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The Information Engineering Lab 11

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998395815#15_1972779944

Title: Effects of Music on the Mind You May Not Have Heard Of - Psychologenie Headings: Effects of Music on the Mind You May Not Have Heard Of Effects of Music on the Mind You May Not Have Heard Of Effects of Music on the Mental State Fights Depression Relieves Anxiety Improves Learning Abilities Boosts Confidence Effects of Music on the Brain Increases Concentration Levels, Improves Memory Increases Creativity and Problem-solving Skills Makes Learning Easier Speeds Healing How does Music Affect your Mood? Negative Effects that Music Can Have Like it? Share it! Content: If not cure every ailment, music definitely creates hope in the minds of patients – a hope to recover. And when nothing else works, only hope does. How does Music Affect your Mood? Some look at music as a hobby; for some music is their passion, while some pursue music as their career. Music has a direct influence on your mood. Book stores, restaurants and shopping malls often keep some music playing in the background. The kind of music they choose to play depends on the kind of audiences they target. Music is found to enhance customer experience. Music in malls and restaurants peps up customers’ mood.

https://psychologenie.com/effects-of-music-on-mind-brain

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998395815#16_1972781333

Title: Effects of Music on the Mind You May Not Have Heard Of - Psychologenie Headings: Effects of Music on the Mind You May Not Have Heard Of Effects of Music on the Mind You May Not Have Heard Of Effects of Music on the Mental State Fights Depression Relieves Anxiety Improves Learning Abilities Boosts Confidence Effects of Music on the Brain Increases Concentration Levels, Improves Memory Increases Creativity and Problem-solving Skills Makes Learning Easier Speeds Healing How does Music Affect your Mood? Negative Effects that Music Can Have Like it? Share it! Content: Music has a direct influence on your mood. Book stores, restaurants and shopping malls often keep some music playing in the background. The kind of music they choose to play depends on the kind of audiences they target. Music is found to enhance customer experience. Music in malls and restaurants peps up customers’ mood. People tend to spend more time in the mall or hotel that plays pleasant music. Music brightens up the atmosphere around you and cheers you up. Music can make you cry, music can make you smile; it has a direct impact on your mood. How music affects your mood also depends on what you associate that piece of music with.

https://psychologenie.com/effects-of-music-on-mind-brain

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#0_1972979275

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Often, we tend to conclude that something (a cosmetic, an appliance, a car) is 'the best' or 'the worst', without basing our conclusion on any kind of scientific evidence. Our conclusion may be based on word-of-mouth, television, or any other form of influence. This phenomenon is called anecdotal evidence, and PsycholoGenie gives you an explanation and some examples of the same. Home / Uncategorized / A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Often, we tend to conclude that something (a cosmetic, an appliance, a car) is ‘the best’ or ‘the worst’, without basing our conclusion on any kind of scientific evidence. Our conclusion may be based on word-of-mouth, television, or any other form of influence. This phenomenon is called anecdotal evidence, and PsycholoGenie gives you an explanation and some examples of the same. Did You Know? Anecdotal evidence is also used in legal terminology. When a witness testifies without any evidence to support his claim, his testimony is called anecdotal evidence. It does not mean that it is untrue, or false, but it cannot be relied upon as there is no way to prove it.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#1_1972981130

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: This phenomenon is called anecdotal evidence, and PsycholoGenie gives you an explanation and some examples of the same. Did You Know? Anecdotal evidence is also used in legal terminology. When a witness testifies without any evidence to support his claim, his testimony is called anecdotal evidence. It does not mean that it is untrue, or false, but it cannot be relied upon as there is no way to prove it. What are anecdotes? Webster’s Dictionary defines an anecdote as a usually short narrative about an interesting or funny event or occurrence. If anecdotes are stories, or narratives, then what is anecdotal evidence? We’re aware that we’re posing too many questions, and so, let us get into a simplified explanation of the term. What Is Anecdotal Evidence?

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#2_1972982468

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: What are anecdotes? Webster’s Dictionary defines an anecdote as a usually short narrative about an interesting or funny event or occurrence. If anecdotes are stories, or narratives, then what is anecdotal evidence? We’re aware that we’re posing too many questions, and so, let us get into a simplified explanation of the term. What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Would you like to write for us? Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's Work Together! As opposed to scientific evidence, anecdotal evidence is evidence, information, or a conclusion, that is based on anecdotes. However, in this case, anecdotes have a broader meaning than just stories―anecdotal evidence is evidence based upon the experiences or opinions of other people, or the media.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#3_1972983864

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: Would you like to write for us? Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's Work Together! As opposed to scientific evidence, anecdotal evidence is evidence, information, or a conclusion, that is based on anecdotes. However, in this case, anecdotes have a broader meaning than just stories―anecdotal evidence is evidence based upon the experiences or opinions of other people, or the media. We can spot instances of the same in everyday life, such as asking a friend to recommend a good anti-aging cream (who knows if it’s going to suit your skin like it suited hers?), or asking a neighbor about a good dog-walking service, or anything else. Very rarely is this evidence based on the opinion of someone who is an expert on that matter or on reliable statistical data. Instead, we base it on word-of-mouth, or on what we see and hear around us. However, this type of evidence cannot be used to logically conclude anything.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#4_1972985427

