss's loss in the championship could also be attributed to an error in communication between his pit crew and the driver at one race. A point was given for the fastest lap in each race, and the crew signaled \"HAWT REC\" meaning Hawthorn had set a record lap. Moss read this as \"HAWT REG\" and thought Hawthorn was making regular laps, so did not try to set a fast lap.", "Moss read this as \"HAWT REG\" and thought Hawthorn was making regular laps, so did not try to set a fast lap. The crew was supposed to signal the time of the lap, so Moss would know what he had to beat. Moss was as gifted in sports cars as in Grand Prix cars.", "Moss was as gifted in sports cars as in Grand Prix cars. To his victories in the Tourist Trophy, the Sebring 12 Hours and the Mille Miglia he added three consecutive wins (1958–1960) in the 1000 km Nürburgring, the first two in an Aston Martin (in which he did most of the driving), and the third in a Tipo 61 \"birdcage\" Maserati, co-driving with the American Dan Gurney.", "To his victories in the Tourist Trophy, the Sebring 12 Hours and the Mille Miglia he added three consecutive wins (1958–1960) in the 1000 km Nürburgring, the first two in an Aston Martin (in which he did most of the driving), and the third in a Tipo 61 \"birdcage\" Maserati, co-driving with the American Dan Gurney. The pair lost time when an oil hose blew off, but despite the wet-weather, they made up the time and took first place.", "The pair lost time when an oil hose blew off, but despite the wet-weather, they made up the time and took first place. In the 1960 Formula One season, Moss won the Monaco Grand Prix in Rob Walker's Coventry-Climax-powered Lotus 18. Seriously injured in an accident at the Burnenville curve during practice for the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, he missed the next three races but recovered sufficiently to win the final one of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Riverside, California.", "Seriously injured in an accident at the Burnenville curve during practice for the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, he missed the next three races but recovered sufficiently to win the final one of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Riverside, California. For the 1961 Formula One season, run under new 1.5-litre rules, Enzo Ferrari fielded the \"sharknose\" Ferrari 156 with an all-new V6 engine.", "For the 1961 Formula One season, run under new 1.5-litre rules, Enzo Ferrari fielded the \"sharknose\" Ferrari 156 with an all-new V6 engine. Moss's Climax-engined Lotus was comparatively underpowered, but he won the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix by 3.6 seconds, beating the Ferraris of Richie Ginther, Wolfgang von Trips, and Phil Hill, and went on to win the partially wet 1961 German Grand Prix. In 1962, he crashed his Lotus heavily during the Glover Trophy at Goodwood held on Monday 23 April.", "In 1962, he crashed his Lotus heavily during the Glover Trophy at Goodwood held on Monday 23 April. The accident put him in a coma for a month, and for six months the left side of his body was partially paralysed. He recovered, but retired from professional racing after a private test session in a Lotus 19 the following year, when he lapped a few tenths of a second slower than before. He felt he had not regained his previously instinctive command of the car.", "He felt he had not regained his previously instinctive command of the car. He had been runner-up in the Drivers' Championship four years in succession, from 1955 to 1958, and third in each of the next three years. Speed records 1950 At the Autodrome de Montlhéry, a steeply banked oval track near Paris, Moss and Leslie Johnson took turns at the wheel of the latter's Jaguar XK120 to average for 24 hours, including stops for fuel and tyres. Changing drivers every three hours, they covered a total of .", "Changing drivers every three hours, they covered a total of . It was the first time a production car had averaged over for 24 hours. 1952 Revisiting Montlhéry, Moss was one of a four-driver team, led by Johnson, who drove a factory-owned Jaguar XK120 fixed-head coupé for 7 days and nights at the French track. Moss, Johnson, Bert Hadley and Jack Fairman averaged to take four World records and five International Class C records, and covered a total of .", "Moss, Johnson, Bert Hadley and Jack Fairman averaged to take four World records and five International Class C records, and covered a total of . 1957 In August Moss broke five International Class F records in the purpose-built MG EX181 at Bonneville Salt Flats. The streamlined, supercharged car's speed for the flying kilometer was 245.64 mph, which was the average of two runs in opposite directions.", "The streamlined, supercharged car's speed for the flying kilometer was 245.64 mph, which was the average of two runs in opposite directions. Broadcasting career Away from driving, in 1962 he acted as a colour commentator for ABC's Wide World of Sports for Formula One and NASCAR races. He eventually left ABC in 1980. Moss narrated the official 1988 Formula One season review along with Tony Jardine. Moss also narrated the popular children's series Roary the Racing Car, which stars Peter Kay.", "Moss also narrated the popular children's series Roary the Racing Car, which stars Peter Kay. Return to racing Although ostensibly retired from racing since 1962, Moss did make a number of one-off appearances in professional motorsport events in the following two decades. He also competed in the 1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally in a Mercedes-Benz, but retired from the event in the Algerian Sahara. The Holden Torana he shared with Jack Brabham in the 1976 Bathurst 1000 was hit from behind on the grid and eventually retired with engine failure.", "The Holden Torana he shared with Jack Brabham in the 1976 Bathurst 1000 was hit from behind on the grid and eventually retired with engine failure. Moss, at the wheel of the Torana when the V8 engine let go, was criticised by other drivers for staying on the racing line for over ⅔ of the 6.172 km long circuit while returning to the pits as the car was dropping large amounts of oil onto the road.", "Moss, at the wheel of the Torana when the V8 engine let go, was criticised by other drivers for staying on the racing line for over ⅔ of the 6.172 km long circuit while returning to the pits as the car was dropping large amounts of oil onto the road. He also shared a Volkswagen Golf GTI with Denny Hulme in the 1979 Benson & Hedges 500 at Pukekohe Park Raceway in New Zealand.", "He also shared a Volkswagen Golf GTI with Denny Hulme in the 1979 Benson & Hedges 500 at Pukekohe Park Raceway in New Zealand. In 1980 he made a comeback to regular competition, in the British Saloon Car Championship with the works-backed GTi Engineering Audi team. For the 1980 season Moss was the team's number two driver to team co-owner Richard Lloyd. For the 1981 season Moss stayed with Audi, as the team moved to Tom Walkinshaw Racing management, driving alongside Martin Brundle.", "For the 1981 season Moss stayed with Audi, as the team moved to Tom Walkinshaw Racing management, driving alongside Martin Brundle. Throughout his retirement he raced in events for historic cars, driving on behalf of and at the invitation of others, as well as campaigning his own OSCA FS 372 and other vehicles. In 2004, as part of its promotion for the new SLR, Mercedes-Benz reunited Moss with the 300 SLR \"No. 722\" in which he won the Mille Miglia nearly 50 years earlier.", "722\" in which he won the Mille Miglia nearly 50 years earlier. One reporter who rode with Moss that day noted that the 75-year-old driver was \"so good . . . that even old and crippled [he was] still better than nearly everyone else\". On 9 June 2011 during qualifying for the Le Mans Legends race, Moss announced on Radio Le Mans that he had finally retired from racing, saying that he had scared himself that afternoon. He was 81.", "He was 81. He was 81. Post racing career Lister Cars announced the building for sale of the Lister Knobbly Stirling Moss at the Royal Automobile Club in London in June 2016. The car is built to the exact specification of the 1958 model, is the only magnesium-bodied car in the world, and is the only car that was ever endorsed by Moss.", "The car is built to the exact specification of the 1958 model, is the only magnesium-bodied car in the world, and is the only car that was ever endorsed by Moss. Brian Lister invited Moss to drive for Lister on three separate occasions, at Goodwood in 1954, Silverstone in 1958 and at Sebring in 1959, and to celebrate these races, 10 special edition lightweight Lister Knobbly cars are being built.", "Brian Lister invited Moss to drive for Lister on three separate occasions, at Goodwood in 1954, Silverstone in 1958 and at Sebring in 1959, and to celebrate these races, 10 special edition lightweight Lister Knobbly cars are being built. The company announced that the cars will be available for both road and race use, and Moss would personally be handing over each car. Honours In 1990, Moss was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.", "Honours In 1990, Moss was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame. In the New Year Honours 2000 List, Moss was made a Knight Bachelor for services to motor racing. On 21 March 2000, he was knighted by Prince Charles, standing in for the Queen, who was on an official visit to Australia. He received the 2005 Segrave Trophy. In 2006, Moss was awarded the FIA gold medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to motorsport.", "In 2006, Moss was awarded the FIA gold medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to motorsport. In December 2008, McLaren-Mercedes unveiled their final model of the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The model was named in honour of Moss, hence, Mercedes McLaren SLR Stirling Moss, which has a top speed of with wind deflectors instead of a windscreen.", "The model was named in honour of Moss, hence, Mercedes McLaren SLR Stirling Moss, which has a top speed of with wind deflectors instead of a windscreen. In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modelling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Moss was ranked the 29th best Formula One driver of all time. Following Moss's death the Kinrara Trophy race at the Goodwood Revival meeting was renamed in his honour. It is a race for GT cars that competed before 1963.", "It is a race for GT cars that competed before 1963. Biographies In 1957, Moss published an autobiography called In the Track Of Speed, first published by Muller, London. In 1963, motorsport author and commentator Ken Purdy published a biographical book entitled All But My Life about Moss (first published by William Kimber & Co, London), based on material gathered through interviews with Moss.", "In 1963, motorsport author and commentator Ken Purdy published a biographical book entitled All But My Life about Moss (first published by William Kimber & Co, London), based on material gathered through interviews with Moss. In 2015, when he was aged 85, Moss published a second autobiography, entitled My Racing Life, written with motor sports writer Simon Taylor.", "In 2015, when he was aged 85, Moss published a second autobiography, entitled My Racing Life, written with motor sports writer Simon Taylor. In 2016, Philip Porter published the first volume of Stirling Moss - The Definitive Biography covering the period from birth up to the end of 1955, one of Moss's greatest years. Popular culture During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain, leading to many media appearances.", "Popular culture During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain, leading to many media appearances. In March 1958, Moss was a guest challenger on the TV panel show What's My Line? (episode with Anita Ekberg). In 1959 he was the subject of the TV programme This Is Your Life.", "In 1959 he was the subject of the TV programme This Is Your Life. On 12 June the following year he was interviewed by John Freeman on Face to Face; Freeman later said that he had thought before the interview that Moss was a playboy, but in their meeting he showed \"cold, precise, clinical judgement... a man who could live so close to the edge of death and danger, and trust entirely to his own judgement. This appealed to me\".", "This appealed to me\". This appealed to me\". Moss also appeared as himself in the 1964 film The Beauty Jungle, and was one of several celebrities with cameo appearances in the 1967 version of the James Bond film Casino Royale. He played Evelyn Tremble's (Peter Sellers) driver. For many years during and after his career, the rhetorical phrase \"Who do you think you are, Stirling Moss?\" was supposedly the standard question all British policemen asked speeding motorists.", "was supposedly the standard question all British policemen asked speeding motorists. Moss relates he himself was once stopped for speeding and asked just that; he reports the traffic officer had some difficulty believing him. Moss was the subject of a cartoon biography in the magazine Private Eye that said he was interested in cars, women and sex, in that order. The cartoon, drawn by Willie Rushton, showed him continually crashing, having his driving licence revoked and finally \"hosting television programmes on subjects he knows nothing about\".", "The cartoon, drawn by Willie Rushton, showed him continually crashing, having his driving licence revoked and finally \"hosting television programmes on subjects he knows nothing about\". It also made reference to the amnesia Moss suffered from as a result of head injuries sustained in the crash at Goodwood in 1962. Although there were complaints to the magazine about the cartoons, Moss rang Private Eye to ask if he could use it as a Christmas card.", "Although there were complaints to the magazine about the cartoons, Moss rang Private Eye to ask if he could use it as a Christmas card. He was one of the few drivers of his era to create a brand from his name for licensing purposes, which was launched when his website was revamped in 2009 with improved content. In 2004, Moss was a supporter of the UK Independence Party.", "In 2004, Moss was a supporter of the UK Independence Party. Moss was a Mercedes-Benz Brand Ambassador, having kept a close relationship with the brand, and remained an enthusiast and collector of the brand, which includes the Mercedes-Benz W113, Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren Stirling Moss among others. Personal life and death Moss was married three times. His first wife was Katie Molson; an heir to the Canadian brewer Molson. They were married in 1957 and separated three years later.", "They were married in 1957 and separated three years later. His second wife was the American public relations executive Elaine Barbarino. They were married in 1964 and divorced in 1968. Their daughter Allison was born in 1967. His third wife was Susie Paine, the daughter of an old friend. They were married from 1980 until his death in 2020. Their son Elliot was born in 1980. In April 1960, Moss was found guilty of dangerous driving.", "In April 1960, Moss was found guilty of dangerous driving. He was fined £50 and banned from driving for one year after an incident near Chetwynd, Shropshire, when he was test-driving a Mini. Moss's 80th birthday, on 17 September 2009, fell on the eve of the Goodwood Revival and Lord March celebrated with an 80-car parade on each of the three days.", "Moss's 80th birthday, on 17 September 2009, fell on the eve of the Goodwood Revival and Lord March celebrated with an 80-car parade on each of the three days. Moss drove a different car each day: a Mercedes-Benz W196 (an open-wheel variant), the Lotus 18 in which he had won the 1961 Monaco GP, and an Aston Martin DBR1.", "Moss drove a different car each day: a Mercedes-Benz W196 (an open-wheel variant), the Lotus 18 in which he had won the 1961 Monaco GP, and an Aston Martin DBR1. On 7 March 2010, Moss broke both ankles and four bones in a foot, and also chipped four vertebrae and suffered skin lesions, when he plunged down a lift shaft at his home. In December 2016, he was admitted to hospital in Singapore with a serious chest infection.", "In December 2016, he was admitted to hospital in Singapore with a serious chest infection. As a result of this illness and a subsequent lengthy recovery period, Moss announced his retirement from public life in January 2018. Moss died at his home in Mayfair, London, on 12 April 2020, aged 90, after a long illness.", "Moss died at his home in Mayfair, London, on 12 April 2020, aged 90, after a long illness. Racing record Career highlights Complete Formula One World Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Indicates shared drive with Hans Herrmann and Karl Kling. * Indicates shared drive with Cesare Perdisa. ‡ Indicates shared drive with Tony Brooks. [a] After Moss retired from the race he took over the car of Trintignant.", "[a] After Moss retired from the race he took over the car of Trintignant. Both drivers did not receive any points for their shared drive.", "Both drivers did not receive any points for their shared drive. Non-championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results Complete 12 Hours of Reims results Complete Mille Miglia results Complete Rallye de Monte Carlo results Complete Bathurst 1000 results Complete British Saloon Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)", "Non-championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results Complete 12 Hours of Reims results Complete Mille Miglia results Complete Rallye de Monte Carlo results Complete Bathurst 1000 results Complete British Saloon Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) † Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.", "† Events with 2 races staged for the different classes. References External links Sir Stirling Moss – Official Web Site Stirling Moss in the 24 hours of Le Mans Grand Prix History – Hall of Fame, Stirling Moss Stirling Moss profile at The 500 Owners Association BBC Face to Face interview with Stirling Moss and John Freeman, broadcast 12 June 1960 1929 births 2020 deaths 12 Hours of Sebring drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners Bonneville 200 MPH Club members BRDC Gold Star winners Brighton Speed Trials people British Racing Partnership Formula One drivers British Touring Car Championship drivers Connaught Formula One drivers Cooper Formula One drivers English Formula One drivers English people of Jewish descent English racing drivers ERA Formula One drivers Formula One race winners Formula One team owners Hersham and Walton Motors Formula One drivers International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees Knights Bachelor Maserati Formula One drivers Mercedes-Benz Formula One drivers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College People from West Kensington People in sports awarded knighthoods Rob Walker Racing Team Formula One drivers Sportspeople from London Segrave Trophy recipients Vanwall Formula One drivers World Sportscar Championship drivers" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Popular culture", "What did the public think of Stirling Moss?", "During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain,", "When did he begin racing?", "I don't know.", "What major races did he compete in?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region" ]

[ "Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss (17 September 1929 – 12 April 2020) was a British Formula One racing driver. An inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, he won 212 of the 529 races he entered across several categories of competition and has been described as \"the greatest driver never to win the World Championship\". In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and in third place the other three times.", "In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and in third place the other three times. Early life Moss was born in London, son of Alfred Moss, a dentist of Bray, Berkshire, and Aileen (née Craufurd). His grandfather was Jewish, from a family that changed their surname from Moses to Moss. He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the south bank of the River Thames.", "He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the south bank of the River Thames. His father was an amateur racing driver who had come 16th in the 1924 Indianapolis 500. Aileen Moss had also been involved in motorsport, entering prewar hillclimbs at the wheel of a Singer Nine. Stirling was a gifted horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss, who became a successful rally driver in her own right and also married Swedish rally driver Erik Carlsson.", "Stirling was a gifted horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss, who became a successful rally driver in her own right and also married Swedish rally driver Erik Carlsson. Moss was educated at several independent schools: Shrewsbury House School in Surbiton, Clewer Manor Junior School, and the linked senior school, Haileybury and Imperial Service College, located at Hertford Heath, near Hertford. He disliked school and did not attain a good academic performance. At Haileybury, he was subjected to antisemitic bullying because of his Jewish roots.", "At Haileybury, he was subjected to antisemitic bullying because of his Jewish roots. He concealed the bullying from his parents and used it as \"motivation to succeed\". Moss received his first car, an Austin 7, from his father at the age of nine, and drove it on the fields around Long White Cloud. He purchased his own car at age 15 after he obtained a driving licence.", "He purchased his own car at age 15 after he obtained a driving licence. After the Second World War, Moss was ruled exempt from doing the mandatory two-year national service for men his age because he had nephritis. Racing career Moss raced from 1948 to 1962, winning 212 of the 529 races he entered, including 16 Formula One Grands Prix. He competed in as many as 62 races in a single year and drove 84 different makes of car over the course of his racing career.", "He competed in as many as 62 races in a single year and drove 84 different makes of car over the course of his racing career. He preferred to race British cars, stating, \"Better to lose honourably in a British car than win in a foreign one\". At Vanwall, he was instrumental in breaking the German/Italian stranglehold on F1 racing (as was Jack Brabham at Cooper). He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races.", "He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races. 1948–1954 Moss began his career at the wheel of his father Alfred's 328 BMW, DPX 653. Moss was one of the Cooper Car Company's first customers, using winnings from competing in horse-riding events to pay the deposit on a Cooper 500 racing car in 1948. He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it.", "He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it. He soon demonstrated his ability with numerous wins at national and international levels, and continued to compete in Formula Three, with Coopers and Kiefts, after he had progressed to more senior categories. His first major international race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland.", "His first major international race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland. He went on to win the race six more times, in 1951 (Jaguar C-Type), 1955 (Mercedes-Benz 300SLR), 1958 and 1959 (Aston Martin DBR1), and 1960 and 1961 (Ferrari 250 GT).", "He went on to win the race six more times, in 1951 (Jaguar C-Type), 1955 (Mercedes-Benz 300SLR), 1958 and 1959 (Aston Martin DBR1), and 1960 and 1961 (Ferrari 250 GT). Enzo Ferrari, the founder of Ferrari, approached Moss and offered him a Formula Two car to drive at the 1951 Bari Grand Prix before a full -season in 1952.", "Enzo Ferrari, the founder of Ferrari, approached Moss and offered him a Formula Two car to drive at the 1951 Bari Grand Prix before a full -season in 1952. Moss and his father went to Apulia only to find out that the Ferrari car was to be driven by experienced driver Piero Taruffi and were incensed. Also a competent rally driver, Moss was one of three people to have won a Coupe d'Or (Gold Cup) for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally (Coupe des Alpes).", "Also a competent rally driver, Moss was one of three people to have won a Coupe d'Or (Gold Cup) for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally (Coupe des Alpes). He finished second in the 1952 Monte Carlo Rally driving a Sunbeam-Talbot 90 with Desmond Scannell and Autocar magazine editor John Cooper as co-drivers. In 1954, he became the first non-American to win the 12 Hours of Sebring, sharing the Cunningham team's 1.5-liter O.S.C.A. MT4 with American Bill Lloyd.", "MT4 with American Bill Lloyd. MT4 with American Bill Lloyd. In 1953 Mercedes-Benz racing boss Alfred Neubauer had spoken to Moss's manager, Ken Gregory, about the possibility of Moss's joining the Mercedes Grand Prix team. Having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season.", "Having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season. He bought a Maserati 250F, and although the car's unreliability prevented his scoring high points in the 1954 Drivers' Championship he qualified alongside the Mercedes front runners several times and performed well in the races. He achieved his first Formula One victory when he won the non-Championship Oulton Park International Gold Cup in the Maserati.", "He achieved his first Formula One victory when he won the non-Championship Oulton Park International Gold Cup in the Maserati. In the Italian Grand Prix at Monza he passed both drivers who were regarded as the best in Formula One at the time—Juan Manuel Fangio in a Mercedes and Alberto Ascari in a Ferrari—and took the lead. Ascari retired with engine problems, and Moss led until lap 68 when his engine also failed. Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line.", "Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line. Neubauer, already impressed when Moss had tested a Mercedes-Benz W196 at Hockenheim, promptly signed him for 1955. 1955 Moss's first World Championship victory was in the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree, a race he was also the first British driver to win. Leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor.", "Leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor. It has been suggested that Fangio sportingly allowed Moss to win in front of his home crowd. Moss himself asked Fangio repeatedly, and Fangio always replied: \"No. You were just better than me that day.\" The same year, Moss also won the RAC Tourist Trophy, the Targa Florio (sharing the drive with Peter Collins) and the Mille Miglia.", "The same year, Moss also won the RAC Tourist Trophy, the Targa Florio (sharing the drive with Peter Collins) and the Mille Miglia. Mille Miglia In 1955 Moss won Italy's thousand-mile Mille Miglia road race, an achievement Doug Nye described as the \"most iconic single day's drive in motor racing history.\" He was paired with motor racing journalist Denis Jenkinson, who prepared pace note for Moss, and the two completed the race in ten hours and seven minutes.", "He was paired with motor racing journalist Denis Jenkinson, who prepared pace note for Moss, and the two completed the race in ten hours and seven minutes. Motor Trend headlined it as \"The Most Epic Drive. Ever.\" Before the race, he had taken a \"magic pill\" given to him by Fangio, and he has commented that although he did not know what was in it, \"Dexedrine and Benzedrine were commonly used in rallies.", "Before the race, he had taken a \"magic pill\" given to him by Fangio, and he has commented that although he did not know what was in it, \"Dexedrine and Benzedrine were commonly used in rallies. The object was simply to keep awake, like wartime bomber crews.\" After the win, he spent the night and the following day driving his girlfriend to Cologne, stopping for breakfast in Munich and lunch in Stuttgart. 1956–1962 Moss won the Nassau Cup at the 1956 and 1957 Bahamas Speed Week.", "1956–1962 Moss won the Nassau Cup at the 1956 and 1957 Bahamas Speed Week. Also in 1957 he won on the longest circuit ever to hold a World Championship Grand Prix, the Pescara Circuit, where he again demonstrated his mastery of long-distance racing. The event lasted three hours and Moss beat Fangio, who started from pole position, by a little over 3 minutes. In 1958, Moss's forward-thinking attitude made waves in the racing world.", "In 1958, Moss's forward-thinking attitude made waves in the racing world. Moss won the first race of the season in a rear-engined F1 car, which became the common design by 1961. At Monza that year, he raced in the \"Eldorado\" Maserati in the Race of Two Worlds, the first single-seater car in Europe to be sponsored by a non-racing brand—the Eldorado Ice Cream Company.", "At Monza that year, he raced in the \"Eldorado\" Maserati in the Race of Two Worlds, the first single-seater car in Europe to be sponsored by a non-racing brand—the Eldorado Ice Cream Company. This was the first case in Europe of contemporary sponsorship, with the ice cream maker's colors replacing the ones assigned by the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA). Moss's sporting attitude cost him the 1958 Formula One World Championship.", "Moss's sporting attitude cost him the 1958 Formula One World Championship. When rival Mike Hawthorn was threatened with a penalty after the Portuguese Grand Prix, Moss defended him. Hawthorn was accused of reversing on the track after spinning and stalling his car on an uphill section. Moss had shouted advice to Hawthorn to steer downhill, against traffic, to bump-start the car. Moss's quick thinking, and his defence of Hawthorn before the stewards, preserved Hawthorn's 6 points for finishing second behind Moss.", "Moss's quick thinking, and his defence of Hawthorn before the stewards, preserved Hawthorn's 6 points for finishing second behind Moss. Hawthorn went on to beat Moss for the championship title by one point, even though he had won only one race that year to Moss's four. Moss's loss in the championship could also be attributed to an error in communication between his pit crew and the driver at one race.", "Moss's loss in the championship could also be attributed to an error in communication between his pit crew and the driver at one race. A point was given for the fastest lap in each race, and the crew signaled \"HAWT REC\" meaning Hawthorn had set a record lap. Moss read this as \"HAWT REG\" and thought Hawthorn was making regular laps, so did not try to set a fast lap.", "Moss read this as \"HAWT REG\" and thought Hawthorn was making regular laps, so did not try to set a fast lap. The crew was supposed to signal the time of the lap, so Moss would know what he had to beat. Moss was as gifted in sports cars as in Grand Prix cars.", "Moss was as gifted in sports cars as in Grand Prix cars. To his victories in the Tourist Trophy, the Sebring 12 Hours and the Mille Miglia he added three consecutive wins (1958–1960) in the 1000 km Nürburgring, the first two in an Aston Martin (in which he did most of the driving), and the third in a Tipo 61 \"birdcage\" Maserati, co-driving with the American Dan Gurney.", "To his victories in the Tourist Trophy, the Sebring 12 Hours and the Mille Miglia he added three consecutive wins (1958–1960) in the 1000 km Nürburgring, the first two in an Aston Martin (in which he did most of the driving), and the third in a Tipo 61 \"birdcage\" Maserati, co-driving with the American Dan Gurney. The pair lost time when an oil hose blew off, but despite the wet-weather, they made up the time and took first place.", "The pair lost time when an oil hose blew off, but despite the wet-weather, they made up the time and took first place. In the 1960 Formula One season, Moss won the Monaco Grand Prix in Rob Walker's Coventry-Climax-powered Lotus 18. Seriously injured in an accident at the Burnenville curve during practice for the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, he missed the next three races but recovered sufficiently to win the final one of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Riverside, California.", "Seriously injured in an accident at the Burnenville curve during practice for the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, he missed the next three races but recovered sufficiently to win the final one of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Riverside, California. For the 1961 Formula One season, run under new 1.5-litre rules, Enzo Ferrari fielded the \"sharknose\" Ferrari 156 with an all-new V6 engine.", "For the 1961 Formula One season, run under new 1.5-litre rules, Enzo Ferrari fielded the \"sharknose\" Ferrari 156 with an all-new V6 engine. Moss's Climax-engined Lotus was comparatively underpowered, but he won the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix by 3.6 seconds, beating the Ferraris of Richie Ginther, Wolfgang von Trips, and Phil Hill, and went on to win the partially wet 1961 German Grand Prix. In 1962, he crashed his Lotus heavily during the Glover Trophy at Goodwood held on Monday 23 April.", "In 1962, he crashed his Lotus heavily during the Glover Trophy at Goodwood held on Monday 23 April. The accident put him in a coma for a month, and for six months the left side of his body was partially paralysed. He recovered, but retired from professional racing after a private test session in a Lotus 19 the following year, when he lapped a few tenths of a second slower than before. He felt he had not regained his previously instinctive command of the car.", "He felt he had not regained his previously instinctive command of the car. He had been runner-up in the Drivers' Championship four years in succession, from 1955 to 1958, and third in each of the next three years. Speed records 1950 At the Autodrome de Montlhéry, a steeply banked oval track near Paris, Moss and Leslie Johnson took turns at the wheel of the latter's Jaguar XK120 to average for 24 hours, including stops for fuel and tyres. Changing drivers every three hours, they covered a total of .", "Changing drivers every three hours, they covered a total of . It was the first time a production car had averaged over for 24 hours. 1952 Revisiting Montlhéry, Moss was one of a four-driver team, led by Johnson, who drove a factory-owned Jaguar XK120 fixed-head coupé for 7 days and nights at the French track. Moss, Johnson, Bert Hadley and Jack Fairman averaged to take four World records and five International Class C records, and covered a total of .", "Moss, Johnson, Bert Hadley and Jack Fairman averaged to take four World records and five International Class C records, and covered a total of . 1957 In August Moss broke five International Class F records in the purpose-built MG EX181 at Bonneville Salt Flats. The streamlined, supercharged car's speed for the flying kilometer was 245.64 mph, which was the average of two runs in opposite directions.", "The streamlined, supercharged car's speed for the flying kilometer was 245.64 mph, which was the average of two runs in opposite directions. Broadcasting career Away from driving, in 1962 he acted as a colour commentator for ABC's Wide World of Sports for Formula One and NASCAR races. He eventually left ABC in 1980. Moss narrated the official 1988 Formula One season review along with Tony Jardine. Moss also narrated the popular children's series Roary the Racing Car, which stars Peter Kay.", "Moss also narrated the popular children's series Roary the Racing Car, which stars Peter Kay. Return to racing Although ostensibly retired from racing since 1962, Moss did make a number of one-off appearances in professional motorsport events in the following two decades. He also competed in the 1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally in a Mercedes-Benz, but retired from the event in the Algerian Sahara. The Holden Torana he shared with Jack Brabham in the 1976 Bathurst 1000 was hit from behind on the grid and eventually retired with engine failure.", "The Holden Torana he shared with Jack Brabham in the 1976 Bathurst 1000 was hit from behind on the grid and eventually retired with engine failure. Moss, at the wheel of the Torana when the V8 engine let go, was criticised by other drivers for staying on the racing line for over ⅔ of the 6.172 km long circuit while returning to the pits as the car was dropping large amounts of oil onto the road.", "Moss, at the wheel of the Torana when the V8 engine let go, was criticised by other drivers for staying on the racing line for over ⅔ of the 6.172 km long circuit while returning to the pits as the car was dropping large amounts of oil onto the road. He also shared a Volkswagen Golf GTI with Denny Hulme in the 1979 Benson & Hedges 500 at Pukekohe Park Raceway in New Zealand.", "He also shared a Volkswagen Golf GTI with Denny Hulme in the 1979 Benson & Hedges 500 at Pukekohe Park Raceway in New Zealand. In 1980 he made a comeback to regular competition, in the British Saloon Car Championship with the works-backed GTi Engineering Audi team. For the 1980 season Moss was the team's number two driver to team co-owner Richard Lloyd. For the 1981 season Moss stayed with Audi, as the team moved to Tom Walkinshaw Racing management, driving alongside Martin Brundle.", "For the 1981 season Moss stayed with Audi, as the team moved to Tom Walkinshaw Racing management, driving alongside Martin Brundle. Throughout his retirement he raced in events for historic cars, driving on behalf of and at the invitation of others, as well as campaigning his own OSCA FS 372 and other vehicles. In 2004, as part of its promotion for the new SLR, Mercedes-Benz reunited Moss with the 300 SLR \"No. 722\" in which he won the Mille Miglia nearly 50 years earlier.", "722\" in which he won the Mille Miglia nearly 50 years earlier. One reporter who rode with Moss that day noted that the 75-year-old driver was \"so good . . . that even old and crippled [he was] still better than nearly everyone else\". On 9 June 2011 during qualifying for the Le Mans Legends race, Moss announced on Radio Le Mans that he had finally retired from racing, saying that he had scared himself that afternoon. He was 81.", "He was 81. He was 81. Post racing career Lister Cars announced the building for sale of the Lister Knobbly Stirling Moss at the Royal Automobile Club in London in June 2016. The car is built to the exact specification of the 1958 model, is the only magnesium-bodied car in the world, and is the only car that was ever endorsed by Moss.", "The car is built to the exact specification of the 1958 model, is the only magnesium-bodied car in the world, and is the only car that was ever endorsed by Moss. Brian Lister invited Moss to drive for Lister on three separate occasions, at Goodwood in 1954, Silverstone in 1958 and at Sebring in 1959, and to celebrate these races, 10 special edition lightweight Lister Knobbly cars are being built.", "Brian Lister invited Moss to drive for Lister on three separate occasions, at Goodwood in 1954, Silverstone in 1958 and at Sebring in 1959, and to celebrate these races, 10 special edition lightweight Lister Knobbly cars are being built. The company announced that the cars will be available for both road and race use, and Moss would personally be handing over each car. Honours In 1990, Moss was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.", "Honours In 1990, Moss was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame. In the New Year Honours 2000 List, Moss was made a Knight Bachelor for services to motor racing. On 21 March 2000, he was knighted by Prince Charles, standing in for the Queen, who was on an official visit to Australia. He received the 2005 Segrave Trophy. In 2006, Moss was awarded the FIA gold medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to motorsport.", "In 2006, Moss was awarded the FIA gold medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to motorsport. In December 2008, McLaren-Mercedes unveiled their final model of the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The model was named in honour of Moss, hence, Mercedes McLaren SLR Stirling Moss, which has a top speed of with wind deflectors instead of a windscreen.", "The model was named in honour of Moss, hence, Mercedes McLaren SLR Stirling Moss, which has a top speed of with wind deflectors instead of a windscreen. In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modelling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Moss was ranked the 29th best Formula One driver of all time. Following Moss's death the Kinrara Trophy race at the Goodwood Revival meeting was renamed in his honour. It is a race for GT cars that competed before 1963.", "It is a race for GT cars that competed before 1963. Biographies In 1957, Moss published an autobiography called In the Track Of Speed, first published by Muller, London. In 1963, motorsport author and commentator Ken Purdy published a biographical book entitled All But My Life about Moss (first published by William Kimber & Co, London), based on material gathered through interviews with Moss.", "In 1963, motorsport author and commentator Ken Purdy published a biographical book entitled All But My Life about Moss (first published by William Kimber & Co, London), based on material gathered through interviews with Moss. In 2015, when he was aged 85, Moss published a second autobiography, entitled My Racing Life, written with motor sports writer Simon Taylor.", "In 2015, when he was aged 85, Moss published a second autobiography, entitled My Racing Life, written with motor sports writer Simon Taylor. In 2016, Philip Porter published the first volume of Stirling Moss - The Definitive Biography covering the period from birth up to the end of 1955, one of Moss's greatest years. Popular culture During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain, leading to many media appearances.", "Popular culture During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain, leading to many media appearances. In March 1958, Moss was a guest challenger on the TV panel show What's My Line? (episode with Anita Ekberg). In 1959 he was the subject of the TV programme This Is Your Life.", "In 1959 he was the subject of the TV programme This Is Your Life. On 12 June the following year he was interviewed by John Freeman on Face to Face; Freeman later said that he had thought before the interview that Moss was a playboy, but in their meeting he showed \"cold, precise, clinical judgement... a man who could live so close to the edge of death and danger, and trust entirely to his own judgement. This appealed to me\".", "This appealed to me\". This appealed to me\". Moss also appeared as himself in the 1964 film The Beauty Jungle, and was one of several celebrities with cameo appearances in the 1967 version of the James Bond film Casino Royale. He played Evelyn Tremble's (Peter Sellers) driver. For many years during and after his career, the rhetorical phrase \"Who do you think you are, Stirling Moss?\" was supposedly the standard question all British policemen asked speeding motorists.", "was supposedly the standard question all British policemen asked speeding motorists. Moss relates he himself was once stopped for speeding and asked just that; he reports the traffic officer had some difficulty believing him. Moss was the subject of a cartoon biography in the magazine Private Eye that said he was interested in cars, women and sex, in that order. The cartoon, drawn by Willie Rushton, showed him continually crashing, having his driving licence revoked and finally \"hosting television programmes on subjects he knows nothing about\".", "The cartoon, drawn by Willie Rushton, showed him continually crashing, having his driving licence revoked and finally \"hosting television programmes on subjects he knows nothing about\". It also made reference to the amnesia Moss suffered from as a result of head injuries sustained in the crash at Goodwood in 1962. Although there were complaints to the magazine about the cartoons, Moss rang Private Eye to ask if he could use it as a Christmas card.", "Although there were complaints to the magazine about the cartoons, Moss rang Private Eye to ask if he could use it as a Christmas card. He was one of the few drivers of his era to create a brand from his name for licensing purposes, which was launched when his website was revamped in 2009 with improved content. In 2004, Moss was a supporter of the UK Independence Party.", "In 2004, Moss was a supporter of the UK Independence Party. Moss was a Mercedes-Benz Brand Ambassador, having kept a close relationship with the brand, and remained an enthusiast and collector of the brand, which includes the Mercedes-Benz W113, Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren Stirling Moss among others. Personal life and death Moss was married three times. His first wife was Katie Molson; an heir to the Canadian brewer Molson. They were married in 1957 and separated three years later.", "They were married in 1957 and separated three years later. His second wife was the American public relations executive Elaine Barbarino. They were married in 1964 and divorced in 1968. Their daughter Allison was born in 1967. His third wife was Susie Paine, the daughter of an old friend. They were married from 1980 until his death in 2020. Their son Elliot was born in 1980. In April 1960, Moss was found guilty of dangerous driving.", "In April 1960, Moss was found guilty of dangerous driving. He was fined £50 and banned from driving for one year after an incident near Chetwynd, Shropshire, when he was test-driving a Mini. Moss's 80th birthday, on 17 September 2009, fell on the eve of the Goodwood Revival and Lord March celebrated with an 80-car parade on each of the three days.", "Moss's 80th birthday, on 17 September 2009, fell on the eve of the Goodwood Revival and Lord March celebrated with an 80-car parade on each of the three days. Moss drove a different car each day: a Mercedes-Benz W196 (an open-wheel variant), the Lotus 18 in which he had won the 1961 Monaco GP, and an Aston Martin DBR1.", "Moss drove a different car each day: a Mercedes-Benz W196 (an open-wheel variant), the Lotus 18 in which he had won the 1961 Monaco GP, and an Aston Martin DBR1. On 7 March 2010, Moss broke both ankles and four bones in a foot, and also chipped four vertebrae and suffered skin lesions, when he plunged down a lift shaft at his home. In December 2016, he was admitted to hospital in Singapore with a serious chest infection.", "In December 2016, he was admitted to hospital in Singapore with a serious chest infection. As a result of this illness and a subsequent lengthy recovery period, Moss announced his retirement from public life in January 2018. Moss died at his home in Mayfair, London, on 12 April 2020, aged 90, after a long illness.", "Moss died at his home in Mayfair, London, on 12 April 2020, aged 90, after a long illness. Racing record Career highlights Complete Formula One World Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Indicates shared drive with Hans Herrmann and Karl Kling. * Indicates shared drive with Cesare Perdisa. ‡ Indicates shared drive with Tony Brooks. [a] After Moss retired from the race he took over the car of Trintignant.", "[a] After Moss retired from the race he took over the car of Trintignant. Both drivers did not receive any points for their shared drive.", "Both drivers did not receive any points for their shared drive. Non-championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results Complete 12 Hours of Reims results Complete Mille Miglia results Complete Rallye de Monte Carlo results Complete Bathurst 1000 results Complete British Saloon Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)", "Non-championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results Complete 12 Hours of Reims results Complete Mille Miglia results Complete Rallye de Monte Carlo results Complete Bathurst 1000 results Complete British Saloon Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) † Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.", "† Events with 2 races staged for the different classes. References External links Sir Stirling Moss – Official Web Site Stirling Moss in the 24 hours of Le Mans Grand Prix History – Hall of Fame, Stirling Moss Stirling Moss profile at The 500 Owners Association BBC Face to Face interview with Stirling Moss and John Freeman, broadcast 12 June 1960 1929 births 2020 deaths 12 Hours of Sebring drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners Bonneville 200 MPH Club members BRDC Gold Star winners Brighton Speed Trials people British Racing Partnership Formula One drivers British Touring Car Championship drivers Connaught Formula One drivers Cooper Formula One drivers English Formula One drivers English people of Jewish descent English racing drivers ERA Formula One drivers Formula One race winners Formula One team owners Hersham and Walton Motors Formula One drivers International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees Knights Bachelor Maserati Formula One drivers Mercedes-Benz Formula One drivers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College People from West Kensington People in sports awarded knighthoods Rob Walker Racing Team Formula One drivers Sportspeople from London Segrave Trophy recipients Vanwall Formula One drivers World Sportscar Championship drivers" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Popular culture", "What did the public think of Stirling Moss?", "During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain,", "When did he begin racing?", "I don't know.", "What major races did he compete in?", "I don't know.", "What else is interesting about the article?", "Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain, leading to many media appearances." ]

[ "Bravo was a Romanian teens' magazine, the Romanian version of the German original format. It was published bimonthly between 1997 and 2014.\n\nHistory\n\nThe first issue of Bravo was published in 1997. The print edition of the magazine ceased publication in April 2014.\n\nContent\nThe magazine covered most current news, gossips and rumours. It included the \"Loser v Winner corner\", in which there are presented some gestures or projects of fellow worldwide artists, comparing one to each other. It also featured the \"Star - Duel\", where the editors compare two artists, shows, films or series which are from the same domein.\n\nStarting with August, 2009, the readers had the freedom to choose theirselfs' favourite artists to appear on a poster or wallpaper, by sending a text via SMS.\n\nIt featured an exclusive interview with an international superstar, such as Sugababes, Zac Efron or Justin Bieber. The magazine also included breaking news about the most recent or upcoming films and TV series, and new DVD releasings.\n\nThe BRAVO Top 20, or BRAVO CHARTS was the reader's chart. They can vote online on bravonet.ro their favourite songs, from a shortlist of 50 songs. The chart was mediated twice a month.\n\nReferences \n\n Official Web Page\n\n1997 establishments in Romania\n2014 disestablishments in Romania\nBauer Media Group\nBi-monthly magazines\nMagazines established in 1997\nMagazines disestablished in 2014\nMagazines published in Romania\nRomanian-language magazines\nYouth magazines\nCelebrity magazines\nDefunct magazines published in Romania", "SciFiNow was a British magazine and website published every four weeks by Kelsey Media in the United Kingdom, covering the science fiction, horror and fantasy genres. It launched in April 2007 and the print publication ceased in May 2020, with the website continuing to publish daily content. The magazine features genre TV shows, films and culture of the past, present and future, including TV listings. \n\nIn 2010, SciFiNow won the Best Magazine award at the Fantasy Horror Award ceremony in Orvieto, Italy.\n\nIn 2020, SciFiNow transitioned to an online only media presence, publishing daily news, interviews, reviews and competitions covering films, TV shows, books, focusing on Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy genres. In addition to the content on its own website, longer features are published under the brand-name \"SciFiNow+\" in the subscription-based website and app The Companion.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2007 establishments in the United Kingdom\n2020 disestablishments in England\n2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom\nMagazines established in 2007\nMagazines disestablished in 2020\nMonthly magazines published in the United Kingdom\nScience fiction magazines published in the United Kingdom\nScience fiction-related magazines" ]

[ "Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss (17 September 1929 – 12 April 2020) was a British Formula One racing driver. An inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, he won 212 of the 529 races he entered across several categories of competition and has been described as \"the greatest driver never to win the World Championship\". In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and in third place the other three times.", "In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and in third place the other three times. Early life Moss was born in London, son of Alfred Moss, a dentist of Bray, Berkshire, and Aileen (née Craufurd). His grandfather was Jewish, from a family that changed their surname from Moses to Moss. He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the south bank of the River Thames.", "He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the south bank of the River Thames. His father was an amateur racing driver who had come 16th in the 1924 Indianapolis 500. Aileen Moss had also been involved in motorsport, entering prewar hillclimbs at the wheel of a Singer Nine. Stirling was a gifted horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss, who became a successful rally driver in her own right and also married Swedish rally driver Erik Carlsson.", "Stirling was a gifted horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss, who became a successful rally driver in her own right and also married Swedish rally driver Erik Carlsson. Moss was educated at several independent schools: Shrewsbury House School in Surbiton, Clewer Manor Junior School, and the linked senior school, Haileybury and Imperial Service College, located at Hertford Heath, near Hertford. He disliked school and did not attain a good academic performance. At Haileybury, he was subjected to antisemitic bullying because of his Jewish roots.", "At Haileybury, he was subjected to antisemitic bullying because of his Jewish roots. He concealed the bullying from his parents and used it as \"motivation to succeed\". Moss received his first car, an Austin 7, from his father at the age of nine, and drove it on the fields around Long White Cloud. He purchased his own car at age 15 after he obtained a driving licence.", "He purchased his own car at age 15 after he obtained a driving licence. After the Second World War, Moss was ruled exempt from doing the mandatory two-year national service for men his age because he had nephritis. Racing career Moss raced from 1948 to 1962, winning 212 of the 529 races he entered, including 16 Formula One Grands Prix. He competed in as many as 62 races in a single year and drove 84 different makes of car over the course of his racing career.", "He competed in as many as 62 races in a single year and drove 84 different makes of car over the course of his racing career. He preferred to race British cars, stating, \"Better to lose honourably in a British car than win in a foreign one\". At Vanwall, he was instrumental in breaking the German/Italian stranglehold on F1 racing (as was Jack Brabham at Cooper). He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races.", "He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races. 1948–1954 Moss began his career at the wheel of his father Alfred's 328 BMW, DPX 653. Moss was one of the Cooper Car Company's first customers, using winnings from competing in horse-riding events to pay the deposit on a Cooper 500 racing car in 1948. He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it.", "He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it. He soon demonstrated his ability with numerous wins at national and international levels, and continued to compete in Formula Three, with Coopers and Kiefts, after he had progressed to more senior categories. His first major international race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland.", "His first major international race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland. He went on to win the race six more times, in 1951 (Jaguar C-Type), 1955 (Mercedes-Benz 300SLR), 1958 and 1959 (Aston Martin DBR1), and 1960 and 1961 (Ferrari 250 GT).", "He went on to win the race six more times, in 1951 (Jaguar C-Type), 1955 (Mercedes-Benz 300SLR), 1958 and 1959 (Aston Martin DBR1), and 1960 and 1961 (Ferrari 250 GT). Enzo Ferrari, the founder of Ferrari, approached Moss and offered him a Formula Two car to drive at the 1951 Bari Grand Prix before a full -season in 1952.", "Enzo Ferrari, the founder of Ferrari, approached Moss and offered him a Formula Two car to drive at the 1951 Bari Grand Prix before a full -season in 1952. Moss and his father went to Apulia only to find out that the Ferrari car was to be driven by experienced driver Piero Taruffi and were incensed. Also a competent rally driver, Moss was one of three people to have won a Coupe d'Or (Gold Cup) for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally (Coupe des Alpes).", "Also a competent rally driver, Moss was one of three people to have won a Coupe d'Or (Gold Cup) for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally (Coupe des Alpes). He finished second in the 1952 Monte Carlo Rally driving a Sunbeam-Talbot 90 with Desmond Scannell and Autocar magazine editor John Cooper as co-drivers. In 1954, he became the first non-American to win the 12 Hours of Sebring, sharing the Cunningham team's 1.5-liter O.S.C.A. MT4 with American Bill Lloyd.", "MT4 with American Bill Lloyd. MT4 with American Bill Lloyd. In 1953 Mercedes-Benz racing boss Alfred Neubauer had spoken to Moss's manager, Ken Gregory, about the possibility of Moss's joining the Mercedes Grand Prix team. Having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season.", "Having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season. He bought a Maserati 250F, and although the car's unreliability prevented his scoring high points in the 1954 Drivers' Championship he qualified alongside the Mercedes front runners several times and performed well in the races. He achieved his first Formula One victory when he won the non-Championship Oulton Park International Gold Cup in the Maserati.", "He achieved his first Formula One victory when he won the non-Championship Oulton Park International Gold Cup in the Maserati. In the Italian Grand Prix at Monza he passed both drivers who were regarded as the best in Formula One at the time—Juan Manuel Fangio in a Mercedes and Alberto Ascari in a Ferrari—and took the lead. Ascari retired with engine problems, and Moss led until lap 68 when his engine also failed. Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line.", "Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line. Neubauer, already impressed when Moss had tested a Mercedes-Benz W196 at Hockenheim, promptly signed him for 1955. 1955 Moss's first World Championship victory was in the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree, a race he was also the first British driver to win. Leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor.", "Leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor. It has been suggested that Fangio sportingly allowed Moss to win in front of his home crowd. Moss himself asked Fangio repeatedly, and Fangio always replied: \"No. You were just better than me that day.\" The same year, Moss also won the RAC Tourist Trophy, the Targa Florio (sharing the drive with Peter Collins) and the Mille Miglia.", "The same year, Moss also won the RAC Tourist Trophy, the Targa Florio (sharing the drive with Peter Collins) and the Mille Miglia. Mille Miglia In 1955 Moss won Italy's thousand-mile Mille Miglia road race, an achievement Doug Nye described as the \"most iconic single day's drive in motor racing history.\" He was paired with motor racing journalist Denis Jenkinson, who prepared pace note for Moss, and the two completed the race in ten hours and seven minutes.", "He was paired with motor racing journalist Denis Jenkinson, who prepared pace note for Moss, and the two completed the race in ten hours and seven minutes. Motor Trend headlined it as \"The Most Epic Drive. Ever.\" Before the race, he had taken a \"magic pill\" given to him by Fangio, and he has commented that although he did not know what was in it, \"Dexedrine and Benzedrine were commonly used in rallies.", "Before the race, he had taken a \"magic pill\" given to him by Fangio, and he has commented that although he did not know what was in it, \"Dexedrine and Benzedrine were commonly used in rallies. The object was simply to keep awake, like wartime bomber crews.\" After the win, he spent the night and the following day driving his girlfriend to Cologne, stopping for breakfast in Munich and lunch in Stuttgart. 1956–1962 Moss won the Nassau Cup at the 1956 and 1957 Bahamas Speed Week.", "1956–1962 Moss won the Nassau Cup at the 1956 and 1957 Bahamas Speed Week. Also in 1957 he won on the longest circuit ever to hold a World Championship Grand Prix, the Pescara Circuit, where he again demonstrated his mastery of long-distance racing. The event lasted three hours and Moss beat Fangio, who started from pole position, by a little over 3 minutes. In 1958, Moss's forward-thinking attitude made waves in the racing world.", "In 1958, Moss's forward-thinking attitude made waves in the racing world. Moss won the first race of the season in a rear-engined F1 car, which became the common design by 1961. At Monza that year, he raced in the \"Eldorado\" Maserati in the Race of Two Worlds, the first single-seater car in Europe to be sponsored by a non-racing brand—the Eldorado Ice Cream Company.", "At Monza that year, he raced in the \"Eldorado\" Maserati in the Race of Two Worlds, the first single-seater car in Europe to be sponsored by a non-racing brand—the Eldorado Ice Cream Company. This was the first case in Europe of contemporary sponsorship, with the ice cream maker's colors replacing the ones assigned by the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA). Moss's sporting attitude cost him the 1958 Formula One World Championship.", "Moss's sporting attitude cost him the 1958 Formula One World Championship. When rival Mike Hawthorn was threatened with a penalty after the Portuguese Grand Prix, Moss defended him. Hawthorn was accused of reversing on the track after spinning and stalling his car on an uphill section. Moss had shouted advice to Hawthorn to steer downhill, against traffic, to bump-start the car. Moss's quick thinking, and his defence of Hawthorn before the stewards, preserved Hawthorn's 6 points for finishing second behind Moss.", "Moss's quick thinking, and his defence of Hawthorn before the stewards, preserved Hawthorn's 6 points for finishing second behind Moss. Hawthorn went on to beat Moss for the championship title by one point, even though he had won only one race that year to Moss's four. Moss's loss in the championship could also be attributed to an error in communication between his pit crew and the driver at one race.", "Moss's loss in the championship could also be attributed to an error in communication between his pit crew and the driver at one race. A point was given for the fastest lap in each race, and the crew signaled \"HAWT REC\" meaning Hawthorn had set a record lap. Moss read this as \"HAWT REG\" and thought Hawthorn was making regular laps, so did not try to set a fast lap.", "Moss read this as \"HAWT REG\" and thought Hawthorn was making regular laps, so did not try to set a fast lap. The crew was supposed to signal the time of the lap, so Moss would know what he had to beat. Moss was as gifted in sports cars as in Grand Prix cars.", "Moss was as gifted in sports cars as in Grand Prix cars. To his victories in the Tourist Trophy, the Sebring 12 Hours and the Mille Miglia he added three consecutive wins (1958–1960) in the 1000 km Nürburgring, the first two in an Aston Martin (in which he did most of the driving), and the third in a Tipo 61 \"birdcage\" Maserati, co-driving with the American Dan Gurney.", "To his victories in the Tourist Trophy, the Sebring 12 Hours and the Mille Miglia he added three consecutive wins (1958–1960) in the 1000 km Nürburgring, the first two in an Aston Martin (in which he did most of the driving), and the third in a Tipo 61 \"birdcage\" Maserati, co-driving with the American Dan Gurney. The pair lost time when an oil hose blew off, but despite the wet-weather, they made up the time and took first place.", "The pair lost time when an oil hose blew off, but despite the wet-weather, they made up the time and took first place. In the 1960 Formula One season, Moss won the Monaco Grand Prix in Rob Walker's Coventry-Climax-powered Lotus 18. Seriously injured in an accident at the Burnenville curve during practice for the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, he missed the next three races but recovered sufficiently to win the final one of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Riverside, California.", "Seriously injured in an accident at the Burnenville curve during practice for the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, he missed the next three races but recovered sufficiently to win the final one of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Riverside, California. For the 1961 Formula One season, run under new 1.5-litre rules, Enzo Ferrari fielded the \"sharknose\" Ferrari 156 with an all-new V6 engine.", "For the 1961 Formula One season, run under new 1.5-litre rules, Enzo Ferrari fielded the \"sharknose\" Ferrari 156 with an all-new V6 engine. Moss's Climax-engined Lotus was comparatively underpowered, but he won the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix by 3.6 seconds, beating the Ferraris of Richie Ginther, Wolfgang von Trips, and Phil Hill, and went on to win the partially wet 1961 German Grand Prix. In 1962, he crashed his Lotus heavily during the Glover Trophy at Goodwood held on Monday 23 April.", "In 1962, he crashed his Lotus heavily during the Glover Trophy at Goodwood held on Monday 23 April. The accident put him in a coma for a month, and for six months the left side of his body was partially paralysed. He recovered, but retired from professional racing after a private test session in a Lotus 19 the following year, when he lapped a few tenths of a second slower than before. He felt he had not regained his previously instinctive command of the car.", "He felt he had not regained his previously instinctive command of the car. He had been runner-up in the Drivers' Championship four years in succession, from 1955 to 1958, and third in each of the next three years. Speed records 1950 At the Autodrome de Montlhéry, a steeply banked oval track near Paris, Moss and Leslie Johnson took turns at the wheel of the latter's Jaguar XK120 to average for 24 hours, including stops for fuel and tyres. Changing drivers every three hours, they covered a total of .", "Changing drivers every three hours, they covered a total of . It was the first time a production car had averaged over for 24 hours. 1952 Revisiting Montlhéry, Moss was one of a four-driver team, led by Johnson, who drove a factory-owned Jaguar XK120 fixed-head coupé for 7 days and nights at the French track. Moss, Johnson, Bert Hadley and Jack Fairman averaged to take four World records and five International Class C records, and covered a total of .", "Moss, Johnson, Bert Hadley and Jack Fairman averaged to take four World records and five International Class C records, and covered a total of . 1957 In August Moss broke five International Class F records in the purpose-built MG EX181 at Bonneville Salt Flats. The streamlined, supercharged car's speed for the flying kilometer was 245.64 mph, which was the average of two runs in opposite directions.", "The streamlined, supercharged car's speed for the flying kilometer was 245.64 mph, which was the average of two runs in opposite directions. Broadcasting career Away from driving, in 1962 he acted as a colour commentator for ABC's Wide World of Sports for Formula One and NASCAR races. He eventually left ABC in 1980. Moss narrated the official 1988 Formula One season review along with Tony Jardine. Moss also narrated the popular children's series Roary the Racing Car, which stars Peter Kay.", "Moss also narrated the popular children's series Roary the Racing Car, which stars Peter Kay. Return to racing Although ostensibly retired from racing since 1962, Moss did make a number of one-off appearances in professional motorsport events in the following two decades. He also competed in the 1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally in a Mercedes-Benz, but retired from the event in the Algerian Sahara. The Holden Torana he shared with Jack Brabham in the 1976 Bathurst 1000 was hit from behind on the grid and eventually retired with engine failure.", "The Holden Torana he shared with Jack Brabham in the 1976 Bathurst 1000 was hit from behind on the grid and eventually retired with engine failure. Moss, at the wheel of the Torana when the V8 engine let go, was criticised by other drivers for staying on the racing line for over ⅔ of the 6.172 km long circuit while returning to the pits as the car was dropping large amounts of oil onto the road.", "Moss, at the wheel of the Torana when the V8 engine let go, was criticised by other drivers for staying on the racing line for over ⅔ of the 6.172 km long circuit while returning to the pits as the car was dropping large amounts of oil onto the road. He also shared a Volkswagen Golf GTI with Denny Hulme in the 1979 Benson & Hedges 500 at Pukekohe Park Raceway in New Zealand.", "He also shared a Volkswagen Golf GTI with Denny Hulme in the 1979 Benson & Hedges 500 at Pukekohe Park Raceway in New Zealand. In 1980 he made a comeback to regular competition, in the British Saloon Car Championship with the works-backed GTi Engineering Audi team. For the 1980 season Moss was the team's number two driver to team co-owner Richard Lloyd. For the 1981 season Moss stayed with Audi, as the team moved to Tom Walkinshaw Racing management, driving alongside Martin Brundle.", "For the 1981 season Moss stayed with Audi, as the team moved to Tom Walkinshaw Racing management, driving alongside Martin Brundle. Throughout his retirement he raced in events for historic cars, driving on behalf of and at the invitation of others, as well as campaigning his own OSCA FS 372 and other vehicles. In 2004, as part of its promotion for the new SLR, Mercedes-Benz reunited Moss with the 300 SLR \"No. 722\" in which he won the Mille Miglia nearly 50 years earlier.", "722\" in which he won the Mille Miglia nearly 50 years earlier. One reporter who rode with Moss that day noted that the 75-year-old driver was \"so good . . . that even old and crippled [he was] still better than nearly everyone else\". On 9 June 2011 during qualifying for the Le Mans Legends race, Moss announced on Radio Le Mans that he had finally retired from racing, saying that he had scared himself that afternoon. He was 81.", "He was 81. He was 81. Post racing career Lister Cars announced the building for sale of the Lister Knobbly Stirling Moss at the Royal Automobile Club in London in June 2016. The car is built to the exact specification of the 1958 model, is the only magnesium-bodied car in the world, and is the only car that was ever endorsed by Moss.", "The car is built to the exact specification of the 1958 model, is the only magnesium-bodied car in the world, and is the only car that was ever endorsed by Moss. Brian Lister invited Moss to drive for Lister on three separate occasions, at Goodwood in 1954, Silverstone in 1958 and at Sebring in 1959, and to celebrate these races, 10 special edition lightweight Lister Knobbly cars are being built.", "Brian Lister invited Moss to drive for Lister on three separate occasions, at Goodwood in 1954, Silverstone in 1958 and at Sebring in 1959, and to celebrate these races, 10 special edition lightweight Lister Knobbly cars are being built. The company announced that the cars will be available for both road and race use, and Moss would personally be handing over each car. Honours In 1990, Moss was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.", "Honours In 1990, Moss was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame. In the New Year Honours 2000 List, Moss was made a Knight Bachelor for services to motor racing. On 21 March 2000, he was knighted by Prince Charles, standing in for the Queen, who was on an official visit to Australia. He received the 2005 Segrave Trophy. In 2006, Moss was awarded the FIA gold medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to motorsport.", "In 2006, Moss was awarded the FIA gold medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to motorsport. In December 2008, McLaren-Mercedes unveiled their final model of the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The model was named in honour of Moss, hence, Mercedes McLaren SLR Stirling Moss, which has a top speed of with wind deflectors instead of a windscreen.", "The model was named in honour of Moss, hence, Mercedes McLaren SLR Stirling Moss, which has a top speed of with wind deflectors instead of a windscreen. In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modelling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Moss was ranked the 29th best Formula One driver of all time. Following Moss's death the Kinrara Trophy race at the Goodwood Revival meeting was renamed in his honour. It is a race for GT cars that competed before 1963.", "It is a race for GT cars that competed before 1963. Biographies In 1957, Moss published an autobiography called In the Track Of Speed, first published by Muller, London. In 1963, motorsport author and commentator Ken Purdy published a biographical book entitled All But My Life about Moss (first published by William Kimber & Co, London), based on material gathered through interviews with Moss.", "In 1963, motorsport author and commentator Ken Purdy published a biographical book entitled All But My Life about Moss (first published by William Kimber & Co, London), based on material gathered through interviews with Moss. In 2015, when he was aged 85, Moss published a second autobiography, entitled My Racing Life, written with motor sports writer Simon Taylor.", "In 2015, when he was aged 85, Moss published a second autobiography, entitled My Racing Life, written with motor sports writer Simon Taylor. In 2016, Philip Porter published the first volume of Stirling Moss - The Definitive Biography covering the period from birth up to the end of 1955, one of Moss's greatest years. Popular culture During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain, leading to many media appearances.", "Popular culture During his driving career, Moss was one of the most recognised celebrities in Britain, leading to many media appearances. In March 1958, Moss was a guest challenger on the TV panel show What's My Line? (episode with Anita Ekberg). In 1959 he was the subject of the TV programme This Is Your Life.", "In 1959 he was the subject of the TV programme This Is Your Life. On 12 June the following year he was interviewed by John Freeman on Face to Face; Freeman later said that he had thought before the interview that Moss was a playboy, but in their meeting he showed \"cold, precise, clinical judgement... a man who could live so close to the edge of death and danger, and trust entirely to his own judgement. This appealed to me\".", "This appealed to me\". This appealed to me\". Moss also appeared as himself in the 1964 film The Beauty Jungle, and was one of several celebrities with cameo appearances in the 1967 version of the James Bond film Casino Royale. He played Evelyn Tremble's (Peter Sellers) driver. For many years during and after his career, the rhetorical phrase \"Who do you think you are, Stirling Moss?\" was supposedly the standard question all British policemen asked speeding motorists.", "was supposedly the standard question all British policemen asked speeding motorists. Moss relates he himself was once stopped for speeding and asked just that; he reports the traffic officer had some difficulty believing him. Moss was the subject of a cartoon biography in the magazine Private Eye that said he was interested in cars, women and sex, in that order. The cartoon, drawn by Willie Rushton, showed him continually crashing, having his driving licence revoked and finally \"hosting television programmes on subjects he knows nothing about\".", "The cartoon, drawn by Willie Rushton, showed him continually crashing, having his driving licence revoked and finally \"hosting television programmes on subjects he knows nothing about\". It also made reference to the amnesia Moss suffered from as a result of head injuries sustained in the crash at Goodwood in 1962. Although there were complaints to the magazine about the cartoons, Moss rang Private Eye to ask if he could use it as a Christmas card.", "Although there were complaints to the magazine about the cartoons, Moss rang Private Eye to ask if he could use it as a Christmas card. He was one of the few drivers of his era to create a brand from his name for licensing purposes, which was launched when his website was revamped in 2009 with improved content. In 2004, Moss was a supporter of the UK Independence Party.", "In 2004, Moss was a supporter of the UK Independence Party. Moss was a Mercedes-Benz Brand Ambassador, having kept a close relationship with the brand, and remained an enthusiast and collector of the brand, which includes the Mercedes-Benz W113, Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren Stirling Moss among others. Personal life and death Moss was married three times. His first wife was Katie Molson; an heir to the Canadian brewer Molson. They were married in 1957 and separated three years later.", "They were married in 1957 and separated three years later. His second wife was the American public relations executive Elaine Barbarino. They were married in 1964 and divorced in 1968. Their daughter Allison was born in 1967. His third wife was Susie Paine, the daughter of an old friend. They were married from 1980 until his death in 2020. Their son Elliot was born in 1980. In April 1960, Moss was found guilty of dangerous driving.", "In April 1960, Moss was found guilty of dangerous driving. He was fined £50 and banned from driving for one year after an incident near Chetwynd, Shropshire, when he was test-driving a Mini. Moss's 80th birthday, on 17 September 2009, fell on the eve of the Goodwood Revival and Lord March celebrated with an 80-car parade on each of the three days.", "Moss's 80th birthday, on 17 September 2009, fell on the eve of the Goodwood Revival and Lord March celebrated with an 80-car parade on each of the three days. Moss drove a different car each day: a Mercedes-Benz W196 (an open-wheel variant), the Lotus 18 in which he had won the 1961 Monaco GP, and an Aston Martin DBR1.", "Moss drove a different car each day: a Mercedes-Benz W196 (an open-wheel variant), the Lotus 18 in which he had won the 1961 Monaco GP, and an Aston Martin DBR1. On 7 March 2010, Moss broke both ankles and four bones in a foot, and also chipped four vertebrae and suffered skin lesions, when he plunged down a lift shaft at his home. In December 2016, he was admitted to hospital in Singapore with a serious chest infection.", "In December 2016, he was admitted to hospital in Singapore with a serious chest infection. As a result of this illness and a subsequent lengthy recovery period, Moss announced his retirement from public life in January 2018. Moss died at his home in Mayfair, London, on 12 April 2020, aged 90, after a long illness.", "Moss died at his home in Mayfair, London, on 12 April 2020, aged 90, after a long illness. Racing record Career highlights Complete Formula One World Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Indicates shared drive with Hans Herrmann and Karl Kling. * Indicates shared drive with Cesare Perdisa. ‡ Indicates shared drive with Tony Brooks. [a] After Moss retired from the race he took over the car of Trintignant.", "[a] After Moss retired from the race he took over the car of Trintignant. Both drivers did not receive any points for their shared drive.", "Both drivers did not receive any points for their shared drive. Non-championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results Complete 12 Hours of Reims results Complete Mille Miglia results Complete Rallye de Monte Carlo results Complete Bathurst 1000 results Complete British Saloon Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)", "Non-championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results Complete 12 Hours of Reims results Complete Mille Miglia results Complete Rallye de Monte Carlo results Complete Bathurst 1000 results Complete British Saloon Car Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) † Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.", "† Events with 2 races staged for the different classes. References External links Sir Stirling Moss – Official Web Site Stirling Moss in the 24 hours of Le Mans Grand Prix History – Hall of Fame, Stirling Moss Stirling Moss profile at The 500 Owners Association BBC Face to Face interview with Stirling Moss and John Freeman, broadcast 12 June 1960 1929 births 2020 deaths 12 Hours of Sebring drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners Bonneville 200 MPH Club members BRDC Gold Star winners Brighton Speed Trials people British Racing Partnership Formula One drivers British Touring Car Championship drivers Connaught Formula One drivers Cooper Formula One drivers English Formula One drivers English people of Jewish descent English racing drivers ERA Formula One drivers Formula One race winners Formula One team owners Hersham and Walton Motors Formula One drivers International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees Knights Bachelor Maserati Formula One drivers Mercedes-Benz Formula One drivers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College People from West Kensington People in sports awarded knighthoods Rob Walker Racing Team Formula One drivers Sportspeople from London Segrave Trophy recipients Vanwall Formula One drivers World Sportscar Championship drivers" ]

[ "Hrólfr Kraki", "Beowulf and Bjarki", "Where is beowolf from?", "Beowulf comes from Geatland (= Gotaland)" ]

[ "Bewell's Cross is a lost monument which marked the boundary of the county of Bristol when this was created in 1373. It stood in or close to the Gallows Field at the top of St Michael's Hill, the former principal road from Bristol to Wales via the Severn ferry at Aust. It was removed in or before the 19th century, and a stone claimed to be taken from its pedestal is built into the wall of Cotham Church, marked by a plaque.\n\nIt appears to have taken its name from a spring a short way to the north-west whose name appears to be Old English for 'bee well'. But there was a Bristolian called Elias or Elys recorded in about 1270 with the surname Beowolf. It is just possible that Beowolf is a punning alteration of the name of the spring, although Beowulf is known as a rare surname elsewhere.\n\nBewell's Cross may have been historically confused with Bewys Cross in Kingsweston, also now within the boundaries of the city of Bristol.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAbout Bristol Website\n\nMonuments and memorials in Bristol\nArchaeological sites in Bristol", "Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do: A signature version of Jeet Kune Do as Bruce Lee taught privately to Ted Wong. Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do practices a greater emphasis on elusiveness and simplified trapping unique to Lee's later approach to combat and encourages the student to further develop his or her abilities through these teachings. The inherent training principles are shaped by the concepts of what was \"originally taught\", by Bruce Lee, which does include such concepts as absorbing what is useful and discarding what isn’t. The focus is with Wing Chun, Western Boxing, and Épée Fencing.\n\nJeet Kune Do" ]

[ "Hrólfr Kraki (Old Norse: ), Hroðulf, Rolfo, Roluo, Rolf Krage (early 6th century) was a semi-legendary Danish king who appears in both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian tradition. Both traditions describe him as a Danish Scylding, the nephew of Hroðgar and the grandson of Healfdene. The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions describe the same people.", "The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions describe the same people. Whereas the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and Widsith do not go further than treating his relationship with Hroðgar and their animosity with Froda and Ingeld, the Scandinavian sources expand on his life as the king at Lejre and on his relationship with Halga, Hroðgar's brother. In Beowulf and Widsith, it is never explained how Hroðgar and Hroðulf are uncle and nephew. Beowulf The poem Beowulf introduces Hroðulf as kinsman.", "Beowulf The poem Beowulf introduces Hroðulf as kinsman. Beowulf The poem Beowulf introduces Hroðulf as kinsman. Later, the text explains that Hroðulf is Hroðgar's nephew and that \"each was true to the other\". Hroðgar is given three siblings, brothers Heorogar and Halga and an unnamed sister, all the children of Healfdene and belonging to the royal clan known as the Scyldings. The poem does not indicate which of Hroðgar's siblings is Hroðulf's parent, but later Scandinavian tradition establishes this as Halga.", "The poem does not indicate which of Hroðgar's siblings is Hroðulf's parent, but later Scandinavian tradition establishes this as Halga. Hroðgar and queen Wealhþeow had two young sons, Hreðric and Hroðmund, and Hroðulf would be their guardian in case Hroðgar dies.", "Hroðgar and queen Wealhþeow had two young sons, Hreðric and Hroðmund, and Hroðulf would be their guardian in case Hroðgar dies. In a deliberately ironic passage it appears that the queen trusts Hroðulf, not suspecting that he will murder her sons to claim the throne for himself: No existence of any Hreðric or Hroðmund, sons of Hroðgar, has survived in Scandinavian sources (although Hreðric has been suggested to be the same person as Hroerekr/Roricus, a Danish king generally described as a son or successor of Ingjald).", "In a deliberately ironic passage it appears that the queen trusts Hroðulf, not suspecting that he will murder her sons to claim the throne for himself: No existence of any Hreðric or Hroðmund, sons of Hroðgar, has survived in Scandinavian sources (although Hreðric has been suggested to be the same person as Hroerekr/Roricus, a Danish king generally described as a son or successor of Ingjald). This Hroerekr is sometimes said to have been killed by Hrólfr, vindicating the foreshadowing in Beowulf.", "This Hroerekr is sometimes said to have been killed by Hrólfr, vindicating the foreshadowing in Beowulf. The Scyldings were in conflict with another clan or tribe named the Heaðobards led by their king Froda and his son Ingeld. It is in relation to this war that Hroðulf is mentioned in the other Anglo-Saxon poem where he appears, Widsith. Hrólf and Hroðulf A common identification is that Hrólf Kraki is the same as the character Hroðulf (Hroðgar's nephew) in Beowulf.", "Hrólf and Hroðulf A common identification is that Hrólf Kraki is the same as the character Hroðulf (Hroðgar's nephew) in Beowulf. There seems to be some foreshadowing in Beowulf that Hroðulf will attempt to usurp the throne from Hroðgar's sons Hreðric and Hroðmund, a deed that also seems to be referred to in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum (Book 2), where we find: \"... our king, who laid low Rorik, the son of Bok the covetous, and wrapped the coward in death.\"", "There seems to be some foreshadowing in Beowulf that Hroðulf will attempt to usurp the throne from Hroðgar's sons Hreðric and Hroðmund, a deed that also seems to be referred to in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum (Book 2), where we find: \"... our king, who laid low Rorik, the son of Bok the covetous, and wrapped the coward in death.\" Rorik is the form we would expect Hreðric to take in Danish and we find personages named Rorik or Hrok or similar in most version of the Hrólf Kraki tradition, but differently accounted for, seemingly indicating that Scandinavian tradition had forgotten who exactly Hreðric/Rorik/Hrok was and various story tellers subsequently invented details to explain references to this personage in older poems.", "Rorik is the form we would expect Hreðric to take in Danish and we find personages named Rorik or Hrok or similar in most version of the Hrólf Kraki tradition, but differently accounted for, seemingly indicating that Scandinavian tradition had forgotten who exactly Hreðric/Rorik/Hrok was and various story tellers subsequently invented details to explain references to this personage in older poems. The future slaying of Hreðric may be the occasion of the future burning of the hall of Heorot in the beginning of the poem – though some take it instead to refer to the legendary death of Hrólf Kraki, who in Icelandic sources is said to have died in the burning of his hall by his brother-in-law Hjörvard.", "The future slaying of Hreðric may be the occasion of the future burning of the hall of Heorot in the beginning of the poem – though some take it instead to refer to the legendary death of Hrólf Kraki, who in Icelandic sources is said to have died in the burning of his hall by his brother-in-law Hjörvard. Beowulf and Bjarki The standard view is that, if Beowulf himself has a 'cognate' character in Rolf Kraki's story, it is Bödvar Bjarki (Bodvar Biarke), who also has a younger companion, Hjalti (Hialte) – perhaps matching the Beowulf character Wiglaf.", "Beowulf and Bjarki The standard view is that, if Beowulf himself has a 'cognate' character in Rolf Kraki's story, it is Bödvar Bjarki (Bodvar Biarke), who also has a younger companion, Hjalti (Hialte) – perhaps matching the Beowulf character Wiglaf. Beowulf comes from Geatland (= Götaland) and one of Bödvar Bjarki's elder brothers, Thorir, becomes a king of Götaland.", "Beowulf comes from Geatland (= Götaland) and one of Bödvar Bjarki's elder brothers, Thorir, becomes a king of Götaland. Moreover, like Beowulf, Bödvar Bjarki arrives in Denmark from Götaland (Geatland), and upon arriving in Denmark he kills a beast that has been ravaging the Danish court for two years. The monster in Hrólf Krakis saga, however, is quite unlike the Grendel of Beowulf; but it does have characteristics of a more typical dragon, a creature which appears later in Beowulf.", "The monster in Hrólf Krakis saga, however, is quite unlike the Grendel of Beowulf; but it does have characteristics of a more typical dragon, a creature which appears later in Beowulf. Just as Beowulf and Wiglaf slay a dragon at the end of Beowulf, Bödvar Bjarki and Hjalti help each other slay the creature in Denmark. Proponents of this theory, like J. R. R. Tolkien, argue that both the names Beowulf (lit.", "Proponents of this theory, like J. R. R. Tolkien, argue that both the names Beowulf (lit. \"bee-wolf\", a kenning for \"bear\") and Bjarki are associated with bears. Bodvar Bjarki is constantly associated with bears, his father actually being one. In some of the Hrólf Kraki material, Bödvar Bjarki aids Adils in defeating Adils' uncle Áli, in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. In Beowulf, the hero Beowulf aids Eadgils in Eadgils' war against Onela.", "In Beowulf, the hero Beowulf aids Eadgils in Eadgils' war against Onela. As far as this Swedish adventure is concerned, Beowulf and Bödvar Bjarki are one and the same. This match supports the hypothesis that the adventure with the dragon is also originally derived from the same story. Hrothgar and Hróar As for the king of the Danes, Hroðgar, he is identical to Hróar or Ro, the uncle of Hrólf Kraki who in other sources outside of Beowulf rules as a co-king with his brother Helgi.", "Hrothgar and Hróar As for the king of the Danes, Hroðgar, he is identical to Hróar or Ro, the uncle of Hrólf Kraki who in other sources outside of Beowulf rules as a co-king with his brother Helgi. But in those sources it is Hróar/Hroðgar who dies before his brother or who departs to Northumberland to rule his wife's kingdom leaving Helgi/Halga the sole rule of Denmark. In Beowulf Halga/Helgi has died and Hroðgar is the primary ruler with Hroðulf son of Halga as a junior co-ruler.", "In Beowulf Halga/Helgi has died and Hroðgar is the primary ruler with Hroðulf son of Halga as a junior co-ruler. Furthermore, the Swedish kings referenced in Beowulf are adequately matched with the 5th and 6th century Swedish kings in Uppsala (see also Swedish semi-legendary kings): This has obviously nothing to do with a common origin of the Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki legends in particular but simply reflects a shared genealogical tradition.", "Furthermore, the Swedish kings referenced in Beowulf are adequately matched with the 5th and 6th century Swedish kings in Uppsala (see also Swedish semi-legendary kings): This has obviously nothing to do with a common origin of the Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki legends in particular but simply reflects a shared genealogical tradition. Widsith The poem Widsith also mentions Hroðgar and Hroðulf, but indicates that the feud with Ingeld did not end until the latter was defeated at Heorot: This piece suggests that the conflict between the Scyldings Hroðgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England.", "Widsith The poem Widsith also mentions Hroðgar and Hroðulf, but indicates that the feud with Ingeld did not end until the latter was defeated at Heorot: This piece suggests that the conflict between the Scyldings Hroðgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England. This conflict also appears in Scandinavian sources, but in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud (see Hrólf Kraki's saga and Skjöldunga saga).", "This conflict also appears in Scandinavian sources, but in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud (see Hrólf Kraki's saga and Skjöldunga saga). Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses The Chronicon Lethrense and the included Annales Lundenses tell that Haldan (Healfdene) had two sons, Helghe (Halga) and Ro (Hroðgar). When Haldan died of old age, Helghe and Ro divided the kingdom so that Ro ruled the land, and Helghe the sea.", "When Haldan died of old age, Helghe and Ro divided the kingdom so that Ro ruled the land, and Helghe the sea. One day, Helghe arrived in Halland/Lolland and slept with Thore, the daughter of one of Ro's farmers. This resulted in a daughter named Yrse. Much later, he met Yrse, and without knowing that she was his daughter, he made her pregnant with Rolf. Eventually, Helghe found out that Yrse was his own daughter and, out of shame, went east and killed himself.", "Eventually, Helghe found out that Yrse was his own daughter and, out of shame, went east and killed himself. Both Helghe and Ro being dead, a Swedish king, called Hakon in the Chronicon Lethrense proper, and Athisl in the Annales – corresponding to Eadgils – forced the Danes to accept a dog as king. The dog king was succeeded by Rolf Krage. Rolf Krage was a big man in body and soul and was so generous that no one asked him for anything twice.", "Rolf Krage was a big man in body and soul and was so generous that no one asked him for anything twice. His sister Skulda was married against Rolf's will to Hartwar or Hiarwarth (Heoroweard), a German earl of Skåne, but reputedly Rolf had given Skulda to him together with Sweden. This Hartwar arrived in Zealand with a large army and said that he wanted to give his tribute to Rolf, but killed Rolf together with all his men.", "This Hartwar arrived in Zealand with a large army and said that he wanted to give his tribute to Rolf, but killed Rolf together with all his men. Only one survived, Wigg, who played along until he was to do homage to Hartwar. Then, he pierced Hartwar with a sword, and so Hartwar was king for only one morning. Gesta Danorum The Book 2 of the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus contains roughly the same information as the Chronicon Lethrense and the Annales Lundenses, i.e.", "Gesta Danorum The Book 2 of the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus contains roughly the same information as the Chronicon Lethrense and the Annales Lundenses, i.e. that Ro (Hroðgar) and Helgo (Halga) were the son of Haldanus (Healfdene). When Haldanus died of old age, Ro took the land and Helgo the water. One day during his sea roving, Helgo arrived at Thurø, where he found and raped the young girl Thora, which resulted in Urse (Yrsa).", "One day during his sea roving, Helgo arrived at Thurø, where he found and raped the young girl Thora, which resulted in Urse (Yrsa). When Helgo after many years returned to Thurø, Thora avenged her lost virginity by sending Urse to Helgo who, unknowingly raped his own daughter. This resulted in Roluo, who was a gifted man, both physically and intellectually and as brave as he was tall.", "This resulted in Roluo, who was a gifted man, both physically and intellectually and as brave as he was tall. After some time Helgo repelled a Swedish invasion, avenged Ro by killing the Swedish king Hothbrodd, and made the Swedes pay tribute. However, he committed suicide due to shame for his incestuous relationship with Urse. Roluo succeeded him.", "Roluo succeeded him. Roluo succeeded him. The new king of Sweden, Athislus (Eadgils), thought that the tribute to the Daner might be smaller if he married the Danish king's mother and so took Urse for a queen. However, after some time, Urse was so upset with the Swedish king's greed that she thought out a ruse to run away from the king and at the same time liberate him of his wealth.", "However, after some time, Urse was so upset with the Swedish king's greed that she thought out a ruse to run away from the king and at the same time liberate him of his wealth. She incited Athislus to rebel against Roluo, and arranged so that Roluo would be invited and promised a wealth in gifts. At the banquet Roluo was at first not recognised by his mother, but when their fondness was commented on by Athisl, the Swedish king and Roluo made a wager where Roluo would prove his endurance.", "At the banquet Roluo was at first not recognised by his mother, but when their fondness was commented on by Athisl, the Swedish king and Roluo made a wager where Roluo would prove his endurance. Roluo was placed in front of a fire that exposed him to such heat that finally a maiden could suffer the sight no more and extinguished the fire. Roluo was greatly recompensed by Athisl for his endurance.", "Roluo was greatly recompensed by Athisl for his endurance. Roluo was greatly recompensed by Athisl for his endurance. When the banquet had lasted for three days, Urse and Roluo escaped from Uppsala, early in the morning in carriages where they had put all the Swedish king's treasure.", "When the banquet had lasted for three days, Urse and Roluo escaped from Uppsala, early in the morning in carriages where they had put all the Swedish king's treasure. In order to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path (later in the work, this is referred to as \"sowing the Fyrisvellir\"), although there was a rumour that she only spread gilded copper.", "In order to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path (later in the work, this is referred to as \"sowing the Fyrisvellir\"), although there was a rumour that she only spread gilded copper. When Athislus, who was pursuing the escapers saw that a precious ring was lying on the ground, he bent down to pick it up. Roluo was pleased to see the king of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother.", "Roluo was pleased to see the king of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother. A young man named Wigg was impressed with Roluo's bodily size and gave him the cognomen Krage, which meant a tall tree trunk used as a ladder. Roluo liked this name and rewarded Wigg with a heavy bracelet. Wigg, then, swore to Roluo to avenge him, if he was killed.", "Wigg, then, swore to Roluo to avenge him, if he was killed. Roluo later defeated Athislus and gave Sweden to young man named Hiartuar (Heoroweard), who also married Roluo's sister Skulde. Skulde, however, did not like the fact that her husband had to pay taxes to Roluo and so incited Hiartuar to rebel against him. They so went to Lejre (a town which Roluo had built) with arms hidden in the ships, under the pretense that they wanted to pay tribute.", "They so went to Lejre (a town which Roluo had built) with arms hidden in the ships, under the pretense that they wanted to pay tribute. They were well-received, but after the banquet, when most people were drunk asleep, the Swedes and the Goths (i.e. the Geats) proceeded to kill everyone at Roluo's residence.", "the Geats) proceeded to kill everyone at Roluo's residence. After a long battle, involving Roluo's champion Bjarki, who fought in the shape of a spirit bear until he was awakened by his comrade Hjalti, the Geats won and Roluo was killed. Hiartuar asked Wigg if he wanted to fight for him, and Wigg said yes. Hiartuar wanted to give Wigg a sword, but he insisted on receiving it by taking the hilt.", "Hiartuar wanted to give Wigg a sword, but he insisted on receiving it by taking the hilt. Having the hilt in his hand, Wigg pierced Hiartuar with the sword and so avenged Roluo. Swedes and Geats then rushed forward and killed Wigg. The Swedish king Høtherus (based on the god Höðr), the brother of Athislus, succeeded Roluo and became the king of a combined Sweden and Denmark.", "The Swedish king Høtherus (based on the god Höðr), the brother of Athislus, succeeded Roluo and became the king of a combined Sweden and Denmark. Hrólfr Kraki's saga In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, Halfdan (Healfdene) had three children, the sons Helgi (Halga) and Hróarr (Hroðgar) and the daughter Signý. The sister was the eldest and married to Sævil Jarl, with whom she had the son Hrókr.", "The sister was the eldest and married to Sævil Jarl, with whom she had the son Hrókr. Halfdan was murdered by his own brother Fróði (Froda) and the two brothers had to seek refuge with a man called Vivil on an island, until they could avenge their father and kill Fróði. Whereas Hróarr moved to Northumbria and married the king's daughter, Helgi (i.e. Halga) went to the Saxons wanting to woo their warlike queen Oluf.", "Halga) went to the Saxons wanting to woo their warlike queen Oluf. She was, however, not interested and humiliated Helgi by shaving his head and covering him with tar, while he was asleep, and sending him back to his ship. Some time later, Helgi returned and through a ruse, he kidnapped the queen for a while during which time he made her pregnant. Having returned to her kingdom, the queen bore a child, a girl which she named Yrsa after her dog.", "Having returned to her kingdom, the queen bore a child, a girl which she named Yrsa after her dog. Yrsa was set to live as a shepherd, until she was 12 years old, when she met her father Helgi who fell in love with her, not knowing it was his daughter. Oluf kept quiet about the parentage and saw it as her revenge that Helgi would wed his own daughter. Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr.", "Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr. Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr. Learning that Helgi and Yrsa lived happily together, queen Oluf travelled to Denmark to tell her daughter the truth. Yrsa was shocked and although Helgi wanted their relationship to remain as it was, Yrsa insisted on leaving him to live alone. She was later taken by the Swedish king Aðils (Eadgils) as his queen, which made Helgi even more unhappy. Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, but was killed by Aðils in battle.", "Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, but was killed by Aðils in battle. In Lejre, he was succeeded by his son Hrólfr. Hrólfr soon assembled twelve great berserkers named Hrómundr harði, Hrólfr skjóthendi, Svipdagr, Beigaðr, Hvítserkr inn hvati, Haklangr, Harðrefill, Haki inn frækni, Vöttr inn mikilaflaði, Starólfr, Hjalti inn hugprúði and Bödvar Bjarki. After some time, Bödvar Bjarki encouraged Hrólfr to go Uppsala to claim the gold that Aðils had taken from Helgi after the battle.", "After some time, Bödvar Bjarki encouraged Hrólfr to go Uppsala to claim the gold that Aðils had taken from Helgi after the battle. Hrólfr departed with 120 men and his twelve berserkers and during a rest they were tested by a farmer called Hrani (Odin in disguise) who advised Hrólfr to send back all his troops but his twelve berserkers, as numbers would not help him against Aðils.", "Hrólfr departed with 120 men and his twelve berserkers and during a rest they were tested by a farmer called Hrani (Odin in disguise) who advised Hrólfr to send back all his troops but his twelve berserkers, as numbers would not help him against Aðils. They were at first well received, but in his hall, Aðils did his best to stop Hrólfr with pit traps and hidden warriors who attacked the Danes. Finally Aðils entertained them but put them to a test where they had to endure immense heat by a fire.", "Finally Aðils entertained them but put them to a test where they had to endure immense heat by a fire. Hrólfr and his berserkers finally had enough and threw the courtiers, who were feeding the fire, into the fire and leapt at Aðils. The Swedish king disappeared through a hollow tree trunk that stood in his hall. Yrsa admonished Aðils for wanting to kill her son, and went to meet the Danes. She gave them a man named Vöggr to entertain them.", "She gave them a man named Vöggr to entertain them. This Vöggr remarked that Hrólfr had the thin face of a pole ladder, a Kraki. Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it.", "Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it. They then found out that Aðils had set the hall on fire, and so they broke out of the hall, only to find themselves surrounded by heavily armed warriors in the street. After a fight, king Aðils retreated to summon reinforcements. Yrsa then provided her son with a silver drinking horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring, Svíagris.", "Yrsa then provided her son with a silver drinking horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring, Svíagris. Then she gave Hrólf and his men twelve of the Swedish king's best horses, and all the armour and provisions they needed. Hrólfr took a fond farewell of his mother and departed over the Fyrisvellir. When they saw Aðils and his warriors in pursuit, they spread the gold behind themselves.", "When they saw Aðils and his warriors in pursuit, they spread the gold behind themselves. Aðils saw his precious Svíagris on the ground and stooped to pick it up with his spear, whereupon Hrólf cut his back with his sword and screamed in triumph that he had bent the back of the most powerful man in Sweden. Hrólfr lived in peace for some time. However, his half-elven half-sister Skuld was married to Hjörvarðr (Heoroweard) one of Hrólfr's subkings, and she began to turn her husband against Hrólfr.", "However, his half-elven half-sister Skuld was married to Hjörvarðr (Heoroweard) one of Hrólfr's subkings, and she began to turn her husband against Hrólfr. Under the pretext that they would wait three years before paying the accumulated tribute at one time, Skuld assembled a large army which included strong warriors, criminals, elves and norns. She used seiðr (witchcraft) to hide the great muster from Hrólfr and his champions. They then arrived at Lejre one yule for the midwinter celebrations, with all the weapons hidden in wagons.", "They then arrived at Lejre one yule for the midwinter celebrations, with all the weapons hidden in wagons. A fight started and like in the account found in Gesta Danorum, Bödvar Bjarki fought in the shape of a spirit bear until he was awakened by Hjalti. Skuld used her witchcraft to resuscitate her fallen warriors and after a long fight Hrólfr and all his berserkers fell. Skuld became the ruler of Denmark but did not rule well. Bödvar Bjarki's brothers Elk-Froði and Þorir Houndsfoot went to Denmark to avenge their brother.", "Bödvar Bjarki's brothers Elk-Froði and Þorir Houndsfoot went to Denmark to avenge their brother. The Swedish queen Yrsa gave them a large Swedish army headed by Vöggr. They captured Skuld before she could use her magic and tortured her to death. Then they raised a mound for Hrólfr Kraki where he was buried together with his sword Skofnung. Skjöldunga saga The Skjöldunga sagaNerman (1925:150) relates that Helgo (Halga) was the king of Denmark together with his brother Roas (Hroðgar).", "Skjöldunga saga The Skjöldunga sagaNerman (1925:150) relates that Helgo (Halga) was the king of Denmark together with his brother Roas (Hroðgar). Helgo raped Olava, the queen of the Saxons, and she bore a daughter named Yrsa. The girl later married king Adillus (Eadgils), the king of Sweden, with whom she had the daughter Scullda. Some years later, Helgo attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa, not knowing that she was his own daughter.", "Some years later, Helgo attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa, not knowing that she was his own daughter. He raped her and took her back to Denmark, where she bore the son Rolfo. After a few years, Yrsa's mother, queen Olava, came to visit her and told her that Helgo was her own father. In horror, Yrsa returned to Adillus, leaving her son behind. Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years old, and Rolfo succeeded him, and ruled together with his uncle Roas.", "Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years old, and Rolfo succeeded him, and ruled together with his uncle Roas. Not much later, Roas was killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo, whereupon Rolfo became the sole king of Denmark. In Sweden, Yrsa and Adillus married Scullda to the king of Öland, Hiørvardus (also called Hiorvardus and Hevardus, and who corresponds to Heoroweard in Beowulf).", "In Sweden, Yrsa and Adillus married Scullda to the king of Öland, Hiørvardus (also called Hiorvardus and Hevardus, and who corresponds to Heoroweard in Beowulf). As her half-brother Rolfo was not consulted about this marriage, he was infuriated and he attacked Öland and made Hiørvardus and his kingdom tributary to Denmark. After some time Adillus requested Rolfo's aid against king Ale (Onela) of Oppland, and Rolfo sent him his berserkers.", "After some time Adillus requested Rolfo's aid against king Ale (Onela) of Oppland, and Rolfo sent him his berserkers. Adillus then won the war, but refused to pay the expected tribute for the help and so Rolfo came to Uppsala to claim his recompense. After surviving some traps, Rolfo fled with Adillus' gold, helped by his mother Yrsa, and \"sowed\" it on the Fyrisvellir. Hiørvardus and his queen Skullda rebelled against Rolfo and killed him.", "Hiørvardus and his queen Skullda rebelled against Rolfo and killed him. However, Hiørvardus did not live long after this and was killed. Rolfo was succeeded by his father's cousin Rörek, who, however, had to leave Skåne to Valdar and could only keep Zealand. Skáldskaparmál In the Skáldskaparmál by Snorri Sturluson, the story of Hrólfr Kraki is presented in order to explain why gold was known by the kenning Kraki's seed. Snorri relates that Hrólfr was the most renowned king in Denmark for valour, generosity and graciousness.", "Snorri relates that Hrólfr was the most renowned king in Denmark for valour, generosity and graciousness. One day a poor boy called Vöggr arrived and expressed his surprise that such a great king would look like a little pole (kraki). Hrólfr said that Vöggr had given him a name and gave Vöggr a golden ring in recompense. In gratitude Vöggr swore to Hrólfr to avenge him, should he be killed.", "In gratitude Vöggr swore to Hrólfr to avenge him, should he be killed. A second tale was when the king of Sweden, Aðils (Eadgils), was in war with a Norwegian king named Áli (Onela), and they fought in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. Aðils was married to Yrsa, the mother of Hrólfr and so sent an embassy to Hrólfr asking him for help against Áli. He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense.", "He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense. He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense. Hrólfr was involved in a war against the Saxons and could not come in person but sent his twelve berserkers. Áli died in the war, and Aðils took Áli's helmet Battle-boar and his horse Raven.", "Áli died in the war, and Aðils took Áli's helmet Battle-boar and his horse Raven. The berserkers demanded three pounds of gold each in pay, and they demanded to choose the gifts that Aðils had promised Hrólfr, that is the two pieces of armour that nothing could pierce: the helmet battle-boar and the mailcoat Finn's heritage. They also wanted the famous ring Svíagris. Aðils considered the pay outrageous and refused. When Hrólfr heard that Aðils refused to pay, he set off to Uppsala.", "When Hrólfr heard that Aðils refused to pay, he set off to Uppsala. They brought the ships to the river Fyris and rode directly to the Swedish king's hall at Uppsala with his twelve berserkers. Yrsa welcomed them and led them to their lodgings. Fires were prepared for them and they were given drinks. However, so much wood was heaped on the fires that the clothes started to burn away from their bodies. Hrólfr and his men had enough and threw the courtiers on the fire.", "Hrólfr and his men had enough and threw the courtiers on the fire. Yrsa arrived and gave them a horn full of gold, the ring Svíagris and asked them to flee. As they rode over the Fyrisvellir, they saw Aðils and his men pursuing them. The fleeing men threw their gold on the plain so that the pursuers would stop to collect the gold. Aðils, however, continued the chase on his horse Slöngvir.", "Aðils, however, continued the chase on his horse Slöngvir. Hrólfr then threw Svíagris and saw how Aðils stooped down to pick up the ring with his spear. Hrólfr exclaimed that he had seen the mightiest man in Sweden bend his back. Ynglinga saga The Skjöldunga saga was used by Snorri Sturluson as a source when he told the story of Aðils (Eadgils) and Yrsa, in his Ynglinga saga, a part of the Heimskringla.", "Ynglinga saga The Skjöldunga saga was used by Snorri Sturluson as a source when he told the story of Aðils (Eadgils) and Yrsa, in his Ynglinga saga, a part of the Heimskringla. What remains of the Skjöldunga saga is a Latin summary by Arngrímur Jónsson, and so the two versions are basically the same, the main difference being that Arngrímur's version is more terse. Snorri relates that Aðils betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geirþjófr and queen Alof the Great.", "Snorri relates that Aðils betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geirþjófr and queen Alof the Great. The king and consort were not at home, and so Aðils and his men plundered their residence at ease driving cattle and captives down to the ships. One of the captives was a remarkably beautiful girl named Yrsa, and Snorri writes that everyone was soon impressed with the well-mannered, pretty and intelligent girl. Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen.", "Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen. Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen. Some years later, Helgi (Halga), who ruled in Lejre, attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa. He raped Yrsa, his own daughter, and took her back to Lejre, where she bore him the son Hrólfr. When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father.", "When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father. Horrified, Yrsa returned to Aðils, leaving her son behind, and stayed in Sweden for the rest of her life. When Hrólfr was eight years old, Helgi died during a war expedition and Hrólf was proclaimed king.", "When Hrólfr was eight years old, Helgi died during a war expedition and Hrólf was proclaimed king. Snorri finishes his account by briefly mentioning that the Skjöldunga saga contained an extensive account of how Hrólf came to Uppsala and sowed gold on the Fyrisvellir. Gróttasöngr The Gróttasöngr contains a stanza (nr 22) sung by the giantesses Fenja and Menja. It only names Yrsa and the situation that her son and brother (i.e.", "It only names Yrsa and the situation that her son and brother (i.e. Hroðulf) will avenge Fródi (Froda): This piece cannot refer to Hrólfr Kraki's saga where Froda was the half-brother of Healfdene because this Froda was killed by Hroðgar (and therefore they avenged him). It can, however, be interpreted through the Skjöldunga saga in which Hroðulf's uncle Hroðgar was murdered by his half-brother Froda.", "It can, however, be interpreted through the Skjöldunga saga in which Hroðulf's uncle Hroðgar was murdered by his half-brother Froda. Either Frodi's death is the one they want to avenge, or they seek vengeance for Hroðgar, killed by his half brother. The Danish equivalent of hefna is at hævne, meaning revenge (or avenging), in this case for Fródi's murder, indicating no relation to Hroðgars death, but to Frodi's.", "The Danish equivalent of hefna is at hævne, meaning revenge (or avenging), in this case for Fródi's murder, indicating no relation to Hroðgars death, but to Frodi's. 'Kin' and 'kinsmen' share a certain reference to blood relation, yet 'brother' can also have the meaning of either: 'one of us' and 'our tribesmen', or simply 'son and brother'. After being recognized for his deeds, Yrsa will see Hroðulf as her son once more.", "After being recognized for his deeds, Yrsa will see Hroðulf as her son once more. Gautreks saga Hrólfr Kraki is mentioned briefly in Gautreks saga, written around 1300, when the adventurer Ref comes to him with a gift consisting of two dogs. In return for this gift Hrólfr gives him a helmet and a chainmail, both made of red gold. Modern references Danish playwright Johannes Ewald wrote a play about Rolf Krage (1770), based on Saxo's version of the story in Gesta Danorum.", "Modern references Danish playwright Johannes Ewald wrote a play about Rolf Krage (1770), based on Saxo's version of the story in Gesta Danorum. Danish poet Adam Oehlenschläger wrote a poem, Helge: et Digt (1814). The American writer Poul Anderson used this story in his novel Hrolf Kraki's Saga (1973). Anderson's story begins in earlier generations and more or less follows the version in Hrolfr Kraki's Saga described above. The book was well received by many fantasy fans.", "The book was well received by many fantasy fans. The book was well received by many fantasy fans. \"Sellic Spell', a fictionalized treatment of the story by J. R. R. Tolkien, was published in Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary on May 22, 2014, Tolkien himself explaining that his was \"a limited...attempt to reconstruct the Anglo-Saxon tale that lies behind the folk-tale element in Beowulf\". The Danish Navy's first ironclad warship was named Rolf Krake.", "The Danish Navy's first ironclad warship was named Rolf Krake. Notes Bibliography and external links English translations of the Old Norse Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans : The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and his Champions. Trans. Peter Tunstall (2003). Available at Norse saga: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and Northvegr: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki. The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. Trans. Jesse L. Byock (1998). London: Penguin. .", "Trans. Jesse L. Byock (1998). London: Penguin. . . Selection from this translation are available at The Viking Site: Excerpts from The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. \"King Hrolf and his champions\" included in Eirik the Red: And Other Icelandic Sagas. Trans. Gwyn Jones (1961). Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press. .", "Gwyn Jones (1961). Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press. . . Original texts''': Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Old Norse from heimskringla.no Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Old Norse from heimskringla.no University of Oregon: Norse: Fornaldarsögur norðurlanda: Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans Sagnanet: Hrólfs saga kraka Anderson, Poul (1973). Hrolf Kraki's Saga. New York: Ballantine Books. . New York: Del Rey Books. . Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, .", ". Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, . Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, . Literary Encyclopedia entry Birger Nerman, 1925, Det svenska rikets uppkomst (in Swedish)Beowulf: Beowulf read aloud in Old English Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere Modern English translation by John Lesslie Hall Ringler, Dick. Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery, May 2005. Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.", "Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries. Several different Modern English translationsChronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense: Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense in translation by Peter Tunstall The same translation at Northvegr Book 2 of Gesta Danorum at the Online and Medieval & Classical library The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg the Ynglinga saga in translation by Samuel Laing, 1844, at Northvegr The Gróttasöngr in Thorpe's translation Skáldskaparmál: Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda in the original language CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (English) CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (Old Norse) Malone, Kemp.", "Several different Modern English translationsChronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense: Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense in translation by Peter Tunstall The same translation at Northvegr Book 2 of Gesta Danorum at the Online and Medieval & Classical library The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg the Ynglinga saga in translation by Samuel Laing, 1844, at Northvegr The Gróttasöngr in Thorpe's translation Skáldskaparmál: Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda in the original language CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (English) CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (Old Norse) Malone, Kemp. Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech.", "Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech. Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech. S. Einarsson & N.E. Eliason, eds. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1959. Lukman, Niels Clausen. Skjoldunge und Skilfinge. Hunnen- und Heruler-könige in Ostnordischer Überlieferung. Classica et Mediaevalia, dissertationes III. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag, 1943. Hemmingsen, Lars. By Word of Mouth: the origins of Danish legendary history - studies in European learned and popular traditions of Dacians and Danes before A.D. 1200.", "By Word of Mouth: the origins of Danish legendary history - studies in European learned and popular traditions of Dacians and Danes before A.D. 1200. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Copenhagen (Dept. of Folklore), 1995. Anderson, Carl Edlund. Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English). Overing, Gillian R., and Marijane Osborn.", "Overing, Gillian R., and Marijane Osborn. Overing, Gillian R., and Marijane Osborn. 'Landscape of Desire: Partial Stories of the Medieval Scandinavian World.' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994: 1-37. (possible sailing times and the account of a \"Beowulfian\" voyage on the Cattegat) 6th-century monarchs in Europe English heroic legends Characters in Beowulf Heroes in Norse myths and legends People whose existence is disputed Scyldings" ]

[ "Hrólfr Kraki", "Beowulf and Bjarki", "Where is beowolf from?", "Beowulf comes from Geatland (= Gotaland)", "What does Beowolf do?", "the hero Beowulf aids Eadgils in Eadgils' war against Onela." ]

[ "Breca (sometimes spelled Breoca or Brecca) was a Bronding who, according to the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf, was Beowulf's childhood friend. Breca defeated Beowulf in what, by consensus, is described as a swimming match.\n\nWhile dining, Unferth alludes to the story of their contest as a reproach to Beowulf's impulsiveness and foolhardiness, and Beowulf then relates it in detail, explaining how he needed to stop and defeat multiple sea monsters (nicors) during the match, so, although he arrived at the goal after Breca, his was the more worthy journey.\n\nIn line 522 of Beowulf, Breca is identified as lond Brondinga (“of the Brondings’ land\"). Breca is also mentioned in Widsith, an Anglo-Saxon poem (also known, usually by the translations of Benjamin Thorpe, as The Skôp, or The Gleema's Tale, or The Skald's Tale) known only from a 10th-century copy, as the ruler (in some unspecified previous century) of the Brondings (line 25 of Widsith):\n Cassere weold Creacum, ond Caelic Finnum, ...     Caesar rules the Greeks, and Caelic the Finns, ...\n Meaca Myrgingum, Mearchealf Hundingum,             Meaca the Myrinings, Marchalf the Hundings,\n þeodric weold Froncum, þyle Rondingum,               Theodoric ruled the Franks, Thyle the Rondings,\n Breoca Brondingum, Billing Wernum, .....                 Breca the Brondings, Billing the Wernas, .....\n\nThis is presumably the same Breca as mentioned in Beowulf. In Beowulf, Breca is further identified, in line 524, as sunu Bēanstānes (“Beanstan’s son”), as if the name Breca and the mention of Beanstan would be familiar enough to Unferth's audience to adequately identify him (although Beanstan is not otherwise mentioned in any surviving document ).\n\nIt was long ago theorized that the Brondings and Breca lived on the island of Brännö outside of modern Gothenburg (the second largest city in Sweden). On the other hand, from the mention in Widsith, with the Brondings mentioned immediately before the Wernas (and the Wernas supposedly being the Varini on the Elbe), it has been suggested that the Brondings might have located near them, perhaps in Mecklenburg or Pomerania. It has even been suggested that the Brondings, whose name suggests the crashing of waves, are entirely mythical.\n\nThe nature of the contest\nSome scholars have debated whether Beowulf and Breca competed in a swimming match or a rowing match. Ambiguities in the translation of Beowulf have left scholars with multiple interpretations for the Beowulf-Breca “swimming” episode. Karl P. Wentersdorf of Xavier University writes, “An adventure in which two youths spend seven days and nights swimming at sea is more than extraordinary, particularly since they are carrying heavy iron swords and wearing cumbersome coats of chain mail.” Such a remarkable feat would not, however, be very incongruous with the poem's other portrayals of Beowulf's heroic prowess. Unferth describes this as a foolhardy contest or race, but when Beowulf offers his own version of events, it becomes a youthful confidence-building or team-building shared challenge, much like a camping or mountaineering trip, in which the two participants endeavored to stay together rather than one leave the other far behind.\n\nAccording to Wentersdorf, the trouble with translation “results from the ambiguity of the word sund in the lines ymb sund flite (line 508) and he þeaet sunde oferflat (lines 517-518).” Sund, though often translated by scholars as “swim” could, through evolution of language, be interpreted as “rowing”. Beowulf and Breca could have been rowing together or competing to see who was the more prodigious rower. The Old English term rēon, used twice in this portion of Beowulf (namely lines 513 and 540), is not translated as “swim” in any other Anglo-Saxon poetry. The kennings earmum þehton (line 514, þeccean “to cover, conceal”) and mundum brugdon (line 515a, bregdan “to pull, move quickly, swing, draw”), used by Unferth to describe Beowulf's match against Breca, are applicable to both swimming and rowing. Twice in this portion (lines 514 and 540) that sund is used is in the same lines as rēon, and both times forming the three-word phrase on sund rēon, which would seem to mean \"rowing on the sea\" – but there is an Anglo-Saxon word, onsund, which means “sound, physically strong, uninjured”, in most transcriptions of the Beowulf text it does not occur, but in the original manuscript, at line 513 on and sund have apparently been rewritten after being scraped from the parchment and seem slightly closer together than two separate words ordinarily are (although Zupitza's transcription treats them as two separate words), and in line 540 the manuscript clearly uses onsund as a single word and Zupitza transcribes it as a single word – although he drew a thin line of separation after on, which may indicate that he did not know that onsund was a word with a meaning of its own. Onsund is found in a lot of other Anglo-Saxon artifacts. In Icelandic, at least, sund requires a preposition, not found here in Beowulf, to mean swimming rather than merely something aquatic.\n\nUnferth also uses the phrases wada cunnedon (line 509), “made trial of the waters”, and glidon ofer garsecg (line 515), “glided over the sea” during his description of Beowulf's match against Breca. Both terms are equally applicable to swimming and rowing. Rowing was, as much as swimming or water-wrestling, an essential skill for warriors during the Anglo-Saxon era, so a rowing competition between Beowulf and Breca would not have been out of the question. Although there are Nordic tales of swimming competitions, no other has characteristics of such extreme duration and danger as this – which, strictly speaking, was not a race but merely a testing of their own strength. Moreover, the duration of the challenge seems to make rowing more likely than swimming; seven days and nights immersed in Scandinavian waters, in winter no less (line 516), evidently without food nor an opportunity to go ashore for sleep or warmth, seems lethal (and certainly more arduous than Diana Nyad’s five attempts – only the last one successful – to swim from Cuba to Miami, each effort lasting only 2½ days).\n\nAdditionally, the text refers to Beowulf as fleotan (line 543) – “floating”, and being on sidne sæ (line 508), and on deóp wæter (line 510) – “upon the wide sea” and “upon the deep water” and similar expressions—putting him consistently atop or above the water, rather than in or under the water. In line 515, he is described as having glidon ofer garsecg – “glided over / above the surf”; again, an image more in keeping with rowing than swimming. Further, in line 581, fatigued from his struggles with the sea monsters, Beowulf was carried by the currents to the land of the Finns (presumably a great distance) – and here the original manuscript's text clearly reads wudu weallendu – wudu, a word related to “wood” and often meaning “boat” (or perhaps “raft”), as it does in lines 216, 298 and elsewhere, so that Beowulf was carried to the Finns on a tossing, quaking boat; however, several editors and translators saw an obscure difficulty (between the masculine wudu and the neuter weallendu) and insisted on changing the wudu (“boat”) to wadu (“water”), making it appear that Beowulf was carried to the Finns on “surging water” (and, naturally, translators relying on the printed Anglo-Saxon text worked up by such editors were innocently led to the same result).\n\nSignificance of the story \n\nThe story of the aquatic adventure with Breca is introduced into the Beowulf saga for a number of reasons. First, we are introduced to Unferth, evidently a significant member of Hrothgar's court, but we are immediately encouraged to dislike him, because we are told he is motivated by envy and wishes to embarrass Hrothgar's honored guest. Second, it enables the introduction of a separate story (coming before the confrontation with Grendel) attesting, after a fashion, to Beowulf's strength, courage, and resourcefulness. Third, it tells us that Beowulf has already overcome monsters other than Grendel – several of them – so that he is suited for the challenge he faces. When he tells his side of the story, Beowulf manages to include some rude rebuffs to Unferth (the mention of Unferth killing his kin may be nothing more than slanging, just as modern American patois uses an accusation of ‘a particular form of incest’). Further in the saga, when Heriot is being attacked by Grendel's Mother, we shall see Unferth approach Beowulf in humility, offering his own family's heirloom sword.\n\nIn popular culture\n Breca appears as a main character, portrayed by Gísli Örn Garðarsson, in Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands, which depicts him and Beowulf as having become companions as adults after Beowulf saved Breca from a lynch mob.\n\nNotes \n\nEnglish heroic legends\nBreca\nLiterary characters", "Wiglaf (Proto-Norse: *Wīgalaibaz, meaning \"battle remainder\"; ) is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf. He is the son of Weohstan, a Swede of the Wægmunding clan who had entered the service of Beowulf, king of the Geats. Wiglaf is called Scylfing as a metonym for Swede, as the Scylfings were the ruling Swedish clan. While in the service of the Scylfing Onela, king of the Swedes, Weohstan killed the rebel prince Eanmund and took his sword as a trophy; Wiglaf later inherited it. Weohstan belonged to the clan of the Wægmundings, the same clan Beowulf's father Ecgþeow belonged to; so Wiglaf is Beowulf's distant cousin, and his only living relative at the time of Beowulf's death.\n\nScholars have proposed various interpretations of Wiglaf's role in the poem, but agree that he is important, and that he was Beowulf's nephew, a key relationship in heroic tales of the period.\n\nWiglaf has a counterpart in Scandinavian sources named Hjalti who serves as a side-kick to Beowulf's counterpart Bödvar Bjarki, and in Bjarkamál, Hjalti makes speeches comparable to those made by Wiglaf in Beowulf.\n\nBeowulf\n\nWiglaf first appears in Beowulf at line 2602, as a member of the band of thanes who go with Beowulf to seek out the dragon that has attacked Geat-Land. This is the first time Wiglaf has gone to war at Beowulf's side. He is called a \"praise-worthy shield-warrior\", a \"prince of the Scylfings\", and mæg ælfheres, \"kinsman of Ælfhere.\"\n\nWhen Beowulf damages his sword wounding the dragon and is burned by the dragon's fire, Wiglaf is the only man of Beowulf's band to overcome his fear of the dragon. He rebukes the other thanes and goes to Beowulf's aid crying words of encouragement.\n\nWiglaf does not retreat, though his shield is consumed by fire. When Beowulf wounds the dragon a second time, striking so hard his sword shatters, Wiglaf strikes at the open wound with his own sword, tearing at the dragon's throat so it can no longer breathe fire. His hand is badly burned, but his attack allows Beowulf to close and kill the dragon. The poet says of Wiglaf, \"So should a man be, a thane at need!\"\n\nAt Beowulf's command, Wiglaf gathers treasure from the dragon's lair and piles it where Beowulf can see it. The dying Beowulf tells Wiglaf to \"watch his people's needs\" (by which he means that Wiglaf is to become the next king.) He tells Wiglaf to build him a funeral mound and gives Wiglaf his rings, helm, and mail-shirt. He says that Wiglaf is now \"the last of the Wægmundings.\"\n\nThe other eleven men that came with Beowulf gather around the body, and Wiglaf condemns them for their failure of duty and declares that he will order them exiled. He sends a messenger to tell the other Geats what has happened. When the Geats have gathered, Wiglaf addresses them, mourning Beowulf's death and expressing dismay at the bleak future of the Geats without Beowulf to guard them.\n\nWiglaf's last appearance is at line 3120, where he chooses seven thanes to help him push the dragon's corpse over the cliff into the sea, loot the lair, and lay the treasure on Beowulf's funeral pyre.\n\nSignificance\n\nFlees, and turns back \n\nR. R. Lumiansky notes that while a common interpretation is that Wiglaf is the only one of Beowulf's companions who does not flee, Wiglaf actually flees along with the cowardly companions, as he must be far away from the fight when he addresses the cowards. In this interpretation, Wiglaf then remembers his duty of kinship and the bravery of his father Weohstan. This brings a feeling of remorse, and he tries without success to persuade the companions; he returns to the fight alone. He then feels moved to encourage Beowulf, an action that could be seen as surprising from a youth facing his first fight to a heroic King, and at last to join the fight against the dragon.\n\nA Wægmunding, Beowulf's nephew \n\nNorman E. Eliason notes that Wiglaf is a member of the Waegmundings, a Swedish clan. In his view, this is \"of crucial significance\". As he dies, Beowulf gives Wiglaf his armour and torque, which Eliason glosses as \"very likely a royal emblem he had worn about his neck\", noting that if he had had a son, he would have given this emblem to him. However, the poet, at this crucial moment, leaves the relationship between the two men vague, rather than doing the conventional thing in heroic verse of making it an uncle-nephew relationship, as scholars like Larry Benson have assumed, and like that of Beowulf and Hygelac. Eliason however disagrees with the widespread scholarly interpretation that Beowulf, too, was a Waegmunding, finding the suggestion that he was half-Swedish \"unthinkable or even ridiculous\". But, he writes, the poet \"makes it clear that as a Geat Beowulf had to take vengeance on Onela and that as a Waegmunding he was entitled to Onela's favour\". This leads Eliason to suggest that Beowulf's sister married Weohstan the Waegmunding, so Wiglaf is Beowulf's nephew after all.\n\nAllegory \n\nRichard North revisits the old hypothesis that the Beowulf Wiglaf, and indeed the whole poem, was commissioned by the historical King Wiglaf of Mercia as a memorial to King Beornwulf, at the same time presenting himself as successor; he had been an ealdorman, not the King's son, so the succession could have been in doubt. He notes the resemblance of the names (Beornwulf, Wiglaf) to the heroes in the poem, claiming that Wiglaf cannot be traced to any Scandinavian source.\n\nThe scholar Kevin Kiernan likens the survival of the Beowulf manuscript to Wiglaf's survival of the last fight of Beowulf the hero, noting however that while Wiglaf's efforts were all in vain, the manuscript somehow limped on.\n\nEtymology \n\nWiglaf's name appears to be an example of etymological refraction. The name is composed of two Old English elements, namely wig (fight, battle, war) and laf (what or who is left). When Wiglaf first enters battle alongside his lord, the poem is structured to reflect greater significance on his name. The separation and reversal of the elements of the name in the manuscript suggest that the name \"Wiglaf\" signifies \"the inheritor of strength\" or \"one that is fulfilled through battle\", according to the scholars Patrick J. Gallacher and Helen Damico. \n\nAn alternate understanding of the name in the context of a typical dithematic name, where the two elements may be as independent in meaning as separate names, \"laf\" could be read as \"one who remains, one who survives or endures\". Gallacher and Damico have acknowledged this alternative interpretation but feel that it is unnecessary to argue that one discernible element within a name submerges another as all interpretations are collectively useful in the pursuit of deep analysis.\n\nCultural references\n\nIn the 1981 animated film Grendel Grendel Grendel, Wiglaf (voiced by Ernie Bourne) is portrayed as one of Hrothgar's thanes rather than an ally of Beowulf, and is killed by Grendel.\n\nIn the 2007 film Beowulf (directed by Robert Zemeckis), Wiglaf's role (played by Brendan Gleeson) is larger; he is present in the film from the first introduction of Beowulf and the Geats to the end when Beowulf vanquishes the dragon and dies. The film makes Wiglaf into a sidekick, the second-in-command and the best friend of the epic hero.\n\nIn the 2018 Harry Potter fan-made film Voldemort: Origins of the Heir, the descendant of Rowena Ravenclaw is named Wiglaf Sigurdsson.\n\nSee also\n The Wanderer\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nPrimary\nThis list shows the parts of the Beowulf poem under discussion.\n\nSecondary\n\nCharacters in Beowulf\nEnglish heroic legends\nPeople whose existence is disputed" ]