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: We can spot instances of the same in everyday life, such as asking a friend to recommend a good anti-aging cream (who knows if it’s going to suit your skin like it suited hers?), or asking a neighbor about a good dog-walking service, or anything else. Very rarely is this evidence based on the opinion of someone who is an expert on that matter or on reliable statistical data. Instead, we base it on word-of-mouth, or on what we see and hear around us. However, this type of evidence cannot be used to logically conclude anything. It is considered unreliable to support generalized claims, as it may be ‘cherry picked’, a kind of fallacy that is committed when basing claims on individual instances while largely ignoring a significant part of the data which may contradict that claim. More than often, anecdotal evidence is defined with a slightly negative connotation, which, more or less, all claim that it cannot be used as a logical support to conclude anything. Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Like we said earlier, we form many of our opinions, or tend to base our actions, on anecdotal evidence in our daily lives. While it is true that most of us don’t actually have the time or patience to gather scientific evidence to support any claims, it is also true that we don’t look for reliable or expert advice, but make-do with whatever we see or hear instead. Given below are a few instances of anecdotal evidence.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#5_1972987437

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: It is considered unreliable to support generalized claims, as it may be ‘cherry picked’, a kind of fallacy that is committed when basing claims on individual instances while largely ignoring a significant part of the data which may contradict that claim. More than often, anecdotal evidence is defined with a slightly negative connotation, which, more or less, all claim that it cannot be used as a logical support to conclude anything. Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Like we said earlier, we form many of our opinions, or tend to base our actions, on anecdotal evidence in our daily lives. While it is true that most of us don’t actually have the time or patience to gather scientific evidence to support any claims, it is also true that we don’t look for reliable or expert advice, but make-do with whatever we see or hear instead. Given below are a few instances of anecdotal evidence. Example 1 John is a 22-year old guy inflicted with stubborn acne. No matter what diet he follows, he’s prone to acne every now and then. John is fed up with his problem, when a friend advises him to turn to a certain herbal treatment for help. John’s friend is neither an expert on herbal medicines, and nor does she know anything about alternative therapy. Yet, John concludes that this particular herbal treatment is going to help him get rid of his problem.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#6_1972989382

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: Example 1 John is a 22-year old guy inflicted with stubborn acne. No matter what diet he follows, he’s prone to acne every now and then. John is fed up with his problem, when a friend advises him to turn to a certain herbal treatment for help. John’s friend is neither an expert on herbal medicines, and nor does she know anything about alternative therapy. Yet, John concludes that this particular herbal treatment is going to help him get rid of his problem. His opinion is based on hear-say, and not scientific evidence or any reliable statistical data. He does not know that the treatment might not be authentic, or might be unsuitable for him. He just bases his opinion on his friend’s narrative, and goes ahead with considering the therapy. Example 2 Lisa wants to go on a vacation to Barbados, but does not know anything about the place. She wants to know what to see there, what to do, where to stay, etc.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#7_1972990875

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: His opinion is based on hear-say, and not scientific evidence or any reliable statistical data. He does not know that the treatment might not be authentic, or might be unsuitable for him. He just bases his opinion on his friend’s narrative, and goes ahead with considering the therapy. Example 2 Lisa wants to go on a vacation to Barbados, but does not know anything about the place. She wants to know what to see there, what to do, where to stay, etc. Lisa asks her colleague whose friend has been there before to recommend a few places in Barbados where she can stay comfortably. Lisa’s colleague confidently gives her a list of places to see, things to do, and where she can stay when in Barbados, and Lisa plans her entire trip based on her colleague’s advice. Lisa’s colleague is not a travel expert, and nor does she have any clue about what Lisa’s idea of a comfortable stay is. Yet, Lisa plans her trip according to her advice, instead of referring to a travel company who is an expert in these matters. Making a conclusion based on the colleague’s advice, “If she has a friend who has been there, she knows what she’s saying.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#8_1972992613

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: Lisa asks her colleague whose friend has been there before to recommend a few places in Barbados where she can stay comfortably. Lisa’s colleague confidently gives her a list of places to see, things to do, and where she can stay when in Barbados, and Lisa plans her entire trip based on her colleague’s advice. Lisa’s colleague is not a travel expert, and nor does she have any clue about what Lisa’s idea of a comfortable stay is. Yet, Lisa plans her trip according to her advice, instead of referring to a travel company who is an expert in these matters. Making a conclusion based on the colleague’s advice, “If she has a friend who has been there, she knows what she’s saying. It must be good.” is an example of anecdotal evidence. Example 3 Anecdotal evidence is popularly used in advertising and marketing of goods and services, as research suggests that viewers are more likely to remember certain extraordinary examples rather than a generalized example. Hence, advertisers use anecdotal evidence to promote their products. Clubs advertise the time when a celebrity partied there to attract customers, even though that celebrity is probably never going to come there again.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#9_1972994399

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: It must be good.” is an example of anecdotal evidence. Example 3 Anecdotal evidence is popularly used in advertising and marketing of goods and services, as research suggests that viewers are more likely to remember certain extraordinary examples rather than a generalized example. Hence, advertisers use anecdotal evidence to promote their products. Clubs advertise the time when a celebrity partied there to attract customers, even though that celebrity is probably never going to come there again. Casinos and lotteries promote instances of people who win something, though winning something in both cases is very rare, and losses are almost guaranteed. Diet supplement companies give instances of people who were on the heavier side earlier and who changed dramatically after using their products, even though the people in the promotion are probably just models, and that the supplement is actually a waste of time and money. Example 4 A woman looking for a good anti-aging cream comes across a brand that her friend has said is very effective. Her friend is not a beauty expert, but has read a good review about this brand on some website, and has based her claim on this non-concrete evidence. The woman too, bases her conclusion about the effectiveness of this cream and goes ahead and buys it for herself.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#10_1972996283