[ "Hrólfr Kraki (Old Norse: ), Hroðulf, Rolfo, Roluo, Rolf Krage (early 6th century) was a semi-legendary Danish king who appears in both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian tradition. Both traditions describe him as a Danish Scylding, the nephew of Hroðgar and the grandson of Healfdene. The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions describe the same people.", "The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions describe the same people. Whereas the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and Widsith do not go further than treating his relationship with Hroðgar and their animosity with Froda and Ingeld, the Scandinavian sources expand on his life as the king at Lejre and on his relationship with Halga, Hroðgar's brother. In Beowulf and Widsith, it is never explained how Hroðgar and Hroðulf are uncle and nephew. Beowulf The poem Beowulf introduces Hroðulf as kinsman.", "Beowulf The poem Beowulf introduces Hroðulf as kinsman. Beowulf The poem Beowulf introduces Hroðulf as kinsman. Later, the text explains that Hroðulf is Hroðgar's nephew and that \"each was true to the other\". Hroðgar is given three siblings, brothers Heorogar and Halga and an unnamed sister, all the children of Healfdene and belonging to the royal clan known as the Scyldings. The poem does not indicate which of Hroðgar's siblings is Hroðulf's parent, but later Scandinavian tradition establishes this as Halga.", "The poem does not indicate which of Hroðgar's siblings is Hroðulf's parent, but later Scandinavian tradition establishes this as Halga. Hroðgar and queen Wealhþeow had two young sons, Hreðric and Hroðmund, and Hroðulf would be their guardian in case Hroðgar dies.", "Hroðgar and queen Wealhþeow had two young sons, Hreðric and Hroðmund, and Hroðulf would be their guardian in case Hroðgar dies. In a deliberately ironic passage it appears that the queen trusts Hroðulf, not suspecting that he will murder her sons to claim the throne for himself: No existence of any Hreðric or Hroðmund, sons of Hroðgar, has survived in Scandinavian sources (although Hreðric has been suggested to be the same person as Hroerekr/Roricus, a Danish king generally described as a son or successor of Ingjald).", "In a deliberately ironic passage it appears that the queen trusts Hroðulf, not suspecting that he will murder her sons to claim the throne for himself: No existence of any Hreðric or Hroðmund, sons of Hroðgar, has survived in Scandinavian sources (although Hreðric has been suggested to be the same person as Hroerekr/Roricus, a Danish king generally described as a son or successor of Ingjald). This Hroerekr is sometimes said to have been killed by Hrólfr, vindicating the foreshadowing in Beowulf.", "This Hroerekr is sometimes said to have been killed by Hrólfr, vindicating the foreshadowing in Beowulf. The Scyldings were in conflict with another clan or tribe named the Heaðobards led by their king Froda and his son Ingeld. It is in relation to this war that Hroðulf is mentioned in the other Anglo-Saxon poem where he appears, Widsith. Hrólf and Hroðulf A common identification is that Hrólf Kraki is the same as the character Hroðulf (Hroðgar's nephew) in Beowulf.", "Hrólf and Hroðulf A common identification is that Hrólf Kraki is the same as the character Hroðulf (Hroðgar's nephew) in Beowulf. There seems to be some foreshadowing in Beowulf that Hroðulf will attempt to usurp the throne from Hroðgar's sons Hreðric and Hroðmund, a deed that also seems to be referred to in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum (Book 2), where we find: \"... our king, who laid low Rorik, the son of Bok the covetous, and wrapped the coward in death.\"", "There seems to be some foreshadowing in Beowulf that Hroðulf will attempt to usurp the throne from Hroðgar's sons Hreðric and Hroðmund, a deed that also seems to be referred to in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum (Book 2), where we find: \"... our king, who laid low Rorik, the son of Bok the covetous, and wrapped the coward in death.\" Rorik is the form we would expect Hreðric to take in Danish and we find personages named Rorik or Hrok or similar in most version of the Hrólf Kraki tradition, but differently accounted for, seemingly indicating that Scandinavian tradition had forgotten who exactly Hreðric/Rorik/Hrok was and various story tellers subsequently invented details to explain references to this personage in older poems.", "Rorik is the form we would expect Hreðric to take in Danish and we find personages named Rorik or Hrok or similar in most version of the Hrólf Kraki tradition, but differently accounted for, seemingly indicating that Scandinavian tradition had forgotten who exactly Hreðric/Rorik/Hrok was and various story tellers subsequently invented details to explain references to this personage in older poems. The future slaying of Hreðric may be the occasion of the future burning of the hall of Heorot in the beginning of the poem – though some take it instead to refer to the legendary death of Hrólf Kraki, who in Icelandic sources is said to have died in the burning of his hall by his brother-in-law Hjörvard.", "The future slaying of Hreðric may be the occasion of the future burning of the hall of Heorot in the beginning of the poem – though some take it instead to refer to the legendary death of Hrólf Kraki, who in Icelandic sources is said to have died in the burning of his hall by his brother-in-law Hjörvard. Beowulf and Bjarki The standard view is that, if Beowulf himself has a 'cognate' character in Rolf Kraki's story, it is Bödvar Bjarki (Bodvar Biarke), who also has a younger companion, Hjalti (Hialte) – perhaps matching the Beowulf character Wiglaf.", "Beowulf and Bjarki The standard view is that, if Beowulf himself has a 'cognate' character in Rolf Kraki's story, it is Bödvar Bjarki (Bodvar Biarke), who also has a younger companion, Hjalti (Hialte) – perhaps matching the Beowulf character Wiglaf. Beowulf comes from Geatland (= Götaland) and one of Bödvar Bjarki's elder brothers, Thorir, becomes a king of Götaland.", "Beowulf comes from Geatland (= Götaland) and one of Bödvar Bjarki's elder brothers, Thorir, becomes a king of Götaland. Moreover, like Beowulf, Bödvar Bjarki arrives in Denmark from Götaland (Geatland), and upon arriving in Denmark he kills a beast that has been ravaging the Danish court for two years. The monster in Hrólf Krakis saga, however, is quite unlike the Grendel of Beowulf; but it does have characteristics of a more typical dragon, a creature which appears later in Beowulf.", "The monster in Hrólf Krakis saga, however, is quite unlike the Grendel of Beowulf; but it does have characteristics of a more typical dragon, a creature which appears later in Beowulf. Just as Beowulf and Wiglaf slay a dragon at the end of Beowulf, Bödvar Bjarki and Hjalti help each other slay the creature in Denmark. Proponents of this theory, like J. R. R. Tolkien, argue that both the names Beowulf (lit.", "Proponents of this theory, like J. R. R. Tolkien, argue that both the names Beowulf (lit. \"bee-wolf\", a kenning for \"bear\") and Bjarki are associated with bears. Bodvar Bjarki is constantly associated with bears, his father actually being one. In some of the Hrólf Kraki material, Bödvar Bjarki aids Adils in defeating Adils' uncle Áli, in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. In Beowulf, the hero Beowulf aids Eadgils in Eadgils' war against Onela.", "In Beowulf, the hero Beowulf aids Eadgils in Eadgils' war against Onela. As far as this Swedish adventure is concerned, Beowulf and Bödvar Bjarki are one and the same. This match supports the hypothesis that the adventure with the dragon is also originally derived from the same story. Hrothgar and Hróar As for the king of the Danes, Hroðgar, he is identical to Hróar or Ro, the uncle of Hrólf Kraki who in other sources outside of Beowulf rules as a co-king with his brother Helgi.", "Hrothgar and Hróar As for the king of the Danes, Hroðgar, he is identical to Hróar or Ro, the uncle of Hrólf Kraki who in other sources outside of Beowulf rules as a co-king with his brother Helgi. But in those sources it is Hróar/Hroðgar who dies before his brother or who departs to Northumberland to rule his wife's kingdom leaving Helgi/Halga the sole rule of Denmark. In Beowulf Halga/Helgi has died and Hroðgar is the primary ruler with Hroðulf son of Halga as a junior co-ruler.", "In Beowulf Halga/Helgi has died and Hroðgar is the primary ruler with Hroðulf son of Halga as a junior co-ruler. Furthermore, the Swedish kings referenced in Beowulf are adequately matched with the 5th and 6th century Swedish kings in Uppsala (see also Swedish semi-legendary kings): This has obviously nothing to do with a common origin of the Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki legends in particular but simply reflects a shared genealogical tradition.", "Furthermore, the Swedish kings referenced in Beowulf are adequately matched with the 5th and 6th century Swedish kings in Uppsala (see also Swedish semi-legendary kings): This has obviously nothing to do with a common origin of the Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki legends in particular but simply reflects a shared genealogical tradition. Widsith The poem Widsith also mentions Hroðgar and Hroðulf, but indicates that the feud with Ingeld did not end until the latter was defeated at Heorot: This piece suggests that the conflict between the Scyldings Hroðgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England.", "Widsith The poem Widsith also mentions Hroðgar and Hroðulf, but indicates that the feud with Ingeld did not end until the latter was defeated at Heorot: This piece suggests that the conflict between the Scyldings Hroðgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England. This conflict also appears in Scandinavian sources, but in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud (see Hrólf Kraki's saga and Skjöldunga saga).", "This conflict also appears in Scandinavian sources, but in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud (see Hrólf Kraki's saga and Skjöldunga saga). Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses The Chronicon Lethrense and the included Annales Lundenses tell that Haldan (Healfdene) had two sons, Helghe (Halga) and Ro (Hroðgar). When Haldan died of old age, Helghe and Ro divided the kingdom so that Ro ruled the land, and Helghe the sea.", "When Haldan died of old age, Helghe and Ro divided the kingdom so that Ro ruled the land, and Helghe the sea. One day, Helghe arrived in Halland/Lolland and slept with Thore, the daughter of one of Ro's farmers. This resulted in a daughter named Yrse. Much later, he met Yrse, and without knowing that she was his daughter, he made her pregnant with Rolf. Eventually, Helghe found out that Yrse was his own daughter and, out of shame, went east and killed himself.", "Eventually, Helghe found out that Yrse was his own daughter and, out of shame, went east and killed himself. Both Helghe and Ro being dead, a Swedish king, called Hakon in the Chronicon Lethrense proper, and Athisl in the Annales – corresponding to Eadgils – forced the Danes to accept a dog as king. The dog king was succeeded by Rolf Krage. Rolf Krage was a big man in body and soul and was so generous that no one asked him for anything twice.", "Rolf Krage was a big man in body and soul and was so generous that no one asked him for anything twice. His sister Skulda was married against Rolf's will to Hartwar or Hiarwarth (Heoroweard), a German earl of Skåne, but reputedly Rolf had given Skulda to him together with Sweden. This Hartwar arrived in Zealand with a large army and said that he wanted to give his tribute to Rolf, but killed Rolf together with all his men.", "This Hartwar arrived in Zealand with a large army and said that he wanted to give his tribute to Rolf, but killed Rolf together with all his men. Only one survived, Wigg, who played along until he was to do homage to Hartwar. Then, he pierced Hartwar with a sword, and so Hartwar was king for only one morning. Gesta Danorum The Book 2 of the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus contains roughly the same information as the Chronicon Lethrense and the Annales Lundenses, i.e.", "Gesta Danorum The Book 2 of the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus contains roughly the same information as the Chronicon Lethrense and the Annales Lundenses, i.e. that Ro (Hroðgar) and Helgo (Halga) were the son of Haldanus (Healfdene). When Haldanus died of old age, Ro took the land and Helgo the water. One day during his sea roving, Helgo arrived at Thurø, where he found and raped the young girl Thora, which resulted in Urse (Yrsa).", "One day during his sea roving, Helgo arrived at Thurø, where he found and raped the young girl Thora, which resulted in Urse (Yrsa). When Helgo after many years returned to Thurø, Thora avenged her lost virginity by sending Urse to Helgo who, unknowingly raped his own daughter. This resulted in Roluo, who was a gifted man, both physically and intellectually and as brave as he was tall.", "This resulted in Roluo, who was a gifted man, both physically and intellectually and as brave as he was tall. After some time Helgo repelled a Swedish invasion, avenged Ro by killing the Swedish king Hothbrodd, and made the Swedes pay tribute. However, he committed suicide due to shame for his incestuous relationship with Urse. Roluo succeeded him.", "Roluo succeeded him. Roluo succeeded him. The new king of Sweden, Athislus (Eadgils), thought that the tribute to the Daner might be smaller if he married the Danish king's mother and so took Urse for a queen. However, after some time, Urse was so upset with the Swedish king's greed that she thought out a ruse to run away from the king and at the same time liberate him of his wealth.", "However, after some time, Urse was so upset with the Swedish king's greed that she thought out a ruse to run away from the king and at the same time liberate him of his wealth. She incited Athislus to rebel against Roluo, and arranged so that Roluo would be invited and promised a wealth in gifts. At the banquet Roluo was at first not recognised by his mother, but when their fondness was commented on by Athisl, the Swedish king and Roluo made a wager where Roluo would prove his endurance.", "At the banquet Roluo was at first not recognised by his mother, but when their fondness was commented on by Athisl, the Swedish king and Roluo made a wager where Roluo would prove his endurance. Roluo was placed in front of a fire that exposed him to such heat that finally a maiden could suffer the sight no more and extinguished the fire. Roluo was greatly recompensed by Athisl for his endurance.", "Roluo was greatly recompensed by Athisl for his endurance. Roluo was greatly recompensed by Athisl for his endurance. When the banquet had lasted for three days, Urse and Roluo escaped from Uppsala, early in the morning in carriages where they had put all the Swedish king's treasure.", "When the banquet had lasted for three days, Urse and Roluo escaped from Uppsala, early in the morning in carriages where they had put all the Swedish king's treasure. In order to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path (later in the work, this is referred to as \"sowing the Fyrisvellir\"), although there was a rumour that she only spread gilded copper.", "In order to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path (later in the work, this is referred to as \"sowing the Fyrisvellir\"), although there was a rumour that she only spread gilded copper. When Athislus, who was pursuing the escapers saw that a precious ring was lying on the ground, he bent down to pick it up. Roluo was pleased to see the king of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother.", "Roluo was pleased to see the king of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother. A young man named Wigg was impressed with Roluo's bodily size and gave him the cognomen Krage, which meant a tall tree trunk used as a ladder. Roluo liked this name and rewarded Wigg with a heavy bracelet. Wigg, then, swore to Roluo to avenge him, if he was killed.", "Wigg, then, swore to Roluo to avenge him, if he was killed. Roluo later defeated Athislus and gave Sweden to young man named Hiartuar (Heoroweard), who also married Roluo's sister Skulde. Skulde, however, did not like the fact that her husband had to pay taxes to Roluo and so incited Hiartuar to rebel against him. They so went to Lejre (a town which Roluo had built) with arms hidden in the ships, under the pretense that they wanted to pay tribute.", "They so went to Lejre (a town which Roluo had built) with arms hidden in the ships, under the pretense that they wanted to pay tribute. They were well-received, but after the banquet, when most people were drunk asleep, the Swedes and the Goths (i.e. the Geats) proceeded to kill everyone at Roluo's residence.", "the Geats) proceeded to kill everyone at Roluo's residence. After a long battle, involving Roluo's champion Bjarki, who fought in the shape of a spirit bear until he was awakened by his comrade Hjalti, the Geats won and Roluo was killed. Hiartuar asked Wigg if he wanted to fight for him, and Wigg said yes. Hiartuar wanted to give Wigg a sword, but he insisted on receiving it by taking the hilt.", "Hiartuar wanted to give Wigg a sword, but he insisted on receiving it by taking the hilt. Having the hilt in his hand, Wigg pierced Hiartuar with the sword and so avenged Roluo. Swedes and Geats then rushed forward and killed Wigg. The Swedish king Høtherus (based on the god Höðr), the brother of Athislus, succeeded Roluo and became the king of a combined Sweden and Denmark.", "The Swedish king Høtherus (based on the god Höðr), the brother of Athislus, succeeded Roluo and became the king of a combined Sweden and Denmark. Hrólfr Kraki's saga In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, Halfdan (Healfdene) had three children, the sons Helgi (Halga) and Hróarr (Hroðgar) and the daughter Signý. The sister was the eldest and married to Sævil Jarl, with whom she had the son Hrókr.", "The sister was the eldest and married to Sævil Jarl, with whom she had the son Hrókr. Halfdan was murdered by his own brother Fróði (Froda) and the two brothers had to seek refuge with a man called Vivil on an island, until they could avenge their father and kill Fróði. Whereas Hróarr moved to Northumbria and married the king's daughter, Helgi (i.e. Halga) went to the Saxons wanting to woo their warlike queen Oluf.", "Halga) went to the Saxons wanting to woo their warlike queen Oluf. She was, however, not interested and humiliated Helgi by shaving his head and covering him with tar, while he was asleep, and sending him back to his ship. Some time later, Helgi returned and through a ruse, he kidnapped the queen for a while during which time he made her pregnant. Having returned to her kingdom, the queen bore a child, a girl which she named Yrsa after her dog.", "Having returned to her kingdom, the queen bore a child, a girl which she named Yrsa after her dog. Yrsa was set to live as a shepherd, until she was 12 years old, when she met her father Helgi who fell in love with her, not knowing it was his daughter. Oluf kept quiet about the parentage and saw it as her revenge that Helgi would wed his own daughter. Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr.", "Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr. Helgi and Yrsa had the son Hrólfr. Learning that Helgi and Yrsa lived happily together, queen Oluf travelled to Denmark to tell her daughter the truth. Yrsa was shocked and although Helgi wanted their relationship to remain as it was, Yrsa insisted on leaving him to live alone. She was later taken by the Swedish king Aðils (Eadgils) as his queen, which made Helgi even more unhappy. Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, but was killed by Aðils in battle.", "Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, but was killed by Aðils in battle. In Lejre, he was succeeded by his son Hrólfr. Hrólfr soon assembled twelve great berserkers named Hrómundr harði, Hrólfr skjóthendi, Svipdagr, Beigaðr, Hvítserkr inn hvati, Haklangr, Harðrefill, Haki inn frækni, Vöttr inn mikilaflaði, Starólfr, Hjalti inn hugprúði and Bödvar Bjarki. After some time, Bödvar Bjarki encouraged Hrólfr to go Uppsala to claim the gold that Aðils had taken from Helgi after the battle.", "After some time, Bödvar Bjarki encouraged Hrólfr to go Uppsala to claim the gold that Aðils had taken from Helgi after the battle. Hrólfr departed with 120 men and his twelve berserkers and during a rest they were tested by a farmer called Hrani (Odin in disguise) who advised Hrólfr to send back all his troops but his twelve berserkers, as numbers would not help him against Aðils.", "Hrólfr departed with 120 men and his twelve berserkers and during a rest they were tested by a farmer called Hrani (Odin in disguise) who advised Hrólfr to send back all his troops but his twelve berserkers, as numbers would not help him against Aðils. They were at first well received, but in his hall, Aðils did his best to stop Hrólfr with pit traps and hidden warriors who attacked the Danes. Finally Aðils entertained them but put them to a test where they had to endure immense heat by a fire.", "Finally Aðils entertained them but put them to a test where they had to endure immense heat by a fire. Hrólfr and his berserkers finally had enough and threw the courtiers, who were feeding the fire, into the fire and leapt at Aðils. The Swedish king disappeared through a hollow tree trunk that stood in his hall. Yrsa admonished Aðils for wanting to kill her son, and went to meet the Danes. She gave them a man named Vöggr to entertain them.", "She gave them a man named Vöggr to entertain them. This Vöggr remarked that Hrólfr had the thin face of a pole ladder, a Kraki. Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it.", "Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it. They then found out that Aðils had set the hall on fire, and so they broke out of the hall, only to find themselves surrounded by heavily armed warriors in the street. After a fight, king Aðils retreated to summon reinforcements. Yrsa then provided her son with a silver drinking horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring, Svíagris.", "Yrsa then provided her son with a silver drinking horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring, Svíagris. Then she gave Hrólf and his men twelve of the Swedish king's best horses, and all the armour and provisions they needed. Hrólfr took a fond farewell of his mother and departed over the Fyrisvellir. When they saw Aðils and his warriors in pursuit, they spread the gold behind themselves.", "When they saw Aðils and his warriors in pursuit, they spread the gold behind themselves. Aðils saw his precious Svíagris on the ground and stooped to pick it up with his spear, whereupon Hrólf cut his back with his sword and screamed in triumph that he had bent the back of the most powerful man in Sweden. Hrólfr lived in peace for some time. However, his half-elven half-sister Skuld was married to Hjörvarðr (Heoroweard) one of Hrólfr's subkings, and she began to turn her husband against Hrólfr.", "However, his half-elven half-sister Skuld was married to Hjörvarðr (Heoroweard) one of Hrólfr's subkings, and she began to turn her husband against Hrólfr. Under the pretext that they would wait three years before paying the accumulated tribute at one time, Skuld assembled a large army which included strong warriors, criminals, elves and norns. She used seiðr (witchcraft) to hide the great muster from Hrólfr and his champions. They then arrived at Lejre one yule for the midwinter celebrations, with all the weapons hidden in wagons.", "They then arrived at Lejre one yule for the midwinter celebrations, with all the weapons hidden in wagons. A fight started and like in the account found in Gesta Danorum, Bödvar Bjarki fought in the shape of a spirit bear until he was awakened by Hjalti. Skuld used her witchcraft to resuscitate her fallen warriors and after a long fight Hrólfr and all his berserkers fell. Skuld became the ruler of Denmark but did not rule well. Bödvar Bjarki's brothers Elk-Froði and Þorir Houndsfoot went to Denmark to avenge their brother.", "Bödvar Bjarki's brothers Elk-Froði and Þorir Houndsfoot went to Denmark to avenge their brother. The Swedish queen Yrsa gave them a large Swedish army headed by Vöggr. They captured Skuld before she could use her magic and tortured her to death. Then they raised a mound for Hrólfr Kraki where he was buried together with his sword Skofnung. Skjöldunga saga The Skjöldunga sagaNerman (1925:150) relates that Helgo (Halga) was the king of Denmark together with his brother Roas (Hroðgar).", "Skjöldunga saga The Skjöldunga sagaNerman (1925:150) relates that Helgo (Halga) was the king of Denmark together with his brother Roas (Hroðgar). Helgo raped Olava, the queen of the Saxons, and she bore a daughter named Yrsa. The girl later married king Adillus (Eadgils), the king of Sweden, with whom she had the daughter Scullda. Some years later, Helgo attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa, not knowing that she was his own daughter.", "Some years later, Helgo attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa, not knowing that she was his own daughter. He raped her and took her back to Denmark, where she bore the son Rolfo. After a few years, Yrsa's mother, queen Olava, came to visit her and told her that Helgo was her own father. In horror, Yrsa returned to Adillus, leaving her son behind. Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years old, and Rolfo succeeded him, and ruled together with his uncle Roas.", "Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years old, and Rolfo succeeded him, and ruled together with his uncle Roas. Not much later, Roas was killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo, whereupon Rolfo became the sole king of Denmark. In Sweden, Yrsa and Adillus married Scullda to the king of Öland, Hiørvardus (also called Hiorvardus and Hevardus, and who corresponds to Heoroweard in Beowulf).", "In Sweden, Yrsa and Adillus married Scullda to the king of Öland, Hiørvardus (also called Hiorvardus and Hevardus, and who corresponds to Heoroweard in Beowulf). As her half-brother Rolfo was not consulted about this marriage, he was infuriated and he attacked Öland and made Hiørvardus and his kingdom tributary to Denmark. After some time Adillus requested Rolfo's aid against king Ale (Onela) of Oppland, and Rolfo sent him his berserkers.", "After some time Adillus requested Rolfo's aid against king Ale (Onela) of Oppland, and Rolfo sent him his berserkers. Adillus then won the war, but refused to pay the expected tribute for the help and so Rolfo came to Uppsala to claim his recompense. After surviving some traps, Rolfo fled with Adillus' gold, helped by his mother Yrsa, and \"sowed\" it on the Fyrisvellir. Hiørvardus and his queen Skullda rebelled against Rolfo and killed him.", "Hiørvardus and his queen Skullda rebelled against Rolfo and killed him. However, Hiørvardus did not live long after this and was killed. Rolfo was succeeded by his father's cousin Rörek, who, however, had to leave Skåne to Valdar and could only keep Zealand. Skáldskaparmál In the Skáldskaparmál by Snorri Sturluson, the story of Hrólfr Kraki is presented in order to explain why gold was known by the kenning Kraki's seed. Snorri relates that Hrólfr was the most renowned king in Denmark for valour, generosity and graciousness.", "Snorri relates that Hrólfr was the most renowned king in Denmark for valour, generosity and graciousness. One day a poor boy called Vöggr arrived and expressed his surprise that such a great king would look like a little pole (kraki). Hrólfr said that Vöggr had given him a name and gave Vöggr a golden ring in recompense. In gratitude Vöggr swore to Hrólfr to avenge him, should he be killed.", "In gratitude Vöggr swore to Hrólfr to avenge him, should he be killed. A second tale was when the king of Sweden, Aðils (Eadgils), was in war with a Norwegian king named Áli (Onela), and they fought in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. Aðils was married to Yrsa, the mother of Hrólfr and so sent an embassy to Hrólfr asking him for help against Áli. He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense.", "He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense. He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense. Hrólfr was involved in a war against the Saxons and could not come in person but sent his twelve berserkers. Áli died in the war, and Aðils took Áli's helmet Battle-boar and his horse Raven.", "Áli died in the war, and Aðils took Áli's helmet Battle-boar and his horse Raven. The berserkers demanded three pounds of gold each in pay, and they demanded to choose the gifts that Aðils had promised Hrólfr, that is the two pieces of armour that nothing could pierce: the helmet battle-boar and the mailcoat Finn's heritage. They also wanted the famous ring Svíagris. Aðils considered the pay outrageous and refused. When Hrólfr heard that Aðils refused to pay, he set off to Uppsala.", "When Hrólfr heard that Aðils refused to pay, he set off to Uppsala. They brought the ships to the river Fyris and rode directly to the Swedish king's hall at Uppsala with his twelve berserkers. Yrsa welcomed them and led them to their lodgings. Fires were prepared for them and they were given drinks. However, so much wood was heaped on the fires that the clothes started to burn away from their bodies. Hrólfr and his men had enough and threw the courtiers on the fire.", "Hrólfr and his men had enough and threw the courtiers on the fire. Yrsa arrived and gave them a horn full of gold, the ring Svíagris and asked them to flee. As they rode over the Fyrisvellir, they saw Aðils and his men pursuing them. The fleeing men threw their gold on the plain so that the pursuers would stop to collect the gold. Aðils, however, continued the chase on his horse Slöngvir.", "Aðils, however, continued the chase on his horse Slöngvir. Hrólfr then threw Svíagris and saw how Aðils stooped down to pick up the ring with his spear. Hrólfr exclaimed that he had seen the mightiest man in Sweden bend his back. Ynglinga saga The Skjöldunga saga was used by Snorri Sturluson as a source when he told the story of Aðils (Eadgils) and Yrsa, in his Ynglinga saga, a part of the Heimskringla.", "Ynglinga saga The Skjöldunga saga was used by Snorri Sturluson as a source when he told the story of Aðils (Eadgils) and Yrsa, in his Ynglinga saga, a part of the Heimskringla. What remains of the Skjöldunga saga is a Latin summary by Arngrímur Jónsson, and so the two versions are basically the same, the main difference being that Arngrímur's version is more terse. Snorri relates that Aðils betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geirþjófr and queen Alof the Great.", "Snorri relates that Aðils betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geirþjófr and queen Alof the Great. The king and consort were not at home, and so Aðils and his men plundered their residence at ease driving cattle and captives down to the ships. One of the captives was a remarkably beautiful girl named Yrsa, and Snorri writes that everyone was soon impressed with the well-mannered, pretty and intelligent girl. Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen.", "Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen. Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen. Some years later, Helgi (Halga), who ruled in Lejre, attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa. He raped Yrsa, his own daughter, and took her back to Lejre, where she bore him the son Hrólfr. When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father.", "When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father. Horrified, Yrsa returned to Aðils, leaving her son behind, and stayed in Sweden for the rest of her life. When Hrólfr was eight years old, Helgi died during a war expedition and Hrólf was proclaimed king.", "When Hrólfr was eight years old, Helgi died during a war expedition and Hrólf was proclaimed king. Snorri finishes his account by briefly mentioning that the Skjöldunga saga contained an extensive account of how Hrólf came to Uppsala and sowed gold on the Fyrisvellir. Gróttasöngr The Gróttasöngr contains a stanza (nr 22) sung by the giantesses Fenja and Menja. It only names Yrsa and the situation that her son and brother (i.e.", "It only names Yrsa and the situation that her son and brother (i.e. Hroðulf) will avenge Fródi (Froda): This piece cannot refer to Hrólfr Kraki's saga where Froda was the half-brother of Healfdene because this Froda was killed by Hroðgar (and therefore they avenged him). It can, however, be interpreted through the Skjöldunga saga in which Hroðulf's uncle Hroðgar was murdered by his half-brother Froda.", "It can, however, be interpreted through the Skjöldunga saga in which Hroðulf's uncle Hroðgar was murdered by his half-brother Froda. Either Frodi's death is the one they want to avenge, or they seek vengeance for Hroðgar, killed by his half brother. The Danish equivalent of hefna is at hævne, meaning revenge (or avenging), in this case for Fródi's murder, indicating no relation to Hroðgars death, but to Frodi's.", "The Danish equivalent of hefna is at hævne, meaning revenge (or avenging), in this case for Fródi's murder, indicating no relation to Hroðgars death, but to Frodi's. 'Kin' and 'kinsmen' share a certain reference to blood relation, yet 'brother' can also have the meaning of either: 'one of us' and 'our tribesmen', or simply 'son and brother'. After being recognized for his deeds, Yrsa will see Hroðulf as her son once more.", "After being recognized for his deeds, Yrsa will see Hroðulf as her son once more. Gautreks saga Hrólfr Kraki is mentioned briefly in Gautreks saga, written around 1300, when the adventurer Ref comes to him with a gift consisting of two dogs. In return for this gift Hrólfr gives him a helmet and a chainmail, both made of red gold. Modern references Danish playwright Johannes Ewald wrote a play about Rolf Krage (1770), based on Saxo's version of the story in Gesta Danorum.", "Modern references Danish playwright Johannes Ewald wrote a play about Rolf Krage (1770), based on Saxo's version of the story in Gesta Danorum. Danish poet Adam Oehlenschläger wrote a poem, Helge: et Digt (1814). The American writer Poul Anderson used this story in his novel Hrolf Kraki's Saga (1973). Anderson's story begins in earlier generations and more or less follows the version in Hrolfr Kraki's Saga described above. The book was well received by many fantasy fans.", "The book was well received by many fantasy fans. The book was well received by many fantasy fans. \"Sellic Spell', a fictionalized treatment of the story by J. R. R. Tolkien, was published in Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary on May 22, 2014, Tolkien himself explaining that his was \"a limited...attempt to reconstruct the Anglo-Saxon tale that lies behind the folk-tale element in Beowulf\". The Danish Navy's first ironclad warship was named Rolf Krake.", "The Danish Navy's first ironclad warship was named Rolf Krake. Notes Bibliography and external links English translations of the Old Norse Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans : The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and his Champions. Trans. Peter Tunstall (2003). Available at Norse saga: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and Northvegr: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki. The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. Trans. Jesse L. Byock (1998). London: Penguin. .", "Trans. Jesse L. Byock (1998). London: Penguin. . . Selection from this translation are available at The Viking Site: Excerpts from The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. \"King Hrolf and his champions\" included in Eirik the Red: And Other Icelandic Sagas. Trans. Gwyn Jones (1961). Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press. .", "Gwyn Jones (1961). Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press. . . Original texts''': Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Old Norse from heimskringla.no Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Old Norse from heimskringla.no University of Oregon: Norse: Fornaldarsögur norðurlanda: Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans Sagnanet: Hrólfs saga kraka Anderson, Poul (1973). Hrolf Kraki's Saga. New York: Ballantine Books. . New York: Del Rey Books. . Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, .", ". Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, . Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, . Literary Encyclopedia entry Birger Nerman, 1925, Det svenska rikets uppkomst (in Swedish)Beowulf: Beowulf read aloud in Old English Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere Modern English translation by John Lesslie Hall Ringler, Dick. Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery, May 2005. Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.", "Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries. Several different Modern English translationsChronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense: Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense in translation by Peter Tunstall The same translation at Northvegr Book 2 of Gesta Danorum at the Online and Medieval & Classical library The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg the Ynglinga saga in translation by Samuel Laing, 1844, at Northvegr The Gróttasöngr in Thorpe's translation Skáldskaparmál: Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda in the original language CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (English) CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (Old Norse) Malone, Kemp.", "Several different Modern English translationsChronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense: Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense in translation by Peter Tunstall The same translation at Northvegr Book 2 of Gesta Danorum at the Online and Medieval & Classical library The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg the Ynglinga saga in translation by Samuel Laing, 1844, at Northvegr The Gróttasöngr in Thorpe's translation Skáldskaparmál: Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda in the original language CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (English) CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda - Skáldskaparmál (Old Norse) Malone, Kemp. Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech.", "Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech. Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech. S. Einarsson & N.E. Eliason, eds. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1959. Lukman, Niels Clausen. Skjoldunge und Skilfinge. Hunnen- und Heruler-könige in Ostnordischer Überlieferung. Classica et Mediaevalia, dissertationes III. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag, 1943. Hemmingsen, Lars. By Word of Mouth: the origins of Danish legendary history - studies in European learned and popular traditions of Dacians and Danes before A.D. 1200.", "By Word of Mouth: the origins of Danish legendary history - studies in European learned and popular traditions of Dacians and Danes before A.D. 1200. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Copenhagen (Dept. of Folklore), 1995. Anderson, Carl Edlund. Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English). Overing, Gillian R., and Marijane Osborn.", "Overing, Gillian R., and Marijane Osborn. Overing, Gillian R., and Marijane Osborn. 'Landscape of Desire: Partial Stories of the Medieval Scandinavian World.' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994: 1-37. (possible sailing times and the account of a \"Beowulfian\" voyage on the Cattegat) 6th-century monarchs in Europe English heroic legends Characters in Beowulf Heroes in Norse myths and legends People whose existence is disputed Scyldings" ]

[ "Bill Robinson", "Vaudeville", "What was Vaudeville?", "vaudeville performer Rae Samuels, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager" ]

[ "Christopher Robinson (1763 – November 2, 1798) was an American-born soldier, lawyer and political figure in Upper Canada.\n\nEarly life\nHe was born in Virginia in 1763, the son of Oxford-educated Peter Robinson (ca 1719–1768), and nephew of John Robinson, Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and loyalist leader Beverley Robinson (ca 1722–1792). He was also a close relation of John Robinson (bishop of London) (1650–1723), a senior Anglican cleric and influential diplomat.\n\nBorn in Virginia to one of the British colony's most influential families, it has been contended that he was educated at the College of William and Mary, although no evidence exists to support that fact. In fact, his early life remains shrouded in mystery and genealogical legerdemain. What is known is that at some point after his father's death in 1768, he moved to New York, likely to his cousin Beverley's household and was there at the beginning of the American Revolution. On June 26, 1781, he was commissioned an Ensign in the Queen's Rangers under John Graves Simcoe and served through the surrender of the British Army at Yorktown, until 1783.\n\nCanada\nHe retired at half pay in New Brunswick and settled briefly in Queensbury Parish. While in New Brunswick, Robinson married in 1784 Esther Sayre, daughter of Rev. John Sayre, who came to the Colonies on behalf of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. However, Robinson soon moved to Quebec in search of employment. In 1792, Simcoe, now Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, offered him a post as a minor surveyor general and he moved to Kingston.\n\nIn 1794, he received his license to practice law and, in 1796, he was elected to the 2nd Parliament of Upper Canada representing Ontario & Addington. In 1797, he played a role in establishing the Law Society of Upper Canada. A slave owner, in 1797 Robinson sponsored a bill in the Parliament to allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them. The bill was passed but did not become law.\n\nHe died suddenly at York (Toronto) in 1798. Robinson was buried at Victoria Memorial Square. William Fairfield took his place in the legislative assembly in June 1799.\n\nEsther Robinson died in 1827.\n\nHis sons included:\n\n John Beverley, a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada\n Peter, political figure in who played an important role in promoting immigration from Ireland to Upper Canada\n William Benjamin, a political figure in Upper Canada and Canada West\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n \"Robinson Family Papers, 1684–1915\"\n\n1763 births\n1798 deaths\nMembers of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada\nCanadian surveyors\nCanadian lawyers\nUnited Empire Loyalists\nVirginia colonial people\nLoyalists in the American Revolution from New York (state)", "Geordie Robinson (born 18 June 1987) is an Australian television, film and theatre actor known for his roles on the television series Underbelly: Badness and Winter.\n\nRobinson's theatre roles include Green Cyc's production of The Taming of the Shrew (2008), as well as starring as Laertes in the Q Theatre production of Hamlet, Sydney (2011).\n\nIn 2011, Robinson was cast in the Australian premiere of the play The Birthday Boys at The National Institute of Dramatic Art. In 2012 Robinson was cast in the television series Underbelly: Badness as Craig \"Schiz\" Bottin, Drug Cook and Decker's associate. In 2014 Robinson acted opposite Rebecca Gibney in the TV series Winter. Robinson previous guest roles included the Australian medical drama All Saints and the pilot Could Gone Pro, along with a small role in the Australian film A Few Best Men. Robinson appeared in the Australian short film The Pear and the upcoming American drama series Girls Like Magic, directed by Mad Men actor Kit Williamson. Robinson appeared in the lead role of Blackrock by Nick Enright in the Australian Theatre Company in Los Angeles (2015).\n\nIn 2016, Robinson played the role of Liam in the Funny or Die and Go90 partnered series.\n\nPersonal life \nRobinson was born in the seaside village of Sawtell, on the North Coast of New South Wales. After graduating high school at Bishop Druitt College in 2006, Geordie was accepted into The Actors Centre Australia's full-time Journey program.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nOfficial website\n\nActor Geordie Robinson (Focus Magazine)\n\nAustralian male actors\nLiving people\nPeople from the Mid North Coast\n1987 births" ]

[ "Bill Robinson, nicknamed Bojangles (born Luther Robinson; May 25, 1878 – November 25, 1949), was an American tap dancer, actor, and singer, the best known and the most highly paid African-American entertainer in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. His long career mirrored changes in American entertainment tastes and technology. His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television.", "His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television. According to dance critic Marshall Stearns, \"Robinson's contribution to tap dance is exact and specific. He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\".", "He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\". His signature routine was the Stair Dance, in which he would tap up and down a set of stairs in a rhythmically complex sequence of steps, a routine that he unsuccessfully attempted to patent. He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances.", "He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances. He is best known today for his dancing with Shirley Temple in a series of films during the 1930s, and for starring in the musical Stormy Weather (1943), loosely based on his own life and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers.", "He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers. Robinson was one of the first minstrel and vaudeville performers to appear as Black without the use of blackface makeup, as well as one of the earliest Black performers to perform solo, overcoming vaudeville's two-colored rule. Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows.", "Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows. Robinson was the first Black performer to appear in a Hollywood film in an interracial dance team (with Shirley Temple in The Little Colonel, 1935), and the first Black performer to headline a mixed-race Broadway production. Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom.", "Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom. He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice.", "He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice. In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents.", "In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents. Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers.", "Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers. Sammy Davis Jr. and Ann Miller credited him as a teacher and mentor, Miller saying that he \"changed the course of my life\". Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award.", "Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the time, Robinson died penniless in 1949, his funeral paid for by longtime friend Ed Sullivan. In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day.", "In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day. Early life Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson was born Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia, on May 25, 1878, to Maxwell, a machinist, and Maria Robinson, a church choir director. He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood.", "He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood. His grandmother Bedelia Robinson, a former slave, raised him after both of his parents died tragically in 1884: his father died from chronic heart disease and his mother from unknown natural causes. Details of his early life are known only through legend, much of it perpetuated by Robinson himself. He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like.", "He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like. He suggested to his younger brother William that they should exchange names, and they eventually did. His brother subsequently adopted the name of Percy and achieved recognition as a musician under that name. Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies.", "Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies. A promoter saw him performing outside the Globe Theater in Richmond and offered him a job as a \"pick\" in a local minstrel show. At that time, minstrel shows were staged by White performers in blackface. Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes.", "Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes. In 1890, at the age of 12, Robinson ran away to Washington, D.C., where he did odd jobs at Benning Race Track and worked briefly as a jockey. He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers.", "He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers. In 1891, he was hired by Whallen and Martel, touring with Mayme Remington's troupe in a show titled The South Before the War, performing again as a pickaninny, despite his age. He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly.", "He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly. In 1898, he returned to Richmond where he joined the United States Army as a rifleman when the Spanish–American War broke out. He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun.", "He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun. Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day.", "Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day. The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines).", "The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines). By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits.", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits. The team broke up in 1914, and vaudeville performer Rae Samuel's, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager (and husband), Marty Forkins. Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week.", "Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week. Forkins accomplished this by inventing an alternate history for Robinson, promoting him as already being a solo act. This technique succeeded, making Robinson one of the first performers to break vaudeville's two-coloured rule, which forbade solo Black acts. When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps.", "When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps. The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918.", "The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918. Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived.", "Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived. From 1919 to 1923 he was fully booked on the Orpheum Circuit and was signed full-time by the Keith in 1924 and 1925. In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages.", "In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages. Tap Dance Style As mentioned above, the chapter of Stearns' Bill Robinson: Up on the Toes entitled Jazz Dance (1966) describes how Robinson introduced dancing \"up on the toes\" to tap dance. This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\".", "This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\". Moving primarily from the waist down, Robinson maintained impressive control of his body. Pete Nugent is said to have remarked, \"Robinson was the absolute tops in control.\" That Robinson infrequently dropped his heels marked a significant change in popular tap technique. Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\".", "Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\". In 1918 at the Palace Theatre in New York, Robinson performed the Stair Dance. Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular.", "Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular. The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\".", "The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\". The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance.", "The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance. The entertainment community began to associate the Stair Dance exclusively with Robinson as the routine became a standard part of his performances in 1921. Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine.", "Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine. Robinson's talents transcended his famous Stair Dance by far. The steps themselves were not essential to Robinson's performances; rather, Robinson would naturally shift into \"a little skating step to stop-time; or a Scoot step, a cross-over tap\" or many other tap steps involved in his particular movement quality. Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly.", "Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly. Often Robinson would talk to his audience, share anecdotes, and act as if he were surprised by the action of his feet. His amusing personality was essential to his performances and popularity. Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman.", "Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman. Broadway In 1928, a White impresario, Lew Leslie, produced Blackbirds of 1928 on Broadway, a Black revue for White audiences starring Adelaide Hall and Bill Robinson along with Aida Ward, Tim Moore and other Black stars. The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\".", "The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\". The show then became a huge success on Broadway, where it ran for over one year to sell-out performances. On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences.", "On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences. From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem.", "From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem. So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States.", "So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States. In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.", "In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta. The show opened at the Broadhurst Theatre, with Robinson cast in the role of the Emperor. His rendition of My Object All Sublime stopped the show and produced eight encores. After Broadway, the show moved to the 1939 New York World's Fair, and was one of the greatest hits of the fair. August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair.", "August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair. Robinson's next Broadway show, All in Fun (1940), was with an all-White cast. Despite having Imogene Coca, Pert Kelton, and other stars, the show received poor reviews at out-of-town tryouts in New Haven and Boston. When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production.", "When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production. Although the reviewers were enthusiastic about Robinson, they panned the show, and it failed to attract audiences. All in Fun closed after four performances. Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945.", "Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945. This production used an all-Black cast including Robinson (who had top billing), Avon Long, Billy Daniels, Ada Brown, and Sheila Guyse. Robinson played the boat pilot and then Sir Joseph Porter in the play-within-a-play of H.M.S. Pinafore. Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show.", "Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show. Film career After 1932, Black stage revues waned in popularity, but Robinson remained in vogue with White audiences for more than a decade in some fourteen motion pictures produced by such companies as RKO, 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures. Most of them had musical settings, in which he played old-fashioned roles in nostalgic romances. Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana.", "Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana. RKO was formed in part by a merger of the Keith and Orpheum theater circuits, with whom Robinson had performed as a headliner for many years. He was cast as a specialty performer in a standalone scene. This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film.", "This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film. Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras.", "Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras. The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that.", "The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that. Shirley Temple The idea for bringing a Black dancer to Fox to star with Temple in The Little Colonel was actually first proposed by Fox head Winfield Sheehan after a discussion with D. W. Griffith. Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test.", "Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test. Robinson passed the test and was brought in to both star with Temple and to teach her tap dancing. They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine.", "They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine. I kept reaching up for his hand, but he hadn't looked down and seemed unaware. Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile.", "Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile. When he took my hand in his, it felt large and cool. For a few moments, we continued walking in silence. \"Can I call you Uncle Billy?\" I asked. \"Why sure you can\", he replied... \"But then I get to call you darlin.'\" It was a deal.", "It was a deal. It was a deal. From then on, whenever we walked together it was hand in hand, and I was always his \"darlin.'\" Temple had already appeared in five films released in 1934, and had performed a tap routine with James Dunn in Stand Up and Cheer! After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple.", "After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple. While Robinson liked the idea, he quickly realized that he could not teach his complex stair dance to a seven-year-old in the few days permitted by the shooting schedule. Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe.", "Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe. After watching her practice his choreography, Robinson modified his routine to mimic her movements, so that it appeared on film that she was imitating his steps. The sequence was the highlight of the film. Robinson and Temple became the first interracial dance partners in Hollywood history. The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact.", "The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact. Temple and Robinson appeared in four films together: The Little Colonel, The Littlest Rebel, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Just Around the Corner. Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her.", "Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her. Robinson carried pictures of Temple with him wherever he traveled, and Temple considered him a lifelong friend, saying in an interview \"Bill Robinson treated me as an equal, which was very important to me. He didn't talk down to me, like to a little girl. And I liked people like that. And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\"", "And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" Other films Robinson refused to play stereotypical roles imposed by Hollywood studios. In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people.", "In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people. Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash.", "Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash. Robinson and Rogers were good friends, and after Rogers' death, Robinson refused to fly, instead travelling by train to Hollywood for his film work. Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather.", "Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather. Lena Horne co-starred as Robinson's love interest, and the movie also featured Fats Waller in his final movie appearance before his death, playing with Cab Calloway and his orchestra. The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\".", "The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\". In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances.", "Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances. The distinctive sound of Robinson's tap dancing was frequently featured, but Robinson also sang, made sound effects, and told jokes and stories from his vaudeville acts. He also addressed the audience directly, something very rare for a Black radio performer in that era. Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds.", "Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds. It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934.", "It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934. Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open.", "Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open. Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience.", "Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience. A friend remarked, \"he was handing over his crown, like him saying, 'this is my good-bye. '\" Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907.", "Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907. They separated in 1916, and the marriage ended in 1922. His second wife was Fannie S. Clay whom he married shortly after his divorce from Chase. They divorced in 1943. His third marriage was in 1944 to Elaine Plaines in Columbus, Ohio, and they remained together until Robinson's death in 1949. There were no children from any of the marriages.", "There were no children from any of the marriages. There were no children from any of the marriages. Political figures and celebrities appointed Robinson an honorary mayor of Harlem, a lifetime member of policemen's associations and fraternal orders, and a mascot of the New York Giants major league baseball team. Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style.", "Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the first half of the 20th century, earning more than US$2 million during his lifetime, Robinson died penniless on November 25, 1949, at the age of 71, 6 months before his 72nd birthday, from heart failure. His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan.", "His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan. Robinson lay in repose at the 369th Infantry Regiment Armory in Harlem, where an estimated 32,000 people filed past his open casket to pay their last respects. The schools in Harlem were closed for a half-day so that children could attend or listen to the funeral, which was broadcast over the radio. Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy.", "Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy. Robinson is buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn, New York. Legacy Robinson was successful despite the obstacle of racism. A favorite Robinson anecdote is that he seated himself in a restaurant and a customer objected to his presence. When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\"", "When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\" Politely asking to borrow the manager's note for a moment, Robinson added six $10 bills from his own wallet and mixed them up, then extended the seven bills together, adding, \"Here, let's see you pick out the colored one\". The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay.", "The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. Robinson co-founded the New York Black Yankees baseball team in Harlem in 1936 with financier James \"Soldier Boy\" Semler. The team was a successful member of the Negro National League until it disbanded in 1948, after Major League Baseball was desegregated. In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth.", "In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth. Robinson was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 1987. Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson.", "Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson. There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times.", "There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times. According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas.", "According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas. It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas.", "It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas. While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band.", "While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band. The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people.", "The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people. To Whites, for example, his nickname \"Bojangles\" meant happy-go-lucky, while the Black variety artist Tom Fletcher claimed it was slang for \"squabbler\". Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version.", "Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version. Marriage to Fanny Clay The date and location of Robinson's second marriage, to Fanny Clay, or even the year they met, is uncertain because the couple gave different dates and locations in interviews, possibly because they were worried about unfavorable publicity about the marriage occurring so soon after Robinson's divorce. Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922.", "Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922. First Meeting with Marty Forkins Robinson's meeting with the man who became his manager, Marty Forkins, is said to have occurred when Robinson, working as a waiter, spilled soup on Forkins. After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper.", "After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper. Their explanation was that the story was made up in order to obscure Robinson's & Cooper's partnership, and to more effectively promote Robinson as a solo act. The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs.", "The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs. Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place.", "Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place. Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond.", "Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra.", "The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra. Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic.", "Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic. The word was not popularized until Robinson used the term as an opening for his vaudeville and radio performances. The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s.", "The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s. World record for running backward One of Robinson's methods for generating publicity in cities where he was not the headliner was to engage in \"freak sprinting\" races, such as running backward. In 1922, Robinson set the world record for running backward (100 yards in 13.5 seconds). The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds.", "The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds. Although Robinson's speed running backwards is undisputed, the circumstances in which this feat was accepted as a world record are unclear, and were likely the result of a staged publicity event rather than a sanctioned athletic contest. The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson.", "The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson. According to Walker, it was instead inspired by Walker's encounter with a street performer in the New Orleans first precinct jail, a street performer who called himself \"Bo Jangles\". In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died.", "In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died. By Robinson's own account and those of his friends, he neither smoked nor drank (although he was a frequent and avid gambler), and he never had a dog. Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims.", "Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims. Once, after being called an \"Uncle Tom\" in the New York newspaper The Age, Robinson went to its office in Harlem, pistol in hand, demanding to see the editor. In his eulogy at Robinson's funeral, Rev. Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines.", "Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines. In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\".", "In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\". Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life.", "Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life. Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry.", "Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry. Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career.", "Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career. In addition to the impact of Jim Crow policies and the Depression, Haskins writes, \"That Bill traveled, at least professionally, in increasingly white circles was not so much a matter of choice as one of reality.\" Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber.", "Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber. In 1933, Robinson was named an honorary Mayor of Harlem for his philanthropic contributions to his community, and for his renowned success. He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals.", "He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals. Trial and imprisonment On March 21, 1908, as a result of a dispute with a tailor over a suit, Robinson was arrested in New York City for armed robbery. On September 30, he was convicted and sentenced to 11–15 years hard labor at Sing Sing prison. Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense.", "Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense. After his conviction, Robinson's partner, George Cooper, organized his most influential friends to vouch for him, and hired a new attorney who produced evidence that Robinson had been falsely accused. Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply.", "Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply. After he was released, he made a point of registering his pistol at the local police station of each town where he performed. Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements.", "Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements. Jesse Owens After Jesse Owens returned from the 1936 Olympics, Robinson befriended him. Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance.", "Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance. Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse.", "Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse. As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens.", "As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens. According to Forkins’ son, Robinson had told Owens that he should start running demonstration races that would both earn money for him and keep him in the public eye. Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified.", "Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified. Moreover, the events paid Owens well and provided him with a source of funds when no one else was offering him employment or helping him financially. Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him.", "Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him. Café Metropole and Jeni Le Gon In 1937, Robinson caused a stir in the Harlem community by choosing a white dancer, Geneva Sawyer, as his dance partner over Jeni Le Gon in the Twentieth Century Fox film Café Metropole (1937). Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews.", "Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews. Sawyer had been Shirley Temple's dance coach during the time Temple and Robinson made movies together, and Sawyer had taken tap lessons from Robinson while he was teaching Temple and choreographing her routines. Robinson suggested to the producers that Sawyer could be cast as his partner if she wore blackface. Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again.", "Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again. Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies.", "Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies. In popular culture Fred Astaire paid tribute to Bill Robinson in the tap routine Bojangles of Harlem from the 1936 film Swing Time. In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows.", "In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows. Duke Ellington composed \"Bojangles (A Portrait of Bill Robinson)\", a set of rhythmic variations as a salute to the great dancer. A biography of Bill Robinson by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (Morrow), was published in 1988. \"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993.", "\"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993. Playwright Doug Jones collaborated with composer Charles Strouse (Annie, Bye Bye Birdie, Applause) and Academy Award-winning lyricist Sammy Cahn. A made-for-television film entitled Bojangles was released in 2001. The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson.", "The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson. Arthur Duncan, an exceptional tap dancer in his own right, frequently paid homage to Bill Robinson with the stair routine on The Lawrence Welk Show. A 2002 children's book titled Rap a Tap Tap: Here's Bojangles - Think of That! by Leo and Diane Dillon pays homage to Robinson. A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005).", "A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005). Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra.", "Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra. Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993.", "Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993. See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993.", "See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993. The biographical material was extrapolated from The American Dictionary of Biography and Webster's American Biographies. Haskins, James; Mitgang, N. R., Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (New York: William Morrow, 1988). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002).", "Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Underneath A Harlem Moon External links Bojangles at the Evergreens Cemetery 1878 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 369th Infantry Regiment personnel African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male singers American male dancers American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male singers American male stage actors American military personnel of World War I American tap dancers Burials at the Cemetery of the Evergreens Deaths from heart disease Harlem Renaissance Male actors from Richmond, Virginia Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia Musicians from Richmond, Virginia Singers from Virginia United States Army soldiers Vaudeville performers" ]

[ "Bill Robinson", "Vaudeville", "What was Vaudeville?", "vaudeville performer Rae Samuels, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager", "What was Robinson's role?", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo," ]

[ "Freethinkers' Pinnacle Party or Summit of Freethinkers or Freethinkers Front (, Chekad-e Azadandishan) is an Iranian principalist political party founded in 2000, mostly by Islamic Azad University academics. They competed in the 2000 Iranian legislative election and were able to gain some success. In 2001 and 2005 presidential elections, they supported Abdollah Jassbi and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani respectively. In 2009 presidential election, the party did not support any candidates, but invited people to vote. They also have endorsed The two Societies' electoral list for the Assembly of Experts elections in 2006.\n\nSee also \n:Category:Summit of Freethinkers Party politicians\n\nReferences \n\nPrinciplist political groups in Iran\nPolitical parties established in 2000\nElectoral lists for Iranian legislative election, 2004", "The Agricultural Party of Greece () was a Greek left-wing political party from 1923 to 1946.\n\nThe party first contested national elections in 1926, when it won four seats in the parliamentary elections. Despite their success in 1926, the party did not contest the 1928 elections,. \n\nDespite its success in 1926, the party did not contest the 1928 elections, but returned in 1936, winning a single seat in the elections that year. The party did not contest any further elections.\n\nOn 27 September 1941, the Agricultural Party of Greece participated in the EAM (Greek National Liberation Front), the biggest resistance organization during the Greek Resistance.\n\nReferences\n\nDefunct socialist parties in Greece\nNational Liberation Front (Greece)\n1920s in Greece\n1930s in Greece\n1940s in Greek politics\nPolitical parties established in 1923\n1923 establishments in Greece\nPolitical parties disestablished in 1946\n1946 disestablishments in Greece" ]

[ "Bill Robinson, nicknamed Bojangles (born Luther Robinson; May 25, 1878 – November 25, 1949), was an American tap dancer, actor, and singer, the best known and the most highly paid African-American entertainer in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. His long career mirrored changes in American entertainment tastes and technology. His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television.", "His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television. According to dance critic Marshall Stearns, \"Robinson's contribution to tap dance is exact and specific. He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\".", "He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\". His signature routine was the Stair Dance, in which he would tap up and down a set of stairs in a rhythmically complex sequence of steps, a routine that he unsuccessfully attempted to patent. He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances.", "He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances. He is best known today for his dancing with Shirley Temple in a series of films during the 1930s, and for starring in the musical Stormy Weather (1943), loosely based on his own life and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers.", "He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers. Robinson was one of the first minstrel and vaudeville performers to appear as Black without the use of blackface makeup, as well as one of the earliest Black performers to perform solo, overcoming vaudeville's two-colored rule. Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows.", "Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows. Robinson was the first Black performer to appear in a Hollywood film in an interracial dance team (with Shirley Temple in The Little Colonel, 1935), and the first Black performer to headline a mixed-race Broadway production. Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom.", "Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom. He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice.", "He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice. In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents.", "In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents. Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers.", "Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers. Sammy Davis Jr. and Ann Miller credited him as a teacher and mentor, Miller saying that he \"changed the course of my life\". Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award.", "Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the time, Robinson died penniless in 1949, his funeral paid for by longtime friend Ed Sullivan. In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day.", "In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day. Early life Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson was born Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia, on May 25, 1878, to Maxwell, a machinist, and Maria Robinson, a church choir director. He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood.", "He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood. His grandmother Bedelia Robinson, a former slave, raised him after both of his parents died tragically in 1884: his father died from chronic heart disease and his mother from unknown natural causes. Details of his early life are known only through legend, much of it perpetuated by Robinson himself. He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like.", "He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like. He suggested to his younger brother William that they should exchange names, and they eventually did. His brother subsequently adopted the name of Percy and achieved recognition as a musician under that name. Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies.", "Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies. A promoter saw him performing outside the Globe Theater in Richmond and offered him a job as a \"pick\" in a local minstrel show. At that time, minstrel shows were staged by White performers in blackface. Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes.", "Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes. In 1890, at the age of 12, Robinson ran away to Washington, D.C., where he did odd jobs at Benning Race Track and worked briefly as a jockey. He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers.", "He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers. In 1891, he was hired by Whallen and Martel, touring with Mayme Remington's troupe in a show titled The South Before the War, performing again as a pickaninny, despite his age. He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly.", "He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly. In 1898, he returned to Richmond where he joined the United States Army as a rifleman when the Spanish–American War broke out. He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun.", "He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun. Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day.", "Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day. The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines).", "The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines). By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits.", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits. The team broke up in 1914, and vaudeville performer Rae Samuel's, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager (and husband), Marty Forkins. Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week.", "Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week. Forkins accomplished this by inventing an alternate history for Robinson, promoting him as already being a solo act. This technique succeeded, making Robinson one of the first performers to break vaudeville's two-coloured rule, which forbade solo Black acts. When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps.", "When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps. The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918.", "The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918. Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived.", "Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived. From 1919 to 1923 he was fully booked on the Orpheum Circuit and was signed full-time by the Keith in 1924 and 1925. In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages.", "In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages. Tap Dance Style As mentioned above, the chapter of Stearns' Bill Robinson: Up on the Toes entitled Jazz Dance (1966) describes how Robinson introduced dancing \"up on the toes\" to tap dance. This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\".", "This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\". Moving primarily from the waist down, Robinson maintained impressive control of his body. Pete Nugent is said to have remarked, \"Robinson was the absolute tops in control.\" That Robinson infrequently dropped his heels marked a significant change in popular tap technique. Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\".", "Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\". In 1918 at the Palace Theatre in New York, Robinson performed the Stair Dance. Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular.", "Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular. The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\".", "The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\". The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance.", "The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance. The entertainment community began to associate the Stair Dance exclusively with Robinson as the routine became a standard part of his performances in 1921. Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine.", "Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine. Robinson's talents transcended his famous Stair Dance by far. The steps themselves were not essential to Robinson's performances; rather, Robinson would naturally shift into \"a little skating step to stop-time; or a Scoot step, a cross-over tap\" or many other tap steps involved in his particular movement quality. Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly.", "Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly. Often Robinson would talk to his audience, share anecdotes, and act as if he were surprised by the action of his feet. His amusing personality was essential to his performances and popularity. Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman.", "Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman. Broadway In 1928, a White impresario, Lew Leslie, produced Blackbirds of 1928 on Broadway, a Black revue for White audiences starring Adelaide Hall and Bill Robinson along with Aida Ward, Tim Moore and other Black stars. The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\".", "The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\". The show then became a huge success on Broadway, where it ran for over one year to sell-out performances. On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences.", "On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences. From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem.", "From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem. So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States.", "So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States. In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.", "In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta. The show opened at the Broadhurst Theatre, with Robinson cast in the role of the Emperor. His rendition of My Object All Sublime stopped the show and produced eight encores. After Broadway, the show moved to the 1939 New York World's Fair, and was one of the greatest hits of the fair. August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair.", "August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair. Robinson's next Broadway show, All in Fun (1940), was with an all-White cast. Despite having Imogene Coca, Pert Kelton, and other stars, the show received poor reviews at out-of-town tryouts in New Haven and Boston. When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production.", "When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production. Although the reviewers were enthusiastic about Robinson, they panned the show, and it failed to attract audiences. All in Fun closed after four performances. Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945.", "Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945. This production used an all-Black cast including Robinson (who had top billing), Avon Long, Billy Daniels, Ada Brown, and Sheila Guyse. Robinson played the boat pilot and then Sir Joseph Porter in the play-within-a-play of H.M.S. Pinafore. Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show.", "Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show. Film career After 1932, Black stage revues waned in popularity, but Robinson remained in vogue with White audiences for more than a decade in some fourteen motion pictures produced by such companies as RKO, 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures. Most of them had musical settings, in which he played old-fashioned roles in nostalgic romances. Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana.", "Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana. RKO was formed in part by a merger of the Keith and Orpheum theater circuits, with whom Robinson had performed as a headliner for many years. He was cast as a specialty performer in a standalone scene. This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film.", "This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film. Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras.", "Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras. The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that.", "The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that. Shirley Temple The idea for bringing a Black dancer to Fox to star with Temple in The Little Colonel was actually first proposed by Fox head Winfield Sheehan after a discussion with D. W. Griffith. Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test.", "Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test. Robinson passed the test and was brought in to both star with Temple and to teach her tap dancing. They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine.", "They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine. I kept reaching up for his hand, but he hadn't looked down and seemed unaware. Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile.", "Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile. When he took my hand in his, it felt large and cool. For a few moments, we continued walking in silence. \"Can I call you Uncle Billy?\" I asked. \"Why sure you can\", he replied... \"But then I get to call you darlin.'\" It was a deal.", "It was a deal. It was a deal. From then on, whenever we walked together it was hand in hand, and I was always his \"darlin.'\" Temple had already appeared in five films released in 1934, and had performed a tap routine with James Dunn in Stand Up and Cheer! After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple.", "After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple. While Robinson liked the idea, he quickly realized that he could not teach his complex stair dance to a seven-year-old in the few days permitted by the shooting schedule. Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe.", "Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe. After watching her practice his choreography, Robinson modified his routine to mimic her movements, so that it appeared on film that she was imitating his steps. The sequence was the highlight of the film. Robinson and Temple became the first interracial dance partners in Hollywood history. The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact.", "The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact. Temple and Robinson appeared in four films together: The Little Colonel, The Littlest Rebel, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Just Around the Corner. Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her.", "Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her. Robinson carried pictures of Temple with him wherever he traveled, and Temple considered him a lifelong friend, saying in an interview \"Bill Robinson treated me as an equal, which was very important to me. He didn't talk down to me, like to a little girl. And I liked people like that. And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\"", "And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" Other films Robinson refused to play stereotypical roles imposed by Hollywood studios. In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people.", "In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people. Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash.", "Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash. Robinson and Rogers were good friends, and after Rogers' death, Robinson refused to fly, instead travelling by train to Hollywood for his film work. Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather.", "Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather. Lena Horne co-starred as Robinson's love interest, and the movie also featured Fats Waller in his final movie appearance before his death, playing with Cab Calloway and his orchestra. The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\".", "The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\". In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances.", "Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances. The distinctive sound of Robinson's tap dancing was frequently featured, but Robinson also sang, made sound effects, and told jokes and stories from his vaudeville acts. He also addressed the audience directly, something very rare for a Black radio performer in that era. Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds.", "Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds. It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934.", "It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934. Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open.", "Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open. Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience.", "Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience. A friend remarked, \"he was handing over his crown, like him saying, 'this is my good-bye. '\" Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907.", "Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907. They separated in 1916, and the marriage ended in 1922. His second wife was Fannie S. Clay whom he married shortly after his divorce from Chase. They divorced in 1943. His third marriage was in 1944 to Elaine Plaines in Columbus, Ohio, and they remained together until Robinson's death in 1949. There were no children from any of the marriages.", "There were no children from any of the marriages. There were no children from any of the marriages. Political figures and celebrities appointed Robinson an honorary mayor of Harlem, a lifetime member of policemen's associations and fraternal orders, and a mascot of the New York Giants major league baseball team. Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style.", "Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the first half of the 20th century, earning more than US$2 million during his lifetime, Robinson died penniless on November 25, 1949, at the age of 71, 6 months before his 72nd birthday, from heart failure. His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan.", "His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan. Robinson lay in repose at the 369th Infantry Regiment Armory in Harlem, where an estimated 32,000 people filed past his open casket to pay their last respects. The schools in Harlem were closed for a half-day so that children could attend or listen to the funeral, which was broadcast over the radio. Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy.", "Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy. Robinson is buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn, New York. Legacy Robinson was successful despite the obstacle of racism. A favorite Robinson anecdote is that he seated himself in a restaurant and a customer objected to his presence. When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\"", "When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\" Politely asking to borrow the manager's note for a moment, Robinson added six $10 bills from his own wallet and mixed them up, then extended the seven bills together, adding, \"Here, let's see you pick out the colored one\". The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay.", "The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. Robinson co-founded the New York Black Yankees baseball team in Harlem in 1936 with financier James \"Soldier Boy\" Semler. The team was a successful member of the Negro National League until it disbanded in 1948, after Major League Baseball was desegregated. In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth.", "In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth. Robinson was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 1987. Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson.", "Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson. There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times.", "There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times. According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas.", "According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas. It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas.", "It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas. While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band.", "While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band. The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people.", "The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people. To Whites, for example, his nickname \"Bojangles\" meant happy-go-lucky, while the Black variety artist Tom Fletcher claimed it was slang for \"squabbler\". Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version.", "Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version. Marriage to Fanny Clay The date and location of Robinson's second marriage, to Fanny Clay, or even the year they met, is uncertain because the couple gave different dates and locations in interviews, possibly because they were worried about unfavorable publicity about the marriage occurring so soon after Robinson's divorce. Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922.", "Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922. First Meeting with Marty Forkins Robinson's meeting with the man who became his manager, Marty Forkins, is said to have occurred when Robinson, working as a waiter, spilled soup on Forkins. After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper.", "After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper. Their explanation was that the story was made up in order to obscure Robinson's & Cooper's partnership, and to more effectively promote Robinson as a solo act. The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs.", "The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs. Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place.", "Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place. Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond.", "Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra.", "The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra. Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic.", "Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic. The word was not popularized until Robinson used the term as an opening for his vaudeville and radio performances. The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s.", "The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s. World record for running backward One of Robinson's methods for generating publicity in cities where he was not the headliner was to engage in \"freak sprinting\" races, such as running backward. In 1922, Robinson set the world record for running backward (100 yards in 13.5 seconds). The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds.", "The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds. Although Robinson's speed running backwards is undisputed, the circumstances in which this feat was accepted as a world record are unclear, and were likely the result of a staged publicity event rather than a sanctioned athletic contest. The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson.", "The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson. According to Walker, it was instead inspired by Walker's encounter with a street performer in the New Orleans first precinct jail, a street performer who called himself \"Bo Jangles\". In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died.", "In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died. By Robinson's own account and those of his friends, he neither smoked nor drank (although he was a frequent and avid gambler), and he never had a dog. Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims.", "Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims. Once, after being called an \"Uncle Tom\" in the New York newspaper The Age, Robinson went to its office in Harlem, pistol in hand, demanding to see the editor. In his eulogy at Robinson's funeral, Rev. Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines.", "Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines. In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\".", "In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\". Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life.", "Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life. Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry.", "Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry. Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career.", "Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career. In addition to the impact of Jim Crow policies and the Depression, Haskins writes, \"That Bill traveled, at least professionally, in increasingly white circles was not so much a matter of choice as one of reality.\" Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber.", "Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber. In 1933, Robinson was named an honorary Mayor of Harlem for his philanthropic contributions to his community, and for his renowned success. He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals.", "He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals. Trial and imprisonment On March 21, 1908, as a result of a dispute with a tailor over a suit, Robinson was arrested in New York City for armed robbery. On September 30, he was convicted and sentenced to 11–15 years hard labor at Sing Sing prison. Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense.", "Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense. After his conviction, Robinson's partner, George Cooper, organized his most influential friends to vouch for him, and hired a new attorney who produced evidence that Robinson had been falsely accused. Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply.", "Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply. After he was released, he made a point of registering his pistol at the local police station of each town where he performed. Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements.", "Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements. Jesse Owens After Jesse Owens returned from the 1936 Olympics, Robinson befriended him. Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance.", "Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance. Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse.", "Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse. As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens.", "As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens. According to Forkins’ son, Robinson had told Owens that he should start running demonstration races that would both earn money for him and keep him in the public eye. Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified.", "Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified. Moreover, the events paid Owens well and provided him with a source of funds when no one else was offering him employment or helping him financially. Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him.", "Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him. Café Metropole and Jeni Le Gon In 1937, Robinson caused a stir in the Harlem community by choosing a white dancer, Geneva Sawyer, as his dance partner over Jeni Le Gon in the Twentieth Century Fox film Café Metropole (1937). Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews.", "Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews. Sawyer had been Shirley Temple's dance coach during the time Temple and Robinson made movies together, and Sawyer had taken tap lessons from Robinson while he was teaching Temple and choreographing her routines. Robinson suggested to the producers that Sawyer could be cast as his partner if she wore blackface. Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again.", "Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again. Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies.", "Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies. In popular culture Fred Astaire paid tribute to Bill Robinson in the tap routine Bojangles of Harlem from the 1936 film Swing Time. In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows.", "In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows. Duke Ellington composed \"Bojangles (A Portrait of Bill Robinson)\", a set of rhythmic variations as a salute to the great dancer. A biography of Bill Robinson by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (Morrow), was published in 1988. \"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993.", "\"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993. Playwright Doug Jones collaborated with composer Charles Strouse (Annie, Bye Bye Birdie, Applause) and Academy Award-winning lyricist Sammy Cahn. A made-for-television film entitled Bojangles was released in 2001. The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson.", "The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson. Arthur Duncan, an exceptional tap dancer in his own right, frequently paid homage to Bill Robinson with the stair routine on The Lawrence Welk Show. A 2002 children's book titled Rap a Tap Tap: Here's Bojangles - Think of That! by Leo and Diane Dillon pays homage to Robinson. A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005).", "A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005). Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra.", "Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra. Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993.", "Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993. See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993.", "See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993. The biographical material was extrapolated from The American Dictionary of Biography and Webster's American Biographies. Haskins, James; Mitgang, N. R., Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (New York: William Morrow, 1988). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002).", "Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Underneath A Harlem Moon External links Bojangles at the Evergreens Cemetery 1878 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 369th Infantry Regiment personnel African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male singers American male dancers American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male singers American male stage actors American military personnel of World War I American tap dancers Burials at the Cemetery of the Evergreens Deaths from heart disease Harlem Renaissance Male actors from Richmond, Virginia Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia Musicians from Richmond, Virginia Singers from Virginia United States Army soldiers Vaudeville performers" ]

[ "Bill Robinson", "Vaudeville", "What was Vaudeville?", "vaudeville performer Rae Samuels, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager", "What was Robinson's role?", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo,", "Did they see any success?", "working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week." ]

[ "Jorma Kaukonen Trio Live is a live album taken from performances from Jorma Kaukonen's 1999 solo tour, and his last album for Relix Records. Performing with Kaukonen were Michael Falzarano and Pete Sears who had both played on his previous solo album, Too Many Years, and had performed with Hot Tuna on their last release, And Furthermore... After the release of this album, Kaukonen and Jack Casady began to perform as \"Jack & Jorma, The Original Acoustic Hot Tuna\" and Falzarano and Sears performed less frequently with Hot Tuna and Kaukonen's solo act, with Sears finally leaving in 2001 and Falzarano leaving in 2002.\n\nTrack listing\n\"True Religion\" (Jorma Kaukonen) – 4:54\n\"How Long Blues\" (Leroy Carr) – 4:02\n\"Death Don't Have No Mercy\" (Rev. Gary Davis) – 5:47\n\"Do Not Go Gentle\" (Kaukonen) – 3:44\n\"I See the Light\" (Kaukonen) – 6:05\n\"Embryonic Journey\" (Kaukonen) – 2:11\n\"Good Shepherd\" (Traditional) – 6:31\n\"San Francisco Bay Blues\" (Jesse Fuller) – 3:48\n\"I Know You Rider\" (Traditional) – 5:07\n\"Just My Way\" (Michael Falzarano) – 9:12\n\"Friend of the Devil\" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter, John Dawson) – 6:03\n\nPersonnel\nJorma Kaukonen – guitars, vocals\nMichael Falzarano – rhythm guitar, vocals\nPete Sears – keyboards\n\nProduction\nMichael Falzarano – producer\nRalph Marsella – engineer\nRobert Minkin – cover photo\nRecorded live during 1999\n\nJorma Kaukonen albums\n2001 live albums\nRelix Records live albums", "Greg Long (born December 12, 1966) is an American contemporary Christian music solo artist and also a member of the contemporary Christian pop group Avalon.\n\nBackground \n\nLong was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota. He began singing at the age of two, in his father's revivals. He is married to fellow Avalon band member Janna Long.\n\nAs a solo artist, Long has had four songs reach No. 1 on the Contemporary Christian charts: \"How Long?\" (a duet with Margaret Becker) from his first solo album, then \"What a Friend\" and \"Think About Jesus\" in 1995 and \"Love the Lord\" in 1996. Long was a 1998 GMA Dove Award nominee.\n\nIn 2003, Long joined Avalon, replacing founding member Michael Passons.\n\nDiscography \n\n Cross My Heart (Myrrh Records/Pakaderm Records 1994)\n Days of Grace (Myrrh Records 1996)\n Jesus Saves (Word Records 1998)\n Now (Myrrh Records 2000)\n Born Again (Christian Records 2004)\n The Definitive Collection (Word Records 2008 compilation album)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1966 births\nLiving people\nAmerican performers of Christian music\nPeople from Aberdeen, South Dakota\nPeople from Sisseton, South Dakota" ]

[ "Bill Robinson, nicknamed Bojangles (born Luther Robinson; May 25, 1878 – November 25, 1949), was an American tap dancer, actor, and singer, the best known and the most highly paid African-American entertainer in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. His long career mirrored changes in American entertainment tastes and technology. His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television.", "His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television. According to dance critic Marshall Stearns, \"Robinson's contribution to tap dance is exact and specific. He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\".", "He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\". His signature routine was the Stair Dance, in which he would tap up and down a set of stairs in a rhythmically complex sequence of steps, a routine that he unsuccessfully attempted to patent. He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances.", "He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances. He is best known today for his dancing with Shirley Temple in a series of films during the 1930s, and for starring in the musical Stormy Weather (1943), loosely based on his own life and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers.", "He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers. Robinson was one of the first minstrel and vaudeville performers to appear as Black without the use of blackface makeup, as well as one of the earliest Black performers to perform solo, overcoming vaudeville's two-colored rule. Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows.", "Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows. Robinson was the first Black performer to appear in a Hollywood film in an interracial dance team (with Shirley Temple in The Little Colonel, 1935), and the first Black performer to headline a mixed-race Broadway production. Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom.", "Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom. He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice.", "He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice. In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents.", "In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents. Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers.", "Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers. Sammy Davis Jr. and Ann Miller credited him as a teacher and mentor, Miller saying that he \"changed the course of my life\". Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award.", "Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the time, Robinson died penniless in 1949, his funeral paid for by longtime friend Ed Sullivan. In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day.", "In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day. Early life Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson was born Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia, on May 25, 1878, to Maxwell, a machinist, and Maria Robinson, a church choir director. He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood.", "He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood. His grandmother Bedelia Robinson, a former slave, raised him after both of his parents died tragically in 1884: his father died from chronic heart disease and his mother from unknown natural causes. Details of his early life are known only through legend, much of it perpetuated by Robinson himself. He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like.", "He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like. He suggested to his younger brother William that they should exchange names, and they eventually did. His brother subsequently adopted the name of Percy and achieved recognition as a musician under that name. Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies.", "Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies. A promoter saw him performing outside the Globe Theater in Richmond and offered him a job as a \"pick\" in a local minstrel show. At that time, minstrel shows were staged by White performers in blackface. Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes.", "Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes. In 1890, at the age of 12, Robinson ran away to Washington, D.C., where he did odd jobs at Benning Race Track and worked briefly as a jockey. He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers.", "He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers. In 1891, he was hired by Whallen and Martel, touring with Mayme Remington's troupe in a show titled The South Before the War, performing again as a pickaninny, despite his age. He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly.", "He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly. In 1898, he returned to Richmond where he joined the United States Army as a rifleman when the Spanish–American War broke out. He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun.", "He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun. Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day.", "Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day. The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines).", "The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines). By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits.", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits. The team broke up in 1914, and vaudeville performer Rae Samuel's, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager (and husband), Marty Forkins. Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week.", "Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week. Forkins accomplished this by inventing an alternate history for Robinson, promoting him as already being a solo act. This technique succeeded, making Robinson one of the first performers to break vaudeville's two-coloured rule, which forbade solo Black acts. When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps.", "When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps. The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918.", "The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918. Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived.", "Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived. From 1919 to 1923 he was fully booked on the Orpheum Circuit and was signed full-time by the Keith in 1924 and 1925. In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages.", "In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages. Tap Dance Style As mentioned above, the chapter of Stearns' Bill Robinson: Up on the Toes entitled Jazz Dance (1966) describes how Robinson introduced dancing \"up on the toes\" to tap dance. This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\".", "This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\". Moving primarily from the waist down, Robinson maintained impressive control of his body. Pete Nugent is said to have remarked, \"Robinson was the absolute tops in control.\" That Robinson infrequently dropped his heels marked a significant change in popular tap technique. Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\".", "Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\". In 1918 at the Palace Theatre in New York, Robinson performed the Stair Dance. Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular.", "Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular. The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\".", "The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\". The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance.", "The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance. The entertainment community began to associate the Stair Dance exclusively with Robinson as the routine became a standard part of his performances in 1921. Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine.", "Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine. Robinson's talents transcended his famous Stair Dance by far. The steps themselves were not essential to Robinson's performances; rather, Robinson would naturally shift into \"a little skating step to stop-time; or a Scoot step, a cross-over tap\" or many other tap steps involved in his particular movement quality. Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly.", "Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly. Often Robinson would talk to his audience, share anecdotes, and act as if he were surprised by the action of his feet. His amusing personality was essential to his performances and popularity. Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman.", "Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman. Broadway In 1928, a White impresario, Lew Leslie, produced Blackbirds of 1928 on Broadway, a Black revue for White audiences starring Adelaide Hall and Bill Robinson along with Aida Ward, Tim Moore and other Black stars. The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\".", "The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\". The show then became a huge success on Broadway, where it ran for over one year to sell-out performances. On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences.", "On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences. From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem.", "From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem. So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States.", "So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States. In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.", "In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta. The show opened at the Broadhurst Theatre, with Robinson cast in the role of the Emperor. His rendition of My Object All Sublime stopped the show and produced eight encores. After Broadway, the show moved to the 1939 New York World's Fair, and was one of the greatest hits of the fair. August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair.", "August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair. Robinson's next Broadway show, All in Fun (1940), was with an all-White cast. Despite having Imogene Coca, Pert Kelton, and other stars, the show received poor reviews at out-of-town tryouts in New Haven and Boston. When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production.", "When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production. Although the reviewers were enthusiastic about Robinson, they panned the show, and it failed to attract audiences. All in Fun closed after four performances. Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945.", "Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945. This production used an all-Black cast including Robinson (who had top billing), Avon Long, Billy Daniels, Ada Brown, and Sheila Guyse. Robinson played the boat pilot and then Sir Joseph Porter in the play-within-a-play of H.M.S. Pinafore. Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show.", "Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show. Film career After 1932, Black stage revues waned in popularity, but Robinson remained in vogue with White audiences for more than a decade in some fourteen motion pictures produced by such companies as RKO, 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures. Most of them had musical settings, in which he played old-fashioned roles in nostalgic romances. Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana.", "Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana. RKO was formed in part by a merger of the Keith and Orpheum theater circuits, with whom Robinson had performed as a headliner for many years. He was cast as a specialty performer in a standalone scene. This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film.", "This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film. Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras.", "Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras. The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that.", "The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that. Shirley Temple The idea for bringing a Black dancer to Fox to star with Temple in The Little Colonel was actually first proposed by Fox head Winfield Sheehan after a discussion with D. W. Griffith. Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test.", "Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test. Robinson passed the test and was brought in to both star with Temple and to teach her tap dancing. They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine.", "They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine. I kept reaching up for his hand, but he hadn't looked down and seemed unaware. Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile.", "Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile. When he took my hand in his, it felt large and cool. For a few moments, we continued walking in silence. \"Can I call you Uncle Billy?\" I asked. \"Why sure you can\", he replied... \"But then I get to call you darlin.'\" It was a deal.", "It was a deal. It was a deal. From then on, whenever we walked together it was hand in hand, and I was always his \"darlin.'\" Temple had already appeared in five films released in 1934, and had performed a tap routine with James Dunn in Stand Up and Cheer! After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple.", "After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple. While Robinson liked the idea, he quickly realized that he could not teach his complex stair dance to a seven-year-old in the few days permitted by the shooting schedule. Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe.", "Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe. After watching her practice his choreography, Robinson modified his routine to mimic her movements, so that it appeared on film that she was imitating his steps. The sequence was the highlight of the film. Robinson and Temple became the first interracial dance partners in Hollywood history. The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact.", "The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact. Temple and Robinson appeared in four films together: The Little Colonel, The Littlest Rebel, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Just Around the Corner. Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her.", "Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her. Robinson carried pictures of Temple with him wherever he traveled, and Temple considered him a lifelong friend, saying in an interview \"Bill Robinson treated me as an equal, which was very important to me. He didn't talk down to me, like to a little girl. And I liked people like that. And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\"", "And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" Other films Robinson refused to play stereotypical roles imposed by Hollywood studios. In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people.", "In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people. Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash.", "Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash. Robinson and Rogers were good friends, and after Rogers' death, Robinson refused to fly, instead travelling by train to Hollywood for his film work. Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather.", "Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather. Lena Horne co-starred as Robinson's love interest, and the movie also featured Fats Waller in his final movie appearance before his death, playing with Cab Calloway and his orchestra. The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\".", "The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\". In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances.", "Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances. The distinctive sound of Robinson's tap dancing was frequently featured, but Robinson also sang, made sound effects, and told jokes and stories from his vaudeville acts. He also addressed the audience directly, something very rare for a Black radio performer in that era. Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds.", "Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds. It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934.", "It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934. Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open.", "Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open. Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience.", "Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience. A friend remarked, \"he was handing over his crown, like him saying, 'this is my good-bye. '\" Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907.", "Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907. They separated in 1916, and the marriage ended in 1922. His second wife was Fannie S. Clay whom he married shortly after his divorce from Chase. They divorced in 1943. His third marriage was in 1944 to Elaine Plaines in Columbus, Ohio, and they remained together until Robinson's death in 1949. There were no children from any of the marriages.", "There were no children from any of the marriages. There were no children from any of the marriages. Political figures and celebrities appointed Robinson an honorary mayor of Harlem, a lifetime member of policemen's associations and fraternal orders, and a mascot of the New York Giants major league baseball team. Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style.", "Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the first half of the 20th century, earning more than US$2 million during his lifetime, Robinson died penniless on November 25, 1949, at the age of 71, 6 months before his 72nd birthday, from heart failure. His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan.", "His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan. Robinson lay in repose at the 369th Infantry Regiment Armory in Harlem, where an estimated 32,000 people filed past his open casket to pay their last respects. The schools in Harlem were closed for a half-day so that children could attend or listen to the funeral, which was broadcast over the radio. Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy.", "Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy. Robinson is buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn, New York. Legacy Robinson was successful despite the obstacle of racism. A favorite Robinson anecdote is that he seated himself in a restaurant and a customer objected to his presence. When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\"", "When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\" Politely asking to borrow the manager's note for a moment, Robinson added six $10 bills from his own wallet and mixed them up, then extended the seven bills together, adding, \"Here, let's see you pick out the colored one\". The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay.", "The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. Robinson co-founded the New York Black Yankees baseball team in Harlem in 1936 with financier James \"Soldier Boy\" Semler. The team was a successful member of the Negro National League until it disbanded in 1948, after Major League Baseball was desegregated. In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth.", "In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth. Robinson was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 1987. Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson.", "Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson. There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times.", "There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times. According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas.", "According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas. It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas.", "It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas. While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band.", "While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band. The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people.", "The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people. To Whites, for example, his nickname \"Bojangles\" meant happy-go-lucky, while the Black variety artist Tom Fletcher claimed it was slang for \"squabbler\". Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version.", "Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version. Marriage to Fanny Clay The date and location of Robinson's second marriage, to Fanny Clay, or even the year they met, is uncertain because the couple gave different dates and locations in interviews, possibly because they were worried about unfavorable publicity about the marriage occurring so soon after Robinson's divorce. Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922.", "Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922. First Meeting with Marty Forkins Robinson's meeting with the man who became his manager, Marty Forkins, is said to have occurred when Robinson, working as a waiter, spilled soup on Forkins. After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper.", "After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper. Their explanation was that the story was made up in order to obscure Robinson's & Cooper's partnership, and to more effectively promote Robinson as a solo act. The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs.", "The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs. Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place.", "Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place. Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond.", "Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra.", "The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra. Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic.", "Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic. The word was not popularized until Robinson used the term as an opening for his vaudeville and radio performances. The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s.", "The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s. World record for running backward One of Robinson's methods for generating publicity in cities where he was not the headliner was to engage in \"freak sprinting\" races, such as running backward. In 1922, Robinson set the world record for running backward (100 yards in 13.5 seconds). The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds.", "The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds. Although Robinson's speed running backwards is undisputed, the circumstances in which this feat was accepted as a world record are unclear, and were likely the result of a staged publicity event rather than a sanctioned athletic contest. The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson.", "The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson. According to Walker, it was instead inspired by Walker's encounter with a street performer in the New Orleans first precinct jail, a street performer who called himself \"Bo Jangles\". In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died.", "In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died. By Robinson's own account and those of his friends, he neither smoked nor drank (although he was a frequent and avid gambler), and he never had a dog. Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims.", "Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims. Once, after being called an \"Uncle Tom\" in the New York newspaper The Age, Robinson went to its office in Harlem, pistol in hand, demanding to see the editor. In his eulogy at Robinson's funeral, Rev. Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines.", "Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines. In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\".", "In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\". Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life.", "Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life. Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry.", "Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry. Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career.", "Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career. In addition to the impact of Jim Crow policies and the Depression, Haskins writes, \"That Bill traveled, at least professionally, in increasingly white circles was not so much a matter of choice as one of reality.\" Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber.", "Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber. In 1933, Robinson was named an honorary Mayor of Harlem for his philanthropic contributions to his community, and for his renowned success. He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals.", "He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals. Trial and imprisonment On March 21, 1908, as a result of a dispute with a tailor over a suit, Robinson was arrested in New York City for armed robbery. On September 30, he was convicted and sentenced to 11–15 years hard labor at Sing Sing prison. Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense.", "Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense. After his conviction, Robinson's partner, George Cooper, organized his most influential friends to vouch for him, and hired a new attorney who produced evidence that Robinson had been falsely accused. Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply.", "Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply. After he was released, he made a point of registering his pistol at the local police station of each town where he performed. Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements.", "Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements. Jesse Owens After Jesse Owens returned from the 1936 Olympics, Robinson befriended him. Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance.", "Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance. Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse.", "Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse. As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens.", "As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens. According to Forkins’ son, Robinson had told Owens that he should start running demonstration races that would both earn money for him and keep him in the public eye. Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified.", "Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified. Moreover, the events paid Owens well and provided him with a source of funds when no one else was offering him employment or helping him financially. Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him.", "Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him. Café Metropole and Jeni Le Gon In 1937, Robinson caused a stir in the Harlem community by choosing a white dancer, Geneva Sawyer, as his dance partner over Jeni Le Gon in the Twentieth Century Fox film Café Metropole (1937). Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews.", "Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews. Sawyer had been Shirley Temple's dance coach during the time Temple and Robinson made movies together, and Sawyer had taken tap lessons from Robinson while he was teaching Temple and choreographing her routines. Robinson suggested to the producers that Sawyer could be cast as his partner if she wore blackface. Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again.", "Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again. Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies.", "Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies. In popular culture Fred Astaire paid tribute to Bill Robinson in the tap routine Bojangles of Harlem from the 1936 film Swing Time. In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows.", "In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows. Duke Ellington composed \"Bojangles (A Portrait of Bill Robinson)\", a set of rhythmic variations as a salute to the great dancer. A biography of Bill Robinson by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (Morrow), was published in 1988. \"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993.", "\"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993. Playwright Doug Jones collaborated with composer Charles Strouse (Annie, Bye Bye Birdie, Applause) and Academy Award-winning lyricist Sammy Cahn. A made-for-television film entitled Bojangles was released in 2001. The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson.", "The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson. Arthur Duncan, an exceptional tap dancer in his own right, frequently paid homage to Bill Robinson with the stair routine on The Lawrence Welk Show. A 2002 children's book titled Rap a Tap Tap: Here's Bojangles - Think of That! by Leo and Diane Dillon pays homage to Robinson. A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005).", "A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005). Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra.", "Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra. Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993.", "Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993. See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993.", "See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993. The biographical material was extrapolated from The American Dictionary of Biography and Webster's American Biographies. Haskins, James; Mitgang, N. R., Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (New York: William Morrow, 1988). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002).", "Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Underneath A Harlem Moon External links Bojangles at the Evergreens Cemetery 1878 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 369th Infantry Regiment personnel African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male singers American male dancers American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male singers American male stage actors American military personnel of World War I American tap dancers Burials at the Cemetery of the Evergreens Deaths from heart disease Harlem Renaissance Male actors from Richmond, Virginia Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia Musicians from Richmond, Virginia Singers from Virginia United States Army soldiers Vaudeville performers" ]

[ "Bill Robinson", "Vaudeville", "What was Vaudeville?", "vaudeville performer Rae Samuels, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager", "What was Robinson's role?", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo,", "Did they see any success?", "working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week.", "How long did he perform solo?", "Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act,", "What was his act about?", "primarily a tap dancing act," ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Bill Robinson, nicknamed Bojangles (born Luther Robinson; May 25, 1878 – November 25, 1949), was an American tap dancer, actor, and singer, the best known and the most highly paid African-American entertainer in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. His long career mirrored changes in American entertainment tastes and technology. His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television.", "His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television. According to dance critic Marshall Stearns, \"Robinson's contribution to tap dance is exact and specific. He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\".", "He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\". His signature routine was the Stair Dance, in which he would tap up and down a set of stairs in a rhythmically complex sequence of steps, a routine that he unsuccessfully attempted to patent. He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances.", "He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances. He is best known today for his dancing with Shirley Temple in a series of films during the 1930s, and for starring in the musical Stormy Weather (1943), loosely based on his own life and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers.", "He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers. Robinson was one of the first minstrel and vaudeville performers to appear as Black without the use of blackface makeup, as well as one of the earliest Black performers to perform solo, overcoming vaudeville's two-colored rule. Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows.", "Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows. Robinson was the first Black performer to appear in a Hollywood film in an interracial dance team (with Shirley Temple in The Little Colonel, 1935), and the first Black performer to headline a mixed-race Broadway production. Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom.", "Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom. He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice.", "He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice. In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents.", "In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents. Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers.", "Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers. Sammy Davis Jr. and Ann Miller credited him as a teacher and mentor, Miller saying that he \"changed the course of my life\". Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award.", "Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the time, Robinson died penniless in 1949, his funeral paid for by longtime friend Ed Sullivan. In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day.", "In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day. Early life Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson was born Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia, on May 25, 1878, to Maxwell, a machinist, and Maria Robinson, a church choir director. He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood.", "He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood. His grandmother Bedelia Robinson, a former slave, raised him after both of his parents died tragically in 1884: his father died from chronic heart disease and his mother from unknown natural causes. Details of his early life are known only through legend, much of it perpetuated by Robinson himself. He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like.", "He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like. He suggested to his younger brother William that they should exchange names, and they eventually did. His brother subsequently adopted the name of Percy and achieved recognition as a musician under that name. Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies.", "Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies. A promoter saw him performing outside the Globe Theater in Richmond and offered him a job as a \"pick\" in a local minstrel show. At that time, minstrel shows were staged by White performers in blackface. Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes.", "Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes. In 1890, at the age of 12, Robinson ran away to Washington, D.C., where he did odd jobs at Benning Race Track and worked briefly as a jockey. He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers.", "He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers. In 1891, he was hired by Whallen and Martel, touring with Mayme Remington's troupe in a show titled The South Before the War, performing again as a pickaninny, despite his age. He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly.", "He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly. In 1898, he returned to Richmond where he joined the United States Army as a rifleman when the Spanish–American War broke out. He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun.", "He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun. Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day.", "Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day. The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines).", "The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines). By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits.", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits. The team broke up in 1914, and vaudeville performer Rae Samuel's, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager (and husband), Marty Forkins. Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week.", "Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week. Forkins accomplished this by inventing an alternate history for Robinson, promoting him as already being a solo act. This technique succeeded, making Robinson one of the first performers to break vaudeville's two-coloured rule, which forbade solo Black acts. When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps.", "When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps. The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918.", "The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918. Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived.", "Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived. From 1919 to 1923 he was fully booked on the Orpheum Circuit and was signed full-time by the Keith in 1924 and 1925. In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages.", "In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages. Tap Dance Style As mentioned above, the chapter of Stearns' Bill Robinson: Up on the Toes entitled Jazz Dance (1966) describes how Robinson introduced dancing \"up on the toes\" to tap dance. This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\".", "This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\". Moving primarily from the waist down, Robinson maintained impressive control of his body. Pete Nugent is said to have remarked, \"Robinson was the absolute tops in control.\" That Robinson infrequently dropped his heels marked a significant change in popular tap technique. Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\".", "Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\". In 1918 at the Palace Theatre in New York, Robinson performed the Stair Dance. Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular.", "Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular. The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\".", "The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\". The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance.", "The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance. The entertainment community began to associate the Stair Dance exclusively with Robinson as the routine became a standard part of his performances in 1921. Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine.", "Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine. Robinson's talents transcended his famous Stair Dance by far. The steps themselves were not essential to Robinson's performances; rather, Robinson would naturally shift into \"a little skating step to stop-time; or a Scoot step, a cross-over tap\" or many other tap steps involved in his particular movement quality. Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly.", "Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly. Often Robinson would talk to his audience, share anecdotes, and act as if he were surprised by the action of his feet. His amusing personality was essential to his performances and popularity. Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman.", "Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman. Broadway In 1928, a White impresario, Lew Leslie, produced Blackbirds of 1928 on Broadway, a Black revue for White audiences starring Adelaide Hall and Bill Robinson along with Aida Ward, Tim Moore and other Black stars. The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\".", "The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\". The show then became a huge success on Broadway, where it ran for over one year to sell-out performances. On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences.", "On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences. From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem.", "From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem. So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States.", "So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States. In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.", "In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta. The show opened at the Broadhurst Theatre, with Robinson cast in the role of the Emperor. His rendition of My Object All Sublime stopped the show and produced eight encores. After Broadway, the show moved to the 1939 New York World's Fair, and was one of the greatest hits of the fair. August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair.", "August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair. Robinson's next Broadway show, All in Fun (1940), was with an all-White cast. Despite having Imogene Coca, Pert Kelton, and other stars, the show received poor reviews at out-of-town tryouts in New Haven and Boston. When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production.", "When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production. Although the reviewers were enthusiastic about Robinson, they panned the show, and it failed to attract audiences. All in Fun closed after four performances. Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945.", "Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945. This production used an all-Black cast including Robinson (who had top billing), Avon Long, Billy Daniels, Ada Brown, and Sheila Guyse. Robinson played the boat pilot and then Sir Joseph Porter in the play-within-a-play of H.M.S. Pinafore. Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show.", "Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show. Film career After 1932, Black stage revues waned in popularity, but Robinson remained in vogue with White audiences for more than a decade in some fourteen motion pictures produced by such companies as RKO, 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures. Most of them had musical settings, in which he played old-fashioned roles in nostalgic romances. Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana.", "Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana. RKO was formed in part by a merger of the Keith and Orpheum theater circuits, with whom Robinson had performed as a headliner for many years. He was cast as a specialty performer in a standalone scene. This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film.", "This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film. Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras.", "Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras. The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that.", "The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that. Shirley Temple The idea for bringing a Black dancer to Fox to star with Temple in The Little Colonel was actually first proposed by Fox head Winfield Sheehan after a discussion with D. W. Griffith. Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test.", "Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test. Robinson passed the test and was brought in to both star with Temple and to teach her tap dancing. They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine.", "They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine. I kept reaching up for his hand, but he hadn't looked down and seemed unaware. Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile.", "Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile. When he took my hand in his, it felt large and cool. For a few moments, we continued walking in silence. \"Can I call you Uncle Billy?\" I asked. \"Why sure you can\", he replied... \"But then I get to call you darlin.'\" It was a deal.", "It was a deal. It was a deal. From then on, whenever we walked together it was hand in hand, and I was always his \"darlin.'\" Temple had already appeared in five films released in 1934, and had performed a tap routine with James Dunn in Stand Up and Cheer! After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple.", "After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple. While Robinson liked the idea, he quickly realized that he could not teach his complex stair dance to a seven-year-old in the few days permitted by the shooting schedule. Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe.", "Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe. After watching her practice his choreography, Robinson modified his routine to mimic her movements, so that it appeared on film that she was imitating his steps. The sequence was the highlight of the film. Robinson and Temple became the first interracial dance partners in Hollywood history. The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact.", "The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact. Temple and Robinson appeared in four films together: The Little Colonel, The Littlest Rebel, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Just Around the Corner. Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her.", "Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her. Robinson carried pictures of Temple with him wherever he traveled, and Temple considered him a lifelong friend, saying in an interview \"Bill Robinson treated me as an equal, which was very important to me. He didn't talk down to me, like to a little girl. And I liked people like that. And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\"", "And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" Other films Robinson refused to play stereotypical roles imposed by Hollywood studios. In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people.", "In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people. Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash.", "Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash. Robinson and Rogers were good friends, and after Rogers' death, Robinson refused to fly, instead travelling by train to Hollywood for his film work. Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather.", "Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather. Lena Horne co-starred as Robinson's love interest, and the movie also featured Fats Waller in his final movie appearance before his death, playing with Cab Calloway and his orchestra. The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\".", "The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\". In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances.", "Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances. The distinctive sound of Robinson's tap dancing was frequently featured, but Robinson also sang, made sound effects, and told jokes and stories from his vaudeville acts. He also addressed the audience directly, something very rare for a Black radio performer in that era. Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds.", "Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds. It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934.", "It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934. Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open.", "Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open. Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience.", "Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience. A friend remarked, \"he was handing over his crown, like him saying, 'this is my good-bye. '\" Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907.", "Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907. They separated in 1916, and the marriage ended in 1922. His second wife was Fannie S. Clay whom he married shortly after his divorce from Chase. They divorced in 1943. His third marriage was in 1944 to Elaine Plaines in Columbus, Ohio, and they remained together until Robinson's death in 1949. There were no children from any of the marriages.", "There were no children from any of the marriages. There were no children from any of the marriages. Political figures and celebrities appointed Robinson an honorary mayor of Harlem, a lifetime member of policemen's associations and fraternal orders, and a mascot of the New York Giants major league baseball team. Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style.", "Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the first half of the 20th century, earning more than US$2 million during his lifetime, Robinson died penniless on November 25, 1949, at the age of 71, 6 months before his 72nd birthday, from heart failure. His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan.", "His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan. Robinson lay in repose at the 369th Infantry Regiment Armory in Harlem, where an estimated 32,000 people filed past his open casket to pay their last respects. The schools in Harlem were closed for a half-day so that children could attend or listen to the funeral, which was broadcast over the radio. Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy.", "Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy. Robinson is buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn, New York. Legacy Robinson was successful despite the obstacle of racism. A favorite Robinson anecdote is that he seated himself in a restaurant and a customer objected to his presence. When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\"", "When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\" Politely asking to borrow the manager's note for a moment, Robinson added six $10 bills from his own wallet and mixed them up, then extended the seven bills together, adding, \"Here, let's see you pick out the colored one\". The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay.", "The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. Robinson co-founded the New York Black Yankees baseball team in Harlem in 1936 with financier James \"Soldier Boy\" Semler. The team was a successful member of the Negro National League until it disbanded in 1948, after Major League Baseball was desegregated. In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth.", "In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth. Robinson was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 1987. Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson.", "Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson. There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times.", "There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times. According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas.", "According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas. It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas.", "It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas. While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band.", "While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band. The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people.", "The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people. To Whites, for example, his nickname \"Bojangles\" meant happy-go-lucky, while the Black variety artist Tom Fletcher claimed it was slang for \"squabbler\". Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version.", "Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version. Marriage to Fanny Clay The date and location of Robinson's second marriage, to Fanny Clay, or even the year they met, is uncertain because the couple gave different dates and locations in interviews, possibly because they were worried about unfavorable publicity about the marriage occurring so soon after Robinson's divorce. Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922.", "Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922. First Meeting with Marty Forkins Robinson's meeting with the man who became his manager, Marty Forkins, is said to have occurred when Robinson, working as a waiter, spilled soup on Forkins. After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper.", "After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper. Their explanation was that the story was made up in order to obscure Robinson's & Cooper's partnership, and to more effectively promote Robinson as a solo act. The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs.", "The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs. Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place.", "Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place. Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond.", "Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra.", "The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra. Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic.", "Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic. The word was not popularized until Robinson used the term as an opening for his vaudeville and radio performances. The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s.", "The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s. World record for running backward One of Robinson's methods for generating publicity in cities where he was not the headliner was to engage in \"freak sprinting\" races, such as running backward. In 1922, Robinson set the world record for running backward (100 yards in 13.5 seconds). The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds.", "The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds. Although Robinson's speed running backwards is undisputed, the circumstances in which this feat was accepted as a world record are unclear, and were likely the result of a staged publicity event rather than a sanctioned athletic contest. The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson.", "The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson. According to Walker, it was instead inspired by Walker's encounter with a street performer in the New Orleans first precinct jail, a street performer who called himself \"Bo Jangles\". In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died.", "In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died. By Robinson's own account and those of his friends, he neither smoked nor drank (although he was a frequent and avid gambler), and he never had a dog. Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims.", "Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims. Once, after being called an \"Uncle Tom\" in the New York newspaper The Age, Robinson went to its office in Harlem, pistol in hand, demanding to see the editor. In his eulogy at Robinson's funeral, Rev. Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines.", "Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines. In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\".", "In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\". Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life.", "Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life. Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry.", "Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry. Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career.", "Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career. In addition to the impact of Jim Crow policies and the Depression, Haskins writes, \"That Bill traveled, at least professionally, in increasingly white circles was not so much a matter of choice as one of reality.\" Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber.", "Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber. In 1933, Robinson was named an honorary Mayor of Harlem for his philanthropic contributions to his community, and for his renowned success. He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals.", "He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals. Trial and imprisonment On March 21, 1908, as a result of a dispute with a tailor over a suit, Robinson was arrested in New York City for armed robbery. On September 30, he was convicted and sentenced to 11–15 years hard labor at Sing Sing prison. Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense.", "Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense. After his conviction, Robinson's partner, George Cooper, organized his most influential friends to vouch for him, and hired a new attorney who produced evidence that Robinson had been falsely accused. Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply.", "Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply. After he was released, he made a point of registering his pistol at the local police station of each town where he performed. Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements.", "Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements. Jesse Owens After Jesse Owens returned from the 1936 Olympics, Robinson befriended him. Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance.", "Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance. Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse.", "Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse. As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens.", "As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens. According to Forkins’ son, Robinson had told Owens that he should start running demonstration races that would both earn money for him and keep him in the public eye. Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified.", "Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified. Moreover, the events paid Owens well and provided him with a source of funds when no one else was offering him employment or helping him financially. Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him.", "Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him. Café Metropole and Jeni Le Gon In 1937, Robinson caused a stir in the Harlem community by choosing a white dancer, Geneva Sawyer, as his dance partner over Jeni Le Gon in the Twentieth Century Fox film Café Metropole (1937). Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews.", "Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews. Sawyer had been Shirley Temple's dance coach during the time Temple and Robinson made movies together, and Sawyer had taken tap lessons from Robinson while he was teaching Temple and choreographing her routines. Robinson suggested to the producers that Sawyer could be cast as his partner if she wore blackface. Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again.", "Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again. Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies.", "Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies. In popular culture Fred Astaire paid tribute to Bill Robinson in the tap routine Bojangles of Harlem from the 1936 film Swing Time. In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows.", "In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows. Duke Ellington composed \"Bojangles (A Portrait of Bill Robinson)\", a set of rhythmic variations as a salute to the great dancer. A biography of Bill Robinson by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (Morrow), was published in 1988. \"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993.", "\"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993. Playwright Doug Jones collaborated with composer Charles Strouse (Annie, Bye Bye Birdie, Applause) and Academy Award-winning lyricist Sammy Cahn. A made-for-television film entitled Bojangles was released in 2001. The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson.", "The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson. Arthur Duncan, an exceptional tap dancer in his own right, frequently paid homage to Bill Robinson with the stair routine on The Lawrence Welk Show. A 2002 children's book titled Rap a Tap Tap: Here's Bojangles - Think of That! by Leo and Diane Dillon pays homage to Robinson. A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005).", "A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005). Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra.", "Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra. Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993.", "Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993. See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993.", "See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993. The biographical material was extrapolated from The American Dictionary of Biography and Webster's American Biographies. Haskins, James; Mitgang, N. R., Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (New York: William Morrow, 1988). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002).", "Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Underneath A Harlem Moon External links Bojangles at the Evergreens Cemetery 1878 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 369th Infantry Regiment personnel African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male singers American male dancers American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male singers American male stage actors American military personnel of World War I American tap dancers Burials at the Cemetery of the Evergreens Deaths from heart disease Harlem Renaissance Male actors from Richmond, Virginia Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia Musicians from Richmond, Virginia Singers from Virginia United States Army soldiers Vaudeville performers" ]

[ "Bill Robinson", "Vaudeville", "What was Vaudeville?", "vaudeville performer Rae Samuels, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager", "What was Robinson's role?", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo,", "Did they see any success?", "working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week.", "How long did he perform solo?", "Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act,", "What was his act about?", "primarily a tap dancing act,", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops,", "Where did he perform for the troops?", "Liberty Theaters in the training camps.", "Did he do anything else with Vaudeville?", "making Robinson one of the first performers to break vaudeville's two colored rule, which forbade solo black acts.", "How many solo performances did he have?", "was signed full-time by the Keith in 1924 and 1925. In addition to being booked for 50-52 weeks" ]

[ "The 36th TCA Awards were announced on September 14, 2020, via an online event due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The nominees were announced by the Television Critics Association on July 9, 2020.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\nShows with multiple nominations\n\nThe following shows received multiple nominations:\n\nShows with multiple wins\n\nThe following shows received multiple wins:\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\n2020 television awards\n2020 in American television\nTCA Awards ceremonies", "The 31st TCA Awards were held on August 8, 2015, in a ceremony hosted by James Corden at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California. The nominees were announced by the Television Critics Association on June 4, 2015.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\nMultiple wins \nThe following shows received multiple wins:\n\nShows with multiple nominations \n\nThe following shows received multiple nominations:\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\n2015 television awards\n2015 in American television\nTCA Awards ceremonies" ]