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: Casinos and lotteries promote instances of people who win something, though winning something in both cases is very rare, and losses are almost guaranteed. Diet supplement companies give instances of people who were on the heavier side earlier and who changed dramatically after using their products, even though the people in the promotion are probably just models, and that the supplement is actually a waste of time and money. Example 4 A woman looking for a good anti-aging cream comes across a brand that her friend has said is very effective. Her friend is not a beauty expert, but has read a good review about this brand on some website, and has based her claim on this non-concrete evidence. The woman too, bases her conclusion about the effectiveness of this cream and goes ahead and buys it for herself. The woman has no idea whether the cream will suit her skin or not, and if it will even make any difference to her skin or not. There is no scientific claim or evidence to prove the effectiveness of that cream, and nor is there any reliable data claiming its authenticity. Yet, the woman, her friend, and probably, many other people rely on the anecdotal evidence of this particular cream. Would you like to write for us? Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#11_1972998148

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: The woman has no idea whether the cream will suit her skin or not, and if it will even make any difference to her skin or not. There is no scientific claim or evidence to prove the effectiveness of that cream, and nor is there any reliable data claiming its authenticity. Yet, the woman, her friend, and probably, many other people rely on the anecdotal evidence of this particular cream. Would you like to write for us? Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's Work Together! There are several more instances of basing actions on anecdotal evidence, such as deciding which doctor to see, which brand of toothpaste to buy, which babysitter to hire, and which gym to join, to name a few. Most people make these decisions based on the recommendations of people who are not experts in that field. Nobody really bothers supporting these claims with proven and reliable data. It is not necessary that anecdotal evidence is incorrect or is wrong, it is just that what might be correct in one case does not necessarily have to be correct in other cases.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#12_1972999829

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's Work Together! There are several more instances of basing actions on anecdotal evidence, such as deciding which doctor to see, which brand of toothpaste to buy, which babysitter to hire, and which gym to join, to name a few. Most people make these decisions based on the recommendations of people who are not experts in that field. Nobody really bothers supporting these claims with proven and reliable data. It is not necessary that anecdotal evidence is incorrect or is wrong, it is just that what might be correct in one case does not necessarily have to be correct in other cases. Anecdotal evidence may prove to be a harmless base for decision-making in many cases, but it can actually take a turn for the worse in others. Sometimes, hearsay spreads wild rumors about many things, such as a particular food being a cure for a deadly disease. This form of anecdotal evidence might be misunderstood, misinterpreted, and may seriously harm someone who is suffering from an illness and who chooses to use that food as therapy instead of medical help. Basing actions on anecdotal evidence may or may not make a serious difference in our lives. However, it is very important to focus on what decisions we base on what kind of evidence.

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_998478460#13_1973001673

Title: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples - Psychologenie Headings: A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples A Simplified Explanation of Anecdotal Evidence With Examples Did You Know? What Is Anecdotal Evidence? Instances of Anecdotal Evidence Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Like it? Share it! Content: Anecdotal evidence may prove to be a harmless base for decision-making in many cases, but it can actually take a turn for the worse in others. Sometimes, hearsay spreads wild rumors about many things, such as a particular food being a cure for a deadly disease. This form of anecdotal evidence might be misunderstood, misinterpreted, and may seriously harm someone who is suffering from an illness and who chooses to use that food as therapy instead of medical help. Basing actions on anecdotal evidence may or may not make a serious difference in our lives. However, it is very important to focus on what decisions we base on what kind of evidence. It is best to not take any risks when it comes to health, finance, and relationships based on anecdotal evidence, and take decisions solely and completely based upon reliable evidence, be it scientific or by an expert. Like it? Share it! « Previous Post Next Post »

https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-anecdotal-evidence-with-examples

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_999260800#4_1974785032

Title: Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents - Psychologenie Headings: Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents Signs of a Manipulative Parent Dealing with a Manipulative Parent Work on your Self-Esteem Say ‘No’ Show the Change Like it? Share it! Get Updates Right to Your Inbox Content: Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Let's Work Together! There is a lot of similarity between a manipulative parent and a controlling parent. However, controlling parents are obvious in their actions and say things as they are. Manipulative parents on the other hand, are likely to twist words to elicit an action or a response from you. Some of the common traits of such parents include: Behaving like victimized individuals whose world only consists of misery Indirectly blaming their children for their condition Eliciting guilt via emotional blackmail Exploiting weaknesses in children to make them feel guilty Underlying aggressive personality, the traits of which are seen in the aforementioned manner Interfering with every aspect of a child’s life so as to have some amount of control on her/him Forcing children to do things for them that they would not willingly do Discouraging children’s endeavors by discarding them as impossible or wild Shirking personal responsibility in order to avoid accusations Discouraging discussion on facts that may indicate personal responsibility for their situation It is important to understand that manipulative parents are trying to prevent the occurrence of certain situations rather than dealing with them. They simply do not want to accept that they may be responsible for their own condition. Why do they behave in this manner? Sometimes, it is because they themselves have grown up in an environment like that, which is why as a child of a manipulative parent, you should be careful that it does not rub off on you.