[ "Bill Robinson, nicknamed Bojangles (born Luther Robinson; May 25, 1878 – November 25, 1949), was an American tap dancer, actor, and singer, the best known and the most highly paid African-American entertainer in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. His long career mirrored changes in American entertainment tastes and technology. His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television.", "His career began in the age of minstrel shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television. According to dance critic Marshall Stearns, \"Robinson's contribution to tap dance is exact and specific. He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\".", "He brought it up on its toes, dancing upright and swinging\", adding a \"hitherto-unknown lightness and presence\". His signature routine was the Stair Dance, in which he would tap up and down a set of stairs in a rhythmically complex sequence of steps, a routine that he unsuccessfully attempted to patent. He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances.", "He is also credited with having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances. He is best known today for his dancing with Shirley Temple in a series of films during the 1930s, and for starring in the musical Stormy Weather (1943), loosely based on his own life and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers.", "He used his popularity to challenge and overcome numerous racial barriers. Robinson was one of the first minstrel and vaudeville performers to appear as Black without the use of blackface makeup, as well as one of the earliest Black performers to perform solo, overcoming vaudeville's two-colored rule. Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows.", "Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway shows. Robinson was the first Black performer to appear in a Hollywood film in an interracial dance team (with Shirley Temple in The Little Colonel, 1935), and the first Black performer to headline a mixed-race Broadway production. Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom.", "Robinson came under heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle Tom. He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice.", "He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice. In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents.", "In his public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and White city residents. Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers.", "Robinson was a popular figure in both the Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred Astaire, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas Brothers. Sammy Davis Jr. and Ann Miller credited him as a teacher and mentor, Miller saying that he \"changed the course of my life\". Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award.", "Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the time, Robinson died penniless in 1949, his funeral paid for by longtime friend Ed Sullivan. In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day.", "In 1989, Congress designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance Day. Early life Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson was born Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia, on May 25, 1878, to Maxwell, a machinist, and Maria Robinson, a church choir director. He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood.", "He and his younger brother William were raised in Richmond's Jackson Ward neighborhood. His grandmother Bedelia Robinson, a former slave, raised him after both of his parents died tragically in 1884: his father died from chronic heart disease and his mother from unknown natural causes. Details of his early life are known only through legend, much of it perpetuated by Robinson himself. He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like.", "He claimed that he was christened Luther, a name that he did not like. He suggested to his younger brother William that they should exchange names, and they eventually did. His brother subsequently adopted the name of Percy and achieved recognition as a musician under that name. Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies.", "Career Early days At the age of five, Robinson began dancing for small change, appearing as a \"hoofer\" or busker in local beer gardens and in front of theaters for tossed pennies. A promoter saw him performing outside the Globe Theater in Richmond and offered him a job as a \"pick\" in a local minstrel show. At that time, minstrel shows were staged by White performers in blackface. Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes.", "Pickaninnies were cute Black children at the edge of the stage singing, dancing, or telling jokes. In 1890, at the age of 12, Robinson ran away to Washington, D.C., where he did odd jobs at Benning Race Track and worked briefly as a jockey. He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers.", "He teamed up with a young Al Jolson, with Jolson singing while Robinson danced for pennies or to sell newspapers. In 1891, he was hired by Whallen and Martel, touring with Mayme Remington's troupe in a show titled The South Before the War, performing again as a pickaninny, despite his age. He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly.", "He travelled with the show for over a year before growing too mature to play the role credibly. In 1898, he returned to Richmond where he joined the United States Army as a rifleman when the Spanish–American War broke out. He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun.", "He received an accidental gunshot wound from a second lieutenant who was cleaning his gun. Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day.", "Vaudeville On March 30, 1900, Robinson entered a buck-and-wing dance contest at the Bijou Theatre in Brooklyn, New York, winning a gold medal and defeating Harry Swinton, star of the show In Old Kentucky and considered the best dancer of his day. The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines).", "The resulting publicity helped Robinson to get work in numerous travelling shows, sometimes in a troupe, more frequently with a partner, though not always as a dancer (Robinson also sang and performed two-man comedy routines). By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits.", "By 1912, Robinson was a full partner in the duo, which had become primarily a tap-dancing act, booked on both the Keith and Orpheum Circuits. The team broke up in 1914, and vaudeville performer Rae Samuel's, who had performed in shows with Robinson, convinced him to meet with her manager (and husband), Marty Forkins. Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week.", "Under Forkins' tutelage, Robinson matured and began working as a solo act, increasing his earnings to an estimated $3,500 per week. Forkins accomplished this by inventing an alternate history for Robinson, promoting him as already being a solo act. This technique succeeded, making Robinson one of the first performers to break vaudeville's two-coloured rule, which forbade solo Black acts. When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps.", "When the U.S. entered World War I, the War Department set up a series of Liberty Theatres in the training camps. The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918.", "The Keith and Orpheum Circuits underwrote vaudeville acts at reduced fees, but Robinson volunteered to perform gratis for thousands of troops, in both Black and White units of the Expeditionary Forces, receiving a commendation from the War Department in 1918. Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived.", "Throughout the early 1920s, Robinson continued his career on the road as a solo vaudeville act, touring throughout the country and most frequently visiting Chicago, where Marty Forkins, his manager, lived. From 1919 to 1923 he was fully booked on the Orpheum Circuit and was signed full-time by the Keith in 1924 and 1925. In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages.", "In addition to being booked for 50–52 weeks (an avid baseball fan, he took a week off for the World Series), Robinson did multiple shows per night, frequently on two different stages. Tap Dance Style As mentioned above, the chapter of Stearns' Bill Robinson: Up on the Toes entitled Jazz Dance (1966) describes how Robinson introduced dancing \"up on the toes\" to tap dance. This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\".", "This was a new addition to King Rastus Brown's popular \"flat-footed wizardry\". Moving primarily from the waist down, Robinson maintained impressive control of his body. Pete Nugent is said to have remarked, \"Robinson was the absolute tops in control.\" That Robinson infrequently dropped his heels marked a significant change in popular tap technique. Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\".", "Due to his adroit ability to be both light on his feet and distinct in his percussive taps, Robinson was called the \"Father of Tapology\". In 1918 at the Palace Theatre in New York, Robinson performed the Stair Dance. Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular.", "Claims regarding the origin of the Stair Dance were highly disputed; however, Robinson was widely credited with the dance because he made it popular. The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\".", "The dance involved \"a different rhythm for each step each one reverberating with a different pitch and the fact that he had a special set of portable steps enhanced his claim to originating the dance\". The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance.", "The popular sensation of the Stair Dance led Robinson to try to secure a patent on the routine through the U.S. Patent Office in Washington D.C., ultimately to no avail; however the lack of a patent did not diminish Robinson's professional command of the Stair Dance. The entertainment community began to associate the Stair Dance exclusively with Robinson as the routine became a standard part of his performances in 1921. Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine.", "Haskins reports that dancer Fred Stone sent Robinson a check for having performed the routine. Robinson's talents transcended his famous Stair Dance by far. The steps themselves were not essential to Robinson's performances; rather, Robinson would naturally shift into \"a little skating step to stop-time; or a Scoot step, a cross-over tap\" or many other tap steps involved in his particular movement quality. Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly.", "Robinson changed rhythmic meters and tap steps and syncopated breaks seamlessly. Often Robinson would talk to his audience, share anecdotes, and act as if he were surprised by the action of his feet. His amusing personality was essential to his performances and popularity. Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman.", "Robinson is said to have consistently performed in split-soled wooden shoes, handcrafted by a Chicago craftsman. Broadway In 1928, a White impresario, Lew Leslie, produced Blackbirds of 1928 on Broadway, a Black revue for White audiences starring Adelaide Hall and Bill Robinson along with Aida Ward, Tim Moore and other Black stars. The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\".", "The show originally did not include Robinson; only after three weeks of lukewarm reception did Leslie add Robinson as an \"extra attraction\". The show then became a huge success on Broadway, where it ran for over one year to sell-out performances. On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences.", "On stage, Adelaide Hall and Robinson danced and sang a duet together, which captivated the audiences. From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem.", "From then on, Robinson's public role was that of a dapper, smiling, plaid-suited ambassador to the White world, maintaining a connection with the Black show-business circles through his continuing patronage of the Hoofers Club, an entertainer's haven in Harlem. So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States.", "So successful was Adelaide Hall's collaboration with Bojangles, they even appeared together on stage at the prestigious Palace Theatre (Broadway) before they were teamed up together again by Marty Forkins (Robinson's manager) to star in another Broadway musical titled, \"Brown Buddies\", that opened in 1930 at the Liberty Theatre, where it ran for four months before commencing a road tour of the States. In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.", "In 1939, Robinson returned to the stage in The Hot Mikado, a jazz version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta. The show opened at the Broadhurst Theatre, with Robinson cast in the role of the Emperor. His rendition of My Object All Sublime stopped the show and produced eight encores. After Broadway, the show moved to the 1939 New York World's Fair, and was one of the greatest hits of the fair. August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair.", "August 25, 1939, was named Bill Robinson Day at the fair. Robinson's next Broadway show, All in Fun (1940), was with an all-White cast. Despite having Imogene Coca, Pert Kelton, and other stars, the show received poor reviews at out-of-town tryouts in New Haven and Boston. When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production.", "When the White stars and co-producers, Phil Baker and Leonard Sillman, withdrew, Robinson became the star, the first time an African-American headlined an otherwise all-White production. Although the reviewers were enthusiastic about Robinson, they panned the show, and it failed to attract audiences. All in Fun closed after four performances. Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945.", "Robinson's next foray on Broadway was the musical comedy Memphis Bound, which opened in May 1945. This production used an all-Black cast including Robinson (who had top billing), Avon Long, Billy Daniels, Ada Brown, and Sheila Guyse. Robinson played the boat pilot and then Sir Joseph Porter in the play-within-a-play of H.M.S. Pinafore. Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show.", "Critics widely praised Robinson's performance and especially his dancing, with his stair dance cited as a high point of the show. Film career After 1932, Black stage revues waned in popularity, but Robinson remained in vogue with White audiences for more than a decade in some fourteen motion pictures produced by such companies as RKO, 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures. Most of them had musical settings, in which he played old-fashioned roles in nostalgic romances. Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana.", "Early films Robinson's film debut was in the RKO Pictures 1930 musical Dixiana. RKO was formed in part by a merger of the Keith and Orpheum theater circuits, with whom Robinson had performed as a headliner for many years. He was cast as a specialty performer in a standalone scene. This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film.", "This practice, customary at the time, permitted Southern theaters to remove scenes containing Black performers from their showings of the film. Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras.", "Dixiana was followed by Robinson's first starring role, in Harlem Is Heaven (1932), which is sometimes cited as the first film with an all-Black cast, even though all-Black silent films preceded it and the cast of Harlem Is Heaven includes a White actor with a speaking part, as well as a few White extras. The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that.", "The movie was produced in New York and did not perform well financially, leading Robinson to focus on Hollywood-produced movies after that. Shirley Temple The idea for bringing a Black dancer to Fox to star with Temple in The Little Colonel was actually first proposed by Fox head Winfield Sheehan after a discussion with D. W. Griffith. Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test.", "Sheehan set his sights on Robinson but, unsure of his ability as an actor, arranged for a contract that was void if Robinson failed the dramatic test. Robinson passed the test and was brought in to both star with Temple and to teach her tap dancing. They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine.", "They quickly hit it off, as Temple recounted years later: Robinson walked a step ahead of us, but when he noticed me hurrying to catch up, he shortened his stride to accommodate mine. I kept reaching up for his hand, but he hadn't looked down and seemed unaware. Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile.", "Fannie called his attention to what I was doing, so he stopped short, bent low over me, his eyes wide and rows of brilliant teeth showing in a wide smile. When he took my hand in his, it felt large and cool. For a few moments, we continued walking in silence. \"Can I call you Uncle Billy?\" I asked. \"Why sure you can\", he replied... \"But then I get to call you darlin.'\" It was a deal.", "It was a deal. It was a deal. From then on, whenever we walked together it was hand in hand, and I was always his \"darlin.'\" Temple had already appeared in five films released in 1934, and had performed a tap routine with James Dunn in Stand Up and Cheer! After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple.", "After Robinson was signed by 20th Century Fox, it was decided that he would perform his famous stair dance with Temple. While Robinson liked the idea, he quickly realized that he could not teach his complex stair dance to a seven-year-old in the few days permitted by the shooting schedule. Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe.", "Instead, he taught Temple to kick the riser (face) of each stairstep with her toe. After watching her practice his choreography, Robinson modified his routine to mimic her movements, so that it appeared on film that she was imitating his steps. The sequence was the highlight of the film. Robinson and Temple became the first interracial dance partners in Hollywood history. The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact.", "The scene was controversial for its time, and was cut out in the south along with all other scenes showing the two making physical contact. Temple and Robinson appeared in four films together: The Little Colonel, The Littlest Rebel, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Just Around the Corner. Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her.", "Robinson and Temple became close friends as a result of his dance coaching and acting with her. Robinson carried pictures of Temple with him wherever he traveled, and Temple considered him a lifelong friend, saying in an interview \"Bill Robinson treated me as an equal, which was very important to me. He didn't talk down to me, like to a little girl. And I liked people like that. And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\"", "And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" And Bill Robinson was the best of all.\" Other films Robinson refused to play stereotypical roles imposed by Hollywood studios. In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people.", "In a small vignette in Hooray for Love (1935), he played a mayor of Harlem modeled after his own ceremonial honor; in One Mile from Heaven (1937), he played a romantic lead opposite African-American actress Fredi Washington after Hollywood had relaxed its taboo against such roles for Black people. Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash.", "Robinson appeared opposite Will Rogers in In Old Kentucky (1935), the last movie Rogers made prior to his death in an airplane crash. Robinson and Rogers were good friends, and after Rogers' death, Robinson refused to fly, instead travelling by train to Hollywood for his film work. Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather.", "Stormy Weather Robinson's final film appearance was a starring role in the 1943 Fox musical Stormy Weather. Lena Horne co-starred as Robinson's love interest, and the movie also featured Fats Waller in his final movie appearance before his death, playing with Cab Calloway and his orchestra. The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\".", "The Nicholas Brothers are featured in the film's final dance sequence, performing to Calloway's \"Jumpin' Jive\", in what Fred Astaire called \"the greatest movie musical number he had ever seen\". In 2001, Stormy Weather was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances.", "Radio and sound recordings From 1936 until his death in 1949, Robinson made numerous radio and occasional television appearances. The distinctive sound of Robinson's tap dancing was frequently featured, but Robinson also sang, made sound effects, and told jokes and stories from his vaudeville acts. He also addressed the audience directly, something very rare for a Black radio performer in that era. Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds.", "Robinson also made several recordings, including one in which he demonstrated each of his tap steps and their corresponding sounds. It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934.", "It was also on the radio and in his recordings that Robinson introduced and popularized a word of his own invention, copasetic, which he had used for years in his vaudeville shows, and which was added to Webster's Dictionary in 1934. Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open.", "Final appearances The last theatrical project for Robinson was to have been Two Gentlemen from the South, with James Barton as the master and Robinson as his servant, in which the Black and White roles reverse and eventually the two come together as equals, but the show did not open. Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience.", "Robinson's final public appearance in 1949, a few weeks before his death, was as a surprise guest on a TV show, Ted Mack's The Original Amateur Hour, in which he emotionally embraced a competitor on the show who had tap-danced for the audience. A friend remarked, \"he was handing over his crown, like him saying, 'this is my good-bye. '\" Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907.", "Personal life and death Little is known of Robinson's first marriage to Lena Chase in 1907. They separated in 1916, and the marriage ended in 1922. His second wife was Fannie S. Clay whom he married shortly after his divorce from Chase. They divorced in 1943. His third marriage was in 1944 to Elaine Plaines in Columbus, Ohio, and they remained together until Robinson's death in 1949. There were no children from any of the marriages.", "There were no children from any of the marriages. There were no children from any of the marriages. Political figures and celebrities appointed Robinson an honorary mayor of Harlem, a lifetime member of policemen's associations and fraternal orders, and a mascot of the New York Giants major league baseball team. Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style.", "Robinson reciprocated with open-handed generosity and frequently credited the White dancer James Barton for his contribution to his dancing style. Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the first half of the 20th century, earning more than US$2 million during his lifetime, Robinson died penniless on November 25, 1949, at the age of 71, 6 months before his 72nd birthday, from heart failure. His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan.", "His funeral was arranged and paid for by longtime friend and television host Ed Sullivan. Robinson lay in repose at the 369th Infantry Regiment Armory in Harlem, where an estimated 32,000 people filed past his open casket to pay their last respects. The schools in Harlem were closed for a half-day so that children could attend or listen to the funeral, which was broadcast over the radio. Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy.", "Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. conducted the service at the Abyssinian Baptist Church, and New York Mayor William O'Dwyer gave the eulogy. Robinson is buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn, New York. Legacy Robinson was successful despite the obstacle of racism. A favorite Robinson anecdote is that he seated himself in a restaurant and a customer objected to his presence. When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\"", "When the manager suggested that it might be better if Robinson leave, he smiled and asked, \"Have you got a ten-dollar bill?\" Politely asking to borrow the manager's note for a moment, Robinson added six $10 bills from his own wallet and mixed them up, then extended the seven bills together, adding, \"Here, let's see you pick out the colored one\". The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay.", "The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. The restaurant manager served Robinson without further delay. Robinson co-founded the New York Black Yankees baseball team in Harlem in 1936 with financier James \"Soldier Boy\" Semler. The team was a successful member of the Negro National League until it disbanded in 1948, after Major League Baseball was desegregated. In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth.", "In 1989, a joint U.S. Senate/House resolution declared \"National Tap Dance Day\" to be May 25, the anniversary of Bill Robinson's birth. Robinson was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 1987. Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson.", "Popular myths, legends, and misconceptions There are several commonly cited anecdotes about Robinson that are likely the result of conflicting stories put out by Robinson's second wife Fanny, or his manager, Marty Forkins, or by various show business associates of Robinson. There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times.", "There are also numerous documented instances in which Robinson gave conflicting stories to news reporters at different times. According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas.", "According to his biographer, Robinson had previously served in the Spanish–American War, where he sustained an accidental gunshot wound, was 40 when the U.S entered World War I, and received a letter of commendation from the War Department for his work during the war in boosting morale at training camps in the United States, not overseas. It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas.", "It has further been claimed that, along with serving in the trenches in World War I, Robinson was also the drum major for the 369th Hellfighters Band and led the regimental band up Fifth Avenue on the 369th's return from overseas. While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band.", "While numerous sources repeat the claim of Bill Robinson's appointment as drum major in the 369th Regiment Band, this is not mentioned in either Mr. Bojangles, the Bill Robinson biography by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, or A Life in Ragtime, the biography of James Reese Europe, the leader of the 369th regimental band. The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people.", "The origin of the nickname \"Mr. Bojangles\" Tales about the origin of Robinson's nickname even varied across the color line, a consequence of differing opinions of him by Black and White people. To Whites, for example, his nickname \"Bojangles\" meant happy-go-lucky, while the Black variety artist Tom Fletcher claimed it was slang for \"squabbler\". Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version.", "Robinson himself said he got the nickname as a child in Richmond, which is the most commonly-accepted version. Marriage to Fanny Clay The date and location of Robinson's second marriage, to Fanny Clay, or even the year they met, is uncertain because the couple gave different dates and locations in interviews, possibly because they were worried about unfavorable publicity about the marriage occurring so soon after Robinson's divorce. Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922.", "Robinson's biographer estimates that they met in late 1920 and were married in early 1922. First Meeting with Marty Forkins Robinson's meeting with the man who became his manager, Marty Forkins, is said to have occurred when Robinson, working as a waiter, spilled soup on Forkins. After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper.", "After Robinson's death, Forkins and his wife, Rae Samuel, admitted that Samuels made the introduction after having seen Robinson perform with his partner, George Cooper. Their explanation was that the story was made up in order to obscure Robinson's & Cooper's partnership, and to more effectively promote Robinson as a solo act. The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs.", "The ruse was successful, making Robinson one of the first solo acts to break vaudeville's two-colored rule, which required African-American performers to work in pairs. Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place.", "Legendary dance contest A dance contest between Robinson and three other dance legends (typically Ray Bolger, Fred Astaire, and James Barton) in which Robinson emerges the victor is recounted in many places, but no verifiable source can be found describing where and when the contest might have taken place. Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond.", "Copacetic Robinson is given credit for having popularized the word copacetic and claimed to have invented it while still living in Richmond. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra.", "The Oxford English Dictionary lists the origins of the word as unknown and documents the earliest written use of the word in 1919, by the newspaperman and author Irving Bacheller, in his serialized book, A Man for the Ages; this was followed by uses in 1926 by Carl Van Vechten in his novel Nigger Heaven, in 1934 in Webster's New International Dictionary, and by John O'Hara in his novel Appointment in Samarra. Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic.", "Haskins' biography of Robinson includes, \"Bill was shelling peas at the Jefferson Market, a New York Daily Mirror reporter asked him how he was, and the reply just popped into his head: 'I'm copasetic. The word was not popularized until Robinson used the term as an opening for his vaudeville and radio performances. The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s.", "The word was used in films Robinson made with Shirley Temple in the 1930s. World record for running backward One of Robinson's methods for generating publicity in cities where he was not the headliner was to engage in \"freak sprinting\" races, such as running backward. In 1922, Robinson set the world record for running backward (100 yards in 13.5 seconds). The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds.", "The record stood until 1977, when Paul Wilson ran the distance in 13.3 seconds. Although Robinson's speed running backwards is undisputed, the circumstances in which this feat was accepted as a world record are unclear, and were likely the result of a staged publicity event rather than a sanctioned athletic contest. The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson.", "The song \"Mr. Bojangles\" Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" has been misinterpreted as a song about Robinson. According to Walker, it was instead inspired by Walker's encounter with a street performer in the New Orleans first precinct jail, a street performer who called himself \"Bo Jangles\". In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died.", "In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died. By Robinson's own account and those of his friends, he neither smoked nor drank (although he was a frequent and avid gambler), and he never had a dog. Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims.", "Controversies Uncle Tom roles Robinson came under heavy criticism for playing stereotyped roles, and took offense at such claims. Once, after being called an \"Uncle Tom\" in the New York newspaper The Age, Robinson went to its office in Harlem, pistol in hand, demanding to see the editor. In his eulogy at Robinson's funeral, Rev. Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines.", "Adam Clayton Powell argued against the claim that Robinson was an \"Uncle Tom\" figure, focusing on Robinson's ability as an entertainer and a man who transcended color lines. In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\".", "In 1973, the film historian Donald Bogle, in his history of African Americans in American film, refers to Robinson's role in The Littlest Rebel and other Shirley Temple movies as the \"quintessential Uncle Tom\". Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life.", "Other critics noted that such criticism fails to account for the genuine affection and chemistry between Robinson and Temple that came through on the screen, and that the role represented a breakthrough for Hollywood stereotypes in that it was the first time a Black man was made the guardian of a white life. Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry.", "Bogle later moderated his criticism by noting that the reliable, articulate Uncle Billy character in The Littlest Rebel was a cut above the characters portrayed by Lincoln \"Stepin Fetchit\" Perry. Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career.", "Haskins explains that critics calling Robinson an \"Uncle Tom\" often disregarded the discriminatory limitations Robinson endured and combated throughout his career. In addition to the impact of Jim Crow policies and the Depression, Haskins writes, \"That Bill traveled, at least professionally, in increasingly white circles was not so much a matter of choice as one of reality.\" Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber.", "Having overcome numerous policies inhibiting his success to reach an unmatched level of stardom, Robinson had limited venue opportunities for a performer of his caliber. In 1933, Robinson was named an honorary Mayor of Harlem for his philanthropic contributions to his community, and for his renowned success. He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals.", "He took this role seriously, performing over 3,000 benefits in the course of his career, aiding hundreds of unorganized charities and individuals. Trial and imprisonment On March 21, 1908, as a result of a dispute with a tailor over a suit, Robinson was arrested in New York City for armed robbery. On September 30, he was convicted and sentenced to 11–15 years hard labor at Sing Sing prison. Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense.", "Robinson had failed to take the charges and trial seriously and paid little attention to mounting a defense. After his conviction, Robinson's partner, George Cooper, organized his most influential friends to vouch for him, and hired a new attorney who produced evidence that Robinson had been falsely accused. Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply.", "Though he was exonerated at his second trial and his accusers were indicted for perjury, the trial and time spent in the Tombs (Manhattan's prison complex) affected Robinson deeply. After he was released, he made a point of registering his pistol at the local police station of each town where he performed. Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements.", "Robinson's second wife, Fanny, also sent a letter of introduction with complimentary tickets and other gifts to the local police chief's wife in each town ahead of Robinson's engagements. Jesse Owens After Jesse Owens returned from the 1936 Olympics, Robinson befriended him. Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance.", "Despite his fame from his four Olympic track wins, undermining Adolf Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy, Owens found most of the offers that had been made to employ him had been nothing more than publicity stunts that had no substance. Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse.", "Robinson was the one exception, finding work for Owens within a few months of his return to the U.S. Robinson also introduced Owens to his manager, Marty Forkins, who secured a series of demonstration races for Owens which were viewed by many as degrading to the dignity of an Olympic athlete, most notably an event in Cuba in which Owens raced against a horse. As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens.", "As a result, Forkins and Robinson were viewed as having taken advantage of Owens. According to Forkins’ son, Robinson had told Owens that he should start running demonstration races that would both earn money for him and keep him in the public eye. Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified.", "Robinson had done many such races (including a race in which he set the world record for running backwards) and did not view them as undignified. Moreover, the events paid Owens well and provided him with a source of funds when no one else was offering him employment or helping him financially. Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him.", "Owens made a gift to Robinson of one of his four Olympic gold medals, as a gesture of gratitude for the help Robinson had given him. Café Metropole and Jeni Le Gon In 1937, Robinson caused a stir in the Harlem community by choosing a white dancer, Geneva Sawyer, as his dance partner over Jeni Le Gon in the Twentieth Century Fox film Café Metropole (1937). Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews.", "Le Gon had danced with him in Hooray for Love (1935) and had received favorable reviews. Sawyer had been Shirley Temple's dance coach during the time Temple and Robinson made movies together, and Sawyer had taken tap lessons from Robinson while he was teaching Temple and choreographing her routines. Robinson suggested to the producers that Sawyer could be cast as his partner if she wore blackface. Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again.", "Le Gon's career suffered as a result, and she never worked with Robinson again. Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies.", "Although the scene was shot with Sawyer in blackface, the studio became convinced that a mixed-race adult couple dancing together would be too controversial: both scenes with Robinson were cut from the final version of the movie and the deleted scenes were only released in 2008 as part of a Fox DVD boxed set of Tyrone Power movies. In popular culture Fred Astaire paid tribute to Bill Robinson in the tap routine Bojangles of Harlem from the 1936 film Swing Time. In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows.", "In it, Astaire famously dances to three of his shadows. Duke Ellington composed \"Bojangles (A Portrait of Bill Robinson)\", a set of rhythmic variations as a salute to the great dancer. A biography of Bill Robinson by Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang, Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (Morrow), was published in 1988. \"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993.", "\"Bojangles\" the musical, premiered as the centerpiece of Barksdale Theatre's (at Hanover Tavern) 40th anniversary season in 1993. Playwright Doug Jones collaborated with composer Charles Strouse (Annie, Bye Bye Birdie, Applause) and Academy Award-winning lyricist Sammy Cahn. A made-for-television film entitled Bojangles was released in 2001. The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson.", "The film earned the NAACP Best actor Award for Gregory Hines' performance as Robinson. Arthur Duncan, an exceptional tap dancer in his own right, frequently paid homage to Bill Robinson with the stair routine on The Lawrence Welk Show. A 2002 children's book titled Rap a Tap Tap: Here's Bojangles - Think of That! by Leo and Diane Dillon pays homage to Robinson. A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005).", "A character loosely modeled upon Bojangles and Sammy Davis Jr., called \"Bonejangles\" appears in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride (2005). Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra.", "Blues for Bojangles is a song composed by Chuck Darwin, and performed by Anita O'Day with the Paul Jordan Orchestra. Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993.", "Filmography Selected discography 1929 Ain’t misbehavin’ / Doing the new low down with Irving Mills & His Hotsy Totsy Gang (released September 4, 1929) Brunswick Records Br4535 Re-issued on Cotton Club stars (released 1990) Milan Records OCLC 858508492 1931 Keep a song in your soul / Bill Robinson blues (released April 3, 1931) Brunswick Records E36441-A-B; also issued on Columbia Records 30183 Keep a song in your soul / Just a crazy song (Hi-hi-hi) Brunswick Records Br 6134, 1168b, A9091 1935 Living in a great big way with Jeni Legon (recorded 1934, re-released in 2000 on Hollywood swing & jazz : hot numbers from classic M-G-M, Warner Bros., and RKO films) Rino Records 1943 Stormy Weather Motion picture soundtrack (recorded January–May 1943, re-released 1993) Fox Records: Distributed by Arista Records, 1993. See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993.", "See also Racism in the United States References Notes Bibliography Some biographical material is from the International Tap Association Newsletter, May/June 1993. The biographical material was extrapolated from The American Dictionary of Biography and Webster's American Biographies. Haskins, James; Mitgang, N. R., Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson (New York: William Morrow, 1988). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002).", "Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Underneath A Harlem Moon External links Bojangles at the Evergreens Cemetery 1878 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 369th Infantry Regiment personnel African-American male actors African-American male dancers African-American male singers American male dancers American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male singers American male stage actors American military personnel of World War I American tap dancers Burials at the Cemetery of the Evergreens Deaths from heart disease Harlem Renaissance Male actors from Richmond, Virginia Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia Musicians from Richmond, Virginia Singers from Virginia United States Army soldiers Vaudeville performers" ]

[ "Immanuel Kant", "Biography", "when was he born?", "April 22, 1724", "where was he born?", "Konigsberg, Prussia", "who were his parents?", "His mother, Anna Regina Reuter", "and his father?", "His father, Johann Georg Kant (1682-1746), was a German", "did he have any siblings?", "Kant was the fourth of nine children (four of them reached adulthood)." ]

[ "Where Did We Go Wrong may refer to:\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Dondria song), 2010\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2013\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Petula Clark from the album My Love\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Diana Ross from the album Ross\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a 1980 song by Frankie Valli", "California Concordia College existed in Oakland, California, United States from 1906 until 1973.\n\nAmong the presidents of California Concordia College was Johann Theodore Gotthold Brohm Jr.\n\nCalifornia Concordia College and the Academy of California College were located at 2365 Camden Street, Oakland, California. Some of the school buildings still exist at this location, but older buildings that housed the earlier classrooms and later the dormitories are gone. The site is now the location of the Spectrum Center Camden Campus, a provider of special education services.\n\nThe \"Academy\" was the official name for the high school. California Concordia was a six-year institution patterned after the German gymnasium. This provided four years of high school, plus two years of junior college. Years in the school took their names from Latin numbers and referred to the years to go before graduation. The classes were named:\n\n Sexta - 6 years to go; high school freshman\n Qunita - 5 years to go; high school sophomore\n Quarta - 4 years to go; high school junior\n Tertia - 3 years to go; high school senior\n Secunda - 2 years to go; college freshman\n Prima - 1 year to go; college sophomore\n\nThose in Sexta were usually hazed in a mild way by upperclassmen. In addition, those in Sexta were required to do a certain amount of clean-up work around the school, such as picking up trash.\n\nMost students, even high school freshmen, lived in dormitories. High school students were supervised by \"proctors\" (selected high school seniors in Tertia). High school students were required to study for two hours each night in their study rooms from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. Students could not leave their rooms for any reason without permission. This requirement came as quite a shock to those in Sexta (freshmen) on their first night, when they were caught and scolded by a proctor when they left their study room to go to the bathroom without permission. Seniors (those in Tertia) were allowed one night off where they did not need to be in their study hall.\n\nFrom 9:00 to 9:30 pm all students gathered for a chapel service. From 9:30 to 10 pm, high school students were free to roam, and sometimes went to the local Lucky Supermarket to purchase snacks. All high school students were required to be in bed with lights out by 10:00 pm. There were generally five students in each dormitory room. The room had two sections: a bedroom area and (across the hallway) another room for studying. Four beds, including at least one bunk bed, were in the bedroom, and four or five desks were in the study room\n\nA few interesting words used by Concordia students were \"fink\" and \"rack.\" To \"fink\" meant to \"sing like a canary\" or \"squeal.\" A student who finked told everything he knew about a misbehavior committed by another student. \"Rack\" was actually an official term used by proctors and administrators who lived on campus in the dormitories with students. When students misbehaved they were racked (punished). Proctors held a meeting once a week and decided which students, if any, deserved to be racked. If a student were racked, he might be forbidden from leaving the campus grounds, even during normal free time School hours were from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm. After 3:30 pm and until 7:00 pm, students could normally explore the local area surrounding the school, for example, to go to a local store to buy a snack. However, if a student were racked for the week, he could not do so.\n\nProctors made their rounds in the morning to make sure beds were made and inspected rooms in the evening to ensure that students were in bed by 10:00 pm. Often after the proctors left a room at night, the room lights would go back on and students enjoyed studying their National Geographic magazines. Student might be racked if they failed to make their beds or did not make them neatly enough.\n\nAlthough California Concordia College no longer exists, it does receive some recognition by Concordia University Irvine. This is also the location of its old academic records.\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n Photos of old campus\n\nEducational institutions disestablished in 1973\nDefunct private universities and colleges in California\nEducational institutions established in 1906\n1906 establishments in California\n1973 disestablishments in California\nUniversities and colleges affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod" ]

[ "Immanuel Kant (, , ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him an influential figure in modern Western philosophy.", "Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him an influential figure in modern Western philosophy. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, Kant argued that space and time are mere \"forms of intuition\" which structure all experience, and therefore that while \"things-in-themselves\" exist and contribute to experience, they are nonetheless distinct from the objects of experience.", "In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, Kant argued that space and time are mere \"forms of intuition\" which structure all experience, and therefore that while \"things-in-themselves\" exist and contribute to experience, they are nonetheless distinct from the objects of experience. From this it follows that the objects of experience are mere \"appearances\", and that the nature of things as they are in themselves is consequently unknowable to us.", "From this it follows that the objects of experience are mere \"appearances\", and that the nature of things as they are in themselves is consequently unknowable to us. In an attempt to counter the skepticism he found in the writings of philosopher David Hume, he wrote the Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787), one of his most well-known works.", "In an attempt to counter the skepticism he found in the writings of philosopher David Hume, he wrote the Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787), one of his most well-known works. In it, he developed his theory of experience to answer the question of whether synthetic a priori knowledge is possible, which would in turn make it possible to determine the limits of metaphysical inquiry.", "In it, he developed his theory of experience to answer the question of whether synthetic a priori knowledge is possible, which would in turn make it possible to determine the limits of metaphysical inquiry. Kant drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposal that the objects of the senses must conform to our spatial and temporal forms of intuition, and that we can consequently have a priori cognition of the objects of the senses.", "Kant drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposal that the objects of the senses must conform to our spatial and temporal forms of intuition, and that we can consequently have a priori cognition of the objects of the senses. Kant believed that reason is also the source of morality, and that aesthetics arise from a faculty of disinterested judgment. Kant's views continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields of epistemology, ethics, political theory, and post-modern aesthetics.", "Kant's views continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields of epistemology, ethics, political theory, and post-modern aesthetics. He attempted to explain the relationship between reason and human experience and to move beyond what he believed to be the failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. He wanted to put an end to what he saw as an era of futile and speculative theories of human experience, while resisting the skepticism of thinkers such as Hume.", "He wanted to put an end to what he saw as an era of futile and speculative theories of human experience, while resisting the skepticism of thinkers such as Hume. He regarded himself as showing the way past the impasse between rationalists and empiricists, and is widely held to have synthesized both traditions in his thought. Kant was an exponent of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation, and that perhaps this could be the culminating stage of world history.", "Kant was an exponent of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation, and that perhaps this could be the culminating stage of world history. The nature of Kant's religious views continues to be the subject of scholarly dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the impression that he shifted from an early defense of an ontological argument for the existence of God to a principled agnosticism, to more critical treatments epitomized by Schopenhauer, who criticized the imperative form of Kantian ethics as \"theological morals\" and the \"Mosaic Decalogue in disguise\", and Nietzsche, who claimed that Kant had \"theologian blood\" and was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian faith.", "The nature of Kant's religious views continues to be the subject of scholarly dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the impression that he shifted from an early defense of an ontological argument for the existence of God to a principled agnosticism, to more critical treatments epitomized by Schopenhauer, who criticized the imperative form of Kantian ethics as \"theological morals\" and the \"Mosaic Decalogue in disguise\", and Nietzsche, who claimed that Kant had \"theologian blood\" and was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian faith. Beyond his religious views, Kant has also been criticized for the racism presented in some of his lesser-known papers, such as \"On the Use of Teleological Principles in Philosophy\" and \"On the Different Races of Man\".", "Beyond his religious views, Kant has also been criticized for the racism presented in some of his lesser-known papers, such as \"On the Use of Teleological Principles in Philosophy\" and \"On the Different Races of Man\". Although he was a proponent of scientific racism for much of his career, Kant's views on race changed significantly in the last decade of his life, and he ultimately rejected racial hierarchies and European colonialism in Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795).", "Although he was a proponent of scientific racism for much of his career, Kant's views on race changed significantly in the last decade of his life, and he ultimately rejected racial hierarchies and European colonialism in Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795). Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history during his lifetime.", "Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history during his lifetime. These include the Universal Natural History (1755), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), the Critique of Judgment (1790), Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason (1793), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797).", "These include the Universal Natural History (1755), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), the Critique of Judgment (1790), Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason (1793), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797). Biography Kant's mother, Anna Regina Reuter (1697–1737), was born in Königsberg (since 1946 the city of Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia) to a father from Nuremberg. Her surname is sometimes erroneously given as Porter.", "Her surname is sometimes erroneously given as Porter. Her surname is sometimes erroneously given as Porter. Kant's father, Johann Georg Kant (1682–1746), was a German harness maker from Memel, at the time Prussia's most northeastern city (now Klaipėda, Lithuania). Kant believed that his paternal grandfather Hans Kant was of Scottish origin.", "Kant believed that his paternal grandfather Hans Kant was of Scottish origin. While scholars of Kant's life long accepted the claim, there is no evidence that Kant's paternal line was Scottish and it is more likely that the Kants got their name from the village of Kantwaggen (today part of Priekulė) and were of Curonian origin. Kant was the fourth of nine children (six of whom reached adulthood). Kant was born on 22 April 1724 into a Prussian German family of Lutheran Protestant faith in Königsberg, East Prussia.", "Kant was born on 22 April 1724 into a Prussian German family of Lutheran Protestant faith in Königsberg, East Prussia. Baptized Emanuel, he later changed the spelling of his name to Immanuel after learning Hebrew. He was brought up in a Pietist household that stressed religious devotion, humility, and a literal interpretation of the Bible. His education was strict, punitive and disciplinary, and focused on Latin and religious instruction over mathematics and science.", "His education was strict, punitive and disciplinary, and focused on Latin and religious instruction over mathematics and science. In his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, he reveals a belief in immortality as the necessary condition of humanity's approach to the highest morality possible.", "In his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, he reveals a belief in immortality as the necessary condition of humanity's approach to the highest morality possible. However, as Kant was skeptical about some of the arguments used prior to him in defence of theism and maintained that human understanding is limited and can never attain knowledge about God or the soul, various commentators have labelled him a philosophical agnostic, even though it has also been suggested that Kant intends other people to think of him as a \"pure rationalist\", who is defined by Kant himself as someone who recognizes revelation but asserts that to know and accept it as real is not a necessary requisite to religion.", "However, as Kant was skeptical about some of the arguments used prior to him in defence of theism and maintained that human understanding is limited and can never attain knowledge about God or the soul, various commentators have labelled him a philosophical agnostic, even though it has also been suggested that Kant intends other people to think of him as a \"pure rationalist\", who is defined by Kant himself as someone who recognizes revelation but asserts that to know and accept it as real is not a necessary requisite to religion. Kant apparently lived a very strict and disciplined life; it was said that neighbors would set their clocks by his daily walks.", "Kant apparently lived a very strict and disciplined life; it was said that neighbors would set their clocks by his daily walks. He never married, but seemed to have a rewarding social life — he was a popular teacher and a modestly successful author even before starting on his major philosophical works. He had a circle of friends with whom he frequently met, among them Joseph Green, an English merchant in Königsberg.", "He had a circle of friends with whom he frequently met, among them Joseph Green, an English merchant in Königsberg. Between 1750 and 1754 Kant worked as a tutor (Hauslehrer) in Judtschen (now Veselovka, Russia, approximately 20 km) and in Groß-Arnsdorf (now Jarnołtowo near Morąg (German: Mohrungen), Poland, approximately 145 km).", "Between 1750 and 1754 Kant worked as a tutor (Hauslehrer) in Judtschen (now Veselovka, Russia, approximately 20 km) and in Groß-Arnsdorf (now Jarnołtowo near Morąg (German: Mohrungen), Poland, approximately 145 km). Many myths grew up about Kant's personal mannerisms; these are listed, explained, and refuted in Goldthwait's introduction to his translation of Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. Young scholar Kant showed a great aptitude for study at an early age.", "Young scholar Kant showed a great aptitude for study at an early age. He first attended the Collegium Fridericianum from which he graduated at the end of the summer of 1740. In 1740, aged 16, he enrolled at the University of Königsberg, where he spent his whole career.", "In 1740, aged 16, he enrolled at the University of Königsberg, where he spent his whole career. He studied the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz and Christian Wolff under Martin Knutzen (Associate Professor of Logic and Metaphysics from 1734 until his death in 1751), a rationalist who was also familiar with developments in British philosophy and science and introduced Kant to the new mathematical physics of Isaac Newton. Knutzen dissuaded Kant from the theory of pre-established harmony, which he regarded as \"the pillow for the lazy mind\".", "Knutzen dissuaded Kant from the theory of pre-established harmony, which he regarded as \"the pillow for the lazy mind\". He also dissuaded Kant from idealism, the idea that reality is purely mental, which most philosophers in the 18th century regarded in a negative light. The theory of transcendental idealism that Kant later included in the Critique of Pure Reason was developed partially in opposition to traditional idealism. His father's stroke and subsequent death in 1746 interrupted his studies.", "His father's stroke and subsequent death in 1746 interrupted his studies. Kant left Königsberg shortly after August 1748—he would return there in August 1754. He became a private tutor in the towns surrounding Königsberg, but continued his scholarly research. In 1749, he published his first philosophical work, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (written in 1745–47). Early work Kant is best known for his work in the philosophy of ethics and metaphysics, but he made significant contributions to other disciplines.", "Early work Kant is best known for his work in the philosophy of ethics and metaphysics, but he made significant contributions to other disciplines. In 1754, while contemplating on a prize question by the Berlin Academy about the problem of Earth's rotation, he argued that the Moon's gravity would slow down Earth's spin and he also put forth the argument that gravity would eventually cause the Moon's tidal locking to coincide with the Earth's rotation.", "In 1754, while contemplating on a prize question by the Berlin Academy about the problem of Earth's rotation, he argued that the Moon's gravity would slow down Earth's spin and he also put forth the argument that gravity would eventually cause the Moon's tidal locking to coincide with the Earth's rotation. The next year, he expanded this reasoning to the formation and evolution of the Solar System in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens.", "The next year, he expanded this reasoning to the formation and evolution of the Solar System in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens. In 1755, Kant received a license to lecture in the University of Königsberg and began lecturing on a variety of topics including mathematics, physics, logic and metaphysics. In his 1756 essay on the theory of winds, Kant laid out an original insight into the Coriolis force.", "In his 1756 essay on the theory of winds, Kant laid out an original insight into the Coriolis force. In 1757, Kant began lecturing on geography making him one of the first lecturers to explicitly teach geography as its own subject. Geography was one of Kant's most popular lecturing topics and in 1802 a compilation by Friedrich Theodor Rink of Kant's lecturing notes, Physical Geography, was released.", "Geography was one of Kant's most popular lecturing topics and in 1802 a compilation by Friedrich Theodor Rink of Kant's lecturing notes, Physical Geography, was released. After Kant became a professor in 1770, he expanded the topics of his lectures to include lectures on natural law, ethics and anthropology along with other topics. In the Universal Natural History, Kant laid out the Nebular hypothesis, in which he deduced that the Solar System had formed from a large cloud of gas, a nebula.", "In the Universal Natural History, Kant laid out the Nebular hypothesis, in which he deduced that the Solar System had formed from a large cloud of gas, a nebula. Kant also correctly deduced (though through usually false premises and fallacious reasoning, according to Bertrand Russell) that the Milky Way was a large disk of stars, which he theorized formed from a much larger spinning gas cloud. He further suggested that other distant \"nebulae\" might be other galaxies.", "He further suggested that other distant \"nebulae\" might be other galaxies. These postulations opened new horizons for astronomy, for the first time extending it beyond the Solar System to galactic and intergalactic realms. According to Thomas Huxley (1867), Kant also made contributions to geology in his Universal Natural History. From then on, Kant turned increasingly to philosophical issues, although he continued to write on the sciences throughout his life. In the early 1760s, Kant produced a series of important works in philosophy.", "In the early 1760s, Kant produced a series of important works in philosophy. The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures, a work in logic, was published in 1762. Two more works appeared the following year: Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy and The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God.", "Two more works appeared the following year: Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy and The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God. By 1764, Kant had become a notable popular author, and wrote Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime; he was second to Moses Mendelssohn in a Berlin Academy prize competition with his Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality (often referred to as \"The Prize Essay\").", "By 1764, Kant had become a notable popular author, and wrote Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime; he was second to Moses Mendelssohn in a Berlin Academy prize competition with his Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality (often referred to as \"The Prize Essay\"). In 1766 Kant wrote Dreams of a Spirit-Seer which dealt with the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg.", "In 1766 Kant wrote Dreams of a Spirit-Seer which dealt with the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg. The exact influence of Swedenborg on Kant, as well as the extent of Kant's belief in mysticism according to Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, remain controversial. On 31 March 1770, aged 45, Kant was finally appointed Full Professor of Logic and Metaphysics (Professor Ordinarius der Logic und Metaphysic) at the University of Königsberg.", "On 31 March 1770, aged 45, Kant was finally appointed Full Professor of Logic and Metaphysics (Professor Ordinarius der Logic und Metaphysic) at the University of Königsberg. In defense of this appointment, Kant wrote his inaugural dissertation (Inaugural-Dissertation) De Mundi Sensibilis atque Intelligibilis Forma et Principiis (On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World). This work saw the emergence of several central themes of his mature work, including the distinction between the faculties of intellectual thought and sensible receptivity.", "This work saw the emergence of several central themes of his mature work, including the distinction between the faculties of intellectual thought and sensible receptivity. To miss this distinction would mean to commit the error of subreption, and, as he says in the last chapter of the dissertation, only in avoiding this error does metaphysics flourish. The issue that vexed Kant was central to what 20th-century scholars called \"the philosophy of mind\". The flowering of the natural sciences had led to an understanding of how data reaches the brain.", "The flowering of the natural sciences had led to an understanding of how data reaches the brain. Sunlight falling on an object is reflected from its surface in a way that maps the surface features (color, texture, etc.). The reflected light reaches the human eye, passes through the cornea, is focused by the lens onto the retina where it forms an image similar to that formed by light passing through a pinhole into a camera obscura.", "The reflected light reaches the human eye, passes through the cornea, is focused by the lens onto the retina where it forms an image similar to that formed by light passing through a pinhole into a camera obscura. The retinal cells send impulses through the optic nerve and then they form a mapping in the brain of the visual features of the object.", "The retinal cells send impulses through the optic nerve and then they form a mapping in the brain of the visual features of the object. The interior mapping is not the exterior object, and our belief that there is a meaningful relationship between the object and the mapping in the brain depends on a chain of reasoning that is not fully grounded. But the uncertainty aroused by these considerations, by optical illusions, misperceptions, delusions, etc., are not the end of the problems.", "But the uncertainty aroused by these considerations, by optical illusions, misperceptions, delusions, etc., are not the end of the problems. Kant saw that the mind could not function as an empty container that simply receives data from outside. Something must be giving order to the incoming data. Images of external objects must be kept in the same sequence in which they were received. This ordering occurs through the mind's intuition of time.", "This ordering occurs through the mind's intuition of time. The same considerations apply to the mind's function of constituting space for ordering mappings of visual and tactile signals arriving via the already described chains of physical causation. It is often claimed that Kant was a late developer, that he only became an important philosopher in his mid-50s after rejecting his earlier views. While it is true that Kant wrote his greatest works relatively late in life, there is a tendency to underestimate the value of his earlier works.", "While it is true that Kant wrote his greatest works relatively late in life, there is a tendency to underestimate the value of his earlier works. Recent Kant scholarship has devoted more attention to these \"pre-critical\" writings and has recognized a degree of continuity with his mature work. Critique of Pure Reason At age 46, Kant was an established scholar and an increasingly influential philosopher, and much was expected of him.", "Critique of Pure Reason At age 46, Kant was an established scholar and an increasingly influential philosopher, and much was expected of him. In correspondence with his ex-student and friend Markus Herz, Kant admitted that, in the inaugural dissertation, he had failed to account for the relation between our sensible and intellectual faculties. He needed to explain how we combine what is known as sensory knowledge with the other type of knowledgei.e. reasoned knowledgethese two being related but having very different processes.", "reasoned knowledgethese two being related but having very different processes. Kant also credited David Hume with awakening him from a \"dogmatic slumber\" in which he had unquestioningly accepted the tenets of both religion and natural philosophy. Hume in his 1739 Treatise on Human Nature had argued that we only know the mind through a subjectiveessentially illusoryseries of perceptions. Ideas such as causality, morality, and objects are not evident in experience, so their reality may be questioned.", "Ideas such as causality, morality, and objects are not evident in experience, so their reality may be questioned. Kant felt that reason could remove this skepticism, and he set himself to solving these problems. Although fond of company and conversation with others, Kant isolated himself, and resisted friends' attempts to bring him out of his isolation. When Kant emerged from his silence in 1781, the result was the Critique of Pure Reason.", "When Kant emerged from his silence in 1781, the result was the Critique of Pure Reason. Kant countered Hume's empiricism by claiming that some knowledge exists inherently in the mind, independent of experience. He drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposal that worldly objects can be intuited a priori ('beforehand'), and that intuition is consequently distinct from objective reality. He acquiesced to Hume somewhat by defining causality as a \"regular, constant sequence of events in time, and nothing more.\"", "He acquiesced to Hume somewhat by defining causality as a \"regular, constant sequence of events in time, and nothing more.\" Although now uniformly recognized as one of the greatest works in the history of philosophy, this Critique disappointed Kant's readers upon its initial publication. The book was long, over 800 pages in the original German edition, and written in a convoluted style. It received few reviews, and these granted it no significance.", "It received few reviews, and these granted it no significance. Kant's former student, Johann Gottfried Herder criticized it for placing reason as an entity worthy of criticism instead of considering the process of reasoning within the context of language and one's entire personality. Similar to Christian Garve and Johann Georg Heinrich Feder, he rejected Kant's position that space and time possessed a form that could be analyzed. Additionally, Garve and Feder also faulted Kant's Critique for not explaining differences in perception of sensations.", "Additionally, Garve and Feder also faulted Kant's Critique for not explaining differences in perception of sensations. Its density made it, as Herder said in a letter to Johann Georg Hamann, a \"tough nut to crack\", obscured by \"all this heavy gossamer\". Its reception stood in stark contrast to the praise Kant had received for earlier works, such as his Prize Essay and shorter works that preceded the first Critique.", "Its reception stood in stark contrast to the praise Kant had received for earlier works, such as his Prize Essay and shorter works that preceded the first Critique. These well-received and readable tracts include one on the earthquake in Lisbon that was so popular that it was sold by the page. Prior to the change in course documented in the first Critique, his books had sold well. Kant was disappointed with the first Critique's reception.", "Kant was disappointed with the first Critique's reception. Kant was disappointed with the first Critique's reception. Recognizing the need to clarify the original treatise, Kant wrote the Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics in 1783 as a summary of its main views. Shortly thereafter, Kant's friend Johann Friedrich Schultz (1739–1805) (professor of mathematics) published Erläuterungen über des Herrn Professor Kant Critik der reinen Vernunft (Königsberg, 1784), which was a brief but very accurate commentary on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.", "Shortly thereafter, Kant's friend Johann Friedrich Schultz (1739–1805) (professor of mathematics) published Erläuterungen über des Herrn Professor Kant Critik der reinen Vernunft (Königsberg, 1784), which was a brief but very accurate commentary on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant's reputation gradually rose through the latter portion of the 1780s, sparked by a series of important works: the 1784 essay, \"Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?", "Kant's reputation gradually rose through the latter portion of the 1780s, sparked by a series of important works: the 1784 essay, \"Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? \"; 1785's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (his first work on moral philosophy); and, from 1786, Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. But Kant's fame ultimately arrived from an unexpected source. In 1786, Karl Leonhard Reinhold published a series of public letters on Kantian philosophy.", "In 1786, Karl Leonhard Reinhold published a series of public letters on Kantian philosophy. In these letters, Reinhold framed Kant's philosophy as a response to the central intellectual controversy of the era: the pantheism controversy. Friedrich Jacobi had accused the recently deceased Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (a distinguished dramatist and philosophical essayist) of Spinozism. Such a charge, tantamount to atheism, was vigorously denied by Lessing's friend Moses Mendelssohn, leading to a bitter public dispute among partisans.", "Such a charge, tantamount to atheism, was vigorously denied by Lessing's friend Moses Mendelssohn, leading to a bitter public dispute among partisans. The controversy gradually escalated into a debate about the values of the Enlightenment and the value of reason. Reinhold maintained in his letters that Kant's Critique of Pure Reason could settle this dispute by defending the authority and bounds of reason. Reinhold's letters were widely read and made Kant the most famous philosopher of his era.", "Reinhold's letters were widely read and made Kant the most famous philosopher of his era. Later work Kant published a second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason in 1787, heavily revising the first parts of the book. Most of his subsequent work focused on other areas of philosophy. He continued to develop his moral philosophy, notably in 1788's Critique of Practical Reason (known as the second Critique) and 1797's Metaphysics of Morals.", "He continued to develop his moral philosophy, notably in 1788's Critique of Practical Reason (known as the second Critique) and 1797's Metaphysics of Morals. The 1790 Critique of Judgment (the third Critique) applied the Kantian system to aesthetics and teleology.", "The 1790 Critique of Judgment (the third Critique) applied the Kantian system to aesthetics and teleology. In 1792, Kant's attempt to publish the Second of the four Pieces of Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason, in the journal Berlinische Monatsschrift, met with opposition from the King's censorship commission, which had been established that same year in the context of the French Revolution.", "In 1792, Kant's attempt to publish the Second of the four Pieces of Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason, in the journal Berlinische Monatsschrift, met with opposition from the King's censorship commission, which had been established that same year in the context of the French Revolution. Kant then arranged to have all four pieces published as a book, routing it through the philosophy department at the University of Jena to avoid the need for theological censorship. This insubordination earned him a now famous reprimand from the King.", "This insubordination earned him a now famous reprimand from the King. When he nevertheless published a second edition in 1794, the censor was so irate that he arranged for a royal order that required Kant never to publish or even speak publicly about religion. Kant then published his response to the King's reprimand and explained himself, in the preface of The Conflict of the Faculties. He also wrote a number of semi-popular essays on history, religion, politics and other topics.", "He also wrote a number of semi-popular essays on history, religion, politics and other topics. These works were well received by Kant's contemporaries and confirmed his preeminent status in 18th-century philosophy. There were several journals devoted solely to defending and criticizing Kantian philosophy. Despite his success, philosophical trends were moving in another direction. Many of Kant's most important disciples and followers (including Reinhold, Beck and Fichte) transformed the Kantian position into increasingly radical forms of idealism.", "Many of Kant's most important disciples and followers (including Reinhold, Beck and Fichte) transformed the Kantian position into increasingly radical forms of idealism. The progressive stages of revision of Kant's teachings marked the emergence of German idealism. Kant opposed these developments and publicly denounced Fichte in an open letter in 1799. It was one of his final acts expounding a stance on philosophical questions.", "It was one of his final acts expounding a stance on philosophical questions. In 1800, a student of Kant named Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1762–1842) published a manual of logic for teachers called Logik, which he had prepared at Kant's request. Jäsche prepared the Logik using a copy of a textbook in logic by Georg Friedrich Meier entitled Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre, in which Kant had written copious notes and annotations. The Logik has been considered of fundamental importance to Kant's philosophy, and the understanding of it.", "The Logik has been considered of fundamental importance to Kant's philosophy, and the understanding of it. The great 19th-century logician Charles Sanders Peirce remarked, in an incomplete review of Thomas Kingsmill Abbott's English translation of the introduction to Logik, that \"Kant's whole philosophy turns upon his logic.\"", "The great 19th-century logician Charles Sanders Peirce remarked, in an incomplete review of Thomas Kingsmill Abbott's English translation of the introduction to Logik, that \"Kant's whole philosophy turns upon his logic.\" Also, Robert Schirokauer Hartman and Wolfgang Schwarz, wrote in the translators' introduction to their English translation of the Logik, \"Its importance lies not only in its significance for the Critique of Pure Reason, the second part of which is a restatement of fundamental tenets of the Logic, but in its position within the whole of Kant's work.\"", "Also, Robert Schirokauer Hartman and Wolfgang Schwarz, wrote in the translators' introduction to their English translation of the Logik, \"Its importance lies not only in its significance for the Critique of Pure Reason, the second part of which is a restatement of fundamental tenets of the Logic, but in its position within the whole of Kant's work.\" Death and burial Kant's health, long poor, worsened and he died at Königsberg on 12 February 1804, uttering \"Es ist gut (It is good)\" before expiring.", "Death and burial Kant's health, long poor, worsened and he died at Königsberg on 12 February 1804, uttering \"Es ist gut (It is good)\" before expiring. His unfinished final work was published as Opus Postumum. Kant always cut a curious figure in his lifetime for his modest, rigorously scheduled habits, which have been referred to as clocklike.", "Kant always cut a curious figure in his lifetime for his modest, rigorously scheduled habits, which have been referred to as clocklike. However, Heinrich Heine noted the magnitude of \"his destructive, world-crushing thoughts\" and considered him a sort of philosophical \"executioner\", comparing him to Robespierre with the observation that both men \"represented in the highest the type of provincial bourgeois.", "However, Heinrich Heine noted the magnitude of \"his destructive, world-crushing thoughts\" and considered him a sort of philosophical \"executioner\", comparing him to Robespierre with the observation that both men \"represented in the highest the type of provincial bourgeois. Nature had destined them to weigh coffee and sugar, but Fate determined that they should weigh other things and placed on the scales of the one a king, on the scales of the other a god.\"", "Nature had destined them to weigh coffee and sugar, but Fate determined that they should weigh other things and placed on the scales of the one a king, on the scales of the other a god.\" When his body was transferred to a new burial spot, his skull was measured during the exhumation and found to be larger than the average German male's with a \"high and broad\" forehead.", "When his body was transferred to a new burial spot, his skull was measured during the exhumation and found to be larger than the average German male's with a \"high and broad\" forehead. His forehead has been an object of interest ever since it became well-known through his portraits: \"In Döbler's portrait and in Kiefer's faithful if expressionistic reproduction of it — as well as in many of the other late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century portraits of Kant — the forehead is remarkably large and decidedly retreating.", "His forehead has been an object of interest ever since it became well-known through his portraits: \"In Döbler's portrait and in Kiefer's faithful if expressionistic reproduction of it — as well as in many of the other late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century portraits of Kant — the forehead is remarkably large and decidedly retreating. Was Kant's forehead shaped this way in these images because he was a philosopher, or, to follow the implications of Lavater's system, was he a philosopher because of the intellectual acuity manifested by his forehead?", "Was Kant's forehead shaped this way in these images because he was a philosopher, or, to follow the implications of Lavater's system, was he a philosopher because of the intellectual acuity manifested by his forehead? Kant and Johann Kaspar Lavater were correspondents on theological matters, and Lavater refers to Kant in his work \"Physiognomic Fragments, for the Education of Human Knowledge and Love of People\" (Leipzig & Winterthur, 1775–1778). Kant's mausoleum adjoins the northeast corner of Königsberg Cathedral in Kaliningrad, Russia.", "Kant's mausoleum adjoins the northeast corner of Königsberg Cathedral in Kaliningrad, Russia. The mausoleum was constructed by the architect Friedrich Lahrs and was finished in 1924 in time for the bicentenary of Kant's birth. Originally, Kant was buried inside the cathedral, but in 1880 his remains were moved to a neo-Gothic chapel adjoining the northeast corner of the cathedral. Over the years, the chapel became dilapidated and was demolished to make way for the mausoleum, which was built on the same location.", "Over the years, the chapel became dilapidated and was demolished to make way for the mausoleum, which was built on the same location. The tomb and its mausoleum are among the few artifacts of German times preserved by the Soviets after they conquered and annexed the city. Today, many newlyweds bring flowers to the mausoleum. Artifacts previously owned by Kant, known as Kantiana, were included in the Königsberg City Museum. However, the museum was destroyed during World War II.", "However, the museum was destroyed during World War II. A replica of the statue of Kant that stood in German times in front of the main University of Königsberg building was donated by a German entity in the early 1990s and placed in the same grounds. After the expulsion of Königsberg's German population at the end of World War II, the University of Königsberg where Kant taught was replaced by the Russian-language Kaliningrad State University, which appropriated the campus and surviving buildings.", "After the expulsion of Königsberg's German population at the end of World War II, the University of Königsberg where Kant taught was replaced by the Russian-language Kaliningrad State University, which appropriated the campus and surviving buildings. In 2005, the university was renamed Immanuel Kant State University of Russia. The name change was announced at a ceremony attended by President Vladimir Putin of Russia and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of Germany, and the university formed a Kant Society, dedicated to the study of Kantianism.", "The name change was announced at a ceremony attended by President Vladimir Putin of Russia and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of Germany, and the university formed a Kant Society, dedicated to the study of Kantianism. The university was again renamed in the 2010s, to Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. In late November 2018, his tomb and statue were vandalized with paint by unknown assailants, who also scattered leaflets glorifying Rus' and denouncing Kant as a \"traitor\".", "In late November 2018, his tomb and statue were vandalized with paint by unknown assailants, who also scattered leaflets glorifying Rus' and denouncing Kant as a \"traitor\". The incident is apparently connected with a recent vote to rename Khrabrovo Airport, where Kant was in the lead for a while, prompting Russian nationalist resentment. Philosophy In Kant's essay \"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?", "Philosophy In Kant's essay \"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment? \", he defined the Enlightenment as an age shaped by the Latin motto Sapere aude (\"Dare to be wise\"). Kant maintained that one ought to think autonomously, free of the dictates of external authority. His work reconciled many of the differences between the rationalist and empiricist traditions of the 18th century. He had a decisive impact on the Romantic and German Idealist philosophies of the 19th century.", "He had a decisive impact on the Romantic and German Idealist philosophies of the 19th century. His work has also been a starting point for many 20th century philosophers. Kant asserted that, because of the limitations of argumentation in the absence of irrefutable evidence, no one could really know whether there is a God and an afterlife or not. For the sake of morality and as a ground for reason, Kant asserted, people are justified in believing in God, even though they could never know God's presence empirically.", "For the sake of morality and as a ground for reason, Kant asserted, people are justified in believing in God, even though they could never know God's presence empirically. The sense of an enlightened approach and the critical method required that \"If one cannot prove that a thing is, he may try to prove that it is not.", "The sense of an enlightened approach and the critical method required that \"If one cannot prove that a thing is, he may try to prove that it is not. If he fails to do either (as often occurs), he may still ask whether it is in his interest to accept one or the other of the alternatives hypothetically, from the theoretical or the practical point of view.", "If he fails to do either (as often occurs), he may still ask whether it is in his interest to accept one or the other of the alternatives hypothetically, from the theoretical or the practical point of view. Hence the question no longer is as to whether perpetual peace is a real thing or not a real thing, or as to whether we may not be deceiving ourselves when we adopt the former alternative, but we must act on the supposition of its being real.\"", "Hence the question no longer is as to whether perpetual peace is a real thing or not a real thing, or as to whether we may not be deceiving ourselves when we adopt the former alternative, but we must act on the supposition of its being real.\" The presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was then a practical concern, for Kant drew a parallel between the Copernican revolution and the epistemology of his new transcendental philosophy, involving two interconnected foundations of his \"critical philosophy\": the epistemology of transcendental idealism and the moral philosophy of the autonomy of practical reason.", "The presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was then a practical concern, for Kant drew a parallel between the Copernican revolution and the epistemology of his new transcendental philosophy, involving two interconnected foundations of his \"critical philosophy\": the epistemology of transcendental idealism and the moral philosophy of the autonomy of practical reason. These teachings placed the active, rational human subject at the center of the cognitive and moral worlds.", "These teachings placed the active, rational human subject at the center of the cognitive and moral worlds. Kant argued that the rational order of the world as known by science was not just the accidental accumulation of sense perceptions. Conceptual unification and integration is carried out by the mind through concepts or the \"categories of the understanding\" operating on the perceptual manifold within space and time. The latter are not concepts, but are forms of sensibility that are a priori necessary conditions for any possible experience.", "The latter are not concepts, but are forms of sensibility that are a priori necessary conditions for any possible experience. Thus the objective order of nature and the causal necessity that operates within it depend on the mind's processes, the product of the rule-based activity that Kant called \"synthesis\". There is much discussion among Kant scholars about the correct interpretation of this train of thought.", "There is much discussion among Kant scholars about the correct interpretation of this train of thought. The 'two-world' interpretation regards Kant's position as a statement of epistemological limitation, that we are not able to transcend the bounds of our own mind, meaning that we cannot access the \"thing-in-itself\". However, Kant also speaks of the thing in itself or transcendental object as a product of the (human) understanding as it attempts to conceive of objects in abstraction from the conditions of sensibility.", "However, Kant also speaks of the thing in itself or transcendental object as a product of the (human) understanding as it attempts to conceive of objects in abstraction from the conditions of sensibility. Following this line of thought, some interpreters have argued that the thing in itself does not represent a separate ontological domain but simply a way of considering objects by means of the understanding alonethis is known as the two-aspect view. The notion of the \"thing in itself\" was much discussed by philosophers after Kant.", "The notion of the \"thing in itself\" was much discussed by philosophers after Kant. It was argued that, because the \"thing in itself\" was unknowable, its existence must not be assumed. Rather than arbitrarily switching to an account that was ungrounded in anything supposed to be the \"real\", as did the German Idealists, another group arose who asked how our (presumably reliable) accounts of a coherent and rule-abiding universe were actually grounded.", "Rather than arbitrarily switching to an account that was ungrounded in anything supposed to be the \"real\", as did the German Idealists, another group arose who asked how our (presumably reliable) accounts of a coherent and rule-abiding universe were actually grounded. This new kind of philosophy became known as Phenomenology, and its founder was Edmund Husserl.", "This new kind of philosophy became known as Phenomenology, and its founder was Edmund Husserl. With regard to morality, Kant argued that the source of the good lies not in anything outside the human subject, either in nature or given by God, but rather is only the good will itself. A good will is one that acts from duty in accordance with the universal moral law that the autonomous human being freely gives itself.", "A good will is one that acts from duty in accordance with the universal moral law that the autonomous human being freely gives itself. This law obliges one to treat humanityunderstood as rational agency, and represented through oneself as well as othersas an end in itself rather than (merely) as means to other ends the individual might hold. This necessitates practical self-reflection in which we universalize our reasons. These ideas have largely framed or influenced all subsequent philosophical discussion and analysis. The specifics of Kant's account generated immediate and lasting controversy.", "The specifics of Kant's account generated immediate and lasting controversy. Nevertheless, his thesesthat the mind itself necessarily makes a constitutive contribution to its knowledge, that this contribution is transcendental rather than psychological, that philosophy involves self-critical activity, that morality is rooted in human freedom, and that to act autonomously is to act according to rational moral principleshave all had a lasting effect on subsequent philosophy.", "Nevertheless, his thesesthat the mind itself necessarily makes a constitutive contribution to its knowledge, that this contribution is transcendental rather than psychological, that philosophy involves self-critical activity, that morality is rooted in human freedom, and that to act autonomously is to act according to rational moral principleshave all had a lasting effect on subsequent philosophy. Epistemology Theory of perception Kant defines his theory of perception in his influential 1781 work the Critique of Pure Reason, which has often been cited as the most significant volume of metaphysics and epistemology in modern philosophy.", "Epistemology Theory of perception Kant defines his theory of perception in his influential 1781 work the Critique of Pure Reason, which has often been cited as the most significant volume of metaphysics and epistemology in modern philosophy. Kant maintains that understanding of the external world had its foundations not merely in experience, but in both experience and a priori concepts, thus offering a non-empiricist critique of rationalist philosophy, which is what has been referred to as his Copernican revolution.", "Kant maintains that understanding of the external world had its foundations not merely in experience, but in both experience and a priori concepts, thus offering a non-empiricist critique of rationalist philosophy, which is what has been referred to as his Copernican revolution. Firstly, Kant distinguishes between analytic and synthetic propositions: Analytic proposition: a proposition whose predicate concept is contained in its subject concept; e.g., \"All bachelors are unmarried,\" or, \"All bodies take up space.\"", "Firstly, Kant distinguishes between analytic and synthetic propositions: Analytic proposition: a proposition whose predicate concept is contained in its subject concept; e.g., \"All bachelors are unmarried,\" or, \"All bodies take up space.\" Synthetic proposition: a proposition whose predicate concept is not contained in its subject concept; e.g., \"All bachelors are alone,\" or, \"All bodies have weight.\"", "Synthetic proposition: a proposition whose predicate concept is not contained in its subject concept; e.g., \"All bachelors are alone,\" or, \"All bodies have weight.\" An analytic proposition is true by nature of the meaning of the words in the sentence — we require no further knowledge than a grasp of the language to understand this proposition. On the other hand, a synthetic statement is one that tells us something about the world. The truth or falsehood of synthetic statements derives from something outside their linguistic content.", "The truth or falsehood of synthetic statements derives from something outside their linguistic content. In this instance, weight is not a necessary predicate of the body; until we are told the heaviness of the body we do not know that it has weight. In this case, experience of the body is required before its heaviness becomes clear. Before Kant's first Critique, empiricists (cf. Hume) and rationalists (cf. Leibniz) assumed that all synthetic statements required experience to be known.", "Leibniz) assumed that all synthetic statements required experience to be known. Kant contests this assumption by claiming that elementary mathematics, like arithmetic, is synthetic a priori, in that its statements provide new knowledge not derived from experience. This becomes part of his over-all argument for transcendental idealism. That is, he argues that the possibility of experience depends on certain necessary conditions — which he calls a priori forms — and that these conditions structure and hold true of the world of experience.", "That is, he argues that the possibility of experience depends on certain necessary conditions — which he calls a priori forms — and that these conditions structure and hold true of the world of experience. His main claims in the \"Transcendental Aesthetic\" are that mathematic judgments are synthetic a priori and that space and time are not derived from experience but rather are its preconditions.", "His main claims in the \"Transcendental Aesthetic\" are that mathematic judgments are synthetic a priori and that space and time are not derived from experience but rather are its preconditions. Once we have grasped the functions of basic arithmetic, we do not need empirical experience to know that 100 + 100 = 200, and so it appears that arithmetic is analytic.", "Once we have grasped the functions of basic arithmetic, we do not need empirical experience to know that 100 + 100 = 200, and so it appears that arithmetic is analytic. However, that it is analytic can be disproved by considering the calculation 5 + 7 = 12: there is nothing in the numbers 5 and 7 by which the number 12 can be inferred.", "However, that it is analytic can be disproved by considering the calculation 5 + 7 = 12: there is nothing in the numbers 5 and 7 by which the number 12 can be inferred. Thus \"5 + 7\" and \"the cube root of 1,728\" or \"12\" are not analytic because their reference is the same but their sense is not — the statement \"5 + 7 = 12\" tells us something new about the world.", "Thus \"5 + 7\" and \"the cube root of 1,728\" or \"12\" are not analytic because their reference is the same but their sense is not — the statement \"5 + 7 = 12\" tells us something new about the world. It is self-evident, and undeniably a priori, but at the same time it is synthetic. Thus Kant argued that a proposition can be synthetic and a priori. Kant asserts that experience is based on the perception of external objects and a priori knowledge.", "Kant asserts that experience is based on the perception of external objects and a priori knowledge. The external world, he writes, provides those things that we sense. But our mind processes this information and gives it order, allowing us to comprehend it. Our mind supplies the conditions of space and time to experience objects. According to the \"transcendental unity of apperception\", the concepts of the mind (Understanding) and perceptions or intuitions that garner information from phenomena (Sensibility) are synthesized by comprehension.", "According to the \"transcendental unity of apperception\", the concepts of the mind (Understanding) and perceptions or intuitions that garner information from phenomena (Sensibility) are synthesized by comprehension. Without concepts, perceptions are nondescript; without perceptions, concepts are meaningless. Thus the famous statement: \"Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions [perceptions] without concepts are blind.\" Kant also claims that an external environment is necessary for the establishment of the self.", "Kant also claims that an external environment is necessary for the establishment of the self. Although Kant would want to argue that there is no empirical way of observing the self, we can see the logical necessity of the self when we observe that we can have different perceptions of the external environment over time. By uniting these general representations into one global representation, we can see how a transcendental self emerges.", "By uniting these general representations into one global representation, we can see how a transcendental self emerges. \"I am therefore conscious of the identical self in regard to the manifold of the representations that are given to me in an intuition because I call them all together my representations, which constitute one.\" Categories of the Faculty of Understanding Kant deemed it obvious that we have some objective knowledge of the world, such as, say, Newtonian physics.", "Categories of the Faculty of Understanding Kant deemed it obvious that we have some objective knowledge of the world, such as, say, Newtonian physics. But this knowledge relies on synthetic, a priori laws of nature, like causality and substance. How is this possible? Kant's solution was that the subject must supply laws that make experience of objects possible, and that these laws are synthetic, a priori laws of nature that apply to all objects before we experience them.", "Kant's solution was that the subject must supply laws that make experience of objects possible, and that these laws are synthetic, a priori laws of nature that apply to all objects before we experience them. To deduce all these laws, Kant examined experience in general, dissecting in it what is supplied by the mind from what is supplied by the given intuitions. This is commonly called a transcendental deduction.", "This is commonly called a transcendental deduction. This is commonly called a transcendental deduction. To begin with, Kant's distinction between the a posteriori being contingent and particular knowledge, and the a priori being universal and necessary knowledge, must be kept in mind.", "To begin with, Kant's distinction between the a posteriori being contingent and particular knowledge, and the a priori being universal and necessary knowledge, must be kept in mind. If we merely connect two intuitions together in a perceiving subject, the knowledge is always subjective because it is derived a posteriori, when what is desired is for the knowledge to be objective, that is, for the two intuitions to refer to the object and hold good of it for anyone at any time, not just the perceiving subject in its current condition.", "If we merely connect two intuitions together in a perceiving subject, the knowledge is always subjective because it is derived a posteriori, when what is desired is for the knowledge to be objective, that is, for the two intuitions to refer to the object and hold good of it for anyone at any time, not just the perceiving subject in its current condition. What else is equivalent to objective knowledge besides the a priori (universal and necessary knowledge)?", "What else is equivalent to objective knowledge besides the a priori (universal and necessary knowledge)? Before knowledge can be objective, it must be incorporated under an a priori category of understanding. For example, if a subject says, \"The sun shines on the stone; the stone grows warm,\" all he perceives are phenomena. His judgment is contingent and holds no necessity.", "His judgment is contingent and holds no necessity. His judgment is contingent and holds no necessity. But if he says, \"The sunshine causes the stone to warm,\" he subsumes the perception under the category of causality, which is not found in the perception, and necessarily synthesizes the concept sunshine with the concept heat, producing a necessarily universally true judgment. To explain the categories in more detail, they are the preconditions of the construction of objects in the mind.", "To explain the categories in more detail, they are the preconditions of the construction of objects in the mind. Indeed, to even think of the sun and stone presupposes the category of subsistence, that is, substance. For the categories synthesize the random data of the sensory manifold into intelligible objects.", "For the categories synthesize the random data of the sensory manifold into intelligible objects. This means that the categories are also the most abstract things one can say of any object whatsoever, and hence one can have an a priori cognition of the totality of all objects of experience if one can list all of them. To do so, Kant formulates another transcendental deduction. Judgments are, for Kant, the preconditions of any thought.", "Judgments are, for Kant, the preconditions of any thought. Man thinks via judgments, so all possible judgments must be listed and the perceptions connected within them put aside, so as to make it possible to examine the moments when the understanding is engaged in constructing judgments. For the categories are equivalent to these moments, in that they are concepts of intuitions in general, so far as they are determined by these moments universally and necessarily.", "For the categories are equivalent to these moments, in that they are concepts of intuitions in general, so far as they are determined by these moments universally and necessarily. Thus by listing all the moments, one can deduce from them all of the categories. One may now ask: How many possible judgments are there? Kant believed that all the possible propositions within Aristotle's syllogistic logic are equivalent to all possible judgments, and that all the logical operators within the propositions are equivalent to the moments of the understanding within judgments.", "Kant believed that all the possible propositions within Aristotle's syllogistic logic are equivalent to all possible judgments, and that all the logical operators within the propositions are equivalent to the moments of the understanding within judgments. Thus he listed Aristotle's system in four groups of three: quantity (universal, particular, singular), quality (affirmative, negative, infinite), relation (categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive) and modality (problematic, assertoric, apodeictic).", "Thus he listed Aristotle's system in four groups of three: quantity (universal, particular, singular), quality (affirmative, negative, infinite), relation (categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive) and modality (problematic, assertoric, apodeictic). The parallelism with Kant's categories is obvious: quantity (unity, plurality, totality), quality (reality, negation, limitation), relation (substance, cause, community) and modality (possibility, existence, necessity).", "The parallelism with Kant's categories is obvious: quantity (unity, plurality, totality), quality (reality, negation, limitation), relation (substance, cause, community) and modality (possibility, existence, necessity). The fundamental building blocks of experience, i.e. objective knowledge, are now in place. First there is the sensibility, which supplies the mind with intuitions, and then there is the understanding, which produces judgments of these intuitions and can subsume them under categories.", "First there is the sensibility, which supplies the mind with intuitions, and then there is the understanding, which produces judgments of these intuitions and can subsume them under categories. These categories lift the intuitions up out of the subject's current state of consciousness and place them within consciousness in general, producing universally necessary knowledge. For the categories are innate in any rational being, so any intuition thought within a category in one mind is necessarily subsumed and understood identically in any mind.", "For the categories are innate in any rational being, so any intuition thought within a category in one mind is necessarily subsumed and understood identically in any mind. In other words, we filter what we see and hear. Transcendental schema doctrine Kant ran into a problem with his theory that the mind plays a part in producing objective knowledge. Intuitions and categories are entirely disparate, so how can they interact?", "Intuitions and categories are entirely disparate, so how can they interact? Kant's solution is the (transcendental) schema: a priori principles by which the transcendental imagination connects concepts with intuitions through time. All the principles are temporally bound, for if a concept is purely a priori, as the categories are, then they must apply for all times. Hence there are principles such as substance is that which endures through time, and the cause must always be prior to the effect.", "Hence there are principles such as substance is that which endures through time, and the cause must always be prior to the effect. In the context of transcendental schema the concept of transcendental reflection is of a great importance. Ethics Kant developed his ethics, or moral philosophy, in three works: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785), Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and Metaphysics of Morals (1797).", "Ethics Kant developed his ethics, or moral philosophy, in three works: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785), Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and Metaphysics of Morals (1797). In Groundwork, Kant tries to convert our everyday, obvious, rational knowledge of morality into philosophical knowledge.", "In Groundwork, Kant tries to convert our everyday, obvious, rational knowledge of morality into philosophical knowledge. The latter two works used \"practical reason\", which is based only on things about which reason can tell us, and not deriving any principles from experience, to reach conclusions which can be applied to the world of experience (in the second part of The Metaphysics of Morals).", "The latter two works used \"practical reason\", which is based only on things about which reason can tell us, and not deriving any principles from experience, to reach conclusions which can be applied to the world of experience (in the second part of The Metaphysics of Morals). Kant is known for his theory that there is a single moral obligation, which he called the \"Categorical Imperative\", and is derived from the concept of duty. Kant defines the demands of moral law as \"categorical imperatives\".", "Kant defines the demands of moral law as \"categorical imperatives\". Categorical imperatives are principles that are intrinsically valid; they are good in and of themselves; they must be obeyed in all situations and circumstances, if our behavior is to observe the moral law. The Categorical Imperative provides a test against which moral statements can be assessed. Kant also stated that the moral means and ends can be applied to the categorical imperative, that rational beings can pursue certain \"ends\" using the appropriate \"means\".", "Kant also stated that the moral means and ends can be applied to the categorical imperative, that rational beings can pursue certain \"ends\" using the appropriate \"means\". Ends based on physical needs or wants create hypothetical imperatives. The categorical imperative can only be based on something that is an \"end in itself\", that is, an end that is not a means to some other need, desire, or purpose.", "The categorical imperative can only be based on something that is an \"end in itself\", that is, an end that is not a means to some other need, desire, or purpose. Kant believed that the moral law is a principle of reason itself, and is not based on contingent facts about the world, such as what would make us happy, but to act on the moral law which has no other motive than \"worthiness to be happy\".", "Kant believed that the moral law is a principle of reason itself, and is not based on contingent facts about the world, such as what would make us happy, but to act on the moral law which has no other motive than \"worthiness to be happy\". Accordingly, he believed that moral obligation applies only to rational agents.", "Accordingly, he believed that moral obligation applies only to rational agents. Unlike a hypothetical imperative, a categorical imperative is an unconditional obligation; it has the force of an obligation regardless of our will or desires In Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785) Kant enumerated three formulations of the categorical imperative that he believed to be roughly equivalent. In the same book, Kant stated: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.", "In the same book, Kant stated: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law. According to Kant, one cannot make exceptions for oneself. The philosophical maxim on which one acts should always be considered to be a universal law without exception. One cannot allow oneself to do a particular action unless one thinks it appropriate that the reason for the action should become a universal law.", "One cannot allow oneself to do a particular action unless one thinks it appropriate that the reason for the action should become a universal law. For example, one should not steal, however dire the circumstancesbecause, by permitting oneself to steal, one makes stealing a universally acceptable act. This is the first formulation of the categorical imperative, often known as the universalizability principle. Kant believed that, if an action is not done with the motive of duty, then it is without moral value.", "Kant believed that, if an action is not done with the motive of duty, then it is without moral value. He thought that every action should have pure intention behind it; otherwise, it is meaningless. The final result is not the most important aspect of an action; rather, how the person feels while carrying out the action is the time when value is attached to the result.", "The final result is not the most important aspect of an action; rather, how the person feels while carrying out the action is the time when value is attached to the result. In Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant also posited the \"counter-utilitarian idea that there is a difference between preferences and values, and that considerations of individual rights temper calculations of aggregate utility\", a concept that is an axiom in economics: Everything has either a price or a dignity.", "In Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant also posited the \"counter-utilitarian idea that there is a difference between preferences and values, and that considerations of individual rights temper calculations of aggregate utility\", a concept that is an axiom in economics: Everything has either a price or a dignity. Whatever has a price can be replaced by something else as its equivalent; on the other hand, whatever is above all price, and therefore admits of no equivalent, has a dignity.", "Whatever has a price can be replaced by something else as its equivalent; on the other hand, whatever is above all price, and therefore admits of no equivalent, has a dignity. But that which constitutes the condition under which alone something can be an end in itself does not have mere relative worth, i.e., price, but an intrinsic worth, i.e., a dignity. (p. 53, italics in original).", "(p. 53, italics in original). (p. 53, italics in original). A phrase quoted by Kant, which is used to summarize the counter-utilitarian nature of his moral philosophy, is Fiat justitia, pereat mundus (\"Let justice be done, though the world perish\"), which he translates loosely as \"Let justice reign even if all the rascals in the world should perish from it\". This appears in his 1795 Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (\"Zum ewigen Frieden.", "This appears in his 1795 Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (\"Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf\"), Appendix 1. First formulation The first formulation (Formula of Universal Law) of the moral imperative \"requires that the maxims be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature\".", "First formulation The first formulation (Formula of Universal Law) of the moral imperative \"requires that the maxims be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature\". This formulation in principle has as its supreme law the creed \"Always act according to that maxim whose universality as a law you can at the same time will\" and is the \"only condition under which a will can never come into conflict with itself [....]\" One interpretation of the first formulation is called the \"universalizability test\".", "This formulation in principle has as its supreme law the creed \"Always act according to that maxim whose universality as a law you can at the same time will\" and is the \"only condition under which a will can never come into conflict with itself [....]\" One interpretation of the first formulation is called the \"universalizability test\". An agent's maxim, according to Kant, is his \"subjective principle of human actions\": that is, what the agent believes is his reason to act.", "An agent's maxim, according to Kant, is his \"subjective principle of human actions\": that is, what the agent believes is his reason to act. The universalisability test has five steps: Find the agent's maxim (i.e., an action paired with its motivation). Take, for example, the declaration \"I will lie for personal benefit\". Lying is the action; the motivation is to fulfill some sort of desire. Together, they form the maxim.", "Together, they form the maxim. Together, they form the maxim. Imagine a possible world in which everyone in a similar position to the real-world agent followed that maxim. Decide if contradictions or irrationalities would arise in the possible world as a result of following the maxim. If a contradiction or irrationality would arise, acting on that maxim is not allowed in the real world. If there is no contradiction, then acting on that maxim is permissible, and is sometimes required.", "If there is no contradiction, then acting on that maxim is permissible, and is sometimes required. (For a modern parallel, see John Rawls' hypothetical situation, the original position.) Second formulation The second formulation (or Formula of the End in Itself) holds that \"the rational being, as by its nature an end and thus as an end in itself, must serve in every maxim as the condition restricting all merely relative and arbitrary ends\".", "Second formulation The second formulation (or Formula of the End in Itself) holds that \"the rational being, as by its nature an end and thus as an end in itself, must serve in every maxim as the condition restricting all merely relative and arbitrary ends\". The principle dictates that you \"[a]ct with reference to every rational being (whether yourself or another) so that it is an end in itself in your maxim\", meaning that the rational being is \"the basis of all maxims of action\" and \"must be treated never as a mere means but as the supreme limiting condition in the use of all means, i.e., as an end at the same time\".", "The principle dictates that you \"[a]ct with reference to every rational being (whether yourself or another) so that it is an end in itself in your maxim\", meaning that the rational being is \"the basis of all maxims of action\" and \"must be treated never as a mere means but as the supreme limiting condition in the use of all means, i.e., as an end at the same time\". Third formulation The third formulation (i.e.", "Third formulation The third formulation (i.e. Third formulation The third formulation (i.e. Formula of Autonomy) is a synthesis of the first two and is the basis for the \"complete determination of all maxims\". It states \"that all maxims which stem from autonomous legislation ought to harmonize with a possible realm of ends as with a realm of nature\".", "It states \"that all maxims which stem from autonomous legislation ought to harmonize with a possible realm of ends as with a realm of nature\". In principle, \"So act as if your maxims should serve at the same time as the universal law (of all rational beings)\", meaning that we should so act that we may think of ourselves as \"a member in the universal realm of ends\", legislating universal laws through our maxims (that is, a universal code of conduct), in a \"possible realm of ends\".", "In principle, \"So act as if your maxims should serve at the same time as the universal law (of all rational beings)\", meaning that we should so act that we may think of ourselves as \"a member in the universal realm of ends\", legislating universal laws through our maxims (that is, a universal code of conduct), in a \"possible realm of ends\". No one may elevate themselves above the universal law, therefore it is one's duty to follow the maxim(s).", "No one may elevate themselves above the universal law, therefore it is one's duty to follow the maxim(s). Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason Commentators, starting in the 20th century, have tended to see Kant as having a strained relationship with religion, though this was not the prevalent view in the 19th century.", "Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason Commentators, starting in the 20th century, have tended to see Kant as having a strained relationship with religion, though this was not the prevalent view in the 19th century. Karl Leonhard Reinhold, whose letters first made Kant famous, wrote \"I believe that I may infer without reservation that the interest of religion, and of Christianity in particular, accords completely with the result of the Critique of Reason.\"", "Karl Leonhard Reinhold, whose letters first made Kant famous, wrote \"I believe that I may infer without reservation that the interest of religion, and of Christianity in particular, accords completely with the result of the Critique of Reason.\" Johann Schultz, who wrote one of the first Kant commentaries, wrote \"And does not this system itself cohere most splendidly with the Christian religion? Do not the divinity and beneficence of the latter become all the more evident?\"", "Do not the divinity and beneficence of the latter become all the more evident?\" This view continued throughout the 19th century, as noted by Friedrich Nietzsche, who said \"Kant's success is merely a theologian's success.\" The reason for these views was Kant's moral theology, and the widespread belief that his philosophy was the great antithesis to Spinozism, which had been convulsing the European academy for much of the 18th century.", "The reason for these views was Kant's moral theology, and the widespread belief that his philosophy was the great antithesis to Spinozism, which had been convulsing the European academy for much of the 18th century. Spinozism was widely seen as the cause of the Pantheism controversy, and as a form of sophisticated pantheism or even atheism. As Kant's philosophy disregarded the possibility of arguing for God through pure reason alone, for the same reasons it also disregarded the possibility of arguing against God through pure reason alone.", "As Kant's philosophy disregarded the possibility of arguing for God through pure reason alone, for the same reasons it also disregarded the possibility of arguing against God through pure reason alone. This, coupled with his moral philosophy (his argument that the existence of morality is a rational reason why God and an afterlife do and must exist), was the reason he was seen by many, at least through the end of the 19th century, as a great defender of religion in general and Christianity in particular.", "This, coupled with his moral philosophy (his argument that the existence of morality is a rational reason why God and an afterlife do and must exist), was the reason he was seen by many, at least through the end of the 19th century, as a great defender of religion in general and Christianity in particular. Kant articulates his strongest criticisms of the organization and practices of religious organizations to those that encourage what he sees as a religion of counterfeit service to God.", "Kant articulates his strongest criticisms of the organization and practices of religious organizations to those that encourage what he sees as a religion of counterfeit service to God. Among the major targets of his criticism are external ritual, superstition and a hierarchical church order. He sees these as efforts to make oneself pleasing to God in ways other than conscientious adherence to the principle of moral rightness in choosing and acting upon one's maxims.", "He sees these as efforts to make oneself pleasing to God in ways other than conscientious adherence to the principle of moral rightness in choosing and acting upon one's maxims. Kant's criticisms on these matters, along with his rejection of certain theoretical proofs grounded in pure reason (particularly the ontological argument) for the existence of God and his philosophical commentary on some Christian doctrines, have resulted in interpretations that see Kant as hostile to religion in general and Christianity in particular (e.g., Walsh 1967).", "Kant's criticisms on these matters, along with his rejection of certain theoretical proofs grounded in pure reason (particularly the ontological argument) for the existence of God and his philosophical commentary on some Christian doctrines, have resulted in interpretations that see Kant as hostile to religion in general and Christianity in particular (e.g., Walsh 1967). Nevertheless, other interpreters consider that Kant was trying to mark off defensible from indefensible Christian belief.", "Nevertheless, other interpreters consider that Kant was trying to mark off defensible from indefensible Christian belief. Kant sees in Jesus Christ the affirmation of a \"pure moral disposition of the heart\" that \"can make man well-pleasing to God\". Regarding Kant's conception of religion, some critics have argued that he was sympathetic to deism. Other critics have argued that Kant's moral conception moves from deism to theism (as moral theism), for example Allen W. Wood and Merold Westphal.", "Other critics have argued that Kant's moral conception moves from deism to theism (as moral theism), for example Allen W. Wood and Merold Westphal. As for Kant's book Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason, it was emphasized that Kant reduced religiosity to rationality, religion to morality and Christianity to ethics.", "As for Kant's book Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason, it was emphasized that Kant reduced religiosity to rationality, religion to morality and Christianity to ethics. However, many interpreters, including Allen W. Wood and Lawrence Pasternack, now agree with Stephen Palmquist's claim that a better way of reading Kant's Religion is to see him as raising morality to the status of religion.", "However, many interpreters, including Allen W. Wood and Lawrence Pasternack, now agree with Stephen Palmquist's claim that a better way of reading Kant's Religion is to see him as raising morality to the status of religion. Idea of freedom In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant distinguishes between the transcendental idea of freedom, which as a psychological concept is \"mainly empirical\" and refers to \"whether a faculty of beginning a series of successive things or states from itself is to be assumed\" and the practical concept of freedom as the independence of our will from the \"coercion\" or \"necessitation through sensuous impulses\".", "Idea of freedom In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant distinguishes between the transcendental idea of freedom, which as a psychological concept is \"mainly empirical\" and refers to \"whether a faculty of beginning a series of successive things or states from itself is to be assumed\" and the practical concept of freedom as the independence of our will from the \"coercion\" or \"necessitation through sensuous impulses\". Kant finds it a source of difficulty that the practical idea of freedom is founded on the transcendental idea of freedom, but for the sake of practical interests uses the practical meaning, taking \"no account of... its transcendental meaning,\" which he feels was properly \"disposed of\" in the Third Antinomy, and as an element in the question of the freedom of the will is for philosophy \"a real stumbling block\" that has embarrassed speculative reason.", "Kant finds it a source of difficulty that the practical idea of freedom is founded on the transcendental idea of freedom, but for the sake of practical interests uses the practical meaning, taking \"no account of... its transcendental meaning,\" which he feels was properly \"disposed of\" in the Third Antinomy, and as an element in the question of the freedom of the will is for philosophy \"a real stumbling block\" that has embarrassed speculative reason. Kant calls practical \"everything that is possible through freedom\", and the pure practical laws that are never given through sensuous conditions but are held analogously with the universal law of causality are moral laws.", "Kant calls practical \"everything that is possible through freedom\", and the pure practical laws that are never given through sensuous conditions but are held analogously with the universal law of causality are moral laws. Reason can give us only the \"pragmatic laws of free action through the senses\", but pure practical laws given by reason a priori dictate \"what is to be done\".", "Reason can give us only the \"pragmatic laws of free action through the senses\", but pure practical laws given by reason a priori dictate \"what is to be done\". (The same distinction of transcendental and practical meaning can be applied to the idea of God, with the proviso that the practical concept of freedom can be experienced.)", "(The same distinction of transcendental and practical meaning can be applied to the idea of God, with the proviso that the practical concept of freedom can be experienced.) Categories of freedom In the Critique of Practical Reason, at the end of the second Main Part of the Analytics, Kant introduces the categories of freedom, in analogy with the categories of understanding their practical counterparts.", "Categories of freedom In the Critique of Practical Reason, at the end of the second Main Part of the Analytics, Kant introduces the categories of freedom, in analogy with the categories of understanding their practical counterparts. Kant's categories of freedom apparently function primarily as conditions for the possibility for actions (i) to be free, (ii) to be understood as free and (iii) to be morally evaluated.", "Kant's categories of freedom apparently function primarily as conditions for the possibility for actions (i) to be free, (ii) to be understood as free and (iii) to be morally evaluated. For Kant, although actions as theoretical objects are constituted by means of the theoretical categories, actions as practical objects (objects of practical use of reason, and which can be good or bad) are constituted by means of the categories of freedom.", "For Kant, although actions as theoretical objects are constituted by means of the theoretical categories, actions as practical objects (objects of practical use of reason, and which can be good or bad) are constituted by means of the categories of freedom. Only in this way can actions, as phenomena, be a consequence of freedom, and be understood and evaluated as such. Aesthetic philosophy Kant discusses the subjective nature of aesthetic qualities and experiences in Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764).", "Aesthetic philosophy Kant discusses the subjective nature of aesthetic qualities and experiences in Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764). Kant's contribution to aesthetic theory is developed in the Critique of Judgment (1790) where he investigates the possibility and logical status of \"judgments of taste.\" In the \"Critique of Aesthetic Judgment,\" the first major division of the Critique of Judgment, Kant used the term \"aesthetic\" in a manner that, according to Kant scholar W.H.", "In the \"Critique of Aesthetic Judgment,\" the first major division of the Critique of Judgment, Kant used the term \"aesthetic\" in a manner that, according to Kant scholar W.H. Walsh, differs from its modern sense.", "Walsh, differs from its modern sense. Walsh, differs from its modern sense. In the Critique of Pure Reason, to note essential differences between judgments of taste, moral judgments, and scientific judgments, Kant abandoned the term \"aesthetic\" as \"designating the critique of taste,\" noting that judgments of taste could never be \"directed\" by \"laws a priori.\"", "In the Critique of Pure Reason, to note essential differences between judgments of taste, moral judgments, and scientific judgments, Kant abandoned the term \"aesthetic\" as \"designating the critique of taste,\" noting that judgments of taste could never be \"directed\" by \"laws a priori.\" After A. G. Baumgarten, who wrote Aesthetica (1750–58), Kant was one of the first philosophers to develop and integrate aesthetic theory into a unified and comprehensive philosophical system, utilizing ideas that played an integral role throughout his philosophy.", "After A. G. Baumgarten, who wrote Aesthetica (1750–58), Kant was one of the first philosophers to develop and integrate aesthetic theory into a unified and comprehensive philosophical system, utilizing ideas that played an integral role throughout his philosophy. In the chapter \"Analytic of the Beautiful\" in the Critique of Judgment, Kant states that beauty is not a property of an artwork or natural phenomenon, but is instead consciousness of the pleasure that attends the 'free play' of the imagination and the understanding.", "In the chapter \"Analytic of the Beautiful\" in the Critique of Judgment, Kant states that beauty is not a property of an artwork or natural phenomenon, but is instead consciousness of the pleasure that attends the 'free play' of the imagination and the understanding. Even though it appears that we are using reason to decide what is beautiful, the judgment is not a cognitive judgment, \"and is consequently not logical, but aesthetical\" (§ 1).", "Even though it appears that we are using reason to decide what is beautiful, the judgment is not a cognitive judgment, \"and is consequently not logical, but aesthetical\" (§ 1). A pure judgement of taste is subjective since it refers to the emotional response of the subject and is based upon nothing but esteem for an object itself: it is a disinterested pleasure, and we feel that pure judgements of taste (i.e. judgements of beauty), lay claim to universal validity (§§ 20–22).", "judgements of beauty), lay claim to universal validity (§§ 20–22). It is important to note that this universal validity is not derived from a determinate concept of beauty but from common sense (§40). Kant also believed that a judgement of taste shares characteristics engaged in a moral judgement: both are disinterested, and we hold them to be universal.", "Kant also believed that a judgement of taste shares characteristics engaged in a moral judgement: both are disinterested, and we hold them to be universal. In the chapter \"Analytic of the Sublime\" Kant identifies the sublime as an aesthetic quality that, like beauty, is subjective, but unlike beauty refers to an indeterminate relationship between the faculties of the imagination and of reason, and shares the character of moral judgments in the use of reason.", "In the chapter \"Analytic of the Sublime\" Kant identifies the sublime as an aesthetic quality that, like beauty, is subjective, but unlike beauty refers to an indeterminate relationship between the faculties of the imagination and of reason, and shares the character of moral judgments in the use of reason. The feeling of the sublime, divided into two distinct modes (the mathematical and the dynamical sublime), describes two subjective moments that concern the relationship of the faculty of the imagination to reason.", "The feeling of the sublime, divided into two distinct modes (the mathematical and the dynamical sublime), describes two subjective moments that concern the relationship of the faculty of the imagination to reason. Some commentators argue that Kant's critical philosophy contains a third kind of the sublime, the moral sublime, which is the aesthetic response to the moral law or a representation, and a development of the \"noble\" sublime in Kant's theory of 1764.", "Some commentators argue that Kant's critical philosophy contains a third kind of the sublime, the moral sublime, which is the aesthetic response to the moral law or a representation, and a development of the \"noble\" sublime in Kant's theory of 1764. The mathematical sublime results from the failure of the imagination to comprehend natural objects that appear boundless and formless, or appear \"absolutely great\" (§§ 23–25). This imaginative failure is then recuperated through the pleasure taken in reason's assertion of the concept of infinity.", "This imaginative failure is then recuperated through the pleasure taken in reason's assertion of the concept of infinity. In this move the faculty of reason proves itself superior to our fallible sensible self (§§ 25–26). In the dynamical sublime there is the sense of annihilation of the sensible self as the imagination tries to comprehend a vast might. This power of nature threatens us but through the resistance of reason to such sensible annihilation, the subject feels a pleasure and a sense of the human moral vocation.", "This power of nature threatens us but through the resistance of reason to such sensible annihilation, the subject feels a pleasure and a sense of the human moral vocation. This appreciation of moral feeling through exposure to the sublime helps to develop moral character. Kant developed a theory of humor (§ 54) that has been interpreted as an \"incongruity\" theory. He illustrated his theory of humor by telling three narrative jokes in the Critique of Judgment. He thought that the physiological impact of humor is akin to that of music.", "He thought that the physiological impact of humor is akin to that of music. His knowledge of music, however, has been reported to be much weaker than his sense of humor: He told many more jokes throughout his lectures and writings. Kant developed a distinction between an object of art as a material value subject to the conventions of society and the transcendental condition of the judgment of taste as a \"refined\" value in his Idea of A Universal History (1784).", "Kant developed a distinction between an object of art as a material value subject to the conventions of society and the transcendental condition of the judgment of taste as a \"refined\" value in his Idea of A Universal History (1784). In the Fourth and Fifth Theses of that work he identified all art as the \"fruits of unsociableness\" due to men's \"antagonism in society\" and, in the Seventh Thesis, asserted that while such material property is indicative of a civilized state, only the ideal of morality and the universalization of refined value through the improvement of the mind \"belongs to culture\".", "In the Fourth and Fifth Theses of that work he identified all art as the \"fruits of unsociableness\" due to men's \"antagonism in society\" and, in the Seventh Thesis, asserted that while such material property is indicative of a civilized state, only the ideal of morality and the universalization of refined value through the improvement of the mind \"belongs to culture\". Political philosophy In Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, Kant listed several conditions that he thought necessary for ending wars and creating a lasting peace.", "Political philosophy In Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, Kant listed several conditions that he thought necessary for ending wars and creating a lasting peace. They included a world of constitutional republics. His classical republican theory was extended in the Science of Right, the first part of the Metaphysics of Morals (1797). Kant believed that universal history leads to the ultimate world of republican states at peace, but his theory was not pragmatic.", "Kant believed that universal history leads to the ultimate world of republican states at peace, but his theory was not pragmatic. The process was described in \"Perpetual Peace\" as natural rather than rational: Kant's political thought can be summarized as republican government and international organization. \"In more characteristically Kantian terms, it is doctrine of the state based upon the law (Rechtsstaat) and of eternal peace.", "\"In more characteristically Kantian terms, it is doctrine of the state based upon the law (Rechtsstaat) and of eternal peace. Indeed, in each of these formulations, both terms express the same idea: that of legal constitution or of 'peace through law'. Kant's political philosophy, being essentially a legal doctrine, rejects by definition the opposition between moral education and the play of passions as alternate foundations for social life. The state is defined as the union of men under law.", "The state is defined as the union of men under law. The state is constituted by laws which are necessary a priori because they flow from the very concept of law. \"A regime can be judged by no other criteria nor be assigned any other functions, than those proper to the lawful order as such.\" He opposed \"democracy,\" which at his time meant direct democracy, believing that majority rule posed a threat to individual liberty.", "He opposed \"democracy,\" which at his time meant direct democracy, believing that majority rule posed a threat to individual liberty. He stated, \"...democracy is, properly speaking, necessarily a despotism, because it establishes an executive power in which 'all' decide for or even against one who does not agree; that is, 'all,' who are not quite all, decide, and this is a contradiction of the general will with itself and with freedom.\"", "He stated, \"...democracy is, properly speaking, necessarily a despotism, because it establishes an executive power in which 'all' decide for or even against one who does not agree; that is, 'all,' who are not quite all, decide, and this is a contradiction of the general will with itself and with freedom.\" As with most writers at the time, he distinguished three forms of government i.e. democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy with mixed government as the most ideal form of it.", "democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy with mixed government as the most ideal form of it. Anthropology Kant lectured on anthropology, the study of human nature, for twenty-three and a half years. His Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View was published in 1798. (This was the subject of Michel Foucault's secondary dissertation for his State doctorate, Introduction to Kant's Anthropology.) Kant's Lectures on Anthropology were published for the first time in 1997 in German.", "Kant's Lectures on Anthropology were published for the first time in 1997 in German. Introduction to Kant's Anthropology was translated into English and published by the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series in 2006. Kant was among the first people of his time to introduce anthropology as an intellectual area of study, long before the field gained popularity, and his texts are considered to have advanced the field. His point of view was to influence the works of later philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and Paul Ricoeur.", "His point of view was to influence the works of later philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and Paul Ricoeur. Kant was also the first to suggest using a dimensionality approach to human diversity. He analyzed the nature of the Hippocrates-Galen four temperaments and plotted them in two dimensions: (1) \"activation\", or energetic aspect of behaviour, and (2) \"orientation on emotionality\".", "He analyzed the nature of the Hippocrates-Galen four temperaments and plotted them in two dimensions: (1) \"activation\", or energetic aspect of behaviour, and (2) \"orientation on emotionality\". Cholerics were described as emotional and energetic; Phlegmatics as balanced and weak; Sanguines as balanced and energetic, and Melancholics as emotional and weak. These two dimensions reappeared in all subsequent models of temperament and personality traits.", "These two dimensions reappeared in all subsequent models of temperament and personality traits. Kant viewed anthropology in two broad categories: (1) the physiological approach, which he referred to as \"what nature makes of the human being\"; and (2) the pragmatic approach, which explored the things that a human \"can and should make of himself.\"", "Kant viewed anthropology in two broad categories: (1) the physiological approach, which he referred to as \"what nature makes of the human being\"; and (2) the pragmatic approach, which explored the things that a human \"can and should make of himself.\" Racism Kant was one of the most notable Enlightenment thinkers to defend racism, and some have claimed that he was one of the central figures in the birth of modern scientific racism.", "Racism Kant was one of the most notable Enlightenment thinkers to defend racism, and some have claimed that he was one of the central figures in the birth of modern scientific racism. Where figures such as Carl Linnaeus and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach had supposed only \"empirical\" observation for racism, Kant produced a full-blown theory of race. Using the Four Temperaments of ancient Greece, he proposed a hierarchy of four racial categories: white Europeans, yellow Asians, black Africans, and red Amerindians.", "Using the Four Temperaments of ancient Greece, he proposed a hierarchy of four racial categories: white Europeans, yellow Asians, black Africans, and red Amerindians. Kant wrote that \"[Whites] contain all the impulses of nature in affects and passions, all talents, all dispositions to culture and civilization and can as readily obey as govern. They are the only ones who always advance to perfection.” He describes South Asians as \"educated to the highest degree but only in the arts and not in the sciences\".", "They are the only ones who always advance to perfection.” He describes South Asians as \"educated to the highest degree but only in the arts and not in the sciences\". He goes on that Hindustanis can never reach the level of abstract concepts and that a \"great hindustani man\" is one who has \"gone far in the art of deception and has much money\". He stated that the Hindus always stay the way they are and can never advance.", "He stated that the Hindus always stay the way they are and can never advance. About black Africans, Kant wrote that \"they can be educated but only as servants, that is they allow themselves to be trained\".", "About black Africans, Kant wrote that \"they can be educated but only as servants, that is they allow themselves to be trained\". He quotes David Hume as challenging anyone to \"cite a [single] example in which a Negro has shown talents\" and asserts that, among the \"hundreds of thousands\" of blacks transported during the Atlantic slave trade, even among the freed \"still not a single one was ever found who presented anything great in art or science or any other praiseworthy quality\".", "He quotes David Hume as challenging anyone to \"cite a [single] example in which a Negro has shown talents\" and asserts that, among the \"hundreds of thousands\" of blacks transported during the Atlantic slave trade, even among the freed \"still not a single one was ever found who presented anything great in art or science or any other praiseworthy quality\". To Kant, \"the Negro can be disciplined and cultivated, but is never genuinely civilized. He falls of his own accord into savagery.\"", "He falls of his own accord into savagery.\" He falls of his own accord into savagery.\" Native Americans, Kant opined, \"cannot be educated\". He calls them unmotivated, lacking affect, passion and love, describing them as too weak for labor, unfit for any culture, and too phlegmatic for diligence. He said the Native Americans are \"far below the Negro, who undoubtedly holds the lowest of all remaining levels by which we designate the different races\".", "He said the Native Americans are \"far below the Negro, who undoubtedly holds the lowest of all remaining levels by which we designate the different races\". Kant stated that \"Americans and Blacks cannot govern themselves. They thus serve only for slaves.\" Kant was an opponent of miscegenation, believing that whites would be \"degraded\" and the \"fusing of races\" is undesireable, for \"not every race adopts the morals and customs of the Europeans\".", "Kant was an opponent of miscegenation, believing that whites would be \"degraded\" and the \"fusing of races\" is undesireable, for \"not every race adopts the morals and customs of the Europeans\". He stated that \"instead of assimilation, which was intended by the melting together of the various races, Nature has here made a law of just the opposite\". He believed that in the future all races would be extinguished, except that of the whites.", "He believed that in the future all races would be extinguished, except that of the whites. Charles W. Mills wrote that Kant has been \"sanitized for public consumption\", his racist works conveniently ignored. Robert Bernasconi stated that Kant \"supplied the first scientific definition of race\". Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze is credited with bringing Kant's contributions to racism to light in the 1990s among Western philosophers, who often gloss over this part of his life and works.", "Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze is credited with bringing Kant's contributions to racism to light in the 1990s among Western philosophers, who often gloss over this part of his life and works. He wrote about Kant's ideas of race: Pauline Kleingeld argues that while Kant was indeed a staunch advocate of scientific racism for much of his career, his views on race changed significantly in works published in the last decade of his life.", "He wrote about Kant's ideas of race: Pauline Kleingeld argues that while Kant was indeed a staunch advocate of scientific racism for much of his career, his views on race changed significantly in works published in the last decade of his life. In particular, she argues that Kant unambiguously rejected past views related to racial hierarchies and the diminished rights or moral status of non-whites in Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795).", "In particular, she argues that Kant unambiguously rejected past views related to racial hierarchies and the diminished rights or moral status of non-whites in Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795). This work also saw him providing extended arguments against European colonialism, which he claimed was morally unjust and incompatible with the equal rights held by indigenous populations.", "This work also saw him providing extended arguments against European colonialism, which he claimed was morally unjust and incompatible with the equal rights held by indigenous populations. Kleingeld argues that this shift in Kant's views later in life has often been forgotten or ignored in the literature on Kant's racist anthropology, and that the shift suggests a belated recognition of the fact that racial hierarchy was incompatible with a universalized moral framework.", "Kleingeld argues that this shift in Kant's views later in life has often been forgotten or ignored in the literature on Kant's racist anthropology, and that the shift suggests a belated recognition of the fact that racial hierarchy was incompatible with a universalized moral framework. While Kant's perspective on the topic of European colonialism became more balanced, he still considered Europeans \"civilized\" to the exception of others: Influence and legacy Kant's influence on Western thought has been profound.", "While Kant's perspective on the topic of European colonialism became more balanced, he still considered Europeans \"civilized\" to the exception of others: Influence and legacy Kant's influence on Western thought has been profound. Although the basic tenets of Kant's transcendental idealism (i.e.", "Although the basic tenets of Kant's transcendental idealism (i.e. that space and time are a priori forms of human perception rather than real properties and the claim that formal logic and transcendental logic coincide) have been claimed to be falsified by modern science and logic, and no longer set the intellectual agenda of contemporary philosophers, Kant is credited with having innovated the way philosophical inquiry has been carried at least up to the early nineteenth century.", "that space and time are a priori forms of human perception rather than real properties and the claim that formal logic and transcendental logic coincide) have been claimed to be falsified by modern science and logic, and no longer set the intellectual agenda of contemporary philosophers, Kant is credited with having innovated the way philosophical inquiry has been carried at least up to the early nineteenth century. This shift consisted in several closely related innovations that, although highly contentious in themselves, have become important in postmodern philosophy and in the social sciences broadly construed: The human subject seen as the centre of inquiry into human knowledge, such that it is impossible to philosophize about things as they exist independently of human perception or of how they are for us; The notion that is possible to discover and systematically explore the inherent limits to our ability to know entirely a priori; The notion of the \"categorical imperative\", an assertion that people are naturally endowed with the ability and obligation toward right reason and acting.", "This shift consisted in several closely related innovations that, although highly contentious in themselves, have become important in postmodern philosophy and in the social sciences broadly construed: The human subject seen as the centre of inquiry into human knowledge, such that it is impossible to philosophize about things as they exist independently of human perception or of how they are for us; The notion that is possible to discover and systematically explore the inherent limits to our ability to know entirely a priori; The notion of the \"categorical imperative\", an assertion that people are naturally endowed with the ability and obligation toward right reason and acting. Perhaps his most famous quote is drawn from the Critique of Practical Reason: \"Two things fill my mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe .", "Perhaps his most famous quote is drawn from the Critique of Practical Reason: \"Two things fill my mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe . . . : the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.\"", ": the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.\" The concept of \"conditions of possibility\", as in his notion of \"the conditions of possible experience\"that is that things, knowledge, and forms of consciousness rest on prior conditions that make them possible, so that, to understand or to know them, we must first understand these conditions; The theory that objective experience is actively constituted or constructed by the functioning of the human mind; His notion of moral autonomy as central to humanity; His assertion of the principle that human beings should be treated as ends rather than as means.", "The concept of \"conditions of possibility\", as in his notion of \"the conditions of possible experience\"that is that things, knowledge, and forms of consciousness rest on prior conditions that make them possible, so that, to understand or to know them, we must first understand these conditions; The theory that objective experience is actively constituted or constructed by the functioning of the human mind; His notion of moral autonomy as central to humanity; His assertion of the principle that human beings should be treated as ends rather than as means. Kant's ideas have been incorporated into a variety of schools of thought.", "Kant's ideas have been incorporated into a variety of schools of thought. These include German idealism, Marxism, positivism, phenomenology, existentialism, critical theory, linguistic philosophy, structuralism, post-structuralism, and deconstructionism. Historical influence During his own life, much critical attention was paid to his thought. He influenced Reinhold, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Novalis during the 1780s and 1790s. The school of thinking known as German idealism developed from his writings.", "The school of thinking known as German idealism developed from his writings. The German idealists Fichte and Schelling, for example, tried to bring traditional \"metaphysically\" laden notions like \"the Absolute\", \"God\", and \"Being\" into the scope of Kant's critical thought. In so doing, the German idealists tried to reverse Kant's view that we cannot know what we cannot observe.", "In so doing, the German idealists tried to reverse Kant's view that we cannot know what we cannot observe. The influential English Romantic poet and aesthetic philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge was greatly influenced by Kant and helped to spread awareness of him, and of German idealism generally, in the UK and the USA. In his Biographia Literaria (1817), he credits Kant's ideas in coming to believe that the mind is not a passive but an active agent in the apprehension of reality.", "In his Biographia Literaria (1817), he credits Kant's ideas in coming to believe that the mind is not a passive but an active agent in the apprehension of reality. Hegel was one of Kant's first major critics. The main accusations Hegel charged Kant's philosophy with were formalism (or \"abstractism\") and irrationality.", "The main accusations Hegel charged Kant's philosophy with were formalism (or \"abstractism\") and irrationality. In Hegel's view the entire project of setting a \"transcendental subject\" (i.e human consciousness) apart from nature, history, and society was fundamentally flawed, although parts of that very project could be put to good use in a new direction, that Hegel called the \"absolute idealism\".", "In Hegel's view the entire project of setting a \"transcendental subject\" (i.e human consciousness) apart from nature, history, and society was fundamentally flawed, although parts of that very project could be put to good use in a new direction, that Hegel called the \"absolute idealism\". Similar concerns moved Hegel's criticisms to Kant's concept of moral autonomy, to which Hegel opposed an ethic focused on the \"ethical life\" of the community.", "Similar concerns moved Hegel's criticisms to Kant's concept of moral autonomy, to which Hegel opposed an ethic focused on the \"ethical life\" of the community. In a sense, Hegel's notion of \"ethical life\" is meant to subsume, rather than replace, Kantian ethics. And Hegel can be seen as trying to defend Kant's idea of freedom as going beyond finite \"desires\", by means of reason.", "And Hegel can be seen as trying to defend Kant's idea of freedom as going beyond finite \"desires\", by means of reason. Thus, in contrast to later critics like Nietzsche or Russell, Hegel shares some of Kant's concerns. Kant's thinking on religion was used in Britain to challenge the decline in religious faith in the nineteenth century. British Catholic writers, notably G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc, followed this approach. Ronald Englefield debated this movement, and Kant's use of language.", "Ronald Englefield debated this movement, and Kant's use of language. Criticisms of Kant were common in the realist views of the new positivism at that time. Arthur Schopenhauer was strongly influenced by Kant's transcendental idealism. He, like G. E. Schulze, Jacobi and Fichte before him, was critical of Kant's theory of the thing in itself. Things in themselves, they argued, are neither the cause of what we observe nor are they completely beyond our access.", "Things in themselves, they argued, are neither the cause of what we observe nor are they completely beyond our access. Ever since the first Critique of Pure Reason philosophers have been critical of Kant's theory of the thing in itself. Many have argued, if such a thing exists beyond experience then one cannot posit that it affects us causally, since that would entail stretching the category \"causality\" beyond the realm of experience. For Schopenhauer things in themselves do not exist outside the non-rational will.", "For Schopenhauer things in themselves do not exist outside the non-rational will. The world, as Schopenhauer would have it, is the striving and largely unconscious will.", "The world, as Schopenhauer would have it, is the striving and largely unconscious will. Michael Kelly, in the preface to his 1910 book Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism, stated: \"Of Kant it may be said that what is good and true in his philosophy would have been buried with him, were it not for Schopenhauer....\" With the success and wide influence of Hegel's writings, Kant's influence began to wane, though there was in Germany a movement that hailed a return to Kant in the 1860s, beginning with the publication of Kant und die Epigonen in 1865 by Otto Liebmann.", "Michael Kelly, in the preface to his 1910 book Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism, stated: \"Of Kant it may be said that what is good and true in his philosophy would have been buried with him, were it not for Schopenhauer....\" With the success and wide influence of Hegel's writings, Kant's influence began to wane, though there was in Germany a movement that hailed a return to Kant in the 1860s, beginning with the publication of Kant und die Epigonen in 1865 by Otto Liebmann. His motto was \"Back to Kant\", and a re-examination of his ideas began (see Neo-Kantianism).", "His motto was \"Back to Kant\", and a re-examination of his ideas began (see Neo-Kantianism). During the turn of the 20th century there was an important revival of Kant's theoretical philosophy, known as the Marburg School, represented in the work of Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp, Ernst Cassirer, and anti-Neo-Kantian Nicolai Hartmann. Kant's notion of \"Critique\" has been quite influential.", "Kant's notion of \"Critique\" has been quite influential. The early German Romantics, especially Friedrich Schlegel in his \"Athenaeum Fragments\", used Kant's self-reflexive conception of criticism in their Romantic theory of poetry. Also in aesthetics, Clement Greenberg, in his classic essay \"Modernist Painting\", uses Kantian criticism, what Greenberg refers to as \"immanent criticism\", to justify the aims of abstract painting, a movement Greenberg saw as aware of the key limitiaton—flatness—that makes up the medium of painting.", "Also in aesthetics, Clement Greenberg, in his classic essay \"Modernist Painting\", uses Kantian criticism, what Greenberg refers to as \"immanent criticism\", to justify the aims of abstract painting, a movement Greenberg saw as aware of the key limitiaton—flatness—that makes up the medium of painting. French philosopher Michel Foucault was also greatly influenced by Kant's notion of \"Critique\" and wrote several pieces on Kant for a re-thinking of the Enlightenment as a form of \"critical thought\".", "French philosopher Michel Foucault was also greatly influenced by Kant's notion of \"Critique\" and wrote several pieces on Kant for a re-thinking of the Enlightenment as a form of \"critical thought\". He went so far as to classify his own philosophy as a \"critical history of modernity, rooted in Kant\". Kant believed that mathematical truths were forms of synthetic a priori knowledge, which means they are necessary and universal, yet known through intuition.", "Kant believed that mathematical truths were forms of synthetic a priori knowledge, which means they are necessary and universal, yet known through intuition. Kant's often brief remarks about mathematics influenced the mathematical school known as intuitionism, a movement in philosophy of mathematics opposed to Hilbert's formalism, and Frege and Bertrand Russell's logicism.", "Kant's often brief remarks about mathematics influenced the mathematical school known as intuitionism, a movement in philosophy of mathematics opposed to Hilbert's formalism, and Frege and Bertrand Russell's logicism. Influence on modern thinkers With his Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, Kant is considered to have foreshadowed many of the ideas that have come to form the democratic peace theory, one of the main controversies in political science.", "Influence on modern thinkers With his Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, Kant is considered to have foreshadowed many of the ideas that have come to form the democratic peace theory, one of the main controversies in political science. Prominent recent Kantians include the British philosophers P. F. Strawson, Onora O'Neill and Quassim Cassam, and the American philosophers Wilfrid Sellars and Christine Korsgaard. Due to the influence of Strawson and Sellars, among others, there has been a renewed interest in Kant's view of the mind.", "Due to the influence of Strawson and Sellars, among others, there has been a renewed interest in Kant's view of the mind. Central to many debates in philosophy of psychology and cognitive science is Kant's conception of the unity of consciousness. Jürgen Habermas and John Rawls are two significant political and moral philosophers whose work is strongly influenced by Kant's moral philosophy. They argued against relativism, supporting the Kantian view that universality is essential to any viable moral philosophy.", "They argued against relativism, supporting the Kantian view that universality is essential to any viable moral philosophy. Jean-François Lyotard, however, emphasized the indeterminacy in the nature of thought and language and has engaged in debates with Habermas based on the effects this indeterminacy has on philosophical and political debates. Mou Zongsan's study of Kant has been cited as a highly crucial part in the development of Mou's personal philosophy, namely New Confucianism.", "Mou Zongsan's study of Kant has been cited as a highly crucial part in the development of Mou's personal philosophy, namely New Confucianism. Widely regarded as the most influential Kant scholar in China, Mou's rigorous critique of Kant's philosophy—having translated all three of Kant's critiques—served as an ardent attempt to reconcile Chinese and Western philosophy whilst increasing pressure to westernize in China.", "Widely regarded as the most influential Kant scholar in China, Mou's rigorous critique of Kant's philosophy—having translated all three of Kant's critiques—served as an ardent attempt to reconcile Chinese and Western philosophy whilst increasing pressure to westernize in China. Kant's influence also has extended to the social, behavioral, and physical sciences, as in the sociology of Max Weber, the psychology of Jean Piaget and Carl Gustav Jung, and the linguistics of Noam Chomsky.", "Kant's influence also has extended to the social, behavioral, and physical sciences, as in the sociology of Max Weber, the psychology of Jean Piaget and Carl Gustav Jung, and the linguistics of Noam Chomsky. Kant's work on mathematics and synthetic a priori knowledge is also cited by theoretical physicist Albert Einstein as an early influence on his intellectual development, but which he later criticised heavily and rejected.", "Kant's work on mathematics and synthetic a priori knowledge is also cited by theoretical physicist Albert Einstein as an early influence on his intellectual development, but which he later criticised heavily and rejected. He held the view that \"[I]f one does not want to assert that relativity theory goes against reason, one cannot retain the a priori concepts and norms of Kant's system\".", "He held the view that \"[I]f one does not want to assert that relativity theory goes against reason, one cannot retain the a priori concepts and norms of Kant's system\". However, Kant scholar Stephen Palmquist has argued that Einstein's rejection of Kant's influence was primarily \"a response to mistaken interpretations of Kant being adopted by contemporary philosophers\", when in fact Kant's transcendental perspective informed Einstein's early worldview and led to his insights regarding simultaneity, and eventually to his proposal of the theory of relativity.", "However, Kant scholar Stephen Palmquist has argued that Einstein's rejection of Kant's influence was primarily \"a response to mistaken interpretations of Kant being adopted by contemporary philosophers\", when in fact Kant's transcendental perspective informed Einstein's early worldview and led to his insights regarding simultaneity, and eventually to his proposal of the theory of relativity. Because of the thoroughness of the Kantian paradigm shift, his influence extends to thinkers who neither specifically refer to his work nor use his terminology.", "Because of the thoroughness of the Kantian paradigm shift, his influence extends to thinkers who neither specifically refer to his work nor use his terminology. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in Kant's theory of mind from the point of view of formal logic and computer science. Film/television Kant and his work was heavily referenced in the comedy television show The Good Place, as the show deals with the subject of ethics and moral philosophy.", "Film/television Kant and his work was heavily referenced in the comedy television show The Good Place, as the show deals with the subject of ethics and moral philosophy. Bibliography List of major works (1749) Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte) (March 1755) Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels) (April 1755) Brief Outline of Certain Meditations on Fire (Meditationum quarundam de igne succinta delineatio (master's thesis under Johann Gottfried Teske)) (September 1755) A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition (Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio (doctoral thesis)) (1756) The Use in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, Part I: Physical Monadology (Metaphysicae cum geometrica iunctae usus in philosophin naturali, cuius specimen I. continet monadologiam physicam, abbreviated as Monadologia Physica (thesis as a prerequisite of associate professorship)) (1762) The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures (Die falsche Spitzfindigkeit der vier syllogistischen Figuren) (1763) The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God (Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes) (1763) Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy (Versuch den Begriff der negativen Größen in die Weltweisheit einzuführen) (1764) Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen) (1764) Essay on the Illness of the Head (Über die Krankheit des Kopfes) (1764) Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality (the Prize Essay) (Untersuchungen über die Deutlichkeit der Grundsätze der natürlichen Theologie und der Moral) (1766) Dreams of a Spirit-Seer (Träume eines Geistersehers) (1768) On the Ultimate Ground of the Differentiation of Regions in Space (Von dem ersten Grunde des Unterschiedes der Gegenden im Raume) (August 1770) Dissertation on the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World (De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis (doctoral thesis)) (1775) On the Different Races of Man (Über die verschiedenen Rassen der Menschen) (1781) First edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) (1783) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik) (1784) \"An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?\"", "Bibliography List of major works (1749) Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte) (March 1755) Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels) (April 1755) Brief Outline of Certain Meditations on Fire (Meditationum quarundam de igne succinta delineatio (master's thesis under Johann Gottfried Teske)) (September 1755) A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition (Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio (doctoral thesis)) (1756) The Use in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, Part I: Physical Monadology (Metaphysicae cum geometrica iunctae usus in philosophin naturali, cuius specimen I. continet monadologiam physicam, abbreviated as Monadologia Physica (thesis as a prerequisite of associate professorship)) (1762) The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures (Die falsche Spitzfindigkeit der vier syllogistischen Figuren) (1763) The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God (Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes) (1763) Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy (Versuch den Begriff der negativen Größen in die Weltweisheit einzuführen) (1764) Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen) (1764) Essay on the Illness of the Head (Über die Krankheit des Kopfes) (1764) Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality (the Prize Essay) (Untersuchungen über die Deutlichkeit der Grundsätze der natürlichen Theologie und der Moral) (1766) Dreams of a Spirit-Seer (Träume eines Geistersehers) (1768) On the Ultimate Ground of the Differentiation of Regions in Space (Von dem ersten Grunde des Unterschiedes der Gegenden im Raume) (August 1770) Dissertation on the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World (De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis (doctoral thesis)) (1775) On the Different Races of Man (Über die verschiedenen Rassen der Menschen) (1781) First edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) (1783) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik) (1784) \"An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?\" (\"Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?\")", "(\"Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?\") (1784) \"Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose\" (\"Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht\") (1785) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten) (1786) Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft) (1786) \"What does it mean to orient oneself in thinking?\" (\"Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren?\")", "(\"Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren?\") (1786) Conjectural Beginning of Human History (Mutmaßlicher Anfang der Menschengeschichte) (1787) Second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) (1788) Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft) (1790) Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft) (1793) Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason (Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft) (1793) On the Old Saw: That May be Right in Theory But It Won't Work in Practice (Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis) (1795) Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (\"Zum ewigen Frieden\") (1797) Metaphysics of Morals (Metaphysik der Sitten).", "(1786) Conjectural Beginning of Human History (Mutmaßlicher Anfang der Menschengeschichte) (1787) Second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) (1788) Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft) (1790) Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft) (1793) Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason (Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft) (1793) On the Old Saw: That May be Right in Theory But It Won't Work in Practice (Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis) (1795) Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (\"Zum ewigen Frieden\") (1797) Metaphysics of Morals (Metaphysik der Sitten). First part is The Doctrine of Right, which has often been published separately as The Science of Right.", "First part is The Doctrine of Right, which has often been published separately as The Science of Right. (1798) Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht) (1798) The Contest of Faculties (Der Streit der Fakultäten) (1800) Logic (Logik) (1803) On Pedagogy (Über Pädagogik) (1804) Opus Postumum (1817) Lectures on Philosophical Theology (Immanuel Kants Vorlesungen über die philosophische Religionslehre edited by K.H.L. Pölitz) [The English edition of A.W.", "Pölitz) [The English edition of A.W. Pölitz) [The English edition of A.W. Wood & G.M. Clark (Cornell, 1978) is based on Pölitz' second edition, 1830, of these lectures.] Collected works in German Printed version Wilhelm Dilthey inaugurated the Academy edition (the Akademie-Ausgabe abbreviated as AA or Ak) of Kant's writings (Gesammelte Schriften, Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1902–38) in 1895, and served as its first editor.", "Collected works in German Printed version Wilhelm Dilthey inaugurated the Academy edition (the Akademie-Ausgabe abbreviated as AA or Ak) of Kant's writings (Gesammelte Schriften, Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1902–38) in 1895, and served as its first editor. The volumes are grouped into four sections: I. Kant's published writings (vols. 1–9), II. Kant's correspondence (vols. 10–13), III. Kant's literary remains, or Nachlass (vols. 14–23), and IV.", "14–23), and IV. 14–23), and IV. Student notes from Kant's lectures (vols. 24–29). Electronic version Elektronische Edition der Gesammelten Werke Immanuel Kants (vols. 1–23). See also Notes References Works cited Kant, Immanuel. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans. Lewis White Beck, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1969. Page numbers citing this work are Beck's marginal numbers that refer to the page numbers of the standard edition of Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1902–38).", "Page numbers citing this work are Beck's marginal numbers that refer to the page numbers of the standard edition of Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1902–38). Kuehn, Manfred. Kant: a Biography. Cambridge University Press, 2001. . Further reading In Germany, one important contemporary interpreter of Kant and the movement of German Idealism he began is Dieter Henrich, who has some work available in English.", "Further reading In Germany, one important contemporary interpreter of Kant and the movement of German Idealism he began is Dieter Henrich, who has some work available in English. P. F. Strawson's The Bounds of Sense (1966) played a significant role in determining the contemporary reception of Kant in England and America.", "P. F. Strawson's The Bounds of Sense (1966) played a significant role in determining the contemporary reception of Kant in England and America. More recent interpreters of note in the English-speaking world include Lewis White Beck, Jonathan Bennett, Henry Allison, Paul Guyer, Christine Korsgaard, Stephen Palmquist, Robert B. Pippin, Roger Scruton, Rudolf Makkreel, and Béatrice Longuenesse. General introductions to his thought Broad, C.D. Kant: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 1978. Gardner, Sebastian.", "Kant: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 1978. Gardner, Sebastian. Gardner, Sebastian. Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. Routledge, 1999. Martin, Gottfried. Kant's Metaphysics and Theory of Science. Greenwood Press, 1955 (elucidates Kant's most fundamental concepts in their historical context) Palmquist, Stephen. Kant's System of Perspectives : an architectonic interpretation of the Critical philosophy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993. Seung, T.K. 2007.", "Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993. Seung, T.K. 2007. 2007. Kant: a Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum. Satyananda Giri. Kant. Durham, CT: Strategic Publishing Group, 2010. Scruton, Roger. Kant: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2001. (provides a brief account of his life, and a lucid introduction to the three major critiques) Uleman, Jennifer. An Introduction to Kant's Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2010.", "An Introduction to Kant's Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Luchte, James. Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. Deleuze, Gilles. Kant's Critical Philosophy: The Doctrine of the Faculties. The Athlone Press, 1983. Biography and historical context Beck, Lewis White. Early German Philosophy: Kant and his Predecessors. Harvard University Press, 1969.", "Harvard University Press, 1969. Harvard University Press, 1969. (a survey of Kant's intellectual background) Beiser, Frederick C. The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte. Harvard University Press, 1987. Beiser, Frederick C. German Idealism: the Struggle against Subjectivism, 1781–1801. Harvard University Press, 2002 Cassirer, Ernst. Kant's Life and Thought. Translation of Kants Leben und Lehre. Trans., Jame S. Haden, intr. Stephan Körner.", "Trans., Jame S. Haden, intr. Stephan Körner. Stephan Körner. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981. Chamberlain, Houston Stewart. Immanuel Kanta study and a comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato and Descartes, the authorised translation from the German by Lord Redesdale, with his 'Introduction', The Bodley Head, London, 1914, (2 volumes). Gulyga, Arsenij. Immanuel Kant: His Life and Thought. Trans., Marijan Despaltović. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1987.", "Trans., Marijan Despaltović. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1987. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1987. Johnson, G.R. (ed.). Kant on Swedenborg. Dreams of a Spirit-Seer and Other Writings. Swedenborg Foundation, 2002. (new translation and analysis, many supplementary texts) Lehner, Ulrich L., Kants Vorsehungskonzept auf dem Hintergrund der deutschen Schulphilosophie und –theologie (Leiden: 2007) (Kant's concept of Providence and its background in German school philosophy and theology) Pinkard, Terry.", "(new translation and analysis, many supplementary texts) Lehner, Ulrich L., Kants Vorsehungskonzept auf dem Hintergrund der deutschen Schulphilosophie und –theologie (Leiden: 2007) (Kant's concept of Providence and its background in German school philosophy and theology) Pinkard, Terry. German Philosophy, 1760–1860: the Legacy of Idealism. Cambridge, 2002. Pippin, Robert. Idealism as Modernism. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Sassen, Brigitte (ed.).", "Sassen, Brigitte (ed.). Sassen, Brigitte (ed.). Kant's Early Critics: the Empiricist Critique of the Theoretical Philosophy, Cambridge, 2000. Schabert, Joseph A. \"Kant's Influence on his Successors\", The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XLVII, January 1922. Collections of essays Firestone, Chris L. and Palmquist, Stephen (eds.). Kant and the New Philosophy of Religion. Notre Dame: Indiana University Press, 2006. Förster, Eckart (ed.).", "Förster, Eckart (ed.). Förster, Eckart (ed.). Kant's Transcendental Deductions:. The Three 'Critiques' and the 'Opus Postumum' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989. Includes an important essay by Dieter Henrich. Guyer, Paul (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Kant, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. . Excellent collection of papers that covers most areas of Kant's thought. Mohanty, J.N. and Shahan, Robert W. (eds.).", "Mohanty, J.N. and Shahan, Robert W. (eds.). (eds.). Essays on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982. Phillips, Dewi et al. (eds.). Kant and Kierkegaard on Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, Collection of essays about Kantian religion and its influence on Kierkegaardian and contemporary philosophy of religion. Proceedings of the International Kant Congresses. Several Congresses (numbered) edited by various publishers. Theoretical philosophy Allison, Henry.", "Theoretical philosophy Allison, Henry. Theoretical philosophy Allison, Henry. Kant's Transcendental Idealism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983, 2004. (a very influential defense of Kant's idealism, recently revised). Ameriks, Karl. Kant's Theory of Mind: An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982 (one of the first detailed studies of the Dialectic in English). Banham, Gary. Kant's Transcendental Imagination. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.", "London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Deleuze, Gilles. Kant's Critical Philosophy. Trans., Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. University of Minnesota Press, 1984. Gram, Moltke S. The Transcendental Turn: The Foundation of Kant's Idealism. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1984. Greenberg, Robert. Kant's Theory of A Priori Knowledge. Penn State Press, 2001 Guyer, Paul. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge.", "Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (modern defense of the view that Kant's theoretical philosophy is a \"patchwork\" of ill-fitting arguments). Heidegger, Martin. Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. Trans., Richard Taft. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. Henrich, Dieter. The Unity of Reason: Essays on Kant's Philosophy. Ed. with introduction by Richard L. Velkley; trans. Jeffrey Edwards et al.", "with introduction by Richard L. Velkley; trans. Jeffrey Edwards et al. Jeffrey Edwards et al. Harvard University Press, 1994. Kemp Smith, Norman. A Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason. London: Macmillan, 1930 (influential commentary on the first Critique, recently reprinted). Kitcher, Patricia. Kant's Transcendental Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Longuenesse, Béatrice. Kant and the Capacity to Judge. Princeton University Press, 1998. .", "Kant and the Capacity to Judge. Princeton University Press, 1998. . Princeton University Press, 1998. . (argues that the notion of judgment provides the key to understanding the overall argument of the first Critique) Melnick, Arthur. Kant's Analogies of Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. (important study of Kant's Analogies, including his defense of the principle of causality) Paton, H.J. Kant's Metaphysic of Experience: a Commentary on the First Half of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft.", "Kant's Metaphysic of Experience: a Commentary on the First Half of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Two volumes. London: Macmillan, 1936. (extensive study of Kant's theoretical philosophy) Pippin, Robert B. Kant's Theory of Form: An Essay on the Critique of Pure Reason. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. (influential examination of the formal character of Kant's work) Schopenhauer, Arthur. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung. Erster Band. Anhang. Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie. F.A.", "Erster Band. Anhang. Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie. F.A. F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1859 (In English: Arthur Schopenhauer, New York: Dover Press, Volume I, Appendix, \"Critique of the Kantian Philosophy\", ) Seung, T.K. Kant's Transcendental Logic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969. Strawson, P.F. The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Routledge, 1989 (the work that revitalized the interest of contemporary analytic philosophers in Kant).", "Routledge, 1989 (the work that revitalized the interest of contemporary analytic philosophers in Kant). Sturm, Thomas, Kant und die Wissenschaften vom Menschen. Paderborn: Mentis Verlag, 2009. . review (Treats Kant's anthropology and his views on psychology and history in relation to his philosophy of science.) Tonelli, Giorgio. Kant's Critique of Pure Reason within the Tradition of Modern Logic. A Commentary on its History.", "A Commentary on its History. A Commentary on its History. Hildesheim, Olms 1994 Werkmeister, W.H., Kant: The Architectonic and Development of His Philosophy, Open Court Publishing Co., La Salle, Ill.; 1980 (it treats, as a whole, the architectonic and development of Kant's philosophy from 1755 through the Opus postumum.) Wolff, Robert Paul. Kant's Theory of Mental Activity: A Commentary on the Transcendental Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963.", "Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963. (detailed and influential commentary on the first part of the Critique of Pure Reason) Yovel, Yirmiyahu. Kant and the Philosophy of History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. (review ) Practical philosophy Allison, Henry. Kant's Theory of Freedom. Cambridge University Press 1990. Banham, Gary. Kant's Practical Philosophy: From Critique to Doctrine. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Dorschel, Andreas.", "Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Dorschel, Andreas. Dorschel, Andreas. Die idealistische Kritik des Willens: Versuch über die Theorie der praktischen Subjektivität bei Kant und Hegel. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1992 (Schriften zur Transzendentalphilosophie 10) . Korsgaard, Christine M. The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Michalson, Gordon E. Fallen Freedom: Kant on Radical Evil and Moral Regeneration. Cambridge University Press, 1990. Michalson, Gordon E. Kant and the Problem of God. Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Paton, H.J.", "Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Paton, H.J. Paton, H.J. The Categorical Imperative: A Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy. University of Pennsylvania Press 1971. Rawls, John. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy. Cambridge, 2000. Seung, T.K. Kant's Platonic Revolution in Moral and Political Philosophy. Johns Hopkins, 1994. Wolff, Robert Paul. The Autonomy of Reason: A Commentary on Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. New York: HarperCollins, 1974. . Wood, Allen.", "New York: HarperCollins, 1974. . Wood, Allen. Wood, Allen. Kant's Ethical Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Aesthetics Allison, Henry. Kant's Theory of Taste: A Reading of the Critique of Aesthetic Judgment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Banham, Gary. Kant and the Ends of Aesthetics. London and New York: Macmillan Press, 2000. Clewis, Robert. The Kantian Sublime and the Revelation of Freedom.", "The Kantian Sublime and the Revelation of Freedom. The Kantian Sublime and the Revelation of Freedom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Crawford, Donald. Kant's Aesthetic Theory. Wisconsin, 1974. Doran, Robert. The Theory of the Sublime from Longinus to Kant. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Guyer, Paul. Kant and the Claims of Taste. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1979. Hammermeister, Kai. The German Aesthetic Tradition. Cambridge University Press, 2002.", "The German Aesthetic Tradition. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Immanuel Kant entry in Kelly, Michael (Editor in Chief) (1998) Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Kaplama, Erman. Cosmological Aesthetics through the Kantian Sublime and Nietzschean Dionysian. Lanham: UPA, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. Makkreel, Rudolf, Imagination and Interpretation in Kant. Chicago, 1990. McCloskey, Mary. Kant's Aesthetic. SUNY, 1987. Schaper, Eva.", "McCloskey, Mary. Kant's Aesthetic. SUNY, 1987. Schaper, Eva. Schaper, Eva. Studies in Kant's Aesthetics. Edinburgh, 1979. Zammito, John H. The Genesis of Kant's Critique of Judgment. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1992. Zupancic, Alenka. Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan. Verso, 2000. Philosophy of religion Palmquist, Stephen. Kant's Critical Religion : Volume Two of Kant's System of Perspectives. Ashgate, 2000. Perez, Daniel Omar.", "Ashgate, 2000. Perez, Daniel Omar. Perez, Daniel Omar. \"Religión, Política y Medicina en Kant: El Conflicto de las Proposiciones\". Cinta de Moebio. Revista de Epistemologia de Ciencias Sociales, v. 28, p. 91–103, 2007. Uchile.cl (Spanish) Perpetual peace and international relations Sir Harry Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace, Cambridge University Press, 1962. Martin Wight, Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant and Mazzini ed.", "Martin Wight, Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant and Mazzini ed. Gabriele Wight & Brian Porter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Other works Botul, Jean-Baptiste. La vie sexuelle d'Emmanuel Kant. Paris, Éd. Mille et une Nuits, 2008. Caygill, Howard. A Kant Dictionary. Oxford; Cambridge, Mass. : Blackwell Reference, 1995. Derrida, Jacques. Mochlos; or, The Conflict of the Faculties. Columbia University, 1980. Kelly, Michael.", "Columbia University, 1980. Kelly, Michael. Kelly, Michael. Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism, London: Swan Sonnenschein 1910. [Reprinted 2010 Nabu Press, ] Mosser, Kurt. Necessity and Possibility; The Logical Strategy of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Catholic University of America Press, 2008. White, Mark D. Kantian Ethics and Economics: Autonomy, Dignity, and Character . Stanford University Press, 2011. . (Reviewed in The Montreal Review ) Contemporary philosophy with a Kantian influence Guyer, Paul.", "(Reviewed in The Montreal Review ) Contemporary philosophy with a Kantian influence Guyer, Paul. Knowledge, Reason, and Taste: Kant's Response to Hume. Princeton University Press, 2008. Hanna, Robert, Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Clarendon Press, 2004. Hanna, Robert, Kant, Science, and Human Nature. Clarendon Press, 2006. Herman, Barbara. The Practice of Moral Judgement. Harvard University Press, 1993. (A Kantian approach to the issue of pornography and degradation.)", "(A Kantian approach to the issue of pornography and degradation.) Korsgaard, Christine. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. (not a commentary, but a defense of a broadly Kantian approach to ethics) McDowell, John. Mind and World. Harvard University Press, 1994. . (offers a Kantian solution to a dilemma in contemporary epistemology regarding the relation between mind and world) Parfit, Derek. On What Matters (2 vols.).", "On What Matters (2 vols.). On What Matters (2 vols.). New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Pinker, Steven. The Stuff of Thought. Viking Press, 2007. . (Chapter 4 \"Cleaving the Air\" discusses Kant's anticipation of modern cognitive science) Wood, Allen W. Kant's Ethical Thought. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .", "Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. . (comprehensive, in-depth study of Kant's ethics, with emphasis on formula of humanity as most accurate formulation of the categorical imperative) External links KantPapers, authors and papers database powered by PhilPapers, focused on Kant, and located at Cornell University Immanuel Kant at the Encyclopædia Britannica Immanuel Kant in the Christian Cyclopedia Works by Immanuel Kant at Duisburg-Essen University Stephen Palmquist's Glossary of Kantian Terminology Kant's Ethical Theory – Kantian ethics explained, applied and evaluated Notes on Utilitarianism – A conveniently brief survey of Kant's Utilitarianism \"Immanuel Kant\", An overview of his work, times, and influence on biology, plantspeopleplanet.org.au Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: An Overview Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Logic Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Metaphysics Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Philosophy of Mind Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Radical Evil Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Philosophy of Religion The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant 1724 births 1804 deaths 18th-century anthropologists 18th-century essayists 18th-century German male writers 18th-century German philosophers 18th-century German writers 18th-century non-fiction writers 18th-century Prussian people 19th-century anthropologists 19th-century essayists 19th-century German male writers 19th-century German non-fiction writers 19th-century German philosophers 19th-century German writers 19th-century Prussian people 19th-century social scientists Age of Enlightenment Continental philosophers Cultural critics Enlightenment philosophers Epistemologists Founders of philosophical traditions German agnostics German anthropologists German classical liberals German essayists German ethicists German idealism German logicians German Lutherans German male non-fiction writers German nationalists German philosophers German political philosophers History of ethics History of logic History of philosophy Humor researchers Idealists Intellectual history Kantianism Kantian philosophers Lecturers Logicians Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Natural philosophers Ontologists People of the Age of Enlightenment Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of literature Philosophers of logic Philosophers of mind Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of sexuality Philosophers of social science Philosophers of war Philosophy writers Political liberals (international relations) Rationalists Rationality theorists Social critics Social philosophers Theorists on Western civilization University of Königsberg alumni University of Königsberg faculty Writers about activism and social change Writers about religion and science" ]

[ "Gary Cooper", "Silent films, 1925-28" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, silent, and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, as well as receiving an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years.", "He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper at No. 11 on its list of the 25 greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Cooper's career spanned 36 years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in 84 feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood.", "He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres. His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero.", "Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian.", "After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr.", "During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952).", "He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, he played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958). Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).", "Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946). His brother, Arthur, was six years his senior. Cooper's father came from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana.", "His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana. In 1906, Charles purchased the Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch, about north of Helena near Craig, Montana. Cooper and Arthur spent their summers at the ranch and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena. Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire.", "Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. While there, Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, at their home in Houghton Regis. Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912.", "Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912. While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was required to wear. He received his confirmation in the Church of England at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis on December 3, 1911. His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.", "His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena. When Cooper was 15, he injured his hip in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation, he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding. The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled horse-riding style. He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy.", "He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for him to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana, where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics. Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\".", "Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\". Cooper was still attending high school in 1920 when he took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman. His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington. Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.", "Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena. In 1922, to continue his art education, he enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He did well academically in most of his courses, but was not accepted into the school's drama club. His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.", "His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses. Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper.", "Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper. In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request.", "In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request. After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row.", "After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row. They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay \"Slim\" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director. Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10.", "Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10. Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades.", "Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades. Career Silent films, 1925–1928 In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones. He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation.", "He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation. While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt workwhich sometimes injured horses and riders\"tough and cruel\". Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent.", "Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Knowing that other actors were using the name \"Frank Cooper\", Collins suggested he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper immediately liked the name.", "Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926).", "Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926). Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926).", "Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926). As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios. On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week.", "On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week. Cooper's first important film role was a supporting part in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) starring Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky, in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster. Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers.", "Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers. The film was a major success. Critics singled out Cooper as a \"dynamic new personality\" and future star. Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week.", "Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week. In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings (both 1927), the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters.", "That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters. Paramount paired Cooper with Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss (both 1928)—advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\". Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers.", "With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film and receiving a thousand fan letters a week. Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928).", "Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928). Around the same time, Cooper made Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928. Hollywood stardom, 1929–1935 Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first talking picture, The Virginian (1929), which was directed by Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston. Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day.", "Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film.", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film. Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers.", "Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers. Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930).", "Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930). Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930.", "Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930. One of the more important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (also 1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences. During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German.", "Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The actor approached the director, picked him up by the collar, and said, \"If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here.\" Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.", "Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post. After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves.", "After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves. Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert.", "Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert. The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice. He had lost during that period, and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth. In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.", "In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year. During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes.", "During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes.", "After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes. His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness. After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras.", "After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras. Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.", "Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval. In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel.", "In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I.", "Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures.", "Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures. In 1933, after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward play. Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933.", "Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933. All three of the lead actors—March, Cooper, and Hopkins—received attention from this film as they were all at the peak of their careers. Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy.", "Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy. Cooper changed his name legally to \"Gary Cooper\" in August 1933. In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier.", "In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier. Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office. Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple.", "Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl. Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen. The film was a box-office success.", "The film was a box-office success. The film was a box-office success. The following year, Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten, who was being groomed as \"another Garbo\". In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor. Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell.", "Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell. Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.", "Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending. That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes.", "That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.", "While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films. Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him \"the best actor of all of them\". American folk hero, 1936–1943 From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936.", "Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936. After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount—in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest—Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures.", "Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit.", "In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man.", "Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man. Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed: Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes.", "Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes. In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was \"proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood\". For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936.", "Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.", "Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success. In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\".", "The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\". That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years.", "That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years. In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture.", "In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture. Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement.", "Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement. Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $ million in ). In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea.", "In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea. A critical and box-office failure, Cooper referred to it as his \"almost picture\", saying, \"It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good.\" In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo. Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay, the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to that date, losing $700,000. During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles, including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind. Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part.", "Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part. He made several overtures to the actor, but Cooper had doubts about the project, and did not feel suited to the role. Cooper later admitted, \"It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\"", "I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\" Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert. In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife.", "In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder, and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert, American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer. It succeeded only at the European box office market.", "It succeeded only at the European box office market. It succeeded only at the European box office market. In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid. The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper.", "The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper. While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market. In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films.", "In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films. In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes.", "In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes. Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman, Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona. This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.", "This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount. In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals. Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\".", "Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\". From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\".", "From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\". Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script. The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors.", "The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors. That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all-Technicolor feature, Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940). In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion.", "In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion. While not as popular with critics as its predecessor, the film was another box-office success—the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1940. The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor. In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances.", "In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances. When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\"", "When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\" In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country.", "In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country. Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941.", "Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941. In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\".", "In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\". Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, \"Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole—shy, bewildered, non-aggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks.", "That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor.", "The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common.", "Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common. Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\".", "Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\". After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his \"powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty\". York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros.", "York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards. Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, \"It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\"", "Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\" Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck. In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books.", "While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books. The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills. In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\".", "In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\". Though small in scale, Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year—Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty. Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract.", "Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract. In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees, Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games. Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\".", "Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig.", "Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig. After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans.", "After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans. Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing. The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes.", "The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes. The film was one of the year's top ten pictures and received eleven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third). Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War.", "Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War. The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay.", "The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay. After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead—a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway. The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were \"rapturous\" and passionate. Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\".", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\". While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).", "While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth). World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops.", "World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops. In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego, and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen. In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari.", "In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari. Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber, the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane—where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling—New Guinea, Jayapura, and throughout the Solomon Islands. The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops.", "The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops. Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues, and participated in occasional skits. The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech. When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country. Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life.", "Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life. Mature roles, 1944–1952 In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day — his third movie with the director. In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety. Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year.", "Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year. With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson. The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman.", "The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman. The film received poor reviews, with the New York Daily News calling it \"delightful nonsense\", and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's \"somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning\". The film was barely profitable.", "The film was barely profitable. The film was barely profitable. In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International. In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image, Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer. Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal.", "Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal. It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946. Cooper's career during the post-war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing. While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings.", "While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings. In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's nineteenth-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune-hunter. Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies.", "Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies. Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program.", "Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program. Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character.", "Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character. The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure. In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century.", "In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century. The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\".", "The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\". This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $ today) in salary and percentage of profits. Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.", "Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years. In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam, Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $ today) per picture. His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey.", "His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards. Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism.", "Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism. For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark. In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was \"Mr. Deeds out of his element\".", "Deeds out of his element\". Deeds out of his element\". Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers. Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period.", "Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period. In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).", "In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951). Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists.", "Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists. In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone.", "Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone. During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers. His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance.", "His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance. Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter.", "Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter. Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was \"at the top of his form\", and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective. The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide.", "The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide. Following the example of his friend James Stewart, Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits, and ended up making $600,000. Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor. Later films, 1953–1961 After appearing in André de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952)—a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor—Cooper made four films outside the United States. In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor.", "In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor. Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico.", "Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair. In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband.", "In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband. That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866. All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office.", "All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office. For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and percent of the gross. During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well.", "As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well. During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.", "During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing. In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters.", "In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters. Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality.", "Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality. In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire. Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty. For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor.", "For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide. In 1956, Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier. In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman.", "In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman. Despite receiving some positive reviews—including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film's \"charming performances\"—most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part. While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success.", "While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success. The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick. In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate.", "In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate. While Cooper brought \"conviction and controlled anguish\" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a \"hapless film\". Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films.", "Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films. In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members.", "In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members. The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism.", "The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\".", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\". Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film.", "Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film. After his Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption. In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past.", "In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past. Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman.", "Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman. In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916. While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.", "While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part. In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name. Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding. Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes.", "Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\".", "Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\". Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons.", "Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons. Called \"Rocky\" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools. Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields. Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933.", "Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933. According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life. Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting. She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society.", "She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society. Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36), Brentwood (1936–53), and Holmby Hills (1954–61), and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado (1949–53). Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937.", "Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses. Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them. Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing.", "Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing. As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe. Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home. For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter.", "For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter. Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953, and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954. Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce.", "Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce. Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor. In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur.", "In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur. In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life. During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931.", "During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931. During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, while staying at her Villa Madama near Rome. After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls.", "After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943. In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star.", "In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star. At first they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her. Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce.", "Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce. Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child. Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951. During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal.", "During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal. Cooper biographers have explored his friendship in the late twenties with the actor Anderson Lawler, with whom Cooper shared a house on and off for a year, while at the same time seeing Clara Bow, Evelyn Brent and Lupe Vélez. Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne.", "Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne. Vélez' biographer Michelle Vogel has reported that Vélez consented to Cooper's sexual behavior with Lawler, but only as long as she, too, could participate. In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\".", "In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\". A year after his death in 1961, Irene committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, after telling Doris Day of her grief over Cooper's death. Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940.", "Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940. The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley.", "The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling—Cooper kept a copy of the poem \"If—\" in his dressing room—and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure. As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it.", "As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true.\" They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.", "They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years. Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, James Stewart, Barbara Stanwyck, and Robert Taylor. As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving.", "As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving. He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.", "Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg. Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities. Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional \"yup\" and \"shucks\". He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\"", "He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\" According to his friends, Cooper could also be an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art. He was modest and unpretentious, frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments. His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor.", "His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor. Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status—never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady. His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\"", "His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\" Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940.", "Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas.", "When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas. In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\"", "In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\" He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters.", "He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters. Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism.", "Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism. The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry.", "The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry. On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood.", "On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood. Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\".", "Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\". Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony.", "Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony. In 1951, while making High Noon, Cooper became friends with the film's screenwriter, Carl Foreman, who had been a member of the Communist Party. When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman.", "When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman. When John Wayne and others threatened Cooper with blacklisting himself and the loss of his passport if he did not walk off the film, Cooper gave a statement to the press in support of Foreman, calling him \"the finest kind of American\". When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored.", "When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored. Foreman later said that, of all his friends and allies and colleagues in Hollywood, \"Cooper was the only big one who tried to help. The only one.\" Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed.", "Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed. Foreman always sent future scripts to Cooper for first refusal, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Key and The Guns of Navarone. Cooper had to turn them down because of his age. Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States.", "Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States. While he was not an observant Christian for most of his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side. On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII.", "On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII. Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation. In the coming years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior, and started discussing Catholicism with his family. He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance.", "He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance. After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon.", "Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon. He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine. After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge.", "After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge. In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West, which was part of the company's Project 20 series. On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable. His family decided not to tell him immediately.", "His family decided not to tell him immediately. His family decided not to tell him immediately. On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner that was given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin at the Friars Club. The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\"", "The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\" In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together. Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time. On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying.", "On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying. He later told his family, \"We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right too.\" On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar.", "On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar. Holding back tears, Stewart said, \"Coop, I'll get this to you right away. And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us.", "And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop. All of us are tremendously proud.\" The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying.", "The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying. In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy. In his last public statement on May 4, Cooper said, \"I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future.\"", "I am not afraid of the future.\" I am not afraid of the future.\" He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich.", "He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich. Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.", "Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton. His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.", "His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry. Acting style and reputation Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics: his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy.", "Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters.\" Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\".", "Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\". This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply \"playing himself\". Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen.", "Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper, \"This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn—namely, to be natural.\" Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ...", "Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life.\" William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\".", "William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\". In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting.", "In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\"", "Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\" Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements.", "Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements. Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks observed, \"He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good.", "He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking.\" Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach.", "Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures.\" Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor.", "Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman concluded, \"The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering—and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\"", "I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\" Tom Hanks declared, \"In only one scene in the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, we see the future of screen acting in the form of Gary Cooper. He is quiet and natural, somehow different from the other cast members. He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\"", "He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\" Daniel Day-Lewis said, \"I don't particularly like westerns as a genre, but I do love certain westerns. 'High Noon' means a lot to me – I love the purity and the honesty, I love Gary Cooper in that film, the idea of the last man standing.\" Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago.", "Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago. I really fell in love with Gary Cooper, and his stuff. That sucked me into the Westerns. Before, I never got engrossed in the story. I'd just dip in, and there were guys in horses in black and white. High Noon's later Gary Cooper, I liked that. But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one.", "But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one. That's my favorite one. I have that poster hung up in my house because I really like that one.\" To Al Pacino, \"Gary Cooper was a phenomenon—his ability to take some thing and elevate it, give it such dignity. One of the great presences.\"", "One of the great presences.\" One of the great presences.\" Mylène Demongeot first got with Gary Cooper for the opening of the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris, on June 7, 1957. She declared in a 2015 filmed interview: \"Gary Cooper ... il est sublime ! Aaahhh (Mylène pushing a cry of love not to say ecstasy) il est sublime ... Ah ! Ah ! Ah !", "Ah ! Ah ! Ah ! Là je dois dire que ça fait partie des stars, y'a Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, ces grands Américains que j'ai rencontrés comme ça, c'est vraiment des mecs incroyables. Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non.", "Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non. Euh non. (Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore).\" Career assessment and legacy Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961. During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role.", "During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films.", "His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958.", "He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958. According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57. He topped the list in 1953. In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise.", "In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise. At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ). In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action.", "In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action. In the rest he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players. Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career. In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian).", "In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian). After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms). During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr.", "During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls). In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon).", "In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West).", "In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.", "The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man. On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry. He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.", "He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana. On May 6, 1961, he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts. On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements. In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.", "In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes.", "Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. \", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time.", "\", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time. More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances. Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\"", "Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\" In the TV series Justified, based on works and characters created by Elmore Leonard, Gary Cooper is used throughout the six seasons as the man whom U.S. Marshall Raylan Givens, played by Timothy Olyphant, aspires to be. When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not?", "When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not? Worked for Gary Cooper.\" Gary Cooper is referenced several times in the critically acclaimed television series The Sopranos, with protagonist Tony Soprano asking \"What ever happened to Gary Cooper? The strong, silent type.\" while complaining about his problems to his therapist.", "while complaining about his problems to his therapist. while complaining about his problems to his therapist. In the 1930s hit song \"Puttin' On the Ritz\", Cooper is referenced in the line \"dress up like a million dollar trooper/Tryin' hard to look like Gary Cooper, Super duper!\" More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper.", "More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper. In J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Cooper is \"spotted\" by Holden Caulfield to distract a woman he is dancing with. Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.", "Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role. The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr.", "The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p.", "Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p. () External links 1901 births 1961 deaths 20th-century American male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients American expatriates in England American male film actors American male silent film actors American male television actors American people of English descent Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners California Republicans Catholics from Montana Conservatism in the United States Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from prostate cancer Grinnell College people Male Western (genre) film actors Male actors from Montana Paramount Pictures contract players People educated at Dunstable Grammar School People from Brentwood, Los Angeles People from Dunstable People from Helena, Montana People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles" ]

[ "Gary Cooper", "Silent films, 1925-28", "what happened in 1925?", "In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures" ]

[ "Guido Coen (1915–2010) was an Italian-born British film producer and film subtitler. He and his family were interned in Douglas on the Isle of Man during the Second World War. He began his career working for Filippo Del Giudice and Two Cities Films. When Two Cities was absorbed into the Rank Organisation in the mid-1940s Coen was employed by Sir David Cunynghame of London Film Productions as a subtitler. As Coen later described it in an interview, he did not know anything about subtitling at the time, and learned on the job: I finally got a phone call from London Films, Sir Cunnyngham, that 's it, who asked me whether I had ever subtitles pictures. I immediately said I had when in point of fact I did not know what he meant, and there was a young man in the office with Sir David Cunnynghame called Lew Watt, and he said Lew Watt will do the technical side and we want you to subtitle an Italian picture in to English. I said certainly . I came out of his office and Lew Watt said to me you don't know what they're talking about do you, I said you're quite right, he said well I'll show you. And I started subtitling pictures with Lew Watt, I used to do the literary side, and he used to do the technical side, the spotting, and lengths, and we together did subtitles for 40 or 50 pictures. The funny thing was we subtitled pictures in Chinese, in Indian and for the Chinese picture I had to have a Chinese waiter with me to tell me where the subtitles [...] I had the Italian dialogue and I had the picture, they gave me a film and we did the spotting together with Lew Watt and the measurements and I used to type the script. We had the film, we had the print which used to run on the two sided thing. And Lew Watt was working all the day so we had to do this at night, so we either used to work at night till 2 o'clock in the morning or we used to work at the weekends. There was always the problem that the Movieola might break down and so we had spare keys of other cutting rooms in in elm St in case we were caught. And that was how we started.Coen later founded his own company Kenilworth Film Productions and spent most of the post-war years producing second features. He made a dozen films in partnership with the director Charles Saunders. He later produced the 1971 horror film Burke & Hare and the comedies Au Pair Girls and Intimate Games.\n\nSelected filmography\n She Shall Have Murder (1950)\n La peccatrice dell'isola (1952) (English subtitles)\n Meet Mr. Callaghan (1954)\n Behind the Headlines (1956)\n The Man Without a Body (1957)\n There's Always a Thursday (1957)\n Kill Her Gently (1957)\n Naked Fury (1959)\n Jungle Street (1960)\n Operation Cupid (1960)\n Dangerous Afternoon (1961)\n Panic (1963)\n The Penthouse (1967)\n Baby Love (1968)\n One Brief Summer (1970)\n Burke & Hare (1971)\n Au Pair Girls (1972)\n Intimate Games (1976)\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Chibnall, Steve & McFarlane, Brian. The British 'B' Film. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.\n\nExternal links\n\nGuido Coen at the British History Project\nNotice of death\n\n1915 births\n2010 deaths\nFilm people from Milan\nBritish film producers\nItalian film producers\nBritish subtitlers\nItalian emigrants to the United Kingdom\n20th-century British translators", "I Can Read! is a line of beginning reading books published by HarperCollins. The series is rated by level and is widely used to teach children to read English. The first book in the series was Else Holmelund Minarik's Little Bear, published in 1957, and subsequent notable titles have included Amelia Bedelia and Frog and Toad.\n\nStructure\nThe I Can Read! series divides its output into 6 levels\n\nMy Very First - For teaching children vowels\nMy First - For reading aloud to children.\nLevel 1 - For children who have begun to read sounds and sentences aloud.\nLevel 2 - For children who can read confidently, but still benefit from help.\nLevel 3 - Enjoyable titles for children to read unassisted.\nLevel 4 - Advanced titles to further develop the readers' literacy.\n\nHistory\nThe I Can Read! series began with 1957's Little Bear, by Else Holmelund Minarik and illustrated by Maurice Sendak.\n\nIn late 2020, HarperCollins announced the addition of a new series called \"I Can Read! Comics\". It is set to be released in June 2021 with four books, from levels 1 to 3.\n\nThere are now over 500 titles in the series.\n\nOther languages and formats\nSome I Can Read! books are also available in Spanish, French, audiobook, and e-book format.\n\nRecognition\nI Can Read! books have won Newbery Medal and Caldecott Medal honors.\n\nSelected titles\n Amelia Bedelia series, Peggy and Herman Parish\n At Home in a New Land, Joan Sandin \n Biscuit series, Alyssa Satin Capucilli\n Danny and the Dinosaur, story and pictures by Syd Hoff (1958)\n Frog and Toad series, Arnold Lobel\n Little Bear series, by Else Holmelund Minarik, pictures by Maurice Sendak\n Two Silly Trolls, Nancy Jewell\n The Witch Who Was Afraid of Witches, Alice Low\n Indian Summer, by F.N. Monjo, pictures by Anita Lobel\n Little Bear by Else Holmelund Minarik, pictures by Maurice Sendak (1957)\n Father Bear Comes Home by Else Holmelund Minarik, pictures by Maurice Sendak (1958)\n Little Bear's Friend by Else Holmelund Minarik, pictures by Maurice Sendak (1960)\n Little Bear's Visit by Else Holmelund Minarik, pictures by Maurice Sendak (1961)\n No Fighting, No Biting! by Else Holmelund Minarik, pictures by Maurice Sendak (1958)\n Julius, story and pictures by Syd Hoff (1959)\n Oliver, story and pictures by Syd Hoff (1959)\n Chester, story and pictures by Syd Hoff (1959)\n Stanley, story and pictures by Syd Hoff (1959)\n Little Chief, story and pictures by Syd Hoff (1959)\n Last One Home Is a Green Pig by Edith Thacher Hurd, pictures by Clement Hurd (1959)\n Hurry Hurry by Edith Thacher Hurd, pictures by Clement Hurd (1959)\n Stop Stop by Edith Thacher Hurd, pictures by Clement Hurd (1959)\n No Funny Business by Edith Thacher Hurd, pictures by Clement Hurd (1959)\n Emmett's Pig by Mary Stolz, pictures by Garth Williams\n Harry and the Lady Next Door by Gene Zion, pictures by Margaret Bloy Graham\n The Fire Cat, story and pictures by Esther Averill\n The Rooftop Mystery by Joan M. Lexau, pictures by Syd Hoff\n David and the Giant, by Mike McClintock, pictures of Fritz Siebel\n Morris Is a Cowboy, a Policeman and a Baby Sitter, story and pictures by B. Wiseman\n A Picture for Harold's Room, story and pictures by Crockett Johnson\n Tell Me Some More by Crosby Bonsall, pictures by Fritz Siebel\n Who's a Pest? by Crosby Bonsall\n The Happy Birthday Present by Joan Heilbroner, pictures by Mary Chalmers\n This Is the House Where Jack Lives by Joan Heilbroner, pictures by Aliki\n Little Runner of the Longhouse by Betty Baker, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n What Do They Do? Policemen and Firemen by Carla Greene, pictures by Leonard Kessler\n What Spot?, story and pictures by Crosby Bonsall\n The Secret Three by Mildred Myrick, pictures of Arnold Lobel\n Doctors and Nurses: What Do They Do? by Carla Greene, pictures by Leonard Kessler\n Grizzwold, by Syd Hoff\n Emily's First 100 Days Of School by Rosemary Wells\n Soldiers and Sailors: What Do They Do? by Carla Greene, pictures by Leonard Kessler\n Lucille, story and pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Red Fox and His Canoe by Nathaniel Benchley\n Railroad Engineers and Airplane Pilots: What Do They Do?\n Tom and the Two Handles by Russell Hoban, pictures by Lillian Hoban\n Three to Get Ready by Betty Boegehold, pictures by Mary Chalmers\n Johnny Lion's Book, by Edith Thacher Hurd, pictures by Clement Hurd\n Oscar Otter, by Nathaniel Benchley, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Amelia Bedelia and the Surprise Shower, by Peggy Parish, pictures by Fritz Siebel\n Juan Bobo series, by Virginia Schomp, pictures by Jess Yeomans\n\nMystery Books\n The Case of the Hungry Stranger, story and pictures by Crosby Bonsall\n The Case of the Cat's Meow, story and pictures by Crosby Bonsall\n Big Max, by Kin Platt, pictures by Robert Lopshire\n\nSports Books\n Here Comes the Strikeout, story and pictures by Leonard Kessler\n Kick, Pass, and Run, story and pictures by Leonard Kessler\n\nEarly Books\n Cat and Dog by Else Holmelund Minarik, pictures by Fritz Siebel\n Who Will Be My Friends?, story and pictures by Syd Hoff\n Albert the Albatross, story and pictures by Syd Hoff\n What Have I Got?, by Mike McClintock, pictures by Leonard Kessler\n Come and Have Fun, by Edith Thacher Hurd, pictures by Clement Hurd\n Mine's the Best, by Crosby Bonsall\n Hester the Jester, by Ben Schecter\n The Case of the Dumb Bells, story and pictures by Crosby Bonsall\n The Homework Caper, by Joan M. Lexau, pictures by Syd Hoff\n\nScience I CAN READ Books\n Seeds and More Seeds by Millicent E. Selsam, pictures by Tomi Ungerer\n Plenty of Fish by Millicent Selsam, pictures by Erik Blegvad\n Tony's Birds by Millicent Selsam, pictures by Kurt Werth\n Terry and the Caterpillars by Millicent Selsam, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Red Tag Comes Back by Fred Phleger, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Prove It! by Rose Wyler and Gerald Ames, pictures by Talivaldis Stubis\n Greg's Microscope by Millicent Selsam, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Seahorse by Robert A. Morris, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Let's Get Turtles by Millicent Selsam, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Benny's Animals and How He Put Them In Order, by Millicent Selsam, pictures by John Kaufmann\n When an Animal Grows, by Millicent Selsam\n Hidden Animals, by Millicent Selsam\n The Toad Hunt, by Janet Chenery\n Ants Are Fun, by Mildred Myrick, pictures by Arnold Lobel\n Wolfie, by Janet Chenery\n Catch a Whale by the Tail, by Edward Ricciuti\n The Penguins Are Coming, by R.L. Penney\n A Nest of Wood Ducks, by Evelyn Shaw, pictures by Cherryl Pape\n The Bug That Laid the Golden Eggs, Millicent Selsam\n Alligator by Evelyn S. Shaw\n Octopus by Evelyn S. Shaw\n Woodchuck by Faith McNulty\n Elephant Seal Island by Evelyn S. Shaw\n More Potatoes! by Millicent Selsam\n Fireflies by Joanne Ryder\n Barn Owl by Phyllis Flower\n Egg to Chick by Millicent Selsam\n An Animal for Alan by Edward R. Ricciuti, pictures by Tom Eaton\n Donald and the Fish That Walked by Edward R. Ricciuti\n Fish Out of School by Evelyn S. Shaw\n Look for a Bird by Edith Thacher Hurd\n\nReferences\n\n \"Biscuit Goes to School\" by Alyssa Satin Capucilli; pictures by Pat Schories. Fiction, 26 pages. Harper Collins Publishers, 2002. .\n\nExternal links\n I Can Read!\n\nBook series introduced in 1957\nAmerican children's books\nLearning to read\nSeries of children's books\nWilliam Collins, Sons books\nHarperCollins books" ]

[ "Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, silent, and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, as well as receiving an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years.", "He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper at No. 11 on its list of the 25 greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Cooper's career spanned 36 years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in 84 feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood.", "He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres. His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero.", "Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian.", "After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr.", "During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952).", "He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, he played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958). Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).", "Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946). His brother, Arthur, was six years his senior. Cooper's father came from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana.", "His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana. In 1906, Charles purchased the Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch, about north of Helena near Craig, Montana. Cooper and Arthur spent their summers at the ranch and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena. Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire.", "Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. While there, Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, at their home in Houghton Regis. Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912.", "Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912. While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was required to wear. He received his confirmation in the Church of England at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis on December 3, 1911. His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.", "His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena. When Cooper was 15, he injured his hip in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation, he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding. The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled horse-riding style. He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy.", "He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for him to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana, where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics. Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\".", "Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\". Cooper was still attending high school in 1920 when he took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman. His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington. Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.", "Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena. In 1922, to continue his art education, he enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He did well academically in most of his courses, but was not accepted into the school's drama club. His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.", "His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses. Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper.", "Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper. In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request.", "In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request. After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row.", "After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row. They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay \"Slim\" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director. Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10.", "Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10. Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades.", "Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades. Career Silent films, 1925–1928 In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones. He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation.", "He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation. While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt workwhich sometimes injured horses and riders\"tough and cruel\". Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent.", "Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Knowing that other actors were using the name \"Frank Cooper\", Collins suggested he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper immediately liked the name.", "Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926).", "Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926). Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926).", "Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926). As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios. On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week.", "On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week. Cooper's first important film role was a supporting part in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) starring Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky, in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster. Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers.", "Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers. The film was a major success. Critics singled out Cooper as a \"dynamic new personality\" and future star. Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week.", "Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week. In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings (both 1927), the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters.", "That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters. Paramount paired Cooper with Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss (both 1928)—advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\". Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers.", "With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film and receiving a thousand fan letters a week. Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928).", "Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928). Around the same time, Cooper made Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928. Hollywood stardom, 1929–1935 Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first talking picture, The Virginian (1929), which was directed by Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston. Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day.", "Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film.", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film. Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers.", "Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers. Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930).", "Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930). Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930.", "Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930. One of the more important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (also 1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences. During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German.", "Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The actor approached the director, picked him up by the collar, and said, \"If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here.\" Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.", "Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post. After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves.", "After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves. Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert.", "Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert. The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice. He had lost during that period, and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth. In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.", "In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year. During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes.", "During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes.", "After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes. His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness. After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras.", "After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras. Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.", "Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval. In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel.", "In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I.", "Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures.", "Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures. In 1933, after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward play. Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933.", "Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933. All three of the lead actors—March, Cooper, and Hopkins—received attention from this film as they were all at the peak of their careers. Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy.", "Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy. Cooper changed his name legally to \"Gary Cooper\" in August 1933. In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier.", "In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier. Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office. Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple.", "Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl. Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen. The film was a box-office success.", "The film was a box-office success. The film was a box-office success. The following year, Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten, who was being groomed as \"another Garbo\". In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor. Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell.", "Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell. Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.", "Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending. That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes.", "That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.", "While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films. Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him \"the best actor of all of them\". American folk hero, 1936–1943 From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936.", "Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936. After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount—in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest—Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures.", "Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit.", "In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man.", "Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man. Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed: Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes.", "Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes. In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was \"proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood\". For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936.", "Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.", "Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success. In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\".", "The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\". That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years.", "That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years. In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture.", "In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture. Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement.", "Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement. Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $ million in ). In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea.", "In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea. A critical and box-office failure, Cooper referred to it as his \"almost picture\", saying, \"It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good.\" In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo. Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay, the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to that date, losing $700,000. During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles, including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind. Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part.", "Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part. He made several overtures to the actor, but Cooper had doubts about the project, and did not feel suited to the role. Cooper later admitted, \"It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\"", "I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\" Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert. In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife.", "In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder, and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert, American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer. It succeeded only at the European box office market.", "It succeeded only at the European box office market. It succeeded only at the European box office market. In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid. The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper.", "The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper. While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market. In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films.", "In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films. In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes.", "In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes. Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman, Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona. This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.", "This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount. In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals. Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\".", "Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\". From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\".", "From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\". Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script. The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors.", "The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors. That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all-Technicolor feature, Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940). In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion.", "In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion. While not as popular with critics as its predecessor, the film was another box-office success—the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1940. The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor. In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances.", "In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances. When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\"", "When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\" In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country.", "In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country. Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941.", "Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941. In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\".", "In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\". Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, \"Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole—shy, bewildered, non-aggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks.", "That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor.", "The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common.", "Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common. Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\".", "Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\". After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his \"powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty\". York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros.", "York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards. Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, \"It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\"", "Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\" Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck. In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books.", "While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books. The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills. In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\".", "In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\". Though small in scale, Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year—Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty. Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract.", "Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract. In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees, Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games. Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\".", "Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig.", "Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig. After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans.", "After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans. Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing. The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes.", "The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes. The film was one of the year's top ten pictures and received eleven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third). Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War.", "Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War. The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay.", "The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay. After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead—a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway. The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were \"rapturous\" and passionate. Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\".", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\". While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).", "While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth). World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops.", "World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops. In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego, and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen. In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari.", "In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari. Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber, the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane—where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling—New Guinea, Jayapura, and throughout the Solomon Islands. The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops.", "The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops. Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues, and participated in occasional skits. The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech. When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country. Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life.", "Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life. Mature roles, 1944–1952 In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day — his third movie with the director. In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety. Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year.", "Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year. With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson. The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman.", "The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman. The film received poor reviews, with the New York Daily News calling it \"delightful nonsense\", and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's \"somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning\". The film was barely profitable.", "The film was barely profitable. The film was barely profitable. In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International. In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image, Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer. Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal.", "Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal. It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946. Cooper's career during the post-war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing. While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings.", "While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings. In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's nineteenth-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune-hunter. Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies.", "Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies. Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program.", "Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program. Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character.", "Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character. The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure. In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century.", "In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century. The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\".", "The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\". This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $ today) in salary and percentage of profits. Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.", "Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years. In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam, Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $ today) per picture. His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey.", "His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards. Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism.", "Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism. For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark. In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was \"Mr. Deeds out of his element\".", "Deeds out of his element\". Deeds out of his element\". Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers. Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period.", "Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period. In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).", "In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951). Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists.", "Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists. In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone.", "Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone. During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers. His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance.", "His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance. Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter.", "Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter. Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was \"at the top of his form\", and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective. The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide.", "The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide. Following the example of his friend James Stewart, Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits, and ended up making $600,000. Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor. Later films, 1953–1961 After appearing in André de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952)—a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor—Cooper made four films outside the United States. In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor.", "In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor. Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico.", "Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair. In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband.", "In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband. That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866. All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office.", "All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office. For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and percent of the gross. During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well.", "As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well. During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.", "During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing. In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters.", "In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters. Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality.", "Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality. In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire. Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty. For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor.", "For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide. In 1956, Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier. In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman.", "In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman. Despite receiving some positive reviews—including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film's \"charming performances\"—most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part. While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success.", "While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success. The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick. In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate.", "In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate. While Cooper brought \"conviction and controlled anguish\" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a \"hapless film\". Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films.", "Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films. In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members.", "In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members. The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism.", "The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\".", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\". Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film.", "Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film. After his Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption. In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past.", "In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past. Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman.", "Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman. In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916. While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.", "While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part. In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name. Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding. Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes.", "Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\".", "Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\". Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons.", "Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons. Called \"Rocky\" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools. Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields. Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933.", "Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933. According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life. Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting. She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society.", "She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society. Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36), Brentwood (1936–53), and Holmby Hills (1954–61), and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado (1949–53). Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937.", "Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses. Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them. Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing.", "Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing. As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe. Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home. For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter.", "For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter. Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953, and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954. Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce.", "Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce. Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor. In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur.", "In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur. In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life. During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931.", "During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931. During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, while staying at her Villa Madama near Rome. After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls.", "After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943. In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star.", "In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star. At first they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her. Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce.", "Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce. Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child. Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951. During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal.", "During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal. Cooper biographers have explored his friendship in the late twenties with the actor Anderson Lawler, with whom Cooper shared a house on and off for a year, while at the same time seeing Clara Bow, Evelyn Brent and Lupe Vélez. Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne.", "Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne. Vélez' biographer Michelle Vogel has reported that Vélez consented to Cooper's sexual behavior with Lawler, but only as long as she, too, could participate. In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\".", "In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\". A year after his death in 1961, Irene committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, after telling Doris Day of her grief over Cooper's death. Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940.", "Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940. The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley.", "The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling—Cooper kept a copy of the poem \"If—\" in his dressing room—and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure. As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it.", "As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true.\" They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.", "They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years. Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, James Stewart, Barbara Stanwyck, and Robert Taylor. As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving.", "As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving. He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.", "Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg. Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities. Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional \"yup\" and \"shucks\". He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\"", "He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\" According to his friends, Cooper could also be an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art. He was modest and unpretentious, frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments. His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor.", "His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor. Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status—never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady. His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\"", "His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\" Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940.", "Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas.", "When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas. In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\"", "In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\" He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters.", "He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters. Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism.", "Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism. The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry.", "The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry. On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood.", "On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood. Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\".", "Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\". Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony.", "Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony. In 1951, while making High Noon, Cooper became friends with the film's screenwriter, Carl Foreman, who had been a member of the Communist Party. When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman.", "When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman. When John Wayne and others threatened Cooper with blacklisting himself and the loss of his passport if he did not walk off the film, Cooper gave a statement to the press in support of Foreman, calling him \"the finest kind of American\". When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored.", "When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored. Foreman later said that, of all his friends and allies and colleagues in Hollywood, \"Cooper was the only big one who tried to help. The only one.\" Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed.", "Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed. Foreman always sent future scripts to Cooper for first refusal, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Key and The Guns of Navarone. Cooper had to turn them down because of his age. Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States.", "Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States. While he was not an observant Christian for most of his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side. On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII.", "On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII. Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation. In the coming years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior, and started discussing Catholicism with his family. He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance.", "He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance. After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon.", "Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon. He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine. After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge.", "After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge. In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West, which was part of the company's Project 20 series. On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable. His family decided not to tell him immediately.", "His family decided not to tell him immediately. His family decided not to tell him immediately. On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner that was given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin at the Friars Club. The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\"", "The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\" In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together. Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time. On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying.", "On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying. He later told his family, \"We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right too.\" On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar.", "On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar. Holding back tears, Stewart said, \"Coop, I'll get this to you right away. And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us.", "And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop. All of us are tremendously proud.\" The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying.", "The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying. In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy. In his last public statement on May 4, Cooper said, \"I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future.\"", "I am not afraid of the future.\" I am not afraid of the future.\" He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich.", "He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich. Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.", "Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton. His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.", "His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry. Acting style and reputation Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics: his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy.", "Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters.\" Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\".", "Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\". This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply \"playing himself\". Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen.", "Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper, \"This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn—namely, to be natural.\" Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ...", "Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life.\" William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\".", "William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\". In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting.", "In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\"", "Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\" Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements.", "Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements. Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks observed, \"He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good.", "He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking.\" Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach.", "Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures.\" Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor.", "Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman concluded, \"The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering—and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\"", "I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\" Tom Hanks declared, \"In only one scene in the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, we see the future of screen acting in the form of Gary Cooper. He is quiet and natural, somehow different from the other cast members. He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\"", "He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\" Daniel Day-Lewis said, \"I don't particularly like westerns as a genre, but I do love certain westerns. 'High Noon' means a lot to me – I love the purity and the honesty, I love Gary Cooper in that film, the idea of the last man standing.\" Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago.", "Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago. I really fell in love with Gary Cooper, and his stuff. That sucked me into the Westerns. Before, I never got engrossed in the story. I'd just dip in, and there were guys in horses in black and white. High Noon's later Gary Cooper, I liked that. But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one.", "But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one. That's my favorite one. I have that poster hung up in my house because I really like that one.\" To Al Pacino, \"Gary Cooper was a phenomenon—his ability to take some thing and elevate it, give it such dignity. One of the great presences.\"", "One of the great presences.\" One of the great presences.\" Mylène Demongeot first got with Gary Cooper for the opening of the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris, on June 7, 1957. She declared in a 2015 filmed interview: \"Gary Cooper ... il est sublime ! Aaahhh (Mylène pushing a cry of love not to say ecstasy) il est sublime ... Ah ! Ah ! Ah !", "Ah ! Ah ! Ah ! Là je dois dire que ça fait partie des stars, y'a Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, ces grands Américains que j'ai rencontrés comme ça, c'est vraiment des mecs incroyables. Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non.", "Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non. Euh non. (Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore).\" Career assessment and legacy Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961. During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role.", "During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films.", "His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958.", "He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958. According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57. He topped the list in 1953. In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise.", "In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise. At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ). In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action.", "In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action. In the rest he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players. Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career. In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian).", "In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian). After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms). During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr.", "During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls). In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon).", "In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West).", "In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.", "The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man. On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry. He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.", "He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana. On May 6, 1961, he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts. On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements. In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.", "In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes.", "Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. \", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time.", "\", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time. More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances. Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\"", "Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\" In the TV series Justified, based on works and characters created by Elmore Leonard, Gary Cooper is used throughout the six seasons as the man whom U.S. Marshall Raylan Givens, played by Timothy Olyphant, aspires to be. When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not?", "When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not? Worked for Gary Cooper.\" Gary Cooper is referenced several times in the critically acclaimed television series The Sopranos, with protagonist Tony Soprano asking \"What ever happened to Gary Cooper? The strong, silent type.\" while complaining about his problems to his therapist.", "while complaining about his problems to his therapist. while complaining about his problems to his therapist. In the 1930s hit song \"Puttin' On the Ritz\", Cooper is referenced in the line \"dress up like a million dollar trooper/Tryin' hard to look like Gary Cooper, Super duper!\" More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper.", "More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper. In J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Cooper is \"spotted\" by Holden Caulfield to distract a woman he is dancing with. Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.", "Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role. The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr.", "The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p.", "Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p. () External links 1901 births 1961 deaths 20th-century American male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients American expatriates in England American male film actors American male silent film actors American male television actors American people of English descent Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners California Republicans Catholics from Montana Conservatism in the United States Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from prostate cancer Grinnell College people Male Western (genre) film actors Male actors from Montana Paramount Pictures contract players People educated at Dunstable Grammar School People from Brentwood, Los Angeles People from Dunstable People from Helena, Montana People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles" ]

[ "Gary Cooper", "Silent films, 1925-28", "what happened in 1925?", "In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures", "what pictures did he do?", "The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones.", "did he win any awards for them?", "Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings, the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture.", "who did he work with?", "In 1928, Paramount paired Cooper with a youthful Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss--advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\".", "what was his greatest achievement?", "Lilac Time with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928." ]

[ "A phantonym is a word that appears to mean one thing, but in fact means another. \n\nThe term was coined by Jack Rosenthal in his 2009 article for the NY Times. An example of phantonym usage noted in the article was when Barack Obama said, \"I just want to make sure that we're having an honest debate and presenting to the American people a fulsome accounting of what is going on in this program,\" where he meant \"full\" instead of \"fulsome\". Phantonyms are usually commonly confused words.\n\nReferences \n\nLexical semantics\nSemantic relations\nTypes of words", "\"Toward a Fair Use Standard\", 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1105 (1990), is a law review article on the fair use doctrine in US copyright law, written by then-District Court Judge Pierre N. Leval. The article argued that the most critical element of the fair use analysis is the transformativeness of a work, the first of the statutory factors listed in the Copyright Act of 1976, . \n\nLeval's article is cited in the Supreme Court's 1994 decision in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., which marked a shift in judicial treatment of fair use toward a transformativeness analysis and away from emphasizing the \"commerciality\" analysis of the fourth factor. Prior to Leval's article, the fourth factor had often been described as the most important of the factors. \n\nIn his article, Leval noted: \nI believe the answer to the question of justification turns primarily on whether, and to what extent, the challenged use is transformative. The use must be productive and must employ the quoted matter in a different manner or for a different purpose from the original. ...[If] the secondary use adds value to the original—if the quoted matter is used as raw material, transformed in the creation of new information, new aesthetics, new insights and understandings—this is the very type of activity that the fair use doctrine intends to protect for the enrichment of society.\n\nTransformative uses may include criticizing the quoted work, exposing the character of the original author, proving a fact, or summarizing an idea argued in the original in order to defend or rebut it. They also may include parody, symbolism, aesthetic declarations, and innumerable other uses.\n\nLeval's article was published with an accompanying article by Lloyd Weinreb \"Fair's Fair: A Comment on the Fair Use Doctrine\", 103 Harvard Law Review 1137 (1990), which generally critiqued Leval's thesis.\n\nFurther reading \n \n \n\n1990 essays\n1990 in law\nFair use\nCopyright law literature\nLegal literature\nWorks originally published in the Harvard Law Review\nUnited States copyright law" ]

[ "Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, silent, and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, as well as receiving an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years.", "He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper at No. 11 on its list of the 25 greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Cooper's career spanned 36 years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in 84 feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood.", "He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres. His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero.", "Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian.", "After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr.", "During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952).", "He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, he played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958). Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).", "Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946). His brother, Arthur, was six years his senior. Cooper's father came from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana.", "His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana. In 1906, Charles purchased the Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch, about north of Helena near Craig, Montana. Cooper and Arthur spent their summers at the ranch and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena. Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire.", "Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. While there, Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, at their home in Houghton Regis. Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912.", "Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912. While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was required to wear. He received his confirmation in the Church of England at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis on December 3, 1911. His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.", "His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena. When Cooper was 15, he injured his hip in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation, he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding. The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled horse-riding style. He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy.", "He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for him to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana, where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics. Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\".", "Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\". Cooper was still attending high school in 1920 when he took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman. His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington. Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.", "Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena. In 1922, to continue his art education, he enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He did well academically in most of his courses, but was not accepted into the school's drama club. His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.", "His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses. Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper.", "Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper. In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request.", "In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request. After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row.", "After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row. They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay \"Slim\" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director. Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10.", "Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10. Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades.", "Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades. Career Silent films, 1925–1928 In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones. He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation.", "He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation. While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt workwhich sometimes injured horses and riders\"tough and cruel\". Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent.", "Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Knowing that other actors were using the name \"Frank Cooper\", Collins suggested he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper immediately liked the name.", "Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926).", "Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926). Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926).", "Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926). As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios. On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week.", "On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week. Cooper's first important film role was a supporting part in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) starring Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky, in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster. Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers.", "Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers. The film was a major success. Critics singled out Cooper as a \"dynamic new personality\" and future star. Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week.", "Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week. In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings (both 1927), the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters.", "That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters. Paramount paired Cooper with Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss (both 1928)—advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\". Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers.", "With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film and receiving a thousand fan letters a week. Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928).", "Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928). Around the same time, Cooper made Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928. Hollywood stardom, 1929–1935 Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first talking picture, The Virginian (1929), which was directed by Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston. Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day.", "Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film.", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film. Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers.", "Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers. Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930).", "Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930). Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930.", "Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930. One of the more important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (also 1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences. During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German.", "Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The actor approached the director, picked him up by the collar, and said, \"If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here.\" Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.", "Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post. After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves.", "After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves. Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert.", "Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert. The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice. He had lost during that period, and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth. In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.", "In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year. During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes.", "During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes.", "After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes. His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness. After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras.", "After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras. Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.", "Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval. In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel.", "In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I.", "Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures.", "Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures. In 1933, after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward play. Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933.", "Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933. All three of the lead actors—March, Cooper, and Hopkins—received attention from this film as they were all at the peak of their careers. Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy.", "Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy. Cooper changed his name legally to \"Gary Cooper\" in August 1933. In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier.", "In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier. Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office. Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple.", "Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl. Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen. The film was a box-office success.", "The film was a box-office success. The film was a box-office success. The following year, Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten, who was being groomed as \"another Garbo\". In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor. Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell.", "Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell. Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.", "Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending. That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes.", "That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.", "While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films. Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him \"the best actor of all of them\". American folk hero, 1936–1943 From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936.", "Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936. After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount—in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest—Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures.", "Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit.", "In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man.", "Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man. Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed: Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes.", "Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes. In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was \"proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood\". For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936.", "Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.", "Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success. In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\".", "The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\". That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years.", "That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years. In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture.", "In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture. Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement.", "Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement. Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $ million in ). In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea.", "In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea. A critical and box-office failure, Cooper referred to it as his \"almost picture\", saying, \"It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good.\" In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo. Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay, the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to that date, losing $700,000. During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles, including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind. Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part.", "Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part. He made several overtures to the actor, but Cooper had doubts about the project, and did not feel suited to the role. Cooper later admitted, \"It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\"", "I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\" Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert. In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife.", "In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder, and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert, American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer. It succeeded only at the European box office market.", "It succeeded only at the European box office market. It succeeded only at the European box office market. In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid. The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper.", "The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper. While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market. In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films.", "In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films. In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes.", "In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes. Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman, Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona. This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.", "This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount. In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals. Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\".", "Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\". From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\".", "From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\". Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script. The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors.", "The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors. That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all-Technicolor feature, Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940). In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion.", "In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion. While not as popular with critics as its predecessor, the film was another box-office success—the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1940. The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor. In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances.", "In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances. When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\"", "When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\" In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country.", "In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country. Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941.", "Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941. In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\".", "In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\". Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, \"Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole—shy, bewildered, non-aggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks.", "That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor.", "The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common.", "Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common. Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\".", "Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\". After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his \"powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty\". York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros.", "York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards. Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, \"It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\"", "Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\" Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck. In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books.", "While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books. The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills. In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\".", "In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\". Though small in scale, Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year—Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty. Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract.", "Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract. In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees, Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games. Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\".", "Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig.", "Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig. After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans.", "After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans. Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing. The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes.", "The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes. The film was one of the year's top ten pictures and received eleven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third). Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War.", "Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War. The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay.", "The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay. After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead—a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway. The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were \"rapturous\" and passionate. Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\".", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\". While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).", "While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth). World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops.", "World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops. In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego, and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen. In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari.", "In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari. Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber, the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane—where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling—New Guinea, Jayapura, and throughout the Solomon Islands. The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops.", "The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops. Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues, and participated in occasional skits. The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech. When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country. Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life.", "Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life. Mature roles, 1944–1952 In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day — his third movie with the director. In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety. Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year.", "Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year. With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson. The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman.", "The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman. The film received poor reviews, with the New York Daily News calling it \"delightful nonsense\", and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's \"somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning\". The film was barely profitable.", "The film was barely profitable. The film was barely profitable. In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International. In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image, Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer. Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal.", "Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal. It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946. Cooper's career during the post-war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing. While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings.", "While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings. In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's nineteenth-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune-hunter. Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies.", "Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies. Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program.", "Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program. Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character.", "Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character. The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure. In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century.", "In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century. The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\".", "The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\". This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $ today) in salary and percentage of profits. Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.", "Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years. In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam, Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $ today) per picture. His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey.", "His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards. Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism.", "Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism. For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark. In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was \"Mr. Deeds out of his element\".", "Deeds out of his element\". Deeds out of his element\". Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers. Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period.", "Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period. In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).", "In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951). Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists.", "Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists. In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone.", "Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone. During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers. His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance.", "His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance. Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter.", "Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter. Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was \"at the top of his form\", and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective. The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide.", "The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide. Following the example of his friend James Stewart, Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits, and ended up making $600,000. Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor. Later films, 1953–1961 After appearing in André de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952)—a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor—Cooper made four films outside the United States. In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor.", "In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor. Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico.", "Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair. In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband.", "In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband. That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866. All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office.", "All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office. For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and percent of the gross. During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well.", "As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well. During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.", "During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing. In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters.", "In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters. Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality.", "Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality. In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire. Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty. For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor.", "For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide. In 1956, Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier. In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman.", "In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman. Despite receiving some positive reviews—including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film's \"charming performances\"—most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part. While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success.", "While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success. The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick. In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate.", "In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate. While Cooper brought \"conviction and controlled anguish\" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a \"hapless film\". Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films.", "Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films. In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members.", "In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members. The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism.", "The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\".", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\". Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film.", "Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film. After his Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption. In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past.", "In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past. Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman.", "Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman. In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916. While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.", "While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part. In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name. Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding. Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes.", "Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\".", "Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\". Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons.", "Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons. Called \"Rocky\" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools. Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields. Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933.", "Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933. According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life. Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting. She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society.", "She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society. Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36), Brentwood (1936–53), and Holmby Hills (1954–61), and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado (1949–53). Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937.", "Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses. Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them. Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing.", "Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing. As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe. Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home. For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter.", "For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter. Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953, and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954. Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce.", "Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce. Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor. In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur.", "In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur. In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life. During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931.", "During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931. During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, while staying at her Villa Madama near Rome. After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls.", "After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943. In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star.", "In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star. At first they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her. Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce.", "Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce. Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child. Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951. During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal.", "During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal. Cooper biographers have explored his friendship in the late twenties with the actor Anderson Lawler, with whom Cooper shared a house on and off for a year, while at the same time seeing Clara Bow, Evelyn Brent and Lupe Vélez. Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne.", "Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne. Vélez' biographer Michelle Vogel has reported that Vélez consented to Cooper's sexual behavior with Lawler, but only as long as she, too, could participate. In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\".", "In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\". A year after his death in 1961, Irene committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, after telling Doris Day of her grief over Cooper's death. Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940.", "Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940. The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley.", "The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling—Cooper kept a copy of the poem \"If—\" in his dressing room—and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure. As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it.", "As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true.\" They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.", "They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years. Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, James Stewart, Barbara Stanwyck, and Robert Taylor. As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving.", "As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving. He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.", "Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg. Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities. Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional \"yup\" and \"shucks\". He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\"", "He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\" According to his friends, Cooper could also be an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art. He was modest and unpretentious, frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments. His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor.", "His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor. Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status—never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady. His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\"", "His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\" Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940.", "Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas.", "When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas. In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\"", "In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\" He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters.", "He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters. Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism.", "Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism. The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry.", "The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry. On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood.", "On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood. Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\".", "Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\". Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony.", "Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony. In 1951, while making High Noon, Cooper became friends with the film's screenwriter, Carl Foreman, who had been a member of the Communist Party. When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman.", "When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman. When John Wayne and others threatened Cooper with blacklisting himself and the loss of his passport if he did not walk off the film, Cooper gave a statement to the press in support of Foreman, calling him \"the finest kind of American\". When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored.", "When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored. Foreman later said that, of all his friends and allies and colleagues in Hollywood, \"Cooper was the only big one who tried to help. The only one.\" Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed.", "Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed. Foreman always sent future scripts to Cooper for first refusal, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Key and The Guns of Navarone. Cooper had to turn them down because of his age. Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States.", "Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States. While he was not an observant Christian for most of his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side. On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII.", "On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII. Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation. In the coming years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior, and started discussing Catholicism with his family. He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance.", "He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance. After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon.", "Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon. He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine. After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge.", "After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge. In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West, which was part of the company's Project 20 series. On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable. His family decided not to tell him immediately.", "His family decided not to tell him immediately. His family decided not to tell him immediately. On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner that was given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin at the Friars Club. The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\"", "The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\" In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together. Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time. On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying.", "On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying. He later told his family, \"We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right too.\" On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar.", "On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar. Holding back tears, Stewart said, \"Coop, I'll get this to you right away. And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us.", "And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop. All of us are tremendously proud.\" The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying.", "The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying. In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy. In his last public statement on May 4, Cooper said, \"I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future.\"", "I am not afraid of the future.\" I am not afraid of the future.\" He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich.", "He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich. Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.", "Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton. His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.", "His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry. Acting style and reputation Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics: his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy.", "Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters.\" Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\".", "Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\". This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply \"playing himself\". Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen.", "Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper, \"This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn—namely, to be natural.\" Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ...", "Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life.\" William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\".", "William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\". In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting.", "In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\"", "Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\" Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements.", "Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements. Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks observed, \"He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good.", "He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking.\" Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach.", "Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures.\" Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor.", "Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman concluded, \"The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering—and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\"", "I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\" Tom Hanks declared, \"In only one scene in the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, we see the future of screen acting in the form of Gary Cooper. He is quiet and natural, somehow different from the other cast members. He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\"", "He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\" Daniel Day-Lewis said, \"I don't particularly like westerns as a genre, but I do love certain westerns. 'High Noon' means a lot to me – I love the purity and the honesty, I love Gary Cooper in that film, the idea of the last man standing.\" Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago.", "Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago. I really fell in love with Gary Cooper, and his stuff. That sucked me into the Westerns. Before, I never got engrossed in the story. I'd just dip in, and there were guys in horses in black and white. High Noon's later Gary Cooper, I liked that. But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one.", "But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one. That's my favorite one. I have that poster hung up in my house because I really like that one.\" To Al Pacino, \"Gary Cooper was a phenomenon—his ability to take some thing and elevate it, give it such dignity. One of the great presences.\"", "One of the great presences.\" One of the great presences.\" Mylène Demongeot first got with Gary Cooper for the opening of the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris, on June 7, 1957. She declared in a 2015 filmed interview: \"Gary Cooper ... il est sublime ! Aaahhh (Mylène pushing a cry of love not to say ecstasy) il est sublime ... Ah ! Ah ! Ah !", "Ah ! Ah ! Ah ! Là je dois dire que ça fait partie des stars, y'a Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, ces grands Américains que j'ai rencontrés comme ça, c'est vraiment des mecs incroyables. Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non.", "Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non. Euh non. (Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore).\" Career assessment and legacy Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961. During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role.", "During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films.", "His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958.", "He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958. According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57. He topped the list in 1953. In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise.", "In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise. At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ). In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action.", "In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action. In the rest he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players. Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career. In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian).", "In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian). After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms). During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr.", "During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls). In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon).", "In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West).", "In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.", "The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man. On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry. He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.", "He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana. On May 6, 1961, he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts. On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements. In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.", "In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes.", "Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. \", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time.", "\", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time. More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances. Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\"", "Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\" In the TV series Justified, based on works and characters created by Elmore Leonard, Gary Cooper is used throughout the six seasons as the man whom U.S. Marshall Raylan Givens, played by Timothy Olyphant, aspires to be. When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not?", "When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not? Worked for Gary Cooper.\" Gary Cooper is referenced several times in the critically acclaimed television series The Sopranos, with protagonist Tony Soprano asking \"What ever happened to Gary Cooper? The strong, silent type.\" while complaining about his problems to his therapist.", "while complaining about his problems to his therapist. while complaining about his problems to his therapist. In the 1930s hit song \"Puttin' On the Ritz\", Cooper is referenced in the line \"dress up like a million dollar trooper/Tryin' hard to look like Gary Cooper, Super duper!\" More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper.", "More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper. In J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Cooper is \"spotted\" by Holden Caulfield to distract a woman he is dancing with. Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.", "Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role. The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr.", "The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p.", "Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p. () External links 1901 births 1961 deaths 20th-century American male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients American expatriates in England American male film actors American male silent film actors American male television actors American people of English descent Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners California Republicans Catholics from Montana Conservatism in the United States Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from prostate cancer Grinnell College people Male Western (genre) film actors Male actors from Montana Paramount Pictures contract players People educated at Dunstable Grammar School People from Brentwood, Los Angeles People from Dunstable People from Helena, Montana People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles" ]

[ "Gary Cooper", "Silent films, 1925-28", "what happened in 1925?", "In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures", "what pictures did he do?", "The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones.", "did he win any awards for them?", "Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings, the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture.", "who did he work with?", "In 1928, Paramount paired Cooper with a youthful Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss--advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\".", "what was his greatest achievement?", "Lilac Time with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "what is an important fact in this article?", "he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, silent, and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, as well as receiving an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years.", "He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper at No. 11 on its list of the 25 greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Cooper's career spanned 36 years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in 84 feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood.", "He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres. His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero.", "Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian.", "After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr.", "During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952).", "He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, he played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958). Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).", "Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946). His brother, Arthur, was six years his senior. Cooper's father came from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana.", "His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana. In 1906, Charles purchased the Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch, about north of Helena near Craig, Montana. Cooper and Arthur spent their summers at the ranch and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena. Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire.", "Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. While there, Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, at their home in Houghton Regis. Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912.", "Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912. While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was required to wear. He received his confirmation in the Church of England at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis on December 3, 1911. His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.", "His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena. When Cooper was 15, he injured his hip in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation, he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding. The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled horse-riding style. He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy.", "He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for him to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana, where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics. Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\".", "Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\". Cooper was still attending high school in 1920 when he took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman. His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington. Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.", "Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena. In 1922, to continue his art education, he enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He did well academically in most of his courses, but was not accepted into the school's drama club. His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.", "His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses. Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper.", "Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper. In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request.", "In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request. After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row.", "After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row. They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay \"Slim\" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director. Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10.", "Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10. Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades.", "Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades. Career Silent films, 1925–1928 In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones. He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation.", "He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation. While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt workwhich sometimes injured horses and riders\"tough and cruel\". Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent.", "Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Knowing that other actors were using the name \"Frank Cooper\", Collins suggested he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper immediately liked the name.", "Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926).", "Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926). Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926).", "Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926). As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios. On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week.", "On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week. Cooper's first important film role was a supporting part in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) starring Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky, in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster. Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers.", "Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers. The film was a major success. Critics singled out Cooper as a \"dynamic new personality\" and future star. Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week.", "Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week. In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings (both 1927), the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters.", "That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters. Paramount paired Cooper with Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss (both 1928)—advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\". Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers.", "With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film and receiving a thousand fan letters a week. Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928).", "Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928). Around the same time, Cooper made Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928. Hollywood stardom, 1929–1935 Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first talking picture, The Virginian (1929), which was directed by Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston. Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day.", "Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film.", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film. Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers.", "Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers. Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930).", "Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930). Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930.", "Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930. One of the more important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (also 1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences. During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German.", "Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The actor approached the director, picked him up by the collar, and said, \"If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here.\" Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.", "Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post. After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves.", "After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves. Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert.", "Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert. The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice. He had lost during that period, and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth. In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.", "In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year. During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes.", "During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes.", "After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes. His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness. After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras.", "After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras. Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.", "Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval. In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel.", "In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I.", "Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures.", "Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures. In 1933, after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward play. Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933.", "Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933. All three of the lead actors—March, Cooper, and Hopkins—received attention from this film as they were all at the peak of their careers. Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy.", "Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy. Cooper changed his name legally to \"Gary Cooper\" in August 1933. In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier.", "In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier. Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office. Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple.", "Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl. Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen. The film was a box-office success.", "The film was a box-office success. The film was a box-office success. The following year, Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten, who was being groomed as \"another Garbo\". In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor. Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell.", "Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell. Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.", "Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending. That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes.", "That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.", "While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films. Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him \"the best actor of all of them\". American folk hero, 1936–1943 From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936.", "Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936. After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount—in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest—Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures.", "Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit.", "In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man.", "Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man. Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed: Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes.", "Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes. In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was \"proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood\". For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936.", "Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.", "Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success. In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\".", "The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\". That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years.", "That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years. In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture.", "In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture. Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement.", "Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement. Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $ million in ). In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea.", "In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea. A critical and box-office failure, Cooper referred to it as his \"almost picture\", saying, \"It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good.\" In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo. Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay, the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to that date, losing $700,000. During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles, including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind. Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part.", "Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part. He made several overtures to the actor, but Cooper had doubts about the project, and did not feel suited to the role. Cooper later admitted, \"It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\"", "I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\" Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert. In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife.", "In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder, and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert, American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer. It succeeded only at the European box office market.", "It succeeded only at the European box office market. It succeeded only at the European box office market. In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid. The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper.", "The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper. While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market. In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films.", "In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films. In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes.", "In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes. Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman, Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona. This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.", "This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount. In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals. Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\".", "Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\". From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\".", "From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\". Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script. The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors.", "The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors. That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all-Technicolor feature, Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940). In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion.", "In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion. While not as popular with critics as its predecessor, the film was another box-office success—the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1940. The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor. In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances.", "In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances. When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\"", "When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\" In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country.", "In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country. Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941.", "Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941. In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\".", "In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\". Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, \"Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole—shy, bewildered, non-aggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks.", "That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor.", "The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common.", "Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common. Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\".", "Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\". After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his \"powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty\". York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros.", "York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards. Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, \"It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\"", "Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\" Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck. In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books.", "While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books. The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills. In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\".", "In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\". Though small in scale, Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year—Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty. Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract.", "Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract. In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees, Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games. Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\".", "Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig.", "Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig. After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans.", "After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans. Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing. The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes.", "The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes. The film was one of the year's top ten pictures and received eleven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third). Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War.", "Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War. The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay.", "The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay. After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead—a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway. The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were \"rapturous\" and passionate. Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\".", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\". While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).", "While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth). World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops.", "World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops. In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego, and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen. In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari.", "In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari. Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber, the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane—where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling—New Guinea, Jayapura, and throughout the Solomon Islands. The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops.", "The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops. Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues, and participated in occasional skits. The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech. When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country. Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life.", "Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life. Mature roles, 1944–1952 In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day — his third movie with the director. In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety. Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year.", "Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year. With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson. The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman.", "The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman. The film received poor reviews, with the New York Daily News calling it \"delightful nonsense\", and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's \"somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning\". The film was barely profitable.", "The film was barely profitable. The film was barely profitable. In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International. In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image, Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer. Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal.", "Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal. It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946. Cooper's career during the post-war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing. While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings.", "While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings. In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's nineteenth-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune-hunter. Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies.", "Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies. Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program.", "Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program. Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character.", "Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character. The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure. In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century.", "In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century. The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\".", "The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\". This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $ today) in salary and percentage of profits. Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.", "Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years. In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam, Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $ today) per picture. His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey.", "His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards. Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism.", "Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism. For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark. In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was \"Mr. Deeds out of his element\".", "Deeds out of his element\". Deeds out of his element\". Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers. Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period.", "Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period. In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).", "In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951). Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists.", "Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists. In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone.", "Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone. During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers. His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance.", "His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance. Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter.", "Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter. Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was \"at the top of his form\", and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective. The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide.", "The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide. Following the example of his friend James Stewart, Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits, and ended up making $600,000. Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor. Later films, 1953–1961 After appearing in André de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952)—a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor—Cooper made four films outside the United States. In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor.", "In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor. Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico.", "Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair. In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband.", "In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband. That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866. All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office.", "All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office. For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and percent of the gross. During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well.", "As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well. During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.", "During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing. In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters.", "In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters. Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality.", "Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality. In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire. Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty. For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor.", "For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide. In 1956, Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier. In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman.", "In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman. Despite receiving some positive reviews—including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film's \"charming performances\"—most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part. While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success.", "While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success. The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick. In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate.", "In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate. While Cooper brought \"conviction and controlled anguish\" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a \"hapless film\". Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films.", "Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films. In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members.", "In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members. The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism.", "The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\".", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\". Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film.", "Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film. After his Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption. In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past.", "In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past. Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman.", "Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman. In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916. While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.", "While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part. In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name. Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding. Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes.", "Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\".", "Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\". Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons.", "Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons. Called \"Rocky\" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools. Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields. Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933.", "Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933. According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life. Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting. She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society.", "She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society. Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36), Brentwood (1936–53), and Holmby Hills (1954–61), and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado (1949–53). Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937.", "Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses. Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them. Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing.", "Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing. As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe. Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home. For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter.", "For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter. Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953, and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954. Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce.", "Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce. Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor. In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur.", "In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur. In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life. During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931.", "During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931. During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, while staying at her Villa Madama near Rome. After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls.", "After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943. In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star.", "In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star. At first they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her. Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce.", "Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce. Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child. Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951. During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal.", "During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal. Cooper biographers have explored his friendship in the late twenties with the actor Anderson Lawler, with whom Cooper shared a house on and off for a year, while at the same time seeing Clara Bow, Evelyn Brent and Lupe Vélez. Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne.", "Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne. Vélez' biographer Michelle Vogel has reported that Vélez consented to Cooper's sexual behavior with Lawler, but only as long as she, too, could participate. In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\".", "In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\". A year after his death in 1961, Irene committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, after telling Doris Day of her grief over Cooper's death. Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940.", "Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940. The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley.", "The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling—Cooper kept a copy of the poem \"If—\" in his dressing room—and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure. As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it.", "As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true.\" They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.", "They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years. Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, James Stewart, Barbara Stanwyck, and Robert Taylor. As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving.", "As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving. He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.", "Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg. Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities. Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional \"yup\" and \"shucks\". He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\"", "He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\" According to his friends, Cooper could also be an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art. He was modest and unpretentious, frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments. His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor.", "His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor. Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status—never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady. His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\"", "His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\" Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940.", "Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas.", "When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas. In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\"", "In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\" He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters.", "He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters. Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism.", "Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism. The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry.", "The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry. On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood.", "On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood. Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\".", "Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\". Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony.", "Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony. In 1951, while making High Noon, Cooper became friends with the film's screenwriter, Carl Foreman, who had been a member of the Communist Party. When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman.", "When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman. When John Wayne and others threatened Cooper with blacklisting himself and the loss of his passport if he did not walk off the film, Cooper gave a statement to the press in support of Foreman, calling him \"the finest kind of American\". When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored.", "When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored. Foreman later said that, of all his friends and allies and colleagues in Hollywood, \"Cooper was the only big one who tried to help. The only one.\" Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed.", "Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed. Foreman always sent future scripts to Cooper for first refusal, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Key and The Guns of Navarone. Cooper had to turn them down because of his age. Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States.", "Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States. While he was not an observant Christian for most of his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side. On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII.", "On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII. Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation. In the coming years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior, and started discussing Catholicism with his family. He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance.", "He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance. After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon.", "Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon. He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine. After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge.", "After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge. In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West, which was part of the company's Project 20 series. On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable. His family decided not to tell him immediately.", "His family decided not to tell him immediately. His family decided not to tell him immediately. On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner that was given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin at the Friars Club. The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\"", "The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\" In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together. Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time. On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying.", "On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying. He later told his family, \"We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right too.\" On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar.", "On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar. Holding back tears, Stewart said, \"Coop, I'll get this to you right away. And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us.", "And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop. All of us are tremendously proud.\" The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying.", "The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying. In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy. In his last public statement on May 4, Cooper said, \"I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future.\"", "I am not afraid of the future.\" I am not afraid of the future.\" He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich.", "He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich. Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.", "Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton. His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.", "His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry. Acting style and reputation Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics: his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy.", "Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters.\" Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\".", "Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\". This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply \"playing himself\". Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen.", "Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper, \"This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn—namely, to be natural.\" Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ...", "Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life.\" William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\".", "William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\". In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting.", "In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\"", "Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\" Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements.", "Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements. Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks observed, \"He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good.", "He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking.\" Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach.", "Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures.\" Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor.", "Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman concluded, \"The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering—and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\"", "I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\" Tom Hanks declared, \"In only one scene in the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, we see the future of screen acting in the form of Gary Cooper. He is quiet and natural, somehow different from the other cast members. He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\"", "He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\" Daniel Day-Lewis said, \"I don't particularly like westerns as a genre, but I do love certain westerns. 'High Noon' means a lot to me – I love the purity and the honesty, I love Gary Cooper in that film, the idea of the last man standing.\" Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago.", "Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago. I really fell in love with Gary Cooper, and his stuff. That sucked me into the Westerns. Before, I never got engrossed in the story. I'd just dip in, and there were guys in horses in black and white. High Noon's later Gary Cooper, I liked that. But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one.", "But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one. That's my favorite one. I have that poster hung up in my house because I really like that one.\" To Al Pacino, \"Gary Cooper was a phenomenon—his ability to take some thing and elevate it, give it such dignity. One of the great presences.\"", "One of the great presences.\" One of the great presences.\" Mylène Demongeot first got with Gary Cooper for the opening of the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris, on June 7, 1957. She declared in a 2015 filmed interview: \"Gary Cooper ... il est sublime ! Aaahhh (Mylène pushing a cry of love not to say ecstasy) il est sublime ... Ah ! Ah ! Ah !", "Ah ! Ah ! Ah ! Là je dois dire que ça fait partie des stars, y'a Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, ces grands Américains que j'ai rencontrés comme ça, c'est vraiment des mecs incroyables. Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non.", "Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non. Euh non. (Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore).\" Career assessment and legacy Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961. During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role.", "During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films.", "His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958.", "He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958. According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57. He topped the list in 1953. In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise.", "In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise. At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ). In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action.", "In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action. In the rest he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players. Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career. In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian).", "In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian). After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms). During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr.", "During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls). In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon).", "In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West).", "In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.", "The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man. On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry. He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.", "He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana. On May 6, 1961, he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts. On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements. In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.", "In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes.", "Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. \", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time.", "\", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time. More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances. Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\"", "Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\" In the TV series Justified, based on works and characters created by Elmore Leonard, Gary Cooper is used throughout the six seasons as the man whom U.S. Marshall Raylan Givens, played by Timothy Olyphant, aspires to be. When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not?", "When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not? Worked for Gary Cooper.\" Gary Cooper is referenced several times in the critically acclaimed television series The Sopranos, with protagonist Tony Soprano asking \"What ever happened to Gary Cooper? The strong, silent type.\" while complaining about his problems to his therapist.", "while complaining about his problems to his therapist. while complaining about his problems to his therapist. In the 1930s hit song \"Puttin' On the Ritz\", Cooper is referenced in the line \"dress up like a million dollar trooper/Tryin' hard to look like Gary Cooper, Super duper!\" More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper.", "More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper. In J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Cooper is \"spotted\" by Holden Caulfield to distract a woman he is dancing with. Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.", "Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role. The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr.", "The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p.", "Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p. () External links 1901 births 1961 deaths 20th-century American male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients American expatriates in England American male film actors American male silent film actors American male television actors American people of English descent Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners California Republicans Catholics from Montana Conservatism in the United States Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from prostate cancer Grinnell College people Male Western (genre) film actors Male actors from Montana Paramount Pictures contract players People educated at Dunstable Grammar School People from Brentwood, Los Angeles People from Dunstable People from Helena, Montana People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles" ]

[ "Gary Cooper", "Silent films, 1925-28", "what happened in 1925?", "In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures", "what pictures did he do?", "The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones.", "did he win any awards for them?", "Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings, the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture.", "who did he work with?", "In 1928, Paramount paired Cooper with a youthful Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss--advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\".", "what was his greatest achievement?", "Lilac Time with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "what is an important fact in this article?", "he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns," ]

[ "Mbekezeli Mabuza (born 6 January 1985) is a Zimbabwean cricketer.\n\nMabuza has played domestic cricket in Zimbabwe for the Bulawayo-based Matabeleland, Westerns and Matabeleland Tuskers, and has also represented Zimbabwe A. Mabuza made his First class debut for Matabeleland on 19 March 2004 in a Logan Cup match against Manicaland. He played his first List A match for Matabeleland on 9 November 2004 against Mashonaland, and his first Twenty20 match on 19 March 2008 for Westerns against Easterns.\n\nIn April 2009, Mabuza scored his maiden First class century for Westerns in a Logan Cup defeat against Easterns. In May 2009, he took a match-winning 5-wicket haul for Westerns in the final of Zimbabwe's domestic Twenty20 competition against Northerns.\n\nMabuza and fellow Westerns player Simba Kusano were involved in a car crash in August 2009. Mabuza suffered a back injury, while Kusano suffered a broken leg and did not play any further top level cricket.\n\nIn October 2010, Mabuza starred with both bat and ball in a MetBank Pro40 Championship victory for the Tuskers against the Southern Rocks. He scored an unbeaten 46, sharing a century partnership with English wicket-keeper Adam Wheater, before bowling the final over to deny the Southern Rocks victory.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nZimbabwean cricketers\nMatabeleland cricketers\nSportspeople from Bulawayo", "Thomas O'Driscoll Hunter (December 19, 1932 – December 27, 2017) was an American actor known for work in Spaghetti Westerns and as a Hollywood screenwriter. He was also the founder of the New England Repertory Company.\n\nBiography\nBorn in Savannah, Georgia, Hunter served in the United States Marine Corps and graduated from the University of Virginia. He studied acting with Sanford Meisner and Uta Hagen.\n\nHe entered film in a small role in Blake Edwards' What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966). After completing the film, a chance meeting with Dino De Laurentiis led him to be invited to star as the lead in The Hills Run Red leading him to a career in European cinema with guest appearances in American television series. His dissatisfaction with European cinema led him to found the New England Repertory Company.\n\nHunter published two books. The novel Softly Walks the Beast is an end-of-the-world story that takes place in the not-too-distant future and centers on a dwindling community of smart and resourceful people on a college campus, struggling against the horrible and seemingly unstoppable after-effects of a nuclear war. \"Softly Walks the Beast\" was first published in 1982 and a second edition was published in 2014.\n\nIn 2015, Hunter published Memoirs of a Spaghetti Cowboy: Tales of Oddball Luck and Derring-Do, which chronicles his adventures starring in numerous Spaghetti Westerns and other foreign productions while living in Rome.\n\nFilmography\n\nScreenwriter\n The 'Human' Factor (1975)\n The Final Countdown (1980)\n\nActor\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1932 births\n2017 deaths\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male television actors\nUnited States Marines\nMale Spaghetti Western actors\nActors from Savannah, Georgia\nWriters from Savannah, Georgia\nMilitary personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)" ]

[ "Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, silent, and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, as well as receiving an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years.", "He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper at No. 11 on its list of the 25 greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Cooper's career spanned 36 years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in 84 feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood.", "He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres. His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero.", "Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian.", "After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr.", "During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952).", "He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, he played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958). Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).", "Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946). His brother, Arthur, was six years his senior. Cooper's father came from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana.", "His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana. In 1906, Charles purchased the Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch, about north of Helena near Craig, Montana. Cooper and Arthur spent their summers at the ranch and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena. Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire.", "Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. While there, Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, at their home in Houghton Regis. Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912.", "Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912. While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was required to wear. He received his confirmation in the Church of England at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis on December 3, 1911. His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.", "His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena. When Cooper was 15, he injured his hip in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation, he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding. The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled horse-riding style. He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy.", "He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for him to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana, where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics. Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\".", "Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\". Cooper was still attending high school in 1920 when he took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman. His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington. Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.", "Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena. In 1922, to continue his art education, he enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He did well academically in most of his courses, but was not accepted into the school's drama club. His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.", "His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses. Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper.", "Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper. In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request.", "In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request. After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row.", "After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row. They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay \"Slim\" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director. Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10.", "Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10. Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades.", "Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades. Career Silent films, 1925–1928 In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones. He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation.", "He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation. While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt workwhich sometimes injured horses and riders\"tough and cruel\". Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent.", "Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Knowing that other actors were using the name \"Frank Cooper\", Collins suggested he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper immediately liked the name.", "Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926).", "Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926). Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926).", "Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926). As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios. On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week.", "On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week. Cooper's first important film role was a supporting part in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) starring Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky, in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster. Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers.", "Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers. The film was a major success. Critics singled out Cooper as a \"dynamic new personality\" and future star. Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week.", "Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week. In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings (both 1927), the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters.", "That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters. Paramount paired Cooper with Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss (both 1928)—advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\". Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers.", "With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film and receiving a thousand fan letters a week. Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928).", "Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928). Around the same time, Cooper made Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928. Hollywood stardom, 1929–1935 Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first talking picture, The Virginian (1929), which was directed by Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston. Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day.", "Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film.", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film. Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers.", "Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers. Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930).", "Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930). Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930.", "Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930. One of the more important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (also 1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences. During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German.", "Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The actor approached the director, picked him up by the collar, and said, \"If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here.\" Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.", "Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post. After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves.", "After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves. Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert.", "Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert. The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice. He had lost during that period, and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth. In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.", "In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year. During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes.", "During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes.", "After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes. His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness. After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras.", "After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras. Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.", "Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval. In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel.", "In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I.", "Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures.", "Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures. In 1933, after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward play. Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933.", "Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933. All three of the lead actors—March, Cooper, and Hopkins—received attention from this film as they were all at the peak of their careers. Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy.", "Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy. Cooper changed his name legally to \"Gary Cooper\" in August 1933. In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier.", "In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier. Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office. Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple.", "Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl. Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen. The film was a box-office success.", "The film was a box-office success. The film was a box-office success. The following year, Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten, who was being groomed as \"another Garbo\". In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor. Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell.", "Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell. Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.", "Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending. That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes.", "That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.", "While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films. Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him \"the best actor of all of them\". American folk hero, 1936–1943 From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936.", "Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936. After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount—in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest—Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures.", "Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit.", "In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man.", "Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man. Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed: Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes.", "Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes. In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was \"proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood\". For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936.", "Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.", "Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success. In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\".", "The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\". That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years.", "That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years. In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture.", "In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture. Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement.", "Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement. Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $ million in ). In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea.", "In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea. A critical and box-office failure, Cooper referred to it as his \"almost picture\", saying, \"It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good.\" In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo. Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay, the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to that date, losing $700,000. During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles, including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind. Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part.", "Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part. He made several overtures to the actor, but Cooper had doubts about the project, and did not feel suited to the role. Cooper later admitted, \"It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\"", "I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\" Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert. In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife.", "In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder, and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert, American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer. It succeeded only at the European box office market.", "It succeeded only at the European box office market. It succeeded only at the European box office market. In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid. The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper.", "The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper. While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market. In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films.", "In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films. In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes.", "In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes. Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman, Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona. This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.", "This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount. In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals. Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\".", "Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\". From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\".", "From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\". Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script. The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors.", "The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors. That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all-Technicolor feature, Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940). In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion.", "In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion. While not as popular with critics as its predecessor, the film was another box-office success—the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1940. The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor. In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances.", "In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances. When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\"", "When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\" In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country.", "In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country. Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941.", "Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941. In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\".", "In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\". Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, \"Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole—shy, bewildered, non-aggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks.", "That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor.", "The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common.", "Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common. Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\".", "Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\". After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his \"powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty\". York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros.", "York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards. Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, \"It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\"", "Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\" Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck. In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books.", "While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books. The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills. In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\".", "In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\". Though small in scale, Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year—Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty. Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract.", "Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract. In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees, Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games. Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\".", "Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig.", "Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig. After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans.", "After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans. Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing. The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes.", "The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes. The film was one of the year's top ten pictures and received eleven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third). Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War.", "Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War. The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay.", "The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay. After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead—a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway. The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were \"rapturous\" and passionate. Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\".", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\". While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).", "While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth). World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops.", "World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops. In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego, and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen. In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari.", "In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari. Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber, the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane—where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling—New Guinea, Jayapura, and throughout the Solomon Islands. The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops.", "The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops. Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues, and participated in occasional skits. The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech. When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country. Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life.", "Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life. Mature roles, 1944–1952 In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day — his third movie with the director. In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety. Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year.", "Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year. With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson. The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman.", "The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman. The film received poor reviews, with the New York Daily News calling it \"delightful nonsense\", and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's \"somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning\". The film was barely profitable.", "The film was barely profitable. The film was barely profitable. In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International. In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image, Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer. Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal.", "Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal. It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946. Cooper's career during the post-war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing. While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings.", "While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings. In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's nineteenth-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune-hunter. Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies.", "Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies. Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program.", "Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program. Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character.", "Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character. The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure. In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century.", "In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century. The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\".", "The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\". This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $ today) in salary and percentage of profits. Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.", "Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years. In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam, Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $ today) per picture. His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey.", "His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards. Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism.", "Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism. For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark. In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was \"Mr. Deeds out of his element\".", "Deeds out of his element\". Deeds out of his element\". Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers. Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period.", "Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period. In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).", "In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951). Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists.", "Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists. In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone.", "Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone. During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers. His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance.", "His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance. Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter.", "Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter. Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was \"at the top of his form\", and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective. The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide.", "The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide. Following the example of his friend James Stewart, Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits, and ended up making $600,000. Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor. Later films, 1953–1961 After appearing in André de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952)—a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor—Cooper made four films outside the United States. In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor.", "In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor. Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico.", "Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair. In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband.", "In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband. That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866. All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office.", "All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office. For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and percent of the gross. During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well.", "As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well. During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.", "During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing. In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters.", "In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters. Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality.", "Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality. In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire. Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty. For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor.", "For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide. In 1956, Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier. In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman.", "In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman. Despite receiving some positive reviews—including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film's \"charming performances\"—most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part. While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success.", "While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success. The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick. In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate.", "In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate. While Cooper brought \"conviction and controlled anguish\" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a \"hapless film\". Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films.", "Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films. In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members.", "In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members. The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism.", "The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\".", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\". Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film.", "Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film. After his Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption. In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past.", "In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past. Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman.", "Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman. In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916. While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.", "While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part. In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name. Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding. Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes.", "Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\".", "Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\". Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons.", "Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons. Called \"Rocky\" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools. Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields. Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933.", "Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933. According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life. Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting. She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society.", "She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society. Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36), Brentwood (1936–53), and Holmby Hills (1954–61), and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado (1949–53). Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937.", "Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses. Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them. Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing.", "Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing. As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe. Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home. For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter.", "For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter. Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953, and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954. Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce.", "Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce. Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor. In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur.", "In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur. In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life. During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931.", "During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931. During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, while staying at her Villa Madama near Rome. After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls.", "After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943. In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star.", "In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star. At first they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her. Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce.", "Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce. Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child. Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951. During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal.", "During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal. Cooper biographers have explored his friendship in the late twenties with the actor Anderson Lawler, with whom Cooper shared a house on and off for a year, while at the same time seeing Clara Bow, Evelyn Brent and Lupe Vélez. Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne.", "Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne. Vélez' biographer Michelle Vogel has reported that Vélez consented to Cooper's sexual behavior with Lawler, but only as long as she, too, could participate. In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\".", "In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\". A year after his death in 1961, Irene committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, after telling Doris Day of her grief over Cooper's death. Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940.", "Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940. The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley.", "The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling—Cooper kept a copy of the poem \"If—\" in his dressing room—and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure. As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it.", "As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true.\" They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.", "They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years. Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, James Stewart, Barbara Stanwyck, and Robert Taylor. As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving.", "As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving. He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.", "Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg. Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities. Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional \"yup\" and \"shucks\". He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\"", "He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\" According to his friends, Cooper could also be an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art. He was modest and unpretentious, frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments. His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor.", "His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor. Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status—never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady. His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\"", "His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\" Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940.", "Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas.", "When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas. In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\"", "In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\" He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters.", "He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters. Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism.", "Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism. The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry.", "The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry. On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood.", "On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood. Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\".", "Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\". Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony.", "Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony. In 1951, while making High Noon, Cooper became friends with the film's screenwriter, Carl Foreman, who had been a member of the Communist Party. When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman.", "When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman. When John Wayne and others threatened Cooper with blacklisting himself and the loss of his passport if he did not walk off the film, Cooper gave a statement to the press in support of Foreman, calling him \"the finest kind of American\". When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored.", "When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored. Foreman later said that, of all his friends and allies and colleagues in Hollywood, \"Cooper was the only big one who tried to help. The only one.\" Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed.", "Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed. Foreman always sent future scripts to Cooper for first refusal, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Key and The Guns of Navarone. Cooper had to turn them down because of his age. Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States.", "Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States. While he was not an observant Christian for most of his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side. On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII.", "On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII. Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation. In the coming years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior, and started discussing Catholicism with his family. He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance.", "He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance. After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon.", "Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon. He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine. After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge.", "After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge. In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West, which was part of the company's Project 20 series. On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable. His family decided not to tell him immediately.", "His family decided not to tell him immediately. His family decided not to tell him immediately. On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner that was given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin at the Friars Club. The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\"", "The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\" In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together. Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time. On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying.", "On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying. He later told his family, \"We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right too.\" On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar.", "On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar. Holding back tears, Stewart said, \"Coop, I'll get this to you right away. And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us.", "And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop. All of us are tremendously proud.\" The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying.", "The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying. In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy. In his last public statement on May 4, Cooper said, \"I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future.\"", "I am not afraid of the future.\" I am not afraid of the future.\" He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich.", "He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich. Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.", "Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton. His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.", "His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry. Acting style and reputation Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics: his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy.", "Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters.\" Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\".", "Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\". This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply \"playing himself\". Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen.", "Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper, \"This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn—namely, to be natural.\" Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ...", "Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life.\" William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\".", "William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\". In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting.", "In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\"", "Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\" Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements.", "Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements. Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks observed, \"He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good.", "He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking.\" Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach.", "Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures.\" Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor.", "Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman concluded, \"The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering—and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\"", "I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\" Tom Hanks declared, \"In only one scene in the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, we see the future of screen acting in the form of Gary Cooper. He is quiet and natural, somehow different from the other cast members. He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\"", "He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\" Daniel Day-Lewis said, \"I don't particularly like westerns as a genre, but I do love certain westerns. 'High Noon' means a lot to me – I love the purity and the honesty, I love Gary Cooper in that film, the idea of the last man standing.\" Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago.", "Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago. I really fell in love with Gary Cooper, and his stuff. That sucked me into the Westerns. Before, I never got engrossed in the story. I'd just dip in, and there were guys in horses in black and white. High Noon's later Gary Cooper, I liked that. But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one.", "But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one. That's my favorite one. I have that poster hung up in my house because I really like that one.\" To Al Pacino, \"Gary Cooper was a phenomenon—his ability to take some thing and elevate it, give it such dignity. One of the great presences.\"", "One of the great presences.\" One of the great presences.\" Mylène Demongeot first got with Gary Cooper for the opening of the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris, on June 7, 1957. She declared in a 2015 filmed interview: \"Gary Cooper ... il est sublime ! Aaahhh (Mylène pushing a cry of love not to say ecstasy) il est sublime ... Ah ! Ah ! Ah !", "Ah ! Ah ! Ah ! Là je dois dire que ça fait partie des stars, y'a Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, ces grands Américains que j'ai rencontrés comme ça, c'est vraiment des mecs incroyables. Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non.", "Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non. Euh non. (Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore).\" Career assessment and legacy Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961. During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role.", "During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films.", "His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958.", "He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958. According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57. He topped the list in 1953. In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise.", "In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise. At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ). In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action.", "In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action. In the rest he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players. Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career. In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian).", "In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian). After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms). During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr.", "During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls). In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon).", "In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West).", "In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.", "The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man. On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry. He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.", "He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana. On May 6, 1961, he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts. On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements. In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.", "In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes.", "Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. \", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time.", "\", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time. More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances. Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\"", "Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\" In the TV series Justified, based on works and characters created by Elmore Leonard, Gary Cooper is used throughout the six seasons as the man whom U.S. Marshall Raylan Givens, played by Timothy Olyphant, aspires to be. When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not?", "When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not? Worked for Gary Cooper.\" Gary Cooper is referenced several times in the critically acclaimed television series The Sopranos, with protagonist Tony Soprano asking \"What ever happened to Gary Cooper? The strong, silent type.\" while complaining about his problems to his therapist.", "while complaining about his problems to his therapist. while complaining about his problems to his therapist. In the 1930s hit song \"Puttin' On the Ritz\", Cooper is referenced in the line \"dress up like a million dollar trooper/Tryin' hard to look like Gary Cooper, Super duper!\" More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper.", "More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper. In J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Cooper is \"spotted\" by Holden Caulfield to distract a woman he is dancing with. Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.", "Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role. The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr.", "The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p.", "Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p. () External links 1901 births 1961 deaths 20th-century American male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients American expatriates in England American male film actors American male silent film actors American male television actors American people of English descent Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners California Republicans Catholics from Montana Conservatism in the United States Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from prostate cancer Grinnell College people Male Western (genre) film actors Male actors from Montana Paramount Pictures contract players People educated at Dunstable Grammar School People from Brentwood, Los Angeles People from Dunstable People from Helena, Montana People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles" ]

[ "Gary Cooper", "Silent films, 1925-28", "what happened in 1925?", "In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures", "what pictures did he do?", "The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones.", "did he win any awards for them?", "Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings, the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture.", "who did he work with?", "In 1928, Paramount paired Cooper with a youthful Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss--advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\".", "what was his greatest achievement?", "Lilac Time with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "what is an important fact in this article?", "he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns,", "which westerns did he do?", "silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix," ]

[ "Calamity Anne's Beauty is a 1913 American silent short Western comedy film directed by Allan Dwan and starring Louise Lester as Calamity Anne.\n\nOther cast\n Charlotte Burton\n J. Warren Kerrigan\n Phyllis Gordon\n Jack Richardson\n Jessalyn Van Trump\n\nExternal links\n\n1913 films\n1910s Western (genre) comedy films\nAmerican silent short films\nAmerican Western (genre) comedy films\nAmerican black-and-white films\nAmerican films\n1913 short films\nBeauty\nComedy short films\n1913 comedy films\nSilent American Western (genre) films", "Clowns Spinning Hats is a black-and-white silent film featuring clowns throwing hats back and forth to each other. It was written and produced by Lubin Films and released April 7, 1900.\n\nSee also\n List of American films of 1900\nLubin Studios\nSilent film\nClown\n\nExternal links\n\n1900 films\nAmerican films\nAmerican silent short films\nAmerican black-and-white films\n1900 comedy films\nAmerican comedy films\n1900 short films\nComedy films about clowns\nLubin Manufacturing Company films\n\nComedy short films" ]