https://psychologenie.com/manipulative-parents

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_999260800#5_1974787270

Title: Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents - Psychologenie Headings: Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents Signs of a Manipulative Parent Dealing with a Manipulative Parent Work on your Self-Esteem Say ‘No’ Show the Change Like it? Share it! Get Updates Right to Your Inbox Content: Some of the common traits of such parents include: Behaving like victimized individuals whose world only consists of misery Indirectly blaming their children for their condition Eliciting guilt via emotional blackmail Exploiting weaknesses in children to make them feel guilty Underlying aggressive personality, the traits of which are seen in the aforementioned manner Interfering with every aspect of a child’s life so as to have some amount of control on her/him Forcing children to do things for them that they would not willingly do Discouraging children’s endeavors by discarding them as impossible or wild Shirking personal responsibility in order to avoid accusations Discouraging discussion on facts that may indicate personal responsibility for their situation It is important to understand that manipulative parents are trying to prevent the occurrence of certain situations rather than dealing with them. They simply do not want to accept that they may be responsible for their own condition. Why do they behave in this manner? Sometimes, it is because they themselves have grown up in an environment like that, which is why as a child of a manipulative parent, you should be careful that it does not rub off on you. Believe it or not, some parents are jealous of their children’s achievements. While it is a stated fact that parents always want the best for their children, some cannot tolerate it. Some believe that if they could not go that far, they will not allow their children to do it either. These heightened insecurities may be subconscious but may show in conscious action. Manipulation also gives a strong sense of control that some parents truly enjoy.

https://psychologenie.com/manipulative-parents

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_999260800#6_1974789554

Title: Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents - Psychologenie Headings: Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents Hold the Reins Where Necessary: Handling Manipulative Parents Signs of a Manipulative Parent Dealing with a Manipulative Parent Work on your Self-Esteem Say ‘No’ Show the Change Like it? Share it! Get Updates Right to Your Inbox Content: Believe it or not, some parents are jealous of their children’s achievements. While it is a stated fact that parents always want the best for their children, some cannot tolerate it. Some believe that if they could not go that far, they will not allow their children to do it either. These heightened insecurities may be subconscious but may show in conscious action. Manipulation also gives a strong sense of control that some parents truly enjoy. Finally, some parents just like being victims of misery. They enjoy the attention that being in pain brings them, which is when they begin to put themselves in such situations so that you run to their rescue. How can you deal with such parents then? Dealing with a Manipulative Parent One thing you should know when dealing with manipulative parents is that what they do may be at a subconscious level. For their underlying needs to be satisfied, they subconsciously behave in a manner to elicit those kind of actions from their children.

https://psychologenie.com/manipulative-parents

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_999893541#5_1976391156

Title: The Role of Emotions in your Decision-making and its Effects - Psychologenie Headings: The Role of Emotions in your Decision-making and its Effects The Role of Emotions in your Decision-making and its Effects Emotions and Decision-making How Emotions Affect Decision-making Emotional and Rational Decisions Suggestions for Right Decision-making Like it? Share it! Content: whereas negative emotions comprise anger, hate, envy, greed, frustration, etc. We think with the help of our brain, but most of the time we listen to our heart. Some people are more emotional than others and hence, their decisions are most of the time biased. Emotions influence our decisions, right from buying toys for ourselves to the careers we want to pursue or to something as important as finding partners who can love, understand and emotionally, support us. These emotions are responsible for many of our important decisions for which later on, we may feel regretful or consider them most cherished ones depending on the outcome. But the fact is that they do affect our decision. How Emotions Affect Decision-making Our environment, family background, education, life experiences and everything related to us play a very important role in keeping our emotions positive or negative. If your family and friends are cheerful and can boost you up when you are feeling negative, it helps you in coming up with positive decisions. When you are in a positive mood, you are more likely to make positive decisions or at least try to think about the positive side of the particular topic. Whereas, if you are in a bad mood you are more inclined towards the negative aspect of that topic.

https://psychologenie.com/the-role-of-emotions-in-your-decision-making

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_999893541#6_1976393022

Title: The Role of Emotions in your Decision-making and its Effects - Psychologenie Headings: The Role of Emotions in your Decision-making and its Effects The Role of Emotions in your Decision-making and its Effects Emotions and Decision-making How Emotions Affect Decision-making Emotional and Rational Decisions Suggestions for Right Decision-making Like it? Share it! Content: But the fact is that they do affect our decision. How Emotions Affect Decision-making Our environment, family background, education, life experiences and everything related to us play a very important role in keeping our emotions positive or negative. If your family and friends are cheerful and can boost you up when you are feeling negative, it helps you in coming up with positive decisions. When you are in a positive mood, you are more likely to make positive decisions or at least try to think about the positive side of the particular topic. Whereas, if you are in a bad mood you are more inclined towards the negative aspect of that topic. In such a situation, the decisions may or may not be correct. Of course, this holds true even in case of positive emotion. Many a time you love a person so much that you take a decision in favor of him/her, but later on regret it. Hence, over-optimism or over pessimism both, can hamper your ability to take a decision without exercising a bias. Excessive emotions result in clouded thinking which leads to poor decision-making.