[ "Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, silent, and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, as well as receiving an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years.", "He was one of the top 10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years, and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper at No. 11 on its list of the 25 greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Cooper's career spanned 36 years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in 84 feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood.", "He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres. His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero.", "Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian.", "After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr.", "During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952).", "He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, he played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958). Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).", "Early life Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English parents Alice (née Brazier; 1873–1967) and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946). His brother, Arthur, was six years his senior. Cooper's father came from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana.", "His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, and married Charles in Montana. In 1906, Charles purchased the Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch, about north of Helena near Craig, Montana. Cooper and Arthur spent their summers at the ranch and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena. Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire.", "Alice wanted her sons to have an English education, so she took them back to England in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. While there, Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, at their home in Houghton Regis. Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912.", "Cooper studied Latin, French, and English history at Dunstable until 1912. While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was required to wear. He received his confirmation in the Church of England at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis on December 3, 1911. His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.", "His mother accompanied her sons back to the U.S. in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena. When Cooper was 15, he injured his hip in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation, he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding. The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled horse-riding style. He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy.", "He left Helena High School after two years in 1918, and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for him to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana, where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics. Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\".", "Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [him] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\". Cooper was still attending high school in 1920 when he took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman. His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington. Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.", "Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena. In 1922, to continue his art education, he enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He did well academically in most of his courses, but was not accepted into the school's drama club. His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.", "His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses. Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper.", "Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper. In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request.", "In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request. After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row.", "After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row. They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay \"Slim\" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director. Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10.", "Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for $5 a day, and as a stunt rider for $10. Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades.", "Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions, and Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades. Career Silent films, 1925–1928 In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones. He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation.", "He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players-Lasky and Fox Film Corporation. While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt workwhich sometimes injured horses and riders\"tough and cruel\". Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent.", "Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Knowing that other actors were using the name \"Frank Cooper\", Collins suggested he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper immediately liked the name.", "Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper immediately liked the name. Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926).", "Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926). Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926).", "Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926). As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios. On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week.", "On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week. Cooper's first important film role was a supporting part in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) starring Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky, in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster. Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers.", "Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers. The film was a major success. Critics singled out Cooper as a \"dynamic new personality\" and future star. Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week.", "Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal—finally signing a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week. In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings (both 1927), the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters.", "That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada—both films directed by John Waters. Paramount paired Cooper with Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss (both 1928)—advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\". Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers.", "With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film and receiving a thousand fan letters a week. Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928).", "Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (also both 1928). Around the same time, Cooper made Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928. Hollywood stardom, 1929–1935 Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first talking picture, The Virginian (1929), which was directed by Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston. Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day.", "Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film.", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film. Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers.", "Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen, also according to Meyers. Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930).", "Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930). Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930.", "Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930. One of the more important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (also 1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences. During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German.", "Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The actor approached the director, picked him up by the collar, and said, \"If you expect to work in this country you'd better get on to the language we use here.\" Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.", "Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post. After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves.", "After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves. Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert.", "Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert. The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice. He had lost during that period, and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth. In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.", "In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year. During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes.", "During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes.", "After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a ten-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with over sixty kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes. His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness. After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras.", "After returning to Europe, he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras. Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.", "Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval. In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel.", "In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I.", "Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures.", "Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures. In 1933, after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward play. Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933.", "Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box office success, ranking as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933. All three of the lead actors—March, Cooper, and Hopkins—received attention from this film as they were all at the peak of their careers. Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy.", "Cooper's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy. Cooper changed his name legally to \"Gary Cooper\" in August 1933. In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier.", "In 1934, Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier. Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office. Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple.", "Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl. Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen. The film was a box-office success.", "The film was a box-office success. The film was a box-office success. The following year, Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten, who was being groomed as \"another Garbo\". In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor. Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell.", "Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell. Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.", "Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending. That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes.", "That same year, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.", "While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films. Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him \"the best actor of all of them\". American folk hero, 1936–1943 From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936.", "Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939 Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936. After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount—in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest—Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures.", "Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit.", "In the film, Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man.", "Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\"—a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness—to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man. Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed: Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes.", "Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes. In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was \"proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood\". For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936.", "Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.", "Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success. In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\".", "The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\". That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years.", "That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-three years. In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture.", "In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture. Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement.", "Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement. Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $ million in ). In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea.", "In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea. A critical and box-office failure, Cooper referred to it as his \"almost picture\", saying, \"It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good.\" In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo. Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay, the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to that date, losing $700,000. During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles, including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind. Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part.", "Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part. He made several overtures to the actor, but Cooper had doubts about the project, and did not feel suited to the role. Cooper later admitted, \"It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\"", "I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\" Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert. In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife.", "In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder, and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert, American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer. It succeeded only at the European box office market.", "It succeeded only at the European box office market. It succeeded only at the European box office market. In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid. The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper.", "The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper. While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market. In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films.", "In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films. In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes.", "In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes. Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman, Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona. This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.", "This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount. In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals. Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\".", "Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\". From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\".", "From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943 Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\". Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script. The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors.", "The film received positive reviews and did well at the box-office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors. That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all-Technicolor feature, Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940). In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion.", "In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion. While not as popular with critics as its predecessor, the film was another box-office success—the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1940. The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor. In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances.", "In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances. When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\"", "When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\" In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country.", "In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country. Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941.", "Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time magazine on March 3, 1941. In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\".", "In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\". Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, \"Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole—shy, bewildered, non-aggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks.", "That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor.", "The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common.", "Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common. Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\".", "Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\". After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his \"powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty\". York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros.", "York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards. Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, \"It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\"", "Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\" Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck. In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books.", "While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books. The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills. In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\".", "In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\". Though small in scale, Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year—Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty. Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract.", "Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract. In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees, Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games. Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\".", "Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig.", "Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig. After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans.", "After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty-year span of Gehrig's life—his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939 before 62,000 fans. Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing. The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes.", "The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes. The film was one of the year's top ten pictures and received eleven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third). Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War.", "Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War. The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay.", "The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay. After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead—a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway. The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were \"rapturous\" and passionate. Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\".", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\". While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).", "While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth). World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops.", "World War II related activities Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops. In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego, and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen. In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari.", "In late 1943, Cooper undertook a tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks, and accordionist Andy Arcari. Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber, the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane—where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling—New Guinea, Jayapura, and throughout the Solomon Islands. The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops.", "The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops. Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues, and participated in occasional skits. The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech. When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country. Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life.", "Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life. Mature roles, 1944–1952 In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day — his third movie with the director. In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety. Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year.", "Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year. With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson. The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman.", "The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman. The film received poor reviews, with the New York Daily News calling it \"delightful nonsense\", and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's \"somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning\". The film was barely profitable.", "The film was barely profitable. The film was barely profitable. In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International. In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image, Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer. Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal.", "Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year—a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal. It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946. Cooper's career during the post-war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing. While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings.", "While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings. In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's nineteenth-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune-hunter. Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies.", "Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies. Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program.", "Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money-makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program. Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character.", "Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character. The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure. In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century.", "In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century. The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\".", "The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\". This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $ today) in salary and percentage of profits. Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.", "Unconquered would be his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years. In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam, Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $ today) per picture. His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey.", "His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards. Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism.", "Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism. For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark. In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was \"Mr. Deeds out of his element\".", "Deeds out of his element\". Deeds out of his element\". Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers. Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period.", "Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period. In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).", "In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951). Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists.", "Cooper's most important film during the post-war years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists. In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone.", "Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone. During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers. His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance.", "His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance. Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter.", "Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter. Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was \"at the top of his form\", and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective. The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide.", "The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide. Following the example of his friend James Stewart, Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits, and ended up making $600,000. Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor. Later films, 1953–1961 After appearing in André de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952)—a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor—Cooper made four films outside the United States. In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor.", "In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor. Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico.", "Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair. In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband.", "In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband. That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866. All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office.", "All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box-office. For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and percent of the gross. During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well.", "As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers, he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well. During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.", "During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing. In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters.", "In 1955, he appeared in Otto Preminger's biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters. Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality.", "Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality. In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire. Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty. For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor.", "For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide. In 1956, Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier. In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman.", "In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman. Despite receiving some positive reviews—including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film's \"charming performances\"—most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part. While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success.", "While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl, the film was still a box-office success. The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick. In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate.", "In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate. While Cooper brought \"conviction and controlled anguish\" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a \"hapless film\". Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films.", "Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films. In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members.", "In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members. The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism.", "The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\".", "According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\". Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film.", "Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film. After his Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption. In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past.", "In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past. Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman.", "Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman. In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916. While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.", "While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part. In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name. Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding. Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes.", "Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\".", "Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles, Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption—what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\". Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons.", "Personal life Marriage and family Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons. Called \"Rocky\" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools. Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields. Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933.", "Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933. According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life. Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting. She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society.", "She organized their social life, and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society. Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36), Brentwood (1936–53), and Holmby Hills (1954–61), and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado (1949–53). Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937.", "Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses. Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them. Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing.", "Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing. As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe. Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home. For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter.", "For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter. Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953, and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954. Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce.", "Romantic relationships Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce. Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor. In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur.", "In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur. In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life. During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931.", "During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931. During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, while staying at her Villa Madama near Rome. After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls.", "After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943. In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star.", "In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal, his co-star. At first they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her. Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce.", "Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce. Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child. Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951. During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal.", "During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal. Cooper biographers have explored his friendship in the late twenties with the actor Anderson Lawler, with whom Cooper shared a house on and off for a year, while at the same time seeing Clara Bow, Evelyn Brent and Lupe Vélez. Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne.", "Lupe Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Vélez' affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne. Vélez' biographer Michelle Vogel has reported that Vélez consented to Cooper's sexual behavior with Lawler, but only as long as she, too, could participate. In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\".", "In later life, he became involved in a relationship with the costume designer Irene, and was, according to Irene, \"the only man she ever loved\". A year after his death in 1961, Irene committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, after telling Doris Day of her grief over Cooper's death. Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940.", "Friendships, interests, and character Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940. The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley.", "The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling—Cooper kept a copy of the poem \"If—\" in his dressing room—and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure. As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it.", "As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true.\" They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.", "They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years. Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, James Stewart, Barbara Stanwyck, and Robert Taylor. As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving.", "As well as hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and later in life, scuba diving. He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.", "Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg. Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities. Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional \"yup\" and \"shucks\". He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\"", "He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\" According to his friends, Cooper could also be an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art. He was modest and unpretentious, frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments. His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor.", "His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively boyish sense of humor. Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status—never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady. His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\"", "His close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody that worked with him liked him.\" Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940.", "Political views Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas.", "When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas. In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\"", "In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished—and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\" He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters.", "He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters. Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism.", "Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism. The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry.", "The organization — whose membership included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne — advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry. On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood.", "On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood. Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\".", "Cooper recounted statements he'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution—comments that Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\" and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\". Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony.", "Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals, nor did he name any scripts, during his testimony. In 1951, while making High Noon, Cooper became friends with the film's screenwriter, Carl Foreman, who had been a member of the Communist Party. When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman.", "When Foreman was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman. When John Wayne and others threatened Cooper with blacklisting himself and the loss of his passport if he did not walk off the film, Cooper gave a statement to the press in support of Foreman, calling him \"the finest kind of American\". When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored.", "When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name was not restored. Foreman later said that, of all his friends and allies and colleagues in Hollywood, \"Cooper was the only big one who tried to help. The only one.\" Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed.", "Cooper even offered to testify in Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed. Foreman always sent future scripts to Cooper for first refusal, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Key and The Guns of Navarone. Cooper had to turn them down because of his age. Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States.", "Religion Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in Britain, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States. While he was not an observant Christian for most of his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side. On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII.", "On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII. Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation. In the coming years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior, and started discussing Catholicism with his family. He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance.", "He began attending church with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance. After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon.", "Final years and death On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for an aggressive form of prostate cancer that had metastasized to his colon. He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine. After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge.", "After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge. In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West, which was part of the company's Project 20 series. On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable. His family decided not to tell him immediately.", "His family decided not to tell him immediately. His family decided not to tell him immediately. On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner that was given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin at the Friars Club. The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\"", "The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\" In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together. Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time. On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying.", "On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying. He later told his family, \"We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right too.\" On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar.", "On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement—his third Oscar. Holding back tears, Stewart said, \"Coop, I'll get this to you right away. And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us.", "And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop. All of us are tremendously proud.\" The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying.", "The following day, newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying. In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy. In his last public statement on May 4, Cooper said, \"I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future.\"", "I am not afraid of the future.\" I am not afraid of the future.\" He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich.", "He received the last rites on May 12. Cooper died quietly the following day, Saturday, May 13, 1961, at 12:47 P.M. A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including James Stewart, Jack Benny, Henry Hathaway, Joel McCrea, Audrey Hepburn, Jack L. Warner, John Ford, John Wayne, Edward G. Robinson, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Fred Astaire, Randolph Scott, Walter Pidgeon, Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich. Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.", "Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton. His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.", "His grave is marked by a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry. Acting style and reputation Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics: his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy.", "Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters.\" Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\".", "Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\". This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply \"playing himself\". Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen.", "Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper, \"This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn—namely, to be natural.\" Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ...", "Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life.\" William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\".", "William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\". In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting.", "In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\"", "Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera—the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\" Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements.", "Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements. Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks observed, \"He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good.", "He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking.\" Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach.", "Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures.\" Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor.", "Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman concluded, \"The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering—and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\"", "I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\" Tom Hanks declared, \"In only one scene in the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, we see the future of screen acting in the form of Gary Cooper. He is quiet and natural, somehow different from the other cast members. He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\"", "He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\" Daniel Day-Lewis said, \"I don't particularly like westerns as a genre, but I do love certain westerns. 'High Noon' means a lot to me – I love the purity and the honesty, I love Gary Cooper in that film, the idea of the last man standing.\" Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago.", "Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago. I really fell in love with Gary Cooper, and his stuff. That sucked me into the Westerns. Before, I never got engrossed in the story. I'd just dip in, and there were guys in horses in black and white. High Noon's later Gary Cooper, I liked that. But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one.", "But I liked 'The Westerner'. That's my favorite one. That's my favorite one. I have that poster hung up in my house because I really like that one.\" To Al Pacino, \"Gary Cooper was a phenomenon—his ability to take some thing and elevate it, give it such dignity. One of the great presences.\"", "One of the great presences.\" One of the great presences.\" Mylène Demongeot first got with Gary Cooper for the opening of the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris, on June 7, 1957. She declared in a 2015 filmed interview: \"Gary Cooper ... il est sublime ! Aaahhh (Mylène pushing a cry of love not to say ecstasy) il est sublime ... Ah ! Ah ! Ah !", "Ah ! Ah ! Ah ! Là je dois dire que ça fait partie des stars, y'a Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, ces grands Américains que j'ai rencontrés comme ça, c'est vraiment des mecs incroyables. Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non.", "Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non. Euh non. (Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore).\" Career assessment and legacy Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961. During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role.", "During that time, he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films.", "His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958.", "He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958. According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57. He topped the list in 1953. In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise.", "In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise. At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million (equivalent to $ billion in ). In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action.", "In over half of his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers—all men of action. In the rest he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players. Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career. In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian).", "In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian). After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms). During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr.", "During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero—a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls). In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon).", "In the post-war years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West).", "In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.", "The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero—a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man. On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry. He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.", "He was awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana. On May 6, 1961, he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts. On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements. In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.", "In 1966, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes.", "Three of his characters—Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York—made AFI's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. \", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time.", "\", is ranked by AFI as the thirty-eighth greatest movie quote of all time. More than a half century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances. Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\"", "Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\" In the TV series Justified, based on works and characters created by Elmore Leonard, Gary Cooper is used throughout the six seasons as the man whom U.S. Marshall Raylan Givens, played by Timothy Olyphant, aspires to be. When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not?", "When his colleague asks Marshall Givens how he thinks his dangerous plan to bring down a villain can possibly work, he replies: \"Why not? Worked for Gary Cooper.\" Gary Cooper is referenced several times in the critically acclaimed television series The Sopranos, with protagonist Tony Soprano asking \"What ever happened to Gary Cooper? The strong, silent type.\" while complaining about his problems to his therapist.", "while complaining about his problems to his therapist. while complaining about his problems to his therapist. In the 1930s hit song \"Puttin' On the Ritz\", Cooper is referenced in the line \"dress up like a million dollar trooper/Tryin' hard to look like Gary Cooper, Super duper!\" More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper.", "More than two decades after Cooper's death a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper. In J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Cooper is \"spotted\" by Holden Caulfield to distract a woman he is dancing with. Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.", "Awards and nominations Filmography The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role. The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr.", "The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Children of Divorce (1927) Arizona Bound (1927) Wings (1927) Nevada (1927) It (1927) The Last Outlaw (1927) Beau Sabreur (1928) The Legion of the Condemned (1928) Doomsday (1928) Half a Bride (1928) Lilac Time (1928) The First Kiss (1928) The Shopworn Angel (1928) Wolf Song (1929) Betrayal (1929) The Virginian (1929) Only the Brave (1930) The Texan (1930) Seven Days' Leave (1930) A Man from Wyoming (1930) The Spoilers (1930) Morocco (1930) Fighting Caravans (1931) City Streets (1931) I Take This Woman (1931) His Woman (1931) Devil and the Deep (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) A Farewell to Arms (1932) Today We Live (1933) One Sunday Afternoon (1933) Design for Living (1933) Alice in Wonderland (1933) Operator 13 (1934) Now and Forever (1934) The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Peter Ibbetson (1935) Desire (1936) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p.", "Deeds Goes to Town (1936) The General Died at Dawn (1936) The Plainsman (1936) Souls at Sea (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) Beau Geste (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) North West Mounted Police (1940) Meet John Doe (1941) Sergeant York (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) The Story of Dr. Wassell (1944) Casanova Brown (1944) Along Came Jones (1945) Saratoga Trunk (1945) Cloak and Dagger (1946) Unconquered (1947) Good Sam (1948) The Fountainhead (1949) Task Force (1949) Bright Leaf (1950) Dallas (1950) You're in the Navy Now (1951) It's a Big Country (1951) Distant Drums (1951) High Noon (1952) Springfield Rifle (1952) Return to Paradise (1953) Blowing Wild (1953) Garden of Evil (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) Friendly Persuasion (1956) Love in the Afternoon (1957) Ten North Frederick (1958) Man of the West (1958) The Hanging Tree (1959) They Came to Cordura (1959) The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) The Naked Edge (1961) Radio appearances References Notes Citations Bibliography Adrien Le Bihan, Gary Cooper, le prince des acteurs, LettMotif, 2021, 358p. () External links 1901 births 1961 deaths 20th-century American male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients American expatriates in England American male film actors American male silent film actors American male television actors American people of English descent Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners California Republicans Catholics from Montana Conservatism in the United States Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from prostate cancer Grinnell College people Male Western (genre) film actors Male actors from Montana Paramount Pictures contract players People educated at Dunstable Grammar School People from Brentwood, Los Angeles People from Dunstable People from Helena, Montana People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles" ]

[ "Enrique Iglesias", "2002-2004: Quizas and 7", "What happened 2002-2004?", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizas (Perhaps)." ]

[ "The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Welsh actor and director Anthony Hopkins. \n\nHe is an Oscar-winning actor, having received six Academy award nominations winning two of these for Best Actor for his performance as Hannibal Lecter in the Jonathan Demme thriller The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and for his performance as Anthony in Florian Zeller's drama The Father (2020). He also was nominated for his performances as in James Ivory's The Remains of the Day (1993), Richard Nixon in Oliver Stone's drama Nixon (1995), John Quincy Adams in Amistad (1997), and Pope Benedict XVI in the Fernando Meirelles drama The Two Popes (2019). \n\nFor his work on film and television, he has received eight Golden Globe award nominations. In 2006 he was honored with the Cecil B. DeMille award for his lifetime achievement in the entertainment industry. He has received six Primetime Emmy award nominations winning two—one in 1976 for his performance as Richard Hauptmann in The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case and the other in 1981 for his performance as Adolf Hitler in The Bunker, as well as seven Screen Actors Guild award nominations all of which have been respectively lost.\n\nMajor associations\n\nAcademy Awards \n2 wins out of 6 nominations\n\nBAFTA Awards \n4 wins (and one honorary award) out of 9 nominations\n\nEmmy Awards \n2 wins out of 6 nominations\n\nGolden Globe Awards \n0 wins (and one honorary award) out of 8 nominations\n\nOlivier Awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nScreen Actors Guild Awards \n0 wins out of 7 nominations\n\nAudience awards\n\nMTV Movie + TV awards \n0 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nPeople's Choice awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nCritic and association awards\n\nAlliance of Women Film Journalists awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nBoston Society of Film Critics awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nCableACE awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nChicago Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nCritics' Choice awards \n1 win out of 4 nominations\n\nDallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nLondon Critics Circle Film awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nLos Angeles Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nNational Board of Review awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nNational Society of Film Critics awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nOnline Film & Television Association awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nOnline Film Critics Society awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nPhoenix Film Critics Society awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSoutheastern Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nSt. Louis Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nomination\n\nWomen's Image Network awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nFilm festival awards\n\nHollywood Film Festival awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nLocarno International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nMethod Fest awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nMoscow International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSan Sebastian International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSanta Barbara International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nShoWest Convention awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSitges - Catalonian International Film Festival awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nUSA Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nVirginia Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nInternational awards\n\nBAFTA/LA Britannia awards \n1 win out of 1 nominations\n\nDavid di Donatello awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nEuropean Film Awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nEvening Standard British Film awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nJupiter awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nNew Zealand Screen awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSant Jordi awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nYoga awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nMiscellaneous awards\n\n20/20 awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nAARP Movies for Grownups awards \n1 win out of 4 nominations\n\nFangoria Chainsaw awards \n3 wins out of 4 nominations\n\nGolden Raspberry awards \n0 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nHasty Pudding Theatricals awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nMovieGuide awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSatellite awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSaturn awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nWalk of Fame \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nWestern Heritage awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nReferences\n\nHopkins, Anthony", "Ricky Gervais ( ; born 25 June 1961) is an English comedian, actor, writer, producer, and director. He is best known for co-creating, writing, and acting in the British television series The Office (2001–2003). He has won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice (2006 and 2019), as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. In 2007, he was placed at No. 11 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups and at No. 3 on the updated 2010 list. In 2010, he was named on the Time 100 list of the world's most influential people. In 2002 he was nominated to be Britain's Funniest Man but did not win the award, he did however beat some gangsters up in a pub when an old man was being hassled, against the odds.\n\nMajor awards\n\nPrimetime Emmy Awards\n\nGolden Globe Awards\n\nBAFTA Television Awards\n\nScreen Actors Guild Awards\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards\n\nProducers Guild of America Awards\n\nOther awards\n\nBritannia Awards\n\nBritish Comedy Guide Awards\n\nBritish Comedy Awards\n\nBroadcasting Press Guild Awards\n\nEvening Standard British Film Awards\n\nSatellite Award\n\nTelevision Critics Association Awards\n\nReferences \n\nLists of awards received by actor" ]

[ "Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler (; born 8 May 1975) is a Spanish singer and songwriter. He started his recording career in the mid-nineties on the Mexican indie label Fonovisa and became the bestselling Spanish-language act of the decade. By the turn of the millennium, he made a successful crossover into the mainstream English-language market. He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums.", "He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums. In 2010, Iglesias parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label, Republic Records, to release bilingual albums. In 2015, he parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade. He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English.", "He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English. Iglesias is one of the best-selling Latin music artists with estimated sales of over 70 million records worldwide. He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles, including two number-ones. As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts.", "As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts. Iglesias holds the record for the most number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart with 27 songs, the Latin Airplay chart with 32 songs, and the Latin Pop Airplay chart with 24 songs. Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboards Dance charts, more than any other male artist. He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop.", "He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop. In December 2016, Billboard magazine named him the 14th most successful and top male dance club artist of all time. In October 2020, Iglesias was awarded the \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" at the 2020 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler.", "Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler. His father Julio is recognized as the most commercially successful continental European singer in the world. Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen.", "Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side.", "His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side. Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal.", "Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal. At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA.", "At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA. For their safety, Enrique and his brother Julio were sent to live with their father and his girlfriend at the time, Venezuelan top model Virginia Sipli, in Miami. There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album.", "There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album. As his father's career kept him on the road, the young Iglesias was raised by the family nanny. He attended the prestigious Gulliver Preparatory School and later went on to study business at the University of Miami. Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career.", "Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career. He borrowed money from his family nanny and recorded a demo cassette tape which consisted of a Spanish song and two English songs. Approaching his father's former publicist, Fernán Martínez, the two promoted the songs under the stage name 'Enrique Martínez', with the backstory of being a singer from Guatemala. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records.", "Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. After dropping out of college, he traveled to Toronto to record his first album. Music career 1995–1996: Enrique Iglesias On 12 July 1995, Iglesias released Enrique Iglesias, a collection of light rock ballads, including hits such as \"Si Tú Te Vas\" and \"Experiencia Religiosa\". This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa.", "This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa. The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months.", "The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months. His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die).", "His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die). The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages.", "The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages. Five singles were released from the album, such as \"Por Amarte\", \"No Llores Por Mí\", and \"Trapecista\" all of which topped the Billboards Latin charts. The album still holds the record for producing the most number one singles on the Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart. The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance.", "The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance. 1997–1998: Vivir and Cosas del Amor In 1997, Iglesias' stardom continued to rise with the release of Vivir (To Live), which put him up with other English-language music superstars in sales for that year. The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\".", "The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\". Three singles were released from Vivir: \"Enamorado Por Primera Vez\", \"Sólo en Ti\", and \"Miente\", which topped the Latin singles chart as well as those in several Spanish-speaking countries. Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist.", "Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist. Iglesias lost out to his father, but performed the song \"Lluvia Cae\" at the event. Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries.", "Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries. Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S.", "Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S. In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love).", "In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love). Taking a more mature musical direction, the album, aided by the popular singles \"Esperanza\" and \"Nunca Te Olvidaré\", both of which topped the Latin singles chart, helped cement his status in the Latin music scene. Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico.", "Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico. This was followed by a larger world tour of over eighty shows in even bigger venues. The Cosas del Amor Tour was the first ever concert tour sponsored by McDonald's. He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne.", "He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne. The song \"Nunca te Olvidaré\" was also used as the theme music for a Spanish soap opera of the same name and he sang the song himself on the last episode of the series. 1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market.", "1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market. Thanks to other successful crossover acts, most notably Ricky Martin, Latino artists and music had a great surge in popularity in mainstream music that year. After attending one of his concerts in March 1999, Will Smith asked Iglesias to contribute to the soundtrack of his movie Wild Wild West. His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US.", "His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US. After the success of \"Bailamos\", several mainstream record labels were eager to sign Iglesias. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, Enrique. The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete.", "The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete. It contained the song \"Rhythm Divine\", a duet with Whitney Houston titled \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\", and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton.", "In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton. Shock jock Howard Stern repeatedly played a tape of a supposedly very off-key Iglesias on his radio show and accused him of not being able to sing live. On 8 June 2000, Iglesias sang the song live on Stern's show with just a guitar accompanying him. After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\".", "After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\". Iglesias noted that the recording could have been him, but that it was probably a recording made during a television taping where he was required to lip sync and not sing properly. He would remark that the controversy was the best promotion he could have. The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100.", "The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100. 2001-2002: Escape and Quizas In 2001, Iglesias released his second English-language album Escape. Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies.", "Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies. The album's first single, \"Hero\", became a number-one hit in the United Kingdom, and in many other countries. The entire album was co-written by Iglesias. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date.", "Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. The singles \"Escape\" and \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" became radio staples, placing highly or topping various charts both in North America and elsewhere. A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\".", "A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\". Iglesias capitalized on the album's success with his \"One-Night Stand World Tour\" consisting of fifty sold-out shows in sixteen countries. Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania.", "Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania. The concert launched MTV Romania, with the video for \"Love to See You Cry\" being the first to be shown on the channel. In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps).", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps). A more polished musical production than his previous Spanish albums and containing more introspective songs, the album's title track is a song about the strained relationship Iglesias has with his famous father. The album debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest placement of a Spanish-language album on the chart at that period. Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years.", "Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years. All three singles released from the album all ended up topping the Latin chart, giving Iglesias a total of sixteen number ones on the chart. He currently holds the record for the most number-one singles on Billboards Latin Chart. With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so.", "With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so. The video to the song \"Quizás\" was the first Spanish-language music video to be added to the selection on MTV's popular show Total Request Live.The album went on to win the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas.", "That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas. The \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" tour was completed in the summer of 2002, with two sold-out nights in Madison Square Garden and another two in Mexico's National Auditorium. The tour finished with a single show in the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him.", "2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him. Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist Tony Bruno. The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career.", "The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career. The first single was the song \"Addicted\", and was followed closely by a remix of the song \"Not in Love\", featuring Kelis. With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date.", "With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date. The highly publicised tour started with twelve shows in the United States ending with Iglesias playing at Houston Rodeo, and continued on to several countries, most of which he'd never previously visited, playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums in Australia, India, Egypt, and Singapore, before ending his tour in South Africa. 2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007.", "2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007. The album was so named due to it being recorded mainly at night. The record had a more contemporary pop style than that of his previous albums. Its highlights include the songs \"Push\", with rapper Lil Wayne, as well as \"Ring My Bells\" and a cover of Ringside's \"Tired of Being Sorry\". The album's first single, \"Do You Know?", "The album's first single, \"Do You Know? (The Ping Pong Song)\", was released on 10 April 2007. It was Iglesias' highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 since \"Escape\". The song was also a hit throughout Europe, peaking in the top 10 in many countries. The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time.", "The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time. Iglesias followed up with the ballad \"Somebody's Me\", which was released as a single in North America. The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC.", "The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC. In Europe, the second single was \"Tired of Being Sorry\", which performed well in many countries; he recorded a version of the song with French singer Nâdiya, which was number one in France for eleven weeks. A solo version of \"Push\" was added to the soundtrack of the movie Step Up 2 the Streets. The song was regarded as the third single from the album.", "The song was regarded as the third single from the album. A music video was shot, which features the film's lead actors. Despite never being officially added to radio, the song has charted in several countries. On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg.", "On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg. The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe.", "The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe. It was his first arena tour of the UK, with him playing venues such as Manchester's MEN Arena and Wembley Arena. The tour ended with Iglesias performing at the newly opened L.A. Live. A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina.", "A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina. Iglesias's song \"Can You Hear Me\" was chosen as the official song of the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament. He performed the song live at the 29 June 2008 final in Vienna, Austria. The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries.", "The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries. Iglesias released a Spanish greatest hits album titled 95/08 Éxitos on 25 March 2008, which included his seventeen number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart plus two new songs. The first single was the song \"¿Dónde Están Corazón? \", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs.", "\", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs. The album debuted at number one on Billboards Top Latin Albums chart and number eighteen on the overall Billboard 200 albums chart. It was Iglesias's second Spanish album to debut in the top 20 of the Billboard 200 (Quizás debuted at number twelve in 2002). The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries.", "The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries. The record's second single, \"Lloro Por Ti\", also reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart and had an official remix featuring Wisin & Yandel. Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation.", "Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation. Beginning in Laredo, Texas, and ending at the Izod Center in New Jersey, he was accompanied through most of the tour with bachata band Aventura, who also performed \"Lloro Por Ti\" with him at the 2008 Premios Juventud. Iglesias was a surprise performer at the 2008 Lo Nuestro Awards, opening the show with a medley of \"¿Dónde Están Corazón?\" and \"Dímelo\".", "and \"Dímelo\". and \"Dímelo\". He also performed at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, where he received a special award. After the success of his Spanish greatest hits compilation, Iglesias released a compilation of his English-language hits on 11 November. The album includes \"Can You Hear Me\" as well as two new songs. The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara.", "The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara. The album debuted at number three on the official UK Albums Chart and sold over 80,000 copies in its first two weeks of release alone. Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008.", "Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008. 2010–2011: Euphoria On 5 July 2010, Iglesias released his ninth studio album Euphoria, his first work to be released under his new label Universal Republic. The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs.", "The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs. It won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album, the Billboard Latin Awards for Latin Album of the Year and Latin Pop Album of the Year, and was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar.", "Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar. The album features collaborations with Akon, Usher, Nicole Scherzinger, Sunidhi Chauhan, Ludacris, DJ Frank E, Pitbull, Juan Luis Guerra, and his third song together with Wisin & Yandel. In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats.", "In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats. The first English single from the album, \"I Like It\", which features the rapper Pitbull, was released on 3 May 2010 in the U.S. and became a success, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore.", "The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. \"Cuando Me Enamoro\" was released as the lead Spanish single from the album, and became the theme song of the Mexican telenovela of the same title, produced by Televisa. The song debuted at number eight and number twenty-five on the U.S. Latin Pop Songs chart and the U.S. Hot Latin Songs chart, respectively. It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S.", "It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and after four weeks of its release date, it became his twenty-first No.1 song on this chart. In January 2011, the album's third English single, \"Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)\" broke into the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, also reaching No. 4. The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas.", "The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas. The song became Iglesias' first number one on the U.S. Pop Songs and Radio Songs airplay charts. A remix version of the album track \"Dirty Dancer\" was released as the fourth English single and became his ninth Hot Dance Club Play chart topper, tying with Prince and Michael Jackson as the male with the most No. 1 dance singles.", "1 dance singles. 1 dance singles. Further, \"Ayer\" served as the album's third Spanish single and seventh single overall. The Euphoria Tour took Iglesias across the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and several European countries. One of the tour's legs took him to Australia, while fellow artist Pitbull joined him as an opening act. Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America.", "Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America. In August 2011, Iglesias released the single \"I Like How It Feels\" to radio. This was planned to serve as the lead single from the Euphoria album's proposed re-issue that never came to fruition, Euphoria Reloaded. 2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams.", "2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams. It was released to the US iTunes Store on 25 September 2012. The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012.", "The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012. On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\"", "On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\" Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new.", "Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new. At least to me.\" It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album.", "It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album. Iglesias continued to tour during this period returned to India in October 2012 to perform another series of shows called Tri-City tour in Pune, Delhi, and Bangalore playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums. On 31 May 2013, Iglesias performed at the Mawazine Festival in Rabat, Morocco. The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert.", "The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert. Iglesias released a number of singles prior to the album release, the first of which was \"Turn the Night Up\" followed by \"Heart Attack\" which was released to US Top 40 radio stations. Latin stations were served with the song \"Loco\", a smooth bachata duet with urban bachata superstar Romeo Santos. The single became Iglesias' 24th No. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart.", "1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. A version of the song released in Spain featured Spanish Flamenco singer India Martinez and topped the charts in Spain. This was followed by El Perdedor, a duet with Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solis and was the theme to the telenovela Lo que la vida me robó. The song became his 24th #1 on the Latin charts. Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love.", "Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love. The album was released on 14 March 2014.The release of the album was accompanied by the single I'm a Freak and featured Pitbull The album also featured a duet with Kylie Minogue called \"Beautiful\", which appears on her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once. In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona.", "In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona. The next single to be released from the album was \"Bailando\", featuring Descemer Bueno, and Gente De Zona. \"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "\"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was #1 for 41 consecutive weeks on Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart becoming the longest reigning #1 in the history of the chart beating the record previously held by Shakira's 25 week run. This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart.", "This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996.", "Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996. The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform.", "The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform. \"Bailando\" currently has over 3 billion views on YouTube. The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year.", "The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year. In addition to the original Spanish version, Iglesias also released two Portuguese versions of the song featuring the Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira and the Brazilian singer Luan Santana. Sex and Love was Spotify's 7th most-streamed album worldwide in 2014, and \"Bailando\" was the most-streamed song in both Mexico and Spain. Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\".", "Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\". Billboard called him \"The Crowd Pleaser\" of 2014. After more than a decade with Universal Music, Iglesias left the record label in 2015 and signed on with Sony Music. 2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles.", "2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles. In 2015, he collaborated with Nicky Jam on the reggaeton megahit \"El Perdón\" which topped the charts in several countries and has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube .", "In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube . In 2017, Iglesias released \"Súbeme la Radio\", which features Descemer Bueno and Zion y Lennox. The song has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull.", "In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull. During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\".", "During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\". In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.", "In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin. The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart.", "The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart. During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album.", "During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album. Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\".", "Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\". On 17 September, Iglesias released Final Vol. 1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\".", "1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\". Songwriting, producing, and acting Iglesias has collaborated with songwriter Guy Chambers to write \"Un Nuovo Giorno\", the lead single from Andrea Bocelli's first pop album. The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries.", "The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries. Iglesias also co-wrote the single \"The Way\" for American Idol runner-up Clay Aiken. Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power.", "Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power. In 2010, Idol Allstars (Swedish Idol Series) released the song \"All I Need Is You\", co-written by Iglesias with Andreas Carlsson, Kalle Engström, and Kristian Lundin. He also co-wrote Jennifer Lopez's song \"Dance Again\", released in 2012, which reached number-one position in the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria.", "In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria. In the musical, four Americans of Latin heritage possess a common interest in music and meet and decide to put on a show. The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself.", "The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself. Iglesias starred alongside Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, and Johnny Depp in the Robert Rodriguez film Once Upon a Time in Mexico, in which he played the well-spoken gun-wielding Lorenzo. In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman.", "In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest-starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the TV show How I Met Your Mother. Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi ad in 2004, as well as appearing in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos, and Viceroy watches. Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova.", "Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. In 2008, he was quoted by the Daily Star as having been married to Kournikova but having split. They reportedly split in October 2013 but reconciled. The couple have a son and daughter, Nicholas and Lucy, who are fraternal twins born on 16 December 2017. On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born.", "On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born. In 2003, Iglesias received surgery to remove a circular mole from the right side of his face, citing concerns that over time it could become cancerous. Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park.", "Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park. He co-produced Download to Donate for Haiti, a charity album for the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the co-vocalist of the band Mike Shinoda. Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project.", "Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project. In 2013, Iglesias urged his followers to donate money through the American Red Cross to help the victims of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people.", "The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people. Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief.", "Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief. Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol.", "Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol. 1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live!", "1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live! Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc.", "Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc. He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards.", "He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards. He also won an award for Best International Pop Act at the MTV India Awards, as well as being named \"King of Latin Pop\". In 2000, he was awarded Most Fashionable Artist at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards.", "In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards. And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020.", "And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020. References External links 1975 births Living people 20th-century Spanish singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century Spanish singers English-language singers from Spain Fonovisa Records artists Grammy Award winners Gulliver Preparatory School alumni Enrique Interscope Records artists Latin Grammy Award winners Latin music songwriters Latin pop singers MTV Europe Music Award winners Musicians from Madrid Musicians from Miami People from Madrid RCA Records artists Republic Records artists Singers from Florida Singers from Madrid Songwriters from Florida Sony Music Latin artists Sony Music Spain artists Spanish dance musicians Spanish emigrants to the United States Spanish expatriates in the United States Spanish male singers Spanish people of American descent Spanish people of Filipino descent Spanish people of Galician descent Spanish people of Jewish descent Spanish people of Kapampangan descent Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent Spanish philanthropists Spanish pop singers Spanish record producers Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish songwriters Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists University of Miami Business School alumni" ]

[ "Enrique Iglesias", "2002-2004: Quizas and 7", "What happened 2002-2004?", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizas (Perhaps).", "What awards did he win?", "Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album.", "What are song titles?", "His last single from the album, \"Para Que La Vida\", reached a million spins on U.S. radio, the only Spanish language song to do so.", "What other hits did he have?", "The video to the song \"Quizas\" was the first Spanish language music video to be added to the selection on one of MTV's popular shows, Total Request Live." ]

[ "The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Welsh actor and director Anthony Hopkins. \n\nHe is an Oscar-winning actor, having received six Academy award nominations winning two of these for Best Actor for his performance as Hannibal Lecter in the Jonathan Demme thriller The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and for his performance as Anthony in Florian Zeller's drama The Father (2020). He also was nominated for his performances as in James Ivory's The Remains of the Day (1993), Richard Nixon in Oliver Stone's drama Nixon (1995), John Quincy Adams in Amistad (1997), and Pope Benedict XVI in the Fernando Meirelles drama The Two Popes (2019). \n\nFor his work on film and television, he has received eight Golden Globe award nominations. In 2006 he was honored with the Cecil B. DeMille award for his lifetime achievement in the entertainment industry. He has received six Primetime Emmy award nominations winning two—one in 1976 for his performance as Richard Hauptmann in The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case and the other in 1981 for his performance as Adolf Hitler in The Bunker, as well as seven Screen Actors Guild award nominations all of which have been respectively lost.\n\nMajor associations\n\nAcademy Awards \n2 wins out of 6 nominations\n\nBAFTA Awards \n4 wins (and one honorary award) out of 9 nominations\n\nEmmy Awards \n2 wins out of 6 nominations\n\nGolden Globe Awards \n0 wins (and one honorary award) out of 8 nominations\n\nOlivier Awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nScreen Actors Guild Awards \n0 wins out of 7 nominations\n\nAudience awards\n\nMTV Movie + TV awards \n0 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nPeople's Choice awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nCritic and association awards\n\nAlliance of Women Film Journalists awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nBoston Society of Film Critics awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nCableACE awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nChicago Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nCritics' Choice awards \n1 win out of 4 nominations\n\nDallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nLondon Critics Circle Film awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nLos Angeles Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nNational Board of Review awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nNational Society of Film Critics awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nOnline Film & Television Association awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nOnline Film Critics Society awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nPhoenix Film Critics Society awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSoutheastern Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nSt. Louis Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nomination\n\nWomen's Image Network awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nFilm festival awards\n\nHollywood Film Festival awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nLocarno International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nMethod Fest awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nMoscow International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSan Sebastian International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSanta Barbara International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nShoWest Convention awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSitges - Catalonian International Film Festival awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nUSA Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nVirginia Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nInternational awards\n\nBAFTA/LA Britannia awards \n1 win out of 1 nominations\n\nDavid di Donatello awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nEuropean Film Awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nEvening Standard British Film awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nJupiter awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nNew Zealand Screen awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSant Jordi awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nYoga awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nMiscellaneous awards\n\n20/20 awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nAARP Movies for Grownups awards \n1 win out of 4 nominations\n\nFangoria Chainsaw awards \n3 wins out of 4 nominations\n\nGolden Raspberry awards \n0 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nHasty Pudding Theatricals awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nMovieGuide awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSatellite awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSaturn awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nWalk of Fame \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nWestern Heritage awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nReferences\n\nHopkins, Anthony", "Ricky Gervais ( ; born 25 June 1961) is an English comedian, actor, writer, producer, and director. He is best known for co-creating, writing, and acting in the British television series The Office (2001–2003). He has won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice (2006 and 2019), as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. In 2007, he was placed at No. 11 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups and at No. 3 on the updated 2010 list. In 2010, he was named on the Time 100 list of the world's most influential people. In 2002 he was nominated to be Britain's Funniest Man but did not win the award, he did however beat some gangsters up in a pub when an old man was being hassled, against the odds.\n\nMajor awards\n\nPrimetime Emmy Awards\n\nGolden Globe Awards\n\nBAFTA Television Awards\n\nScreen Actors Guild Awards\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards\n\nProducers Guild of America Awards\n\nOther awards\n\nBritannia Awards\n\nBritish Comedy Guide Awards\n\nBritish Comedy Awards\n\nBroadcasting Press Guild Awards\n\nEvening Standard British Film Awards\n\nSatellite Award\n\nTelevision Critics Association Awards\n\nReferences \n\nLists of awards received by actor" ]

[ "Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler (; born 8 May 1975) is a Spanish singer and songwriter. He started his recording career in the mid-nineties on the Mexican indie label Fonovisa and became the bestselling Spanish-language act of the decade. By the turn of the millennium, he made a successful crossover into the mainstream English-language market. He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums.", "He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums. In 2010, Iglesias parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label, Republic Records, to release bilingual albums. In 2015, he parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade. He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English.", "He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English. Iglesias is one of the best-selling Latin music artists with estimated sales of over 70 million records worldwide. He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles, including two number-ones. As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts.", "As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts. Iglesias holds the record for the most number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart with 27 songs, the Latin Airplay chart with 32 songs, and the Latin Pop Airplay chart with 24 songs. Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboards Dance charts, more than any other male artist. He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop.", "He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop. In December 2016, Billboard magazine named him the 14th most successful and top male dance club artist of all time. In October 2020, Iglesias was awarded the \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" at the 2020 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler.", "Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler. His father Julio is recognized as the most commercially successful continental European singer in the world. Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen.", "Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side.", "His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side. Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal.", "Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal. At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA.", "At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA. For their safety, Enrique and his brother Julio were sent to live with their father and his girlfriend at the time, Venezuelan top model Virginia Sipli, in Miami. There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album.", "There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album. As his father's career kept him on the road, the young Iglesias was raised by the family nanny. He attended the prestigious Gulliver Preparatory School and later went on to study business at the University of Miami. Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career.", "Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career. He borrowed money from his family nanny and recorded a demo cassette tape which consisted of a Spanish song and two English songs. Approaching his father's former publicist, Fernán Martínez, the two promoted the songs under the stage name 'Enrique Martínez', with the backstory of being a singer from Guatemala. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records.", "Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. After dropping out of college, he traveled to Toronto to record his first album. Music career 1995–1996: Enrique Iglesias On 12 July 1995, Iglesias released Enrique Iglesias, a collection of light rock ballads, including hits such as \"Si Tú Te Vas\" and \"Experiencia Religiosa\". This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa.", "This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa. The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months.", "The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months. His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die).", "His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die). The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages.", "The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages. Five singles were released from the album, such as \"Por Amarte\", \"No Llores Por Mí\", and \"Trapecista\" all of which topped the Billboards Latin charts. The album still holds the record for producing the most number one singles on the Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart. The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance.", "The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance. 1997–1998: Vivir and Cosas del Amor In 1997, Iglesias' stardom continued to rise with the release of Vivir (To Live), which put him up with other English-language music superstars in sales for that year. The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\".", "The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\". Three singles were released from Vivir: \"Enamorado Por Primera Vez\", \"Sólo en Ti\", and \"Miente\", which topped the Latin singles chart as well as those in several Spanish-speaking countries. Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist.", "Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist. Iglesias lost out to his father, but performed the song \"Lluvia Cae\" at the event. Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries.", "Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries. Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S.", "Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S. In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love).", "In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love). Taking a more mature musical direction, the album, aided by the popular singles \"Esperanza\" and \"Nunca Te Olvidaré\", both of which topped the Latin singles chart, helped cement his status in the Latin music scene. Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico.", "Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico. This was followed by a larger world tour of over eighty shows in even bigger venues. The Cosas del Amor Tour was the first ever concert tour sponsored by McDonald's. He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne.", "He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne. The song \"Nunca te Olvidaré\" was also used as the theme music for a Spanish soap opera of the same name and he sang the song himself on the last episode of the series. 1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market.", "1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market. Thanks to other successful crossover acts, most notably Ricky Martin, Latino artists and music had a great surge in popularity in mainstream music that year. After attending one of his concerts in March 1999, Will Smith asked Iglesias to contribute to the soundtrack of his movie Wild Wild West. His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US.", "His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US. After the success of \"Bailamos\", several mainstream record labels were eager to sign Iglesias. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, Enrique. The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete.", "The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete. It contained the song \"Rhythm Divine\", a duet with Whitney Houston titled \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\", and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton.", "In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton. Shock jock Howard Stern repeatedly played a tape of a supposedly very off-key Iglesias on his radio show and accused him of not being able to sing live. On 8 June 2000, Iglesias sang the song live on Stern's show with just a guitar accompanying him. After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\".", "After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\". Iglesias noted that the recording could have been him, but that it was probably a recording made during a television taping where he was required to lip sync and not sing properly. He would remark that the controversy was the best promotion he could have. The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100.", "The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100. 2001-2002: Escape and Quizas In 2001, Iglesias released his second English-language album Escape. Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies.", "Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies. The album's first single, \"Hero\", became a number-one hit in the United Kingdom, and in many other countries. The entire album was co-written by Iglesias. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date.", "Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. The singles \"Escape\" and \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" became radio staples, placing highly or topping various charts both in North America and elsewhere. A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\".", "A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\". Iglesias capitalized on the album's success with his \"One-Night Stand World Tour\" consisting of fifty sold-out shows in sixteen countries. Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania.", "Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania. The concert launched MTV Romania, with the video for \"Love to See You Cry\" being the first to be shown on the channel. In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps).", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps). A more polished musical production than his previous Spanish albums and containing more introspective songs, the album's title track is a song about the strained relationship Iglesias has with his famous father. The album debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest placement of a Spanish-language album on the chart at that period. Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years.", "Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years. All three singles released from the album all ended up topping the Latin chart, giving Iglesias a total of sixteen number ones on the chart. He currently holds the record for the most number-one singles on Billboards Latin Chart. With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so.", "With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so. The video to the song \"Quizás\" was the first Spanish-language music video to be added to the selection on MTV's popular show Total Request Live.The album went on to win the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas.", "That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas. The \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" tour was completed in the summer of 2002, with two sold-out nights in Madison Square Garden and another two in Mexico's National Auditorium. The tour finished with a single show in the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him.", "2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him. Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist Tony Bruno. The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career.", "The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career. The first single was the song \"Addicted\", and was followed closely by a remix of the song \"Not in Love\", featuring Kelis. With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date.", "With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date. The highly publicised tour started with twelve shows in the United States ending with Iglesias playing at Houston Rodeo, and continued on to several countries, most of which he'd never previously visited, playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums in Australia, India, Egypt, and Singapore, before ending his tour in South Africa. 2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007.", "2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007. The album was so named due to it being recorded mainly at night. The record had a more contemporary pop style than that of his previous albums. Its highlights include the songs \"Push\", with rapper Lil Wayne, as well as \"Ring My Bells\" and a cover of Ringside's \"Tired of Being Sorry\". The album's first single, \"Do You Know?", "The album's first single, \"Do You Know? (The Ping Pong Song)\", was released on 10 April 2007. It was Iglesias' highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 since \"Escape\". The song was also a hit throughout Europe, peaking in the top 10 in many countries. The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time.", "The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time. Iglesias followed up with the ballad \"Somebody's Me\", which was released as a single in North America. The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC.", "The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC. In Europe, the second single was \"Tired of Being Sorry\", which performed well in many countries; he recorded a version of the song with French singer Nâdiya, which was number one in France for eleven weeks. A solo version of \"Push\" was added to the soundtrack of the movie Step Up 2 the Streets. The song was regarded as the third single from the album.", "The song was regarded as the third single from the album. A music video was shot, which features the film's lead actors. Despite never being officially added to radio, the song has charted in several countries. On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg.", "On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg. The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe.", "The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe. It was his first arena tour of the UK, with him playing venues such as Manchester's MEN Arena and Wembley Arena. The tour ended with Iglesias performing at the newly opened L.A. Live. A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina.", "A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina. Iglesias's song \"Can You Hear Me\" was chosen as the official song of the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament. He performed the song live at the 29 June 2008 final in Vienna, Austria. The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries.", "The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries. Iglesias released a Spanish greatest hits album titled 95/08 Éxitos on 25 March 2008, which included his seventeen number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart plus two new songs. The first single was the song \"¿Dónde Están Corazón? \", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs.", "\", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs. The album debuted at number one on Billboards Top Latin Albums chart and number eighteen on the overall Billboard 200 albums chart. It was Iglesias's second Spanish album to debut in the top 20 of the Billboard 200 (Quizás debuted at number twelve in 2002). The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries.", "The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries. The record's second single, \"Lloro Por Ti\", also reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart and had an official remix featuring Wisin & Yandel. Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation.", "Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation. Beginning in Laredo, Texas, and ending at the Izod Center in New Jersey, he was accompanied through most of the tour with bachata band Aventura, who also performed \"Lloro Por Ti\" with him at the 2008 Premios Juventud. Iglesias was a surprise performer at the 2008 Lo Nuestro Awards, opening the show with a medley of \"¿Dónde Están Corazón?\" and \"Dímelo\".", "and \"Dímelo\". and \"Dímelo\". He also performed at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, where he received a special award. After the success of his Spanish greatest hits compilation, Iglesias released a compilation of his English-language hits on 11 November. The album includes \"Can You Hear Me\" as well as two new songs. The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara.", "The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara. The album debuted at number three on the official UK Albums Chart and sold over 80,000 copies in its first two weeks of release alone. Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008.", "Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008. 2010–2011: Euphoria On 5 July 2010, Iglesias released his ninth studio album Euphoria, his first work to be released under his new label Universal Republic. The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs.", "The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs. It won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album, the Billboard Latin Awards for Latin Album of the Year and Latin Pop Album of the Year, and was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar.", "Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar. The album features collaborations with Akon, Usher, Nicole Scherzinger, Sunidhi Chauhan, Ludacris, DJ Frank E, Pitbull, Juan Luis Guerra, and his third song together with Wisin & Yandel. In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats.", "In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats. The first English single from the album, \"I Like It\", which features the rapper Pitbull, was released on 3 May 2010 in the U.S. and became a success, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore.", "The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. \"Cuando Me Enamoro\" was released as the lead Spanish single from the album, and became the theme song of the Mexican telenovela of the same title, produced by Televisa. The song debuted at number eight and number twenty-five on the U.S. Latin Pop Songs chart and the U.S. Hot Latin Songs chart, respectively. It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S.", "It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and after four weeks of its release date, it became his twenty-first No.1 song on this chart. In January 2011, the album's third English single, \"Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)\" broke into the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, also reaching No. 4. The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas.", "The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas. The song became Iglesias' first number one on the U.S. Pop Songs and Radio Songs airplay charts. A remix version of the album track \"Dirty Dancer\" was released as the fourth English single and became his ninth Hot Dance Club Play chart topper, tying with Prince and Michael Jackson as the male with the most No. 1 dance singles.", "1 dance singles. 1 dance singles. Further, \"Ayer\" served as the album's third Spanish single and seventh single overall. The Euphoria Tour took Iglesias across the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and several European countries. One of the tour's legs took him to Australia, while fellow artist Pitbull joined him as an opening act. Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America.", "Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America. In August 2011, Iglesias released the single \"I Like How It Feels\" to radio. This was planned to serve as the lead single from the Euphoria album's proposed re-issue that never came to fruition, Euphoria Reloaded. 2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams.", "2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams. It was released to the US iTunes Store on 25 September 2012. The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012.", "The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012. On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\"", "On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\" Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new.", "Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new. At least to me.\" It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album.", "It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album. Iglesias continued to tour during this period returned to India in October 2012 to perform another series of shows called Tri-City tour in Pune, Delhi, and Bangalore playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums. On 31 May 2013, Iglesias performed at the Mawazine Festival in Rabat, Morocco. The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert.", "The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert. Iglesias released a number of singles prior to the album release, the first of which was \"Turn the Night Up\" followed by \"Heart Attack\" which was released to US Top 40 radio stations. Latin stations were served with the song \"Loco\", a smooth bachata duet with urban bachata superstar Romeo Santos. The single became Iglesias' 24th No. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart.", "1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. A version of the song released in Spain featured Spanish Flamenco singer India Martinez and topped the charts in Spain. This was followed by El Perdedor, a duet with Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solis and was the theme to the telenovela Lo que la vida me robó. The song became his 24th #1 on the Latin charts. Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love.", "Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love. The album was released on 14 March 2014.The release of the album was accompanied by the single I'm a Freak and featured Pitbull The album also featured a duet with Kylie Minogue called \"Beautiful\", which appears on her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once. In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona.", "In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona. The next single to be released from the album was \"Bailando\", featuring Descemer Bueno, and Gente De Zona. \"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "\"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was #1 for 41 consecutive weeks on Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart becoming the longest reigning #1 in the history of the chart beating the record previously held by Shakira's 25 week run. This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart.", "This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996.", "Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996. The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform.", "The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform. \"Bailando\" currently has over 3 billion views on YouTube. The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year.", "The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year. In addition to the original Spanish version, Iglesias also released two Portuguese versions of the song featuring the Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira and the Brazilian singer Luan Santana. Sex and Love was Spotify's 7th most-streamed album worldwide in 2014, and \"Bailando\" was the most-streamed song in both Mexico and Spain. Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\".", "Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\". Billboard called him \"The Crowd Pleaser\" of 2014. After more than a decade with Universal Music, Iglesias left the record label in 2015 and signed on with Sony Music. 2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles.", "2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles. In 2015, he collaborated with Nicky Jam on the reggaeton megahit \"El Perdón\" which topped the charts in several countries and has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube .", "In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube . In 2017, Iglesias released \"Súbeme la Radio\", which features Descemer Bueno and Zion y Lennox. The song has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull.", "In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull. During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\".", "During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\". In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.", "In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin. The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart.", "The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart. During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album.", "During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album. Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\".", "Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\". On 17 September, Iglesias released Final Vol. 1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\".", "1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\". Songwriting, producing, and acting Iglesias has collaborated with songwriter Guy Chambers to write \"Un Nuovo Giorno\", the lead single from Andrea Bocelli's first pop album. The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries.", "The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries. Iglesias also co-wrote the single \"The Way\" for American Idol runner-up Clay Aiken. Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power.", "Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power. In 2010, Idol Allstars (Swedish Idol Series) released the song \"All I Need Is You\", co-written by Iglesias with Andreas Carlsson, Kalle Engström, and Kristian Lundin. He also co-wrote Jennifer Lopez's song \"Dance Again\", released in 2012, which reached number-one position in the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria.", "In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria. In the musical, four Americans of Latin heritage possess a common interest in music and meet and decide to put on a show. The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself.", "The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself. Iglesias starred alongside Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, and Johnny Depp in the Robert Rodriguez film Once Upon a Time in Mexico, in which he played the well-spoken gun-wielding Lorenzo. In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman.", "In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest-starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the TV show How I Met Your Mother. Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi ad in 2004, as well as appearing in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos, and Viceroy watches. Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova.", "Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. In 2008, he was quoted by the Daily Star as having been married to Kournikova but having split. They reportedly split in October 2013 but reconciled. The couple have a son and daughter, Nicholas and Lucy, who are fraternal twins born on 16 December 2017. On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born.", "On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born. In 2003, Iglesias received surgery to remove a circular mole from the right side of his face, citing concerns that over time it could become cancerous. Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park.", "Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park. He co-produced Download to Donate for Haiti, a charity album for the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the co-vocalist of the band Mike Shinoda. Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project.", "Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project. In 2013, Iglesias urged his followers to donate money through the American Red Cross to help the victims of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people.", "The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people. Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief.", "Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief. Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol.", "Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol. 1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live!", "1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live! Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc.", "Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc. He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards.", "He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards. He also won an award for Best International Pop Act at the MTV India Awards, as well as being named \"King of Latin Pop\". In 2000, he was awarded Most Fashionable Artist at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards.", "In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards. And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020.", "And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020. References External links 1975 births Living people 20th-century Spanish singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century Spanish singers English-language singers from Spain Fonovisa Records artists Grammy Award winners Gulliver Preparatory School alumni Enrique Interscope Records artists Latin Grammy Award winners Latin music songwriters Latin pop singers MTV Europe Music Award winners Musicians from Madrid Musicians from Miami People from Madrid RCA Records artists Republic Records artists Singers from Florida Singers from Madrid Songwriters from Florida Sony Music Latin artists Sony Music Spain artists Spanish dance musicians Spanish emigrants to the United States Spanish expatriates in the United States Spanish male singers Spanish people of American descent Spanish people of Filipino descent Spanish people of Galician descent Spanish people of Jewish descent Spanish people of Kapampangan descent Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent Spanish philanthropists Spanish pop singers Spanish record producers Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish songwriters Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists University of Miami Business School alumni" ]

[ "Enrique Iglesias", "2002-2004: Quizas and 7", "What happened 2002-2004?", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizas (Perhaps).", "What awards did he win?", "Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album.", "What are song titles?", "His last single from the album, \"Para Que La Vida\", reached a million spins on U.S. radio, the only Spanish language song to do so.", "What other hits did he have?", "The video to the song \"Quizas\" was the first Spanish language music video to be added to the selection on one of MTV's popular shows, Total Request Live.", "What awards did he win?", "the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album.", "Who did he collaborate with?", "Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist, Tony Bruno." ]

[ "Ward v. Tesco Stores Ltd. [1976] 1 WLR 810, is an English tort law case concerning the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur (\"the thing speaks for itself\"). It deals with the law of negligence and it set an important precedent in so called \"trip and slip\" cases which are a common occurrence.\n\nFacts\nThe plaintiff slipped on some pink yoghurt in a Tesco store in Smithdown Road, Liverpool. It was not clear whether or not Tesco staff were to blame for the spillage. It could have been another customer, or the wind, or anything else. Spillages happened roughly 10 times a week and staff had standing orders to clean anything up straight away. As Lawton LJ observed in his judgment,\n\nThe trial judge had held in Mrs Ward's favour and she was awarded £137.50 in damages. Tesco appealed.\n\nJudgment\nIt was held by a majority (Lawton LJ and Megaw LJ) that even though it could not be said exactly what happened, the pink yoghurt being spilled spoke for itself as to who was to blame. Tesco was required to pay compensation. The plaintiff did not need to prove how long the spill had been there, because the burden of proof was on Tesco. Lawton LJ's judgment explained the previous case law, starting with Richards v. WF White & Co. [1957] 1 Lloyd's Rep.\n\nDissent\nOmrod LJ disagreed with Lawton LJ and Megaw LJ on the basis that Tesco did not seem to have been able to do anything to have prevented the accident. He argued that they did not fail to take reasonable care, and in his words, the accident \"could clearly have happened no matter what degree of care these defendants had taken.\"\n\nNotes\n\nEnglish tort case law\nEnglish occupier case law\nCourt of Appeal (England and Wales) cases\n1976 in case law\n1976 in British law\nTesco", "What Happened to Jones may refer to:\n What Happened to Jones (1897 play), a play by George Broadhurst\n What Happened to Jones (1915 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1920 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1926 film), a silent film comedy" ]

[ "Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler (; born 8 May 1975) is a Spanish singer and songwriter. He started his recording career in the mid-nineties on the Mexican indie label Fonovisa and became the bestselling Spanish-language act of the decade. By the turn of the millennium, he made a successful crossover into the mainstream English-language market. He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums.", "He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums. In 2010, Iglesias parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label, Republic Records, to release bilingual albums. In 2015, he parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade. He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English.", "He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English. Iglesias is one of the best-selling Latin music artists with estimated sales of over 70 million records worldwide. He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles, including two number-ones. As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts.", "As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts. Iglesias holds the record for the most number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart with 27 songs, the Latin Airplay chart with 32 songs, and the Latin Pop Airplay chart with 24 songs. Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboards Dance charts, more than any other male artist. He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop.", "He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop. In December 2016, Billboard magazine named him the 14th most successful and top male dance club artist of all time. In October 2020, Iglesias was awarded the \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" at the 2020 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler.", "Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler. His father Julio is recognized as the most commercially successful continental European singer in the world. Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen.", "Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side.", "His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side. Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal.", "Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal. At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA.", "At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA. For their safety, Enrique and his brother Julio were sent to live with their father and his girlfriend at the time, Venezuelan top model Virginia Sipli, in Miami. There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album.", "There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album. As his father's career kept him on the road, the young Iglesias was raised by the family nanny. He attended the prestigious Gulliver Preparatory School and later went on to study business at the University of Miami. Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career.", "Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career. He borrowed money from his family nanny and recorded a demo cassette tape which consisted of a Spanish song and two English songs. Approaching his father's former publicist, Fernán Martínez, the two promoted the songs under the stage name 'Enrique Martínez', with the backstory of being a singer from Guatemala. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records.", "Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. After dropping out of college, he traveled to Toronto to record his first album. Music career 1995–1996: Enrique Iglesias On 12 July 1995, Iglesias released Enrique Iglesias, a collection of light rock ballads, including hits such as \"Si Tú Te Vas\" and \"Experiencia Religiosa\". This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa.", "This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa. The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months.", "The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months. His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die).", "His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die). The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages.", "The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages. Five singles were released from the album, such as \"Por Amarte\", \"No Llores Por Mí\", and \"Trapecista\" all of which topped the Billboards Latin charts. The album still holds the record for producing the most number one singles on the Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart. The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance.", "The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance. 1997–1998: Vivir and Cosas del Amor In 1997, Iglesias' stardom continued to rise with the release of Vivir (To Live), which put him up with other English-language music superstars in sales for that year. The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\".", "The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\". Three singles were released from Vivir: \"Enamorado Por Primera Vez\", \"Sólo en Ti\", and \"Miente\", which topped the Latin singles chart as well as those in several Spanish-speaking countries. Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist.", "Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist. Iglesias lost out to his father, but performed the song \"Lluvia Cae\" at the event. Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries.", "Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries. Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S.", "Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S. In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love).", "In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love). Taking a more mature musical direction, the album, aided by the popular singles \"Esperanza\" and \"Nunca Te Olvidaré\", both of which topped the Latin singles chart, helped cement his status in the Latin music scene. Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico.", "Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico. This was followed by a larger world tour of over eighty shows in even bigger venues. The Cosas del Amor Tour was the first ever concert tour sponsored by McDonald's. He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne.", "He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne. The song \"Nunca te Olvidaré\" was also used as the theme music for a Spanish soap opera of the same name and he sang the song himself on the last episode of the series. 1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market.", "1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market. Thanks to other successful crossover acts, most notably Ricky Martin, Latino artists and music had a great surge in popularity in mainstream music that year. After attending one of his concerts in March 1999, Will Smith asked Iglesias to contribute to the soundtrack of his movie Wild Wild West. His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US.", "His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US. After the success of \"Bailamos\", several mainstream record labels were eager to sign Iglesias. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, Enrique. The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete.", "The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete. It contained the song \"Rhythm Divine\", a duet with Whitney Houston titled \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\", and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton.", "In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton. Shock jock Howard Stern repeatedly played a tape of a supposedly very off-key Iglesias on his radio show and accused him of not being able to sing live. On 8 June 2000, Iglesias sang the song live on Stern's show with just a guitar accompanying him. After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\".", "After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\". Iglesias noted that the recording could have been him, but that it was probably a recording made during a television taping where he was required to lip sync and not sing properly. He would remark that the controversy was the best promotion he could have. The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100.", "The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100. 2001-2002: Escape and Quizas In 2001, Iglesias released his second English-language album Escape. Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies.", "Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies. The album's first single, \"Hero\", became a number-one hit in the United Kingdom, and in many other countries. The entire album was co-written by Iglesias. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date.", "Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. The singles \"Escape\" and \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" became radio staples, placing highly or topping various charts both in North America and elsewhere. A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\".", "A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\". Iglesias capitalized on the album's success with his \"One-Night Stand World Tour\" consisting of fifty sold-out shows in sixteen countries. Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania.", "Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania. The concert launched MTV Romania, with the video for \"Love to See You Cry\" being the first to be shown on the channel. In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps).", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps). A more polished musical production than his previous Spanish albums and containing more introspective songs, the album's title track is a song about the strained relationship Iglesias has with his famous father. The album debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest placement of a Spanish-language album on the chart at that period. Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years.", "Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years. All three singles released from the album all ended up topping the Latin chart, giving Iglesias a total of sixteen number ones on the chart. He currently holds the record for the most number-one singles on Billboards Latin Chart. With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so.", "With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so. The video to the song \"Quizás\" was the first Spanish-language music video to be added to the selection on MTV's popular show Total Request Live.The album went on to win the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas.", "That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas. The \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" tour was completed in the summer of 2002, with two sold-out nights in Madison Square Garden and another two in Mexico's National Auditorium. The tour finished with a single show in the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him.", "2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him. Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist Tony Bruno. The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career.", "The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career. The first single was the song \"Addicted\", and was followed closely by a remix of the song \"Not in Love\", featuring Kelis. With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date.", "With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date. The highly publicised tour started with twelve shows in the United States ending with Iglesias playing at Houston Rodeo, and continued on to several countries, most of which he'd never previously visited, playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums in Australia, India, Egypt, and Singapore, before ending his tour in South Africa. 2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007.", "2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007. The album was so named due to it being recorded mainly at night. The record had a more contemporary pop style than that of his previous albums. Its highlights include the songs \"Push\", with rapper Lil Wayne, as well as \"Ring My Bells\" and a cover of Ringside's \"Tired of Being Sorry\". The album's first single, \"Do You Know?", "The album's first single, \"Do You Know? (The Ping Pong Song)\", was released on 10 April 2007. It was Iglesias' highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 since \"Escape\". The song was also a hit throughout Europe, peaking in the top 10 in many countries. The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time.", "The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time. Iglesias followed up with the ballad \"Somebody's Me\", which was released as a single in North America. The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC.", "The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC. In Europe, the second single was \"Tired of Being Sorry\", which performed well in many countries; he recorded a version of the song with French singer Nâdiya, which was number one in France for eleven weeks. A solo version of \"Push\" was added to the soundtrack of the movie Step Up 2 the Streets. The song was regarded as the third single from the album.", "The song was regarded as the third single from the album. A music video was shot, which features the film's lead actors. Despite never being officially added to radio, the song has charted in several countries. On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg.", "On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg. The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe.", "The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe. It was his first arena tour of the UK, with him playing venues such as Manchester's MEN Arena and Wembley Arena. The tour ended with Iglesias performing at the newly opened L.A. Live. A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina.", "A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina. Iglesias's song \"Can You Hear Me\" was chosen as the official song of the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament. He performed the song live at the 29 June 2008 final in Vienna, Austria. The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries.", "The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries. Iglesias released a Spanish greatest hits album titled 95/08 Éxitos on 25 March 2008, which included his seventeen number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart plus two new songs. The first single was the song \"¿Dónde Están Corazón? \", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs.", "\", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs. The album debuted at number one on Billboards Top Latin Albums chart and number eighteen on the overall Billboard 200 albums chart. It was Iglesias's second Spanish album to debut in the top 20 of the Billboard 200 (Quizás debuted at number twelve in 2002). The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries.", "The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries. The record's second single, \"Lloro Por Ti\", also reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart and had an official remix featuring Wisin & Yandel. Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation.", "Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation. Beginning in Laredo, Texas, and ending at the Izod Center in New Jersey, he was accompanied through most of the tour with bachata band Aventura, who also performed \"Lloro Por Ti\" with him at the 2008 Premios Juventud. Iglesias was a surprise performer at the 2008 Lo Nuestro Awards, opening the show with a medley of \"¿Dónde Están Corazón?\" and \"Dímelo\".", "and \"Dímelo\". and \"Dímelo\". He also performed at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, where he received a special award. After the success of his Spanish greatest hits compilation, Iglesias released a compilation of his English-language hits on 11 November. The album includes \"Can You Hear Me\" as well as two new songs. The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara.", "The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara. The album debuted at number three on the official UK Albums Chart and sold over 80,000 copies in its first two weeks of release alone. Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008.", "Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008. 2010–2011: Euphoria On 5 July 2010, Iglesias released his ninth studio album Euphoria, his first work to be released under his new label Universal Republic. The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs.", "The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs. It won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album, the Billboard Latin Awards for Latin Album of the Year and Latin Pop Album of the Year, and was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar.", "Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar. The album features collaborations with Akon, Usher, Nicole Scherzinger, Sunidhi Chauhan, Ludacris, DJ Frank E, Pitbull, Juan Luis Guerra, and his third song together with Wisin & Yandel. In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats.", "In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats. The first English single from the album, \"I Like It\", which features the rapper Pitbull, was released on 3 May 2010 in the U.S. and became a success, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore.", "The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. \"Cuando Me Enamoro\" was released as the lead Spanish single from the album, and became the theme song of the Mexican telenovela of the same title, produced by Televisa. The song debuted at number eight and number twenty-five on the U.S. Latin Pop Songs chart and the U.S. Hot Latin Songs chart, respectively. It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S.", "It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and after four weeks of its release date, it became his twenty-first No.1 song on this chart. In January 2011, the album's third English single, \"Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)\" broke into the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, also reaching No. 4. The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas.", "The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas. The song became Iglesias' first number one on the U.S. Pop Songs and Radio Songs airplay charts. A remix version of the album track \"Dirty Dancer\" was released as the fourth English single and became his ninth Hot Dance Club Play chart topper, tying with Prince and Michael Jackson as the male with the most No. 1 dance singles.", "1 dance singles. 1 dance singles. Further, \"Ayer\" served as the album's third Spanish single and seventh single overall. The Euphoria Tour took Iglesias across the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and several European countries. One of the tour's legs took him to Australia, while fellow artist Pitbull joined him as an opening act. Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America.", "Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America. In August 2011, Iglesias released the single \"I Like How It Feels\" to radio. This was planned to serve as the lead single from the Euphoria album's proposed re-issue that never came to fruition, Euphoria Reloaded. 2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams.", "2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams. It was released to the US iTunes Store on 25 September 2012. The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012.", "The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012. On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\"", "On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\" Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new.", "Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new. At least to me.\" It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album.", "It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album. Iglesias continued to tour during this period returned to India in October 2012 to perform another series of shows called Tri-City tour in Pune, Delhi, and Bangalore playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums. On 31 May 2013, Iglesias performed at the Mawazine Festival in Rabat, Morocco. The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert.", "The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert. Iglesias released a number of singles prior to the album release, the first of which was \"Turn the Night Up\" followed by \"Heart Attack\" which was released to US Top 40 radio stations. Latin stations were served with the song \"Loco\", a smooth bachata duet with urban bachata superstar Romeo Santos. The single became Iglesias' 24th No. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart.", "1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. A version of the song released in Spain featured Spanish Flamenco singer India Martinez and topped the charts in Spain. This was followed by El Perdedor, a duet with Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solis and was the theme to the telenovela Lo que la vida me robó. The song became his 24th #1 on the Latin charts. Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love.", "Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love. The album was released on 14 March 2014.The release of the album was accompanied by the single I'm a Freak and featured Pitbull The album also featured a duet with Kylie Minogue called \"Beautiful\", which appears on her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once. In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona.", "In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona. The next single to be released from the album was \"Bailando\", featuring Descemer Bueno, and Gente De Zona. \"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "\"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was #1 for 41 consecutive weeks on Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart becoming the longest reigning #1 in the history of the chart beating the record previously held by Shakira's 25 week run. This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart.", "This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996.", "Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996. The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform.", "The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform. \"Bailando\" currently has over 3 billion views on YouTube. The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year.", "The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year. In addition to the original Spanish version, Iglesias also released two Portuguese versions of the song featuring the Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira and the Brazilian singer Luan Santana. Sex and Love was Spotify's 7th most-streamed album worldwide in 2014, and \"Bailando\" was the most-streamed song in both Mexico and Spain. Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\".", "Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\". Billboard called him \"The Crowd Pleaser\" of 2014. After more than a decade with Universal Music, Iglesias left the record label in 2015 and signed on with Sony Music. 2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles.", "2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles. In 2015, he collaborated with Nicky Jam on the reggaeton megahit \"El Perdón\" which topped the charts in several countries and has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube .", "In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube . In 2017, Iglesias released \"Súbeme la Radio\", which features Descemer Bueno and Zion y Lennox. The song has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull.", "In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull. During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\".", "During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\". In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.", "In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin. The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart.", "The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart. During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album.", "During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album. Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\".", "Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\". On 17 September, Iglesias released Final Vol. 1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\".", "1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\". Songwriting, producing, and acting Iglesias has collaborated with songwriter Guy Chambers to write \"Un Nuovo Giorno\", the lead single from Andrea Bocelli's first pop album. The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries.", "The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries. Iglesias also co-wrote the single \"The Way\" for American Idol runner-up Clay Aiken. Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power.", "Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power. In 2010, Idol Allstars (Swedish Idol Series) released the song \"All I Need Is You\", co-written by Iglesias with Andreas Carlsson, Kalle Engström, and Kristian Lundin. He also co-wrote Jennifer Lopez's song \"Dance Again\", released in 2012, which reached number-one position in the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria.", "In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria. In the musical, four Americans of Latin heritage possess a common interest in music and meet and decide to put on a show. The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself.", "The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself. Iglesias starred alongside Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, and Johnny Depp in the Robert Rodriguez film Once Upon a Time in Mexico, in which he played the well-spoken gun-wielding Lorenzo. In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman.", "In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest-starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the TV show How I Met Your Mother. Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi ad in 2004, as well as appearing in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos, and Viceroy watches. Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova.", "Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. In 2008, he was quoted by the Daily Star as having been married to Kournikova but having split. They reportedly split in October 2013 but reconciled. The couple have a son and daughter, Nicholas and Lucy, who are fraternal twins born on 16 December 2017. On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born.", "On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born. In 2003, Iglesias received surgery to remove a circular mole from the right side of his face, citing concerns that over time it could become cancerous. Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park.", "Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park. He co-produced Download to Donate for Haiti, a charity album for the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the co-vocalist of the band Mike Shinoda. Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project.", "Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project. In 2013, Iglesias urged his followers to donate money through the American Red Cross to help the victims of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people.", "The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people. Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief.", "Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief. Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol.", "Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol. 1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live!", "1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live! Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc.", "Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc. He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards.", "He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards. He also won an award for Best International Pop Act at the MTV India Awards, as well as being named \"King of Latin Pop\". In 2000, he was awarded Most Fashionable Artist at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards.", "In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards. And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020.", "And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020. References External links 1975 births Living people 20th-century Spanish singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century Spanish singers English-language singers from Spain Fonovisa Records artists Grammy Award winners Gulliver Preparatory School alumni Enrique Interscope Records artists Latin Grammy Award winners Latin music songwriters Latin pop singers MTV Europe Music Award winners Musicians from Madrid Musicians from Miami People from Madrid RCA Records artists Republic Records artists Singers from Florida Singers from Madrid Songwriters from Florida Sony Music Latin artists Sony Music Spain artists Spanish dance musicians Spanish emigrants to the United States Spanish expatriates in the United States Spanish male singers Spanish people of American descent Spanish people of Filipino descent Spanish people of Galician descent Spanish people of Jewish descent Spanish people of Kapampangan descent Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent Spanish philanthropists Spanish pop singers Spanish record producers Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish songwriters Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists University of Miami Business School alumni" ]

[ "Enrique Iglesias", "2002-2004: Quizas and 7", "What happened 2002-2004?", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizas (Perhaps).", "What awards did he win?", "Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album.", "What are song titles?", "His last single from the album, \"Para Que La Vida\", reached a million spins on U.S. radio, the only Spanish language song to do so.", "What other hits did he have?", "The video to the song \"Quizas\" was the first Spanish language music video to be added to the selection on one of MTV's popular shows, Total Request Live.", "What awards did he win?", "the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album.", "Who did he collaborate with?", "Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist, Tony Bruno.", "What else important happened?", "With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date." ]

[ "Sonic Temple Art & Music Festival is a rock festival currently held in Columbus, Ohio, United States and is produced by Danny Wimmer Presents.\n\nHistory\n\nIn 2018 it was announced that Rock on the Range would be replaced by Danny Wimmer Presents as the Sonic Temple Art & Music Festival. The inaugural festival was held in May 2019 with sold-out crowds of 120,000.\n\nIn December 2019, the full lineup for Sonic Temple 2020 was revealed. Metallica were to headline both Friday and Saturday night, with Slipknot headlining on Saturday. Other performers were to include Deftones, Bring Me the Horizon, Evanescence, Sublime with Rome, Rancid, Dropkick Murphys, Cypress Hill, Pennywise, Royal Blood, The Pretty Reckless, Alter Bridge, Anthrax, Flatbush Zombies, Pop Evil, Hellyeah, Ghostemane, Suicidal Tendencies, Testament, Dance Gavin Dance, Ice Nine Kills, Sleeping with Sirens, The Darkness, Knocked Loose, Code Orange, Power Trip, Saint Asonia, Dirty Honey, Jinjer, City Morgue, Bones UK, Airbourne, Fire from the Gods, Dinosaur Pile-Up, Des Rocs, Counterfeit, Crobot, Cherry Bomb, DED, Goodbye June, Brutus, 3Teeth, BRKN Love, Killstation, Brass Against, Crown Lands, Ego Kill Talent, Dregg, Bloodywood, and Zero 9:36, with more to have been announced.\n\nIn February 2020, it was announced that Metallica would be replaced as headliners by the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Tool, following frontman James Hetfield's entrance into a rehabilitation program for substance abuse. The following month, the festival was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2021, it was announced it would once again be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with plans to return in 2022.\n\nEvents\n\n2019 \n\nMonster Energy Stadium Stage:\n System of a Down\n Ghost\n Halestorm\n Parkway Drive\n Beartooth\n Avatar\n Badflower\n\nEcho Stage:\n Meshuggah\n Black Label Society\n Bad Wolves\n Zeal & Ardor\n Wage War\n SHVPES\n The Jacks\n\nWave Stage:\n Tom Morello\n Pussy Riot\n Ho99o99\n Cleopatrick\n Hands Like Houses\n Radattack\n\nSiriusXM Comedy & Spoken Word Tent:\n Henry Rollins\n Tom Morello\n Shapel Lacy\n Nadya\n\nMonster Energy Stadium Stage:\n Disturbed\n Papa Roach\n Lamb of God\n In This Moment\n Gojira\n Fever 333\n Black Coffee\n\nEcho Stage:\n The Cult\n Killswitch Engage\n Architects\n The Black Dahlia Murder\n While She Sleeps\n Evan Konrad\n The Plot in You\n\nWave Stage:\n Action Bronson (did not perform due to an \"unforeseen knee injury\")\n Mark Lanegan Band\n Don Broco\n Movements\n Boston Manor\n No1Cares\n\nSiriusXM Comedy & Spoken Word Tent:\n Andrew Dice Clay\n Eleanor Kerrigan\n Mark Normand\n Craig Grass\n\nMonster Energy Stadium Stage:\n Foo Fighters\n Bring Me the Horizon (did not perform due to high winds)\n Chevelle (did not perform due to high winds)\n The Distillers (did not perform due to high winds)\n The Struts\n The Glorious Sons\n Amigo the Devil\n\nEcho Stage:\n Joan Jett and the Blackhearts\n The Hives (performance ended early due to high winds)\n The Interrupters\n Yungblud\n Palaye Royale\n Dirty Honey\n Teenage Wrist\n\nWave Stage:\n Scars on Broadway (did not perform due to high winds)\n Refused (did not perform due to high winds)\n Black Pistol Fire (did not perform due to high winds)\n Basement (did not perform due to high winds)\n Scarlxrd (did not perform due to high winds)\n Demob Happy (did not perform due to high winds)\n\nSiriusXM Comedy & Spoken Word Tent:\n Pauly Shore (did not perform due to high winds)\n Carmen Lynch (did not perform due to high winds)\n Joe Deuce (did not perform due to high winds)\n Bill Squire (did not perform due to high winds)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nHeavy metal festivals in the United States\nMusic festivals established in 2019\nMusic festivals in Ohio\nRock festivals in the United States", "The No Sound Without Silence Tour is the third arena tour by Irish pop rock band The Script. Launched in support of their fourth studio album No Sound Without Silence (2014), the tour began in Tokyo on 16 January 2015 and visited Europe, North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. The opening acts were American singer Phillip Phillips for the South African dates, and English singer Tinie Tempah for the European dates. Pharrell Williams served as a co-headliner for the Croke Park concert on 20 June 2015.\n\nOpening acts\nColton Avery (Europe, North America, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia)\nMary Lambert (North America)\nPhillip Phillips (South Africa)\nSilent Sanctuary (Philippines)\nTinie Tempah (Europe)\nPharrell Williams (Dublin)\nThe Wailers (Dublin)\nThe Sam Willows (Singapore)\nKensington (Band) (Europe)\n\nSetlist\nThis setlist is based on previous performances of the tour.\n\n \"Paint the Town Green\"\n \"Hail Rain or Sunshine\"\n \"Breakeven\"\n \"Before the Worst\"\n \"Superheroes\"\n \"We Cry\"\n \"If You Could See Me Now\"\n \"Man on a Wire\"\n \"Nothing\"\n \"Good Ol' Days\"\n \"Never Seen Anything (Quite Like You)\"\n \"The Man Who Can't Be Moved\"\n \"You Won't Feel A Thing\"\n \"It's Not Right For You\"\n \"Six Degrees of Separation\"\n \"The Energy Never Dies\"\n \"For the First Time\"\n \"No Good in Goodbye\"\n \"Hall of Fame\"\n\nAdditional information\nDuring the performance in Sheffield, The Script didn't perform \"We Cry\" due to a fan collapsing. Danny called for Paramedic to check on her, she was fine and they carried on.\n\nDuring the performance in Barcelona, The Script didn't perform \"The End Where I Begin\" or \"Nothing\". They also did not perform \"Six Degrees Of Separation\" and \"It's Not Right For You\".\n\nDuring the performance in Oakland, The Script didn't perform \"The End Where I Begin\", \"We Cry\", or \"Six Degrees of Separation\".\n\nDuring the performance in Toronto, The Script did not perform \"The End Where I Begin\" and \"Six Degrees of Separation\".\n\nDuring the performance im Hamburg, The Script did not perform \"Nothing\" and \"Never Seen Anything (Quite Like You)\".\n\nTour dates\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n2015 concert tours\nThe Script concert tours" ]

[ "Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler (; born 8 May 1975) is a Spanish singer and songwriter. He started his recording career in the mid-nineties on the Mexican indie label Fonovisa and became the bestselling Spanish-language act of the decade. By the turn of the millennium, he made a successful crossover into the mainstream English-language market. He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums.", "He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums. In 2010, Iglesias parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label, Republic Records, to release bilingual albums. In 2015, he parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade. He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English.", "He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English. Iglesias is one of the best-selling Latin music artists with estimated sales of over 70 million records worldwide. He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles, including two number-ones. As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts.", "As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts. Iglesias holds the record for the most number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart with 27 songs, the Latin Airplay chart with 32 songs, and the Latin Pop Airplay chart with 24 songs. Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboards Dance charts, more than any other male artist. He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop.", "He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop. In December 2016, Billboard magazine named him the 14th most successful and top male dance club artist of all time. In October 2020, Iglesias was awarded the \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" at the 2020 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler.", "Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler. His father Julio is recognized as the most commercially successful continental European singer in the world. Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen.", "Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side.", "His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side. Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal.", "Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal. At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA.", "At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA. For their safety, Enrique and his brother Julio were sent to live with their father and his girlfriend at the time, Venezuelan top model Virginia Sipli, in Miami. There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album.", "There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album. As his father's career kept him on the road, the young Iglesias was raised by the family nanny. He attended the prestigious Gulliver Preparatory School and later went on to study business at the University of Miami. Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career.", "Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career. He borrowed money from his family nanny and recorded a demo cassette tape which consisted of a Spanish song and two English songs. Approaching his father's former publicist, Fernán Martínez, the two promoted the songs under the stage name 'Enrique Martínez', with the backstory of being a singer from Guatemala. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records.", "Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. After dropping out of college, he traveled to Toronto to record his first album. Music career 1995–1996: Enrique Iglesias On 12 July 1995, Iglesias released Enrique Iglesias, a collection of light rock ballads, including hits such as \"Si Tú Te Vas\" and \"Experiencia Religiosa\". This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa.", "This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa. The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months.", "The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months. His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die).", "His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die). The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages.", "The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages. Five singles were released from the album, such as \"Por Amarte\", \"No Llores Por Mí\", and \"Trapecista\" all of which topped the Billboards Latin charts. The album still holds the record for producing the most number one singles on the Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart. The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance.", "The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance. 1997–1998: Vivir and Cosas del Amor In 1997, Iglesias' stardom continued to rise with the release of Vivir (To Live), which put him up with other English-language music superstars in sales for that year. The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\".", "The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\". Three singles were released from Vivir: \"Enamorado Por Primera Vez\", \"Sólo en Ti\", and \"Miente\", which topped the Latin singles chart as well as those in several Spanish-speaking countries. Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist.", "Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist. Iglesias lost out to his father, but performed the song \"Lluvia Cae\" at the event. Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries.", "Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries. Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S.", "Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S. In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love).", "In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love). Taking a more mature musical direction, the album, aided by the popular singles \"Esperanza\" and \"Nunca Te Olvidaré\", both of which topped the Latin singles chart, helped cement his status in the Latin music scene. Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico.", "Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico. This was followed by a larger world tour of over eighty shows in even bigger venues. The Cosas del Amor Tour was the first ever concert tour sponsored by McDonald's. He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne.", "He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne. The song \"Nunca te Olvidaré\" was also used as the theme music for a Spanish soap opera of the same name and he sang the song himself on the last episode of the series. 1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market.", "1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market. Thanks to other successful crossover acts, most notably Ricky Martin, Latino artists and music had a great surge in popularity in mainstream music that year. After attending one of his concerts in March 1999, Will Smith asked Iglesias to contribute to the soundtrack of his movie Wild Wild West. His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US.", "His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US. After the success of \"Bailamos\", several mainstream record labels were eager to sign Iglesias. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, Enrique. The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete.", "The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete. It contained the song \"Rhythm Divine\", a duet with Whitney Houston titled \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\", and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton.", "In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton. Shock jock Howard Stern repeatedly played a tape of a supposedly very off-key Iglesias on his radio show and accused him of not being able to sing live. On 8 June 2000, Iglesias sang the song live on Stern's show with just a guitar accompanying him. After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\".", "After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\". Iglesias noted that the recording could have been him, but that it was probably a recording made during a television taping where he was required to lip sync and not sing properly. He would remark that the controversy was the best promotion he could have. The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100.", "The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100. 2001-2002: Escape and Quizas In 2001, Iglesias released his second English-language album Escape. Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies.", "Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies. The album's first single, \"Hero\", became a number-one hit in the United Kingdom, and in many other countries. The entire album was co-written by Iglesias. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date.", "Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. The singles \"Escape\" and \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" became radio staples, placing highly or topping various charts both in North America and elsewhere. A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\".", "A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\". Iglesias capitalized on the album's success with his \"One-Night Stand World Tour\" consisting of fifty sold-out shows in sixteen countries. Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania.", "Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania. The concert launched MTV Romania, with the video for \"Love to See You Cry\" being the first to be shown on the channel. In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps).", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps). A more polished musical production than his previous Spanish albums and containing more introspective songs, the album's title track is a song about the strained relationship Iglesias has with his famous father. The album debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest placement of a Spanish-language album on the chart at that period. Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years.", "Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years. All three singles released from the album all ended up topping the Latin chart, giving Iglesias a total of sixteen number ones on the chart. He currently holds the record for the most number-one singles on Billboards Latin Chart. With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so.", "With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so. The video to the song \"Quizás\" was the first Spanish-language music video to be added to the selection on MTV's popular show Total Request Live.The album went on to win the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas.", "That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas. The \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" tour was completed in the summer of 2002, with two sold-out nights in Madison Square Garden and another two in Mexico's National Auditorium. The tour finished with a single show in the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him.", "2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him. Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist Tony Bruno. The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career.", "The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career. The first single was the song \"Addicted\", and was followed closely by a remix of the song \"Not in Love\", featuring Kelis. With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date.", "With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date. The highly publicised tour started with twelve shows in the United States ending with Iglesias playing at Houston Rodeo, and continued on to several countries, most of which he'd never previously visited, playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums in Australia, India, Egypt, and Singapore, before ending his tour in South Africa. 2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007.", "2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007. The album was so named due to it being recorded mainly at night. The record had a more contemporary pop style than that of his previous albums. Its highlights include the songs \"Push\", with rapper Lil Wayne, as well as \"Ring My Bells\" and a cover of Ringside's \"Tired of Being Sorry\". The album's first single, \"Do You Know?", "The album's first single, \"Do You Know? (The Ping Pong Song)\", was released on 10 April 2007. It was Iglesias' highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 since \"Escape\". The song was also a hit throughout Europe, peaking in the top 10 in many countries. The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time.", "The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time. Iglesias followed up with the ballad \"Somebody's Me\", which was released as a single in North America. The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC.", "The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC. In Europe, the second single was \"Tired of Being Sorry\", which performed well in many countries; he recorded a version of the song with French singer Nâdiya, which was number one in France for eleven weeks. A solo version of \"Push\" was added to the soundtrack of the movie Step Up 2 the Streets. The song was regarded as the third single from the album.", "The song was regarded as the third single from the album. A music video was shot, which features the film's lead actors. Despite never being officially added to radio, the song has charted in several countries. On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg.", "On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg. The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe.", "The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe. It was his first arena tour of the UK, with him playing venues such as Manchester's MEN Arena and Wembley Arena. The tour ended with Iglesias performing at the newly opened L.A. Live. A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina.", "A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina. Iglesias's song \"Can You Hear Me\" was chosen as the official song of the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament. He performed the song live at the 29 June 2008 final in Vienna, Austria. The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries.", "The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries. Iglesias released a Spanish greatest hits album titled 95/08 Éxitos on 25 March 2008, which included his seventeen number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart plus two new songs. The first single was the song \"¿Dónde Están Corazón? \", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs.", "\", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs. The album debuted at number one on Billboards Top Latin Albums chart and number eighteen on the overall Billboard 200 albums chart. It was Iglesias's second Spanish album to debut in the top 20 of the Billboard 200 (Quizás debuted at number twelve in 2002). The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries.", "The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries. The record's second single, \"Lloro Por Ti\", also reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart and had an official remix featuring Wisin & Yandel. Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation.", "Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation. Beginning in Laredo, Texas, and ending at the Izod Center in New Jersey, he was accompanied through most of the tour with bachata band Aventura, who also performed \"Lloro Por Ti\" with him at the 2008 Premios Juventud. Iglesias was a surprise performer at the 2008 Lo Nuestro Awards, opening the show with a medley of \"¿Dónde Están Corazón?\" and \"Dímelo\".", "and \"Dímelo\". and \"Dímelo\". He also performed at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, where he received a special award. After the success of his Spanish greatest hits compilation, Iglesias released a compilation of his English-language hits on 11 November. The album includes \"Can You Hear Me\" as well as two new songs. The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara.", "The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara. The album debuted at number three on the official UK Albums Chart and sold over 80,000 copies in its first two weeks of release alone. Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008.", "Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008. 2010–2011: Euphoria On 5 July 2010, Iglesias released his ninth studio album Euphoria, his first work to be released under his new label Universal Republic. The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs.", "The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs. It won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album, the Billboard Latin Awards for Latin Album of the Year and Latin Pop Album of the Year, and was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar.", "Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar. The album features collaborations with Akon, Usher, Nicole Scherzinger, Sunidhi Chauhan, Ludacris, DJ Frank E, Pitbull, Juan Luis Guerra, and his third song together with Wisin & Yandel. In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats.", "In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats. The first English single from the album, \"I Like It\", which features the rapper Pitbull, was released on 3 May 2010 in the U.S. and became a success, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore.", "The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. \"Cuando Me Enamoro\" was released as the lead Spanish single from the album, and became the theme song of the Mexican telenovela of the same title, produced by Televisa. The song debuted at number eight and number twenty-five on the U.S. Latin Pop Songs chart and the U.S. Hot Latin Songs chart, respectively. It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S.", "It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and after four weeks of its release date, it became his twenty-first No.1 song on this chart. In January 2011, the album's third English single, \"Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)\" broke into the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, also reaching No. 4. The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas.", "The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas. The song became Iglesias' first number one on the U.S. Pop Songs and Radio Songs airplay charts. A remix version of the album track \"Dirty Dancer\" was released as the fourth English single and became his ninth Hot Dance Club Play chart topper, tying with Prince and Michael Jackson as the male with the most No. 1 dance singles.", "1 dance singles. 1 dance singles. Further, \"Ayer\" served as the album's third Spanish single and seventh single overall. The Euphoria Tour took Iglesias across the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and several European countries. One of the tour's legs took him to Australia, while fellow artist Pitbull joined him as an opening act. Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America.", "Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America. In August 2011, Iglesias released the single \"I Like How It Feels\" to radio. This was planned to serve as the lead single from the Euphoria album's proposed re-issue that never came to fruition, Euphoria Reloaded. 2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams.", "2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams. It was released to the US iTunes Store on 25 September 2012. The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012.", "The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012. On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\"", "On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\" Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new.", "Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new. At least to me.\" It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album.", "It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album. Iglesias continued to tour during this period returned to India in October 2012 to perform another series of shows called Tri-City tour in Pune, Delhi, and Bangalore playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums. On 31 May 2013, Iglesias performed at the Mawazine Festival in Rabat, Morocco. The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert.", "The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert. Iglesias released a number of singles prior to the album release, the first of which was \"Turn the Night Up\" followed by \"Heart Attack\" which was released to US Top 40 radio stations. Latin stations were served with the song \"Loco\", a smooth bachata duet with urban bachata superstar Romeo Santos. The single became Iglesias' 24th No. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart.", "1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. A version of the song released in Spain featured Spanish Flamenco singer India Martinez and topped the charts in Spain. This was followed by El Perdedor, a duet with Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solis and was the theme to the telenovela Lo que la vida me robó. The song became his 24th #1 on the Latin charts. Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love.", "Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love. The album was released on 14 March 2014.The release of the album was accompanied by the single I'm a Freak and featured Pitbull The album also featured a duet with Kylie Minogue called \"Beautiful\", which appears on her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once. In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona.", "In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona. The next single to be released from the album was \"Bailando\", featuring Descemer Bueno, and Gente De Zona. \"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "\"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was #1 for 41 consecutive weeks on Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart becoming the longest reigning #1 in the history of the chart beating the record previously held by Shakira's 25 week run. This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart.", "This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996.", "Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996. The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform.", "The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform. \"Bailando\" currently has over 3 billion views on YouTube. The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year.", "The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year. In addition to the original Spanish version, Iglesias also released two Portuguese versions of the song featuring the Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira and the Brazilian singer Luan Santana. Sex and Love was Spotify's 7th most-streamed album worldwide in 2014, and \"Bailando\" was the most-streamed song in both Mexico and Spain. Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\".", "Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\". Billboard called him \"The Crowd Pleaser\" of 2014. After more than a decade with Universal Music, Iglesias left the record label in 2015 and signed on with Sony Music. 2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles.", "2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles. In 2015, he collaborated with Nicky Jam on the reggaeton megahit \"El Perdón\" which topped the charts in several countries and has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube .", "In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube . In 2017, Iglesias released \"Súbeme la Radio\", which features Descemer Bueno and Zion y Lennox. The song has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull.", "In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull. During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\".", "During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\". In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.", "In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin. The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart.", "The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart. During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album.", "During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album. Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\".", "Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\". On 17 September, Iglesias released Final Vol. 1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\".", "1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\". Songwriting, producing, and acting Iglesias has collaborated with songwriter Guy Chambers to write \"Un Nuovo Giorno\", the lead single from Andrea Bocelli's first pop album. The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries.", "The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries. Iglesias also co-wrote the single \"The Way\" for American Idol runner-up Clay Aiken. Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power.", "Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power. In 2010, Idol Allstars (Swedish Idol Series) released the song \"All I Need Is You\", co-written by Iglesias with Andreas Carlsson, Kalle Engström, and Kristian Lundin. He also co-wrote Jennifer Lopez's song \"Dance Again\", released in 2012, which reached number-one position in the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria.", "In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria. In the musical, four Americans of Latin heritage possess a common interest in music and meet and decide to put on a show. The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself.", "The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself. Iglesias starred alongside Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, and Johnny Depp in the Robert Rodriguez film Once Upon a Time in Mexico, in which he played the well-spoken gun-wielding Lorenzo. In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman.", "In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest-starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the TV show How I Met Your Mother. Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi ad in 2004, as well as appearing in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos, and Viceroy watches. Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova.", "Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. In 2008, he was quoted by the Daily Star as having been married to Kournikova but having split. They reportedly split in October 2013 but reconciled. The couple have a son and daughter, Nicholas and Lucy, who are fraternal twins born on 16 December 2017. On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born.", "On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born. In 2003, Iglesias received surgery to remove a circular mole from the right side of his face, citing concerns that over time it could become cancerous. Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park.", "Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park. He co-produced Download to Donate for Haiti, a charity album for the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the co-vocalist of the band Mike Shinoda. Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project.", "Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project. In 2013, Iglesias urged his followers to donate money through the American Red Cross to help the victims of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people.", "The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people. Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief.", "Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief. Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol.", "Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol. 1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live!", "1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live! Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc.", "Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc. He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards.", "He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards. He also won an award for Best International Pop Act at the MTV India Awards, as well as being named \"King of Latin Pop\". In 2000, he was awarded Most Fashionable Artist at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards.", "In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards. And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020.", "And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020. References External links 1975 births Living people 20th-century Spanish singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century Spanish singers English-language singers from Spain Fonovisa Records artists Grammy Award winners Gulliver Preparatory School alumni Enrique Interscope Records artists Latin Grammy Award winners Latin music songwriters Latin pop singers MTV Europe Music Award winners Musicians from Madrid Musicians from Miami People from Madrid RCA Records artists Republic Records artists Singers from Florida Singers from Madrid Songwriters from Florida Sony Music Latin artists Sony Music Spain artists Spanish dance musicians Spanish emigrants to the United States Spanish expatriates in the United States Spanish male singers Spanish people of American descent Spanish people of Filipino descent Spanish people of Galician descent Spanish people of Jewish descent Spanish people of Kapampangan descent Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent Spanish philanthropists Spanish pop singers Spanish record producers Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish songwriters Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists University of Miami Business School alumni" ]

[ "Enrique Iglesias", "2002-2004: Quizas and 7", "What happened 2002-2004?", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizas (Perhaps).", "What awards did he win?", "Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album.", "What are song titles?", "His last single from the album, \"Para Que La Vida\", reached a million spins on U.S. radio, the only Spanish language song to do so.", "What other hits did he have?", "The video to the song \"Quizas\" was the first Spanish language music video to be added to the selection on one of MTV's popular shows, Total Request Live.", "What awards did he win?", "the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album.", "Who did he collaborate with?", "Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist, Tony Bruno.", "What else important happened?", "With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date.", "Where did he perform?", "The highly publicised tour started with twelve shows in the United States ending with Iglesias playing at Houston Rodeo", "Where internationally did her perform?", "sold-out arenas and stadiums in Australia, India, Egypt and Singapore before ending his tour in South Africa." ]

[ "The What Now? Tour was a comedy tour by American comedian Kevin Hart. The tour began in San Antonio at the AT&T Center on April 9, 2015, and concluded on August 7, 2016, in Columbus at the Columbus Civic Center.\n\nBackground and development \nBillboard's Ray Waddel wrote on March 6, 2015, that the What Now? Tour was on track for the biggest comedy tour of all time. Hart toured a total of 168 shows across North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Some cities like Buffalo, Orlando, and Jacksonville, Baltimore, Miami, and Tampa, Hart held two shows on the same day.\n\nTour dates\n\nBox office score data\n\nFeature film \nA film about the tour, entitled Kevin Hart: What Now?, was released on October 14, 2016.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nComedy tours", "Where We Are Tour: Live from the O2 is a concert DVD by Irish boy band Westlife from their Where We Are Tour.\n\nBackground\nDuring the group's Where We Are Tour, it was confirmed that their May 14 concert at the O2 Arena, London, England was recorded. The release date was then set as 29 November 2010 for both DVD and Blu-ray formats, making it the band's first release on Blu-ray. Pre-order links were set up by Play.com on 12 October 2010. The album includes an unseen backstage documentary during said tour and the music video of \"What About Now\". \n\nAccording to description released:‘The Where We Are Tour: Live From The 02’ also gives fans a rare, intimate glimpse into the lives of Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan, Mark Feehily and Shane Filan with the bonus ‘Where We Are – The Documentary’. This compelling behind the scenes documentary provides a fly on the wall insight into the lives of the band in the run up and during the tour. The boys also chat exclusively about why this tour meant so much to them. Both the DVD and Blu-ray versions will also include the epic ‘What About Now’ video. In addition, the Blu-ray will feature a full hour and a half exclusive commentary where the boys discuss the show in detail and talk about what we can expect from the next tour. It is simply essential viewing for any Westlife fan.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Where We Are\"\n\"What About Now\"\n\"When You're Looking Like That\"\n\"My Love\"\n\"Uptown Girl\"\n\"Swear It Again\"\n\"Mandy\"\n\"If I Let You Go\"\n\"Shadows\"\n\"Home\"\n\"I'm Already There\"\n\"I Gotta Feeling\"\n\"Halo\"/\"How to Break a Heart\"\n\"The Boys Are Back in Town\"\n\"Sex on Fire\"\n\"What Makes a Man\"\n\"Flying Without Wings\"\n\"World of Our Own\"\n\"I'll See You Again\"\n\"You Raise Me Up\"\n\nChart performance\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nWestlife video albums\n2010 video albums\nSony BMG video albums" ]

[ "Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler (; born 8 May 1975) is a Spanish singer and songwriter. He started his recording career in the mid-nineties on the Mexican indie label Fonovisa and became the bestselling Spanish-language act of the decade. By the turn of the millennium, he made a successful crossover into the mainstream English-language market. He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums.", "He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums. In 2010, Iglesias parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label, Republic Records, to release bilingual albums. In 2015, he parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade. He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English.", "He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English. Iglesias is one of the best-selling Latin music artists with estimated sales of over 70 million records worldwide. He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles, including two number-ones. As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts.", "As of October 2020, Iglesias holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All-Latin Artists charts. Iglesias holds the record for the most number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart with 27 songs, the Latin Airplay chart with 32 songs, and the Latin Pop Airplay chart with 24 songs. Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboards Dance charts, more than any other male artist. He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop.", "He has earned the honorific title King of Latin Pop. In December 2016, Billboard magazine named him the 14th most successful and top male dance club artist of all time. In October 2020, Iglesias was awarded the \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" at the 2020 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler.", "Early life and family Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and magazine journalist Isabel Preysler. His father Julio is recognized as the most commercially successful continental European singer in the world. Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen.", "Iglesias was raised with two older siblings, Chábeli and Julio Jr. One of his mother's aunts is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen, mother of actor Chad McQueen, and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side.", "His father's family is from Galicia and Andalusia; his father also claims some Jewish and Puerto Rican ancestry on his mother's side. Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal.", "Iglesias found out later in life that he was born with a rare congenital condition known as situs inversus where some of the body's major organs, such as the heart, are situated on the opposite side of the body from normal. At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA.", "At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in December 1981, Iglesias' grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque group ETA. For their safety, Enrique and his brother Julio were sent to live with their father and his girlfriend at the time, Venezuelan top model Virginia Sipli, in Miami. There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album.", "There, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom Enrique later dedicated his first album. As his father's career kept him on the road, the young Iglesias was raised by the family nanny. He attended the prestigious Gulliver Preparatory School and later went on to study business at the University of Miami. Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career.", "Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and did not want his famous surname to help advance his career. He borrowed money from his family nanny and recorded a demo cassette tape which consisted of a Spanish song and two English songs. Approaching his father's former publicist, Fernán Martínez, the two promoted the songs under the stage name 'Enrique Martínez', with the backstory of being a singer from Guatemala. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records.", "Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records. After dropping out of college, he traveled to Toronto to record his first album. Music career 1995–1996: Enrique Iglesias On 12 July 1995, Iglesias released Enrique Iglesias, a collection of light rock ballads, including hits such as \"Si Tú Te Vas\" and \"Experiencia Religiosa\". This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa.", "This album, along with Iglesias' next two, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa. The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months.", "The record sold half a million copies in its first week, a rare accomplishment then for an album recorded in a language other than English, going Gold in Portugal within the first week of release, and sold over a million copies in the next three months. His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die).", "His song \"Por Amarte\" was included in Televisa's telenovela Marisol, but with a twist: instead of Por amarte daría mi vida (To love you, I'd give my life), the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría (To love you, Marisol, I'd die). The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages.", "The CD also yielded Italian and Portuguese editions, with most of the songs translated into those languages. Five singles were released from the album, such as \"Por Amarte\", \"No Llores Por Mí\", and \"Trapecista\" all of which topped the Billboards Latin charts. The album still holds the record for producing the most number one singles on the Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart. The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance.", "The album went on to win Iglesias the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance. 1997–1998: Vivir and Cosas del Amor In 1997, Iglesias' stardom continued to rise with the release of Vivir (To Live), which put him up with other English-language music superstars in sales for that year. The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\".", "The album also included a cover version of the Yazoo song \"Only You\", translated into Spanish as \"Solo en Tí\". Three singles were released from Vivir: \"Enamorado Por Primera Vez\", \"Sólo en Ti\", and \"Miente\", which topped the Latin singles chart as well as those in several Spanish-speaking countries. Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist.", "Along with his father and Luis Miguel, Iglesias was nominated for an American Music Award in the first-ever awarded category of Favorite Latin Artist. Iglesias lost out to his father, but performed the song \"Lluvia Cae\" at the event. Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries.", "Insisting on playing stadiums for his first concert tour, that summer, Iglesias, backed by sidemen for Elton John, Bruce Springsteen, and Billy Joel, played to sold-out audiences in sixteen countries. Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S.", "Beginning in Odessa, Texas, the tour went on to play three consecutive nights in Mexico's Plaza de Toros, two consecutive nights at Monterrey's Auditorio Coca-Cola, and two at the Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to over 130,000 people, as well as 19 arenas in the U.S. In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love).", "In 1998, Iglesias released his third album Cosas del Amor (Things of Love). Taking a more mature musical direction, the album, aided by the popular singles \"Esperanza\" and \"Nunca Te Olvidaré\", both of which topped the Latin singles chart, helped cement his status in the Latin music scene. Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico.", "Iglesias did a short tour of smaller venues to accompany the release of the album, with one show being televised from Acapulco, Mexico. This was followed by a larger world tour of over eighty shows in even bigger venues. The Cosas del Amor Tour was the first ever concert tour sponsored by McDonald's. He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne.", "He won an American Music Award in the category of Favorite Latin Artist against Ricky Martin and Chayanne. The song \"Nunca te Olvidaré\" was also used as the theme music for a Spanish soap opera of the same name and he sang the song himself on the last episode of the series. 1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market.", "1999–2000: Enrique In 1999, Iglesias began a successful crossover career into the English-language music market. Thanks to other successful crossover acts, most notably Ricky Martin, Latino artists and music had a great surge in popularity in mainstream music that year. After attending one of his concerts in March 1999, Will Smith asked Iglesias to contribute to the soundtrack of his movie Wild Wild West. His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US.", "His contribution \"Bailamos\" was released as a single and became a number one hit in the US. After the success of \"Bailamos\", several mainstream record labels were eager to sign Iglesias. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, Enrique. The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete.", "The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete. It contained the song \"Rhythm Divine\", a duet with Whitney Houston titled \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\", and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton.", "In 2000, Iglesias performed at the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show alongside Christina Aguilera and Phil Collins and Toni Braxton. Shock jock Howard Stern repeatedly played a tape of a supposedly very off-key Iglesias on his radio show and accused him of not being able to sing live. On 8 June 2000, Iglesias sang the song live on Stern's show with just a guitar accompanying him. After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\".", "After the performance, Stern remarked, \"I respect you for coming in here; you really can sing\". Iglesias noted that the recording could have been him, but that it was probably a recording made during a television taping where he was required to lip sync and not sing properly. He would remark that the controversy was the best promotion he could have. The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100.", "The album's single \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single on Billboards Hot 100. 2001-2002: Escape and Quizas In 2001, Iglesias released his second English-language album Escape. Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies.", "Where most of the Latin crossover acts of the previous year experienced some difficulty matching the record sales of their first English-language albums, Iglesias actually went on to sell even more with the album being certified Diamond for shipments of over 10 million copies. The album's first single, \"Hero\", became a number-one hit in the United Kingdom, and in many other countries. The entire album was co-written by Iglesias. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date.", "Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. Escape is his biggest commercial success to date. The singles \"Escape\" and \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" became radio staples, placing highly or topping various charts both in North America and elsewhere. A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\".", "A second edition of the album was released internationally and contained a new version of one of Iglesias' favorite tracks, \"Maybe\", as well as a duet with Lionel Richie called \"To Love a Woman\". Iglesias capitalized on the album's success with his \"One-Night Stand World Tour\" consisting of fifty sold-out shows in sixteen countries. Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania.", "Including Radio City Music Hall and three consecutive nights in London's Royal Albert Hall, the tour ended with a big show at Lia Manoliu Stadium in Bucharest, Romania. The concert launched MTV Romania, with the video for \"Love to See You Cry\" being the first to be shown on the channel. In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps).", "In 2002, Iglesias decided to release a fourth Spanish-language album titled Quizás (Perhaps). A more polished musical production than his previous Spanish albums and containing more introspective songs, the album's title track is a song about the strained relationship Iglesias has with his famous father. The album debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest placement of a Spanish-language album on the chart at that period. Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years.", "Quizás sold a million copies in a week, making it the fastest-selling album in Spanish in five years. All three singles released from the album all ended up topping the Latin chart, giving Iglesias a total of sixteen number ones on the chart. He currently holds the record for the most number-one singles on Billboards Latin Chart. With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so.", "With the song \"Para Qué La Vida\" Iglesias reached a million spins on U.S. radio becoming the first Latin act to do so. The video to the song \"Quizás\" was the first Spanish-language music video to be added to the selection on MTV's popular show Total Request Live.The album went on to win the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas.", "That year he embarked on an arena tour of the Americas. The \"Don't Turn Off the Lights\" tour was completed in the summer of 2002, with two sold-out nights in Madison Square Garden and another two in Mexico's National Auditorium. The tour finished with a single show in the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him.", "2003-2004: Seven By 2003, Iglesias released his seventh album, which he called 7, the second to be co-written by him. Among its more 1980s-inspired material, it features the song \"Roamer\", which he wrote with his friend and longtime guitarist Tony Bruno. The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career.", "The CD also contained the song \"Be Yourself\", a song about independence; the chorus talks about how Iglesias' own parents did not believe he'd ever succeed in his singing career. The first single was the song \"Addicted\", and was followed closely by a remix of the song \"Not in Love\", featuring Kelis. With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date.", "With this album, Iglesias went on his biggest world tour to date. The highly publicised tour started with twelve shows in the United States ending with Iglesias playing at Houston Rodeo, and continued on to several countries, most of which he'd never previously visited, playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums in Australia, India, Egypt, and Singapore, before ending his tour in South Africa. 2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007.", "2007–2009: Insomniac, 95/08 Éxitos and Greatest Hits After a two-year hiatus, Iglesias released his new album Insomniac on 12 June 2007. The album was so named due to it being recorded mainly at night. The record had a more contemporary pop style than that of his previous albums. Its highlights include the songs \"Push\", with rapper Lil Wayne, as well as \"Ring My Bells\" and a cover of Ringside's \"Tired of Being Sorry\". The album's first single, \"Do You Know?", "The album's first single, \"Do You Know? (The Ping Pong Song)\", was released on 10 April 2007. It was Iglesias' highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 since \"Escape\". The song was also a hit throughout Europe, peaking in the top 10 in many countries. The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time.", "The Spanish version of the song, titled \"Dímelo\", was number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for eleven weeks, becoming his second best performing song on that chart at the time. Iglesias followed up with the ballad \"Somebody's Me\", which was released as a single in North America. The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC.", "The song was played extensively on AC radio and peaked high on Billboards Hot AC. In Europe, the second single was \"Tired of Being Sorry\", which performed well in many countries; he recorded a version of the song with French singer Nâdiya, which was number one in France for eleven weeks. A solo version of \"Push\" was added to the soundtrack of the movie Step Up 2 the Streets. The song was regarded as the third single from the album.", "The song was regarded as the third single from the album. A music video was shot, which features the film's lead actors. Despite never being officially added to radio, the song has charted in several countries. On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg.", "On 4 July 2007, Iglesias became the first Western artist to play a concert in Syria in three decades when he performed for a sold-out crowd of ten thousand in the capital Damascus and in the same week, he performed on Live Earth in Hamburg. The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe.", "The Insomniac World Tour was launched at the Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa, the same venue he ended his last world tour, and took him to sold-out arenas throughout Europe. It was his first arena tour of the UK, with him playing venues such as Manchester's MEN Arena and Wembley Arena. The tour ended with Iglesias performing at the newly opened L.A. Live. A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina.", "A second leg of the tour took him throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina. Iglesias's song \"Can You Hear Me\" was chosen as the official song of the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament. He performed the song live at the 29 June 2008 final in Vienna, Austria. The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries.", "The song featured on a re-issue of Insomniac, which was released in certain countries. Iglesias released a Spanish greatest hits album titled 95/08 Éxitos on 25 March 2008, which included his seventeen number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart plus two new songs. The first single was the song \"¿Dónde Están Corazón? \", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs.", "\", which was written by Argentine star Coti, and became Iglesias's eighteenth number-one single on Billboards Hot Latin Songs. The album debuted at number one on Billboards Top Latin Albums chart and number eighteen on the overall Billboard 200 albums chart. It was Iglesias's second Spanish album to debut in the top 20 of the Billboard 200 (Quizás debuted at number twelve in 2002). The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries.", "The album was certified double Platinum (Latin field) in the U.S. and in some Latin American countries. The record's second single, \"Lloro Por Ti\", also reached number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart and had an official remix featuring Wisin & Yandel. Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation.", "Iglesias did a tour of the US to promote the compilation. Beginning in Laredo, Texas, and ending at the Izod Center in New Jersey, he was accompanied through most of the tour with bachata band Aventura, who also performed \"Lloro Por Ti\" with him at the 2008 Premios Juventud. Iglesias was a surprise performer at the 2008 Lo Nuestro Awards, opening the show with a medley of \"¿Dónde Están Corazón?\" and \"Dímelo\".", "and \"Dímelo\". and \"Dímelo\". He also performed at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, where he received a special award. After the success of his Spanish greatest hits compilation, Iglesias released a compilation of his English-language hits on 11 November. The album includes \"Can You Hear Me\" as well as two new songs. The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara.", "The first single, \"Away\", features Sean Garrett, and was followed by \"Takin' Back My Love\", featuring Ciara. The album debuted at number three on the official UK Albums Chart and sold over 80,000 copies in its first two weeks of release alone. Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008.", "Iglesias was the winner of two World Music Awards in the categories of \"World's Best Selling Latin Performer\" and \"World's Best Selling Spanish Artist\" at the ceremony held in Monaco on 9 November 2008. 2010–2011: Euphoria On 5 July 2010, Iglesias released his ninth studio album Euphoria, his first work to be released under his new label Universal Republic. The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs.", "The album is Iglesias's first bilingual album, with seven original English songs and six original Spanish songs. It won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album, the Billboard Latin Awards for Latin Album of the Year and Latin Pop Album of the Year, and was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar.", "Iglesias worked with three producers whom he had collaborated with before: RedOne, Mark Taylor, and Carlos Paucar. The album features collaborations with Akon, Usher, Nicole Scherzinger, Sunidhi Chauhan, Ludacris, DJ Frank E, Pitbull, Juan Luis Guerra, and his third song together with Wisin & Yandel. In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats.", "In a joint venture with Universal Latino, Iglesias released different singles in both English and Spanish simultaneously to different formats. The first English single from the album, \"I Like It\", which features the rapper Pitbull, was released on 3 May 2010 in the U.S. and became a success, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore.", "The song was also featured in the MTV reality series Jersey Shore. \"Cuando Me Enamoro\" was released as the lead Spanish single from the album, and became the theme song of the Mexican telenovela of the same title, produced by Televisa. The song debuted at number eight and number twenty-five on the U.S. Latin Pop Songs chart and the U.S. Hot Latin Songs chart, respectively. It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S.", "It became his twenty-fifth top ten single on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and after four weeks of its release date, it became his twenty-first No.1 song on this chart. In January 2011, the album's third English single, \"Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)\" broke into the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, also reaching No. 4. The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas.", "The song was released only for digital download in the United States but was featured on some editions of Euphoria in Europe and some Asian areas. The song became Iglesias' first number one on the U.S. Pop Songs and Radio Songs airplay charts. A remix version of the album track \"Dirty Dancer\" was released as the fourth English single and became his ninth Hot Dance Club Play chart topper, tying with Prince and Michael Jackson as the male with the most No. 1 dance singles.", "1 dance singles. 1 dance singles. Further, \"Ayer\" served as the album's third Spanish single and seventh single overall. The Euphoria Tour took Iglesias across the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and several European countries. One of the tour's legs took him to Australia, while fellow artist Pitbull joined him as an opening act. Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America.", "Prince Royce also served as opening act during the tour's second leg across North America. In August 2011, Iglesias released the single \"I Like How It Feels\" to radio. This was planned to serve as the lead single from the Euphoria album's proposed re-issue that never came to fruition, Euphoria Reloaded. 2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams.", "2012–2014: Sex and Love On 25 August 2012, Iglesias unveiled his brand new single, \"Finally Found You\", a collaboration with American rapper Sammy Adams. It was released to the US iTunes Store on 25 September 2012. The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012.", "The song was released in UK on 9 December 2012. On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\"", "On 8 December 2012, Iglesias performed at the Z100 Jingle Ball in Miami, and on the iHeartRadio Festival interview session before the show, Iglesias stated he's working on some new music and – when asked about his time in the studio – he said, \"It's kind of like going fishing, you never know when you're going to catch a big one.\" Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new.", "Continuing on to tell what fans can expect to hear, he said he's ready to try something new: \"I come out with so many albums and I want to make sure that if I come out with an album it sounds new. At least to me.\" It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album.", "It was confirmed that Iglesias would be working with Mark Taylor, The Cataracs, and Carlos Paucar for the new album. Iglesias continued to tour during this period returned to India in October 2012 to perform another series of shows called Tri-City tour in Pune, Delhi, and Bangalore playing to sold-out arenas and stadiums. On 31 May 2013, Iglesias performed at the Mawazine Festival in Rabat, Morocco. The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert.", "The show broke the highest attendance record as more than 120,000 fans gathered to watch the concert. Iglesias released a number of singles prior to the album release, the first of which was \"Turn the Night Up\" followed by \"Heart Attack\" which was released to US Top 40 radio stations. Latin stations were served with the song \"Loco\", a smooth bachata duet with urban bachata superstar Romeo Santos. The single became Iglesias' 24th No. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart.", "1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. 1 on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. A version of the song released in Spain featured Spanish Flamenco singer India Martinez and topped the charts in Spain. This was followed by El Perdedor, a duet with Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solis and was the theme to the telenovela Lo que la vida me robó. The song became his 24th #1 on the Latin charts. Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love.", "Iglesias announced the title of his tenth studio album would be Sex and Love. The album was released on 14 March 2014.The release of the album was accompanied by the single I'm a Freak and featured Pitbull The album also featured a duet with Kylie Minogue called \"Beautiful\", which appears on her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once. In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona.", "In addition to the previously stated collaborations the album featured guest appearances by Flo Rida, Yandel, Juan Magan, Jennifer Lopez and Gente de Zona. The next single to be released from the album was \"Bailando\", featuring Descemer Bueno, and Gente De Zona. \"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.", "\"Bailando\" was immensely successful becoming his 25th #1 on Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was #1 for 41 consecutive weeks on Billboard's Hot Latin songs chart becoming the longest reigning #1 in the history of the chart beating the record previously held by Shakira's 25 week run. This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart.", "This record was later broken in 2017 when \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996.", "Bailando was also a crossover success in part due to a Spanglish version of the song which featured rapper Sean Paul which saw the song peak at #12 on Billboard's Hot 100 and Top 10 on the airplay chart becoming the highest charting Spanish song since the Macarena in 1996. The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform.", "The original Spanish music video of the song was also YouTube's second most watched music video of 2014, behind Katy Perry's hit single, \"Dark Horse\" and was the first Spanish language video to reach a billion views on the platform. \"Bailando\" currently has over 3 billion views on YouTube. The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year.", "The song won three Latin Grammy awards including Song of the Year. In addition to the original Spanish version, Iglesias also released two Portuguese versions of the song featuring the Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira and the Brazilian singer Luan Santana. Sex and Love was Spotify's 7th most-streamed album worldwide in 2014, and \"Bailando\" was the most-streamed song in both Mexico and Spain. Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\".", "Iglesias was also called the King of 2014, due to his tenth album, Sex and Love, and his hit single \"Bailando\". Billboard called him \"The Crowd Pleaser\" of 2014. After more than a decade with Universal Music, Iglesias left the record label in 2015 and signed on with Sony Music. 2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles.", "2015–present: Final Since the release of his last studio album Sex and Love, Iglesias continued issuing singles. In 2015, he collaborated with Nicky Jam on the reggaeton megahit \"El Perdón\" which topped the charts in several countries and has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube .", "In 2016 Iglesias released his first single under that Sony \"Duele el Corazón\" featuring Wisin which also topped the charts in several countries including the US Latin charts and also has over 1 billion views on YouTube . In 2017, Iglesias released \"Súbeme la Radio\", which features Descemer Bueno and Zion y Lennox. The song has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube. In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull.", "In 2018, Iglesias released two songs, one called \"El Baño\" with Bad Bunny and the other called \"Move to Miami\" with Pitbull. During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\".", "During this period Iglesias would feature on songs by other artists such as RedOne's \"Don't You Need Somebody,\" Descemer Bueno's \"Nos Fuimos Lejos\", Matoma's \"I Don't Dance (Without You)\", Jon Z's \"Después Que Te Perdí\" and Anuel AA's \"Fútbol y Rumba\". In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin.", "In March 2020, it was announced that Iglesias would embark on a tour with Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin. The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "The tour was planned to start on 5 September 2020 in Phoenix, Arizona and end on 30 October 2020 in Atlanta, but the tour was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart.", "The song \"Me Pasé\" featuring Farruko was released on 1 July 2021 and became a hit on Latin radio topping the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, as well as extended his record for most #1s on Latin Pop Airplay Chart and reclaiming his record for most #1s on the Latin Airplay Chart. During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album.", "During a chat with Ricky Martin and Sebastian Yatra, Iglesias revealed that his next album would be released in two volumes, titled Final, as it likely would be his last album. Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\".", "Iglesias claimed, \"it's something that I have been thinking about for the past few years\" but also insisted, \"I'm never going to stop writing songs because I love writing songs, but I'm going to do it in a different way, meaning they don't necessarily have to be packaged as an album, so this project to me is important\". On 17 September, Iglesias released Final Vol. 1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\".", "1, alongside a new single, \"Pendejo\". Songwriting, producing, and acting Iglesias has collaborated with songwriter Guy Chambers to write \"Un Nuovo Giorno\", the lead single from Andrea Bocelli's first pop album. The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries.", "The song was later translated into English as \"First Day of My Life\" and recorded by Spice Girl Melanie C. The song has since gone to become a huge hit throughout Europe, and peaked in the number one spot in numerous countries. Iglesias also co-wrote the single \"The Way\" for American Idol runner-up Clay Aiken. Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power.", "Four songs co-written by Iglesias appear on the UK band The Hollies' 2006 album Staying Power. In 2010, Idol Allstars (Swedish Idol Series) released the song \"All I Need Is You\", co-written by Iglesias with Andreas Carlsson, Kalle Engström, and Kristian Lundin. He also co-wrote Jennifer Lopez's song \"Dance Again\", released in 2012, which reached number-one position in the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria.", "In 2000, Iglesias co-produced an off-Broadway musical called Four Guys Named Jose and Una Mujer Named Maria. In the musical, four Americans of Latin heritage possess a common interest in music and meet and decide to put on a show. The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself.", "The show contained many references and allusions to many classic and contemporary Latin and pop songs by the likes of Carmen Miranda, Selena, Ritchie Valens, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, and Iglesias himself. Iglesias starred alongside Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, and Johnny Depp in the Robert Rodriguez film Once Upon a Time in Mexico, in which he played the well-spoken gun-wielding Lorenzo. In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman.", "In 2007, he had a guest appearance in the TV comedy Two and a Half Men as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest-starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the TV show How I Met Your Mother. Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi ad in 2004, as well as appearing in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos, and Viceroy watches. Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova.", "Personal life In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. In 2008, he was quoted by the Daily Star as having been married to Kournikova but having split. They reportedly split in October 2013 but reconciled. The couple have a son and daughter, Nicholas and Lucy, who are fraternal twins born on 16 December 2017. On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born.", "On 30 January 2020, their third child, a daughter, Mary, was born. In 2003, Iglesias received surgery to remove a circular mole from the right side of his face, citing concerns that over time it could become cancerous. Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park.", "Philanthropy In 2010, Iglesias was included in the project Download to Donate, run by Music for Relief, an organization started by American rock band Linkin Park. He co-produced Download to Donate for Haiti, a charity album for the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the co-vocalist of the band Mike Shinoda. Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project.", "Both of them promoted the album at various venues, one of them being Larry King Live, where he and Shinoda explained the project. In 2013, Iglesias urged his followers to donate money through the American Red Cross to help the victims of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people.", "The typhoon struck one month after the Philippines was hit by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake which destroyed homes and livelihoods of around 350,000 people. Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief.", "Iglesias has supported City of Hope, Habitat for Humanity, Help for Heroes, Live Earth, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Special Olympics, Save the Children, The Salvation Army, and charitable causes like Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation and hunger relief. Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol.", "Discography Studio albums Enrique Iglesias (1995) Vivir (1997) Cosas del Amor (1998) Enrique (1999) Escape (2001) Quizás (2002) 7 (2003) Insomniac (2007) Euphoria (2010) Sex and Love (2014) Final (Vol. 1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live!", "1) (2021) Filmography Film and television roles Soundtrack and self appearances Tours Headlining Vivir World Tour Cosas del Amor World Tour 2000 Tour One Night Stand Tour Don't Turn Off The Lights Tour Seven World Tour Insomniac World Tour Greatest Hits Tour Euphoria Tour Sex and Love Tour All the Hits Live Co-headlining Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour Enrique & Pitbull on Tour Enrique Iglesias And Pitbull Live! Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc.", "Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert Awards and nominations Iglesias has won more than 200 awards from various ceremonies including 23 Billboard Music Awards and 36 Billboard Latin Music Awards, as well as 8 American Music Awards, 1 Grammy (with 3 times nomination), 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 10 World Music Awards, 6 MTV awards, 19 Premios Lo Nuestro Awards (with 24 times nomination) and 15 Premios Juventud Awards (with 21 times nomination) etc. He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards.", "He has been nominated over 465 times for various awards. He also won an award for Best International Pop Act at the MTV India Awards, as well as being named \"King of Latin Pop\". In 2000, he was awarded Most Fashionable Artist at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards.", "In 2001, for the release of his second English studio album Escape, he received awards for Best-Selling Pop Male Artist and European Male Artist at the World Music Awards. And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020.", "And for the first time ever in the history of Billboard Music Awards Enrique Iglesias was awarded with \"Top Latin Artist of All Time\" Title and Award at Billboard Latin Music Awards 2020. References External links 1975 births Living people 20th-century Spanish singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century Spanish singers English-language singers from Spain Fonovisa Records artists Grammy Award winners Gulliver Preparatory School alumni Enrique Interscope Records artists Latin Grammy Award winners Latin music songwriters Latin pop singers MTV Europe Music Award winners Musicians from Madrid Musicians from Miami People from Madrid RCA Records artists Republic Records artists Singers from Florida Singers from Madrid Songwriters from Florida Sony Music Latin artists Sony Music Spain artists Spanish dance musicians Spanish emigrants to the United States Spanish expatriates in the United States Spanish male singers Spanish people of American descent Spanish people of Filipino descent Spanish people of Galician descent Spanish people of Jewish descent Spanish people of Kapampangan descent Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent Spanish philanthropists Spanish pop singers Spanish record producers Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish songwriters Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists University of Miami Business School alumni" ]