https://psychologenie.com/the-role-of-emotions-in-your-decision-making

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1000946809#4_1979127170

Title: 9 Facts About Money, Love and Happiness | Psychologia Headings: 9 Facts About Money, Love and Happiness 9 Facts About Money, Love and Happiness 1. Higher income is associated with less daily sadness but not more daily happiness. 2. Your attitude towards money is defined by your personality type. 3. A lot of women still prefer to marry rich men and stay at home with their children. 4. Couples where the wife earns more than the husband tend to be less satisfied with their marriage and are more likely to divorce. 5. The higher your income, the more likely you are to have found love. 6. Arguments about money are the best predictor of divorce. 7. Spending is a major cause of arguments about money between couples. 8. Most people want a significant other with a similar philosophy toward money and finances. 9. A lot of people are attracted to those who have strong budgeting skills. Extravagant spenders are not popular! Content: Moreover, 59 percent of the respondents felt pressured by society to go out to work. The survey included 922 women aged between 18 and 65. [ Source] 4. Couples where the wife earns more than the husband tend to be less satisfied with their marriage and are more likely to divorce. Not only do a lot of women prefer marrying men who earn more than they do, but a lot of men don’t seem to be fond of high-earning women either. Gender identity, or one’s innermost concept of self as a male or a female, impacts our decisions regarding marriage and the degree of marriage satisfaction. That doesn’t mean that high-earning women are at disadvantage, it only means that their marriage is more likely to be successful if their husbands earn more than them. [ Research paper] 5. The higher your income, the more likely you are to have found love. A British study assures that people with an annual income more than £50,000 (around $66,000) are more likely to have found love than those with lower incomes.

https://psychologia.co/love-money-happiness/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1001813275#6_1980813880

Title: 15 hidden reasons why people criticize you Headings: Content: They feel frustrated because have tried to express their own needs and opinions in a more assertive way, but you haven’t been paying attention and, consequently, they discharge all that anger in the criticism. 10. They feel wounded by your words or actions, perhaps unintentional, but don’t dare to say it directly and hide this dissatisfaction in a criticism more or less reasonable. 11. They’re projecting their fears and insecurities. In fact, when people do not accept some of their features and recognize them in the others, they generate in them a deep rejection and open the way to criticism. 12. They try to take revenge on you for a situation never completely assimilated, so they turn the criticism into a tool of humiliation and shame. 13. They need to feel powerful, even if it means passing over you.

https://psychology-spot.com/unfair-criticism/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1001873808#2_1980924065

Title: You never know how strong you are, until being strong is your only choice Headings: Content: The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong in the broken places”. In front of adversity, we can collapse and complain about what happened or we can take advantage of the situation to get strengthened. A recent study conducted by the universities of Buffalo and California confirms that what does not kill us makes us stronger. These psychologists analyzed as 2,398 people aged 18 to 101 faced with stressful situations and the traumatic events of their lives. They discovered that those who had experienced negative events during life had better mental health and greater prosperity compared to people who had to deal with current problems but had no serious problems in the past. People who had experienced severe adversity in the past showed less anguish, had no symptoms of post-traumatic stress, and showed greater satisfaction in life. They also managed better the problems of the present. There is no doubt that adversity gives us good lifestyle lessons. On one hand, they allow us to test our resources and, on the other, give us confidence. When we have reached the bottom, the confidence we can go up again is essential to continue fighting.

https://psychology-spot.com/you-never-know-how-strong-you-are-until/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1003364491#2_1983375503

Title: Headings: Content: Cultural self-awareness refers to the counselor’s awareness and acknowledgment of his or her own cultural beliefs, attitudes, and values as well as an awareness of his or her biases and faulty assumptions about other groups. Essentially, a counselor with a heightened sense of cultural self-awareness acknowledges and recognizes when his or her culture is contradictory to a client’s culture. When a counselor does not recognize that he or she has biased views and stereotypical beliefs about other groups, he or she will likely provide ineffective counseling services and experience high rates of client dropout. Also, a culturally aware counselor is able to recognize when he or she is conceptualizing a client’s case based on prejudiced and/or stereotypical beliefs about a particular group of people. Lack of Counselor Cultural Knowledge In many cases, the counselor’s lack of cultural knowledge can serve as a barrier to effective cross-cultural counseling. Cultural knowledge includes the counselor’s understanding and knowledge of other cultural groups’ behaviors, norms, beliefs, and attitudes. Both counselors and clients bring to counseling a set of cultural norms that have been reinforced for long periods of time. These norms then influence the way in which the counselor and client perceive their world, each other, and their approach to counseling. Counselors who are knowledgeable of their clients’ cultural preferences and norms are better equipped to make appropriate clinical decisions. For example, in some cultures, passivity rather than assertiveness is revered.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/multicultural-counseling/barriers-to-cross-cultural-counseling/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1003364491#3_1983377396

Title: Headings: Content: Cultural knowledge includes the counselor’s understanding and knowledge of other cultural groups’ behaviors, norms, beliefs, and attitudes. Both counselors and clients bring to counseling a set of cultural norms that have been reinforced for long periods of time. These norms then influence the way in which the counselor and client perceive their world, each other, and their approach to counseling. Counselors who are knowledgeable of their clients’ cultural preferences and norms are better equipped to make appropriate clinical decisions. For example, in some cultures, passivity rather than assertiveness is revered. A counselor adhering to the Western culture may have great difficulty understanding a Chinese client’s unwillingness to “demand” more from others. However, after learning more about the client’s culture, the counselor introduces counseling interventions that take into account Chinese cultural norms. When counselors lack knowledge of varying cultural groups, they will often rely on stereotypes to better understand clients from different cultural backgrounds. Stereotypes are often negative, based on faulty perceptions, and are of unspecified validity. Many argue, however, that some stereotypes or generalizations can be helpful in the process of learning to understand other cultures.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/multicultural-counseling/barriers-to-cross-cultural-counseling/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1003406227#0_1983445965