[ "Lee de Forest", "Arc radiotelephone development" ]

[ "is a real-time strategy game for the PlayStation Portable. The game centers on creating mazes and monsters to help defend a demon lord from heroes seeking to capture him.\n\nThe game was released in North America exclusively as a download game on the PlayStation Store, under the title Holy Invasion of Privacy, Badman! What Did I Do To Deserve This?. However, on February 9, 2010, NIS America revealed it would be changing the game's name to avoid conflict with the Batman franchise. The game was re-released on April 22, 2010 on the PlayStation Network after it was removed to make the changes, while its sequel, What Did I Do to Deserve This, My Lord? 2, had been delayed to May 4, 2010.\n\nGameplay \nUsing a limited number of \"Dig Power\" and a pickaxe, the player must dig and create a dungeon, and populate it with monsters to defend the demon lord Badman from heroes. More steps are given when a stage is cleared, based on how well the player did. The \"Dig Power\" has another function, however: it is also used to upgrade monsters. The player is given some time to dig out the dungeon and create monsters before a hero comes to capture the demon lord. When the hero is about to enter the dungeon, the player must take Badman and change his location, preferably making it harder for the hero to find him. When the hero gets into the dungeon, he will navigate the dungeon until he finds and captures the demon lord. The hero will fight against any monster that gets in his way.\n\nWhen the hero captures the demon lord, he will retrace the same path, taking the demon lord with him. It is possible to create monsters to save the demon lord during this.\n\nMonsters are created depending on the number of nutrients or mana in the blocks of the dungeon. If the block is covered with moss, and the player uses his pickaxe on this block, a slime will be released. These slimes move around the dungeon, absorbing, and expelling the nutrients from adjacent blocks, creating blocks with more and more nutrients. Once a block obtains enough nutrients, it will change textures depending on just how much is in the block. Stronger, more powerful monsters will be released the more nutrients a block has. The death of monsters or heroes, along with some of the heroes' actions, has varied effects on the surrounding ground. For example, if a hero casts a spell, the surrounding blocks will be filled with mana, which can be used to create different monsters. More so, if that hero dies, the remainder of his mana is expelled onto surrounding blocks.\n\nDevelopment \nThis game is mostly unknown outside Japan and is considered to be a cult hit. A sequel was released entitled Yuusha no Kuse Ni Namaikida or2, which features almost identical gameplay with a few different additions and changes. In April 2009, it was announced that the game was released in North America under the name Holy Invasion Of Privacy, Badman! What Did I Do To Deserve This? On February 9, 2010, the name was changed again to What Did I Do To Deserve This, My Lord!?, to avoid infringing upon the Batman IP. A third game, No Heroes Allowed! was released in late 2010.\n\nReception \n\nWith the exception of Japan, Holy Invasion Of Privacy, Badman! What Did I Do To Deserve This? received average reviews. \"Holy Invasion of Privacy, Badman! is an extremely quirky, challenging title that has a few frustrating elements that keep it from being a stellar downloadable,\" IGN said about the game. Game Revolution gave the game a C-, stating, \"A weird and unique freak of nature amongst the mundane shooters and RPGs with their played out themes of morality, but it's trying too hard to be clever.\" The game currently holds 69/100 on Metacritic.\n\nSequels\nThere have been two sequels to What Did I Do to Deserve This, My Lord? released on PSP: What Did I Do to Deserve This, My Lord? 2 and No Heroes Allowed!. A third sequel, No Heroes Allowed: No Puzzles Either!, was released in 2014 for PlayStation Vita, with a fourth, No Heroes Allowed! VR, released on October 14 2017 for PlayStation VR.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\n2007 video games\nGod games\nPlayStation Portable games\nPlayStation Portable-only games\nReal-time strategy video games\nSony Interactive Entertainment games\nVideo games developed in Japan", "Rupture was a social networking site for gamers. Users were able to create profiles and interact with one another with the standard array of social networking tools.\n\nHistory \nRupture was founded by Shawn Fanning and Jon Baudanza in June 2006. He did so because he wished to foster communication between players, find out what they're playing, and provide a showcase where they could display their accomplishments.\n\nIn June 2008 Electronic Arts, Inc. purchased ThreeSF, Inc., parent company of Rupture for $15 million.\n\nThe website is no longer accessible and redirects to EA.com.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nInternet properties established in 2006\nAmerican social networking websites\nAdobe Integrated Runtime platform software" ]

[ "Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor and early pioneer in radio and in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures. He had over 300 patents worldwide, but also a tumultuous career—he boasted that he made, then lost, four fortunes. He was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried (and acquitted) for mail fraud.", "He was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried (and acquitted) for mail fraud. His most famous invention, in 1906, was the three-element \"Audion\" (triode) vacuum tube, the first practical amplification device.", "His most famous invention, in 1906, was the three-element \"Audion\" (triode) vacuum tube, the first practical amplification device. Although de Forest had only a limited understanding of how it worked, it was the foundation of the field of electronics, making possible radio broadcasting, long distance telephone lines, and talking motion pictures, among countless other applications. Early life Lee de Forest was born in 1873 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, the son of Anna Margaret ( Robbins) and Henry Swift DeForest.", "Early life Lee de Forest was born in 1873 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, the son of Anna Margaret ( Robbins) and Henry Swift DeForest. He was a direct descendant of Jessé de Forest, the leader of a group of Walloon Huguenots who fled Europe in the 17th century due to religious persecution. De Forest's father was a Congregational Church minister who hoped his son would also become a pastor.", "De Forest's father was a Congregational Church minister who hoped his son would also become a pastor. In 1879 the elder de Forest became president of the American Missionary Association's Talladega College in Talladega, Alabama, a school \"open to all of either sex, without regard to sect, race, or color\", and which educated primarily African-Americans.", "In 1879 the elder de Forest became president of the American Missionary Association's Talladega College in Talladega, Alabama, a school \"open to all of either sex, without regard to sect, race, or color\", and which educated primarily African-Americans. Many of the local white citizens resented the school and its mission, and Lee spent most of his youth in Talladega isolated from the white community, with several close friends among the black children of the town.", "Many of the local white citizens resented the school and its mission, and Lee spent most of his youth in Talladega isolated from the white community, with several close friends among the black children of the town. De Forest prepared for college by attending Mount Hermon Boys' School in Mount Hermon, Massachusetts for two years, beginning in 1891.", "De Forest prepared for college by attending Mount Hermon Boys' School in Mount Hermon, Massachusetts for two years, beginning in 1891. In 1893, he enrolled in a three-year course of studies at Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School in New Haven, Connecticut, on a $300 per year scholarship that had been established for relatives of David de Forest.", "In 1893, he enrolled in a three-year course of studies at Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School in New Haven, Connecticut, on a $300 per year scholarship that had been established for relatives of David de Forest. Convinced that he was destined to become a famous—and rich—inventor, and perpetually short of funds, he sought to interest companies with a series of devices and puzzles he created, and expectantly submitted essays in prize competitions, all with little success.", "Convinced that he was destined to become a famous—and rich—inventor, and perpetually short of funds, he sought to interest companies with a series of devices and puzzles he created, and expectantly submitted essays in prize competitions, all with little success. After completing his undergraduate studies, in September 1896 de Forest began three years of postgraduate work. However, his electrical experiments had a tendency to blow fuses, causing building-wide blackouts.", "However, his electrical experiments had a tendency to blow fuses, causing building-wide blackouts. Even after being warned to be more careful, he managed to douse the lights during an important lecture by Professor Charles S. Hastings, who responded by having de Forest expelled from Sheffield. With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, de Forest enrolled in the Connecticut Volunteer Militia Battery as a bugler, but the war ended and he was mustered out without ever leaving the state.", "With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, de Forest enrolled in the Connecticut Volunteer Militia Battery as a bugler, but the war ended and he was mustered out without ever leaving the state. He then completed his studies at Yale's Sloane Physics Laboratory, earning a Doctorate in 1899 with a dissertation on the \"Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires\", supervised by theoretical physicist Willard Gibbs.", "He then completed his studies at Yale's Sloane Physics Laboratory, earning a Doctorate in 1899 with a dissertation on the \"Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires\", supervised by theoretical physicist Willard Gibbs. He was scientist Early radio work Reflecting his pioneering work, de Forest has sometimes been credited as the \"Father of Radio\", an honorific which he adopted as the title of his 1950 autobiography.", "He was scientist Early radio work Reflecting his pioneering work, de Forest has sometimes been credited as the \"Father of Radio\", an honorific which he adopted as the title of his 1950 autobiography. In the late 1800s he became convinced there was a great future in radiotelegraphic communication (then known as \"wireless telegraphy\"), but Italian Guglielmo Marconi, who received his first patent in 1896, was already making impressive progress in both Europe and the United States.", "In the late 1800s he became convinced there was a great future in radiotelegraphic communication (then known as \"wireless telegraphy\"), but Italian Guglielmo Marconi, who received his first patent in 1896, was already making impressive progress in both Europe and the United States. One drawback of Marconi's approach was his use of a coherer as a receiver, which, while providing for permanent records, was also slow (after each received Morse code dot or dash, it had to be tapped to restore operation), insensitive, and not very reliable.", "One drawback of Marconi's approach was his use of a coherer as a receiver, which, while providing for permanent records, was also slow (after each received Morse code dot or dash, it had to be tapped to restore operation), insensitive, and not very reliable. De Forest was determined to devise a better system, including a self-restoring detector that could receive transmissions by ear, thus making it capable of receiving weaker signals and also allowing faster Morse code sending speeds.", "De Forest was determined to devise a better system, including a self-restoring detector that could receive transmissions by ear, thus making it capable of receiving weaker signals and also allowing faster Morse code sending speeds. After making unsuccessful inquiries about employment with Nikola Tesla and Marconi, de Forest struck out on his own. His first job after leaving Yale was with the Western Electric Company's telephone lab in Chicago, Illinois. While there he developed his first receiver, which was based on findings by two German scientists, Drs.", "While there he developed his first receiver, which was based on findings by two German scientists, Drs. A. Neugschwender and Emil Aschkinass. Their original design consisted of a mirror in which a narrow, moistened slit had been cut through the silvered back. Attaching a battery and telephone receiver, they could hear sound changes in response to radio signal impulses. De Forest, along with Ed Smythe, a co-worker who provided financial and technical help, developed variations they called \"responders\".", "De Forest, along with Ed Smythe, a co-worker who provided financial and technical help, developed variations they called \"responders\". A series of short-term positions followed, including three unproductive months with Professor Warren S. Johnson's American Wireless Telegraph Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and work as an assistant editor of the Western Electrician in Chicago. With radio research his main priority, de Forest next took a night teaching position at the Lewis Institute, which freed him to conduct experiments at the Armour Institute.", "With radio research his main priority, de Forest next took a night teaching position at the Lewis Institute, which freed him to conduct experiments at the Armour Institute. By 1900, using a spark-coil transmitter and his responder receiver, de Forest expanded his transmitting range to about seven kilometers (four miles). Professor Clarence Freeman of the Armour Institute became interested in de Forest's work and developed a new type of spark transmitter.", "Professor Clarence Freeman of the Armour Institute became interested in de Forest's work and developed a new type of spark transmitter. De Forest soon felt that Smythe and Freeman were holding him back, so in the fall of 1901 he made the bold decision to go to New York to compete directly with Marconi in transmitting race results for the International Yacht races. Marconi had already made arrangements to provide reports for the Associated Press, which he had successfully done for the 1899 contest.", "Marconi had already made arrangements to provide reports for the Associated Press, which he had successfully done for the 1899 contest. De Forest contracted to do the same for the smaller Publishers' Press Association. The race effort turned out to be an almost total failure. The Freeman transmitter broke down—in a fit of rage, de Forest threw it overboard—and had to be replaced by an ordinary spark coil.", "The Freeman transmitter broke down—in a fit of rage, de Forest threw it overboard—and had to be replaced by an ordinary spark coil. Even worse, the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, which claimed its ownership of Amos Dolbear's 1886 patent for wireless communication meant it held a monopoly for all wireless communication in the United States, had also set up a powerful transmitter. None of these companies had effective tuning for their transmitters, so only one could transmit at a time without causing mutual interference.", "None of these companies had effective tuning for their transmitters, so only one could transmit at a time without causing mutual interference. Although an attempt was made to have the three systems avoid conflicts by rotating operations over five-minute intervals, the agreement broke down, resulting in chaos as the simultaneous transmissions clashed with each other. De Forest ruefully noted that under these conditions the only successful \"wireless\" communication was done by visual semaphore \"wig-wag\" flags.", "De Forest ruefully noted that under these conditions the only successful \"wireless\" communication was done by visual semaphore \"wig-wag\" flags. (The 1903 International Yacht races would be a repeat of 1901—Marconi worked for the Associated Press, de Forest for the Publishers' Press Association, and the unaffiliated International Wireless Company (successor to 1901's American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph) operated a high-powered transmitter that was used primarily to drown out the other two.)", "(The 1903 International Yacht races would be a repeat of 1901—Marconi worked for the Associated Press, de Forest for the Publishers' Press Association, and the unaffiliated International Wireless Company (successor to 1901's American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph) operated a high-powered transmitter that was used primarily to drown out the other two.) American De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company Despite this setback, de Forest remained in the New York City area, in order to raise interest in his ideas and capital to replace the small working companies that had been formed to promote his work thus far.", "American De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company Despite this setback, de Forest remained in the New York City area, in order to raise interest in his ideas and capital to replace the small working companies that had been formed to promote his work thus far. In January 1902 he met a promoter, Abraham White, who would become de Forest's main sponsor for the next five years.", "In January 1902 he met a promoter, Abraham White, who would become de Forest's main sponsor for the next five years. White envisioned bold and expansive plans that enticed the inventor—however, he was also dishonest and much of the new enterprise would be built on wild exaggeration and stock fraud. To back de Forest's efforts, White incorporated the American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company, with himself as the company's president, and de Forest the Scientific Director.", "To back de Forest's efforts, White incorporated the American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company, with himself as the company's president, and de Forest the Scientific Director. The company claimed as its goal the development of \"world-wide wireless\". The original \"responder\" receiver (also known as the \"goo anti-coherer\") proved to be too crude to be commercialized, and de Forest struggled to develop a non-infringing device for receiving radio signals.", "The original \"responder\" receiver (also known as the \"goo anti-coherer\") proved to be too crude to be commercialized, and de Forest struggled to develop a non-infringing device for receiving radio signals. In 1903, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated an electrolytic detector, and de Forest developed a variation, which he called the \"spade detector\", claiming it did not infringe on Fessenden's patents. Fessenden, and the U.S. courts, did not agree, and court injunctions enjoined American De Forest from using the device.", "Fessenden, and the U.S. courts, did not agree, and court injunctions enjoined American De Forest from using the device. Meanwhile, White set in motion a series of highly visible promotions for American DeForest: \"Wireless Auto No.1\" was positioned on Wall Street to \"send stock quotes\" using an unmuffled spark transmitter to loudly draw the attention of potential investors, in early 1904 two stations were established at Wei-hai-Wei on the Chinese mainland and aboard the Chinese steamer SS Haimun, which allowed war correspondent Captain Lionel James of The Times of London to report on the brewing Russo-Japanese War, and later that year a tower, with \"DEFOREST\" arrayed in lights, was erected on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis, Missouri, where the company won a gold medal for its radiotelegraph demonstrations.", "Meanwhile, White set in motion a series of highly visible promotions for American DeForest: \"Wireless Auto No.1\" was positioned on Wall Street to \"send stock quotes\" using an unmuffled spark transmitter to loudly draw the attention of potential investors, in early 1904 two stations were established at Wei-hai-Wei on the Chinese mainland and aboard the Chinese steamer SS Haimun, which allowed war correspondent Captain Lionel James of The Times of London to report on the brewing Russo-Japanese War, and later that year a tower, with \"DEFOREST\" arrayed in lights, was erected on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis, Missouri, where the company won a gold medal for its radiotelegraph demonstrations. (Marconi withdrew from the Exposition when he learned de Forest would be there).", "(Marconi withdrew from the Exposition when he learned de Forest would be there). The company's most important early contract was the construction, in 1905–1906, of five high-powered radiotelegraph stations for the U.S. Navy, located in Panama, Pensacola and Key West, Florida, Guantanamo, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. It also installed shore stations along the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes, and equipped shipboard stations. But the main focus was selling stock at ever more inflated prices, spurred by the construction of promotional inland stations.", "But the main focus was selling stock at ever more inflated prices, spurred by the construction of promotional inland stations. Most of these inland stations had no practical use and were abandoned once the local stock sales slowed. De Forest eventually came into conflict with his company's management. His main complaint was the limited support he got for conducting research, while company officials were upset with de Forest's inability to develop a practical receiver free of patent infringement.", "His main complaint was the limited support he got for conducting research, while company officials were upset with de Forest's inability to develop a practical receiver free of patent infringement. (This problem was finally resolved with the invention of the carborundum crystal detector by another company employee, General Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody).", "(This problem was finally resolved with the invention of the carborundum crystal detector by another company employee, General Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody). On November 28, 1906, in exchange for $1000 (half of which was claimed by an attorney) and the rights to some early Audion detector patents, de Forest turned in his stock and resigned from the company that bore his name.", "On November 28, 1906, in exchange for $1000 (half of which was claimed by an attorney) and the rights to some early Audion detector patents, de Forest turned in his stock and resigned from the company that bore his name. American DeForest was then reorganized as the United Wireless Telegraph Company, and would be the dominant U.S. radio communications firm, albeit propped up by massive stock fraud, until its bankruptcy in 1912.", "American DeForest was then reorganized as the United Wireless Telegraph Company, and would be the dominant U.S. radio communications firm, albeit propped up by massive stock fraud, until its bankruptcy in 1912. Radio Telephone Company De Forest moved quickly to re-establish himself as an independent inventor, working in his own laboratory in the Parker Building in New York City.", "Radio Telephone Company De Forest moved quickly to re-establish himself as an independent inventor, working in his own laboratory in the Parker Building in New York City. The Radio Telephone Company was incorporated in order to promote his inventions, with James Dunlop Smith, a former American DeForest salesman, as president, and de Forest the vice president (De Forest preferred the term radio, which up to now had been primarily used in Europe, over wireless).", "The Radio Telephone Company was incorporated in order to promote his inventions, with James Dunlop Smith, a former American DeForest salesman, as president, and de Forest the vice president (De Forest preferred the term radio, which up to now had been primarily used in Europe, over wireless). Arc radiotelephone development At the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Valdemar Poulsen had presented a paper on an arc transmitter, which unlike the discontinuous pulses produced by spark transmitters, created steady \"continuous wave\" signals that could be used for amplitude modulated (AM) audio transmissions.", "Arc radiotelephone development At the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Valdemar Poulsen had presented a paper on an arc transmitter, which unlike the discontinuous pulses produced by spark transmitters, created steady \"continuous wave\" signals that could be used for amplitude modulated (AM) audio transmissions. Although Poulsen had patented his invention, de Forest claimed to have come up with a variation that allowed him to avoid infringing on Poulsen's work.", "Although Poulsen had patented his invention, de Forest claimed to have come up with a variation that allowed him to avoid infringing on Poulsen's work. Using his \"sparkless\" arc transmitter, de Forest first transmitted audio across a lab room on December 31, 1906, and by February was making experimental transmissions, including music produced by Thaddeus Cahill's telharmonium, that were heard throughout the city.", "Using his \"sparkless\" arc transmitter, de Forest first transmitted audio across a lab room on December 31, 1906, and by February was making experimental transmissions, including music produced by Thaddeus Cahill's telharmonium, that were heard throughout the city. On July 18, 1907, de Forest made the first ship-to-shore transmissions by radiotelephone—race reports for the Annual Inter-Lakes Yachting Association (I-LYA) Regatta held on Lake Erie—which were sent from the steam yacht Thelma to his assistant, Frank E. Butler, located in the Fox's Dock Pavilion on South Bass Island.", "On July 18, 1907, de Forest made the first ship-to-shore transmissions by radiotelephone—race reports for the Annual Inter-Lakes Yachting Association (I-LYA) Regatta held on Lake Erie—which were sent from the steam yacht Thelma to his assistant, Frank E. Butler, located in the Fox's Dock Pavilion on South Bass Island. De Forest also interested the U.S. Navy in his radiotelephone, which placed a rush order to have 26 arc sets installed for its Great White Fleet around-the-world voyage that began in late 1907.", "De Forest also interested the U.S. Navy in his radiotelephone, which placed a rush order to have 26 arc sets installed for its Great White Fleet around-the-world voyage that began in late 1907. However, at the conclusion of the circumnavigation the sets were declared to be too unreliable to meet the Navy's needs and removed. The company set up a network of radiotelephone stations along the Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes, for coastal ship navigation.", "The company set up a network of radiotelephone stations along the Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes, for coastal ship navigation. However, the installations proved unprofitable, and by 1911 the parent company and its subsidiaries were on the brink of bankruptcy. Initial broadcasting experiments De Forest also used the arc-transmitter to conduct some of the earliest experimental entertainment radio broadcasts.", "Initial broadcasting experiments De Forest also used the arc-transmitter to conduct some of the earliest experimental entertainment radio broadcasts. Eugenia Farrar sang \"I Love You Truly\" in an unpublicized test from his laboratory in 1907, and in 1908, on de Forest's Paris honeymoon, musical selections were broadcast from the Eiffel Tower as a part of demonstrations of the arc-transmitter. In early 1909, in what may have been the first public speech by radio, de Forest's mother-in-law, Harriot Stanton Blatch, made a broadcast supporting women's suffrage.", "In early 1909, in what may have been the first public speech by radio, de Forest's mother-in-law, Harriot Stanton Blatch, made a broadcast supporting women's suffrage. More ambitious demonstrations followed. A series of tests in conjunction with the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City were conducted to determine whether it was practical to broadcast opera performances live from the stage. Tosca was performed on January 12, 1910, and the next day's test included Italian tenor Enrico Caruso.", "Tosca was performed on January 12, 1910, and the next day's test included Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. On February 24, the Manhattan Opera Company's Mme. Mariette Mazarin sang \"La Habanera\" from Carmen over a transmitter located in de Forest's lab. But these tests showed that the idea was not yet technically feasible, and de Forest would not make any additional entertainment broadcasts until late 1916, when more capable vacuum-tube equipment became available.", "But these tests showed that the idea was not yet technically feasible, and de Forest would not make any additional entertainment broadcasts until late 1916, when more capable vacuum-tube equipment became available. \"Grid\" Audion detector De Forest's most famous invention was the \"grid Audion\", which was the first successful three-element (triode) vacuum tube, and the first device which could amplify electrical signals.", "\"Grid\" Audion detector De Forest's most famous invention was the \"grid Audion\", which was the first successful three-element (triode) vacuum tube, and the first device which could amplify electrical signals. He traced its inspiration to 1900, when, experimenting with a spark-gap transmitter, he briefly thought that the flickering of a nearby gas flame might be in response to electromagnetic pulses.", "He traced its inspiration to 1900, when, experimenting with a spark-gap transmitter, he briefly thought that the flickering of a nearby gas flame might be in response to electromagnetic pulses. With further tests he soon determined that the cause of the flame fluctuations actually was due to air pressure changes produced by the loud sound of the spark. Still, he was intrigued by the idea that, properly configured, it might be possible to use a flame or something similar to detect radio signals.", "Still, he was intrigued by the idea that, properly configured, it might be possible to use a flame or something similar to detect radio signals. After determining that an open flame was too susceptible to ambient air currents, de Forest investigated whether ionized gases, heated and enclosed in a partially evacuated glass tube, could be used instead. In 1905 to 1906 he developed various configurations of glass-tube devices, which he gave the general name of \"Audions\".", "In 1905 to 1906 he developed various configurations of glass-tube devices, which he gave the general name of \"Audions\". The first Audions had only two electrodes, and on October 25, 1906, de Forest filed a patent for diode vacuum tube detector, that was granted U.S. patent number 841387 on January 15, 1907. Subsequently, a third \"control\" electrode was added, originally as a surrounding metal cylinder or a wire coiled around the outside of the glass tube. None of these initial designs worked particularly well.", "None of these initial designs worked particularly well. None of these initial designs worked particularly well. De Forest gave a presentation of his work to date to the October 26, 1906 New York meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, which was reprinted in two parts in late 1907 in the Scientific American Supplement. He was insistent that a small amount of residual gas was necessary for the tubes to operate properly.", "He was insistent that a small amount of residual gas was necessary for the tubes to operate properly. However, he also admitted that \"I have arrived as yet at no completely satisfactory theory as to the exact means by which the high-frequency oscillations affect so markedly the behavior of an ionized gas.\" In late 1906, de Forest made a breakthrough when he reconfigured the control electrode, moving it from outside the tube envelope to a position inside the tube between the filament and the plate.", "In late 1906, de Forest made a breakthrough when he reconfigured the control electrode, moving it from outside the tube envelope to a position inside the tube between the filament and the plate. He called the intermediate electrode a grid, reportedly due to its similarity to the \"gridiron\" lines on American football playing fields. Experiments conducted with his assistant, John V. L. Hogan, convinced him that he had discovered an important new radio detector.", "Experiments conducted with his assistant, John V. L. Hogan, convinced him that he had discovered an important new radio detector. He quickly prepared a patent application which was filed on January 29, 1907, and received on February 18, 1908. Because the grid-control Audion was the only configuration to become commercially valuable, the earlier versions were forgotten, and the term Audion later became synonymous with just the grid type. It later also became known as the triode.", "It later also became known as the triode. It later also became known as the triode. The grid Audion was the first device to amplify, albeit only slightly, the strength of received radio signals. However, to many observers it appeared that de Forest had done nothing more than add the grid electrode to an existing detector configuration, the Fleming valve, which also consisted of a filament and plate enclosed in an evacuated glass tube.", "However, to many observers it appeared that de Forest had done nothing more than add the grid electrode to an existing detector configuration, the Fleming valve, which also consisted of a filament and plate enclosed in an evacuated glass tube. De Forest passionately denied the similarly of the two devices, claiming his invention was a relay that amplified currents, while the Fleming valve was merely a rectifier that converted alternating current to direct current.", "De Forest passionately denied the similarly of the two devices, claiming his invention was a relay that amplified currents, while the Fleming valve was merely a rectifier that converted alternating current to direct current. (For this reason, de Forest objected to his Audion being referred to as \"a valve\".) The U.S. courts were not convinced, and ruled that the grid Audion did in fact infringe on the Fleming valve patent, now held by Marconi.", "The U.S. courts were not convinced, and ruled that the grid Audion did in fact infringe on the Fleming valve patent, now held by Marconi. In contrast, Marconi admitted that the addition of the third electrode was a patentable improvement, and the two sides agreed to license each other so that both could manufacture three-electrode tubes in the United States. (De Forest's European patents had lapsed because he did not have the funds needed to renew them).", "(De Forest's European patents had lapsed because he did not have the funds needed to renew them). Because of its limited uses and the great variability in the quality of individual units, the grid Audion would be rarely used during the first half-decade after its invention. In 1908, John V. L. Hogan reported that \"The Audion is capable of being developed into a really efficient detector, but in its present forms is quite unreliable and entirely too complex to be properly handled by the usual wireless operator.\"", "In 1908, John V. L. Hogan reported that \"The Audion is capable of being developed into a really efficient detector, but in its present forms is quite unreliable and entirely too complex to be properly handled by the usual wireless operator.\" Employment at Federal Telegraph In May 1910, the Radio Telephone Company and its subsidiaries were reorganized as the North American Wireless Corporation, but financial difficulties meant that the company's activities had nearly come to a halt.", "Employment at Federal Telegraph In May 1910, the Radio Telephone Company and its subsidiaries were reorganized as the North American Wireless Corporation, but financial difficulties meant that the company's activities had nearly come to a halt. De Forest moved to San Francisco, California, and in early 1911 took a research job at the Federal Telegraph Company, which produced long-range radiotelegraph systems using high-powered Poulsen arcs.", "De Forest moved to San Francisco, California, and in early 1911 took a research job at the Federal Telegraph Company, which produced long-range radiotelegraph systems using high-powered Poulsen arcs. Audio frequency amplification One of de Forest's areas of research at Federal Telegraph was improving the reception of signals, and he came up with the idea of strengthening the audio frequency output from a grid Audion by feeding it into a second tube for additional amplification.", "Audio frequency amplification One of de Forest's areas of research at Federal Telegraph was improving the reception of signals, and he came up with the idea of strengthening the audio frequency output from a grid Audion by feeding it into a second tube for additional amplification. He called this a \"cascade amplifier\", which eventually consisted of chaining together up to three Audions.", "He called this a \"cascade amplifier\", which eventually consisted of chaining together up to three Audions. At this time the American Telephone and Telegraph Company was researching ways to amplify telephone signals to provide better long-distance service, and it was recognized that de Forest's device had potential as a telephone line repeater. In mid-1912 an associate, John Stone Stone, contacted AT&T to arrange for de Forest to demonstrate his invention.", "In mid-1912 an associate, John Stone Stone, contacted AT&T to arrange for de Forest to demonstrate his invention. It was found that de Forest's \"gassy\" version of the Audion could not handle even the relatively low voltages used by telephone lines. (Owing to the way he constructed the tubes, de Forest's Audions would cease to operate with too high a vacuum.)", "(Owing to the way he constructed the tubes, de Forest's Audions would cease to operate with too high a vacuum.) However, careful research by Dr. Harold D. Arnold and his team at AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary determined that improving the tube's design would allow it to be more fully evacuated, and the high vacuum allowed it to operate at telephone-line voltages. With these changes the Audion evolved into a modern electron-discharge vacuum tube, using electron flows rather than ions.", "With these changes the Audion evolved into a modern electron-discharge vacuum tube, using electron flows rather than ions. (Dr. Irving Langmuir at the General Electric Corporation made similar findings, and both he and Arnold attempted to patent the \"high vacuum\" construction, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1931 that this modification could not be patented).", "(Dr. Irving Langmuir at the General Electric Corporation made similar findings, and both he and Arnold attempted to patent the \"high vacuum\" construction, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1931 that this modification could not be patented). After a delay of ten months, in July 1913 AT&T, through a third party who disguised his link to the telephone company, purchased the wire rights to seven Audion patents for $50,000.", "After a delay of ten months, in July 1913 AT&T, through a third party who disguised his link to the telephone company, purchased the wire rights to seven Audion patents for $50,000. De Forest had hoped for a higher payment, but was again in bad financial shape and was unable to bargain for more. In 1915, AT&T used the innovation to conduct the first transcontinental telephone calls, in conjunction with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco.", "In 1915, AT&T used the innovation to conduct the first transcontinental telephone calls, in conjunction with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco. Reorganized Radio Telephone Company Radio Telephone Company officials had engaged in some of the same stock selling excesses that had taken place at American DeForest, and as part of the U.S. government's crackdown on stock fraud, in March 1912 de Forest, plus four other company officials, were arrested and charged with \"use of the mails to defraud\".", "Reorganized Radio Telephone Company Radio Telephone Company officials had engaged in some of the same stock selling excesses that had taken place at American DeForest, and as part of the U.S. government's crackdown on stock fraud, in March 1912 de Forest, plus four other company officials, were arrested and charged with \"use of the mails to defraud\". Their trials took place in late 1913, and while three of the defendants were found guilty, de Forest was acquitted.", "Their trials took place in late 1913, and while three of the defendants were found guilty, de Forest was acquitted. With the legal problems behind him, de Forest reorganized his company as the DeForest Radio Telephone Company, and established a laboratory at 1391 Sedgewick Avenue in the Highbridge section of the Bronx in New York City.", "With the legal problems behind him, de Forest reorganized his company as the DeForest Radio Telephone Company, and established a laboratory at 1391 Sedgewick Avenue in the Highbridge section of the Bronx in New York City. The company's limited finances were boosted by the sale, in October 1914, of the commercial Audion patent rights for radio signalling to AT&T for $90,000, with de Forest retaining the rights for sales for \"amateur and experimental use\".", "The company's limited finances were boosted by the sale, in October 1914, of the commercial Audion patent rights for radio signalling to AT&T for $90,000, with de Forest retaining the rights for sales for \"amateur and experimental use\". In October 1915 AT&T conducted test radio transmissions from the Navy's station in Arlington, Virginia that were heard as far away as Paris and Hawaii. The Radio Telephone Company began selling \"Oscillion\" power tubes to amateurs, suitable for radio transmissions.", "The Radio Telephone Company began selling \"Oscillion\" power tubes to amateurs, suitable for radio transmissions. The company wanted to keep a tight hold on the tube business, and originally maintained a policy that retailers had to require their customers to return a worn-out tube before they could get a replacement. This style of business encouraged others to make and sell unlicensed vacuum tubes which did not impose a return policy.", "This style of business encouraged others to make and sell unlicensed vacuum tubes which did not impose a return policy. One of the boldest was Audio Tron Sales Company founded in 1915 by Elmer T. Cunningham of San Francisco, whose Audio Tron tubes cost less but were of equal or higher quality. The de Forest company sued Audio Tron Sales, eventually settling out of court. In April 1917, the company's remaining commercial radio patent rights were sold to AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary for $250,000.", "In April 1917, the company's remaining commercial radio patent rights were sold to AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary for $250,000. During World War I, the Radio Telephone Company prospered from sales of radio equipment to the military. However, it also became known for the poor quality of its vacuum tubes, especially compared to those produced by major industrial manufacturers such as General Electric and Western Electric.", "However, it also became known for the poor quality of its vacuum tubes, especially compared to those produced by major industrial manufacturers such as General Electric and Western Electric. Regeneration controversy Beginning in 1912, there was increased investigation of vacuum-tube capabilities, simultaneously by numerous inventors in multiple countries, who identified additional important uses for the device.", "Regeneration controversy Beginning in 1912, there was increased investigation of vacuum-tube capabilities, simultaneously by numerous inventors in multiple countries, who identified additional important uses for the device. These overlapping discoveries led to complicated legal disputes over priority, perhaps the most bitter being one in the United States between de Forest and Edwin Howard Armstrong over the discovery of regeneration (also known as the \"feedback circuit\" and, by de Forest, as the \"ultra-audion\").", "These overlapping discoveries led to complicated legal disputes over priority, perhaps the most bitter being one in the United States between de Forest and Edwin Howard Armstrong over the discovery of regeneration (also known as the \"feedback circuit\" and, by de Forest, as the \"ultra-audion\"). Beginning in 1913 Armstrong prepared papers and gave demonstrations that comprehensively documented how to employ three-element vacuum tubes in circuits that amplified signals to stronger levels than previously thought possible, and that could also generate high-power oscillations usable for radio transmission.", "Beginning in 1913 Armstrong prepared papers and gave demonstrations that comprehensively documented how to employ three-element vacuum tubes in circuits that amplified signals to stronger levels than previously thought possible, and that could also generate high-power oscillations usable for radio transmission. In late 1913 Armstrong applied for patents covering the regenerative circuit, and on October 6, 1914 was issued for his discovery. U.S. patent law included a provision for challenging grants if another inventor could prove prior discovery.", "U.S. patent law included a provision for challenging grants if another inventor could prove prior discovery. With an eye to increasing the value of the patent portfolio that would be sold to Western Electric in 1917, beginning in 1915 de Forest filed a series of patent applications that largely copied Armstrong's claims, in the hopes of having the priority of the competing applications upheld by an interference hearing at the patent office.", "With an eye to increasing the value of the patent portfolio that would be sold to Western Electric in 1917, beginning in 1915 de Forest filed a series of patent applications that largely copied Armstrong's claims, in the hopes of having the priority of the competing applications upheld by an interference hearing at the patent office. Based on a notebook entry recorded at the time, de Forest asserted that, while working on the cascade amplifier, he had stumbled on August 6, 1912 across the feedback principle, which was then used in the spring of 1913 to operate a low-powered transmitter for heterodyne reception of Federal Telegraph arc transmissions.", "Based on a notebook entry recorded at the time, de Forest asserted that, while working on the cascade amplifier, he had stumbled on August 6, 1912 across the feedback principle, which was then used in the spring of 1913 to operate a low-powered transmitter for heterodyne reception of Federal Telegraph arc transmissions. However, there was also strong evidence that de Forest was unaware of the full significance of this discovery, as shown by his lack of follow-up and continuing misunderstanding of the physics involved.", "However, there was also strong evidence that de Forest was unaware of the full significance of this discovery, as shown by his lack of follow-up and continuing misunderstanding of the physics involved. In particular, it appeared that he was unaware of the potential for further development until he became familiar with Armstrong's research.", "In particular, it appeared that he was unaware of the potential for further development until he became familiar with Armstrong's research. De Forest was not alone in the interference determination—the patent office identified four competing claimants for its hearings, consisting of Armstrong, de Forest, General Electric's Langmuir, and a German, Alexander Meissner, whose application would be seized by the Office of Alien Property Custodian during World War I. The subsequent legal proceedings become divided between two groups of court cases.", "The subsequent legal proceedings become divided between two groups of court cases. The first court action began in January 1920 when Armstrong, with Westinghouse, which purchased his patent, sued the De Forest Company in district court for infringement of patent 1,113,149. On May 17, 1921 the court ruled that the lack of awareness and understanding on de Forest's part, in addition to the fact that he had made no immediate advances beyond his initial observation, made implausible his attempt to prevail as inventor.", "On May 17, 1921 the court ruled that the lack of awareness and understanding on de Forest's part, in addition to the fact that he had made no immediate advances beyond his initial observation, made implausible his attempt to prevail as inventor. However, a second series of court cases, which were the result of the patent office interference proceeding, had a different outcome. The interference board had also sided with Armstrong, and de Forest appealed its decision to the District of Columbia district court.", "The interference board had also sided with Armstrong, and de Forest appealed its decision to the District of Columbia district court. On May 8, 1924, that court concluded that the evidence, beginning with the 1912 notebook entry, was sufficient to establish de Forest's priority. Now on the defensive, Armstrong's side tried to overturn the decision, but these efforts, which twice went before the U.S. Supreme Court, in 1928 and 1934, were unsuccessful.", "Now on the defensive, Armstrong's side tried to overturn the decision, but these efforts, which twice went before the U.S. Supreme Court, in 1928 and 1934, were unsuccessful. This judicial ruling meant that Lee de Forest was now legally recognized in the United States as the inventor of regeneration. However, much of the engineering community continued to consider Armstrong to be the actual developer, with de Forest viewed as someone who skillfully used the patent system to get credit for an invention to which he had barely contributed.", "However, much of the engineering community continued to consider Armstrong to be the actual developer, with de Forest viewed as someone who skillfully used the patent system to get credit for an invention to which he had barely contributed. Following the 1934 Supreme Court decision, Armstrong attempted to return his Institute of Radio Engineers (present-day Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Medal of Honor, which had been awarded to him in 1917 \"in recognition of his work and publications dealing with the action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion\", but the organization's board refused to let him, stating that it \"strongly affirms the original award\".", "Following the 1934 Supreme Court decision, Armstrong attempted to return his Institute of Radio Engineers (present-day Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Medal of Honor, which had been awarded to him in 1917 \"in recognition of his work and publications dealing with the action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion\", but the organization's board refused to let him, stating that it \"strongly affirms the original award\". The practical effect of de Forest's victory was that his company was free to sell products that used regeneration, for during the controversy, which became more a personal feud than a business dispute, Armstrong tried to block the company from even being licensed to sell equipment under his patent.", "The practical effect of de Forest's victory was that his company was free to sell products that used regeneration, for during the controversy, which became more a personal feud than a business dispute, Armstrong tried to block the company from even being licensed to sell equipment under his patent. De Forest regularly responded to articles which he thought exaggerated Armstrong's contributions with animosity that continued even after Armstrong's 1954 suicide.", "De Forest regularly responded to articles which he thought exaggerated Armstrong's contributions with animosity that continued even after Armstrong's 1954 suicide. Following the publication of Carl Dreher's \"E. H. Armstrong, the Hero as Inventor\" in the August 1956 Harper's magazine, de Forest wrote the author, describing Armstrong as \"exceedingly arrogant, brow beating, even brutal...\", and defending the Supreme Court decision in his favor.", "Following the publication of Carl Dreher's \"E. H. Armstrong, the Hero as Inventor\" in the August 1956 Harper's magazine, de Forest wrote the author, describing Armstrong as \"exceedingly arrogant, brow beating, even brutal...\", and defending the Supreme Court decision in his favor. Renewed broadcasting activities In the summer of 1915, the company received an Experimental license for station 2XG, located at its Highbridge laboratory.", "Renewed broadcasting activities In the summer of 1915, the company received an Experimental license for station 2XG, located at its Highbridge laboratory. In late 1916, de Forest renewed the entertainment broadcasts he had suspended in 1910, now using the superior capabilities of vacuum-tube equipment. 2XG's debut program aired on October 26, 1916, as part of an arrangement with the Columbia Graphophone Company to promote its recordings, which included \"announcing the title and 'Columbia Gramophone [sic] Company' with each playing\".", "2XG's debut program aired on October 26, 1916, as part of an arrangement with the Columbia Graphophone Company to promote its recordings, which included \"announcing the title and 'Columbia Gramophone [sic] Company' with each playing\". Beginning November 1, the \"Highbridge Station\" offered a nightly schedule featuring the Columbia recordings.", "Beginning November 1, the \"Highbridge Station\" offered a nightly schedule featuring the Columbia recordings. These broadcasts were also used to advertise \"the products of the DeForest Radio Co., mostly the radio parts, with all the zeal of our catalogue and price list\", until comments by Western Electric engineers caused de Forest enough embarrassment to make him decide to eliminate the direct advertising.", "These broadcasts were also used to advertise \"the products of the DeForest Radio Co., mostly the radio parts, with all the zeal of our catalogue and price list\", until comments by Western Electric engineers caused de Forest enough embarrassment to make him decide to eliminate the direct advertising. The station also made the first audio broadcast of election reports—in earlier elections, stations that broadcast results had used Morse code—providing news of the November 1916 Wilson-Hughes presidential election.", "The station also made the first audio broadcast of election reports—in earlier elections, stations that broadcast results had used Morse code—providing news of the November 1916 Wilson-Hughes presidential election. The New York American installed a private wire and bulletins were sent out every hour. About 2,000 listeners heard The Star-Spangled Banner and other anthems, songs, and hymns.", "About 2,000 listeners heard The Star-Spangled Banner and other anthems, songs, and hymns. With the entry of the United States into World War I on April 6, 1917, all civilian radio stations were ordered to shut down, so 2XG was silenced for the duration of the war. The ban on civilian stations was lifted on October 1, 1919, and 2XG soon renewed operation, with the Brunswick-Balke-Collender company now supplying the phonograph records.", "The ban on civilian stations was lifted on October 1, 1919, and 2XG soon renewed operation, with the Brunswick-Balke-Collender company now supplying the phonograph records. In early 1920, de Forest moved the station's transmitter from the Bronx to Manhattan, but did not have permission to do so, so district Radio Inspector Arthur Batcheller ordered the station off the air. De Forest's response was to return to San Francisco in March, taking 2XG's transmitter with him.", "De Forest's response was to return to San Francisco in March, taking 2XG's transmitter with him. A new station, 6XC, was established as \"The California Theater station\", which de Forest later stated was the \"first radio-telephone station devoted solely\" to broadcasting to the public. Later that year a de Forest associate, Clarence \"C.S.\" Thompson, established Radio News & Music, Inc., in order to lease de Forest radio transmitters to newspapers interested in setting up their own broadcasting stations.", "Thompson, established Radio News & Music, Inc., in order to lease de Forest radio transmitters to newspapers interested in setting up their own broadcasting stations. In August 1920, The Detroit News began operation of \"The Detroit News Radiophone\", initially with the callsign 8MK, which later became broadcasting station WWJ. Phonofilm sound-on-film process In 1921, de Forest ended most of his radio research in order to concentrate on developing an optical sound-on-film process called Phonofilm.", "Phonofilm sound-on-film process In 1921, de Forest ended most of his radio research in order to concentrate on developing an optical sound-on-film process called Phonofilm. In 1919 he filed the first patent for the new system, which improved upon earlier work by Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt and the German partnership Tri-Ergon.", "In 1919 he filed the first patent for the new system, which improved upon earlier work by Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt and the German partnership Tri-Ergon. Phonofilm recorded the electrical waveforms produced by a microphone photographically onto film, using parallel lines of variable shades of gray, an approach known as \"variable density\", in contrast to \"variable area\" systems used by processes such as RCA Photophone. When the movie film was projected, the recorded information was converted back into sound, in synchronization with the picture.", "When the movie film was projected, the recorded information was converted back into sound, in synchronization with the picture. From October 1921 to September 1922, de Forest lived in Berlin, Germany, meeting the Tri-Ergon developers (German inventors Josef Engl (1893–1942), Hans Vogt (1890–1979), and Joseph Massolle (1889–1957)) and investigating other European sound film systems. In April 1922 he announced that he would soon have a workable sound-on-film system.", "In April 1922 he announced that he would soon have a workable sound-on-film system. On March 12, 1923 he demonstrated Phonofilm to the press; this was followed on April 12, 1923 by a private demonstration to electrical engineers at the Engineering Society Building's Auditorium at 33 West 39th Street in New York City. In November 1922, de Forest established the De Forest Phonofilm Company, located at 314 East 48th Street in New York City.", "In November 1922, de Forest established the De Forest Phonofilm Company, located at 314 East 48th Street in New York City. But none of the Hollywood movie studios expressed interest in his invention, and because at this time these studios controlled all the major theater chains, this meant de Forest was limited to showing his experimental films in independent theaters (The Phonofilm Company would file for bankruptcy in September 1926.).", "But none of the Hollywood movie studios expressed interest in his invention, and because at this time these studios controlled all the major theater chains, this meant de Forest was limited to showing his experimental films in independent theaters (The Phonofilm Company would file for bankruptcy in September 1926.). After recording stage performances (such as in vaudeville), speeches, and musical acts, on April 15, 1923 de Forest premiered 18 Phonofilm short films at the independent Rivoli Theater in New York City.", "After recording stage performances (such as in vaudeville), speeches, and musical acts, on April 15, 1923 de Forest premiered 18 Phonofilm short films at the independent Rivoli Theater in New York City. Starting in May 1924, Max and Dave Fleischer used the Phonofilm process for their Song Car-Tune series of cartoons—featuring the \"Follow the Bouncing Ball\" gimmick. However, de Forest's choice of primarily filming short vaudeville acts, instead of full-length features, limited the appeal of Phonofilm to Hollywood studios.", "However, de Forest's choice of primarily filming short vaudeville acts, instead of full-length features, limited the appeal of Phonofilm to Hollywood studios. De Forest also worked with Freeman Harrison Owens and Theodore Case, using their work to perfect the Phonofilm system. However, de Forest had a falling out with both men. Due to de Forest's continuing misuse of Theodore Case's inventions and failure to publicly acknowledge Case's contributions, the Case Research Laboratory proceeded to build its own camera.", "Due to de Forest's continuing misuse of Theodore Case's inventions and failure to publicly acknowledge Case's contributions, the Case Research Laboratory proceeded to build its own camera. That camera was used by Case and his colleague Earl Sponable to record Calvin Coolidge on August 11, 1924, which was one of the films shown by de Forest and claimed by him to be the product of his inventions.", "That camera was used by Case and his colleague Earl Sponable to record Calvin Coolidge on August 11, 1924, which was one of the films shown by de Forest and claimed by him to be the product of his inventions. Believing that de Forest was more concerned with his own fame and recognition than he was with actually creating a workable system of sound film, and because of his continuing attempts to downplay the contributions of the Case Research Laboratory in the creation of Phonofilm, Case severed his ties with de Forest in the fall of 1925.", "Believing that de Forest was more concerned with his own fame and recognition than he was with actually creating a workable system of sound film, and because of his continuing attempts to downplay the contributions of the Case Research Laboratory in the creation of Phonofilm, Case severed his ties with de Forest in the fall of 1925. Case successfully negotiated an agreement to use his patents with studio head William Fox, owner of Fox Film Corporation, who marketed the innovation as Fox Movietone.", "Case successfully negotiated an agreement to use his patents with studio head William Fox, owner of Fox Film Corporation, who marketed the innovation as Fox Movietone. Warner Brothers introduced a competing method for sound film, the Vitaphone sound-on-disc process developed by Western Electric, with the August 6, 1926 release of the John Barrymore film Don Juan. In 1927 and 1928, Hollywood expanded its use of sound-on-film systems, including Fox Movietone and RCA Photophone.", "In 1927 and 1928, Hollywood expanded its use of sound-on-film systems, including Fox Movietone and RCA Photophone. Meanwhile, theater chain owner Isadore Schlesinger purchased the UK rights to Phonofilm and released short films of British music hall performers from September 1926 to May 1929. Almost 200 Phonofilm shorts were made, and many are preserved in the collections of the Library of Congress and the British Film Institute.", "Almost 200 Phonofilm shorts were made, and many are preserved in the collections of the Library of Congress and the British Film Institute. Later years and death In April 1923, the De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company, which manufactured de Forest's Audions for commercial use, was sold to a group headed by Edward Jewett of Jewett-Paige Motors, which expanded the company's factory to cope with rising demand for radios. The sale also bought the services of de Forest, who was focusing his attention on newer innovations.", "The sale also bought the services of de Forest, who was focusing his attention on newer innovations. De Forest's finances were badly hurt by the stock market crash of 1929, and research in mechanical television proved unprofitable. In 1934, he established a small shop to produce diathermy machines, and, in a 1942 interview, still hoped \"to make at least one more great invention\". De Forest was a vocal critic of many of the developments in the entertainment side of the radio industry.", "De Forest was a vocal critic of many of the developments in the entertainment side of the radio industry. In 1940 he sent an open letter to the National Association of Broadcasters in which he demanded: \"What have you done with my child, the radio broadcast? You have debased this child, dressed him in rags of ragtime, tatters of jive and boogie-woogie.\"", "You have debased this child, dressed him in rags of ragtime, tatters of jive and boogie-woogie.\" That same year, de Forest and early TV engineer Ulises Armand Sanabria presented the concept of a primitive unmanned combat air vehicle using a television camera and a jam-resistant radio control in a Popular Mechanics issue. In 1950 his autobiography, Father of Radio, was published, although it sold poorly.", "In 1950 his autobiography, Father of Radio, was published, although it sold poorly. De Forest was the guest celebrity on the May 22, 1957, episode of the television show This Is Your Life, where he was introduced as \"the father of radio and the grandfather of television\". He suffered a severe heart attack in 1958, after which he remained mostly bedridden. He died in Hollywood on June 30, 1961, aged 87, and was interred in San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.", "He died in Hollywood on June 30, 1961, aged 87, and was interred in San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. De Forest died relatively poor, with just $1,250 in his bank account. Legacy The grid Audion, which de Forest called \"my greatest invention\", and the vacuum tubes developed from it, dominated the field of electronics for forty years, making possible long-distance telephone service, radio broadcasting, television, and many other applications.", "Legacy The grid Audion, which de Forest called \"my greatest invention\", and the vacuum tubes developed from it, dominated the field of electronics for forty years, making possible long-distance telephone service, radio broadcasting, television, and many other applications. It could also be used as an electronic switching element, and was later used in early digital electronics, including the first electronic computers, although the 1948 invention of the transistor would lead to microchips that eventually supplanted vacuum-tube technology.", "It could also be used as an electronic switching element, and was later used in early digital electronics, including the first electronic computers, although the 1948 invention of the transistor would lead to microchips that eventually supplanted vacuum-tube technology. For this reason de Forest has been called one of the founders of the \"electronic age\". According to Donald Beaver, his intense desire to overcome the deficiencies of his childhood account for his independence, self-reliance, and inventiveness.", "According to Donald Beaver, his intense desire to overcome the deficiencies of his childhood account for his independence, self-reliance, and inventiveness. He displayed a strong desire to achieve, to conquer hardship, and to devote himself to a career of invention. \"He possessed the qualities of the traditional tinkerer-inventor: visionary faith, self-confidence, perseverance, the capacity for sustained hard work. \"<ref>John A. Garraty, ed., encyclopedia of American biography 1974 pp 268–269.", "\"<ref>John A. Garraty, ed., encyclopedia of American biography 1974 pp 268–269. </ref> De Forest's archives were donated by his widow to the Perham Electronic Foundation, which in 1973 opened the Foothills Electronics Museum at Foothill College in Los Altos Hils, California. In 1991 the college closed the museum, breaking its contract. The foundation won a lawsuit and was awarded $775,000.", "The foundation won a lawsuit and was awarded $775,000. The holdings were placed in storage for twelve years, before being acquired in 2003 by History San José and put on display as The Perham Collection of Early Electronics. Awards and recognition Charter member, in 1912, of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE). Received the 1922 IRE Medal of Honor, in \"recognition for his invention of the three-electrode amplifier and his other contributions to radio\".", "Received the 1922 IRE Medal of Honor, in \"recognition for his invention of the three-electrode amplifier and his other contributions to radio\". Awarded the 1923 Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Medal for \"inventions embodied in the Audion\". Received the 1946 American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal, \"For the profound technical and social consequences of the grid-controlled vacuum tube which he had introduced\".", "Received the 1946 American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal, \"For the profound technical and social consequences of the grid-controlled vacuum tube which he had introduced\". Honorary Academy Award Oscar presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1960, in recognition of \"his pioneering inventions which brought sound to the motion picture\". Honored February 8, 1960 with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. DeVry University was originally named the De Forest Training School by its founder Dr. Herman A.", "DeVry University was originally named the De Forest Training School by its founder Dr. Herman A. De Vry, who was a friend and colleague of de Forest. Personal life Marriages De Forest was married four times, with the first three marriages ending in divorce: Lucille Sheardown in February 1906. Divorced before the end of the year. Nora Stanton Blatch Barney (1883–1971) on February 14, 1908. They had a daughter, Harriet, but were separated by 1909 and divorced in 1912.", "They had a daughter, Harriet, but were separated by 1909 and divorced in 1912. Mary Mayo (1892–1957) in December 1912. According to census records, in 1920 they were living with their infant daughter, Deena (born ca. 1919); divorced October 5, 1930 (per Los Angeles Times). Mayo died December 30, 1957 in a fire in Los Angeles.", "Mayo died December 30, 1957 in a fire in Los Angeles. Marie Mosquini (1899–1983) on October 10, 1930; Mosquini was a silent film actress, and they remained married until his death in 1961. Politics De Forest was a conservative Republican and fervent anti-communist and anti-fascist. In 1932, in the midst of the Great Depression, he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, but later came to resent him, calling Roosevelt America's \"first Fascist president\".", "In 1932, in the midst of the Great Depression, he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, but later came to resent him, calling Roosevelt America's \"first Fascist president\". In 1949, he \"sent letters to all members of Congress urging them to vote against socialized medicine, federally subsidized housing, and an excess profits tax\".", "In 1949, he \"sent letters to all members of Congress urging them to vote against socialized medicine, federally subsidized housing, and an excess profits tax\". In 1952, he wrote to the newly elected Vice President Richard Nixon, urging him to \"prosecute with renewed vigor your valiant fight to put out Communism from every branch of our government\". In December 1953, he cancelled his subscription to The Nation, accusing it of being \"lousy with Treason, crawling with Communism.\"", "In December 1953, he cancelled his subscription to The Nation, accusing it of being \"lousy with Treason, crawling with Communism.\" Religious views Although raised in a strongly religious Protestant household, de Forest later became an agnostic. In his autobiography, he wrote that in the summer of 1894 there was an important shift in his beliefs: \"Through that Freshman vacation at Yale I became more of a philosopher than I have ever since.", "In his autobiography, he wrote that in the summer of 1894 there was an important shift in his beliefs: \"Through that Freshman vacation at Yale I became more of a philosopher than I have ever since. And thus, one by one, were my childhood's firm religious beliefs altered or reluctantly discarded.\" Quotes De Forest was given to expansive predictions, many of which were not borne out, but he also made many correct predictions, including microwave communication and cooking.", "Quotes De Forest was given to expansive predictions, many of which were not borne out, but he also made many correct predictions, including microwave communication and cooking. \"I discovered an Invisible Empire of the Air, intangible, yet solid as granite.\" \"I foresee great refinements in the field of short-pulse microwave signaling, whereby several simultaneous programs may occupy the same channel, in sequence, with incredibly swift electronic communication.", "\"I foresee great refinements in the field of short-pulse microwave signaling, whereby several simultaneous programs may occupy the same channel, in sequence, with incredibly swift electronic communication. [...] Short waves will be generally used in the kitchen for roasting and baking, almost instantaneously.\" – 1952 \"So I repeat that while theoretically and technically television may be feasible, yet commercially and financially, I consider it an impossibility; a development of which we need not waste little time in dreaming.\"", "– 1952 \"So I repeat that while theoretically and technically television may be feasible, yet commercially and financially, I consider it an impossibility; a development of which we need not waste little time in dreaming.\" – 1926 \"To place a man in a multi-stage rocket and project him into the controlling gravitational field of the moon where the passengers can make scientific observations, perhaps land alive, and then return to earth—all that constitutes a wild dream worthy of Jules Verne.", "– 1926 \"To place a man in a multi-stage rocket and project him into the controlling gravitational field of the moon where the passengers can make scientific observations, perhaps land alive, and then return to earth—all that constitutes a wild dream worthy of Jules Verne. I am bold enough to say that such a man-made voyage will never occur regardless of all future advances.\" – 1957 \"I do not foresee 'spaceships' to the moon or Mars. Mortals must live and die on Earth or within its atmosphere!\"", "Mortals must live and die on Earth or within its atmosphere!\" – 1952 \"As a growing competitor to the tube amplifier comes now the Bell Laboratories’ transistor, a three-electrode germanium crystal of amazing amplification power, of wheat-grain size and low cost. Yet its frequency limitations, a few hundred kilocycles, and its strict power limitations will never permit its general replacement of the Audion amplifier.\"", "Yet its frequency limitations, a few hundred kilocycles, and its strict power limitations will never permit its general replacement of the Audion amplifier.\" – 1952 \"I came, I saw, I invented—it's that simple—no need to sit and think—it's all in your imagination.\"", "– 1952 \"I came, I saw, I invented—it's that simple—no need to sit and think—it's all in your imagination.\" PatentsPatent images in TIFF format \"Wireless Signaling Device\" (directional antenna), filed December 1902, issued January 1904; \"Oscillation Responsive Device\" (vacuum tube detector diode), filed January 1906, issued June 1906; \"Wireless Telegraph System\" (separate transmitting and receiving antennas), filed December 1905, issued July 1906; \"Wireless Telegraph System,\" filed January 1906 issued July 1906; \"Oscillation Responsive Device\" (vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed May 1906, issued November 1906; \"Wireless Telegraphy\" (tunable vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed August 1906, issued January 1907; \"Device for Amplifying Feeble Electrical Currents\" (...), filed August 1906, issued January 1907; \"Wireless Telegraph Transmitting System\" (antenna coupler), filed May 1904, issued January 1908; \"Space Telegraphy\" (increased sensitivity detector – clearly shows grid), filed January 1907, issued February 18, 1908; \"Wireless Telegraphy\"; \"Wireless Telegraph Tuning Device\"; \"Wireless Telegraph Transmitter,\" filed February 1906, issued July 1909; \"Space Telegraphy\"; \"Space Telephony\"; \"Oscillation Responsive Device\" (parallel plates in Bunsen flame) filed February 1905, issued December 1910; \"Transmission of Music by Electromagnetic Waves\"; \"Wireless Telegraphy\" (directional antenna/direction finder), filed June 1906, issued June 1914; \"Wireless Telegraphy.\"", "PatentsPatent images in TIFF format \"Wireless Signaling Device\" (directional antenna), filed December 1902, issued January 1904; \"Oscillation Responsive Device\" (vacuum tube detector diode), filed January 1906, issued June 1906; \"Wireless Telegraph System\" (separate transmitting and receiving antennas), filed December 1905, issued July 1906; \"Wireless Telegraph System,\" filed January 1906 issued July 1906; \"Oscillation Responsive Device\" (vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed May 1906, issued November 1906; \"Wireless Telegraphy\" (tunable vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed August 1906, issued January 1907; \"Device for Amplifying Feeble Electrical Currents\" (...), filed August 1906, issued January 1907; \"Wireless Telegraph Transmitting System\" (antenna coupler), filed May 1904, issued January 1908; \"Space Telegraphy\" (increased sensitivity detector – clearly shows grid), filed January 1907, issued February 18, 1908; \"Wireless Telegraphy\"; \"Wireless Telegraph Tuning Device\"; \"Wireless Telegraph Transmitter,\" filed February 1906, issued July 1909; \"Space Telegraphy\"; \"Space Telephony\"; \"Oscillation Responsive Device\" (parallel plates in Bunsen flame) filed February 1905, issued December 1910; \"Transmission of Music by Electromagnetic Waves\"; \"Wireless Telegraphy\" (directional antenna/direction finder), filed June 1906, issued June 1914; \"Wireless Telegraphy.\" See also Birth of public radio broadcasting Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts Robert von Lieben References Further reading Adams, Mike.", "See also Birth of public radio broadcasting Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts Robert von Lieben References Further reading Adams, Mike. Lee de Forest: king of radio, television, and film (Springer Science & Business Media, 2011). Adams, Mike. \"Lee de Forest and the Invention of Sound Movies, 1918–1926\" The AWA Review (vol. 26, 2013). Aitken, , Hugh G. J. The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932 (1985). De Forest, Lee.", "De Forest, Lee. De Forest, Lee. Father of radio: the autobiography of Lee de Forest' (Wilcox & Follett, 1950). Chipman, Robert A. \"De Forest and the Triode Detector\" Scientific American, March 1965, pp. 93–101. Hijiya, James A. Lee de Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio (Lehigh UP, 1992). Lubell, Samuel. \"'Magnificent Failure'\" Saturday Evening Post, three parts: January 17, 1942 (pp.", "\"'Magnificent Failure'\" Saturday Evening Post, three parts: January 17, 1942 (pp. 9–11, 75–76, 78, 80), January 24, 1942 (pp. 20–21, 27–28, 38, and 43), and January 31, 1942 (pp. 27, 38, 40–42, 46, 48–49). Tyne, Gerald E. J. Saga of the Vacuum Tube (Howard W. Sams and Company, 1977). Tyne was a research associate with the Smithsonian Institution.", "Tyne was a research associate with the Smithsonian Institution. Tyne was a research associate with the Smithsonian Institution. Details de Forest's activities from the invention of the Audion to 1930. Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio by Ken Burns a PBS Documentary Video 1992. Focuses on three of the individuals who made significant contributions to the early radio industry in the United States: De Forest, David Sarnoff and Edwin Armstrong.", "Focuses on three of the individuals who made significant contributions to the early radio industry in the United States: De Forest, David Sarnoff and Edwin Armstrong. LINK External links Lee de Forest, American Inventor (leedeforest.com) Lee de Forest biography (ethw.org) Lee de Forest biography at National Inventors Hall of Fame \"Who said Lee de Forest was the 'Father of Radio'?\" by Stephen Greene, Mass Comm Review, February 1991. \"Practical Pointers on the Audion\" by A.", "\"Practical Pointers on the Audion\" by A. \"Practical Pointers on the Audion\" by A. B. Cole, Sales Manager – De Forest Radio Tel. & Tel. Co., QST'', March 1916, pp. 41–44.", "& Tel. Co., QST'', March 1916, pp. 41–44. 41–44. (wikisource.org) \"A History of the Regeneration Circuit: From Invention to Patent Litigation\" by Sungook Hong, Seoul National University (PDF) \"De Forest Phonofilm Co. Inc. on White House grounds\" (1924) (shorpy.com) Guide to the Lee De Forest Papers 1902–1953 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center 1873 births 1961 deaths 20th-century American inventors Academy Honorary Award recipients American agnostics American anti-fascists American electrical engineers Burials at San Fernando Mission Cemetery California Republicans History of radio Illinois Institute of Technology faculty IEEE Edison Medal recipients IEEE Medal of Honor recipients Naval Consulting Board Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni People from Council Bluffs, Iowa Radio pioneers Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni" ]

[ "Ferdinand Magellan", "Early life and travels", "When was he born?", "in around 1480,", "Who was his family?", "Province. He was the son of Rodrigo de Magalhaes, Alcaide-Mor of Aveiro (1433-1500, son of Pedro Afonso de Magalhaes", "Who were his siblings if any?", "brother of Leonor or Genebra de Magalhaes, wife with issue of Joao Fernandes Barbosa.", "What kind of careers did his family members have?", "I don't know.", "When did Magellan first travel?", "In March 1505 at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host D. Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India." ]

[ "Where Are We Going, Dad? () is a Chinese reality TV show broadcast on Hunan Television. Based on the original South Korean reality show Dad! Where Are We Going?, the first season debuted on 11 October 2013 featuring five fathers and their children as they travel to rural places. The series has become a massive ratings hit, attracting 75 million viewers per episode to Hunan Television every week. It was adapted into a film, Where Are We Going, Dad?, that was released on 31 January 2014. A second film, Where Are We Going, Dad? 2, was released on 19 February 2015. The second season debuted in June 2014 while the third season filmed on 17 May 2015 in Yulin.\n\nParticipants\n\nSeason 1\n\nSeason 2\n\nSeason 3\n\nSeason 4\n\nSeason 5\n\nEpisodes\n\nSeason 1\n\nSeason 2\n\nSeason 3\n\nSeason 4\n\nRatings\n\nSeason 1\n\n|-\n|1\n|\n|1.423\n|6.74\n|1\n|1.1\n|7.67\n|1\n|-\n|2\n|\n|2.588\n|11.53\n|1\n|1.67\n|11.45\n|1\n|-\n|3\n|\n|3.116\n|14.43\n|1\n|1.8\n|13.47\n|1\n|-\n|4\n|\n|3.471\n|15.26\n|1\n|2.16\n|13.70\n|1\n|-\n|5\n|\n|3.851 \n|16.73 \n|1\n|2.13\n|13.47\n|1\n|-\n|6\n|\n|4.024\n|18.16\n|1\n|2.30 \n|15.92\n|1\n|-\n|7\n|\n|4.748\n|20.68\n|1\n|2.69 \n|17.37 \n|1\n|-\n|8\n|\n|4.76\n|21.11\n|1\n|2.81\n|18.51\n|1\n|-\n|9\n|\n|4.98\n|22.12\n|1\n|2.9\n|18.68\n|1\n|-\n|10\n|\n|5.3\n|23.22\n|1\n|3.21 \n|20.37 \n|1\n|-\n|11\n|\n|5.008\n|22.14\n|1\n|3.40\n|21.41\n|1\n|-\n|12\n|\n|4.916\n|22.06\n|1\n|3.64\n|22.45\n|1\n\nSeason 2\n\n|-\n| 1 || || 3.927 || 16.82 || 1 || 2.43 || 14.24 || 1 \n|-\n| 2 || || 3.570 || 15.39 || 1 || 2.06 || 11.59 || 1 \n|-\n| 3 || || 3.605 || 15.81 || 1 || 2.34 || 14.06 || 1 \n|-\n| 4 || || 3.393 || 15.40 || 1 || 2.12 || 12.67 || 1 \n|-\n| 5 || || 3.08 || 13.73 || 2 || 1.91 || 11.24 || 2 \n|-\n| 6 || || 3.387 || 14.04 || 2 || 2.62 || 14.27 || 1 \n|-\n| 7 || || 3.485 || 14.78 || 2 || 2.44 || 13.76 || 1 \n|-\n| 8 || || 3.718 || 16.07 || 2 || 2.79 || 15.59 || 1 \n|-\n| 9 || || 3.640 || 15.45 || 2 || 2.53 || 14.85 || 1 \n|-\n| 10 || || 3.372 || 14.51 || 2 || 2.27 || 13.27 || 1 \n|-\n| 11 || || 3.296 || 13.45 || 2 || 2.46 || 13.21 || 1 \n|-\n| 12 || || 2.774 || 11.98 || 2 || 2.18 || 12.53 || 1 \n|-\n| 13 || || 3.067 || 12.96 || 2 || 1.99 || 11.28 || 1 \n|-\n| 14 || || 2.960 || 13.41 || 2 || 1.90 || 11.68 || 1 \n|-\n| 15 || || 2.844 || 12.47 || 2 || 1.84 || 10.58 || 1 \n|-\n| 16 || || 2.838 || 14.80 || 1 || 2.09 || 14.34 || 1\n\nSeason 3\n\n|-\n| 1 || || 2.856 || 14.16 || 1 || 2.28 || 13.82 || 1\n|-\n| 2 || || 2.418 || 10.68 || 3 || 1.82 || 9.88 || 2\n|-\n| 3 || || 2.461 || 11.41 || 3 || 1.94 || 10.96 || 2\n|-\n| 4 || || 2.331 || 11.40 || 3 || 1.81 || 11.32 || 2\n|-\n| 5 || || 2.496 || 11.45 || 2 || 1.97 || 11.21 || 2\n|-\n| 6 || || 2.625 || 11.74 || 2 || 1.98 || 11.51 || 1\n|-\n| 7 || || 2.454 || 10.92 || 2 || 1.90 || 10.86 || 2\n|-\n| 8 || || 2.422 || 10.86 || 2 || 1.73 || 10.59 || 2\n|-\n| 9 || || 2.441 || 10.83 || 2 || 1.76 || 10.68 || 2\n|-\n| 10 || || 2.132 || 10.34 || 2 || 1.43 || 9.72 || 1\n|-\n| 11 || || 2.077 || 9.31 || 2 || 1.27 || 7.64 || 2\n|-\n| 12 || || 2.217 || 10.999 || 1 || 1.66 || 10.69 || 1\n|-\n| 13 || || 1.643 || 9.128 || 1 || 0.97 || 7.55 || 2\n|-\n| 14 || || 2.136 || 10.529 || 1 || 1.41 || 9.43 || 2\n|-\n| 15 || || 2.175 || 11.02 || 1 || 1.32 || 9.19 || 2\n|-\n| 16 || || 1.572 || 8.004 || 3 || 1.12 || 7.84 || 3\n|-\n\nMarketing\nInfiniti became a supplier for actors' official passenger vehicles, including Infiniti JX, Infiniti QX50, Infiniti QX70, Infiniti QX80.\n\nBroadcast TV Stations\nStart on July 24, 2015, Sky Link TV air Where Are We Going, Dad? simultaneously broadcast with Hunan Television on Fridays 21:00.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHunan TV Official website\nSohu TV site\nWhere Are We Going, Dad? at the official Hunan TV YouTube channel - Available in Chinese with English subtitles\n\nChinese reality television series\n2013 Chinese television series debuts\nHunan Broadcasting System original programming\nParenting television series\nChinese television series based on South Korean television series\nInfiniti", "Mark Kean (born June 22, 1988 in Innerkip, Ontario) is a Canadian curler from Woodstock, Ontario.\n\nCurling career \nKean's junior career involved winning the provincial junior mixed title in 2009. Kean made a quick transition to men's curling winning the provincial Colts trophy in 2010 and in 2011 playing in his first provincial tournament. At the 2011 provincial championship, his rink finished with a 3-7 record.\n\nAs preparation for the 2011 provincial, the Kean rink played in their first Grand Slam of Curling event, at the 2011 BDO Canadian Open of Curling, where they went winless (0-5).\n\nKean qualified for his second provincial championship in 2012 posting a 3-7 record. The rink also played in two Grand Slam events that season, the 2011 World Cup of Curling where they went 0-5 and the 2011 BDO Canadian Open of Curling where they won their first game (defeating John Epping) in a Grand Slam event, going 1-4\n\nThe Kean rink played in the 2012 The Masters Grand Slam of Curling where they again were win less, going 0-5. However, in their second Grand Slam of the season, the 2012 Canadian Open of Curling, not only did they win a game, they went all the way to the semi-final where they lost to provincial rival Glenn Howard.\n\nTeam Kean, that was newly formed with vice Mathew Camm, second David Mathers and lead Scott Howard only 11 months before the tournament, won the 2015 Ontario Tankard. They finished the round robin in first-place, going 8-2, before ultimately defeated John Epping's Team Epping in the finals 7-6 in 10 ends.\n\nTeam Kean participated in the 2015 Tim Horton's Brier, going 5-6 and finishing out of the playoffs.\n\nThe team disbanded in the off-season after 2015 and forfeited the right to return to the Ontario Tankard to Team Epping.\n\nIn 2016, Kean formed a new squad with former Canadian Junior Champion Jake Walker and CIS Champions Spencer Nuttall and Fraser Reid.\n\nPersonal life\nKean is married to fellow competitive curler Mallory Kean (née Buist). They have two children, Parker and Kaleigh.\n\nHe founded the dye-sublimation clothing brand Runback in June 2013 and he currently manages the day-to-day operations.\n\nIn July 2016, Mark and Mallory became Owners/City Managers for ShopWoodstock.com, a business powered by the ShopCity.com platform.\n\nGrand Slam record\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n TeamKean.ca\n\nPeople from Woodstock, Ontario\nLiving people\n1988 births\nCurlers from Hamilton, Ontario\nCanadian male curlers" ]

[ "Ferdinand Magellan ( or ; , ; , ; 4 February 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer and a subject of the Hispanic Monarchy from 1518. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia.", "He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia. While on this voyage, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in 1521 in the present-day Philippines, but some of the expedition's surviving members, in one of the two remaining ships, subsequently completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth when they returned to Spain in 1522.", "While on this voyage, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in 1521 in the present-day Philippines, but some of the expedition's surviving members, in one of the two remaining ships, subsequently completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth when they returned to Spain in 1522. Born 4 February 1480 into a family of minor Portuguese nobility, Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia.", "Born 4 February 1480 into a family of minor Portuguese nobility, Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King Manuel I of Portugal refused to support Magellan's plan to reach the Maluku Islands (the \"Spice Islands\") by sailing westwards around the American continent. Facing some criminal offences, Magellan left Portugal and proposed the same expedition to King Charles I of Spain, who accepted it. Consequently, many in Portugal considered him a traitor and he never returned.", "Consequently, many in Portugal considered him a traitor and he never returned. In Seville, he married, fathered two children, and organised the expedition. For his allegiance to the Hispanic Monarchy, in 1518, Magellan was appointed admiral of the Spanish Fleet and given command of the expedition – the five-ship Armada of Molucca. He was also made Commander of the Order of Santiago, one of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire.", "He was also made Commander of the Order of Santiago, one of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire. Granted special powers and privileges by the King, he led the Armada from Sanlucar de Barrameda, southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of South America, and down to Patagonia. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Mar del Sur, which Magellan renamed the \"Peaceful Sea\" (the modern Pacific Ocean).", "Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Mar del Sur, which Magellan renamed the \"Peaceful Sea\" (the modern Pacific Ocean). The expedition reached Guam and, shortly after, the Philippine islands. There Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in April 1521. Under the command of captain Juan Sebastian Elcano, the expedition later reached the Spice Islands.", "Under the command of captain Juan Sebastian Elcano, the expedition later reached the Spice Islands. To navigate back to Spain and avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to reach New Spain by sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Ocean and up the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the expedition's port of departure and thereby completing the first complete circuit of the globe.", "To navigate back to Spain and avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to reach New Spain by sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Ocean and up the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the expedition's port of departure and thereby completing the first complete circuit of the globe. While in the Kingdom of Portugal's service, Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512).", "While in the Kingdom of Portugal's service, Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now traveling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history. Early life and travels Magellan was born in the Portuguese town of Sabrosa on 4 February 1480. His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese nobility and mayor of the town.", "His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese nobility and mayor of the town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita. Magellan's siblings included Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan. He was brought up as a page of Queen Eleanor, consort of King John II. In 1495 he entered the service of Manuel I, John's successor.", "In 1495 he entered the service of Manuel I, John's successor. In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded.", "He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded. In 1509 he also fought in what is considered one the 6th battles that changed the world, the battle of Diu. He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin. In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy ending in retreat.", "In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy ending in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed. In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca.", "In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder and, in the company of a Malay he had indentured and baptized, Enrique of Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513. Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the \"Spice Islands\" in the Moluccas, where he remained.", "Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the \"Spice Islands\" in the Moluccas, where he remained. He married a woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan would prove decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories. After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors.", "He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this.", "Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517 after a quarrel with King Manuel I, who denied his persistent demands to lead an expedition to reach the spice islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, seeking to avoid the need to sail around the tip of Africa), he left for Spain. In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.", "In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa. They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in Seville around 1521.", "His wife died in Seville around 1521. His wife died in Seville around 1521. Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility of the Moluccas being Spanish according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.", "Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility of the Moluccas being Spanish according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas. Voyage of circumnavigation Background and preparations After having his proposed expeditions to the Spice Islands repeatedly rejected by King Manuel of Portugal, Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and turned to Charles I, the young King of Spain (and future Holy Roman Emperor).", "Voyage of circumnavigation Background and preparations After having his proposed expeditions to the Spice Islands repeatedly rejected by King Manuel of Portugal, Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and turned to Charles I, the young King of Spain (and future Holy Roman Emperor). Under the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal controlled the eastern routes to Asia that went around Africa. Magellan instead proposed reaching the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat which had never been accomplished.", "Magellan instead proposed reaching the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat which had never been accomplished. Hoping that this would yield a commercially useful trade route for Spain, Charles approved the expedition, and provided most of the funding. King Manuel I of Portugal saw this as an act of insult, and he did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan’s arrangements for the voyage.", "King Manuel I of Portugal saw this as an act of insult, and he did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan’s arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan’s properties be vandalized as it was the Coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home town; and may have even requested the assassination of the navigator.", "The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan’s properties be vandalized as it was the Coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home town; and may have even requested the assassination of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him though failed to capture him. Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships, carrying supplies for two years of travel.", "Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships, carrying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men of different origins, though the numbers may vary downwards among scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents available. About 60 per cent of the crew were Spaniards issued from virtually all regions of Castile.", "About 60 per cent of the crew were Spaniards issued from virtually all regions of Castile. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew. Voyage The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America.", "Voyage The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In December, they made landfall at Rio de Janeiro. From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a false start in the estuary of Río de la Plata), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter.", "After three months of searching (including a false start in the estuary of Río de la Plata), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter. They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza.", "Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite at one point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but later freed.", "Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but later freed. During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the Santiago, was lost in a storm while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the Strait of Magellan, which allowed them passage through to the Pacific.", "Three days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the Strait of Magellan, which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four ships, the San Antonio, deserted the fleet, returning east to Spain. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three or four days.", "Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three or four days. In fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, mostly of scurvy. Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved quince.", "Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved quince. On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of Guam and were met by native Chamorro people who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a ship's boat. The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a trade exchange (as they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.", "The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a trade exchange (as they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft. Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the stolen goods. On 16 March, the fleet sighted the island of Samar (\"Zamal\") in the eastern Philippine Islands.", "On 16 March, the fleet sighted the island of Samar (\"Zamal\") in the eastern Philippine Islands. They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon (\"Humunu\"), where they would remain for a week while their sick crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of Suluan (\"Zuluan\") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.", "Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of Suluan (\"Zuluan\") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs. After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the Visayas Islands. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of Limasawa (\"Mazaua\") where they encountered a small outrigger boat (\"boloto\").", "On 28 March, they anchored off the island of Limasawa (\"Mazaua\") where they encountered a small outrigger boat (\"boloto\"). After talking with the crew of the boat via Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by the two large balangay warships (\"balanghai\") of Rajah Kulambo (\"Colambu\") of Butuan, and one of his sons.", "After talking with the crew of the boat via Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by the two large balangay warships (\"balanghai\") of Rajah Kulambo (\"Colambu\") of Butuan, and one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, Rajah Siawi (\"Siaui\") of Surigao (\"Calagan\"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa.", "The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan as their guest and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao. The tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a great amount of golden jewelry and golden artifacts, which piqued Magellan's interest. On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the first Mass in the Philippines, planting a cross on the island's highest hill.", "On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the first Mass in the Philippines, planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu (\"Zubu\"), because it was the largest. They set off for Cebu, accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April. Magellan set about converting the locals to Christianity.", "Magellan set about converting the locals to Christianity. Magellan set about converting the locals to Christianity. Most accepted the new religion readily, but the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, but in the ensuing battle, the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed. Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading).", "Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody betrayal by former ally Rajah Humabon) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas in November 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy.", "Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. The Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.", "Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned. Death After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu. However, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan, resisted conversion. In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521.", "In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.", "During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons. Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death: Reputation following circumnavigation In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal. The Portuguese regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain.", "The Portuguese regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain. In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition. The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the San Antonio, led by Estêvão Gomes, which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521.", "The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the San Antonio, led by Estêvão Gomes, which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan as disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished.", "The expedition was assumed to have perished. The expedition was assumed to have perished. The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz \"considering the outcome of the voyage\", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of Archbishop Fonseca. The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were also largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian.", "Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring two guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler.", "He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains. One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta.", "One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including John III of Portugal, Francis I of France, and Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam. After returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524.", "After returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524. Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers.", "Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers. In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general: Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us.", "In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general: Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation better than all his pilots. The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him.", "The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him. Legacy Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skill and tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called \"the greatest sea voyage in the Age of Discovery\", and even \"the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken\".", "The first circumnavigation has been called \"the greatest sea voyage in the Age of Discovery\", and even \"the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken\". Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, beginning with the Loaísa expedition in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command). The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, would not occur until 1580, 58 years after the return of the Victoria.", "The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, would not occur until 1580, 58 years after the return of the Victoria. Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was also often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century), and lends his name to the Strait of Magellan.", "Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was also often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century), and lends his name to the Strait of Magellan. His name has also since been applied to a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Cold-War era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.", "His name has also since been applied to a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Cold-War era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Quincentenary Even though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more recognition for the expedition than Elcano has, since Magellan was the one who started it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain feared Basque nationalism.", "Quincentenary Even though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more recognition for the expedition than Elcano has, since Magellan was the one who started it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain feared Basque nationalism. In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan’s native Portugal submitted a new joint application to UNESCO to honour the circumnavigation route.", "In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan’s native Portugal submitted a new joint application to UNESCO to honour the circumnavigation route. Commemorations of the circumnavigation include: An exhibition titled \"The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation\" was opened at the General Archive of the Indies in Seville by the King and Queen of Spain. It was scheduled to be transferred to the San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian in 2020.", "It was scheduled to be transferred to the San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian in 2020. An exhibition entitled Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano opened at the library of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition. See also List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan Age of Discovery Chronology of European exploration of Asia History of the Philippines Military history of the Philippines Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire References Sources Online sources Further reading Primary sources (orig.", "See also List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan Age of Discovery Chronology of European exploration of Asia History of the Philippines Military history of the Philippines Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire References Sources Online sources Further reading Primary sources (orig. Primer viaje en torno del globo Retrieved on 2009-04-08) Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis Maximilianus Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis, 1523, 1542 The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan, full text, English translation by Lord Stanley of Alderley, London: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage Secondary sources External links Ferdinand Magellan on history.com PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan's Crossing Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines from History House Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan 1480 births 1521 deaths 15th-century Portuguese people 16th-century Portuguese people 15th-century Roman Catholics 16th-century Roman Catholics 16th-century explorers 16th century in the Spanish East Indies Circumnavigators of the globe Explorers of Chile Magellan expedition Maritime history of Portugal People from Sabrosa People of Spanish colonial Philippines Portuguese explorers of the Pacific Portuguese military personnel killed in action Portuguese Roman Catholics" ]

[ "Donnie Yen", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy" ]

[ "The Darkest Sword, also known as Hei jian gui jing tian (), is a 1970 Hong Kong action martial arts film directed by Lung Chien, produced by Yuan Hsiang Wu, and starring Ching-Ching Chang and Pin Chiang.\n\nPlot \n\nTun-Shan is grieved because he unintentionally killed an enemy and doesn't want to fight anymore. Then, he destroys his sword. Meanwhile, Su-Chen, in love with him, convinces him to start fighting again.\n\nCast\n\n Ching-Ching Chang\t\t\n Pin Chiang\n Yuan Yi\t\n Ming-Ming Hsiao\n Min-Hsiung Wu\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1970 films\n1970 martial arts films\n1970s action films\n1970s martial arts films\n1970s Cantonese-language films\nFilms shot in Hong Kong\nHong Kong action films\nHong Kong films\nHong Kong films about revenge\nHong Kong martial arts films\nKung fu films\n1970s Mandarin-language films\nFilms directed by Lung Chien", "Cage is a 1989 American martial arts action film starring Reb Brown and Lou Ferrigno.\n\nPlot\nA GI in the Vietnam War saves his buddy's life, but in the process is shot in the head. The injury results in brain damage to the point where he basically has a child's brain in a (very large) man's body. When they get out of the army the two open up a bar together, but some local gangsters make things tough for them after they refuse to take part in brutal \"cage\" matches where fighters battle to the point of serious injury and/or death.\n\nCast\n Lou Ferrigno as Billy Thomas\n Reb Brown as Scott Monroe\n Michael Dante as Tony Baccola\n Mike Moroff as Mario\n Marilyn Tokuda as Morgan Garrett\n Al Leong as Tiger Joe\n James Shigeta as Tin Lum Yin\n Branscombe Richmond as Diablo\n Tiger Chung Lee as Chang\n Al Ruscio as Costello\n Daniel Martine as Mono\n Rion Hunter as Chao Tung\n Dana Lee as Pang\n Maggie Mae Miller as Meme\n Paul Sorensen as Matt\n Danny Trejo as Costello's Bodyguard (uncredited)\n\nPre-Production\nWhen cast, Lou Ferrigno did extensive research on underground cage match style fighting, soldier life after injuries, and P.T.S.D. Reb Brown did not.\n\nReception\n\nThe film received a modest reception from critics.\n\nKevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it \"An exceptionally stylish and dynamic martial-arts movie\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1989 films\n1989 martial arts films\nAmerican martial arts films\nAmerican films\nMartial arts tournament films\nUnderground fighting films\nVietnam War films" ]

[ "Donnie Yen Ji-dan (; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director, producer, action director and choreographer. Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars. Yen is widely credited for bringing mixed martial arts (MMA) into the mainstream Asian cinema by choreographing MMA in many of his films since the early 2000s. The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA.", "The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA. Yen has displayed skill in an array of martial arts, being well-versed in Tai Chi, Boxing, Kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, Hapkido, Mixed Martial Arts, Taekwondo, Karate, Muay Thai, Wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hung Ga, Sanda, Judo, Wing Chun, and Wushu. One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia.", "One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia. Yen earned HK$220 million (US$28.4 million) from four films and six advertisements in 2013. Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.", "Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China. He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia.", "He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia. Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered.", "Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered. He has also gained international recognition for playing Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016), Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017) and Commander Tung in Mulan (2020). Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.", "Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. His mother, Bow-sim Mark, is a Fu Style Wudangquan (internal martial arts) and Tai Chi grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen (甄雲龍), was a newspaper editor. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11.", "When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11. His younger sister, Chris Yen, is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon. At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts.", "At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts. Yen then started Karate when he was nine. Yen focused on practising wushu seriously at the age 14 after dropping out of school. His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team.", "His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team. When Yen decided to return to the United States, he made a side-trip to Hong Kong, where he met action choreographer Yuen Woo-ping. Yen finally started taekwondo at around the age of sixteen. Yen also came from a family of musicians.", "Yen also came from a family of musicians. Yen also came from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist. From a young age, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano. He also knows hip-hop dancing and breakdancing. Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi.", "Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi. After filming Drunken Tai Chi and Tiger Cage (1988), Yen made his breakthrough role as General Nap-lan in Once Upon a Time in China II (1992), which included a fight scene between his character and Wong Fei-hung (played by Jet Li). Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993.", "Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993. Yen and Li appeared together again in the 2002 film Hero, where Yen played a spear (or qiang) fighter who fought with Li's character, an unnamed swordsman. The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2003 Academy Awards. In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen.", "In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen. Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen in the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character.", "In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character. At age 34, Yen almost went bankrupt. Films produced by his own production company and directed by him were critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office. Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by.", "Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by. 2000s: Breakthrough success Yen later went back to the United States, where he was invited to choreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as Highlander: Endgame (2000) and Blade II (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies.", "His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies. In 2002, Jet Li was filming the movie Hero and insisted to the director (Zhang Yimou) that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier.", "Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier. In 2003, Yen played one of the antagonists against Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson in Shanghai Knights. Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno.", "Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno. Yen continued to be active in Hong Kong cinema in the 2000s, starring as Chu Zhaonan in Tsui Hark's wuxia epic film Seven Swords, and as Ma Kwun in Wilson Yip's brutal crime drama film SPL: Sha Po Lang in 2005. Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. Later that year, Yen co-starred with Nicholas Tse and Shawn Yue in Wilson Yip's Dragon Tiger Gate, an adaptation of Wong Yuk-long's manhua series Oriental Heroes. Yen also worked as action choreographer in Stormbreaker, starring Alex Pettyfer. Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film.", "Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film. He won the award for Best Action Choreography at the Golden Horse Film Awards and the Hong Kong Film Awards for his performance in Flash Point. In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee.", "In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee. Ip Man marked Yen's fourth collaboration with director Wilson Yip, reuniting him with his co-stars in SPL: Sha Po Lang, Sammo Hung and Simon Yam. Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China.", "Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China. Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2.", "Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2. It was stated that Yen was considering the offer, had many films at hand, and would wait until deciding whether the script appealed to him. Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role.", "Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role. In 2011, Yen revealed that he was venturing into other genres of movies and had taken up two comedy roles in a row, in All's Well, Ends Well 2011 and All's Well, Ends Well 2012, and would be working with Carina Lau in the former and Sandra Ng in the latter. Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor.", "Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor. Yen took a six-month break in the second half of 2011 after the filming of The Monkey King 3D, explaining that he wanted to spend more time with his family and be with his children more as they grew up. In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer.", "In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer. In 2013, it was reported that Donnie Yen would be playing the lead role for The Iceman Cometh 3D, a sci-fi action film dealing with time travel and which was filmed in 3D. Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films.", "Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films. In February 2013, the Weinstein Company confirmed that it had purchased the rights to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon sequel and contacted Yen to play the male lead. In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer.", "In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer. It was reported that Yen was considering the role and quoted as saying, \"The first is that my schedule this year is very packed. The second is that the first film is already such a classic. I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\"", "I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\" In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor.", "In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor. It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market.", "It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market. It was also revealed during the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon II press conference that the Weinstein Company had obtained rights to Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, was planning a remake and was negotiating with Yen, George Clooney and Zhang Ziyi to star in the film. Donnie Yen declined the offer due to scheduling conflicts for the filming of Ip Man 3. In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced.", "In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. Yen reprised his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man. Retired boxer and former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson was confirmed to join the cast. Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him.", "Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him. Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy.", "Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy. Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews.", "Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews. From 2016 to 2020 In 2016, Yen co-starred in the Star Wars anthology film Rogue One as Chirrut Îmwe, the Zatoichi-like blind transient warrior. On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage.", "On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage. For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo.", "For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China.", "Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. XXX was number one in its opening weekend with $61.9 million, and crossed the $100 million mark in just six days with $22.2m coming from Valentine's Day alone after rave reviews praising Donnie Yen's performance swept through Chinese social media, driving moviegoers to the cinema. Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences.", "Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences. For Return of Xander Cage, many media sites including Variety, Los Angeles Times, Screen Anarchy and Budomate praised Yen's performance and credited him as the highlight of the movie and stealing every scene he is in. In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide.", "In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide. In an official poll on the Star Wars webpage, in which more 40,000 people voted, Yen's character Chirrut Îmwe was voted as audiences' favorite Rogue One character. While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors.", "While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors. At the same time, Hong Kong director Wong Jing personally flew to Canada to invite Yen to star in his film Chasing the Dragon, a remake of the award-winning film To be Number One. Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau.", "Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau. In September 2017, Chasing the Dragon was released with extremely positive reviews from critics, citing Yen's versatility as an actor and his incredible portrayal of the late Ng Sek Ho, the main character of the film. Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia.", "Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia. In Hong Kong, Chasing the Dragon is ranked as one of the top 5 Hong Kong films in 2017. In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future.", "In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future. Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film.", "Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film. Yen declined any salary for this participation for GSD as he stated that \"friendship is not measured by money\" and that he hopes his participation can help promote Chinese martial arts to worldwide audiences. In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set.", "In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set. The full GSD 20 minutes short film was released on 11 November - China's Singles' Day, debuting on Youku and Jet Li's official Facebook page, garnering a total of more than 100 million views worldwide. Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film.", "Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film. In late 2017, Yen began filming Big Brother, a mixed martial arts film where Yen plays a high school teacher with unconventional methods and a dark past. In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen.", "In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen. In February 2018, Yen confirmed the continued production of the film through social media. In 2019, Yen reprised his role as Ip Man for the final time in Ip Man 4: The Finale. During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong.", "During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong. Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years.", "Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years. In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict.", "In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict. The role offered was that of Nuidis Vulko, which eventually went to Willem Dafoe. Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist.", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist. He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage. He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process.", "He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process. At the time, the Beijing Wushu Team had a scout in the United States and invited Yen over to Beijing, China, where he began training at the Beijing Sports Institute, the same facility where champion-turned-actor Jet Li trained; this is where the two of them crossed paths for the first time. Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions.", "Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions. Yen later went on to discover and seek knowledge on other martial arts styles; he would later obtain black and purple belts from judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, respectively, and went on to study parkour, wrestling, muay Thai, kickboxing and boxing under various trainers. His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003.", "His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003. While making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts forms. Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013).", "Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013). Near the end of 2007, Yen added a new martial arts system to his arsenal. He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster.", "He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster. He worked hard and studied Wing Chun under Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun, for 9 months before tackling the role. Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught.", "Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught. Yen believes that combining many martial arts together will produce the most effective and harmonious style. Yen has said, \"When you watch my films, you're feeling my heart.\" He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat.", "He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat. Yen was a rebel in his youth due to the huge expectations and pressures from his parents, as his mother is the founder of the Chinese Wushu Research Institute in Boston, and his father was a scholar and a musician. Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years.", "Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years. He was a very curious teenager who sought to exchange martial arts knowledge with people from different martial arts backgrounds, which led to him gaining profound knowledge in practical martial arts and having a reputation as a street brawler. One reported occasion confirms Yen as being an efficient martial artist. According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng.", "According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng. Inside the nightclub, Meng was harassed by a troublesome gang that had taken an interest in her. Yen warned them to leave her alone, but they persisted in causing trouble. As Yen and Meng left the club, the gang followed and attacked Yen. Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized.", "Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized. Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe.", "Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe. World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat.", "World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat. While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen.", "While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen. However, it was ultimately Yen who fractured Tyson's finger while using his elbow to block Tyson's punches. Tyson insisted on finishing the scene before he was treated in hospital. Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights.", "Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights. In Asia, he is the action choreographer for most of his movies and has won multiple awards for his action choreography. Yen's most famous works include films such as Flash Point and SPL: Sha Po Lang. He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control.", "He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control. In Asia, the action choreographer takes over the scene during the fight scene. This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all.", "This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all. While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles.", "While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles. Yen's work as a choreographer won him the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography at the 27th Hong Kong Film Awards and the Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography at the 2008 and 2011 Golden Horse Awards. Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen.", "Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. For this film, Yen mentioned that he included Jeet Kune Do elements as a tribute to Bruce Lee, who played Chen Zhen in the 1972 film Fist of Fury. Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun.", "Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun. Yen also stated that the concept behind Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do is similar to that of MMA, hence the incorporation of many forms of martial arts was a necessity in the film. He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award.", "He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award. He has won awards for his choreography in films such as The Twins Effect, SPL: Sha Po Lang, Flash Point, and Kung Fu Jungle. Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins.", "Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins. Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness.", "Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness. However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays.", "However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays. In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength.", "In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength. He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables.", "He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables. In 2010, still fresh off Ip Man 2, Yen was cast as Chen Zhen in Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, which was originally portrayed by Bruce Lee. He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine.", "He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine. He maintained this bulk and physique while filming The Lost Bladesman, in which he plays Guan Yu, a Chinese general known for his size and spear-fighting abilities. In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.", "In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. For his role as Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage opposite Vin Diesel, Yen rebuilt his physique. Personal life Yen met his first wife and Hong Kong advertising executive, Leung Zing-ci (), in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990.", "The couple began dating in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990. After three years of dating, they married secretly in the United States in November 1993. The marriage ended in less than a year. After their divorce was finalized, Leung realized that she was pregnant with their son, Jeff, who was born in 1995. Yen later married former beauty queen Cissy Wang after three months of dating in 2003. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James.", "The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. Yen has stated that he is a big fan of the MMA organization Ultimate Fighting Championship and has watched almost every UFC event available. In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury.", "In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury. Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities.", "Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities. In October 2014, Donnie Yen was invited to be a guest speaker in front of a crowd of 20,000 youths for WE Day Vancouver, where he spoke about the hardships he faced growing up and how he overcame difficulties to become the reigning martial arts star. In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees.", "In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees. Yen is also an ambassador for the international charity Save the Children. In December 2015, Yen established a charitable fund, Yen's Honour Protection Fund, with the purpose of empowering celebrities to use the law to defend their honor and reputation. Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\"", "Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\" This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family.", "This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family. In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan.", "In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan. He also produced and dedicated a short clip to thank all medical workers in China in their fight against the coronavirus; the clip was uploaded on Chinese social media site, Weibo, where Yen has over 11 million followers. He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers.", "He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers. Filmography Awards and nominations References External links \"An Action Star Moves to the Lead,\" New York Times article Donnie Yen profile page at Hong Kong Cinemagic 1963 births 20th-century Hong Kong male actors 21st-century Hong Kong male actors Action choreographers Chinese Jeet Kune Do practitioners Chinese Wing Chun practitioners Film directors from Guangdong Hong Kong emigrants to the United States Hong Kong expatriates in the United States Hong Kong film directors Hong Kong film producers Hong Kong hapkido practitioners Hong Kong kung fu practitioners Hong Kong male film actors Hong Kong male judoka Hong Kong male karateka Hong Kong male kickboxers Hong Kong male taekwondo practitioners Hong Kong male television actors Hong Kong martial artists Hong Kong Muay Thai practitioners Hong Kong philanthropists Hong Kong practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Hong Kong stunt performers Hong Kong wushu practitioners Living people Male actors from Guangdong Male actors from Guangzhou Sportspeople from Guangdong Sportspeople from Guangzhou Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong" ]

[ "Donnie Yen", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy", "when did he start martial arts?", "He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage." ]

[ "Restoring Hope (foaled May 5, 2015) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in the 2018 Belmont Stakes. He first garnered attention when he won a race in Santa Anita.\n\nRestoring Hope became a subject of debate after competitors in the 2018 Belmont Stakes accused him of blocking other horses in order to help his stablemate, Justify who went on to win the Triple Crown. Restoring Hope was also trained by Bob Baffert who trained Justify as well.\n\nMike Repole who owned two other horses in the race said, \"We watched [Resotring Hope] rush up like he was a quarter horse, make a quick right-hand turn, then turn left, pinned [Bravazo] on the rail. He looked like a bodyguard making sure nobody got close to Justify.\"\n\nReferences\n\nRacehorses trained in the United States\n2015 racehorse births", "Pendil was a racehorse trained by Fred Winter. In 2012 Robin Oakley included him in his book Britain and Ireland's Top 100 Racehorses of All Time.\n\nPendil was a dual King George VI Chase winner at Kempton Park and was ridden on both occasions by Richard Pitman in 1972 and 1973.\n\nOne of Pendil's greatest performances was when carrying top weight of 12'7 to victory in the Massey-Ferguson Gold Cup Handicap Chase at Cheltenham in December 1973 gaining revenge on The Dikler, who had pipped him on the line nine months earlier in the Cheltenham Gold Cup.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n \n \n\nSteeplechase racehorses\n1965 racehorse births\n1994 racehorse deaths\nRacehorses bred in the United Kingdom\nRacehorses trained in the United Kingdom\nCheltenham Festival winners\nThoroughbred family 9-c" ]

[ "Donnie Yen Ji-dan (; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director, producer, action director and choreographer. Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars. Yen is widely credited for bringing mixed martial arts (MMA) into the mainstream Asian cinema by choreographing MMA in many of his films since the early 2000s. The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA.", "The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA. Yen has displayed skill in an array of martial arts, being well-versed in Tai Chi, Boxing, Kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, Hapkido, Mixed Martial Arts, Taekwondo, Karate, Muay Thai, Wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hung Ga, Sanda, Judo, Wing Chun, and Wushu. One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia.", "One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia. Yen earned HK$220 million (US$28.4 million) from four films and six advertisements in 2013. Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.", "Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China. He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia.", "He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia. Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered.", "Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered. He has also gained international recognition for playing Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016), Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017) and Commander Tung in Mulan (2020). Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.", "Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. His mother, Bow-sim Mark, is a Fu Style Wudangquan (internal martial arts) and Tai Chi grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen (甄雲龍), was a newspaper editor. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11.", "When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11. His younger sister, Chris Yen, is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon. At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts.", "At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts. Yen then started Karate when he was nine. Yen focused on practising wushu seriously at the age 14 after dropping out of school. His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team.", "His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team. When Yen decided to return to the United States, he made a side-trip to Hong Kong, where he met action choreographer Yuen Woo-ping. Yen finally started taekwondo at around the age of sixteen. Yen also came from a family of musicians.", "Yen also came from a family of musicians. Yen also came from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist. From a young age, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano. He also knows hip-hop dancing and breakdancing. Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi.", "Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi. After filming Drunken Tai Chi and Tiger Cage (1988), Yen made his breakthrough role as General Nap-lan in Once Upon a Time in China II (1992), which included a fight scene between his character and Wong Fei-hung (played by Jet Li). Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993.", "Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993. Yen and Li appeared together again in the 2002 film Hero, where Yen played a spear (or qiang) fighter who fought with Li's character, an unnamed swordsman. The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2003 Academy Awards. In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen.", "In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen. Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen in the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character.", "In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character. At age 34, Yen almost went bankrupt. Films produced by his own production company and directed by him were critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office. Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by.", "Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by. 2000s: Breakthrough success Yen later went back to the United States, where he was invited to choreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as Highlander: Endgame (2000) and Blade II (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies.", "His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies. In 2002, Jet Li was filming the movie Hero and insisted to the director (Zhang Yimou) that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier.", "Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier. In 2003, Yen played one of the antagonists against Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson in Shanghai Knights. Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno.", "Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno. Yen continued to be active in Hong Kong cinema in the 2000s, starring as Chu Zhaonan in Tsui Hark's wuxia epic film Seven Swords, and as Ma Kwun in Wilson Yip's brutal crime drama film SPL: Sha Po Lang in 2005. Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. Later that year, Yen co-starred with Nicholas Tse and Shawn Yue in Wilson Yip's Dragon Tiger Gate, an adaptation of Wong Yuk-long's manhua series Oriental Heroes. Yen also worked as action choreographer in Stormbreaker, starring Alex Pettyfer. Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film.", "Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film. He won the award for Best Action Choreography at the Golden Horse Film Awards and the Hong Kong Film Awards for his performance in Flash Point. In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee.", "In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee. Ip Man marked Yen's fourth collaboration with director Wilson Yip, reuniting him with his co-stars in SPL: Sha Po Lang, Sammo Hung and Simon Yam. Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China.", "Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China. Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2.", "Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2. It was stated that Yen was considering the offer, had many films at hand, and would wait until deciding whether the script appealed to him. Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role.", "Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role. In 2011, Yen revealed that he was venturing into other genres of movies and had taken up two comedy roles in a row, in All's Well, Ends Well 2011 and All's Well, Ends Well 2012, and would be working with Carina Lau in the former and Sandra Ng in the latter. Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor.", "Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor. Yen took a six-month break in the second half of 2011 after the filming of The Monkey King 3D, explaining that he wanted to spend more time with his family and be with his children more as they grew up. In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer.", "In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer. In 2013, it was reported that Donnie Yen would be playing the lead role for The Iceman Cometh 3D, a sci-fi action film dealing with time travel and which was filmed in 3D. Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films.", "Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films. In February 2013, the Weinstein Company confirmed that it had purchased the rights to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon sequel and contacted Yen to play the male lead. In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer.", "In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer. It was reported that Yen was considering the role and quoted as saying, \"The first is that my schedule this year is very packed. The second is that the first film is already such a classic. I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\"", "I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\" In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor.", "In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor. It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market.", "It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market. It was also revealed during the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon II press conference that the Weinstein Company had obtained rights to Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, was planning a remake and was negotiating with Yen, George Clooney and Zhang Ziyi to star in the film. Donnie Yen declined the offer due to scheduling conflicts for the filming of Ip Man 3. In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced.", "In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. Yen reprised his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man. Retired boxer and former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson was confirmed to join the cast. Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him.", "Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him. Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy.", "Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy. Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews.", "Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews. From 2016 to 2020 In 2016, Yen co-starred in the Star Wars anthology film Rogue One as Chirrut Îmwe, the Zatoichi-like blind transient warrior. On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage.", "On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage. For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo.", "For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China.", "Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. XXX was number one in its opening weekend with $61.9 million, and crossed the $100 million mark in just six days with $22.2m coming from Valentine's Day alone after rave reviews praising Donnie Yen's performance swept through Chinese social media, driving moviegoers to the cinema. Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences.", "Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences. For Return of Xander Cage, many media sites including Variety, Los Angeles Times, Screen Anarchy and Budomate praised Yen's performance and credited him as the highlight of the movie and stealing every scene he is in. In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide.", "In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide. In an official poll on the Star Wars webpage, in which more 40,000 people voted, Yen's character Chirrut Îmwe was voted as audiences' favorite Rogue One character. While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors.", "While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors. At the same time, Hong Kong director Wong Jing personally flew to Canada to invite Yen to star in his film Chasing the Dragon, a remake of the award-winning film To be Number One. Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau.", "Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau. In September 2017, Chasing the Dragon was released with extremely positive reviews from critics, citing Yen's versatility as an actor and his incredible portrayal of the late Ng Sek Ho, the main character of the film. Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia.", "Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia. In Hong Kong, Chasing the Dragon is ranked as one of the top 5 Hong Kong films in 2017. In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future.", "In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future. Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film.", "Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film. Yen declined any salary for this participation for GSD as he stated that \"friendship is not measured by money\" and that he hopes his participation can help promote Chinese martial arts to worldwide audiences. In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set.", "In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set. The full GSD 20 minutes short film was released on 11 November - China's Singles' Day, debuting on Youku and Jet Li's official Facebook page, garnering a total of more than 100 million views worldwide. Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film.", "Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film. In late 2017, Yen began filming Big Brother, a mixed martial arts film where Yen plays a high school teacher with unconventional methods and a dark past. In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen.", "In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen. In February 2018, Yen confirmed the continued production of the film through social media. In 2019, Yen reprised his role as Ip Man for the final time in Ip Man 4: The Finale. During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong.", "During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong. Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years.", "Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years. In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict.", "In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict. The role offered was that of Nuidis Vulko, which eventually went to Willem Dafoe. Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist.", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist. He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage. He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process.", "He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process. At the time, the Beijing Wushu Team had a scout in the United States and invited Yen over to Beijing, China, where he began training at the Beijing Sports Institute, the same facility where champion-turned-actor Jet Li trained; this is where the two of them crossed paths for the first time. Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions.", "Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions. Yen later went on to discover and seek knowledge on other martial arts styles; he would later obtain black and purple belts from judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, respectively, and went on to study parkour, wrestling, muay Thai, kickboxing and boxing under various trainers. His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003.", "His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003. While making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts forms. Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013).", "Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013). Near the end of 2007, Yen added a new martial arts system to his arsenal. He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster.", "He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster. He worked hard and studied Wing Chun under Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun, for 9 months before tackling the role. Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught.", "Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught. Yen believes that combining many martial arts together will produce the most effective and harmonious style. Yen has said, \"When you watch my films, you're feeling my heart.\" He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat.", "He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat. Yen was a rebel in his youth due to the huge expectations and pressures from his parents, as his mother is the founder of the Chinese Wushu Research Institute in Boston, and his father was a scholar and a musician. Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years.", "Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years. He was a very curious teenager who sought to exchange martial arts knowledge with people from different martial arts backgrounds, which led to him gaining profound knowledge in practical martial arts and having a reputation as a street brawler. One reported occasion confirms Yen as being an efficient martial artist. According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng.", "According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng. Inside the nightclub, Meng was harassed by a troublesome gang that had taken an interest in her. Yen warned them to leave her alone, but they persisted in causing trouble. As Yen and Meng left the club, the gang followed and attacked Yen. Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized.", "Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized. Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe.", "Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe. World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat.", "World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat. While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen.", "While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen. However, it was ultimately Yen who fractured Tyson's finger while using his elbow to block Tyson's punches. Tyson insisted on finishing the scene before he was treated in hospital. Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights.", "Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights. In Asia, he is the action choreographer for most of his movies and has won multiple awards for his action choreography. Yen's most famous works include films such as Flash Point and SPL: Sha Po Lang. He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control.", "He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control. In Asia, the action choreographer takes over the scene during the fight scene. This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all.", "This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all. While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles.", "While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles. Yen's work as a choreographer won him the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography at the 27th Hong Kong Film Awards and the Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography at the 2008 and 2011 Golden Horse Awards. Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen.", "Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. For this film, Yen mentioned that he included Jeet Kune Do elements as a tribute to Bruce Lee, who played Chen Zhen in the 1972 film Fist of Fury. Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun.", "Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun. Yen also stated that the concept behind Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do is similar to that of MMA, hence the incorporation of many forms of martial arts was a necessity in the film. He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award.", "He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award. He has won awards for his choreography in films such as The Twins Effect, SPL: Sha Po Lang, Flash Point, and Kung Fu Jungle. Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins.", "Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins. Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness.", "Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness. However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays.", "However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays. In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength.", "In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength. He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables.", "He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables. In 2010, still fresh off Ip Man 2, Yen was cast as Chen Zhen in Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, which was originally portrayed by Bruce Lee. He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine.", "He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine. He maintained this bulk and physique while filming The Lost Bladesman, in which he plays Guan Yu, a Chinese general known for his size and spear-fighting abilities. In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.", "In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. For his role as Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage opposite Vin Diesel, Yen rebuilt his physique. Personal life Yen met his first wife and Hong Kong advertising executive, Leung Zing-ci (), in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990.", "The couple began dating in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990. After three years of dating, they married secretly in the United States in November 1993. The marriage ended in less than a year. After their divorce was finalized, Leung realized that she was pregnant with their son, Jeff, who was born in 1995. Yen later married former beauty queen Cissy Wang after three months of dating in 2003. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James.", "The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. Yen has stated that he is a big fan of the MMA organization Ultimate Fighting Championship and has watched almost every UFC event available. In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury.", "In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury. Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities.", "Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities. In October 2014, Donnie Yen was invited to be a guest speaker in front of a crowd of 20,000 youths for WE Day Vancouver, where he spoke about the hardships he faced growing up and how he overcame difficulties to become the reigning martial arts star. In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees.", "In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees. Yen is also an ambassador for the international charity Save the Children. In December 2015, Yen established a charitable fund, Yen's Honour Protection Fund, with the purpose of empowering celebrities to use the law to defend their honor and reputation. Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\"", "Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\" This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family.", "This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family. In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan.", "In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan. He also produced and dedicated a short clip to thank all medical workers in China in their fight against the coronavirus; the clip was uploaded on Chinese social media site, Weibo, where Yen has over 11 million followers. He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers.", "He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers. Filmography Awards and nominations References External links \"An Action Star Moves to the Lead,\" New York Times article Donnie Yen profile page at Hong Kong Cinemagic 1963 births 20th-century Hong Kong male actors 21st-century Hong Kong male actors Action choreographers Chinese Jeet Kune Do practitioners Chinese Wing Chun practitioners Film directors from Guangdong Hong Kong emigrants to the United States Hong Kong expatriates in the United States Hong Kong film directors Hong Kong film producers Hong Kong hapkido practitioners Hong Kong kung fu practitioners Hong Kong male film actors Hong Kong male judoka Hong Kong male karateka Hong Kong male kickboxers Hong Kong male taekwondo practitioners Hong Kong male television actors Hong Kong martial artists Hong Kong Muay Thai practitioners Hong Kong philanthropists Hong Kong practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Hong Kong stunt performers Hong Kong wushu practitioners Living people Male actors from Guangdong Male actors from Guangzhou Sportspeople from Guangdong Sportspeople from Guangzhou Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong" ]