Title: Eurocentrism - IResearchNet Headings: Eurocentrism Eurocentrism Everyday Eurocentrism Eurocentrism in Psychology References: See also: Share Share Tweet Share Content: Eurocentrism - IResearchNet Psychology > Eurocentrism Eurocentrism Eurocentrism is defined as judging the experiences of non-European-descended individuals (i.e., African Americans, Latinos/as) against a European American standard. Eurocentrism often leads to negative attitudes and beliefs about groups of people and can confirm mainstream stereotypes about non-European group members. In essence, a Eurocentric belief system assumes that European American culture (i.e., Western culture) is the norm and should be viewed as the standard against which other cultures are judged. Both implicit and explicit Eurocentrism serve as a basis for prejudice. Though Eurocentrism has significant implications for mental health and psychology, little research exists on the subject. The Eurocentric worldview is based on Western values and characteristics such as individualism, competitiveness, dualistic thinking, a belief in control over nature, hierarchical decision-making processes, standard English, a rigid time orientation, Judeo-Christian beliefs, patriarchy, the Protestant work ethic, future orientation, “objective/rational” thought, property ownership, and nuclear family structure. When one expects others, regardless of their cultural background, to behave in ways that reflect these values, deviations are pathologized and often serve as the basis of some form of group-based oppression. Eurocentrism, in the context of U.S. society, as well as other multicultural societies, is harmful in that non-Western cultural values (e.g., collectivism, living within an extended family system) are viewed, at best, as novel and, at worst, “deficient” in relation to European American cultural values. Viewing the experiences of others from a Eurocentric perspective may lead to exclusion, marginalization, and discrimination when individuals do not possess and display traits valued within European American culture. Eurocentrism can occur at individual, cultural, and institutional levels and can be manifested in overt and covert ways.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/multicultural-counseling/eurocentrism/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1003763648#0_1983888358

Title: Evolutionary Personality Theories - IResearchNet Headings: Evolutionary Personality Theories Evolutionary Personality Theories Personality Variation Evolutionary Developmental Theory Behavioral Flexibility Personality Disorders References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Evolutionary Personality Theories - IResearchNet Psychology > Evolutionary Personality Theories Evolutionary Personality Theories Evolutionary personality psychology suggests that human personality variation is a meaningful and relevant source of human diversity, and that different combinations of heritable personality traits biologically prepare individuals to exploit the different social niches they inhabit. Human personality variation relates to numerous important life outcomes, including life history traits such as sexuality, sociality, fertility, morbidity, and mortality. The effects of personality variation upon these fitness-relevant demographic parameters renders such variation subject to both natural and sexual selection. Furthermore, the adaptive value of any given personality trait is relative to that circumscribed portion of the environment which the individual habitually inhabits (i.e., the individual’s physical and social niche), and in which the individual is functioning. Any given personality trait can be evaluated as an adaptive function or harmful dysfunction by determining its match to the particular social niche a person occupies within a particular social environment. This entry explains the complex mix of genetic and environmental influences on human personality variation by applying a combination of the predictions of Brunswikian evolutionary developmental theory and developmental plasticity theory. This entry also considers the significance of personality disorders from the perspectives of the mismatch hypothesis and the harmful dysfunction hypothesis. Personality Variation Most evolutionary personality psychologists have concluded that individual differences in personality traits are adaptive in nature and therefore the result of natural and sexual selection. Differences in personality traits allow people within human social groups to differ in the effectiveness with which they can play different roles within human societies. Personality differences are of utmost importance because humans must detect and react to the personality traits of others to successfully navigate the social landscapes in which humans reside.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/personality-theories/evolutionary-personality-theories/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1003763648#1_1983891091

Title: Evolutionary Personality Theories - IResearchNet Headings: Evolutionary Personality Theories Evolutionary Personality Theories Personality Variation Evolutionary Developmental Theory Behavioral Flexibility Personality Disorders References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: This entry explains the complex mix of genetic and environmental influences on human personality variation by applying a combination of the predictions of Brunswikian evolutionary developmental theory and developmental plasticity theory. This entry also considers the significance of personality disorders from the perspectives of the mismatch hypothesis and the harmful dysfunction hypothesis. Personality Variation Most evolutionary personality psychologists have concluded that individual differences in personality traits are adaptive in nature and therefore the result of natural and sexual selection. Differences in personality traits allow people within human social groups to differ in the effectiveness with which they can play different roles within human societies. Personality differences are of utmost importance because humans must detect and react to the personality traits of others to successfully navigate the social landscapes in which humans reside. The individual differences seen in personality are the result of adaptation to different niches available within human social groups. This reduces competition among group members. Although some members who are similar in personality may compete for certain roles within a society, their degree of specialization means that they will not be required to compete against all group members. For example, in our modern society, certain people who possess higher levels of intelligence, conscientiousness, and motivation (e.g., willingness to spend many years studying) may be good candidates for careers as neurosurgeons. Other individuals who possess higher levels of impulsive sensation-seeking and lower levels of neuroticism (and are thus less prone to fearfulness) might be better suited than others to become deep-sea welders.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/personality-theories/evolutionary-personality-theories/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1004338439#0_1984812430