[ "Donnie Yen", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy", "when did he start martial arts?", "He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage.", "who trained him?", "his mother's", "how long did he train?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Donnie Yen Ji-dan (; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director, producer, action director and choreographer. Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars. Yen is widely credited for bringing mixed martial arts (MMA) into the mainstream Asian cinema by choreographing MMA in many of his films since the early 2000s. The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA.", "The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA. Yen has displayed skill in an array of martial arts, being well-versed in Tai Chi, Boxing, Kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, Hapkido, Mixed Martial Arts, Taekwondo, Karate, Muay Thai, Wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hung Ga, Sanda, Judo, Wing Chun, and Wushu. One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia.", "One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia. Yen earned HK$220 million (US$28.4 million) from four films and six advertisements in 2013. Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.", "Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China. He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia.", "He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia. Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered.", "Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered. He has also gained international recognition for playing Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016), Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017) and Commander Tung in Mulan (2020). Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.", "Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. His mother, Bow-sim Mark, is a Fu Style Wudangquan (internal martial arts) and Tai Chi grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen (甄雲龍), was a newspaper editor. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11.", "When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11. His younger sister, Chris Yen, is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon. At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts.", "At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts. Yen then started Karate when he was nine. Yen focused on practising wushu seriously at the age 14 after dropping out of school. His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team.", "His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team. When Yen decided to return to the United States, he made a side-trip to Hong Kong, where he met action choreographer Yuen Woo-ping. Yen finally started taekwondo at around the age of sixteen. Yen also came from a family of musicians.", "Yen also came from a family of musicians. Yen also came from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist. From a young age, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano. He also knows hip-hop dancing and breakdancing. Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi.", "Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi. After filming Drunken Tai Chi and Tiger Cage (1988), Yen made his breakthrough role as General Nap-lan in Once Upon a Time in China II (1992), which included a fight scene between his character and Wong Fei-hung (played by Jet Li). Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993.", "Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993. Yen and Li appeared together again in the 2002 film Hero, where Yen played a spear (or qiang) fighter who fought with Li's character, an unnamed swordsman. The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2003 Academy Awards. In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen.", "In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen. Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen in the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character.", "In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character. At age 34, Yen almost went bankrupt. Films produced by his own production company and directed by him were critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office. Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by.", "Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by. 2000s: Breakthrough success Yen later went back to the United States, where he was invited to choreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as Highlander: Endgame (2000) and Blade II (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies.", "His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies. In 2002, Jet Li was filming the movie Hero and insisted to the director (Zhang Yimou) that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier.", "Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier. In 2003, Yen played one of the antagonists against Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson in Shanghai Knights. Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno.", "Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno. Yen continued to be active in Hong Kong cinema in the 2000s, starring as Chu Zhaonan in Tsui Hark's wuxia epic film Seven Swords, and as Ma Kwun in Wilson Yip's brutal crime drama film SPL: Sha Po Lang in 2005. Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. Later that year, Yen co-starred with Nicholas Tse and Shawn Yue in Wilson Yip's Dragon Tiger Gate, an adaptation of Wong Yuk-long's manhua series Oriental Heroes. Yen also worked as action choreographer in Stormbreaker, starring Alex Pettyfer. Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film.", "Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film. He won the award for Best Action Choreography at the Golden Horse Film Awards and the Hong Kong Film Awards for his performance in Flash Point. In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee.", "In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee. Ip Man marked Yen's fourth collaboration with director Wilson Yip, reuniting him with his co-stars in SPL: Sha Po Lang, Sammo Hung and Simon Yam. Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China.", "Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China. Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2.", "Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2. It was stated that Yen was considering the offer, had many films at hand, and would wait until deciding whether the script appealed to him. Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role.", "Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role. In 2011, Yen revealed that he was venturing into other genres of movies and had taken up two comedy roles in a row, in All's Well, Ends Well 2011 and All's Well, Ends Well 2012, and would be working with Carina Lau in the former and Sandra Ng in the latter. Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor.", "Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor. Yen took a six-month break in the second half of 2011 after the filming of The Monkey King 3D, explaining that he wanted to spend more time with his family and be with his children more as they grew up. In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer.", "In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer. In 2013, it was reported that Donnie Yen would be playing the lead role for The Iceman Cometh 3D, a sci-fi action film dealing with time travel and which was filmed in 3D. Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films.", "Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films. In February 2013, the Weinstein Company confirmed that it had purchased the rights to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon sequel and contacted Yen to play the male lead. In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer.", "In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer. It was reported that Yen was considering the role and quoted as saying, \"The first is that my schedule this year is very packed. The second is that the first film is already such a classic. I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\"", "I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\" In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor.", "In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor. It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market.", "It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market. It was also revealed during the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon II press conference that the Weinstein Company had obtained rights to Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, was planning a remake and was negotiating with Yen, George Clooney and Zhang Ziyi to star in the film. Donnie Yen declined the offer due to scheduling conflicts for the filming of Ip Man 3. In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced.", "In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. Yen reprised his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man. Retired boxer and former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson was confirmed to join the cast. Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him.", "Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him. Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy.", "Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy. Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews.", "Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews. From 2016 to 2020 In 2016, Yen co-starred in the Star Wars anthology film Rogue One as Chirrut Îmwe, the Zatoichi-like blind transient warrior. On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage.", "On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage. For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo.", "For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China.", "Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. XXX was number one in its opening weekend with $61.9 million, and crossed the $100 million mark in just six days with $22.2m coming from Valentine's Day alone after rave reviews praising Donnie Yen's performance swept through Chinese social media, driving moviegoers to the cinema. Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences.", "Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences. For Return of Xander Cage, many media sites including Variety, Los Angeles Times, Screen Anarchy and Budomate praised Yen's performance and credited him as the highlight of the movie and stealing every scene he is in. In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide.", "In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide. In an official poll on the Star Wars webpage, in which more 40,000 people voted, Yen's character Chirrut Îmwe was voted as audiences' favorite Rogue One character. While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors.", "While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors. At the same time, Hong Kong director Wong Jing personally flew to Canada to invite Yen to star in his film Chasing the Dragon, a remake of the award-winning film To be Number One. Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau.", "Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau. In September 2017, Chasing the Dragon was released with extremely positive reviews from critics, citing Yen's versatility as an actor and his incredible portrayal of the late Ng Sek Ho, the main character of the film. Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia.", "Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia. In Hong Kong, Chasing the Dragon is ranked as one of the top 5 Hong Kong films in 2017. In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future.", "In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future. Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film.", "Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film. Yen declined any salary for this participation for GSD as he stated that \"friendship is not measured by money\" and that he hopes his participation can help promote Chinese martial arts to worldwide audiences. In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set.", "In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set. The full GSD 20 minutes short film was released on 11 November - China's Singles' Day, debuting on Youku and Jet Li's official Facebook page, garnering a total of more than 100 million views worldwide. Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film.", "Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film. In late 2017, Yen began filming Big Brother, a mixed martial arts film where Yen plays a high school teacher with unconventional methods and a dark past. In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen.", "In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen. In February 2018, Yen confirmed the continued production of the film through social media. In 2019, Yen reprised his role as Ip Man for the final time in Ip Man 4: The Finale. During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong.", "During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong. Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years.", "Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years. In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict.", "In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict. The role offered was that of Nuidis Vulko, which eventually went to Willem Dafoe. Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist.", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist. He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage. He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process.", "He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process. At the time, the Beijing Wushu Team had a scout in the United States and invited Yen over to Beijing, China, where he began training at the Beijing Sports Institute, the same facility where champion-turned-actor Jet Li trained; this is where the two of them crossed paths for the first time. Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions.", "Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions. Yen later went on to discover and seek knowledge on other martial arts styles; he would later obtain black and purple belts from judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, respectively, and went on to study parkour, wrestling, muay Thai, kickboxing and boxing under various trainers. His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003.", "His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003. While making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts forms. Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013).", "Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013). Near the end of 2007, Yen added a new martial arts system to his arsenal. He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster.", "He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster. He worked hard and studied Wing Chun under Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun, for 9 months before tackling the role. Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught.", "Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught. Yen believes that combining many martial arts together will produce the most effective and harmonious style. Yen has said, \"When you watch my films, you're feeling my heart.\" He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat.", "He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat. Yen was a rebel in his youth due to the huge expectations and pressures from his parents, as his mother is the founder of the Chinese Wushu Research Institute in Boston, and his father was a scholar and a musician. Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years.", "Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years. He was a very curious teenager who sought to exchange martial arts knowledge with people from different martial arts backgrounds, which led to him gaining profound knowledge in practical martial arts and having a reputation as a street brawler. One reported occasion confirms Yen as being an efficient martial artist. According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng.", "According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng. Inside the nightclub, Meng was harassed by a troublesome gang that had taken an interest in her. Yen warned them to leave her alone, but they persisted in causing trouble. As Yen and Meng left the club, the gang followed and attacked Yen. Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized.", "Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized. Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe.", "Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe. World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat.", "World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat. While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen.", "While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen. However, it was ultimately Yen who fractured Tyson's finger while using his elbow to block Tyson's punches. Tyson insisted on finishing the scene before he was treated in hospital. Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights.", "Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights. In Asia, he is the action choreographer for most of his movies and has won multiple awards for his action choreography. Yen's most famous works include films such as Flash Point and SPL: Sha Po Lang. He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control.", "He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control. In Asia, the action choreographer takes over the scene during the fight scene. This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all.", "This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all. While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles.", "While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles. Yen's work as a choreographer won him the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography at the 27th Hong Kong Film Awards and the Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography at the 2008 and 2011 Golden Horse Awards. Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen.", "Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. For this film, Yen mentioned that he included Jeet Kune Do elements as a tribute to Bruce Lee, who played Chen Zhen in the 1972 film Fist of Fury. Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun.", "Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun. Yen also stated that the concept behind Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do is similar to that of MMA, hence the incorporation of many forms of martial arts was a necessity in the film. He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award.", "He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award. He has won awards for his choreography in films such as The Twins Effect, SPL: Sha Po Lang, Flash Point, and Kung Fu Jungle. Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins.", "Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins. Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness.", "Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness. However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays.", "However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays. In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength.", "In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength. He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables.", "He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables. In 2010, still fresh off Ip Man 2, Yen was cast as Chen Zhen in Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, which was originally portrayed by Bruce Lee. He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine.", "He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine. He maintained this bulk and physique while filming The Lost Bladesman, in which he plays Guan Yu, a Chinese general known for his size and spear-fighting abilities. In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.", "In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. For his role as Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage opposite Vin Diesel, Yen rebuilt his physique. Personal life Yen met his first wife and Hong Kong advertising executive, Leung Zing-ci (), in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990.", "The couple began dating in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990. After three years of dating, they married secretly in the United States in November 1993. The marriage ended in less than a year. After their divorce was finalized, Leung realized that she was pregnant with their son, Jeff, who was born in 1995. Yen later married former beauty queen Cissy Wang after three months of dating in 2003. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James.", "The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. Yen has stated that he is a big fan of the MMA organization Ultimate Fighting Championship and has watched almost every UFC event available. In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury.", "In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury. Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities.", "Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities. In October 2014, Donnie Yen was invited to be a guest speaker in front of a crowd of 20,000 youths for WE Day Vancouver, where he spoke about the hardships he faced growing up and how he overcame difficulties to become the reigning martial arts star. In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees.", "In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees. Yen is also an ambassador for the international charity Save the Children. In December 2015, Yen established a charitable fund, Yen's Honour Protection Fund, with the purpose of empowering celebrities to use the law to defend their honor and reputation. Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\"", "Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\" This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family.", "This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family. In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan.", "In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan. He also produced and dedicated a short clip to thank all medical workers in China in their fight against the coronavirus; the clip was uploaded on Chinese social media site, Weibo, where Yen has over 11 million followers. He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers.", "He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers. Filmography Awards and nominations References External links \"An Action Star Moves to the Lead,\" New York Times article Donnie Yen profile page at Hong Kong Cinemagic 1963 births 20th-century Hong Kong male actors 21st-century Hong Kong male actors Action choreographers Chinese Jeet Kune Do practitioners Chinese Wing Chun practitioners Film directors from Guangdong Hong Kong emigrants to the United States Hong Kong expatriates in the United States Hong Kong film directors Hong Kong film producers Hong Kong hapkido practitioners Hong Kong kung fu practitioners Hong Kong male film actors Hong Kong male judoka Hong Kong male karateka Hong Kong male kickboxers Hong Kong male taekwondo practitioners Hong Kong male television actors Hong Kong martial artists Hong Kong Muay Thai practitioners Hong Kong philanthropists Hong Kong practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Hong Kong stunt performers Hong Kong wushu practitioners Living people Male actors from Guangdong Male actors from Guangzhou Sportspeople from Guangdong Sportspeople from Guangzhou Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong" ]

[ "Donnie Yen", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy", "when did he start martial arts?", "He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage.", "who trained him?", "his mother's", "how long did he train?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003." ]

[ "Theodore Xenophon Barber (1927–2005) and David Smith Calverley (1937–2008) were American psychologists who studied \"hypnotic behaviour\". They measured how susceptible patients were to hypnotic induction. One result of their research was showing that the hypnotic induction was not superior to motivational instructions in producing a heightened state of suggestibility. The Barber Suggestibility Scale, a product of their research, measures hypnotic susceptibility with or without the use of a hypnotic induction.\n\nReferences \n\nAmerican psychologists\nAmerican skeptics\nCritics of parapsychology\nDuos\nHypnosis\n20th-century psychologists", "The Protestant church of Grou or Saint Peter's church is a religious building in Grou, Netherlands, one of the many medieval churches in Friesland.\n\nThe Romanesque church was built in the first half of the 13th century out of tuffstone. Already in the 13th century the church was heightened. In the 15th century the church was lengthened to the west and heightened for the second time with Brick. The current tower dates from the early 15th century.\n\nThe monumental Pipe organ was built in 1853 by L. van Dam & Zn. from Leeuwarden.\nThe church is located on the Kerkstraat 4 and was once a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Saint Peter but became a Protestant church after the Protestant reformation. \nIt is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 22894 and is rated with a very high historical value.\n\nReferences\n\nGrou\nRijksmonuments in Friesland\nRomanesque architecture in the Netherlands\nProtestant churches in the Netherlands" ]

[ "Donnie Yen Ji-dan (; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director, producer, action director and choreographer. Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars. Yen is widely credited for bringing mixed martial arts (MMA) into the mainstream Asian cinema by choreographing MMA in many of his films since the early 2000s. The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA.", "The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA. Yen has displayed skill in an array of martial arts, being well-versed in Tai Chi, Boxing, Kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, Hapkido, Mixed Martial Arts, Taekwondo, Karate, Muay Thai, Wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hung Ga, Sanda, Judo, Wing Chun, and Wushu. One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia.", "One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia. Yen earned HK$220 million (US$28.4 million) from four films and six advertisements in 2013. Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.", "Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China. He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia.", "He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia. Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered.", "Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered. He has also gained international recognition for playing Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016), Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017) and Commander Tung in Mulan (2020). Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.", "Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. His mother, Bow-sim Mark, is a Fu Style Wudangquan (internal martial arts) and Tai Chi grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen (甄雲龍), was a newspaper editor. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11.", "When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11. His younger sister, Chris Yen, is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon. At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts.", "At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts. Yen then started Karate when he was nine. Yen focused on practising wushu seriously at the age 14 after dropping out of school. His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team.", "His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team. When Yen decided to return to the United States, he made a side-trip to Hong Kong, where he met action choreographer Yuen Woo-ping. Yen finally started taekwondo at around the age of sixteen. Yen also came from a family of musicians.", "Yen also came from a family of musicians. Yen also came from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist. From a young age, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano. He also knows hip-hop dancing and breakdancing. Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi.", "Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi. After filming Drunken Tai Chi and Tiger Cage (1988), Yen made his breakthrough role as General Nap-lan in Once Upon a Time in China II (1992), which included a fight scene between his character and Wong Fei-hung (played by Jet Li). Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993.", "Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993. Yen and Li appeared together again in the 2002 film Hero, where Yen played a spear (or qiang) fighter who fought with Li's character, an unnamed swordsman. The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2003 Academy Awards. In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen.", "In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen. Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen in the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character.", "In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character. At age 34, Yen almost went bankrupt. Films produced by his own production company and directed by him were critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office. Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by.", "Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by. 2000s: Breakthrough success Yen later went back to the United States, where he was invited to choreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as Highlander: Endgame (2000) and Blade II (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies.", "His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies. In 2002, Jet Li was filming the movie Hero and insisted to the director (Zhang Yimou) that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier.", "Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier. In 2003, Yen played one of the antagonists against Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson in Shanghai Knights. Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno.", "Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno. Yen continued to be active in Hong Kong cinema in the 2000s, starring as Chu Zhaonan in Tsui Hark's wuxia epic film Seven Swords, and as Ma Kwun in Wilson Yip's brutal crime drama film SPL: Sha Po Lang in 2005. Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. Later that year, Yen co-starred with Nicholas Tse and Shawn Yue in Wilson Yip's Dragon Tiger Gate, an adaptation of Wong Yuk-long's manhua series Oriental Heroes. Yen also worked as action choreographer in Stormbreaker, starring Alex Pettyfer. Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film.", "Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film. He won the award for Best Action Choreography at the Golden Horse Film Awards and the Hong Kong Film Awards for his performance in Flash Point. In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee.", "In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee. Ip Man marked Yen's fourth collaboration with director Wilson Yip, reuniting him with his co-stars in SPL: Sha Po Lang, Sammo Hung and Simon Yam. Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China.", "Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China. Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2.", "Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2. It was stated that Yen was considering the offer, had many films at hand, and would wait until deciding whether the script appealed to him. Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role.", "Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role. In 2011, Yen revealed that he was venturing into other genres of movies and had taken up two comedy roles in a row, in All's Well, Ends Well 2011 and All's Well, Ends Well 2012, and would be working with Carina Lau in the former and Sandra Ng in the latter. Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor.", "Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor. Yen took a six-month break in the second half of 2011 after the filming of The Monkey King 3D, explaining that he wanted to spend more time with his family and be with his children more as they grew up. In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer.", "In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer. In 2013, it was reported that Donnie Yen would be playing the lead role for The Iceman Cometh 3D, a sci-fi action film dealing with time travel and which was filmed in 3D. Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films.", "Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films. In February 2013, the Weinstein Company confirmed that it had purchased the rights to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon sequel and contacted Yen to play the male lead. In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer.", "In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer. It was reported that Yen was considering the role and quoted as saying, \"The first is that my schedule this year is very packed. The second is that the first film is already such a classic. I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\"", "I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\" In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor.", "In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor. It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market.", "It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market. It was also revealed during the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon II press conference that the Weinstein Company had obtained rights to Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, was planning a remake and was negotiating with Yen, George Clooney and Zhang Ziyi to star in the film. Donnie Yen declined the offer due to scheduling conflicts for the filming of Ip Man 3. In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced.", "In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. Yen reprised his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man. Retired boxer and former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson was confirmed to join the cast. Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him.", "Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him. Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy.", "Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy. Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews.", "Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews. From 2016 to 2020 In 2016, Yen co-starred in the Star Wars anthology film Rogue One as Chirrut Îmwe, the Zatoichi-like blind transient warrior. On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage.", "On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage. For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo.", "For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China.", "Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. XXX was number one in its opening weekend with $61.9 million, and crossed the $100 million mark in just six days with $22.2m coming from Valentine's Day alone after rave reviews praising Donnie Yen's performance swept through Chinese social media, driving moviegoers to the cinema. Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences.", "Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences. For Return of Xander Cage, many media sites including Variety, Los Angeles Times, Screen Anarchy and Budomate praised Yen's performance and credited him as the highlight of the movie and stealing every scene he is in. In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide.", "In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide. In an official poll on the Star Wars webpage, in which more 40,000 people voted, Yen's character Chirrut Îmwe was voted as audiences' favorite Rogue One character. While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors.", "While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors. At the same time, Hong Kong director Wong Jing personally flew to Canada to invite Yen to star in his film Chasing the Dragon, a remake of the award-winning film To be Number One. Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau.", "Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau. In September 2017, Chasing the Dragon was released with extremely positive reviews from critics, citing Yen's versatility as an actor and his incredible portrayal of the late Ng Sek Ho, the main character of the film. Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia.", "Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia. In Hong Kong, Chasing the Dragon is ranked as one of the top 5 Hong Kong films in 2017. In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future.", "In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future. Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film.", "Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film. Yen declined any salary for this participation for GSD as he stated that \"friendship is not measured by money\" and that he hopes his participation can help promote Chinese martial arts to worldwide audiences. In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set.", "In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set. The full GSD 20 minutes short film was released on 11 November - China's Singles' Day, debuting on Youku and Jet Li's official Facebook page, garnering a total of more than 100 million views worldwide. Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film.", "Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film. In late 2017, Yen began filming Big Brother, a mixed martial arts film where Yen plays a high school teacher with unconventional methods and a dark past. In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen.", "In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen. In February 2018, Yen confirmed the continued production of the film through social media. In 2019, Yen reprised his role as Ip Man for the final time in Ip Man 4: The Finale. During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong.", "During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong. Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years.", "Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years. In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict.", "In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict. The role offered was that of Nuidis Vulko, which eventually went to Willem Dafoe. Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist.", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist. He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage. He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process.", "He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process. At the time, the Beijing Wushu Team had a scout in the United States and invited Yen over to Beijing, China, where he began training at the Beijing Sports Institute, the same facility where champion-turned-actor Jet Li trained; this is where the two of them crossed paths for the first time. Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions.", "Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions. Yen later went on to discover and seek knowledge on other martial arts styles; he would later obtain black and purple belts from judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, respectively, and went on to study parkour, wrestling, muay Thai, kickboxing and boxing under various trainers. His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003.", "His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003. While making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts forms. Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013).", "Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013). Near the end of 2007, Yen added a new martial arts system to his arsenal. He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster.", "He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster. He worked hard and studied Wing Chun under Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun, for 9 months before tackling the role. Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught.", "Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught. Yen believes that combining many martial arts together will produce the most effective and harmonious style. Yen has said, \"When you watch my films, you're feeling my heart.\" He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat.", "He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat. Yen was a rebel in his youth due to the huge expectations and pressures from his parents, as his mother is the founder of the Chinese Wushu Research Institute in Boston, and his father was a scholar and a musician. Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years.", "Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years. He was a very curious teenager who sought to exchange martial arts knowledge with people from different martial arts backgrounds, which led to him gaining profound knowledge in practical martial arts and having a reputation as a street brawler. One reported occasion confirms Yen as being an efficient martial artist. According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng.", "According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng. Inside the nightclub, Meng was harassed by a troublesome gang that had taken an interest in her. Yen warned them to leave her alone, but they persisted in causing trouble. As Yen and Meng left the club, the gang followed and attacked Yen. Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized.", "Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized. Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe.", "Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe. World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat.", "World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat. While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen.", "While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen. However, it was ultimately Yen who fractured Tyson's finger while using his elbow to block Tyson's punches. Tyson insisted on finishing the scene before he was treated in hospital. Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights.", "Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights. In Asia, he is the action choreographer for most of his movies and has won multiple awards for his action choreography. Yen's most famous works include films such as Flash Point and SPL: Sha Po Lang. He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control.", "He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control. In Asia, the action choreographer takes over the scene during the fight scene. This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all.", "This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all. While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles.", "While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles. Yen's work as a choreographer won him the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography at the 27th Hong Kong Film Awards and the Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography at the 2008 and 2011 Golden Horse Awards. Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen.", "Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. For this film, Yen mentioned that he included Jeet Kune Do elements as a tribute to Bruce Lee, who played Chen Zhen in the 1972 film Fist of Fury. Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun.", "Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun. Yen also stated that the concept behind Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do is similar to that of MMA, hence the incorporation of many forms of martial arts was a necessity in the film. He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award.", "He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award. He has won awards for his choreography in films such as The Twins Effect, SPL: Sha Po Lang, Flash Point, and Kung Fu Jungle. Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins.", "Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins. Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness.", "Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness. However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays.", "However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays. In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength.", "In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength. He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables.", "He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables. In 2010, still fresh off Ip Man 2, Yen was cast as Chen Zhen in Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, which was originally portrayed by Bruce Lee. He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine.", "He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine. He maintained this bulk and physique while filming The Lost Bladesman, in which he plays Guan Yu, a Chinese general known for his size and spear-fighting abilities. In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.", "In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. For his role as Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage opposite Vin Diesel, Yen rebuilt his physique. Personal life Yen met his first wife and Hong Kong advertising executive, Leung Zing-ci (), in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990.", "The couple began dating in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990. After three years of dating, they married secretly in the United States in November 1993. The marriage ended in less than a year. After their divorce was finalized, Leung realized that she was pregnant with their son, Jeff, who was born in 1995. Yen later married former beauty queen Cissy Wang after three months of dating in 2003. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James.", "The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. Yen has stated that he is a big fan of the MMA organization Ultimate Fighting Championship and has watched almost every UFC event available. In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury.", "In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury. Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities.", "Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities. In October 2014, Donnie Yen was invited to be a guest speaker in front of a crowd of 20,000 youths for WE Day Vancouver, where he spoke about the hardships he faced growing up and how he overcame difficulties to become the reigning martial arts star. In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees.", "In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees. Yen is also an ambassador for the international charity Save the Children. In December 2015, Yen established a charitable fund, Yen's Honour Protection Fund, with the purpose of empowering celebrities to use the law to defend their honor and reputation. Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\"", "Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\" This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family.", "This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family. In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan.", "In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan. He also produced and dedicated a short clip to thank all medical workers in China in their fight against the coronavirus; the clip was uploaded on Chinese social media site, Weibo, where Yen has over 11 million followers. He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers.", "He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers. Filmography Awards and nominations References External links \"An Action Star Moves to the Lead,\" New York Times article Donnie Yen profile page at Hong Kong Cinemagic 1963 births 20th-century Hong Kong male actors 21st-century Hong Kong male actors Action choreographers Chinese Jeet Kune Do practitioners Chinese Wing Chun practitioners Film directors from Guangdong Hong Kong emigrants to the United States Hong Kong expatriates in the United States Hong Kong film directors Hong Kong film producers Hong Kong hapkido practitioners Hong Kong kung fu practitioners Hong Kong male film actors Hong Kong male judoka Hong Kong male karateka Hong Kong male kickboxers Hong Kong male taekwondo practitioners Hong Kong male television actors Hong Kong martial artists Hong Kong Muay Thai practitioners Hong Kong philanthropists Hong Kong practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Hong Kong stunt performers Hong Kong wushu practitioners Living people Male actors from Guangdong Male actors from Guangzhou Sportspeople from Guangdong Sportspeople from Guangzhou Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong" ]

[ "Donnie Yen", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy", "when did he start martial arts?", "He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage.", "who trained him?", "his mother's", "how long did he train?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003.", "how was it heightened?", "While making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts forms." ]

[ "Symmetry in the Quran is the belief, held by some Muslims, that the word and verse structure of the Quran exhibits such complicated symmetry that it could be neither random placements, nor the intentional work of man, but rather proof of \"the will of God\". There are many examples of such symmetry. Using a program called QuranCode and other analysis programs, scholars have found many patterns.\n\nAn example is that chapter 76, called Al-Insan, has 247 words, and three mentions of the word silver. The middle word of the chapter is word number 124, which is the word \"silver\". It is in a verse that is the middle verse of the chapter (verse 16 of 31), and it is the third of five words of the verse.\n\nSome of this symmetry is caused by the significance of the number 19 in Islam. It is claimed that if all the numbers mentioned in the Quran are added up, their sum is 162,146, which is 19 times 6534; that there are 114 (19 times 6) Surahs; that Muhammad's first revelation consists of a verse that has 19 words and 76 (4 times 19) letters.\n\nSymmetry in Quranic linguistics\nsymmetrical patterns include:\n\n“al hayat” (life), 145 times; “al mawt” (death), 145 times.\n Also 145÷ life & death [2]= 72.5 the average global human life.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word ḥayat (حَيَوٰة) actually occurs 76 times \n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word mawt (مَوْت) actually occurs 50 times \n“al-dunya” (mundane life), 115 times; “al akhira” (the afterlife), 115 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word dun'yā (دُّنْيَا) doesn't always mean \"this world\", but in other contexts also \"nearer\" or \"nearest\" \n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word al-ākhira (آخِرة) means \"last\" or \"second\" in some contexts (in Quran 17:7, 29:20, 38:7) \n“malaika” (angels), 88 times; “shayatin” (demons), 88 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word malak (مَلَك) occurs 88 times if we count both singular (malak) and plural (malaika) forms together \n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the words shaytan (Satan) and shayatin (plural Satans), when counted together (including the form with a suffix شَيَٰطِينِهِمْ in 2:14) occur 88 times \n“ar rajul (man), 24 times; “al mar’a (woman), 24 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word rajul (رَجُل) in various forms occurs 29 times \n the word im'ra-at (ٱمْرَأَت) meaning \"woman\" or \"wife\" occurs 26 times in various forms \n“as salihat (good deeds), 167 times; “as sayya’at” (wrongdoings), 167 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus the word ṣāliḥāt (صَّٰلِحَٰت) actually occurs 62 times \n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus the word sayyiāt (سَيِّـَٔات) actually occurs 36 times \n“qul” (say), 332 times; “qalu” (said), 332 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the verb qāla (قَالَ) occurs 1618 times in various forms (singular, plural, with prefixes/suffixes). It's not clear what counting method was used for 332.\n“an nas” (people), 50 times; “an nabiya” (prophets), 50 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word nās (نَّاس) in various forms occurs 241 times \n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word \"prophet\", nabiīī (نَّبِىّ), in various forms occurs 75 times. The form anbiyā occurs only 5 times.\n“al muslimat” (Muslim women), 41 times; “al muslimin” (Muslim men), 41 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word mus'limāt (مُسْلِمَٰت) occurs only two times (66:5 and 33:35). In the case of 66:5, the word is actually translated as \"submissive\" and not as \"Muslim women\".\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word mus'lim (مُسْلِم) in its various forms (including the plural mus'limīn) occurs only 39 times.\n\"yawma-izhin\" (That day), 70 times; \"qiyama\" (Judgment day), 70 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, various forms of the term yawma-idhin (يَوْمَئِذٍ), including forms with prefixes, does occur 70 times This form was omitted when counting the word \"day\" to reach 365 occurrences.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the form qiyāmat (قِيَٰمَة) does occur 70 times \n\"dunya\" (near), 115 times; \"akhira\" (far), 115 times\n This is a duplicate of previously mentioned claim where the same words were translated as \"mundane life\" and \"the afterlife\".\n\"shitaa\" (winter), 1 time; \"sayf\" (summer), 1 time\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, both words occur only once and both are in the same verse 106:2.\n\"Isa\" (Yahushua), 25 times; \"Adam\", 25 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word ʿīsā (عيسى) in various forms (including with prefixes) does occur 25 times.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word Adam in various forms (including with prefixes) does occur 25 times.\nThe Quran says there are seven heavens above us, sometimes described as seven layers (23:17). We are in the lowest of these layers (دنيا), so the Quran is basically saying that there are six layers \"above\" the one we are in. The phrase ‘seven heavens’ is used in the whole Quran exactly seven times: 2:29, 41:12, 65:12, 67:3, 71:15, 17:44, and 23:86.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word samā (سَمَآء), \"heaven\", in various forms occurs 310 times. In the 5 verses 2:29, 41:12, 65:12, 67:3, 71:15 the term is سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ, but in verses 17:44 and 23:86, the word order is opposite (السَّمَاوَاتُ السَّبْعُ)\n There are also two additional verses which also mention \"seven heavens\", but using a different word for \"heaven\". 23:17 uses سَبْعَ طَرَآئِقَ and 78:12 uses سَبْعًا شِدَادًا.\n\"Muslims circumambulate around the Qibla, seven times during pilgrimage. The word ‘Qibla’ is used in the whole Quran exactly seven times: 2:142:8, 2:143:15, 2:144:8, 2:145:10, 2:145:14, 2:145:18, and 10:87:12\".\n Muslims actually circumambulate around the Kaba. Qibla is only the direction to the Kaba.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word qib'lat (قِبْلَة) does occur 7 times \n The words \"Sea\" and \"Land\" are used 32 and 13 times respectively in the Quran. 32 plus 13 equals 45, and the two words make up 71.1 and 28.9 percent respectively of those 45. These percentages roughly correspond to what we today know the proportion of the Earth's surface made up of water and land to be.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word baḥr (بَحْر), \"sea\", occurs 41 times in various forms \n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word barr (بَرّ), meaning \"land\" occur 20 times (excluding Barr in 52:28 where it is one of the names of Allah) \n\"Human being\" is used 65 times: the sum of the number of references to the stages of man's creation (with the term \"soil\" included, but for example \"water\" was not included, although the Quran says \"We made from water every living thing\" in 21:30) is the same:\n\nal-Fatihah in itself has 7 verses, 3.5 dedicated towards our praise of the Omnipotent, and the next 3.5 dedicated towards our prayers to the Omnipotent.\n It's not clear how it was counted. Sura al-Fatiha: \"(1) In the name of God, the infinitely Compassionate and Merciful. (2) Praise be to God, Lord of all the worlds. (3) The Compassionate, the Merciful. (4) Ruler on the Day of Reckoning. (5) You alone do we worship, and You alone do we ask for help. (6) Guide us on the straight path, (7) the path of those who have received your grace; not the path of those who have brought down wrath, nor of those who wander astray.\"\nThe words “salawat” (prayers) and \"aqimis-salah\" (establish prayer) are mentioned 5 times in the Quran, the same as the number of mandatory daily prayers.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the word ṣalat (صَلَوٰة), meaning \"prayer\", in various forms occurs 83 times. The plural versions ṣalawāt occur 5 times. In 2:238, 9:99 and version with a suffix in 23:9 the word means \"prayers\". However, in 2:157 it means \"blessings [from their Lord]\" and in 22:40 it means \"synagogues\".\nThe word \"alwan\" (colors) is written 7 times, the same as the number of colors of the rainbow.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, various forms forms of the word lawn (لَوْن), meaning \"color\" occur 9 times. Form of the plural alwān, including forms with prefixes and suffixes, occur 7 times.\n Rainbow shows a spectrum of colors, not 7 distinct ones.\nThe words \"samawat\" + \"sab\" (heavens + seven) are written together 7 times, the same as the number of heavens described in the Quran.\n This is a duplicate of previous claim. In 2 times the word order is reversed.\nThere are 365 days in a year. The word \"yawm\" (day in singular) is written exactly 365 times.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, various form of the word yawm (يَوْم) occur 405 times. Plus it doesn't include the previously mentioned 70 occurrences of yawma-idhin (يَوْمَئِذٍ), meaning \"that day\" and other words meaning \"day\" like نهار (nahaar). Also to get it down to 365, the forms with suffixes were discarded, although in other claims, forms with suffixes were counted.\nThere are 12 months in a year. The word singular form of \"shahr\" (month) occurs exactly 12 times\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, the singular form does occur 12 times. However, in some cases, like in 9:36, the form counted as singular is ٱثْنَا عَشَرَ شَهْرًا (meaning \"twelve months\"). The word shahr in all its forms occurs 21 times.\nThere are 19 years in the metonic cycle. The word \"sanah\" (year) is written exactly 19 times.\n According to the Quranic Arabic Corpus, various forms of the word sanat (سَنَة) do occur 19 times: 7 times in singular form sanat (سَنَة) and 12 times in plural form, sinīn (سِنِين).\n\nCriticism\nSome Islamic scholars have argued against this idea on both factual/methodological and religious grounds. Islamqa.info (supervised by Shaykh Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid) mentions two issues:\n\nThis second point is not only a flaw methodology, but leads to theological issues as well. Shaykh Dr. Khaalid al-Sabt quotes from Dr. Ashraf ‘Abd al-Razzaaq Qatanah's “study of the numerical miracles in the Holy Qur’aan” which concludes:\n\nDr. Zahid Aziz goes through a number of examples, and concludes:\n\nSee also\nBible code\nNumerology\nQuran code\n\nReferences\n\nNumerology\nQuran\nLanguage and mysticism\nSymmetry", "PerForm and PerForm PRO were electronic form programs, initially designed to work under GEM in DOS. Later versions were designed to work in Windows 3.1, at which point it was succeeded by FormFlow. \n\nThe initial version of PerForm was created in 1988 and was the first product released by Canadian software firm Delrina, which became best known for its later fax software program, WinFax. Chief Technical Officer Bert Amato and President of the company Mark Skapinker came up with the idea for the product while working as consultants that what their clients wanted was a way to fill in forms electronically, rather than an easier way to create paper-based forms from a computer. The program consisted of two parts: a form design module which gave users a graphical user interface for creating and arranging form elements, using tools largely familiar to those using desktop publishing or paint programs of the era, and a separate form filling program which would display the resulting form that the user could then fill in. Those entering information into the forms could not change or alter the forms; they were limited to adding information in the various form fields on screen. Some of the potential uses of the program included being able to create invoices, payment records, personnel and payroll forms, and just about any other standardized form that may have been required. Later versions of the program had some integration with Delrina's popular WinFax program, enabling users to fax material to clients based on information entered into PerForm. \n\nThere was significant and long-term uptake of electronic forms products within governmental agencies both in Canada and the United States, the latter spurred on in particular by the requirements of the Paperwork Reduction Act to reduce the total amount of paperwork handled by the United States government. One of the firm's early major software deals included a multi-year agreement to sell PerForm to the U.S. Navy in 1990. Soon after the software was installed on Compaq laptops that accompanied U.S. troops during the First Gulf War, where it was used to requisition \"everything from Coca-Cola to privies\". Other significant volume sales went to 3M and Rockwell International. What helped set apart Delrina's electronic forms from its competitors in product reviews included its easy-to-use interface, its extensive development tools, and its comparatively low price. It also scored highly when it came to workflow and routing functions as well as security features. In early 1991 InfoWorld selected PerForm Pro\nas its \"Product of the Year\" in the electronic forms\ncategory, and PC World Magazine gave the product its \"Best Buy\" designation. PerForm proved to be successful in its niche, effectively capturing the retail market by 1993.\n\nThe electronic forms division of Delrina was sold to JetForm in 1996. JetForm in turn was bought by Adobe, and the electronic forms products were officially discontinued in 2004.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nReview of PerForm PRO, originally published in INPUT, May 1992, accessed November 15, 2017\nReview of PerForm for Windows 3.0 (along with JetForm BizForms 1.0), originally published in InfoWorld, May 1995, accessed November 15, 2017\n\nBusiness software" ]

[ "Donnie Yen Ji-dan (; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director, producer, action director and choreographer. Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars. Yen is widely credited for bringing mixed martial arts (MMA) into the mainstream Asian cinema by choreographing MMA in many of his films since the early 2000s. The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA.", "The first Chinese UFC champion Zhang Weili states that Yen's films introduced her to MMA. Yen has displayed skill in an array of martial arts, being well-versed in Tai Chi, Boxing, Kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, Hapkido, Mixed Martial Arts, Taekwondo, Karate, Muay Thai, Wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hung Ga, Sanda, Judo, Wing Chun, and Wushu. One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia.", "One of the most popular film stars in Asia of the early 2000s, Yen is consistently one of the highest-paid actors in Asia. Yen earned HK$220 million (US$28.4 million) from four films and six advertisements in 2013. Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China.", "Yen is credited by many for contributing to the popularisation of Wing Chun in China. He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia.", "He portrays Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the Ip Man film series, which has garnered box office success and led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, with hundreds of new Wing Chun schools being opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia. Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered.", "Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family's art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered. He has also gained international recognition for playing Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016), Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017) and Commander Tung in Mulan (2020). Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.", "Early life Yen was born on 27 July 1963 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. His mother, Bow-sim Mark, is a Fu Style Wudangquan (internal martial arts) and Tai Chi grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen (甄雲龍), was a newspaper editor. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11.", "When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong and then to the United States, settling in Boston when he was 11. His younger sister, Chris Yen, is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon. At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts.", "At a young age, under the influence of his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including t'ai chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts. Yen then started Karate when he was nine. Yen focused on practising wushu seriously at the age 14 after dropping out of school. His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team.", "His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in Boston's Combat Zone, so they sent him to Beijing on a 4-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team. When Yen decided to return to the United States, he made a side-trip to Hong Kong, where he met action choreographer Yuen Woo-ping. Yen finally started taekwondo at around the age of sixteen. Yen also came from a family of musicians.", "Yen also came from a family of musicians. Yen also came from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist. From a young age, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano. He also knows hip-hop dancing and breakdancing. Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi.", "Career Beginnings to the '90s Yen's first step into the film industry was when he landed his first starring role in the 1984 film Drunken Tai Chi. After filming Drunken Tai Chi and Tiger Cage (1988), Yen made his breakthrough role as General Nap-lan in Once Upon a Time in China II (1992), which included a fight scene between his character and Wong Fei-hung (played by Jet Li). Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993.", "Yen had a starring role in the film Iron Monkey in 1993. Yen and Li appeared together again in the 2002 film Hero, where Yen played a spear (or qiang) fighter who fought with Li's character, an unnamed swordsman. The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2003 Academy Awards. In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen.", "In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen in the television series Fist of Fury produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen. Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen in the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character.", "In 1997, Yen started the production company Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in Legend of the Wolf (1997) and Ballistic Kiss (1998), in which he played the lead character. At age 34, Yen almost went bankrupt. Films produced by his own production company and directed by him were critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office. Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by.", "Yen was forced to borrow money from loan sharks and his production crew to get by. 2000s: Breakthrough success Yen later went back to the United States, where he was invited to choreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as Highlander: Endgame (2000) and Blade II (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies.", "His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies. In 2002, Jet Li was filming the movie Hero and insisted to the director (Zhang Yimou) that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier.", "Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two actors appeared onscreen together since Once Upon a Time in China II ten years earlier. In 2003, Yen played one of the antagonists against Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson in Shanghai Knights. Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno.", "Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game Onimusha 3, which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno. Yen continued to be active in Hong Kong cinema in the 2000s, starring as Chu Zhaonan in Tsui Hark's wuxia epic film Seven Swords, and as Ma Kwun in Wilson Yip's brutal crime drama film SPL: Sha Po Lang in 2005. Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. Later that year, Yen co-starred with Nicholas Tse and Shawn Yue in Wilson Yip's Dragon Tiger Gate, an adaptation of Wong Yuk-long's manhua series Oriental Heroes. Yen also worked as action choreographer in Stormbreaker, starring Alex Pettyfer. Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film.", "Yen continued to work with Wilson Yip in Flash Point (2007), in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film. He won the award for Best Action Choreography at the Golden Horse Film Awards and the Hong Kong Film Awards for his performance in Flash Point. In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee.", "In 2008, Yen starred in Ip Man, a semi-biographical account of Ip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee. Ip Man marked Yen's fourth collaboration with director Wilson Yip, reuniting him with his co-stars in SPL: Sha Po Lang, Sammo Hung and Simon Yam. Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China.", "Ip Man became the biggest box office hit to date featuring Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China. Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2.", "Yen as seen in the Ip Man series From 2010 to 2015 In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in The Expendables 2. It was stated that Yen was considering the offer, had many films at hand, and would wait until deciding whether the script appealed to him. Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role.", "Later on, Yen revealed to the Hong Kong media that he had rejected the role. In 2011, Yen revealed that he was venturing into other genres of movies and had taken up two comedy roles in a row, in All's Well, Ends Well 2011 and All's Well, Ends Well 2012, and would be working with Carina Lau in the former and Sandra Ng in the latter. Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor.", "Both films obtained huge critical and box-office success and proved Yen's versatility as an actor. Yen took a six-month break in the second half of 2011 after the filming of The Monkey King 3D, explaining that he wanted to spend more time with his family and be with his children more as they grew up. In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer.", "In 2012, Yen returned to the movie industry and commenced the filming of Special ID, in which he played the main lead, an undercover cop, and also took on the role of action choreographer. In 2013, it was reported that Donnie Yen would be playing the lead role for The Iceman Cometh 3D, a sci-fi action film dealing with time travel and which was filmed in 3D. Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films.", "Yen confirmed that MMA would be used in both of the abovementioned films. In February 2013, the Weinstein Company confirmed that it had purchased the rights to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon sequel and contacted Yen to play the male lead. In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer.", "In March 2013, Hong Kong magazines surfaced photos of Harvey and Bob Weinstein traveling to Hong Kong to meet with Yen and persuade him to accept the offer. It was reported that Yen was considering the role and quoted as saying, \"The first is that my schedule this year is very packed. The second is that the first film is already such a classic. I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\"", "I am afraid of the pressure, that the original cannot be surpassed.\" In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor.", "In May 2013, during the annual Cannes Film Festival, the Weinstein Company announced that Yen would play the lead role of Silent Wolf in the Crouching Tiger sequel, titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, alongside leading female action star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien, and with director Yuen Woo-ping, Yen's mentor. It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market.", "It was revealed that the movie would be filmed in both English and Mandarin to appeal to the international market. It was also revealed during the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon II press conference that the Weinstein Company had obtained rights to Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, was planning a remake and was negotiating with Yen, George Clooney and Zhang Ziyi to star in the film. Donnie Yen declined the offer due to scheduling conflicts for the filming of Ip Man 3. In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced.", "In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. Yen reprised his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man. Retired boxer and former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson was confirmed to join the cast. Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him.", "Donnie Yen mentioned that he was a big fan of Mike Tyson, watched many of his professional boxing bouts, and was excited to work with him. Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy.", "Mike Tyson stated during a press conference that he was a huge fan of Donnie Yen and has watched the first two Ip Man movies more than three times each and was honored to be invited for the final installment of the trilogy. Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews.", "Principal photography for Ip Man 3 began on March 25, 2015, and the finished movie was released in December 2015 in parts of Asia and around the world in early 2016 to generally favorable reviews. From 2016 to 2020 In 2016, Yen co-starred in the Star Wars anthology film Rogue One as Chirrut Îmwe, the Zatoichi-like blind transient warrior. On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage.", "On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that Yen would replace Jet Li in the role of Xiang in the upcoming action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage. For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo.", "For the promotion of XXX: Return of Xander Cage, Paramount focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen in China and most parts of Asia, placing him at the front of the film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and shared clips and reviews of Yen's performance in the movie on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China.", "Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. Paramount's efforts worked very well in China. XXX was number one in its opening weekend with $61.9 million, and crossed the $100 million mark in just six days with $22.2m coming from Valentine's Day alone after rave reviews praising Donnie Yen's performance swept through Chinese social media, driving moviegoers to the cinema. Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences.", "Yen's performance in both Rogue One and XXX: Return of Xander Cage received extremely positive responses from critics and general audiences. For Return of Xander Cage, many media sites including Variety, Los Angeles Times, Screen Anarchy and Budomate praised Yen's performance and credited him as the highlight of the movie and stealing every scene he is in. In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide.", "In the case of Rogue One, other than praises from critics, Yen's performance was also applauded by audiences worldwide. In an official poll on the Star Wars webpage, in which more 40,000 people voted, Yen's character Chirrut Îmwe was voted as audiences' favorite Rogue One character. While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors.", "While Yen was filming XXX: Return of Xander Cage in Canada, he received many offers from Hollywood studios and directors. At the same time, Hong Kong director Wong Jing personally flew to Canada to invite Yen to star in his film Chasing the Dragon, a remake of the award-winning film To be Number One. Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau.", "Yen eventually accepted the offer and played a non-traditional role of a villain with limited fighting scenes and the opportunity to work alongside Andy Lau. In September 2017, Chasing the Dragon was released with extremely positive reviews from critics, citing Yen's versatility as an actor and his incredible portrayal of the late Ng Sek Ho, the main character of the film. Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia.", "Chasing the Dragon was also a huge hit with audiences in most parts of Asia. In Hong Kong, Chasing the Dragon is ranked as one of the top 5 Hong Kong films in 2017. In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future.", "In 2017, Yen received a call from old friend Jet Li and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma about a potential collaboration on a short martial arts film known as Gong Shou Dao - to promote a new form of Taiji as an olympic sport in the future. Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film.", "Yen was on holiday with his wife to celebrate their anniversary, but cancelled his plans to take part in the film. Yen declined any salary for this participation for GSD as he stated that \"friendship is not measured by money\" and that he hopes his participation can help promote Chinese martial arts to worldwide audiences. In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set.", "In return, Jet Li and Jack Ma surprised Yen and his wife Cissy, by helping to celebrate their wedding anniversary on the set. The full GSD 20 minutes short film was released on 11 November - China's Singles' Day, debuting on Youku and Jet Li's official Facebook page, garnering a total of more than 100 million views worldwide. Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film.", "Netizens in China praised Yen's speed and technique in the film, with most audiences (over 190,000) voting Yen as the highlight of the short film. In late 2017, Yen began filming Big Brother, a mixed martial arts film where Yen plays a high school teacher with unconventional methods and a dark past. In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen.", "In 2017, a live-action film adaption of the video game Sleeping Dogs was announced, with Yen playing the lead character Wei Shen. In February 2018, Yen confirmed the continued production of the film through social media. In 2019, Yen reprised his role as Ip Man for the final time in Ip Man 4: The Finale. During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong.", "During the Hong Kong protests of that year, protesters urged a boycott of the film, citing the pro-Beijing stances of Yen, co-star Danny Chan, and producer Raymond Wong. Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years.", "Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, grossing over three times its budget of $52 million and becoming the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time in Malaysia as well as the third-highest-grossing Chinese film in North America in five years. In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict.", "In March 2020, as part of the press tour for Disney's live-action remake of Mulan, when Yen was asked by reporters whether he was interested in appearing in a superhero movie, Yen revealed that he had been offered a role in Warner Brothers' Justice League and Aquaman films by Zack Snyder, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict. The role offered was that of Nuidis Vulko, which eventually went to Willem Dafoe. Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist.", "Martial arts history, style and philosophy Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist. He learned Tai Chi from a young age under his mother's tutelage. He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process.", "He then wanted to learn Taekwondo in his teenage years, earning a 6th Dan in the process. At the time, the Beijing Wushu Team had a scout in the United States and invited Yen over to Beijing, China, where he began training at the Beijing Sports Institute, the same facility where champion-turned-actor Jet Li trained; this is where the two of them crossed paths for the first time. Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions.", "Upon his return to the United States, Yen won gold medals in various wushu competitions. Yen later went on to discover and seek knowledge on other martial arts styles; he would later obtain black and purple belts from judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, respectively, and went on to study parkour, wrestling, muay Thai, kickboxing and boxing under various trainers. His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003.", "His exposure to mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003. While making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts forms. Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013).", "Yen's progress was evident when he returned to Asia, where he implemented his newfound knowledge of MMA, showcased in films such as SPL: Sha Po Lang (2005), Flash Point (2007), and Special ID (2013). Near the end of 2007, Yen added a new martial arts system to his arsenal. He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster.", "He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and mentor of film star Bruce Lee, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster. He worked hard and studied Wing Chun under Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun, for 9 months before tackling the role. Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught.", "Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, his skills as a martial artist, and his ability to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone else he has taught. Yen believes that combining many martial arts together will produce the most effective and harmonious style. Yen has said, \"When you watch my films, you're feeling my heart.\" He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat.", "He believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat. Yen was a rebel in his youth due to the huge expectations and pressures from his parents, as his mother is the founder of the Chinese Wushu Research Institute in Boston, and his father was a scholar and a musician. Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years.", "Yen joined a Chinatown gang in Boston, MA, in his early years. He was a very curious teenager who sought to exchange martial arts knowledge with people from different martial arts backgrounds, which led to him gaining profound knowledge in practical martial arts and having a reputation as a street brawler. One reported occasion confirms Yen as being an efficient martial artist. According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng.", "According to news reports by Hong Kong news channels in the late 1990s, Yen was at a nightclub with his then-girlfriend, Joey Meng. Inside the nightclub, Meng was harassed by a troublesome gang that had taken an interest in her. Yen warned them to leave her alone, but they persisted in causing trouble. As Yen and Meng left the club, the gang followed and attacked Yen. Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized.", "Yen beat up eight members of the gang who were later hospitalized. Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe.", "Other martial arts stars such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have also stated that Yen may be the best fighter in terms of practical combat in the Asian cinematic universe. World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat.", "World class fighters, such as former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion Cung Le and former World Boxing Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, who have worked with Donnie Yen in the films Bodyguards and Assassins and Ip Man 3, respectively, have both claimed that Yen is an incredible martial artist and would do well in authentic combat. While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen.", "While filming Ip Man 3, crew members were worried that Tyson, who had been a professional boxer, would accidentally injure Yen. However, it was ultimately Yen who fractured Tyson's finger while using his elbow to block Tyson's punches. Tyson insisted on finishing the scene before he was treated in hospital. Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights.", "Action choreography Donnie Yen was considered one of the premiere action choreographers in the world, having been invited by Hollywood to choreograph blockbusters such as Blade II, Highlander: Endgame, and Shanghai Knights. In Asia, he is the action choreographer for most of his movies and has won multiple awards for his action choreography. Yen's most famous works include films such as Flash Point and SPL: Sha Po Lang. He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control.", "He has mentioned that the main differences in filmmaking in Asia and Hollywood are with regards to freedom and control. In Asia, the action choreographer takes over the scene during the fight scene. This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all.", "This means that for action scenes filmed in Asia, the choreographer becomes the director and is in full control over camera placements, camera angles, and the relationship between the drama and the action; therefore the main director is not needed at all. While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles.", "While in Hollywood, on the other hand, Yen explains that the action choreographer simply choreographs the actions with the director, who still maintains full control of such settings and camera angles. Yen's work as a choreographer won him the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography at the 27th Hong Kong Film Awards and the Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography at the 2008 and 2011 Golden Horse Awards. Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen.", "Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen. For this film, Yen mentioned that he included Jeet Kune Do elements as a tribute to Bruce Lee, who played Chen Zhen in the 1972 film Fist of Fury. Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun.", "Furthermore, he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun. Yen also stated that the concept behind Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do is similar to that of MMA, hence the incorporation of many forms of martial arts was a necessity in the film. He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award.", "He won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography four times, being one of the most frequent winners of this coveted award. He has won awards for his choreography in films such as The Twins Effect, SPL: Sha Po Lang, Flash Point, and Kung Fu Jungle. Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins.", "Although uncredited, Donnie Yen was also action co-choreographer for Hong Kong Film Award winners such as Ip Man, Ip Man 2, and Bodyguards and Assassins. Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness.", "Bodybuilding and transformation for roles Yen is renowned for his physical fitness, strength, and speed achieved through his use of a strict and disciplined fitness regimen to build up strength and fitness. However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays.", "However, despite his muscular build, Yen has gained tremendous attention for his dedication to his roles and for the lengths to which he goes to achieve the physical build and appearance of the characters he plays. In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength.", "In 2007, Yen lost over 14 kg (30 pounds) to reach the weight of 54 kg (120 pounds) to better portray the slender Ip Man and the techniques of wing chun, which focuses on techniques and not strength. He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables.", "He did so through a very strict regimen of limiting himself to a plain diet consisting mainly of vegetables. In 2010, still fresh off Ip Man 2, Yen was cast as Chen Zhen in Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, which was originally portrayed by Bruce Lee. He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine.", "He had to regain his muscular physique for the role and took 6 months through a precise and dedicated diet routine. He maintained this bulk and physique while filming The Lost Bladesman, in which he plays Guan Yu, a Chinese general known for his size and spear-fighting abilities. In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.", "In 2015, Yen reduced his muscular physique yet again to reprise the role of Ip Man in Ip Man 3 and for his role as the blind warrior monk Chirrut Îmwe in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. For his role as Xiang in XXX: Return of Xander Cage opposite Vin Diesel, Yen rebuilt his physique. Personal life Yen met his first wife and Hong Kong advertising executive, Leung Zing-ci (), in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990.", "The couple began dating in 1990. The couple began dating in 1990. After three years of dating, they married secretly in the United States in November 1993. The marriage ended in less than a year. After their divorce was finalized, Leung realized that she was pregnant with their son, Jeff, who was born in 1995. Yen later married former beauty queen Cissy Wang after three months of dating in 2003. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James.", "The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. The couple have two children, Jasmine and James. Yen has stated that he is a big fan of the MMA organization Ultimate Fighting Championship and has watched almost every UFC event available. In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury.", "In various interviews, he has mentioned that he would have loved to compete in the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury. Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities.", "Philanthropic work In 2012, Donnie Yen and his wife Cissy Wang co-founded Go.Asia, an online charity platform encouraging people to participate in charity work and serve local communities. In October 2014, Donnie Yen was invited to be a guest speaker in front of a crowd of 20,000 youths for WE Day Vancouver, where he spoke about the hardships he faced growing up and how he overcame difficulties to become the reigning martial arts star. In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees.", "In 2015, Yen visited refugee camps in Thailand, bringing donations and gifts for the refugees. Yen is also an ambassador for the international charity Save the Children. In December 2015, Yen established a charitable fund, Yen's Honour Protection Fund, with the purpose of empowering celebrities to use the law to defend their honor and reputation. Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\"", "Yen said the fund \"[seeks] to assist and render help to everyone who needs it, most importantly to heal and repair the hearts and dignities which have been affected.\" This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family.", "This fund was established after Yen won a lawsuit against Geng Weiguo (AKA Tan Bing), who defamed Yen and hired netizens to threaten Yen's family. In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan.", "In February 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic in China and the rest of the world, Donnie Yen stepped in to donate HK$1 million to frontline medical workers in Wuhan. He also produced and dedicated a short clip to thank all medical workers in China in their fight against the coronavirus; the clip was uploaded on Chinese social media site, Weibo, where Yen has over 11 million followers. He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers.", "He also donated a painting done by himself and his two children, to the frontline medical workers. Filmography Awards and nominations References External links \"An Action Star Moves to the Lead,\" New York Times article Donnie Yen profile page at Hong Kong Cinemagic 1963 births 20th-century Hong Kong male actors 21st-century Hong Kong male actors Action choreographers Chinese Jeet Kune Do practitioners Chinese Wing Chun practitioners Film directors from Guangdong Hong Kong emigrants to the United States Hong Kong expatriates in the United States Hong Kong film directors Hong Kong film producers Hong Kong hapkido practitioners Hong Kong kung fu practitioners Hong Kong male film actors Hong Kong male judoka Hong Kong male karateka Hong Kong male kickboxers Hong Kong male taekwondo practitioners Hong Kong male television actors Hong Kong martial artists Hong Kong Muay Thai practitioners Hong Kong philanthropists Hong Kong practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Hong Kong stunt performers Hong Kong wushu practitioners Living people Male actors from Guangdong Male actors from Guangzhou Sportspeople from Guangdong Sportspeople from Guangzhou Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong" ]

[ "Ross Brawn", "Career" ]

[ "How Did This Get Made? is a comedy podcast on the Earwolf network hosted by Paul Scheer, June Diane Raphael, and Jason Mantzoukas.\n\nGenerally, How Did This Get Made? is released every two weeks. During the show's off-week, a \".5\" episode is uploaded featuring Scheer announcing the next week's movie, as well as challenges for the fans. In addition to the shows and mini-shows, the How Did This Get Made? stream hosted the first three episodes of Bitch Sesh, the podcast of previous guests Casey Wilson and Danielle Schneider, in December 2015. It has also hosted episodes of its own spin-off podcast, the How Did This Get Made? Origin Stories, in which Blake Harris interviews people involved with the films covered by the main show. In December 2017, an episode was recorded for the Pee Cast Blast event, and released exclusively on Stitcher Premium.\n\nEvery episode has featured Paul Scheer as the host of the podcast. The only episode to date in which Scheer hosted remotely was The Smurfs, in which he Skyped in. Raphael has taken extended breaks from the podcast for both filming commitments and maternity leave. Mantzoukas has also missed episodes due to work, but has also Skyped in for various episodes. On the occasions that neither Raphael nor Mantzoukas are available for live appearances, Scheer calls in previous fan-favorite guests for what is known as a How Did This Get Made? All-Stars episode.\n\nList of episodes\n\nMini episodes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n List of How Did This Get Made? episodes\n\nHow Did This Get Made\nHow Did This Get Made", "How Did This Get Made? (HDTGM) is a podcast on the Earwolf network. It is hosted by Paul Scheer, June Diane Raphael and Jason Mantzoukas. Each episode, which typically has a different guest, features the deconstruction and mockery of outlandish and bad films.\n\nFormat\nThe hosts and guest make jokes about the films as well as attempt to unscramble plots. After discussing the film, Scheer reads \"second opinions\" in the form of five-star reviews posted online by Amazon.com users. The hosts also often make recommendations on if the film is worth watching. The show is released every two weeks.\n\nDuring the show's off week a \".5\" episode (also known as a \"minisode\") is uploaded. These episodes feature Scheer's \"explanation hopeline\" where he answers questions from fans who call in, the movie for the next week is announced, Scheer reads corrections and omissions from the message board regarding last week's episode, and he opens fan mail and provides his recommendations on books, movies, TV shows etc. that he is enjoying.\n\nSome full episodes are recorded in front of a live audience and include a question and answer session and original \"second opinion\" theme songs sung by fans. Not all content from the live shows is included in the final released episode - about 30 minutes of each live show is edited out.\n\nHistory\nHow Did This Get Made? began after Scheer and Raphael saw the movie Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps. Later, the pair talked to Mantzoukas about the movie and joked about the idea for starting a bad movie podcast. , Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps has never been covered on the podcast.\n\nAwards\nIn 2019, How Did This Get Made? won a Webby Award in the category of Podcasts – Television & Film.\n\nIn 2020, How Did This Get Made? won an iHeartRadio award in the category of Best TV & Film Podcast.\n\nIn 2022, How Did This Get Made? won an iHeartRadio award in the category of Best TV & Film Podcast.\n\nSpinoffs\n\nHow Did This Get Made?: Origin Stories\nBetween February and September 2017, a 17-episode spin-off series of the podcast was released. Entitled How Did This Get Made?: Origin Stories, author Blake J. Harris would interview people involved with the movies discussed on the podcast. Guests on the show included director Mel Brooks, who served as executive producer on Solarbabies, and screenwriter Dan Gordon, who wrote Surf Ninjas.\n\nUnspooled\nIn May 2018, Scheer began a new podcast with Amy Nicholson titled Unspooled that is also devoted to movies. Unlike HDTGM?, however, Unspooled looks at films deemed good enough for the updated 2007 edition of the AFI Top 100. This is often referenced in How Did This Get Made? by Mantzoukas and Raphael, who are comically annoyed at how they were not invited to host the podcast, instead being subjected to the bad films that HDTGM covers.\n\nHow Did This Get Played?\nIn June 2019, the Earwolf network launched the podcast How Did This Get Played?, hosted by Doughboys host Nick Wiger and former Saturday Night Live writer Heather Anne Campbell. The podcast is positioned as the video game equivalent of HDTGM?, where Wiger and Campbell review widely panned video games.\n\nEpisodes\n\nAdaptation\nThe program was adapted in France in 2014 under the title 2 heures de perdues (http://www.2hdp.fr/ and available on Spotify and iTunes), a podcast in which several friends meet to analyze bad films in the same style (mainly American, French, and British films). The show then ends with a reading of comments found on AlloCiné (biggest French-speaking cinema website) or Amazon.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n How Did This Get Made on Earwolf\n\nAudio podcasts\nEarwolf\nFilm and television podcasts\nComedy and humor podcasts\n2010 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Ross James Brawn (born 23 November 1954) is a British Formula One managing director, motor sports and technical director. He is a former motorsport engineer and Formula One team principal, and has worked for a number of Formula One teams. Serving as the technical director of the championship-winning Benetton and Ferrari teams, he earned fame as the \"mastermind\" behind Michael Schumacher's seven world championship titles. He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda.", "He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda. He acquired the Honda team in early 2009 to form the Brawn GP team, which won the Formula One Constructors' and Drivers' Championships in that year. Mercedes bought into the team in November 2009, making Brawn team principal and co-owner with Nick Fry. In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal.", "In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal. In November 2013, it was announced that Brawn would step down, and leadership would be handed over to Paddy Lowe and Toto Wolff. Following speculation linking him with other teams, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One in February 2014. Teams with Brawn in an essential role have won 8 constructors' championships and 8 drivers' championships in total. Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.", "Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England. He became interested in engineering during his early years, often visiting Belle Vue Stadium to watch various forms of motor racing. He moved south aged 11 as his father took a job near Reading, Berkshire and he subsequently attended Reading School in the town. In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic.", "In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic. He went on to start an HNC in Mechanical Engineering, still funded by Harwell. Living in Reading he found an advertisement for Frank Williams Grand Prix, which were based in Reading at that time; he was interviewed by Patrick Head. Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell.", "Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell. Brawn lives in Stoke Row, near Henley-on-Thames. In his spare time he enjoys gardening, fishing and listening to music. In 2006 Brawn received an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering (DEng) from Brunel University for his services to motorsport. On 18 November 2011, Brawn received a second honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University. He is married to Jean.", "He is married to Jean. He is married to Jean. Career His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator. Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic. Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team. He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel.", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel. Brawn joined the Haas Lola team in 1985 and was part of Neil Oatley's design team at FORCE that produced both the Lola THL1 and THL2 cars used by the team. However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines.", "However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines. This was despite the cars generally being regarded by most in the F1 paddock as being the best handling cars on the grid, as well as having World Champion Alan Jones and former factory Ferrari and Renault driver Patrick Tambay as the drivers. When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows.", "When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows. There he designed the Megatron powered Arrows A10 and its update, the A10B for the and seasons respectively and the Ford V8 powered Arrows A11 used in . Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.", "Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship. Benetton (1991–1996) Later in 1991 Brawn returned to F1 as technical director of the Benetton team, helping it win consecutive World Drivers' Championships in 1994 and 1995 with Michael Schumacher, and to take the World Constructors' Championship in 1995. Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy.", "Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy. Ferrari (1997–2006) Brawn followed Schumacher to the Ferrari F1 team in late , at the end of Schumacher's first year with the team. Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards.", "Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards. After these \"rebuilding\" years, as Ferrari technical director he helped them regain glory when the team won the Constructors' Championship in , the first of six consecutive titles. The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to .", "The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to . Brawn's contributions to this unprecedented string of titles has led many to label him as a vital member of the Ferrari \"dream team\" along with Schumacher, team principal Jean Todt and chief designer Rory Byrne. In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso.", "In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso. In Ferrari had a poor start to the season, but clearly had the fastest car by the end of that season. On 26 October 2006 Ferrari announced that Brawn was to leave the team. It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team.", "It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team. Honda (2008) Towards the end of 2007 it was reported that Brawn was to join the big-spending Red Bull outfit as part of a package intended to attract double world champion Fernando Alonso, but it was announced on 12 November 2007 that Brawn was to become the new team principal of Honda F1. He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007.", "He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007. With the withdrawal of Honda from Formula One announced in late 2008 Brawn was effectively out of the sport unless a buyer could quickly be found. This was unfortunate for Brawn as he believed that the team had a \"race-winning car\" for 2009. Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake.", "Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake. They announced entry to the 2009 F1 World Championship under the new name Brawn GP. Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%).", "Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%). Many aspects of Honda F1 were retained under the new ownership, including the experienced driver line-up of Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button. Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz.", "Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz. In the first Grand Prix of 2009 in Australia, Button qualified in pole position with Barrichello in 2nd place, they went on to finish in those positions. Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races.", "Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races. The Brawn team was given a financial boost on the eve of the Australian GP when Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson announced he was going to become a team sponsor. The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments.", "The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments. Brawn GP won the 2009 Formula One World Constructors' Championship and one of its drivers, Jenson Button, won the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Brawn was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to motorsport. Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009.", "Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009. Brawn, as majority shareholder, stood to do very well financially from the deal and remained as team principal. He and Nick Fry kept a 24.9% share in the new team, which was then sold to Mercedes in early 2011. In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn.", "In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn. It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles.", "It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles. The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia.", "The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia. The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium.", "The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium. However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results.", "However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results. In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season.", "In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season. 2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day.", "2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day. However, as testing continued Mercedes showed signs of pace, particularly in the final Barcelona test. At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring.", "At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring. In the second race of the season, Mercedes finished 3rd (Hamilton) and 4th (Rosberg), amid a controversial Malaysian Grand Prix. Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars.", "Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars. The third race at China established Mercedes' pace as title contenders when Hamilton took Mercedes' second pole position in two years at China whilst Rosberg qualified 4th. Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure.", "Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure. Rosberg took pole at the next three Grands Prix and brought Mercedes their first win of the season in Monaco, however the victory was overshadowed by controversy after Mercedes used a current (2013) car when undertaking a tyre test at the invitation of Pirelli shortly before the Grand Prix. The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points.", "The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points. The car continued to perform much better in qualifying than in the race for the rest of the season. Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton).", "Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton). Following multiple tyre failures at the British Grand Prix, Pirelli reverted to the 2012 components after the summer break, which saw Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull win all the remaining races and the championships. Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings.", "Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings. On 29 October, the BBC reported that Brawn would leave Mercedes at the end of the 2013 season, following disagreement about his role in the team and on 28 November it was reported that he would leave the team at the end of the year. 2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team.", "2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team. The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December.", "The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in October 2016 Brawn indicated that he was ready to return to Formula 1, though in a strategic rather than a team role. His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later.", "His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later. Formula One Management (2017–present) On 23 January 2017 it was announced that Ross Brawn was appointed to the newly created role of Managing Director, Motor Sports and technical director for the Formula One Group. Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London.", "Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London. The venture raised £360,000 in 8 months and the new E-class lifeboat Brawn Challenge was launched in September 2012. Speeding offence Brawn escaped a driving ban after he admitted speeding at over on a dual carriageway. He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009.", "He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009. Brawn paid a fine of £700, costs of £75, and had his licence endorsed with six points. Authorship Brawn, Ross & Parr, Adam. Total Competition: Lessons in strategy from Formula One. Simon & Schuster (2016).", "Simon & Schuster (2016). Simon & Schuster (2016). References External links BBC radio interview, October 2016 Ross Brawn: Formula Won 1954 births Living people Ferrari people Honda people Sportspeople from Manchester Officers of the Order of the British Empire British automotive engineers Auto racing crew chiefs Formula One designers Formula One team owners British motorsport designers Auto racing executives Arrows Grand Prix International Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Benetton Formula Brawn GP" ]

[ "Ross Brawn", "Career", "How did his career get started?", "His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator." ]

[ "The Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS) is a test used by doctors to determine how severely migraines affect a patient's life. Patients are asked questions about the frequency and duration of their headaches, as well as how often these headaches limited their ability to participate in activities at work, at school, or at home.\n\nThe test was evaluated by the professional journal Neurology in 2001; it was found to be both reliable and valid.\n\nQuestions\nThe MIDAS contains the following questions:\n\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss work or school because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last 3 months was your productivity at work or school reduced by half or more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 1 where you missed work or school.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you not do household work because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last three months was your productivity in household work reduced by half of more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 3 where you did not do household work.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss family, social or leisure activities because of your headaches?\n\nThe patient's score consists of the total of these five questions. Additionally, there is a section for patients to share with their doctors:\n\nWhat your Physician will need to know about your headache:\n\nA. On how many days in the last 3 months did you have a headache?\n(If a headache lasted more than 1 day, count each day.)\t\n\nB. On a scale of 0 - 10, on average how painful were these headaches? \n(where 0 = no pain at all and 10 = pain as bad as it can be.)\n\nScoring\nOnce scored, the test gives the patient an idea of how debilitating his/her migraines are based on this scale:\n\n0 to 5, MIDAS Grade I, Little or no disability \n\n6 to 10, MIDAS Grade II, Mild disability\n\n11 to 20, MIDAS Grade III, Moderate disability\n\n21+, MIDAS Grade IV, Severe disability\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMigraine Treatment\n\nMigraine", "\"How Do I Breathe\" is a song recorded by American singer Mario. It is the first single from his third studio album Go. The single was released on May 15, 2007. It was produced by Norwegian production team Stargate. On the issue date of July 7, 2007, the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 91. \"How Do I Breathe\" also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 30 on download sales alone, the day before the physical release of the song. It also became Mario's last charting single in the UK. The song also peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The official remix of the song features Fabolous and the second official remix features Cassidy. A rare third one features both artists and switches between beats. The song was co-written by Mario.\n\nWriting and recording\nMario met Stargate, the producers from Norway. They met when Mario was overseas touring, and they talked about producing. They were up-and-coming at the time. Mario frequently heard their music on the radio and would later say he thought, \"Wow, I really like their music. These guys are classic.\" Mario and Stargate made two songs, which they collaborated on with Ne-Yo, but they did not make the cut. Then they did two more songs, which Mario co-wrote, one of which was \"How Do I Breathe\". Mario said: \"The truth is that I felt like the track already had a story to tell; but that there had to be a certain flow over the record. I had to show some vulnerability, and that is what the record is about. It's about being vulnerable and knowing that you lost something that so essential to your life. I'd say it's about 75% true to life, and the rest is just creative writing.\"\n\nCritical reception\nMark Edward Nero of About.com says \"The track isn't particularly groundbreaking, but it has a simple charm, in a sort of Ne-Yo meets Toni Braxton kind of way\".\n\nAaron Fields of KSTW.com stated: \"First single off the album, yet didn't have the success like \"Let me love you\" did. I remember thinking he was definitely back when I heard this song. I'm not sure why this song didn't get more attention as it is one of the better songs done by him, nevertheless I probably would have picked this for the first single as well. I still bump this one in the car.\"\n\nMusic video\nThe video was directed by Melina and premiered on BET's Access Granted on May 23, 2007. One scene where Mario is dressed in a white t-shirt while singing in smoke, is similar to the scene in Kanye West's video \"Touch the Sky\". After its premiere, \"How Do I Breathe\" received heavy airplay on BET's music video countdown show 106 & Park. It also appeared at number 87 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2007 countdown.\n\nVariations of \"How Do I Breathe\"\nAfter the song was released, there were two different variations that were available. The official version provided by Sony BMG, which was included within the official music video, has different lyrics than the one obtained via a peer-to-peer file sharing network. The specific difference in the lyrics is seen within the bridge of the song near the end.\n\nIn the official version, the bridge's lyrics are as follows:\"Ooh, I should've brought my love home, girl.And baby, I ain't perfect you know.The grind has got a tight hold.Girl, come back to me ... Cause girl you made it hard to breathe...When you're not with me...\"\nIn the other version obtained via a file sharing network, the bridge's lyrics are:\"Ooh, I can't get over you, no.Baby I don't wanna let go.Girl, you need to come home.Back to me ... Cause girl you made it hard to breathe...When you're not with me...\"\n\nThe other version obtained over a file sharing network also features a shout out to former NFL running back Shaun Alexander by an untold DJ near the end of the track.\n\nIn other media\nOn July 16, 2008, Kourtni Lind and Matt Dorame from the US television reality program and dance competition So You Think You Can Dance danced to \"How Do I Breathe\" as the part of the competition.\n\nTrack listing\nUK CD:\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (radio edit)\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (Full Phat remix featuring Rhymefest)\n\nPromo CD:\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (radio edit)\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (instrumental)\n\nHow Do I Breathe, Pt. 2:\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (radio edit)\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (Full Phat Remix featuring Rhymefest)\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (Allister Whitehead Remix)\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (video)\n\nCD single\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (radio edit) – 3:38\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (instrumental) – 3:38\n \"How Do I Breathe\" (call out hook) – 0:10\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n2006 songs\n2007 singles\nMario (American singer) songs\nJ Records singles\nMusic videos directed by Melina Matsoukas\nSong recordings produced by Stargate (record producers)\nSongs written by Tor Erik Hermansen\nSongs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen" ]

[ "Ross James Brawn (born 23 November 1954) is a British Formula One managing director, motor sports and technical director. He is a former motorsport engineer and Formula One team principal, and has worked for a number of Formula One teams. Serving as the technical director of the championship-winning Benetton and Ferrari teams, he earned fame as the \"mastermind\" behind Michael Schumacher's seven world championship titles. He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda.", "He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda. He acquired the Honda team in early 2009 to form the Brawn GP team, which won the Formula One Constructors' and Drivers' Championships in that year. Mercedes bought into the team in November 2009, making Brawn team principal and co-owner with Nick Fry. In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal.", "In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal. In November 2013, it was announced that Brawn would step down, and leadership would be handed over to Paddy Lowe and Toto Wolff. Following speculation linking him with other teams, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One in February 2014. Teams with Brawn in an essential role have won 8 constructors' championships and 8 drivers' championships in total. Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.", "Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England. He became interested in engineering during his early years, often visiting Belle Vue Stadium to watch various forms of motor racing. He moved south aged 11 as his father took a job near Reading, Berkshire and he subsequently attended Reading School in the town. In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic.", "In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic. He went on to start an HNC in Mechanical Engineering, still funded by Harwell. Living in Reading he found an advertisement for Frank Williams Grand Prix, which were based in Reading at that time; he was interviewed by Patrick Head. Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell.", "Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell. Brawn lives in Stoke Row, near Henley-on-Thames. In his spare time he enjoys gardening, fishing and listening to music. In 2006 Brawn received an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering (DEng) from Brunel University for his services to motorsport. On 18 November 2011, Brawn received a second honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University. He is married to Jean.", "He is married to Jean. He is married to Jean. Career His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator. Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic. Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team. He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel.", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel. Brawn joined the Haas Lola team in 1985 and was part of Neil Oatley's design team at FORCE that produced both the Lola THL1 and THL2 cars used by the team. However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines.", "However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines. This was despite the cars generally being regarded by most in the F1 paddock as being the best handling cars on the grid, as well as having World Champion Alan Jones and former factory Ferrari and Renault driver Patrick Tambay as the drivers. When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows.", "When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows. There he designed the Megatron powered Arrows A10 and its update, the A10B for the and seasons respectively and the Ford V8 powered Arrows A11 used in . Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.", "Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship. Benetton (1991–1996) Later in 1991 Brawn returned to F1 as technical director of the Benetton team, helping it win consecutive World Drivers' Championships in 1994 and 1995 with Michael Schumacher, and to take the World Constructors' Championship in 1995. Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy.", "Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy. Ferrari (1997–2006) Brawn followed Schumacher to the Ferrari F1 team in late , at the end of Schumacher's first year with the team. Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards.", "Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards. After these \"rebuilding\" years, as Ferrari technical director he helped them regain glory when the team won the Constructors' Championship in , the first of six consecutive titles. The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to .", "The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to . Brawn's contributions to this unprecedented string of titles has led many to label him as a vital member of the Ferrari \"dream team\" along with Schumacher, team principal Jean Todt and chief designer Rory Byrne. In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso.", "In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso. In Ferrari had a poor start to the season, but clearly had the fastest car by the end of that season. On 26 October 2006 Ferrari announced that Brawn was to leave the team. It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team.", "It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team. Honda (2008) Towards the end of 2007 it was reported that Brawn was to join the big-spending Red Bull outfit as part of a package intended to attract double world champion Fernando Alonso, but it was announced on 12 November 2007 that Brawn was to become the new team principal of Honda F1. He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007.", "He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007. With the withdrawal of Honda from Formula One announced in late 2008 Brawn was effectively out of the sport unless a buyer could quickly be found. This was unfortunate for Brawn as he believed that the team had a \"race-winning car\" for 2009. Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake.", "Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake. They announced entry to the 2009 F1 World Championship under the new name Brawn GP. Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%).", "Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%). Many aspects of Honda F1 were retained under the new ownership, including the experienced driver line-up of Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button. Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz.", "Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz. In the first Grand Prix of 2009 in Australia, Button qualified in pole position with Barrichello in 2nd place, they went on to finish in those positions. Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races.", "Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races. The Brawn team was given a financial boost on the eve of the Australian GP when Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson announced he was going to become a team sponsor. The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments.", "The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments. Brawn GP won the 2009 Formula One World Constructors' Championship and one of its drivers, Jenson Button, won the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Brawn was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to motorsport. Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009.", "Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009. Brawn, as majority shareholder, stood to do very well financially from the deal and remained as team principal. He and Nick Fry kept a 24.9% share in the new team, which was then sold to Mercedes in early 2011. In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn.", "In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn. It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles.", "It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles. The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia.", "The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia. The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium.", "The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium. However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results.", "However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results. In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season.", "In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season. 2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day.", "2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day. However, as testing continued Mercedes showed signs of pace, particularly in the final Barcelona test. At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring.", "At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring. In the second race of the season, Mercedes finished 3rd (Hamilton) and 4th (Rosberg), amid a controversial Malaysian Grand Prix. Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars.", "Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars. The third race at China established Mercedes' pace as title contenders when Hamilton took Mercedes' second pole position in two years at China whilst Rosberg qualified 4th. Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure.", "Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure. Rosberg took pole at the next three Grands Prix and brought Mercedes their first win of the season in Monaco, however the victory was overshadowed by controversy after Mercedes used a current (2013) car when undertaking a tyre test at the invitation of Pirelli shortly before the Grand Prix. The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points.", "The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points. The car continued to perform much better in qualifying than in the race for the rest of the season. Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton).", "Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton). Following multiple tyre failures at the British Grand Prix, Pirelli reverted to the 2012 components after the summer break, which saw Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull win all the remaining races and the championships. Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings.", "Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings. On 29 October, the BBC reported that Brawn would leave Mercedes at the end of the 2013 season, following disagreement about his role in the team and on 28 November it was reported that he would leave the team at the end of the year. 2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team.", "2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team. The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December.", "The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in October 2016 Brawn indicated that he was ready to return to Formula 1, though in a strategic rather than a team role. His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later.", "His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later. Formula One Management (2017–present) On 23 January 2017 it was announced that Ross Brawn was appointed to the newly created role of Managing Director, Motor Sports and technical director for the Formula One Group. Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London.", "Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London. The venture raised £360,000 in 8 months and the new E-class lifeboat Brawn Challenge was launched in September 2012. Speeding offence Brawn escaped a driving ban after he admitted speeding at over on a dual carriageway. He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009.", "He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009. Brawn paid a fine of £700, costs of £75, and had his licence endorsed with six points. Authorship Brawn, Ross & Parr, Adam. Total Competition: Lessons in strategy from Formula One. Simon & Schuster (2016).", "Simon & Schuster (2016). Simon & Schuster (2016). References External links BBC radio interview, October 2016 Ross Brawn: Formula Won 1954 births Living people Ferrari people Honda people Sportspeople from Manchester Officers of the Order of the British Empire British automotive engineers Auto racing crew chiefs Formula One designers Formula One team owners British motorsport designers Auto racing executives Arrows Grand Prix International Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Benetton Formula Brawn GP" ]

[ "Ross Brawn", "Career", "How did his career get started?", "His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator.", "How did he do there?", "Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic." ]

[ "Salem Vishnu is a 1990 Tamil-language action film written, produced and directed by Thiagarajan in his directorial debut. The film stars Thiagarajan and Rupini. It had musical score by Sangeetha Rajan and was released on 16 February 1990. The film shows the prequel story of the character Salem Vishnu from the Malayalam film New Delhi.\n\nPlot\n\nVishnu (Thiagarajan) was a clever student, but he cannot tolerate cheating at the school exam, and beats up the professor (M. S. Bhaskar); he was subsequently excluded from the engineering school. He decides to work as a car mechanic. Vishnu and Shanthi (Rupini) fell in love with each other.\n\nVishnu's brother Siva (R. Sarathkumar) is an honest municipal commissioner. Siva and his wife Lakshmi (Geetha), a jailer, are transferred to the same city where Vishnu lives. They were shocked when Vishnu tells that he is working as a car mechanic.\n\nKathavarayan (Goundamani), the municipal chairman, and his brother Ashokan (Ratheesh) are corrupted, influential persons. Siva clashes with them. Meantime, Ashokan kills journalist Raji (Vaishnavi), who sends the details of their illegal works to Siva. Ashokan is later sent to jail. Siva wants also to punish Kathavarayan, but Ashokan kills him. The guiltless Vishnu is sent to jail for killing his own brother. In jail, he meets his sister-in-law Lakshmi and his enemy Ashokan. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.\n\nCast\n\nThiagarajan as Vishnu\nRupini as Shanthi\nR. Sarathkumar as Siva\nGeetha as Lakshmi\nRatheesh as Ashokan\nGoundamani as Kathavarayan \nMeesai Murugesan as Vishnu's father\nS. N. Lakshmi as Vishnu's mother\nVinu Chakravarthy as Jailor Sundaram\nVenniradai Moorthy as Muthu\nV. K. Ramasamy as Pachai\nVaishnavi as Raji\nJayamalini as Jaya\nM. S. Bhaskar as Professor\nOmakuchi Narasimhan as Zamindar\nOru Viral Krishna Rao as Lawyer\nK. R. Savithri\nC. Pravin Kumar as Police officer\nPasi Narayanan as Mechanic\nKullamani as Mechanic\nVellai Subbaiah as Mechanic\nKaruppu Subbiah as Mechanic\n\nSoundtrack\n\nThe film score and the soundtrack were composed by film composer Sangeetha Rajan. The soundtrack, released in 1990, features 4 tracks with lyrics written by Vaali, Vairamuthu, Kennedy and Thiagarajan.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1990 films\n1990s Tamil-language films\n1990 action films\nIndian films\nTamil-language films\n1990 directorial debut films\nIndian action films", "Mais ou et donc Ornicar is a 1979 French drama film directed by Bertrand Van Effenterre. The film stars Geraldine Chaplin and Brigitte Fossey. It was released in France on 28 February, 1979.\n\nPlot\nIsabelle (Chaplin) and Anne (Fossey) are two young women that are looking to strike out, find their own identities independent of men. They look for this fulfillment in their professional lives, as one directs a video production unit for sociological research and the other becomes a garage mechanic. However her success at the garage means she has little time to spend with her husband and child. Meanwhile the sociologist becomes disillusioned by the communication gap she senses in the workplace. Her mechanic friend continues to struggle with her work-life balance and comes to realise how important family is in her life.\n\nCast\nGeraldine Chaplin as Isabelle\nBrigitte Fossey as Anne\nJean-François Stévenin as Michel\nDidier Flamand as Philippe\nJean-Jacques Biraud as Vincent\nAnna Prucnal as Agnès\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \"Mais ou et donc Ornicar (1978) Bertrand Van Effenterre\", Cinémathèque Française\n\n1979 films\nFilms directed by Bertrand Van Effenterre\nFrench films\nFrench drama films" ]

[ "Ross James Brawn (born 23 November 1954) is a British Formula One managing director, motor sports and technical director. He is a former motorsport engineer and Formula One team principal, and has worked for a number of Formula One teams. Serving as the technical director of the championship-winning Benetton and Ferrari teams, he earned fame as the \"mastermind\" behind Michael Schumacher's seven world championship titles. He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda.", "He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda. He acquired the Honda team in early 2009 to form the Brawn GP team, which won the Formula One Constructors' and Drivers' Championships in that year. Mercedes bought into the team in November 2009, making Brawn team principal and co-owner with Nick Fry. In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal.", "In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal. In November 2013, it was announced that Brawn would step down, and leadership would be handed over to Paddy Lowe and Toto Wolff. Following speculation linking him with other teams, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One in February 2014. Teams with Brawn in an essential role have won 8 constructors' championships and 8 drivers' championships in total. Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.", "Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England. He became interested in engineering during his early years, often visiting Belle Vue Stadium to watch various forms of motor racing. He moved south aged 11 as his father took a job near Reading, Berkshire and he subsequently attended Reading School in the town. In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic.", "In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic. He went on to start an HNC in Mechanical Engineering, still funded by Harwell. Living in Reading he found an advertisement for Frank Williams Grand Prix, which were based in Reading at that time; he was interviewed by Patrick Head. Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell.", "Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell. Brawn lives in Stoke Row, near Henley-on-Thames. In his spare time he enjoys gardening, fishing and listening to music. In 2006 Brawn received an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering (DEng) from Brunel University for his services to motorsport. On 18 November 2011, Brawn received a second honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University. He is married to Jean.", "He is married to Jean. He is married to Jean. Career His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator. Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic. Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team. He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel.", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel. Brawn joined the Haas Lola team in 1985 and was part of Neil Oatley's design team at FORCE that produced both the Lola THL1 and THL2 cars used by the team. However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines.", "However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines. This was despite the cars generally being regarded by most in the F1 paddock as being the best handling cars on the grid, as well as having World Champion Alan Jones and former factory Ferrari and Renault driver Patrick Tambay as the drivers. When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows.", "When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows. There he designed the Megatron powered Arrows A10 and its update, the A10B for the and seasons respectively and the Ford V8 powered Arrows A11 used in . Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.", "Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship. Benetton (1991–1996) Later in 1991 Brawn returned to F1 as technical director of the Benetton team, helping it win consecutive World Drivers' Championships in 1994 and 1995 with Michael Schumacher, and to take the World Constructors' Championship in 1995. Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy.", "Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy. Ferrari (1997–2006) Brawn followed Schumacher to the Ferrari F1 team in late , at the end of Schumacher's first year with the team. Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards.", "Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards. After these \"rebuilding\" years, as Ferrari technical director he helped them regain glory when the team won the Constructors' Championship in , the first of six consecutive titles. The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to .", "The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to . Brawn's contributions to this unprecedented string of titles has led many to label him as a vital member of the Ferrari \"dream team\" along with Schumacher, team principal Jean Todt and chief designer Rory Byrne. In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso.", "In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso. In Ferrari had a poor start to the season, but clearly had the fastest car by the end of that season. On 26 October 2006 Ferrari announced that Brawn was to leave the team. It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team.", "It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team. Honda (2008) Towards the end of 2007 it was reported that Brawn was to join the big-spending Red Bull outfit as part of a package intended to attract double world champion Fernando Alonso, but it was announced on 12 November 2007 that Brawn was to become the new team principal of Honda F1. He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007.", "He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007. With the withdrawal of Honda from Formula One announced in late 2008 Brawn was effectively out of the sport unless a buyer could quickly be found. This was unfortunate for Brawn as he believed that the team had a \"race-winning car\" for 2009. Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake.", "Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake. They announced entry to the 2009 F1 World Championship under the new name Brawn GP. Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%).", "Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%). Many aspects of Honda F1 were retained under the new ownership, including the experienced driver line-up of Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button. Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz.", "Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz. In the first Grand Prix of 2009 in Australia, Button qualified in pole position with Barrichello in 2nd place, they went on to finish in those positions. Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races.", "Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races. The Brawn team was given a financial boost on the eve of the Australian GP when Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson announced he was going to become a team sponsor. The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments.", "The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments. Brawn GP won the 2009 Formula One World Constructors' Championship and one of its drivers, Jenson Button, won the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Brawn was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to motorsport. Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009.", "Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009. Brawn, as majority shareholder, stood to do very well financially from the deal and remained as team principal. He and Nick Fry kept a 24.9% share in the new team, which was then sold to Mercedes in early 2011. In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn.", "In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn. It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles.", "It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles. The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia.", "The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia. The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium.", "The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium. However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results.", "However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results. In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season.", "In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season. 2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day.", "2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day. However, as testing continued Mercedes showed signs of pace, particularly in the final Barcelona test. At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring.", "At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring. In the second race of the season, Mercedes finished 3rd (Hamilton) and 4th (Rosberg), amid a controversial Malaysian Grand Prix. Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars.", "Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars. The third race at China established Mercedes' pace as title contenders when Hamilton took Mercedes' second pole position in two years at China whilst Rosberg qualified 4th. Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure.", "Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure. Rosberg took pole at the next three Grands Prix and brought Mercedes their first win of the season in Monaco, however the victory was overshadowed by controversy after Mercedes used a current (2013) car when undertaking a tyre test at the invitation of Pirelli shortly before the Grand Prix. The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points.", "The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points. The car continued to perform much better in qualifying than in the race for the rest of the season. Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton).", "Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton). Following multiple tyre failures at the British Grand Prix, Pirelli reverted to the 2012 components after the summer break, which saw Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull win all the remaining races and the championships. Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings.", "Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings. On 29 October, the BBC reported that Brawn would leave Mercedes at the end of the 2013 season, following disagreement about his role in the team and on 28 November it was reported that he would leave the team at the end of the year. 2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team.", "2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team. The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December.", "The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in October 2016 Brawn indicated that he was ready to return to Formula 1, though in a strategic rather than a team role. His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later.", "His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later. Formula One Management (2017–present) On 23 January 2017 it was announced that Ross Brawn was appointed to the newly created role of Managing Director, Motor Sports and technical director for the Formula One Group. Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London.", "Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London. The venture raised £360,000 in 8 months and the new E-class lifeboat Brawn Challenge was launched in September 2012. Speeding offence Brawn escaped a driving ban after he admitted speeding at over on a dual carriageway. He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009.", "He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009. Brawn paid a fine of £700, costs of £75, and had his licence endorsed with six points. Authorship Brawn, Ross & Parr, Adam. Total Competition: Lessons in strategy from Formula One. Simon & Schuster (2016).", "Simon & Schuster (2016). Simon & Schuster (2016). References External links BBC radio interview, October 2016 Ross Brawn: Formula Won 1954 births Living people Ferrari people Honda people Sportspeople from Manchester Officers of the Order of the British Empire British automotive engineers Auto racing crew chiefs Formula One designers Formula One team owners British motorsport designers Auto racing executives Arrows Grand Prix International Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Benetton Formula Brawn GP" ]

[ "Ross Brawn", "Career", "How did his career get started?", "His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator.", "How did he do there?", "Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic.", "How long did he work as a mechanic?", "Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team." ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "Follow Me! is a series of television programmes produced by Bayerischer Rundfunk and the BBC in the late 1970s to provide a crash course in the English language. It became popular in many overseas countries as a first introduction to English; in 1983, one hundred million people watched the show in China alone, featuring Kathy Flower.\n\nThe British actor Francis Matthews hosted and narrated the series.\n\nThe course consists of sixty lessons. Each lesson lasts from 12 to 15 minutes and covers a specific lexis. The lessons follow a consistent group of actors, with the relationships between their characters developing during the course.\n\nFollow Me! actors\n Francis Matthews\n Raymond Mason\n David Savile\n Ian Bamforth\n Keith Alexander\n Diane Mercer\n Jane Argyle\n Diana King\n Veronica Leigh\n Elaine Wells\n Danielle Cohn\n Lashawnda Bell\n\nEpisodes \n \"What's your name\"\n \"How are you\"\n \"Can you help me\"\n \"Left, right, straight ahead\"\n \"Where are they\"\n \"What's the time\"\n \"What's this What's that\"\n \"I like it very much\"\n \"Have you got any wine\"\n \"What are they doing\"\n \"Can I have your name, please\"\n \"What does she look like\"\n \"No smoking\"\n \"It's on the first floor\"\n \"Where's he gone\"\n \"Going away\"\n \"Buying things\"\n \"Why do you like it\"\n \"What do you need\"\n \"I sometimes work late\"\n \"Welcome to Britain\"\n \"Who's that\"\n \"What would you like to do\"\n \"How can I get there?\"\n \"Where is it\"\n \"What's the date\"\n \"Whose is it\"\n \"I enjoy it\"\n \"How many and how much\"\n \"What have you done\"\n \"Haven't we met before\"\n \"What did you say\"\n \"Please stop\"\n \"How can I get to Brightly\"\n \"Where can I get it\"\n \"There's a concert on Wednesday\"\n \"What's it like\"\n \"What do you think of him\"\n \"I need someone\"\n \"What were you doing\"\n \"What do you do\"\n \"What do you know about him\"\n \"You shouldn't do that\"\n \"I hope you enjoy your holiday\"\n \"Where can I see a football match\"\n \"When will it be ready\"\n \"Where did you go\"\n \"I think it's awful\"\n \"A room with a view\"\n \"You'll be ill\"\n \"I don't believe in strikes\"\n \"They look tired\"\n \"Would you like to\"\n \"Holiday plans\"\n \"The second shelf on the left\"\n \"When you are ready\"\n \"Tell them about Britain\"\n \"I liked everything\"\n \"Classical or modern\"\n \"Finale\"\n\nReferences \n\n BBC article about the series in China\n\nExternal links \n Follow Me – Beginner level \n Follow Me – Elementary level\n Follow Me – Intermediate level\n Follow Me – Advanced level\n\nAdult education television series\nEnglish-language education television programming" ]

[ "Ross James Brawn (born 23 November 1954) is a British Formula One managing director, motor sports and technical director. He is a former motorsport engineer and Formula One team principal, and has worked for a number of Formula One teams. Serving as the technical director of the championship-winning Benetton and Ferrari teams, he earned fame as the \"mastermind\" behind Michael Schumacher's seven world championship titles. He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda.", "He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda. He acquired the Honda team in early 2009 to form the Brawn GP team, which won the Formula One Constructors' and Drivers' Championships in that year. Mercedes bought into the team in November 2009, making Brawn team principal and co-owner with Nick Fry. In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal.", "In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal. In November 2013, it was announced that Brawn would step down, and leadership would be handed over to Paddy Lowe and Toto Wolff. Following speculation linking him with other teams, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One in February 2014. Teams with Brawn in an essential role have won 8 constructors' championships and 8 drivers' championships in total. Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.", "Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England. He became interested in engineering during his early years, often visiting Belle Vue Stadium to watch various forms of motor racing. He moved south aged 11 as his father took a job near Reading, Berkshire and he subsequently attended Reading School in the town. In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic.", "In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic. He went on to start an HNC in Mechanical Engineering, still funded by Harwell. Living in Reading he found an advertisement for Frank Williams Grand Prix, which were based in Reading at that time; he was interviewed by Patrick Head. Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell.", "Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell. Brawn lives in Stoke Row, near Henley-on-Thames. In his spare time he enjoys gardening, fishing and listening to music. In 2006 Brawn received an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering (DEng) from Brunel University for his services to motorsport. On 18 November 2011, Brawn received a second honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University. He is married to Jean.", "He is married to Jean. He is married to Jean. Career His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator. Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic. Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team. He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel.", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel. Brawn joined the Haas Lola team in 1985 and was part of Neil Oatley's design team at FORCE that produced both the Lola THL1 and THL2 cars used by the team. However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines.", "However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines. This was despite the cars generally being regarded by most in the F1 paddock as being the best handling cars on the grid, as well as having World Champion Alan Jones and former factory Ferrari and Renault driver Patrick Tambay as the drivers. When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows.", "When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows. There he designed the Megatron powered Arrows A10 and its update, the A10B for the and seasons respectively and the Ford V8 powered Arrows A11 used in . Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.", "Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship. Benetton (1991–1996) Later in 1991 Brawn returned to F1 as technical director of the Benetton team, helping it win consecutive World Drivers' Championships in 1994 and 1995 with Michael Schumacher, and to take the World Constructors' Championship in 1995. Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy.", "Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy. Ferrari (1997–2006) Brawn followed Schumacher to the Ferrari F1 team in late , at the end of Schumacher's first year with the team. Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards.", "Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards. After these \"rebuilding\" years, as Ferrari technical director he helped them regain glory when the team won the Constructors' Championship in , the first of six consecutive titles. The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to .", "The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to . Brawn's contributions to this unprecedented string of titles has led many to label him as a vital member of the Ferrari \"dream team\" along with Schumacher, team principal Jean Todt and chief designer Rory Byrne. In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso.", "In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso. In Ferrari had a poor start to the season, but clearly had the fastest car by the end of that season. On 26 October 2006 Ferrari announced that Brawn was to leave the team. It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team.", "It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team. Honda (2008) Towards the end of 2007 it was reported that Brawn was to join the big-spending Red Bull outfit as part of a package intended to attract double world champion Fernando Alonso, but it was announced on 12 November 2007 that Brawn was to become the new team principal of Honda F1. He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007.", "He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007. With the withdrawal of Honda from Formula One announced in late 2008 Brawn was effectively out of the sport unless a buyer could quickly be found. This was unfortunate for Brawn as he believed that the team had a \"race-winning car\" for 2009. Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake.", "Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake. They announced entry to the 2009 F1 World Championship under the new name Brawn GP. Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%).", "Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%). Many aspects of Honda F1 were retained under the new ownership, including the experienced driver line-up of Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button. Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz.", "Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz. In the first Grand Prix of 2009 in Australia, Button qualified in pole position with Barrichello in 2nd place, they went on to finish in those positions. Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races.", "Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races. The Brawn team was given a financial boost on the eve of the Australian GP when Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson announced he was going to become a team sponsor. The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments.", "The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments. Brawn GP won the 2009 Formula One World Constructors' Championship and one of its drivers, Jenson Button, won the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Brawn was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to motorsport. Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009.", "Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009. Brawn, as majority shareholder, stood to do very well financially from the deal and remained as team principal. He and Nick Fry kept a 24.9% share in the new team, which was then sold to Mercedes in early 2011. In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn.", "In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn. It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles.", "It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles. The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia.", "The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia. The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium.", "The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium. However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results.", "However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results. In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season.", "In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season. 2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day.", "2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day. However, as testing continued Mercedes showed signs of pace, particularly in the final Barcelona test. At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring.", "At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring. In the second race of the season, Mercedes finished 3rd (Hamilton) and 4th (Rosberg), amid a controversial Malaysian Grand Prix. Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars.", "Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars. The third race at China established Mercedes' pace as title contenders when Hamilton took Mercedes' second pole position in two years at China whilst Rosberg qualified 4th. Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure.", "Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure. Rosberg took pole at the next three Grands Prix and brought Mercedes their first win of the season in Monaco, however the victory was overshadowed by controversy after Mercedes used a current (2013) car when undertaking a tyre test at the invitation of Pirelli shortly before the Grand Prix. The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points.", "The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points. The car continued to perform much better in qualifying than in the race for the rest of the season. Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton).", "Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton). Following multiple tyre failures at the British Grand Prix, Pirelli reverted to the 2012 components after the summer break, which saw Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull win all the remaining races and the championships. Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings.", "Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings. On 29 October, the BBC reported that Brawn would leave Mercedes at the end of the 2013 season, following disagreement about his role in the team and on 28 November it was reported that he would leave the team at the end of the year. 2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team.", "2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team. The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December.", "The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in October 2016 Brawn indicated that he was ready to return to Formula 1, though in a strategic rather than a team role. His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later.", "His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later. Formula One Management (2017–present) On 23 January 2017 it was announced that Ross Brawn was appointed to the newly created role of Managing Director, Motor Sports and technical director for the Formula One Group. Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London.", "Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London. The venture raised £360,000 in 8 months and the new E-class lifeboat Brawn Challenge was launched in September 2012. Speeding offence Brawn escaped a driving ban after he admitted speeding at over on a dual carriageway. He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009.", "He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009. Brawn paid a fine of £700, costs of £75, and had his licence endorsed with six points. Authorship Brawn, Ross & Parr, Adam. Total Competition: Lessons in strategy from Formula One. Simon & Schuster (2016).", "Simon & Schuster (2016). Simon & Schuster (2016). References External links BBC radio interview, October 2016 Ross Brawn: Formula Won 1954 births Living people Ferrari people Honda people Sportspeople from Manchester Officers of the Order of the British Empire British automotive engineers Auto racing crew chiefs Formula One designers Formula One team owners British motorsport designers Auto racing executives Arrows Grand Prix International Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Benetton Formula Brawn GP" ]

[ "Ross Brawn", "Career", "How did his career get started?", "His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator.", "How did he do there?", "Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic.", "How long did he work as a mechanic?", "Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team.", "What did he do there?", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel." ]

[ "Family Carers Ireland is a non-profit organisation based in Dublin, Leinster.\n\nHistory \nIt started as The Carers Association in 1987, and was the first national carers association for lobbying government, representing family carers and advocate for carers rights in Ireland. The national census of 2006 shows that there are 160,917 people who stated that they are carers and almost 41,000 of these carers are providing 43 or more hours of care each week. The association estimates that carers provide 194 million hours of care a year to the value of about 2.5 billion Euros to the economy. Approximately 33,000 full-time carers qualify for the Carers Allowance from the government. This Allowance is means tested. The government has committed to developing a National Carers Strategy by the middle of 2008.\n\nThe Carers Association was the subject of a chapter-length study in Care Work: The Quest for Security.\n\nMerger with Caring For Carers Ireland\nCaring For Carers Ireland was a national care organisation in Ireland that provided training on homecare and computer skills to family carers, as well as talks on the issues affecting family carers.\n\nIn addition to assisting carers directly, it collaborated with other care organisations and academics in order to raise awareness of issues faced by carers, including by facilitating access to carers for interview, and convening conferences of care organisations.\n\nIt was founded in County Clare, around 1988-1990, by Soroptimists.\n\nIts importance in social care in Ireland was acknowledged by multiple government ministers.\n\nAround 2015–2016, it merged with The Carers Association to form Family Carers Ireland.\n\nSee also\nCaregivers\nCarers rights movement\nCaregiving and dementia\nCaring for Carers Ireland\n\nReferences\n\nMedical and health organisations based in the Republic of Ireland\n1987 establishments in Ireland\nCarers organizations", "The Carers Trust is a charity in the United Kingdom which supports carers. It works with a network of partner organisations to help carers with the challenges of their caring roles.\n\nHistory \nThe Princess Royal Trust for Carers was created on the initiative of Anne, Princess Royal in the UK in 1991. At that time people caring at home for family members or friends with disabilities and chronic illnesses were scarcely recognised as requiring support.\n\nThe Trust was the largest provider of comprehensive carers support services in the UK. Through its unique network of 144 independently managed Carers' Centres, 85 young carers services and interactive websites, The Trust provided quality information, advice and support services to over 400,000 carers, including around 25,000 young carers. In recognition of its work for the welfare and development of young people, the Trust was a member of The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS).\n\nIn 2012, the organisation merged with Crossroads Care to form the Carers Trust.\n\nSee also\nCaregiver\nDepartment of Health and Social Care\nDepartment for Work and Pensions\nDepartment for Children, Schools and Families\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nCarers Centre Statistical Survey 1 April 2006 - 31 March 2007. The Princess Royal Trust for Carers. 2007.\nState of Social Care 06-06 report. CSCI. London. 2006\nIt Could be You, the chances of becoming a carer, Carers UK 2001\nSecuring Good Care for Older People: Taking a long-term view, Wanless, D. London: King's Fun. 2006.\nGeneral Household Survey. 2000.\nReal change, not short change: Time to deliver for carers, Carers UK, 2007.\nNational Carers Strategy Consultation; Submission from CLASP Carers Centre in Leicestershire. 2007.\nCarers Speak Out The Princess Royal Trust for Carers. London. 2002.\nYoung Carers in the UK The 2004 Report, Dearden, C and Becker, S. Loughborough University Young carers research group. 2004.\nAlcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England, Home Office. 2004.\nWomen's Mental Health: Into the Mainstream. Strategic Development of Mental Health Care for Women. London: Department of Health. 2002.\nHidden Harm, Advisory Council on Misuse of Drugs. Home Office. 2003.\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Carers Trust network of services\nThe National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS)\n\nCarers\n1991 establishments in the United Kingdom\nOrganizations established in 1991\nAnne, Princess Royal\nSocial care in the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Ross James Brawn (born 23 November 1954) is a British Formula One managing director, motor sports and technical director. He is a former motorsport engineer and Formula One team principal, and has worked for a number of Formula One teams. Serving as the technical director of the championship-winning Benetton and Ferrari teams, he earned fame as the \"mastermind\" behind Michael Schumacher's seven world championship titles. He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda.", "He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda. He acquired the Honda team in early 2009 to form the Brawn GP team, which won the Formula One Constructors' and Drivers' Championships in that year. Mercedes bought into the team in November 2009, making Brawn team principal and co-owner with Nick Fry. In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal.", "In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal. In November 2013, it was announced that Brawn would step down, and leadership would be handed over to Paddy Lowe and Toto Wolff. Following speculation linking him with other teams, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One in February 2014. Teams with Brawn in an essential role have won 8 constructors' championships and 8 drivers' championships in total. Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.", "Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England. He became interested in engineering during his early years, often visiting Belle Vue Stadium to watch various forms of motor racing. He moved south aged 11 as his father took a job near Reading, Berkshire and he subsequently attended Reading School in the town. In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic.", "In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic. He went on to start an HNC in Mechanical Engineering, still funded by Harwell. Living in Reading he found an advertisement for Frank Williams Grand Prix, which were based in Reading at that time; he was interviewed by Patrick Head. Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell.", "Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell. Brawn lives in Stoke Row, near Henley-on-Thames. In his spare time he enjoys gardening, fishing and listening to music. In 2006 Brawn received an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering (DEng) from Brunel University for his services to motorsport. On 18 November 2011, Brawn received a second honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University. He is married to Jean.", "He is married to Jean. He is married to Jean. Career His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator. Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic. Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team. He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel.", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel. Brawn joined the Haas Lola team in 1985 and was part of Neil Oatley's design team at FORCE that produced both the Lola THL1 and THL2 cars used by the team. However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines.", "However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines. This was despite the cars generally being regarded by most in the F1 paddock as being the best handling cars on the grid, as well as having World Champion Alan Jones and former factory Ferrari and Renault driver Patrick Tambay as the drivers. When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows.", "When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows. There he designed the Megatron powered Arrows A10 and its update, the A10B for the and seasons respectively and the Ford V8 powered Arrows A11 used in . Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.", "Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship. Benetton (1991–1996) Later in 1991 Brawn returned to F1 as technical director of the Benetton team, helping it win consecutive World Drivers' Championships in 1994 and 1995 with Michael Schumacher, and to take the World Constructors' Championship in 1995. Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy.", "Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy. Ferrari (1997–2006) Brawn followed Schumacher to the Ferrari F1 team in late , at the end of Schumacher's first year with the team. Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards.", "Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards. After these \"rebuilding\" years, as Ferrari technical director he helped them regain glory when the team won the Constructors' Championship in , the first of six consecutive titles. The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to .", "The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to . Brawn's contributions to this unprecedented string of titles has led many to label him as a vital member of the Ferrari \"dream team\" along with Schumacher, team principal Jean Todt and chief designer Rory Byrne. In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso.", "In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso. In Ferrari had a poor start to the season, but clearly had the fastest car by the end of that season. On 26 October 2006 Ferrari announced that Brawn was to leave the team. It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team.", "It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team. Honda (2008) Towards the end of 2007 it was reported that Brawn was to join the big-spending Red Bull outfit as part of a package intended to attract double world champion Fernando Alonso, but it was announced on 12 November 2007 that Brawn was to become the new team principal of Honda F1. He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007.", "He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007. With the withdrawal of Honda from Formula One announced in late 2008 Brawn was effectively out of the sport unless a buyer could quickly be found. This was unfortunate for Brawn as he believed that the team had a \"race-winning car\" for 2009. Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake.", "Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake. They announced entry to the 2009 F1 World Championship under the new name Brawn GP. Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%).", "Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%). Many aspects of Honda F1 were retained under the new ownership, including the experienced driver line-up of Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button. Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz.", "Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz. In the first Grand Prix of 2009 in Australia, Button qualified in pole position with Barrichello in 2nd place, they went on to finish in those positions. Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races.", "Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races. The Brawn team was given a financial boost on the eve of the Australian GP when Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson announced he was going to become a team sponsor. The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments.", "The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments. Brawn GP won the 2009 Formula One World Constructors' Championship and one of its drivers, Jenson Button, won the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Brawn was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to motorsport. Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009.", "Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009. Brawn, as majority shareholder, stood to do very well financially from the deal and remained as team principal. He and Nick Fry kept a 24.9% share in the new team, which was then sold to Mercedes in early 2011. In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn.", "In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn. It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles.", "It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles. The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia.", "The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia. The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium.", "The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium. However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results.", "However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results. In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season.", "In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season. 2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day.", "2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day. However, as testing continued Mercedes showed signs of pace, particularly in the final Barcelona test. At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring.", "At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring. In the second race of the season, Mercedes finished 3rd (Hamilton) and 4th (Rosberg), amid a controversial Malaysian Grand Prix. Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars.", "Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars. The third race at China established Mercedes' pace as title contenders when Hamilton took Mercedes' second pole position in two years at China whilst Rosberg qualified 4th. Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure.", "Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure. Rosberg took pole at the next three Grands Prix and brought Mercedes their first win of the season in Monaco, however the victory was overshadowed by controversy after Mercedes used a current (2013) car when undertaking a tyre test at the invitation of Pirelli shortly before the Grand Prix. The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points.", "The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points. The car continued to perform much better in qualifying than in the race for the rest of the season. Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton).", "Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton). Following multiple tyre failures at the British Grand Prix, Pirelli reverted to the 2012 components after the summer break, which saw Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull win all the remaining races and the championships. Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings.", "Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings. On 29 October, the BBC reported that Brawn would leave Mercedes at the end of the 2013 season, following disagreement about his role in the team and on 28 November it was reported that he would leave the team at the end of the year. 2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team.", "2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team. The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December.", "The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in October 2016 Brawn indicated that he was ready to return to Formula 1, though in a strategic rather than a team role. His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later.", "His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later. Formula One Management (2017–present) On 23 January 2017 it was announced that Ross Brawn was appointed to the newly created role of Managing Director, Motor Sports and technical director for the Formula One Group. Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London.", "Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London. The venture raised £360,000 in 8 months and the new E-class lifeboat Brawn Challenge was launched in September 2012. Speeding offence Brawn escaped a driving ban after he admitted speeding at over on a dual carriageway. He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009.", "He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009. Brawn paid a fine of £700, costs of £75, and had his licence endorsed with six points. Authorship Brawn, Ross & Parr, Adam. Total Competition: Lessons in strategy from Formula One. Simon & Schuster (2016).", "Simon & Schuster (2016). Simon & Schuster (2016). References External links BBC radio interview, October 2016 Ross Brawn: Formula Won 1954 births Living people Ferrari people Honda people Sportspeople from Manchester Officers of the Order of the British Empire British automotive engineers Auto racing crew chiefs Formula One designers Formula One team owners British motorsport designers Auto racing executives Arrows Grand Prix International Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Benetton Formula Brawn GP" ]

[ "Ross Brawn", "Career", "How did his career get started?", "His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator.", "How did he do there?", "Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic.", "How long did he work as a mechanic?", "Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team.", "What did he do there?", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel.", "Did he switch carers again after that?", "Brawn joined the Haas Lola team in 1985 and was part of Neil Oatley's design team at FORCE" ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "Follow Me! is a series of television programmes produced by Bayerischer Rundfunk and the BBC in the late 1970s to provide a crash course in the English language. It became popular in many overseas countries as a first introduction to English; in 1983, one hundred million people watched the show in China alone, featuring Kathy Flower.\n\nThe British actor Francis Matthews hosted and narrated the series.\n\nThe course consists of sixty lessons. Each lesson lasts from 12 to 15 minutes and covers a specific lexis. The lessons follow a consistent group of actors, with the relationships between their characters developing during the course.\n\nFollow Me! actors\n Francis Matthews\n Raymond Mason\n David Savile\n Ian Bamforth\n Keith Alexander\n Diane Mercer\n Jane Argyle\n Diana King\n Veronica Leigh\n Elaine Wells\n Danielle Cohn\n Lashawnda Bell\n\nEpisodes \n \"What's your name\"\n \"How are you\"\n \"Can you help me\"\n \"Left, right, straight ahead\"\n \"Where are they\"\n \"What's the time\"\n \"What's this What's that\"\n \"I like it very much\"\n \"Have you got any wine\"\n \"What are they doing\"\n \"Can I have your name, please\"\n \"What does she look like\"\n \"No smoking\"\n \"It's on the first floor\"\n \"Where's he gone\"\n \"Going away\"\n \"Buying things\"\n \"Why do you like it\"\n \"What do you need\"\n \"I sometimes work late\"\n \"Welcome to Britain\"\n \"Who's that\"\n \"What would you like to do\"\n \"How can I get there?\"\n \"Where is it\"\n \"What's the date\"\n \"Whose is it\"\n \"I enjoy it\"\n \"How many and how much\"\n \"What have you done\"\n \"Haven't we met before\"\n \"What did you say\"\n \"Please stop\"\n \"How can I get to Brightly\"\n \"Where can I get it\"\n \"There's a concert on Wednesday\"\n \"What's it like\"\n \"What do you think of him\"\n \"I need someone\"\n \"What were you doing\"\n \"What do you do\"\n \"What do you know about him\"\n \"You shouldn't do that\"\n \"I hope you enjoy your holiday\"\n \"Where can I see a football match\"\n \"When will it be ready\"\n \"Where did you go\"\n \"I think it's awful\"\n \"A room with a view\"\n \"You'll be ill\"\n \"I don't believe in strikes\"\n \"They look tired\"\n \"Would you like to\"\n \"Holiday plans\"\n \"The second shelf on the left\"\n \"When you are ready\"\n \"Tell them about Britain\"\n \"I liked everything\"\n \"Classical or modern\"\n \"Finale\"\n\nReferences \n\n BBC article about the series in China\n\nExternal links \n Follow Me – Beginner level \n Follow Me – Elementary level\n Follow Me – Intermediate level\n Follow Me – Advanced level\n\nAdult education television series\nEnglish-language education television programming" ]