Title: Stress and Eyewitness Memory - IResearchNet Headings: Stress and Eyewitness Memory Stress and Eyewitness Memory References: Share Content: Stress and Eyewitness Memory - IResearchNet Psychology > Stress and Eyewitness Memory Stress and Eyewitness Memory Stress exerts complex effects on eyewitness memory. On the whole, it has a negative effect, but this can be quite variable depending on the level of stress and the aspect of the witnessed event that one is trying to remember. Stress operates similarly in affecting person recognition (i.e., lineup performance) and recall of event details. The effects of stress on eyewitness memory and identification are of interest because of the fact that persons witnessing a crime, especially a violent crime, commonly (though not always) experience stress. “ Stress” is itself a rather vague term that has been inter-preted differently by various commentators, but generally, it can be taken to denote a negative emotional state associated with both physiological changes and a subjective set of cognitions. The physiological experience of stress is associated with increased arousal, marked by increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tone. The subjective experience typically includes some perception of threat and feelings of anxiety. People often assume that a high level of emotion, positive or negative, will facilitate memory; however, it is also possible that intense emotion, especially the high level of stress associated with witnessing a crime, would lead to decrements in memory for details of the crime itself and for the ability to recognize the persons involved. Early studies investigating the effects of stress on memory yielded inconsistent findings.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/eyewitness-memory/stress-and-eyewitness-memory/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1004338439#1_1984814401

Title: Stress and Eyewitness Memory - IResearchNet Headings: Stress and Eyewitness Memory Stress and Eyewitness Memory References: Share Content: The physiological experience of stress is associated with increased arousal, marked by increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tone. The subjective experience typically includes some perception of threat and feelings of anxiety. People often assume that a high level of emotion, positive or negative, will facilitate memory; however, it is also possible that intense emotion, especially the high level of stress associated with witnessing a crime, would lead to decrements in memory for details of the crime itself and for the ability to recognize the persons involved. Early studies investigating the effects of stress on memory yielded inconsistent findings. Some researchers found that accuracy suffered when witnesses were under stress, others found that it was unaffected, and a minority of researchers reported improvements in accuracy. This ambiguity can be explained, in part, by variations in the degree of stress. The Yerkes-Dodson law proposes that the relationship between arousal and performance can be plotted as an inverted U, where with moderate increases in arousal, performance is improved but with too much arousal performance declines. This theory was subscribed to by many researchers, and initially, it was thought to provide an explanation for the seemingly contradictory pattern of research findings. The studies that found improvements may have elicited an optimal level of stress or arousal, whereas those studies that had found decrements had exceeded that optimal level of stress.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/eyewitness-memory/stress-and-eyewitness-memory/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1004338439#2_1984816296

Title: Stress and Eyewitness Memory - IResearchNet Headings: Stress and Eyewitness Memory Stress and Eyewitness Memory References: Share Content: Some researchers found that accuracy suffered when witnesses were under stress, others found that it was unaffected, and a minority of researchers reported improvements in accuracy. This ambiguity can be explained, in part, by variations in the degree of stress. The Yerkes-Dodson law proposes that the relationship between arousal and performance can be plotted as an inverted U, where with moderate increases in arousal, performance is improved but with too much arousal performance declines. This theory was subscribed to by many researchers, and initially, it was thought to provide an explanation for the seemingly contradictory pattern of research findings. The studies that found improvements may have elicited an optimal level of stress or arousal, whereas those studies that had found decrements had exceeded that optimal level of stress. However, this explanation proved inadequate as the body of research grew because of the difficulty in comparing degrees of stress and also because of findings indicating that stress is not a unidimensional construct, as proposed by the Yerkes-Dodson law, but instead has multiple components (e.g., physiological, affective, cognitive, behavioral, etc.). An alternative explanation is that with higher levels of emotional stress, the observer’s attention becomes narrower and more focused. As a result, memory for central and closely attended-to details improves, while memory for more peripheral details declines. This distinction between central and peripheral details also helps explain some of the inconsistent findings, where stress sometimes helps but at other times impairs memory. Research reviews and meta-analyses of the topic reveal that, taken as a whole, stress has more of a negative than a positive impact on eyewitness memory in terms of both identification of the perpetrator and recall of event details.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/eyewitness-memory/stress-and-eyewitness-memory/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1004338439#7_1984826088

Title: Stress and Eyewitness Memory - IResearchNet Headings: Stress and Eyewitness Memory Stress and Eyewitness Memory References: Share Content: There are limits to the amount of stress that one can ethically induce in an experimental situation, and even with highly arousing materials, research participants are usually not personally threatened by the witnessed event; that is, they are bystanders rather than victims or potential victims, which is likely to influence not only their stress level but also their behavior, degree of attention, and so forth. Some innovative research designs have attempted to overcome this limitation by studying victims/witnesses of real crimes or individuals undergoing stressful medical procedures. In conclusion, it is hard to generalize about the effects of stress on eyewitness memory. The findings are somewhat mixed, and the explanation for stress effects on memory is far from clear, making generalization difficult. More research is necessary to resolve this uncertainty. However, it is clear that, overall, high levels of stress harm eyewitness memory in more ways than they help it. References: Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/eyewitness-memory/stress-and-eyewitness-memory/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1004338439#8_1984827613