[ "Ross James Brawn (born 23 November 1954) is a British Formula One managing director, motor sports and technical director. He is a former motorsport engineer and Formula One team principal, and has worked for a number of Formula One teams. Serving as the technical director of the championship-winning Benetton and Ferrari teams, he earned fame as the \"mastermind\" behind Michael Schumacher's seven world championship titles. He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda.", "He took a sabbatical in 2007 and returned to F1 for the 2008 season as team principal of Honda. He acquired the Honda team in early 2009 to form the Brawn GP team, which won the Formula One Constructors' and Drivers' Championships in that year. Mercedes bought into the team in November 2009, making Brawn team principal and co-owner with Nick Fry. In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal.", "In 2011 Brawn and Fry sold the remaining shares to Mercedes Benz, with Brawn remaining as team principal. In November 2013, it was announced that Brawn would step down, and leadership would be handed over to Paddy Lowe and Toto Wolff. Following speculation linking him with other teams, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One in February 2014. Teams with Brawn in an essential role have won 8 constructors' championships and 8 drivers' championships in total. Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.", "Early life and family Brawn was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England. He became interested in engineering during his early years, often visiting Belle Vue Stadium to watch various forms of motor racing. He moved south aged 11 as his father took a job near Reading, Berkshire and he subsequently attended Reading School in the town. In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic.", "In 1971 he was taken on as a mechanical craft apprentice by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at its Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire, where he qualified as an instrument mechanic. He went on to start an HNC in Mechanical Engineering, still funded by Harwell. Living in Reading he found an advertisement for Frank Williams Grand Prix, which were based in Reading at that time; he was interviewed by Patrick Head. Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell.", "Williams were looking for a milling machinist which was one of the skills he learnt at Harwell. Brawn lives in Stoke Row, near Henley-on-Thames. In his spare time he enjoys gardening, fishing and listening to music. In 2006 Brawn received an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering (DEng) from Brunel University for his services to motorsport. On 18 November 2011, Brawn received a second honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University. He is married to Jean.", "He is married to Jean. He is married to Jean. Career His career in motorsport began in 1976 when he joined March Engineering in the town of Bicester as a milling machine operator. Soon afterwards he joined their Formula 3 racing team as a mechanic. Brawn was hired by Sir Frank Williams in 1978 as a machinist for the newly formed Williams team. He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel.", "He quickly moved up through the ranks, working in the R&D department with Frank Dernie and as an aerodynamicist in the team's wind tunnel. Brawn joined the Haas Lola team in 1985 and was part of Neil Oatley's design team at FORCE that produced both the Lola THL1 and THL2 cars used by the team. However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines.", "However, with the 4 cylinder Hart engine in the THL1 and the new Ford V6 turbo powering the THL2, results were scarce against teams like McLaren and Williams with their TAG-Porsche and Honda turbo engines. This was despite the cars generally being regarded by most in the F1 paddock as being the best handling cars on the grid, as well as having World Champion Alan Jones and former factory Ferrari and Renault driver Patrick Tambay as the drivers. When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows.", "When the team left F1 at the end of the season, Brawn moved to Arrows. There he designed the Megatron powered Arrows A10 and its update, the A10B for the and seasons respectively and the Ford V8 powered Arrows A11 used in . Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.", "Later in 1989 Brawn moved to the Jaguar Sportscar racing division, and was lead designer on the Jaguar XJR-14 which won the 1991 World Sportscar Championship. Benetton (1991–1996) Later in 1991 Brawn returned to F1 as technical director of the Benetton team, helping it win consecutive World Drivers' Championships in 1994 and 1995 with Michael Schumacher, and to take the World Constructors' Championship in 1995. Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy.", "Brawn was credited by much of the specialist press with being an important part of these championships, particularly in terms of devising race strategy. Ferrari (1997–2006) Brawn followed Schumacher to the Ferrari F1 team in late , at the end of Schumacher's first year with the team. Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards.", "Again he was renowned for his race strategies as the team began to challenge for the championship from 1997, despite the superiority of the Williams cars that year and the McLarens from 1998 onwards. After these \"rebuilding\" years, as Ferrari technical director he helped them regain glory when the team won the Constructors' Championship in , the first of six consecutive titles. The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to .", "The Brawn-guided Scuderia also powered Schumacher to five consecutive drivers' titles, from to . Brawn's contributions to this unprecedented string of titles has led many to label him as a vital member of the Ferrari \"dream team\" along with Schumacher, team principal Jean Todt and chief designer Rory Byrne. In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso.", "In Ferrari never quite found form, and had to relinquish the title to Renault, and Schumacher passed the crown to Fernando Alonso. In Ferrari had a poor start to the season, but clearly had the fastest car by the end of that season. On 26 October 2006 Ferrari announced that Brawn was to leave the team. It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team.", "It was believed that he would take a one-year sabbatical, to allow other members of the Ferrari technical departments to advance within the team. Honda (2008) Towards the end of 2007 it was reported that Brawn was to join the big-spending Red Bull outfit as part of a package intended to attract double world champion Fernando Alonso, but it was announced on 12 November 2007 that Brawn was to become the new team principal of Honda F1. He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007.", "He started working with the British-based team on 26 November 2007. With the withdrawal of Honda from Formula One announced in late 2008 Brawn was effectively out of the sport unless a buyer could quickly be found. This was unfortunate for Brawn as he believed that the team had a \"race-winning car\" for 2009. Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake.", "Brawn GP (2009) On 5 March 2009 a 100% buy-out of Honda F1 was completed, with Brawn taking a controlling 54% stake. They announced entry to the 2009 F1 World Championship under the new name Brawn GP. Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%).", "Minority shareholders were CEO Nick Fry (31%), former Honda finance chief Nigel Kerr (8%), former Honda head of Human Resources John Marsden (3%), former Honda legal counsel Caroline McGrory (3%) and former Honda director Gordon Blair (1%). Many aspects of Honda F1 were retained under the new ownership, including the experienced driver line-up of Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button. Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz.", "Brawn GP chose to source their engines for the 2009 season from Mercedes-Benz. In the first Grand Prix of 2009 in Australia, Button qualified in pole position with Barrichello in 2nd place, they went on to finish in those positions. Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races.", "Of the 19 Grand Prix races of the 2009 season, Button won 6 and Barrichello won 2, while the team finished in both 1st and 2nd places in 4 races and in podium positions in 11 races. The Brawn team was given a financial boost on the eve of the Australian GP when Virgin boss Sir Richard Branson announced he was going to become a team sponsor. The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments.", "The team then got a second sponsor on board, the Swiss brokers MIG Investments. Brawn GP won the 2009 Formula One World Constructors' Championship and one of its drivers, Jenson Button, won the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Brawn was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to motorsport. Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009.", "Mercedes (2010–2013) Brawn GP was bought out by Mercedes-Benz in November 2009. Brawn, as majority shareholder, stood to do very well financially from the deal and remained as team principal. He and Nick Fry kept a 24.9% share in the new team, which was then sold to Mercedes in early 2011. In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn.", "In December 2009 seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher confirmed that the main reason he decided to come out of retirement and drive for Mercedes GP was because of Brawn. It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles.", "It was at Benetton and at Ferrari where Brawn masterminded Schumacher's seven world titles. The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia.", "The start of the 2010 season was rather slow, and in the first three races, Schumacher managed only 6th in Bahrain, 10th in Australia, and retired in Malaysia because of a lost wheel nut, whilst Schumacher's teammate and fellow-countryman Nico Rosberg had a bit more success with the car, finishing 5th in Bahrain and in Australia and scoring the first podium for Mercedes Grand Prix with a 3rd place in Malaysia. The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium.", "The team won their first race on 15 April 2012, when Nico Rosberg won the Chinese Grand Prix The team continued its good run from China with Schumacher qualifying fastest at Monaco, and Rosberg finishing on the podium. However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results.", "However, towards the end of the season, the team had some lacklustre results. In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season.", "In the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1, and Mercedes announced that the 2008 world champion and McLaren driver, Lewis Hamilton, was to join their line-up, pairing with Rosberg for the 2013 F1 season. 2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day.", "2013 started much as 2012 had ended for Mercedes, as the pre-season indicated that the car was unreliable, with Rosberg suffering from damage to his exhaust on the first day of testing in Jerez, and Hamilton suffering a brake failure on the second day. However, as testing continued Mercedes showed signs of pace, particularly in the final Barcelona test. At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring.", "At the first race in Melbourne both Rosberg and Hamilton qualified well inside the top 10, with Hamilton finishing 5th place whilst Rosberg suffered more problems with his car, eventually retiring. In the second race of the season, Mercedes finished 3rd (Hamilton) and 4th (Rosberg), amid a controversial Malaysian Grand Prix. Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars.", "Brawn spoke to both drivers over team radio asking them to hold position for fear of high degrading Pirelli tyres and a lack of fuel on board both cars. The third race at China established Mercedes' pace as title contenders when Hamilton took Mercedes' second pole position in two years at China whilst Rosberg qualified 4th. Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure.", "Hamilton went on to finish in 3rd place but Rosberg again had to retire with an anti-rollbar failure. Rosberg took pole at the next three Grands Prix and brought Mercedes their first win of the season in Monaco, however the victory was overshadowed by controversy after Mercedes used a current (2013) car when undertaking a tyre test at the invitation of Pirelli shortly before the Grand Prix. The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points.", "The team were reprimanded by the FIA and banned from a subsequent young drivers' test but did not lose any championship points. The car continued to perform much better in qualifying than in the race for the rest of the season. Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton).", "Hamilton took four more pole positions and Mercedes won two more races, in Britain (Rosberg) and Hungary (Hamilton). Following multiple tyre failures at the British Grand Prix, Pirelli reverted to the 2012 components after the summer break, which saw Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull win all the remaining races and the championships. Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings.", "Mercedes finished second in the constructors' championship, while Hamilton and Rosberg finished 4th and 5th in the drivers' standings. On 29 October, the BBC reported that Brawn would leave Mercedes at the end of the 2013 season, following disagreement about his role in the team and on 28 November it was reported that he would leave the team at the end of the year. 2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team.", "2014 to 2016 On 1 February 2014, Brawn announced his retirement from Formula One, ending speculation of a possible position at the Woking-based McLaren team. The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December.", "The FIA announced in October 2014 that Brawn would be a member of a 10-strong panel to investigate Jules Bianchi's crash at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and that the panel would report to the World Motor Sport Council in December. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in October 2016 Brawn indicated that he was ready to return to Formula 1, though in a strategic rather than a team role. His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later.", "His book on strategy in Formula 1, Total Competition, was released a week later. Formula One Management (2017–present) On 23 January 2017 it was announced that Ross Brawn was appointed to the newly created role of Managing Director, Motor Sports and technical director for the Formula One Group. Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London.", "Personal life Charity work In 2010 Brawn, a member of the RNLI, set up the Brawn Lifeboat Challenge to fund a new lifeboat for the River Thames in London. The venture raised £360,000 in 8 months and the new E-class lifeboat Brawn Challenge was launched in September 2012. Speeding offence Brawn escaped a driving ban after he admitted speeding at over on a dual carriageway. He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009.", "He was speeding in his Mercedes-Benz E320 Saloon on the 70 mph (112 km/h) limited A30 at Sourton near Okehampton, Devon on 30 May 2009. Brawn paid a fine of £700, costs of £75, and had his licence endorsed with six points. Authorship Brawn, Ross & Parr, Adam. Total Competition: Lessons in strategy from Formula One. Simon & Schuster (2016).", "Simon & Schuster (2016). Simon & Schuster (2016). References External links BBC radio interview, October 2016 Ross Brawn: Formula Won 1954 births Living people Ferrari people Honda people Sportspeople from Manchester Officers of the Order of the British Empire British automotive engineers Auto racing crew chiefs Formula One designers Formula One team owners British motorsport designers Auto racing executives Arrows Grand Prix International Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Benetton Formula Brawn GP" ]

[ "Criss Angel", "Television specials and promotional appearances (2002-2005)" ]

[ "The School Mathematics Project arose in the United Kingdom as part of the new mathematics educational movement of the 1960s. It is a developer of mathematics textbooks for secondary schools, formerly based in Southampton in the UK.\n\nNow generally known as SMP, it began as a research project inspired by a 1961 conference chaired by Bryan Thwaites at the University of Southampton, which itself was precipitated by calls to reform mathematics teaching in the wake of the Sputnik launch by the Soviet Union, the same circumstances which prompted the wider New Math movement. It maintained close ties with the former Collaborative Group for Research in Mathematics Education at the university.\n\nInstead of dwelling on 'traditional' areas such as arithmetic and geometry, SMP dwelt on subjects such as set theory, graph theory and logic, non-cartesian co-ordinate systems, matrix mathematics, affine transforms, vectors and non-decimal number systems.\n\nCourse books\n\nSMP, Book 1\nThis was published in 1965. It was aimed at entry level pupils at secondary school, and was the first book in a series of 4 preparing pupils for Elementary Mathematics Examination at 'O' level.\n\nSMP, Book 3\n\nThe computer paper tape motif on early educational material reads \"THE SCHOOL MATHEMATICS PROJECT DIRECTED BY BRYAN THWAITES\".\n\n O O O O O O OO O O O O OO O O O O O\n O O OOOO O O O O OO O O O O O O O\n O O O OO O O OO O O O O O O OOO O O O OO O\n ···································································\n O OO OO OO OOO O O O O OO O O O O\n O O OO OO OO OOO OOO O OO O OO O O OO OOO OO O\n THE SCHOOL MATHEMATICS PROJECT DIRECTED BY BRYAN THWAITES\n\nThe code for this tape is introduced in Book 3 as part of the notional computer system now described.\n\nSimpol programming language \n\nThe Simpol language was devised by The School Mathematics Project in the 1960s so as to introduce secondary pupils (typically aged 13) to what was then the novel concept of computer programming. It runs on the fictitious Simon computer.\n\nAn interpreter for the Simpol language (that will run on a present-day PC) can be downloaded from the University of Southampton:\n\nhttps://generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk/smp2/simpol/\n\nReferences\n\nMathematics education in the United Kingdom\nUniversity of Southampton", "Pushpa: The Rise is the soundtrack album composed by Devi Sri Prasad to the 2021 Indian Telugu-language action drama film of the same name, directed by Sukumar, starring Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna, and Fahadh Faasil. The soundtrack features five tracks written by Chandrabose.\n\nProduction \nThe music production of the film began in mid 2020 and in a Zoom video interaction, Prasad revealed that five songs were finalized for the film and had started composing the tunes during the nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19. By the end of May 2021, Devi has recorded composition of an item number which has folk music influences. Ganesh Acharya has choregraphed the dance moves in the first song \"Daako Daako Meka\" and \"Oo Antava..Oo Oo Antava\". On 26 February 2021, Jani Master announced that he has choreographed a song from the film. Earlier Nora Fatehi was confirmed to feature alongside Allu Arjun in an item number in September 2021. The song was reported to be choreographed by Sekhar. Finally in November 2021, Samantha Ruth Prabhu was announced to be part of the item number alongside Allu Arjun, and was choreographed by Ganesh Acharya. The song was shot at Ramoji Film City at the end of November 2021.\n\nRelease \nOn 2 August 2021, coinciding with Prasad's birthday, the team announced that the first single from the film will be released on 13 August 2021 in all the five languages. The second single \"Srivalli\" was released on 13 October 2021. The third single \"Saami Saami\" was released on 28 October 2021 in all languages excluding Hindi, due to few issues regarding distribution rights of the Hindi version. The fourth single of the soundtrack album \"Eyy Bidda Idhi Naa Adda\" (in Telugu), \"Eyy Beta Idhu En Patta\" (in Tamil), \"Eyy Poda Ithu Njaanaada\" (in Malayalam), \"Eyy Maga Idhu Nan Jaaga\" (in Kannada) and \"Eyy Bidda Ye Mera Adda\" (in Hindi) was released on 19 November 2021. The last single, an item number, \"Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava\" (in Telugu), \"Oo Solriya Oo Oo Solriya\" (in Tamil), \"Oo Chollunno Oo Oo Chollunno\" (in Malayalam), \"Oo Anthiya Oo Oo Anthiya\" (in Kannada) and \"Oo Bolega Ya Oo Oo Bolega\" (in Hindi) was released on 10 December 2021.\n\nTrack listing\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n2021 soundtrack albums\nTelugu film soundtracks\nDevi Sri Prasad soundtracks\nAditya Music soundtracks\nAction film soundtracks\nThriller film soundtracks\nHindi film soundtracks" ]

[ "Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos (; born December 19, 1967), known professionally as Criss Angel, is an American magician, illusionist and musician. Angel began his career in New York City, before moving his base of operations to the Las Vegas Valley. He is known for starring in the television and stage show Criss Angel Mindfreak and his previous live performance illusion show Criss Angel Believe in collaboration with Cirque du Soleil at the Luxor casino in Las Vegas.", "He is known for starring in the television and stage show Criss Angel Mindfreak and his previous live performance illusion show Criss Angel Believe in collaboration with Cirque du Soleil at the Luxor casino in Las Vegas. The show generated $150 million in tourist revenue to Las Vegas in 2010, but has since been replaced by Mindfreak LIVE! in 2016 (the show is partly produced by Cirque du Soleil; however, the directive rights are entirely with Criss Angel).", "in 2016 (the show is partly produced by Cirque du Soleil; however, the directive rights are entirely with Criss Angel). He also starred in the television series Criss Angel BeLIEve on Spike TV, the reality-competition television show Phenomenon on NBC, and the 2014 stage show Criss Angel Magicjam. He also holds multiple world records made during his magic performances, and was named Magician of the Decade in 2009 and Magician of the Century in 2010 by the International Magicians Society.", "He also holds multiple world records made during his magic performances, and was named Magician of the Decade in 2009 and Magician of the Century in 2010 by the International Magicians Society. In addition to his career as an illusionist, Angel was the lead singer for his industrial band Angeldust, which released five albums. He also authored the book Mindfreak: Secret Revelations. Early life Criss Angel was born on December 19, 1967, at Hempstead General Hospital in Hempstead, on Long Island, New York.", "Early life Criss Angel was born on December 19, 1967, at Hempstead General Hospital in Hempstead, on Long Island, New York. He is of Greek descent. Angel was raised in Elmont until fourth grade, when his family moved to East Meadow, New York. His father, John Sarantakos, owned a restaurant and doughnut shop. He developed an interest in magic at age seven and performed his first show at age 12, for which he was paid $10. His main early influence was Harry Houdini.", "His main early influence was Harry Houdini. His main early influence was Harry Houdini. By age 14, Angel was performing throughout high school at restaurants in East Meadow, including the Wine Gallery. Angel's first major illusion was making his mother float in their family den. Early in his career he was helped by animal breeder and reality-television host Marc Morrone, who helped Angel find and train a set of doves for his act.", "Early in his career he was helped by animal breeder and reality-television host Marc Morrone, who helped Angel find and train a set of doves for his act. By the time he graduated from East Meadow High School, he had decided to pursue a career as a professional magician instead of attending college as his parents wanted. According to the Biography Channel, \"Angel hit the road and began touring with other traveling performance acts.", "According to the Biography Channel, \"Angel hit the road and began touring with other traveling performance acts. Between traveling and performing, he attempted to further his education in his own by studying the history of magic in public libraries. He also studied the art of mysticism, music, martial arts and even dance.\" Early career Angel has said that, \"I stayed away from magicians when I was younger because I didn't want to think like them and wanted to create my own style.\"", "Early career Angel has said that, \"I stayed away from magicians when I was younger because I didn't want to think like them and wanted to create my own style.\" His first television appearance was in 1994, where he performed as a part of a one-hour ABC primetime special entitled Secrets. One of the early supporters of Angel was horror director Clive Barker. In 1995, Barker asked Angel to work with him on his film Lord of Illusions.", "In 1995, Barker asked Angel to work with him on his film Lord of Illusions. He also later recorded the intro to Angel's album World of Illusion: System One. Barker said of Angel in the mid-1990s that, \"Criss Angel is extraordinary, a spectacular mix of visionary magic. This is the future, and it can't come quickly enough.\" During that year, he collaborated with musician Klayton to form Angeldust, a show that combined magic with music.", "During that year, he collaborated with musician Klayton to form Angeldust, a show that combined magic with music. They released their first album Musical Conjurings from the World of Illusions in 1998. Also that year, Angel performed a 10-minute show over the course of the \"World of Illusion\" conference in Madison Square Garden, performing 60 shows per day. However, by 2000, Klayton's name was removed from Angel's website.", "However, by 2000, Klayton's name was removed from Angel's website. Angel also starred in the 1997 television movie The Science of Magic and its 2003 sequel The Science of Magic II. Criss Angel Mindfreak, which would later become Angel's first television series, was originally an off-Broadway show by Angel, which in 2001 was picked up by the World Underground Theatre. When not performing the show, Angel worked the streets promoting the show to pedestrians.", "When not performing the show, Angel worked the streets promoting the show to pedestrians. Criss Angel Mindfreak ran for more than 600 performances between 2001 and 2003 at the World Underground Theater in Times Square. His 24 hours in a tank of water set a world record for the longest amount of time for a human to be completely submerged under water. This performance would also become a part of his first television special.", "This performance would also become a part of his first television special. Angel has also been known to actively discourage a belief in mediumship, stating that there is no way for mediums to speak with people beyond the dead. He has said, \"If somebody's doing that for entertainment purposes, that's one thing.", "He has said, \"If somebody's doing that for entertainment purposes, that's one thing. But if they claim to be communicating with the dead, I don't care if they're from my hometown, I don't care if they're my family members: I'll expose them and tell them what they really are.\"", "But if they claim to be communicating with the dead, I don't care if they're from my hometown, I don't care if they're my family members: I'll expose them and tell them what they really are.\" Water torture cell in Times Square, 2002 In August 2002, Angel spent 24 hours shackled underwater in a phone booth-sized water torture cell near the WWE entertainment store in New York's Times Square, WWE corporation being the owners of the World Underground Theatre where Angel had been performing his stage show.", "Water torture cell in Times Square, 2002 In August 2002, Angel spent 24 hours shackled underwater in a phone booth-sized water torture cell near the WWE entertainment store in New York's Times Square, WWE corporation being the owners of the World Underground Theatre where Angel had been performing his stage show. To prepare for the trick, he practiced in a neighbor's backyard swimming pool next to his mother's house in East Meadow, New York.", "To prepare for the trick, he practiced in a neighbor's backyard swimming pool next to his mother's house in East Meadow, New York. Prior to the performance he had only managed to spend 12 consecutive hours in the water. He fasted for 24 hours before the performance to make it through the period without need to exit and use the bathroom. During the trick, he went through 16 oxygen tanks. After the trick, he was required to remove his own shackles and chains before exiting the water.", "After the trick, he was required to remove his own shackles and chains before exiting the water. Within an hour, his skin began to react substantially to the water. At the end of the performance, according to Ted Shaffrey, \"Before he emerged from the phone-booth sized contraption of clear plastic and steel, Angel yanked out the air hose that allowed him to breathe.", "At the end of the performance, according to Ted Shaffrey, \"Before he emerged from the phone-booth sized contraption of clear plastic and steel, Angel yanked out the air hose that allowed him to breathe. Then assistants pulled a black curtain over the 220-gallon (832-liter) chamber to block the view of television cameras and about 100 people gathered outside the window in which he was displayed.", "Then assistants pulled a black curtain over the 220-gallon (832-liter) chamber to block the view of television cameras and about 100 people gathered outside the window in which he was displayed. Under cover, Angel apparently escaped from the shackles that bound his arms, legs and neck, before pulling himself from the watery chamber with a celebratory scream.\"", "Under cover, Angel apparently escaped from the shackles that bound his arms, legs and neck, before pulling himself from the watery chamber with a celebratory scream.\" Upon successfully completing the trick, he was described as having \"skin crinkled and his eyes bloodshot\", and upon emerging from the tank he was taken to St. Clare's Hospital and treated for severe dehydration. He reported afterwards that he had suffered from overheating, jaw fatigue, and semi-consciousness while in the tank.", "He reported afterwards that he had suffered from overheating, jaw fatigue, and semi-consciousness while in the tank. Television specials and promotional appearances (2002–2005) On October 20, 2002, Angel performed in the ABC Family television special named Criss Angel Mindfreak: Postmodern illusionist, an hour-long performance and tribute to Harry Houdini. The special aired again on December 24, 2002 on Channel 4 in the U.K.", "The special aired again on December 24, 2002 on Channel 4 in the U.K. The Birmingham Evening Mail reviewed the show, writing, \"Criss Angel is currently making a name for himself as a more provocative, darker alternative to [other illusionists]. He walks the streets of New York, hypnotising passers-by, turning cups of take-away coffee into cockroaches and suspending himself from the ceiling by inserting hooks into his back.", "He walks the streets of New York, hypnotising passers-by, turning cups of take-away coffee into cockroaches and suspending himself from the ceiling by inserting hooks into his back. The piece de resistance of all these mind games is an update of the Houdini underwater trick - an attempt to stay in a (cell) tank of water for 24 hours, padlocked and restrained. All seems to be going well, until the filter system breaks down and the water begins to heat up.\"", "All seems to be going well, until the filter system breaks down and the water begins to heat up.\" On October 31, 2003, the SciFi Channel aired the one-hour special Supernatural starring Angel. Kate O'Hare said of the special that, \"Filmed in part at Universal Theme Park in Orlando, Fla., \"Supernatural\" finds Angel crawling up buildings, passing a quarter through his skin, spontaneously combusting and having otherworldly creatures burst from his chest.\"", "Kate O'Hare said of the special that, \"Filmed in part at Universal Theme Park in Orlando, Fla., \"Supernatural\" finds Angel crawling up buildings, passing a quarter through his skin, spontaneously combusting and having otherworldly creatures burst from his chest.\" When asked about his process in creating television specials, Angel said that, \"I like to have my hand in everything on my TV specials. I'm the executive producer; I direct it; I create it.", "I'm the executive producer; I direct it; I create it. I write all the music for my TV specials and my live performances. It's on my label. I write it; I produce it.\" During the special Angel performed stunts, including lighting himself on fire and making a tarantula emerge from a pedestrian's soda can. In 2003, Angel was also featured in the two-hour TBS special Made in Japan.", "In 2003, Angel was also featured in the two-hour TBS special Made in Japan. In early 2003, Angel performed at the release of the new branding for Miller Lite beer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on the 80th anniversary of Houdini's last performance in that city. For the performance, he was suspended ten stories in the air and bound in a straitjacket, from which he escaped. He also performed an illusion at Ozzfest in 2005.", "He also performed an illusion at Ozzfest in 2005. He also performed an illusion at Ozzfest in 2005. During this period Angel also earned money selling signed merchandise, making up to $50,000 a day. Criss Angel Mindfreak television series In 2005, Angel became the creator, director, and executive producer of the A&E Network show Criss Angel Mindfreak, and had entered production in January. Seasons 1 and 2 were filmed at The Aladdin in Las Vegas, with Season 3 at the Luxor Las Vegas.", "Seasons 1 and 2 were filmed at The Aladdin in Las Vegas, with Season 3 at the Luxor Las Vegas. Premiering on July 20, 2005, the show's illusions included walking on water, levitating, walking up the side of Luxor Hotel (in the light of 39 focused lamps that can be seen from space), floating between two buildings, causing a Lamborghini to disappear, surviving in an exploding C4 Crate, cutting himself in half in full view of an audience and getting run over by a steamroller while lying on a bed of broken glass.", "Premiering on July 20, 2005, the show's illusions included walking on water, levitating, walking up the side of Luxor Hotel (in the light of 39 focused lamps that can be seen from space), floating between two buildings, causing a Lamborghini to disappear, surviving in an exploding C4 Crate, cutting himself in half in full view of an audience and getting run over by a steamroller while lying on a bed of broken glass. The first season of the show was released on DVD after it completed its on-screen run.", "The first season of the show was released on DVD after it completed its on-screen run. The show also released its Halloween special, along with two special episodes, on an additional one-disc DVD offering. The show returned for a second season in May 2006, and was named one of the best shows of the summer by the Tulsa World newspaper.", "The show returned for a second season in May 2006, and was named one of the best shows of the summer by the Tulsa World newspaper. The show was renewed for a third season in July 2006; as of that third season the show was A&E's number one rated show, with more than 1.5 million viewers.", "The show was renewed for a third season in July 2006; as of that third season the show was A&E's number one rated show, with more than 1.5 million viewers. That year he promoted the show with a performance where he was suspended within a cube encased in concrete above Times Square, escaping from the block before it was set to crash to the ground.", "That year he promoted the show with a performance where he was suspended within a cube encased in concrete above Times Square, escaping from the block before it was set to crash to the ground. Magic effects creator Sean Field stated of Angel this year that, \"Criss Angel is the biggest name in magic since Houdini ... No other magician has invaded pop culture to the degree that Criss Angel has. He has changed the image of magic and made it cool.\"", "He has changed the image of magic and made it cool.\" The show became one of the most popular foreign television shows in parts of Asia, including China. The television show was noted as a part of the mid-2000s films, television, and books that drove a resurgence of the public popularity of magic. Criss Angel Mindfreak was the first weekly magic television show to air in 40 years. Daily Variety reviewed the premiere writing, \"The stunts alone are impressive.", "Daily Variety reviewed the premiere writing, \"The stunts alone are impressive. But what makes the show fascinating are the down-home touches in which we see the kid from New York, who first honed his magic skills at the age of 6. Keenly aware of the camera at all times, Angel manages to offer some personality, especially where family is involved.", "Keenly aware of the camera at all times, Angel manages to offer some personality, especially where family is involved. Viewers follow the illusionist as he contemplates new and more dangerous stunts, while his crew, including his often-fretful brothers, offer insight as to what, other than ego, drives someone in this profession.\" The show ran from 2005 until 2010, at which point he had been featured for more hours on prime time television than any other magician in history.", "The show ran from 2005 until 2010, at which point he had been featured for more hours on prime time television than any other magician in history. Other tricks performed in the show included the performance of séances, as well as other tricks in order to teach his audience about con men and how to avoid scams intended to manipulate money out of people.", "Other tricks performed in the show included the performance of séances, as well as other tricks in order to teach his audience about con men and how to avoid scams intended to manipulate money out of people. In July 2008, Angel escaped from a beachside hotel before its demolition in front of a crowd of about 50,000 people, an illusion that also aired on the television program. After the illusion, Angel showed the audience step by step how he achieved the escape.", "After the illusion, Angel showed the audience step by step how he achieved the escape. He first picked open a set of handcuffs that had him shackled to a balcony railing. He then smashed the window of the room in order to enter the hotel, and picked padlocks on both the room's internal door and the door to the stairwell. The escape was initially supposed to occur via a ladder that dangled above the hotel's roof 30 seconds before collapse, after picking through five locks on the roof's door.", "The escape was initially supposed to occur via a ladder that dangled above the hotel's roof 30 seconds before collapse, after picking through five locks on the roof's door. Instead, Angel emerged from the rubble after the collapse, claiming that the initial plan was always to escape via the helicopter. The total time allotted for the entire illusion was four minutes, with dynamite located on the first, second, and fourth floors of the building.", "The total time allotted for the entire illusion was four minutes, with dynamite located on the first, second, and fourth floors of the building. Criss Angel Believe Stage show In 2006, Angel partnered with Cirque du Soleil to produce the stage show Criss Angel Believe (stylized as \"Criss Angel BeLIEve\"), premiering the show at the Luxor Las Vegas on September 26, 2008. It became the bestselling live magic show in the world.", "It became the bestselling live magic show in the world. The name of the show was taken from Harry Houdini, for the mythology of Houdini choosing the word \"believe\" as the codeword for communicating with Houdini after his death. Luxor's parent company, MGM Mirage, financed the show with $100 million. After several delays, the show was set for a gala opening on October 31, 2008, with preview shows in late September on the 82nd anniversary of Harry Houdini's death.", "After several delays, the show was set for a gala opening on October 31, 2008, with preview shows in late September on the 82nd anniversary of Harry Houdini's death. The initial preview received mixed reactions and reviews. Reporters for the Las Vegas Sun, Los Angeles Times, and Las Vegas Review-Journal cited a lack of the magic Angel is known for, as well as a confusing and uninteresting theme. They also opined that neither Angel nor Cirque du Soleil were able to perform to their capabilities during these initial performances.", "They also opined that neither Angel nor Cirque du Soleil were able to perform to their capabilities during these initial performances. On the positive side, the Las Vegas Sun later quoted Star Pulse, stating, \"He has created a live show that is everything a perfect magic performance should be — and then some. It's not just remarkable magic — it's transcendent art that won't just blow your mind; it will quite possibly change your life.\"", "It's not just remarkable magic — it's transcendent art that won't just blow your mind; it will quite possibly change your life.\" In April 2009, Angel ended a performance of Believe by \"hurling obscene insults\" at blogger Perez Hilton, an audience member. Hilton reportedly had texted to his fans during the performance that the show was \"unbelievably BAD\" and that he'd \"rather be getting a root canal\", and word had gotten back to Angel by the end of the performance.", "Hilton reportedly had texted to his fans during the performance that the show was \"unbelievably BAD\" and that he'd \"rather be getting a root canal\", and word had gotten back to Angel by the end of the performance. Cirque du Soleil later apologized to Hilton for Angel's remarks. In 2010, the Las Vegas Sun critic John Katsilometes, after being unimpressed by the initial show, said Believe had improved by reducing the narrative elements and focusing on the magic.", "In 2010, the Las Vegas Sun critic John Katsilometes, after being unimpressed by the initial show, said Believe had improved by reducing the narrative elements and focusing on the magic. In 2011, the Toronto Star wrote: \"The show is easily the most exciting thing now on stage in Vegas!\" That year the show attracted an estimated $150 million in ticket sales. The show currently has a 10-year performance contract that runs through 2019, and was the best selling magic show in Las Vegas as of 2013.", "The show currently has a 10-year performance contract that runs through 2019, and was the best selling magic show in Las Vegas as of 2013. Television series The stage show celebrated its fifth anniversary of appearing on stage in October 2013. That month a cable television series based upon the show entitled Criss Angel BeLIEve was broadcast on Spike TV. The first season included 11 one-hour episodes, including 118 different illusions. Guests on the show include Ludacris, Ice-T, Randy Couture and Shaquille O'Neal.", "Guests on the show include Ludacris, Ice-T, Randy Couture and Shaquille O'Neal. When asked about the three years between the last episode of Mindfreak and his return to television, Angel stated that, \"I didn't take long at all to go back to television. It was my choice to work on the live Cirque show and to get that where I wanted it to be.", "It was my choice to work on the live Cirque show and to get that where I wanted it to be. \"Now that that show is just humming and doing amazing business — it's the #1 bestselling magic show in the world as far as ticket sales and the perception that people are experiencing and coming back to see it multiple times — I felt it was in a great place and I could think about television again.", "\"Now that that show is just humming and doing amazing business — it's the #1 bestselling magic show in the world as far as ticket sales and the perception that people are experiencing and coming back to see it multiple times — I felt it was in a great place and I could think about television again. Obviously, \"Believe\" will continue to evolve until its last performance because I always want to add new magic, I'm always tweaking and transforming it.", "Obviously, \"Believe\" will continue to evolve until its last performance because I always want to add new magic, I'm always tweaking and transforming it. I missed being on television, I had something new creatively to say, and Spike became the perfect home to do it.\" Endemol purchased the foreign distribution rights for the show, and was the \"most-watched new original series [on Spike TV] in more than 18 months\" according to The Hollywood Reporter.", "Endemol purchased the foreign distribution rights for the show, and was the \"most-watched new original series [on Spike TV] in more than 18 months\" according to The Hollywood Reporter. In the episode \"Lord of Illusions — Death Premonition\", Angel paid homage to Clive Barker, the director of the horror movie of the same name.", "In the episode \"Lord of Illusions — Death Premonition\", Angel paid homage to Clive Barker, the director of the horror movie of the same name. In the episode, Angel performed the closing stunt from the film, in which he laid beneath a circle of suspended swords, and predicted the correct order of six falling swords to avoid becoming stabbed through his body after their release. The swords were selected by the audience with the help of a randomly bouncing ball.", "The swords were selected by the audience with the help of a randomly bouncing ball. According to the Las Vegas Sun, \"Criss is the only, and first, magician in the world granted permission from the inventor and filmmaker to re-create the film's death-defying stunt.\" For another episode for the series filmed in New York City he was asked by the NYPD not to pre-announce the performance, as crowd control for some Angel performances had become a concern for the police.", "For another episode for the series filmed in New York City he was asked by the NYPD not to pre-announce the performance, as crowd control for some Angel performances had become a concern for the police. This trick saw Angel hanging his feet, while bound with two straitjackets and a noose around his neck which were attached to metal weights. While he was successful in the trick, Angel tore his shoulder muscles and this required surgery in January 2014.", "While he was successful in the trick, Angel tore his shoulder muscles and this required surgery in January 2014. This resulted in the temporary closing of the Believe stage show between January and April 2014, while he was recovering from the surgery and returning to performance shape. He did however host a new stage show featuring other magicians between February and March 2014 in lieu of performing in his own show.", "He did however host a new stage show featuring other magicians between February and March 2014 in lieu of performing in his own show. Clips from the show also became the most watched YouTube magic clips in the history of the site, with more than 15 million views. In the show, Angel revealed the secrets behind some of his illusions to the audience. This included the \"Lord of Illusions\" trick, where he revealed that he had the swords in a preset order so that he could avoid them.", "This included the \"Lord of Illusions\" trick, where he revealed that he had the swords in a preset order so that he could avoid them. The episode featuring this illusion also includes a meeting between Angel and his team discussing a problem with the trick and how to ensure it does not happen again. Phenomenon Starting in October 2007, he appeared as a judge on Phenomenon with Uri Geller.", "Phenomenon Starting in October 2007, he appeared as a judge on Phenomenon with Uri Geller. In a CNN interview about the show, he told Larry King \"no one has the ability, that I'm aware of, to do anything supernatural, psychic, talk to the dead. And that was what I said I was going to do with Phenomenon. If somebody goes on that show and claims to have supernatural psychic ability, I'm going to bust [him] live and on television.\"", "If somebody goes on that show and claims to have supernatural psychic ability, I'm going to bust [him] live and on television.\" On the October 31, 2007 episode of the reality show Phenomenon, paranormalist Jim Callahan performed a summoning, purportedly of deceased author Raymond Hill, to help discover the contents of a locked box.", "On the October 31, 2007 episode of the reality show Phenomenon, paranormalist Jim Callahan performed a summoning, purportedly of deceased author Raymond Hill, to help discover the contents of a locked box. Although fellow judge Uri Geller praised the performance, Angel called it \"comical\" and subsequently challenged both Callahan and Geller to guess the contents of two envelopes he pulled out of his pocket, offering a million dollars of his own money to whoever could do so.", "Although fellow judge Uri Geller praised the performance, Angel called it \"comical\" and subsequently challenged both Callahan and Geller to guess the contents of two envelopes he pulled out of his pocket, offering a million dollars of his own money to whoever could do so. This led to an argument between Callahan and Angel, during which Callahan walked toward Angel and called him an \"ideological bigot\", with the two pulled apart as the show promptly went to a commercial break.", "This led to an argument between Callahan and Angel, during which Callahan walked toward Angel and called him an \"ideological bigot\", with the two pulled apart as the show promptly went to a commercial break. Angel has since revealed the contents of one envelope and at the unveiling he challenged Geller one more time.", "Angel has since revealed the contents of one envelope and at the unveiling he challenged Geller one more time. Geller responded, \"Although we were born one day apart - I was born on the 20th of December and you on the 19th - a lot of years between us - 40 years, you were one year old when I came out with my spoon bending...\" Criss Angel cut him off at this point, saying, \"I guess this is a 'no,'\" and proceeded to open the envelope.", "Geller responded, \"Although we were born one day apart - I was born on the 20th of December and you on the 19th - a lot of years between us - 40 years, you were one year old when I came out with my spoon bending...\" Criss Angel cut him off at this point, saying, \"I guess this is a 'no,'\" and proceeded to open the envelope. The envelope contained an index card with the numbers \"911\" printed on it for September 11, 2001.", "The envelope contained an index card with the numbers \"911\" printed on it for September 11, 2001. Angel's explanation was this: \"If on 9-10 somebody could have predicted that 9-11 was going to happen, they could have saved thousands of lives\". The other envelope's contents were scheduled to be revealed on the first episode of Season 4 of Criss Angel: Mindfreak. Stage shows Criss Angel Magicjam The temporary replacement show for Believe was entitled Criss Angel Magicjam, which was performed in the same Luxor theatre.", "Stage shows Criss Angel Magicjam The temporary replacement show for Believe was entitled Criss Angel Magicjam, which was performed in the same Luxor theatre. According to the Las Vegas Sun, the show included, \"Longtime Las Vegas comedy-illusionist Nathan Burton; Banachek, the world's premiere mentalist; and new female magician Krystyn Lambert, who has been prominently featured in the Spike series ... joined by grandmaster manipulators Jason Byrne and Tony Clarke, supreme close-up artist Armando Vera and the magic comedy of Russ Merlin.\"", "According to the Las Vegas Sun, the show included, \"Longtime Las Vegas comedy-illusionist Nathan Burton; Banachek, the world's premiere mentalist; and new female magician Krystyn Lambert, who has been prominently featured in the Spike series ... joined by grandmaster manipulators Jason Byrne and Tony Clarke, supreme close-up artist Armando Vera and the magic comedy of Russ Merlin.\" The production was written and directed by Criss Angel.", "The production was written and directed by Criss Angel. The production was written and directed by Criss Angel. In January 2014, Angel announced that he planned on taking Criss Angel Magicjam on a North American tour during the summer of 2014. The show also featured Angel's own illusions, which he performed for about 40 minutes of the show. Robin Leach said of the show that, \"Magicjam is great fun and a high-energy show packed with mind-blowing magic.\" Mindfreak LIVE!", "Mindfreak LIVE! Mindfreak LIVE! In 2014, Angel premiered the stage show Mindfreak LIVE! The touring show features illusions from Angel himself, which received positive reviews. The demonstrations used in the show were developed in Angel's illusion laboratory in Las Vegas, located in a 60,000 square foot warehouse. His international touring with the show marked the first time that Angel had traveled with his show in about six years. The premiere show of the performance occurred at Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut during November 2014.", "The premiere show of the performance occurred at Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut during November 2014. The Supernaturalists The Supernaturalists premiered in June 2015 at the Foxwoods Resort Casino's The Fox Theater, with Angel serving as creator, director and executive producer. Performers for the show include illusionist Landon Swank, magician Krystyn Lambert, escape artist Spencer Horsman, mentalist Banachek, dog conjuror Johnny Dominguez, magician Stefan, and close up magician Adrian Vega.", "Performers for the show include illusionist Landon Swank, magician Krystyn Lambert, escape artist Spencer Horsman, mentalist Banachek, dog conjuror Johnny Dominguez, magician Stefan, and close up magician Adrian Vega. Robin Leach reviewed the show as having \"overwhelming positive reactions\" and wrote that it contained \"the most mind-blowing magic spectacle that's playing anywhere\".", "Robin Leach reviewed the show as having \"overwhelming positive reactions\" and wrote that it contained \"the most mind-blowing magic spectacle that's playing anywhere\". Angel has stated that the show is a culmination of ten years of development, which he began in 2005, and is intended as a global touring show and as a premiering venue for several new illusions from each magician. Variety show appearances and guest spots Angel has made numerous special television guest appearances on WWE Raw, including acting as guest star on March 8, 2010.", "Variety show appearances and guest spots Angel has made numerous special television guest appearances on WWE Raw, including acting as guest star on March 8, 2010. He also appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, including the premiere episode of its 24th season. During a 2007 episode of the show, he successfully guessed the number between 1 and 100 he asked Winfrey to think of without telling him.", "During a 2007 episode of the show, he successfully guessed the number between 1 and 100 he asked Winfrey to think of without telling him. Angel has appeared on other talk shows including The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Megan Mullally Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, AVN Awards Show 2007 and Larry King Live on CNN. He was also a guest on The Tonight Show, Late Show with David Letterman, America's Got Talent, and The Rosie O'Donnell Show.", "He was also a guest on The Tonight Show, Late Show with David Letterman, America's Got Talent, and The Rosie O'Donnell Show. He also made a guest acting appearance on the hit television shows CSI: NY, Las Vegas and Rules of Engagement. In 2011, Angel also appeared in an Orville Redenbacher Pop-Up Bowl popcorn commercial.", "In 2011, Angel also appeared in an Orville Redenbacher Pop-Up Bowl popcorn commercial. In May 2005, Angel introduced honoree Ozzy Osbourne at the VH1 Rock Honors awards, biting the head off a bat as a part of the introduction in homage to Osbourne's early career onstage antics. At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, Angel performed an illusion as a part of the musical performance by Britney Spears and helped to plan her stage show, which opened the television broadcast.", "At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, Angel performed an illusion as a part of the musical performance by Britney Spears and helped to plan her stage show, which opened the television broadcast. He was also hired as the illusionist for the planned 2009 Michael Jackson O2 arena concerts before Jackson's death. In 2013, Angel had a cameo in the feature film The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, and Jim Carrey's character in the movie \"Steve Gray\" has been said to be modeled after Angel.", "In 2013, Angel had a cameo in the feature film The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, and Jim Carrey's character in the movie \"Steve Gray\" has been said to be modeled after Angel. There is a wax statue of Angel in the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Las Vegas. Other projects Music Angel has a passion for music and claims to have been a musician longer than a magician.", "Other projects Music Angel has a passion for music and claims to have been a musician longer than a magician. In 1989 he fronted the short-lived heavy metal band Angel and produced a promotional music video for the song \"Don't You Want My Love\", incorporating several magic tricks. Angel later went on to collaborate with industrial rock musician Klay Scott for a new band titled Angeldust in 1995. Angeldust released its debut album Musical Conjurings from the World of Illusion in 1998.", "Angeldust released its debut album Musical Conjurings from the World of Illusion in 1998. He later released the albums System 1, System 2, and System 3. In 2003, he released the album Supernatural. His musical style continues to be in the heavy metal style, though when describing his musical style he has said, \"There are elements where it's more electronic, and there are orchestrated sections.", "His musical style continues to be in the heavy metal style, though when describing his musical style he has said, \"There are elements where it's more electronic, and there are orchestrated sections. I decided to take it in different places because I'm inspired by emotion and by giving people a connection, a sense of a feeling — whether it's excitement or crying or being happy.\" He also produced soundtracks for his television series Mindfreak, including collaborations with members of Korn and Godsmack.", "He also produced soundtracks for his television series Mindfreak, including collaborations with members of Korn and Godsmack. Books Angel is the author of the book Mindfreak: Secret Revelations, published by HarperEntertainment in 2007. Mindfreak: Secret Revelations appeared on the Los Angeles Times bestseller list that year. According to the Las Vegas Sun, \"The 295-page book details the early beginnings of his career, memorable demonstrations from his TV show and personal reflections.", "According to the Las Vegas Sun, \"The 295-page book details the early beginnings of his career, memorable demonstrations from his TV show and personal reflections. \"Secret Revelations\" also contains several pictures and provides step-by-step instructions for 40 of his basic Mindfreaks. Laura Morton helped the magician write the book.\"", "Laura Morton helped the magician write the book.\" Laura Morton helped the magician write the book.\" California Bookwatch wrote that it \"tells of Criss Angel's evolution as a performance artist, magician and musician, charting his rise to fame beginning at age 6 and adding details of his life and his artistic philosophy and influences ... His survey covers the 'Mindfreaks' which allow him to push for excellence in very different worlds\". Internet Criss Angel is the most watched magician in Internet history since the late 2000s.", "Internet Criss Angel is the most watched magician in Internet history since the late 2000s. His clip, \"Walk on Water\", had received more than 39 million views by 2010, and more than 46 million by 2013. By early 2013, his videos had achieved more than 200 million views. Another highly watched clip is \"Rip Bodies Apart\" taken from the premiere episode of BeLIEve, which had more than twelve million views within a month.", "Another highly watched clip is \"Rip Bodies Apart\" taken from the premiere episode of BeLIEve, which had more than twelve million views within a month. Merchandise In 2010, Angel partnered with IdeaVillage to release the Criss Angel Magic Collection, which contained six Mindfreak Magic Tricks instructions, 250 tricks, and a magic kit for children. The product was backed by $50 million in marketing.", "The product was backed by $50 million in marketing. Recognition Awards Angel won the International Magician Society's Magician of the Year award in 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008, in addition to its \"Magician of the Decade\" title in 2009 and \"Magician of the Century\" title in 2010. He was the 22nd recipient of the Louie Award for outstanding achievement in the art of magic. He has also appeared on the covers of Magic and Genii magazines.", "He has also appeared on the covers of Magic and Genii magazines. In 2008, Angel was one of the inaugural nominees for the Harry Houdini Award, awarded by the Harry Houdini Museum. Angel is the youngest magician to ever be inducted into the International Magician Society's Magic Hall of Fame. He is also the only man to have won the Merlin Magician of the Year award on two occasions, in 2001 and 2004. In 2011, he was awarded the World Magic Legacy Awards' Living Legend award.", "In 2011, he was awarded the World Magic Legacy Awards' Living Legend award. On July 20, 2017, Angel received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located next to The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.", "On July 20, 2017, Angel received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located next to The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. World records Angel is the holder of several world records, including the longest time submerged under water and the fastest time to escape from a straitjacket at two minutes and 30 seconds, the longest body suspension at five hours 42 minutes, and the fastest time to perform the \"Metamorphosis\" illusion at less than one second.", "World records Angel is the holder of several world records, including the longest time submerged under water and the fastest time to escape from a straitjacket at two minutes and 30 seconds, the longest body suspension at five hours 42 minutes, and the fastest time to perform the \"Metamorphosis\" illusion at less than one second. He is also the holder of the Guinness world record for \"The most people to disappear in an illusion\", for making 100 people disappear on May 26, 2010 during a performance of Believe at the Luxor.", "He is also the holder of the Guinness world record for \"The most people to disappear in an illusion\", for making 100 people disappear on May 26, 2010 during a performance of Believe at the Luxor. Personal life In 2002, Angel married his longtime girlfriend JoAnn Winkhart. The couple filed for divorce four years later.", "The couple filed for divorce four years later. The couple filed for divorce four years later. Although Angel was seen with his wife in the buried alive illusion (season 1, episode 6, 2005) and the body suspension illusion (season 1, episode 5, 2005), she was not credited as his wife; rather, she was listed as \"Criss's Girl\". In November 2008, Angel began dating Holly Madison, former girlfriend of Hugh Hefner. The relationship ended in February 2009.", "The relationship ended in February 2009. The relationship ended in February 2009. He proposed to Sandra Gonzalez on September 7, 2011 in Cabo San Lucas during a sunset dinner. They broke up shortly after. Since 2012, Angel has been dating Australian singer Shaunyl Benson. The couple have two sons together, born in 2014 and 2019, and a daughter born in 2021. As of 2010, Big Bear Choppers had produced seven custom-made motorcycles for Angel, who featured the motorcycle designers on his show Criss Angel Mindfreak.", "As of 2010, Big Bear Choppers had produced seven custom-made motorcycles for Angel, who featured the motorcycle designers on his show Criss Angel Mindfreak. He also had a Harley Davidson motorcycle built by Orange County Choppers, which he rode in the intro filmed for Criss Angel Mindfreak. As a philanthropist, Angel created the Believe Foundation 'Believe Anything is Possible', and was awarded the Make-A-Wish Foundation award for most supportive celebrity on May 19, 2010. He was also awarded the foundation's Chris Greicius Celebrity Award in 2007.", "He was also awarded the foundation's Chris Greicius Celebrity Award in 2007. As of 2016, Angel's business interests made about $70 million in revenues annually. References External links 1967 births Living people American magicians American people of Greek descent MNRK Music Group artists Mentalists Prizes for proof of paranormal phenomena People from Hempstead (village), New York Male actors from New York (state) Participants in American reality television series American YouTubers People from East Meadow, New York Male YouTubers" ]

[ "Criss Angel", "Television specials and promotional appearances (2002-2005)", "what happened in 2oo2", "Angel performed in the ABC Family television special named Criss Angel Mindfreak:" ]

[ "The Sumathi Popular Teledrama Actor Award is presented annually in Sri Lanka by the Sumathi Group of Companies for the most Popular Sri Lankan television actor of the year, determined by a publicly popular vote.\n\nThe annual award was first given in 1995. The following is a list of the winners of this award since 1995.\n\nReferences\n\nPopular Actor\nTelevision acting awards", "As the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is naturally the main center of the country's media. Most of the country's major television channels are based in the city, as are the most popular newspapers and magazines.\n\nNewspapers are the most popular and most well established forms of media. The two most popular and credible daily newspapers are the Oslobođenje and the Dnevni avaz, The buildings of both of these are adjacent to each other, situated in Novi Grad municipality, making the spot the center of the Bosnian media world.\n\nThe Dnevni avaz (the Daily Voice) is today the more successful of the two. It was claimed to have ties with the powerful Party of Democratic Action, which some take to explain its success. Later however it shifted its supported among the other parties. The Oslobođenje is the older and more well known of the two. Meaning \"The Liberation\", it was established in Sarajevo following World War II as the communist party's newspaper. Oslobođenje preserved somewhat leftist views. Novi Plamen, a monthly magazine, is the most left-wing publication currently.\n\nInfostaza is the first newspaper in Bosnia and Herzegovina that is published exclusively online. It offers a wide range of daily news and current topics.\n\nAs well as professional newspapers, Sarajevo is also home to a variety of magazines and political tabloids, such as Slobodna Bosna, Dani, and Walter, all of which have a high circulation.\n\nTelevision is very popular in Sarajevo, even though for most people the number of channels is somewhat limited. Satellites allow for a number of foreign channels to be watched, but the most popular are the local news stations based in the city. Federalna televizija (FTV) is the television of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, while there is also a national radio-television system named Public Broadcast Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A Sarajevo Cantonal channel is also available.\n\nAfter the government affiliated channels there are several other television stations, perhaps the most prominent being Hayat TV. Another is the Open Broadcast Network, a television station founded by the International community, now privately owned. Television stations from Croatia are also available, as is Serbian Eastern European media giant RTV Pink, with Pink BH Company, the local branch based in Bijeljina.\n\nMany small independent radio stations exist, although the majority listen to the more established ones such as Radio M, Radio Grad, eFM Student Radio and RSG. RSG, Radio Stari Grad (Radio Old Town) is the most popular of these. Radio Free Europe can still be heard, and several American and West European stations are available for listening as well. Also popular is Radio 202, affiliated with FTV.\n\nReferences\n\nMass media in Bosnia and Herzegovina" ]

[ "Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos (; born December 19, 1967), known professionally as Criss Angel, is an American magician, illusionist and musician. Angel began his career in New York City, before moving his base of operations to the Las Vegas Valley. He is known for starring in the television and stage show Criss Angel Mindfreak and his previous live performance illusion show Criss Angel Believe in collaboration with Cirque du Soleil at the Luxor casino in Las Vegas.", "He is known for starring in the television and stage show Criss Angel Mindfreak and his previous live performance illusion show Criss Angel Believe in collaboration with Cirque du Soleil at the Luxor casino in Las Vegas. The show generated $150 million in tourist revenue to Las Vegas in 2010, but has since been replaced by Mindfreak LIVE! in 2016 (the show is partly produced by Cirque du Soleil; however, the directive rights are entirely with Criss Angel).", "in 2016 (the show is partly produced by Cirque du Soleil; however, the directive rights are entirely with Criss Angel). He also starred in the television series Criss Angel BeLIEve on Spike TV, the reality-competition television show Phenomenon on NBC, and the 2014 stage show Criss Angel Magicjam. He also holds multiple world records made during his magic performances, and was named Magician of the Decade in 2009 and Magician of the Century in 2010 by the International Magicians Society.", "He also holds multiple world records made during his magic performances, and was named Magician of the Decade in 2009 and Magician of the Century in 2010 by the International Magicians Society. In addition to his career as an illusionist, Angel was the lead singer for his industrial band Angeldust, which released five albums. He also authored the book Mindfreak: Secret Revelations. Early life Criss Angel was born on December 19, 1967, at Hempstead General Hospital in Hempstead, on Long Island, New York.", "Early life Criss Angel was born on December 19, 1967, at Hempstead General Hospital in Hempstead, on Long Island, New York. He is of Greek descent. Angel was raised in Elmont until fourth grade, when his family moved to East Meadow, New York. His father, John Sarantakos, owned a restaurant and doughnut shop. He developed an interest in magic at age seven and performed his first show at age 12, for which he was paid $10. His main early influence was Harry Houdini.", "His main early influence was Harry Houdini. His main early influence was Harry Houdini. By age 14, Angel was performing throughout high school at restaurants in East Meadow, including the Wine Gallery. Angel's first major illusion was making his mother float in their family den. Early in his career he was helped by animal breeder and reality-television host Marc Morrone, who helped Angel find and train a set of doves for his act.", "Early in his career he was helped by animal breeder and reality-television host Marc Morrone, who helped Angel find and train a set of doves for his act. By the time he graduated from East Meadow High School, he had decided to pursue a career as a professional magician instead of attending college as his parents wanted. According to the Biography Channel, \"Angel hit the road and began touring with other traveling performance acts.", "According to the Biography Channel, \"Angel hit the road and began touring with other traveling performance acts. Between traveling and performing, he attempted to further his education in his own by studying the history of magic in public libraries. He also studied the art of mysticism, music, martial arts and even dance.\" Early career Angel has said that, \"I stayed away from magicians when I was younger because I didn't want to think like them and wanted to create my own style.\"", "Early career Angel has said that, \"I stayed away from magicians when I was younger because I didn't want to think like them and wanted to create my own style.\" His first television appearance was in 1994, where he performed as a part of a one-hour ABC primetime special entitled Secrets. One of the early supporters of Angel was horror director Clive Barker. In 1995, Barker asked Angel to work with him on his film Lord of Illusions.", "In 1995, Barker asked Angel to work with him on his film Lord of Illusions. He also later recorded the intro to Angel's album World of Illusion: System One. Barker said of Angel in the mid-1990s that, \"Criss Angel is extraordinary, a spectacular mix of visionary magic. This is the future, and it can't come quickly enough.\" During that year, he collaborated with musician Klayton to form Angeldust, a show that combined magic with music.", "During that year, he collaborated with musician Klayton to form Angeldust, a show that combined magic with music. They released their first album Musical Conjurings from the World of Illusions in 1998. Also that year, Angel performed a 10-minute show over the course of the \"World of Illusion\" conference in Madison Square Garden, performing 60 shows per day. However, by 2000, Klayton's name was removed from Angel's website.", "However, by 2000, Klayton's name was removed from Angel's website. Angel also starred in the 1997 television movie The Science of Magic and its 2003 sequel The Science of Magic II. Criss Angel Mindfreak, which would later become Angel's first television series, was originally an off-Broadway show by Angel, which in 2001 was picked up by the World Underground Theatre. When not performing the show, Angel worked the streets promoting the show to pedestrians.", "When not performing the show, Angel worked the streets promoting the show to pedestrians. Criss Angel Mindfreak ran for more than 600 performances between 2001 and 2003 at the World Underground Theater in Times Square. His 24 hours in a tank of water set a world record for the longest amount of time for a human to be completely submerged under water. This performance would also become a part of his first television special.", "This performance would also become a part of his first television special. Angel has also been known to actively discourage a belief in mediumship, stating that there is no way for mediums to speak with people beyond the dead. He has said, \"If somebody's doing that for entertainment purposes, that's one thing.", "He has said, \"If somebody's doing that for entertainment purposes, that's one thing. But if they claim to be communicating with the dead, I don't care if they're from my hometown, I don't care if they're my family members: I'll expose them and tell them what they really are.\"", "But if they claim to be communicating with the dead, I don't care if they're from my hometown, I don't care if they're my family members: I'll expose them and tell them what they really are.\" Water torture cell in Times Square, 2002 In August 2002, Angel spent 24 hours shackled underwater in a phone booth-sized water torture cell near the WWE entertainment store in New York's Times Square, WWE corporation being the owners of the World Underground Theatre where Angel had been performing his stage show.", "Water torture cell in Times Square, 2002 In August 2002, Angel spent 24 hours shackled underwater in a phone booth-sized water torture cell near the WWE entertainment store in New York's Times Square, WWE corporation being the owners of the World Underground Theatre where Angel had been performing his stage show. To prepare for the trick, he practiced in a neighbor's backyard swimming pool next to his mother's house in East Meadow, New York.", "To prepare for the trick, he practiced in a neighbor's backyard swimming pool next to his mother's house in East Meadow, New York. Prior to the performance he had only managed to spend 12 consecutive hours in the water. He fasted for 24 hours before the performance to make it through the period without need to exit and use the bathroom. During the trick, he went through 16 oxygen tanks. After the trick, he was required to remove his own shackles and chains before exiting the water.", "After the trick, he was required to remove his own shackles and chains before exiting the water. Within an hour, his skin began to react substantially to the water. At the end of the performance, according to Ted Shaffrey, \"Before he emerged from the phone-booth sized contraption of clear plastic and steel, Angel yanked out the air hose that allowed him to breathe.", "At the end of the performance, according to Ted Shaffrey, \"Before he emerged from the phone-booth sized contraption of clear plastic and steel, Angel yanked out the air hose that allowed him to breathe. Then assistants pulled a black curtain over the 220-gallon (832-liter) chamber to block the view of television cameras and about 100 people gathered outside the window in which he was displayed.", "Then assistants pulled a black curtain over the 220-gallon (832-liter) chamber to block the view of television cameras and about 100 people gathered outside the window in which he was displayed. Under cover, Angel apparently escaped from the shackles that bound his arms, legs and neck, before pulling himself from the watery chamber with a celebratory scream.\"", "Under cover, Angel apparently escaped from the shackles that bound his arms, legs and neck, before pulling himself from the watery chamber with a celebratory scream.\" Upon successfully completing the trick, he was described as having \"skin crinkled and his eyes bloodshot\", and upon emerging from the tank he was taken to St. Clare's Hospital and treated for severe dehydration. He reported afterwards that he had suffered from overheating, jaw fatigue, and semi-consciousness while in the tank.", "He reported afterwards that he had suffered from overheating, jaw fatigue, and semi-consciousness while in the tank. Television specials and promotional appearances (2002–2005) On October 20, 2002, Angel performed in the ABC Family television special named Criss Angel Mindfreak: Postmodern illusionist, an hour-long performance and tribute to Harry Houdini. The special aired again on December 24, 2002 on Channel 4 in the U.K.", "The special aired again on December 24, 2002 on Channel 4 in the U.K. The Birmingham Evening Mail reviewed the show, writing, \"Criss Angel is currently making a name for himself as a more provocative, darker alternative to [other illusionists]. He walks the streets of New York, hypnotising passers-by, turning cups of take-away coffee into cockroaches and suspending himself from the ceiling by inserting hooks into his back.", "He walks the streets of New York, hypnotising passers-by, turning cups of take-away coffee into cockroaches and suspending himself from the ceiling by inserting hooks into his back. The piece de resistance of all these mind games is an update of the Houdini underwater trick - an attempt to stay in a (cell) tank of water for 24 hours, padlocked and restrained. All seems to be going well, until the filter system breaks down and the water begins to heat up.\"", "All seems to be going well, until the filter system breaks down and the water begins to heat up.\" On October 31, 2003, the SciFi Channel aired the one-hour special Supernatural starring Angel. Kate O'Hare said of the special that, \"Filmed in part at Universal Theme Park in Orlando, Fla., \"Supernatural\" finds Angel crawling up buildings, passing a quarter through his skin, spontaneously combusting and having otherworldly creatures burst from his chest.\"", "Kate O'Hare said of the special that, \"Filmed in part at Universal Theme Park in Orlando, Fla., \"Supernatural\" finds Angel crawling up buildings, passing a quarter through his skin, spontaneously combusting and having otherworldly creatures burst from his chest.\" When asked about his process in creating television specials, Angel said that, \"I like to have my hand in everything on my TV specials. I'm the executive producer; I direct it; I create it.", "I'm the executive producer; I direct it; I create it. I write all the music for my TV specials and my live performances. It's on my label. I write it; I produce it.\" During the special Angel performed stunts, including lighting himself on fire and making a tarantula emerge from a pedestrian's soda can. In 2003, Angel was also featured in the two-hour TBS special Made in Japan.", "In 2003, Angel was also featured in the two-hour TBS special Made in Japan. In early 2003, Angel performed at the release of the new branding for Miller Lite beer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on the 80th anniversary of Houdini's last performance in that city. For the performance, he was suspended ten stories in the air and bound in a straitjacket, from which he escaped. He also performed an illusion at Ozzfest in 2005.", "He also performed an illusion at Ozzfest in 2005. He also performed an illusion at Ozzfest in 2005. During this period Angel also earned money selling signed merchandise, making up to $50,000 a day. Criss Angel Mindfreak television series In 2005, Angel became the creator, director, and executive producer of the A&E Network show Criss Angel Mindfreak, and had entered production in January. Seasons 1 and 2 were filmed at The Aladdin in Las Vegas, with Season 3 at the Luxor Las Vegas.", "Seasons 1 and 2 were filmed at The Aladdin in Las Vegas, with Season 3 at the Luxor Las Vegas. Premiering on July 20, 2005, the show's illusions included walking on water, levitating, walking up the side of Luxor Hotel (in the light of 39 focused lamps that can be seen from space), floating between two buildings, causing a Lamborghini to disappear, surviving in an exploding C4 Crate, cutting himself in half in full view of an audience and getting run over by a steamroller while lying on a bed of broken glass.", "Premiering on July 20, 2005, the show's illusions included walking on water, levitating, walking up the side of Luxor Hotel (in the light of 39 focused lamps that can be seen from space), floating between two buildings, causing a Lamborghini to disappear, surviving in an exploding C4 Crate, cutting himself in half in full view of an audience and getting run over by a steamroller while lying on a bed of broken glass. The first season of the show was released on DVD after it completed its on-screen run.", "The first season of the show was released on DVD after it completed its on-screen run. The show also released its Halloween special, along with two special episodes, on an additional one-disc DVD offering. The show returned for a second season in May 2006, and was named one of the best shows of the summer by the Tulsa World newspaper.", "The show returned for a second season in May 2006, and was named one of the best shows of the summer by the Tulsa World newspaper. The show was renewed for a third season in July 2006; as of that third season the show was A&E's number one rated show, with more than 1.5 million viewers.", "The show was renewed for a third season in July 2006; as of that third season the show was A&E's number one rated show, with more than 1.5 million viewers. That year he promoted the show with a performance where he was suspended within a cube encased in concrete above Times Square, escaping from the block before it was set to crash to the ground.", "That year he promoted the show with a performance where he was suspended within a cube encased in concrete above Times Square, escaping from the block before it was set to crash to the ground. Magic effects creator Sean Field stated of Angel this year that, \"Criss Angel is the biggest name in magic since Houdini ... No other magician has invaded pop culture to the degree that Criss Angel has. He has changed the image of magic and made it cool.\"", "He has changed the image of magic and made it cool.\" The show became one of the most popular foreign television shows in parts of Asia, including China. The television show was noted as a part of the mid-2000s films, television, and books that drove a resurgence of the public popularity of magic. Criss Angel Mindfreak was the first weekly magic television show to air in 40 years. Daily Variety reviewed the premiere writing, \"The stunts alone are impressive.", "Daily Variety reviewed the premiere writing, \"The stunts alone are impressive. But what makes the show fascinating are the down-home touches in which we see the kid from New York, who first honed his magic skills at the age of 6. Keenly aware of the camera at all times, Angel manages to offer some personality, especially where family is involved.", "Keenly aware of the camera at all times, Angel manages to offer some personality, especially where family is involved. Viewers follow the illusionist as he contemplates new and more dangerous stunts, while his crew, including his often-fretful brothers, offer insight as to what, other than ego, drives someone in this profession.\" The show ran from 2005 until 2010, at which point he had been featured for more hours on prime time television than any other magician in history.", "The show ran from 2005 until 2010, at which point he had been featured for more hours on prime time television than any other magician in history. Other tricks performed in the show included the performance of séances, as well as other tricks in order to teach his audience about con men and how to avoid scams intended to manipulate money out of people.", "Other tricks performed in the show included the performance of séances, as well as other tricks in order to teach his audience about con men and how to avoid scams intended to manipulate money out of people. In July 2008, Angel escaped from a beachside hotel before its demolition in front of a crowd of about 50,000 people, an illusion that also aired on the television program. After the illusion, Angel showed the audience step by step how he achieved the escape.", "After the illusion, Angel showed the audience step by step how he achieved the escape. He first picked open a set of handcuffs that had him shackled to a balcony railing. He then smashed the window of the room in order to enter the hotel, and picked padlocks on both the room's internal door and the door to the stairwell. The escape was initially supposed to occur via a ladder that dangled above the hotel's roof 30 seconds before collapse, after picking through five locks on the roof's door.", "The escape was initially supposed to occur via a ladder that dangled above the hotel's roof 30 seconds before collapse, after picking through five locks on the roof's door. Instead, Angel emerged from the rubble after the collapse, claiming that the initial plan was always to escape via the helicopter. The total time allotted for the entire illusion was four minutes, with dynamite located on the first, second, and fourth floors of the building.", "The total time allotted for the entire illusion was four minutes, with dynamite located on the first, second, and fourth floors of the building. Criss Angel Believe Stage show In 2006, Angel partnered with Cirque du Soleil to produce the stage show Criss Angel Believe (stylized as \"Criss Angel BeLIEve\"), premiering the show at the Luxor Las Vegas on September 26, 2008. It became the bestselling live magic show in the world.", "It became the bestselling live magic show in the world. The name of the show was taken from Harry Houdini, for the mythology of Houdini choosing the word \"believe\" as the codeword for communicating with Houdini after his death. Luxor's parent company, MGM Mirage, financed the show with $100 million. After several delays, the show was set for a gala opening on October 31, 2008, with preview shows in late September on the 82nd anniversary of Harry Houdini's death.", "After several delays, the show was set for a gala opening on October 31, 2008, with preview shows in late September on the 82nd anniversary of Harry Houdini's death. The initial preview received mixed reactions and reviews. Reporters for the Las Vegas Sun, Los Angeles Times, and Las Vegas Review-Journal cited a lack of the magic Angel is known for, as well as a confusing and uninteresting theme. They also opined that neither Angel nor Cirque du Soleil were able to perform to their capabilities during these initial performances.", "They also opined that neither Angel nor Cirque du Soleil were able to perform to their capabilities during these initial performances. On the positive side, the Las Vegas Sun later quoted Star Pulse, stating, \"He has created a live show that is everything a perfect magic performance should be — and then some. It's not just remarkable magic — it's transcendent art that won't just blow your mind; it will quite possibly change your life.\"", "It's not just remarkable magic — it's transcendent art that won't just blow your mind; it will quite possibly change your life.\" In April 2009, Angel ended a performance of Believe by \"hurling obscene insults\" at blogger Perez Hilton, an audience member. Hilton reportedly had texted to his fans during the performance that the show was \"unbelievably BAD\" and that he'd \"rather be getting a root canal\", and word had gotten back to Angel by the end of the performance.", "Hilton reportedly had texted to his fans during the performance that the show was \"unbelievably BAD\" and that he'd \"rather be getting a root canal\", and word had gotten back to Angel by the end of the performance. Cirque du Soleil later apologized to Hilton for Angel's remarks. In 2010, the Las Vegas Sun critic John Katsilometes, after being unimpressed by the initial show, said Believe had improved by reducing the narrative elements and focusing on the magic.", "In 2010, the Las Vegas Sun critic John Katsilometes, after being unimpressed by the initial show, said Believe had improved by reducing the narrative elements and focusing on the magic. In 2011, the Toronto Star wrote: \"The show is easily the most exciting thing now on stage in Vegas!\" That year the show attracted an estimated $150 million in ticket sales. The show currently has a 10-year performance contract that runs through 2019, and was the best selling magic show in Las Vegas as of 2013.", "The show currently has a 10-year performance contract that runs through 2019, and was the best selling magic show in Las Vegas as of 2013. Television series The stage show celebrated its fifth anniversary of appearing on stage in October 2013. That month a cable television series based upon the show entitled Criss Angel BeLIEve was broadcast on Spike TV. The first season included 11 one-hour episodes, including 118 different illusions. Guests on the show include Ludacris, Ice-T, Randy Couture and Shaquille O'Neal.", "Guests on the show include Ludacris, Ice-T, Randy Couture and Shaquille O'Neal. When asked about the three years between the last episode of Mindfreak and his return to television, Angel stated that, \"I didn't take long at all to go back to television. It was my choice to work on the live Cirque show and to get that where I wanted it to be.", "It was my choice to work on the live Cirque show and to get that where I wanted it to be. \"Now that that show is just humming and doing amazing business — it's the #1 bestselling magic show in the world as far as ticket sales and the perception that people are experiencing and coming back to see it multiple times — I felt it was in a great place and I could think about television again.", "\"Now that that show is just humming and doing amazing business — it's the #1 bestselling magic show in the world as far as ticket sales and the perception that people are experiencing and coming back to see it multiple times — I felt it was in a great place and I could think about television again. Obviously, \"Believe\" will continue to evolve until its last performance because I always want to add new magic, I'm always tweaking and transforming it.", "Obviously, \"Believe\" will continue to evolve until its last performance because I always want to add new magic, I'm always tweaking and transforming it. I missed being on television, I had something new creatively to say, and Spike became the perfect home to do it.\" Endemol purchased the foreign distribution rights for the show, and was the \"most-watched new original series [on Spike TV] in more than 18 months\" according to The Hollywood Reporter.", "Endemol purchased the foreign distribution rights for the show, and was the \"most-watched new original series [on Spike TV] in more than 18 months\" according to The Hollywood Reporter. In the episode \"Lord of Illusions — Death Premonition\", Angel paid homage to Clive Barker, the director of the horror movie of the same name.", "In the episode \"Lord of Illusions — Death Premonition\", Angel paid homage to Clive Barker, the director of the horror movie of the same name. In the episode, Angel performed the closing stunt from the film, in which he laid beneath a circle of suspended swords, and predicted the correct order of six falling swords to avoid becoming stabbed through his body after their release. The swords were selected by the audience with the help of a randomly bouncing ball.", "The swords were selected by the audience with the help of a randomly bouncing ball. According to the Las Vegas Sun, \"Criss is the only, and first, magician in the world granted permission from the inventor and filmmaker to re-create the film's death-defying stunt.\" For another episode for the series filmed in New York City he was asked by the NYPD not to pre-announce the performance, as crowd control for some Angel performances had become a concern for the police.", "For another episode for the series filmed in New York City he was asked by the NYPD not to pre-announce the performance, as crowd control for some Angel performances had become a concern for the police. This trick saw Angel hanging his feet, while bound with two straitjackets and a noose around his neck which were attached to metal weights. While he was successful in the trick, Angel tore his shoulder muscles and this required surgery in January 2014.", "While he was successful in the trick, Angel tore his shoulder muscles and this required surgery in January 2014. This resulted in the temporary closing of the Believe stage show between January and April 2014, while he was recovering from the surgery and returning to performance shape. He did however host a new stage show featuring other magicians between February and March 2014 in lieu of performing in his own show.", "He did however host a new stage show featuring other magicians between February and March 2014 in lieu of performing in his own show. Clips from the show also became the most watched YouTube magic clips in the history of the site, with more than 15 million views. In the show, Angel revealed the secrets behind some of his illusions to the audience. This included the \"Lord of Illusions\" trick, where he revealed that he had the swords in a preset order so that he could avoid them.", "This included the \"Lord of Illusions\" trick, where he revealed that he had the swords in a preset order so that he could avoid them. The episode featuring this illusion also includes a meeting between Angel and his team discussing a problem with the trick and how to ensure it does not happen again. Phenomenon Starting in October 2007, he appeared as a judge on Phenomenon with Uri Geller.", "Phenomenon Starting in October 2007, he appeared as a judge on Phenomenon with Uri Geller. In a CNN interview about the show, he told Larry King \"no one has the ability, that I'm aware of, to do anything supernatural, psychic, talk to the dead. And that was what I said I was going to do with Phenomenon. If somebody goes on that show and claims to have supernatural psychic ability, I'm going to bust [him] live and on television.\"", "If somebody goes on that show and claims to have supernatural psychic ability, I'm going to bust [him] live and on television.\" On the October 31, 2007 episode of the reality show Phenomenon, paranormalist Jim Callahan performed a summoning, purportedly of deceased author Raymond Hill, to help discover the contents of a locked box.", "On the October 31, 2007 episode of the reality show Phenomenon, paranormalist Jim Callahan performed a summoning, purportedly of deceased author Raymond Hill, to help discover the contents of a locked box. Although fellow judge Uri Geller praised the performance, Angel called it \"comical\" and subsequently challenged both Callahan and Geller to guess the contents of two envelopes he pulled out of his pocket, offering a million dollars of his own money to whoever could do so.", "Although fellow judge Uri Geller praised the performance, Angel called it \"comical\" and subsequently challenged both Callahan and Geller to guess the contents of two envelopes he pulled out of his pocket, offering a million dollars of his own money to whoever could do so. This led to an argument between Callahan and Angel, during which Callahan walked toward Angel and called him an \"ideological bigot\", with the two pulled apart as the show promptly went to a commercial break.", "This led to an argument between Callahan and Angel, during which Callahan walked toward Angel and called him an \"ideological bigot\", with the two pulled apart as the show promptly went to a commercial break. Angel has since revealed the contents of one envelope and at the unveiling he challenged Geller one more time.", "Angel has since revealed the contents of one envelope and at the unveiling he challenged Geller one more time. Geller responded, \"Although we were born one day apart - I was born on the 20th of December and you on the 19th - a lot of years between us - 40 years, you were one year old when I came out with my spoon bending...\" Criss Angel cut him off at this point, saying, \"I guess this is a 'no,'\" and proceeded to open the envelope.", "Geller responded, \"Although we were born one day apart - I was born on the 20th of December and you on the 19th - a lot of years between us - 40 years, you were one year old when I came out with my spoon bending...\" Criss Angel cut him off at this point, saying, \"I guess this is a 'no,'\" and proceeded to open the envelope. The envelope contained an index card with the numbers \"911\" printed on it for September 11, 2001.", "The envelope contained an index card with the numbers \"911\" printed on it for September 11, 2001. Angel's explanation was this: \"If on 9-10 somebody could have predicted that 9-11 was going to happen, they could have saved thousands of lives\". The other envelope's contents were scheduled to be revealed on the first episode of Season 4 of Criss Angel: Mindfreak. Stage shows Criss Angel Magicjam The temporary replacement show for Believe was entitled Criss Angel Magicjam, which was performed in the same Luxor theatre.", "Stage shows Criss Angel Magicjam The temporary replacement show for Believe was entitled Criss Angel Magicjam, which was performed in the same Luxor theatre. According to the Las Vegas Sun, the show included, \"Longtime Las Vegas comedy-illusionist Nathan Burton; Banachek, the world's premiere mentalist; and new female magician Krystyn Lambert, who has been prominently featured in the Spike series ... joined by grandmaster manipulators Jason Byrne and Tony Clarke, supreme close-up artist Armando Vera and the magic comedy of Russ Merlin.\"", "According to the Las Vegas Sun, the show included, \"Longtime Las Vegas comedy-illusionist Nathan Burton; Banachek, the world's premiere mentalist; and new female magician Krystyn Lambert, who has been prominently featured in the Spike series ... joined by grandmaster manipulators Jason Byrne and Tony Clarke, supreme close-up artist Armando Vera and the magic comedy of Russ Merlin.\" The production was written and directed by Criss Angel.", "The production was written and directed by Criss Angel. The production was written and directed by Criss Angel. In January 2014, Angel announced that he planned on taking Criss Angel Magicjam on a North American tour during the summer of 2014. The show also featured Angel's own illusions, which he performed for about 40 minutes of the show. Robin Leach said of the show that, \"Magicjam is great fun and a high-energy show packed with mind-blowing magic.\" Mindfreak LIVE!", "Mindfreak LIVE! Mindfreak LIVE! In 2014, Angel premiered the stage show Mindfreak LIVE! The touring show features illusions from Angel himself, which received positive reviews. The demonstrations used in the show were developed in Angel's illusion laboratory in Las Vegas, located in a 60,000 square foot warehouse. His international touring with the show marked the first time that Angel had traveled with his show in about six years. The premiere show of the performance occurred at Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut during November 2014.", "The premiere show of the performance occurred at Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut during November 2014. The Supernaturalists The Supernaturalists premiered in June 2015 at the Foxwoods Resort Casino's The Fox Theater, with Angel serving as creator, director and executive producer. Performers for the show include illusionist Landon Swank, magician Krystyn Lambert, escape artist Spencer Horsman, mentalist Banachek, dog conjuror Johnny Dominguez, magician Stefan, and close up magician Adrian Vega.", "Performers for the show include illusionist Landon Swank, magician Krystyn Lambert, escape artist Spencer Horsman, mentalist Banachek, dog conjuror Johnny Dominguez, magician Stefan, and close up magician Adrian Vega. Robin Leach reviewed the show as having \"overwhelming positive reactions\" and wrote that it contained \"the most mind-blowing magic spectacle that's playing anywhere\".", "Robin Leach reviewed the show as having \"overwhelming positive reactions\" and wrote that it contained \"the most mind-blowing magic spectacle that's playing anywhere\". Angel has stated that the show is a culmination of ten years of development, which he began in 2005, and is intended as a global touring show and as a premiering venue for several new illusions from each magician. Variety show appearances and guest spots Angel has made numerous special television guest appearances on WWE Raw, including acting as guest star on March 8, 2010.", "Variety show appearances and guest spots Angel has made numerous special television guest appearances on WWE Raw, including acting as guest star on March 8, 2010. He also appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, including the premiere episode of its 24th season. During a 2007 episode of the show, he successfully guessed the number between 1 and 100 he asked Winfrey to think of without telling him.", "During a 2007 episode of the show, he successfully guessed the number between 1 and 100 he asked Winfrey to think of without telling him. Angel has appeared on other talk shows including The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Megan Mullally Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, AVN Awards Show 2007 and Larry King Live on CNN. He was also a guest on The Tonight Show, Late Show with David Letterman, America's Got Talent, and The Rosie O'Donnell Show.", "He was also a guest on The Tonight Show, Late Show with David Letterman, America's Got Talent, and The Rosie O'Donnell Show. He also made a guest acting appearance on the hit television shows CSI: NY, Las Vegas and Rules of Engagement. In 2011, Angel also appeared in an Orville Redenbacher Pop-Up Bowl popcorn commercial.", "In 2011, Angel also appeared in an Orville Redenbacher Pop-Up Bowl popcorn commercial. In May 2005, Angel introduced honoree Ozzy Osbourne at the VH1 Rock Honors awards, biting the head off a bat as a part of the introduction in homage to Osbourne's early career onstage antics. At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, Angel performed an illusion as a part of the musical performance by Britney Spears and helped to plan her stage show, which opened the television broadcast.", "At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, Angel performed an illusion as a part of the musical performance by Britney Spears and helped to plan her stage show, which opened the television broadcast. He was also hired as the illusionist for the planned 2009 Michael Jackson O2 arena concerts before Jackson's death. In 2013, Angel had a cameo in the feature film The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, and Jim Carrey's character in the movie \"Steve Gray\" has been said to be modeled after Angel.", "In 2013, Angel had a cameo in the feature film The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, and Jim Carrey's character in the movie \"Steve Gray\" has been said to be modeled after Angel. There is a wax statue of Angel in the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Las Vegas. Other projects Music Angel has a passion for music and claims to have been a musician longer than a magician.", "Other projects Music Angel has a passion for music and claims to have been a musician longer than a magician. In 1989 he fronted the short-lived heavy metal band Angel and produced a promotional music video for the song \"Don't You Want My Love\", incorporating several magic tricks. Angel later went on to collaborate with industrial rock musician Klay Scott for a new band titled Angeldust in 1995. Angeldust released its debut album Musical Conjurings from the World of Illusion in 1998.", "Angeldust released its debut album Musical Conjurings from the World of Illusion in 1998. He later released the albums System 1, System 2, and System 3. In 2003, he released the album Supernatural. His musical style continues to be in the heavy metal style, though when describing his musical style he has said, \"There are elements where it's more electronic, and there are orchestrated sections.", "His musical style continues to be in the heavy metal style, though when describing his musical style he has said, \"There are elements where it's more electronic, and there are orchestrated sections. I decided to take it in different places because I'm inspired by emotion and by giving people a connection, a sense of a feeling — whether it's excitement or crying or being happy.\" He also produced soundtracks for his television series Mindfreak, including collaborations with members of Korn and Godsmack.", "He also produced soundtracks for his television series Mindfreak, including collaborations with members of Korn and Godsmack. Books Angel is the author of the book Mindfreak: Secret Revelations, published by HarperEntertainment in 2007. Mindfreak: Secret Revelations appeared on the Los Angeles Times bestseller list that year. According to the Las Vegas Sun, \"The 295-page book details the early beginnings of his career, memorable demonstrations from his TV show and personal reflections.", "According to the Las Vegas Sun, \"The 295-page book details the early beginnings of his career, memorable demonstrations from his TV show and personal reflections. \"Secret Revelations\" also contains several pictures and provides step-by-step instructions for 40 of his basic Mindfreaks. Laura Morton helped the magician write the book.\"", "Laura Morton helped the magician write the book.\" Laura Morton helped the magician write the book.\" California Bookwatch wrote that it \"tells of Criss Angel's evolution as a performance artist, magician and musician, charting his rise to fame beginning at age 6 and adding details of his life and his artistic philosophy and influences ... His survey covers the 'Mindfreaks' which allow him to push for excellence in very different worlds\". Internet Criss Angel is the most watched magician in Internet history since the late 2000s.", "Internet Criss Angel is the most watched magician in Internet history since the late 2000s. His clip, \"Walk on Water\", had received more than 39 million views by 2010, and more than 46 million by 2013. By early 2013, his videos had achieved more than 200 million views. Another highly watched clip is \"Rip Bodies Apart\" taken from the premiere episode of BeLIEve, which had more than twelve million views within a month.", "Another highly watched clip is \"Rip Bodies Apart\" taken from the premiere episode of BeLIEve, which had more than twelve million views within a month. Merchandise In 2010, Angel partnered with IdeaVillage to release the Criss Angel Magic Collection, which contained six Mindfreak Magic Tricks instructions, 250 tricks, and a magic kit for children. The product was backed by $50 million in marketing.", "The product was backed by $50 million in marketing. Recognition Awards Angel won the International Magician Society's Magician of the Year award in 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008, in addition to its \"Magician of the Decade\" title in 2009 and \"Magician of the Century\" title in 2010. He was the 22nd recipient of the Louie Award for outstanding achievement in the art of magic. He has also appeared on the covers of Magic and Genii magazines.", "He has also appeared on the covers of Magic and Genii magazines. In 2008, Angel was one of the inaugural nominees for the Harry Houdini Award, awarded by the Harry Houdini Museum. Angel is the youngest magician to ever be inducted into the International Magician Society's Magic Hall of Fame. He is also the only man to have won the Merlin Magician of the Year award on two occasions, in 2001 and 2004. In 2011, he was awarded the World Magic Legacy Awards' Living Legend award.", "In 2011, he was awarded the World Magic Legacy Awards' Living Legend award. On July 20, 2017, Angel received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located next to The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.", "On July 20, 2017, Angel received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located next to The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. World records Angel is the holder of several world records, including the longest time submerged under water and the fastest time to escape from a straitjacket at two minutes and 30 seconds, the longest body suspension at five hours 42 minutes, and the fastest time to perform the \"Metamorphosis\" illusion at less than one second.", "World records Angel is the holder of several world records, including the longest time submerged under water and the fastest time to escape from a straitjacket at two minutes and 30 seconds, the longest body suspension at five hours 42 minutes, and the fastest time to perform the \"Metamorphosis\" illusion at less than one second. He is also the holder of the Guinness world record for \"The most people to disappear in an illusion\", for making 100 people disappear on May 26, 2010 during a performance of Believe at the Luxor.", "He is also the holder of the Guinness world record for \"The most people to disappear in an illusion\", for making 100 people disappear on May 26, 2010 during a performance of Believe at the Luxor. Personal life In 2002, Angel married his longtime girlfriend JoAnn Winkhart. The couple filed for divorce four years later.", "The couple filed for divorce four years later. The couple filed for divorce four years later. Although Angel was seen with his wife in the buried alive illusion (season 1, episode 6, 2005) and the body suspension illusion (season 1, episode 5, 2005), she was not credited as his wife; rather, she was listed as \"Criss's Girl\". In November 2008, Angel began dating Holly Madison, former girlfriend of Hugh Hefner. The relationship ended in February 2009.", "The relationship ended in February 2009. The relationship ended in February 2009. He proposed to Sandra Gonzalez on September 7, 2011 in Cabo San Lucas during a sunset dinner. They broke up shortly after. Since 2012, Angel has been dating Australian singer Shaunyl Benson. The couple have two sons together, born in 2014 and 2019, and a daughter born in 2021. As of 2010, Big Bear Choppers had produced seven custom-made motorcycles for Angel, who featured the motorcycle designers on his show Criss Angel Mindfreak.", "As of 2010, Big Bear Choppers had produced seven custom-made motorcycles for Angel, who featured the motorcycle designers on his show Criss Angel Mindfreak. He also had a Harley Davidson motorcycle built by Orange County Choppers, which he rode in the intro filmed for Criss Angel Mindfreak. As a philanthropist, Angel created the Believe Foundation 'Believe Anything is Possible', and was awarded the Make-A-Wish Foundation award for most supportive celebrity on May 19, 2010. He was also awarded the foundation's Chris Greicius Celebrity Award in 2007.", "He was also awarded the foundation's Chris Greicius Celebrity Award in 2007. As of 2016, Angel's business interests made about $70 million in revenues annually. References External links 1967 births Living people American magicians American people of Greek descent MNRK Music Group artists Mentalists Prizes for proof of paranormal phenomena People from Hempstead (village), New York Male actors from New York (state) Participants in American reality television series American YouTubers People from East Meadow, New York Male YouTubers" ]

[ "Niall Quinn", "International career" ]

[ "Aodhan Quinn (born March 22, 1992) is an American professional soccer player who currently plays for Phoenix Rising FC in the USL Championship.\n\nCareer\n\nEarly career\nQuinn played college soccer at Bradley University in 2010 and at the University of Akron between 2011 and 2013. During his time at college Quinn also played for USL PDL clubs Akron Summit Assault during their 2011 season, and Seattle Sounders FC U-23 during their 2012 and 2013 seasons.\n\nProfessional\nQuinn was selected by Philadelphia Union in the third round of the 2014 MLS SuperDraft (52nd overall), but wasn't signed by the club. Quinn later signed with USL Pro club Orlando City on March 19, 2014. He was released upon the conclusion of the 2014 season, a casualty of the club's transition to Major League Soccer.\n\nQuinn signed with Louisville City on May 11, 2015.\n\nIn January 2017 it was announced that Quinn was leaving Louisville City FC to play for FC Cincinnati. Following the close of the 2017 season, FC Cincinnati announced they would not exercise the option to have Quinn return in 2018.\n\nQuinn joined Orange County SC on December 15, 2017.\n\nQuinn signed with Phoenix Rising FC on December 3, 2020. He scored a goal on his league debut in a 4-1 win over San Diego Loyal on April 30, 2021.\n\nPersonal life\nQuinn is the son of the former Everton player and United States international Brian Quinn.\n\nQuinn is a 2010 graduate of Mt Carmel High School in San Diego, CA.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Akron Zips bio\n\n1992 births\nLiving people\nAmerican soccer players\nBradley Braves men's soccer players\nAkron Zips men's soccer players\nAkron Summit Assault players\nSeattle Sounders FC U-23 players\nOrlando City SC (2010–2014) players\nLouisville City FC players\nAssociation football midfielders\nSoccer players from San Diego\nPhiladelphia Union draft picks\nUSL League Two players\nUSL Championship players\nFC Cincinnati (2016–18) players\nOrange County SC players\nPhoenix Rising FC players\nAll-American men's college soccer players", "Michael Patrick Quinn (born April 15, 1974) is a former professional American football quarterback in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Indianapolis Colts, Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, Houston Texans and Denver Broncos. He also was a member of the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe, and the Montreal Alouettes and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League. He played college football at Stephen F. Austin State University.\n\nEarly years\nQuinn attended Robert E. Lee High School in Houston, Texas, where he played quarterback. As a senior, he received All-state and All-Greater Houston honors.\n\nCollege career\nHe walked-on at Division I-AA Stephen F. Austin State University. He was a backup quarterback behind James Ritchey during his first three seasons. As a junior in 1995, during a game against Southwest Texas State on November 12, Quinn came into the game in place of Ritchey and threw three touchdown passes.\n\nAs a senior in 1996, he became the starting quarterback after Ritchey graduated, throwing for 136 completions for 2,049 yards, 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. In the game against Samford on October 27, Quinn led Stephen F. Austin to a 43–14 win after throwing a touchdown pass to wide receiver Chris Jefferson at the end of the first half. SFA held the lead for the rest of the game. Against McNeese State on November 3, Quinn led a come from behind win for SFA by throwing two touchdowns to Mikhael Ricks in the fourth quarter. The next week, Quinn threw for 283 yards and threw four touchdown passes to lead Stephen F. Austin to another win making them 7–2. Against Delta State University, he had 19 out of 33 completions for 362 yards and 3 touchdowns, receiving Southland Offensive Player of the Week honors. He finished his college career after playing in 28 games and passing for 2,641 yards and 23 touchdowns.\n\nProfessional career\n\nPittsburgh Steelers (first stint)\nQuinn began his career by signing with the Fountain Tadpoles of the Eastern North Carolina Football League, but when the league folded after just one season, Quinn decided to go to the NFL. Quinn signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent following the 1997 NFL Draft. Quinn entered training camp behind Kordell Stewart, Mike Tomczak and Jim Miller on the depth chart, but after training camp Quinn had beaten out Miller and became the team's third-string quarterback. He saw his only game action on November 9 against the Baltimore Ravens, throwing for 10 yards on one completion. \n\nFollowing the 1997 season, the Steelers allocated Quinn to play in NFL Europe; he later agreed to play for the Rhein Fire. In his second game with the Fire on April 12, Quinn completed 13 of 21 passes for 194 yards. He also completed two touchdown passes. With Quinn as the starting quarterback, the Fire played in the World Bowl. However, Quinn was hampered by a sprained ankle and could not play in the game. He finished with 133 completions for 1,997 yards, 13 touchdowns and 3 interceptions. He returned to the Steelers after the NFL Europe season but was waived on August 31, after being passed on the depth chart by Pete Gonzalez.\n\nIndianapolis Colts\nAfter being waived by Pittsburgh, Quinn was claimed off waivers by the Indianapolis Colts on September 1. To make room for Quinn the Colts had to release Jim Miller, who had lost a roster spot on the Steelers to Quinn a year earlier. However, after signing Doug Nussmeier, the Colts waived Quinn.\n\nDallas Cowboys\nOn September 10, 1998, the Dallas Cowboys, who were unsuccessful claiming Quinn 10 days earlier, claimed him after he was waived by the Colts, reuniting with head coach Chan Gailey, who was his offensive coordinator with the Steelers. He became the Cowboys second-string quarterback after Troy Aikman was injured and Jason Garrett became the starter. He played in three games for the Cowboys in 1998, completing one pass for 10 yards. \n\nIn 1999, Quinn did not play in a game for Dallas. During the 2000 off–season, Garrett signed as a free agent with the New York Giants and quarterback Paul Justin was signed by Dallas to compete for the backup spot with Quinn. On May 5, 2000, he was released after being passed on the depth chart by Paul Justin.\n\nMiami Dolphins\nOn May 23, 2000, Quinn signed with the Miami Dolphins, reuniting with Gailey who was the offensive coordinator. On November 6, Quinn threw a touchdown pass to Deon Dyer but was waived by the Dolphins on November 10, only to be re-signed four days later. In the 2001 preseason, Quinn sprained a joint in his shoulder and was waived/injured. He was released from injured reserve with an injury settlement on September 6.\n\nHouston Texans\nThe Houston Texans, the newest franchise in the NFL, signed Quinn to a reserve/future contract on December 30, 2001. Following the 2002 NFL Draft in which the Texans drafted quarterback David Carr with their first ever pick, Quinn became the backup. Quinn and Tony Banks ended up winning the backup jobs to Carr over Kent Graham and Ben Sankey. Banks was second–string with Quinn being the third–string quarterback. The Texans waived Quinn during final cuts on August 25, 2003. He was the final member of the Texans first signings still on the team. He was re-signed to the practice squad on November 17 after David Carr suffered a sprained right shoulder. However, when Banks also became injured, Quinn was signed from the practice squad to back up the now healthy Carr and rookie Dave Ragone.\n\nDenver Broncos\nThe Denver Broncos signed Quinn as an unrestricted free agent in March 2004. At the end of training camp, Quinn was released by the Broncos.\n\nPittsburgh Steelers (second stint)\nQuinn was re-signed by the Steelers on September 22 and assigned to their practice squad. He was released from the practice squad on November 10.\n\nMontreal Alouettes\nOn August 29, 2005, Quinn was signed to the practice roster of the Montreal Alouettes in the Canadian Football League.\n\nWinnipeg Blue Bombers\nOn March 22, 2006, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers signed Quinn, joining quarterbacks Tee Martin, Russ Michna and Kevin Glenn on Winnipeg's roster. In his CFL preseason debut against the Alouettes on June 2, Quinn threw a 24-yard touchdown pass to Quentin McCord however the Blue Bombers lost 25–24. After making the team out of training camp, Quinn injured his sternum and shoulder which caused him to miss three weeks. In his first week back with Winnipeg, Quinn was forced into the starting role after Glenn suffered a knee injury. However, a string of poor performances which included an interception in the end zone while Winnipeg was in field goal position led to his release on August 28.\n\nPersonal life\nCurrently, Quinn and his wife, Jennifer, live in Houston, Texas. At Stephen F. Austin State University, he majored in accounting.\n\nReferences\n\n1974 births\nLiving people\nPlayers of American football from Houston\nPlayers of Canadian football from Houston\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nAmerican players of Canadian football\nCanadian football quarterbacks\nStephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football players\nPittsburgh Steelers players\nRhein Fire players\nIndianapolis Colts players\nDallas Cowboys players\nMiami Dolphins players\nDenver Broncos players\nHouston Texans players\nMontreal Alouettes players\nWinnipeg Blue Bombers players" ]

[ "Niall John Quinn (honorary MBE; born 6 October 1966) is an Irish former professional footballer, manager, businessman and sports television pundit. As a player he was a striker who played top flight football for Arsenal, Manchester City and Sunderland, with spells in the Premier League for both City and the Black Cats. Quinn also received 92 caps for the Republic of Ireland national football team, scoring 21 times, which makes him Ireland's second highest goalscorer of all time.", "Quinn also received 92 caps for the Republic of Ireland national football team, scoring 21 times, which makes him Ireland's second highest goalscorer of all time. He also appeared with the Irish team at the UEFA European Football Championship of 1988 and two FIFA World Cups in 1990 and 2002. He later was part of a consortium to buy Sunderland and became the clubs chairman. He also had a spell as manager before stepping down to a role of club director.", "He also had a spell as manager before stepping down to a role of club director. He left the club in February 2012 and has since worked as a pundit namely on Sky Sports. Playing career Gaelic games Niall Quinn played Gaelic football for the Perrystown, Dublin 12, club Robert Emmets. He also played underage football and hurling for Dublin. In July 1983, Quinn captained a Dublin Colleges GAA party on a one-month tour of Australia.", "In July 1983, Quinn captained a Dublin Colleges GAA party on a one-month tour of Australia. Aged 16, he played in the 1983 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship Final, and was offered a contract to play professional Australian rules football before settling on a career in football. He played Gaelic football for Co. Kildare club Eadestown after his retirement, winning a junior C county title in 2008.", "He played Gaelic football for Co. Kildare club Eadestown after his retirement, winning a junior C county title in 2008. Club career Arsenal He played as a youth for Irish club Manortown United, which was based at Greentrees Park, adjacent to Robert Emmets GAC (it not being unusual in Dublin to play two separate codes of football). After an unsuccessful trial at Fulham he signed professional forms with English club Arsenal in 1983.", "After an unsuccessful trial at Fulham he signed professional forms with English club Arsenal in 1983. He was signed as a centre-forward, but also had a brief spell as a centre-half for the Arsenal third team. After scoring 18 goals in 18 reserve matches in the first half of the 1985–86 season, Quinn was included in the first-team squad for a match against Liverpool. Quinn scored in the match as Arsenal recorded a 2–0 win.", "Quinn scored in the match as Arsenal recorded a 2–0 win. He made a further 11 league appearances for Arsenal that season, but failed to score as they finished seventh in the league. The end of the season brought Quinn his first call-up to the Republic of Ireland national team. Quinn found himself playing under a new manager for the following season, as George Graham was appointed in place of Don Howe. Quinn had a regular place in the side that season, appearing in 35 league games and scoring eight goals.", "Quinn had a regular place in the side that season, appearing in 35 league games and scoring eight goals. He also collected a Football League Cup winner's medal as Arsenal triumphed 2–1 over Liverpool. However, after Arsenal signed another target man, Alan Smith, in the 1987 close season, Quinn struggled to get into the team. Over the next three seasons he managed a total of just 20 league appearances and five goals – his three appearances in 1988–89 not being enough for a title medal.", "Over the next three seasons he managed a total of just 20 league appearances and five goals – his three appearances in 1988–89 not being enough for a title medal. Quinn's lack of opportunities led him to submit a written transfer request at the start of the 1989–90 season. In total he scored 20 goals in 94 appearances for Arsenal, of which 81 were starts. Manchester City Manchester City manager Howard Kendall signed Quinn for £800,000 in March 1990, shortly before the transfer deadline.", "Manchester City Manchester City manager Howard Kendall signed Quinn for £800,000 in March 1990, shortly before the transfer deadline. He marked his debut with a goal, in a 1–1 draw against Chelsea at Maine Road. He scored 22 times in his first full season, and he went on to spend six years at the club, scoring 78 goals in 245 appearances; his time at City was hampered by a cruciate ligament injury in 1993–94.", "He scored 22 times in his first full season, and he went on to spend six years at the club, scoring 78 goals in 245 appearances; his time at City was hampered by a cruciate ligament injury in 1993–94. Although he returned to the side the following season, he managed just eight goals from 35 games. His most notable game for City was 20 April 1991 when he scored early on and saved a penalty as City beat Derby County 2–1, relegating Derby in the process.", "His most notable game for City was 20 April 1991 when he scored early on and saved a penalty as City beat Derby County 2–1, relegating Derby in the process. City goalkeeper Tony Coton had been sent off before half time for fouling Dean Saunders to concede the penalty. At this time teams rarely named goalkeepers as substitutes, so Quinn replaced Coton in goal.", "At this time teams rarely named goalkeepers as substitutes, so Quinn replaced Coton in goal. Other notable games included the Manchester derby on 7 November 1993, in which he scored twice in the first half to put City 2–0 up against United by half time, although a remarkable United comeback saw City lose 3–2.", "Other notable games included the Manchester derby on 7 November 1993, in which he scored twice in the first half to put City 2–0 up against United by half time, although a remarkable United comeback saw City lose 3–2. In the 1993 close season, Everton made a bid to sign Quinn and a further bid was made early in the 1993–94 season, but both bids were rejected and Quinn remained at Maine Road for a further three seasons.", "In the 1993 close season, Everton made a bid to sign Quinn and a further bid was made early in the 1993–94 season, but both bids were rejected and Quinn remained at Maine Road for a further three seasons. A cruciate ligament injury sustained in a match against Sheffield Wednesday in November 1993 caused Quinn to miss the majority of the 1993–94 season, and prevented him from playing in the 1994 FIFA World Cup.", "A cruciate ligament injury sustained in a match against Sheffield Wednesday in November 1993 caused Quinn to miss the majority of the 1993–94 season, and prevented him from playing in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He returned at the start of the 1994–95 season, but the partnership forged by Uwe Rösler and Paul Walsh in his absence meant he was not always a starter.", "He returned at the start of the 1994–95 season, but the partnership forged by Uwe Rösler and Paul Walsh in his absence meant he was not always a starter. In attempt to reduce the wage bill, Manchester City tried to sell Quinn in the 1995 close-season, but a proposed move to Lisbon club Sporting fell through after failure to agree contractual terms. He managed a total of 193 league appearances in over six years at Maine Road, and scored a total of 64 goals for them.", "He managed a total of 193 league appearances in over six years at Maine Road, and scored a total of 64 goals for them. Sunderland Quinn finished his career with a highly successful spell at Sunderland, joining the north-east club in August 1996 for a club record £1.3 million, although he missed six months of his first season due to a knee injury – similar to the one which ruined his World Cup chances three years earlier.", "Sunderland Quinn finished his career with a highly successful spell at Sunderland, joining the north-east club in August 1996 for a club record £1.3 million, although he missed six months of his first season due to a knee injury – similar to the one which ruined his World Cup chances three years earlier. Before his injury, he had got off to a fine start to his Sunderland career, finding the net twice on his debut in a 4–1 win at Nottingham Forest.", "Before his injury, he had got off to a fine start to his Sunderland career, finding the net twice on his debut in a 4–1 win at Nottingham Forest. In his absence from September to March, Sunderland struggled and although he was back in action by the end of the season, they were relegated.", "In his absence from September to March, Sunderland struggled and although he was back in action by the end of the season, they were relegated. His partnership with striker Kevin Phillips, signed in the 1997 close season, was one of the most prolific in the Football League in the late 1990s/early 2000s (a combined 194 goals for both players in all competitions from 1997-98 to 2002-03) and helped the club to regain promotion to the Premiership for the 1999–2000 season.", "His partnership with striker Kevin Phillips, signed in the 1997 close season, was one of the most prolific in the Football League in the late 1990s/early 2000s (a combined 194 goals for both players in all competitions from 1997-98 to 2002-03) and helped the club to regain promotion to the Premiership for the 1999–2000 season. In March 1999 Quinn again had to play in goal, this time replacing the injured Thomas Sørensen in a game against Bradford City.", "In March 1999 Quinn again had to play in goal, this time replacing the injured Thomas Sørensen in a game against Bradford City. In similar circumstances to when playing for Manchester City against Derby County in 1991 Quinn scored and then went in goal, and kept a clean sheet to help his side win. He also has the distinction of being the first player to score at Sunderland's Stadium of Light, against Manchester City in 1997.", "He also has the distinction of being the first player to score at Sunderland's Stadium of Light, against Manchester City in 1997. He became a local legend at Sunderland, winning both the Sunderland and North East Sportswriters' Player of the Year awards in 1999 after scoring 21 goals in Sunderland's record-breaking Division One title-winning season. His final appearance for Sunderland came on 19 October 2002 against West Ham.", "His final appearance for Sunderland came on 19 October 2002 against West Ham. In a league career lasting 17 years, he had played a total of 475 times in the Premier League and Football League, scoring 141 goals. International career Quinn played in the qualifiers for the 1986 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship, and made his Irish international debut at under-17 level against Northern Ireland at Seaview in a 6–1 friendly win in January 1985, the first ever fixture between the two nations. Quinn scored a hat trick as did Eamonn Dolan.", "Quinn scored a hat trick as did Eamonn Dolan. Quinn scored a hat trick as did Eamonn Dolan. However Arsenal refused permission for Quinn to travel to the 1985 FIFA World Youth Championships. Quinn made his senior debut as a substitute against the host nation in the Iceland Triangular Tournament in 1986. Quinn played for his country at two World Cups, in 1990 and 2002; he missed the 1994 FIFA World Cup because of injury.", "Quinn played for his country at two World Cups, in 1990 and 2002; he missed the 1994 FIFA World Cup because of injury. Quinn was also a member of the Irish squad that participated in the 1988 European Championship playing just once, as a substitute in the Republic of Ireland's 1–0 win over England in Stuttgart. Quinn scored the equaliser against the Netherlands in the 1990 FIFA World Cup which allowed the Republic to progress to the second round of that tournament.", "Quinn scored the equaliser against the Netherlands in the 1990 FIFA World Cup which allowed the Republic to progress to the second round of that tournament. In the qualifiers for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, he scored against Cyprus on his 35th birthday to break the all-time goalscoring record, then held by Frank Stapleton. In the tournament proper, his header set up Robbie Keane's late equaliser against Germany, which was the only goal Germany conceded before the final.", "In the tournament proper, his header set up Robbie Keane's late equaliser against Germany, which was the only goal Germany conceded before the final. In the second-round, with the Republic behind 1–0 to Spain, it was a foul on Quinn that led to Ireland's last-minute penalty, converted by Robbie Keane, which tied the game and brought extra-time, but the Republic lost 3–2 in the resulting penalty shootout. After the tournament, he announced his retirement from international football, amassing 92 caps.", "After the tournament, he announced his retirement from international football, amassing 92 caps. At the time, he was his country's all-time top scorer with 21 goals; this record was later surpassed by Robbie Keane in October 2004. Quinn had a testimonial match between Sunderland and the Republic of Ireland in 2002. He donated the entire proceeds to charity, an act for which he received a number of awards, including an honorary MBE.", "He donated the entire proceeds to charity, an act for which he received a number of awards, including an honorary MBE. Instead of receiving an appearance fee for the game, all the players received a letter from a sick child. Quinn played for both teams during the match, which raised over £1 million. The Republic of Ireland won the match 3–0. Post-playing career Quinn retired in 2003 at the age of 37, taking a brief coaching role at Sunderland.", "Post-playing career Quinn retired in 2003 at the age of 37, taking a brief coaching role at Sunderland. Quinn has also made appearances as a television pundit and commentator for televised matches involving his former teams with Sky Sports. He made a single league appearance for Thai Premier League side BEC Tero Sasana in March 2006 to promote the league and the side's link with Arsenal. Quinn released an acclaimed autobiography Niall Quinn – The Autobiography (2002), which was ghostwritten by Tom Humphries.", "Quinn released an acclaimed autobiography Niall Quinn – The Autobiography (2002), which was ghostwritten by Tom Humphries. It won the Best Autobiography category in the inaugural British Sports Book Awards. It was also nominated for a William Hill Sports Book of the Year award. The book is not structured chronologically, but rather in the context of Quinn's career swansong, the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan.", "The book is not structured chronologically, but rather in the context of Quinn's career swansong, the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan. Heading the Drumaville Consortium of wealthy Irish businessmen, in June 2006, Quinn successfully brokered a deal to buy a controlling stake in Sunderland. In July 2006 Quinn became the chairman and manager of Sunderland. The deal was finalised on 27 July 2006, with sufficient shares being sold to the consortium in order for them to take complete control.", "The deal was finalised on 27 July 2006, with sufficient shares being sold to the consortium in order for them to take complete control. His managerial career did not get off to a good start as the team lost its first four league games in a row. On 22 August, Sunderland played Bury away in the League Cup where they lost 2–0. After the match Quinn said that a new manager would be appointed by Sunderland's next game.", "After the match Quinn said that a new manager would be appointed by Sunderland's next game. Quinn stepped to one side (to continue in his role as Sunderland chairman) paving the way for Roy Keane to take charge. This was highly unexpected considering the huge rift between the two arising from Keane's infamous ejection from the 2002 World Cup. Keane was appointed manager of the club on 28 August 2006. The appointment matured into a great success, with Sunderland clinching an immediate Premier League comeback as Football League Championship champions.", "The appointment matured into a great success, with Sunderland clinching an immediate Premier League comeback as Football League Championship champions. Quinn made substantial amounts of money available for buying new players, as he had a declared ambition to establish Sunderland as a top club. In 2008, he received the James Joyce Award of the Literary & Historical Society in University College Dublin. In 2010, Quinn was named a patron of the Sir Bobby Robson Foundation. In October 2011 Ellis Short replaced Quinn as chairman of Sunderland.", "In October 2011 Ellis Short replaced Quinn as chairman of Sunderland. Quinn was appointed as Director of International Development on behalf of the club and remained in this role until stepping down in February 2012 and after six years involved with the running of the club saying \"Everything is in place for Sunderland to really make a statement, which was always my aim\". Since leaving Sunderland, Quinn is now chairman of a satellite broadband company in Ireland called Q Sat.", "Since leaving Sunderland, Quinn is now chairman of a satellite broadband company in Ireland called Q Sat. In 2012, Quinn started commentating for Sky Sports and normally commentates alongside Martin Tyler. He won, also in 2012, the North East Football Writers' Association's Personality of the Year for 2011. In November 2013, Quinn was bestowed with the Freedom of Sunderland award by the city of Sunderland.", "In November 2013, Quinn was bestowed with the Freedom of Sunderland award by the city of Sunderland. In January 2020, Quinn was appointed as interim deputy chief executive officer of the Football Association of Ireland, choosing to go without salary until the financial future of the organisation could be secured. In September 2020 he stepped down from his interim CEO role. Fan relationships Quinn has his own song titled \"Niall Quinn's Disco Pants\".", "Fan relationships Quinn has his own song titled \"Niall Quinn's Disco Pants\". The song was originally created by Manchester City supporters during a night out on a pre-season tour in Penola, Italy, in 1992. There had been a bust-up with City team-mate Steve McMahon and Quinn had removed his torn and bloodied shirt and was dancing with Rick Holden wearing just a pair of cut-off jeans.", "There had been a bust-up with City team-mate Steve McMahon and Quinn had removed his torn and bloodied shirt and was dancing with Rick Holden wearing just a pair of cut-off jeans. He was \"hardly aware\" that there were a group of hardcore City fans watching and they treated him to \"the first performance of the song that will follow me till the end of my career.\" The song was adopted by Sunderland fans and released as a single by the club's dedicated fanzine A Love Supreme. It reached no.", "It reached no. It reached no. 56 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1999. Quinn has received praise for his relationship with Sunderland fans. This was highlighted in March 2007 when, during his tenure as chairman, Quinn paid over £8000 to allow around 100 Sunderland fans to travel home by taxi when stranded at Bristol airport after being ejected from their scheduled flight home.", "This was highlighted in March 2007 when, during his tenure as chairman, Quinn paid over £8000 to allow around 100 Sunderland fans to travel home by taxi when stranded at Bristol airport after being ejected from their scheduled flight home. The incident happened on Saturday night when Quinn, Sunderland staff and a group of supporters boarded an easyJet flight from Bristol to Newcastle, following Sunderland's 1–0 win at Championship promotion rivals Cardiff.", "The incident happened on Saturday night when Quinn, Sunderland staff and a group of supporters boarded an easyJet flight from Bristol to Newcastle, following Sunderland's 1–0 win at Championship promotion rivals Cardiff. After spotting Quinn, many of the fans broke into song, serenading Quinn with 'Niall Quinn's Disco Pants'. EasyJet staff, angered by the boisterous behaviour, ejected the fans from the plane and Quinn, outraged at the fans' treatment, also left the plane.", "EasyJet staff, angered by the boisterous behaviour, ejected the fans from the plane and Quinn, outraged at the fans' treatment, also left the plane. Quinn, seeing there were no other flights available, decided to commandeer a fleet of taxis and minivans in order to return the fans home. Personal life Both Quinn's parents are from Thurles, County Tipperary. His father as well as his mother's brothers played hurling for Tipperary. He was born in Dublin. He now lives in Kildare.", "He was born in Dublin. He now lives in Kildare. He now lives in Kildare. He has been married to the Irish model Gillian Roe since 1992, and they have two children: Aisling and Michael. Career statistics Club International goals Scores and results list Ireland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Quinn goal.", "Career statistics Club International goals Scores and results list Ireland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Quinn goal. Managerial record Honours Arsenal Football League Cup: 1986–87 Sunderland Football League First Division: 1998–99 Individual Irish Young Player of the Year: 1990 Manchester City Player of the Year: 1991 PFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 First Division Sunderland Player of the Year: 1999 North East Football Writers' Player of 1999 Beacon Fellowship Prize for his contribution to medical and children's charities, 2003 PFA Merit Award: 2002 North East Football Writers' Association's Personality of the Year: 2011 Freedom of Sunderland award: 2013 See also List of outfield association footballers who played in goal List of players who have converted from one football code to another References External links The Niall Quinn Living Tribute Site Niall Quinn articles for The Guardian Fan site 1966 births Living people Association football forwards Association footballers from Dublin (city) Arsenal F.C.", "Managerial record Honours Arsenal Football League Cup: 1986–87 Sunderland Football League First Division: 1998–99 Individual Irish Young Player of the Year: 1990 Manchester City Player of the Year: 1991 PFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 First Division Sunderland Player of the Year: 1999 North East Football Writers' Player of 1999 Beacon Fellowship Prize for his contribution to medical and children's charities, 2003 PFA Merit Award: 2002 North East Football Writers' Association's Personality of the Year: 2011 Freedom of Sunderland award: 2013 See also List of outfield association footballers who played in goal List of players who have converted from one football code to another References External links The Niall Quinn Living Tribute Site Niall Quinn articles for The Guardian Fan site 1966 births Living people Association football forwards Association footballers from Dublin (city) Arsenal F.C. players Manchester City F.C.", "players Manchester City F.C. players Manchester City F.C. players Sunderland A.F.C.", "players Manchester City F.C. players Sunderland A.F.C. players Sunderland A.F.C. players Niall Quinn Premier League players English Football League players Niall Quinn 1990 FIFA World Cup players 2002 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 1988 players Businesspeople from County Dublin Dual players Dublin Gaelic footballers Dublin hurlers Eadestown Gaelic footballers English Football Hall of Fame inductees Gaelic footballers who switched code Irish expatriate sportspeople in England Irish expatriate sportspeople in Thailand Members of the Order of the British Empire Outfield association footballers who played in goal People educated at Drimnagh Castle Secondary School Republic of Ireland association footballers Republic of Ireland football chairmen and investors Republic of Ireland international footballers Republic of Ireland B international footballers Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers Republic of Ireland under-23 international footballers Republic of Ireland youth international footballers Republic of Ireland football managers Republic of Ireland expatriate football managers Robert Emmets Gaelic footballers Robert Emmets hurlers Sunderland A.F.C.", "players Niall Quinn Premier League players English Football League players Niall Quinn 1990 FIFA World Cup players 2002 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 1988 players Businesspeople from County Dublin Dual players Dublin Gaelic footballers Dublin hurlers Eadestown Gaelic footballers English Football Hall of Fame inductees Gaelic footballers who switched code Irish expatriate sportspeople in England Irish expatriate sportspeople in Thailand Members of the Order of the British Empire Outfield association footballers who played in goal People educated at Drimnagh Castle Secondary School Republic of Ireland association footballers Republic of Ireland football chairmen and investors Republic of Ireland international footballers Republic of Ireland B international footballers Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers Republic of Ireland under-23 international footballers Republic of Ireland youth international footballers Republic of Ireland football managers Republic of Ireland expatriate football managers Robert Emmets Gaelic footballers Robert Emmets hurlers Sunderland A.F.C. directors and chairmen Sunderland A.F.C.", "directors and chairmen Sunderland A.F.C. directors and chairmen Sunderland A.F.C. managers" ]