Title: Stress and Eyewitness Memory - IResearchNet Headings: Stress and Eyewitness Memory Stress and Eyewitness Memory References: Share Content: More research is necessary to resolve this uncertainty. However, it is clear that, overall, high levels of stress harm eyewitness memory in more ways than they help it. References: Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 687-706. Peters, D. (1997). Stress, arousal, and children’s eyewitness memory. In N. L. Stein, P. A. Ornstein, B. Tversky, & C. Brainerd (Eds.), Memory for everyday and emotional events (pp.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/eyewitness-memory/stress-and-eyewitness-memory/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1005154539#12_1986269459

Title: Headings: Content: Cognitive Foundations of Attitudes The cognitive foundation of attitudes, what might be called beliefs, comes from direct experience with the world or through thinking about the world. Thinking about the world includes any kind of active information processing, such as deliberating, wondering, imagining, and reflecting, as well as through activities such as reading, writing, listening, and talking. If you believe that insects are dirty and disgusting, then you will probably have the attitude that insects are not food. However, if you read that locusts and other insects are happily eaten in some cultures, then you may come to believe that locusts may not be so bad. Your attitude here comes from thinking about the new facts you read. Additionally, if the National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that exposure to ultraviolet light is the most important environmental factor involved in the formation of skin cancers, and you believe that the CDC is a trustworthy expert, then you might logically reason that excessive sun exposure is not a healthy thing. Here your attitude comes from logically reasoning about the world. Suppose you didn’t know how you felt about a topic until you were forced to write an essay for a writing class. This also would be an example of attitude formation through cognition, in this case, organizing your thoughts in preparation to write a coherent essay. References:

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/attitudes/attitude-formation/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1005169284#1_1986275184

Title: Headings: Content: Specifically, strong attitudes are those that (a) resist change, (b) persist over time, (c) guide information processing, and (d) motivate and direct behavior. Attitude Strength Background A great deal of evidence attests to the impact of attitudes on a wide array of outcomes. There is evidence, for example, that attitudes can color one’s interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, causing one to perceive the stimuli in attitude-congruent ways. This explains why supporters of two competing political candidates can watch the same political debate and come away equally convinced that their own preferred candidate prevailed. In addition, attitudes can shape people’s perceptions of other people’s attitudes, causing them to overestimate the prevalence of their views. There is also a wealth of evidence that attitudes motivate and guide behavior. For example, people’s attitudes toward recycling are strongly predictive of whether they actually participate in recycling programs, and attitudes toward political candidates are excellent predictors of voting behavior. In these and countless other ways, thoughts and actions are profoundly shaped by attitudes. Attitudes do not always exert such powerful effects, however. In fact, in addition to the impressive findings about the power of attitudes, the attitude literature is also full of an equally impressive set of failures to find any effect of attitudes on thought or behavior.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/attitudes/attitude-strength/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1005353806#3_1986647918

Title: Cultural Differences (CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY) iResearchNet Headings: Cultural Differences Cultural Differences Cultural Differences Definition Cultural Differences Context and Focus Cultural Differences Background and History Cultural Differences Evidence Cultural Differences Implications References: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: However, it was not until around the 19th century C.E. that scholars began to conduct systematic studies of unique cultural beliefs and practices, such as Alexis de Tocqueville’s writings about the unique aspects of early American culture and Max Weber’s analysis of how religious ideologies developed in Northern Europe created cultural differences in beliefs about the meaning of work. About 100 years later, the field of cultural anthropology emerged with an exclusive focus on understanding the nature of cultural differences around the world. Today, psychological research has brought new understanding about the nature of cultural differences and similarities by combining an anthropological focus on culture with sophisticated experimental methods developed in social and cognitive psychology. This area of research within social psychology is referred to as cultural psychology. Before psychologists began to study culture, it was often assumed that knowledge gained from psychological research conducted within one culture applied to all humans. This assumption about the universality of human psychology was challenged when researchers then tried to replicate studies in other cultures and found very different results for a number of important phenomena. For example, psychological experiments showing that people tend to exert less effort when working in a group versus alone showed an opposite pattern in East Asian societies. There, people tend to exert less effort when working alone compared to when working in a group. Further, studies conducted in India, and later in Japan, showed an opposite pattern to earlier research conducted in the United States—that people tend to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situational factors on behavior. Cultural Differences Evidence Three broad types of evidence have been used to demonstrate cultural differences.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/cultural-psychology/cultural-differences/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1005394679#6_1986730207

Title: Culture and Mental Health (CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY) iResearchNet Headings: Culture and Mental Health Culture and Mental Health The Growing Popularity of Culture and Mental Health Critical Concepts and Issues Ethnocentrism Cultural Construction of Reality Key Questions in the Study of Culture and Psychopathology Some Critical Issues and Research Findings Biology and Culture in Psychopathology Concepts of Illness and Disease Equivalence in Clinical Assessment Epidemiology Research Strategies for Studying Culture and Symptomatology Relationships Ethnocultural Parameters of Psychopathology Depressive Disorders Schizophrenia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Cultures as Causative of Psychiatric Disorders 1. Stress. 2. Normality and Abnormality. 3. Coping and Resources. References: Content: These questions have increased the popularity of culture and psychopathology as a subdisciplinary specialty. Critical Concepts and Issues Ethnocentrism and the cultural construction of reality are key issues. Ethnocentrism The fundamental assumption underlying the study of culture and psychopathology is ethnocentrism and cultural bias. The term ethnocentrism refers to the “natural tendency or inclination” among people everywhere to view reality from their own cultural experience and perspective. In the course of doing so, the traditions, behaviors, and practices of people from other cultures are often considered inferior, strange, abnormal, and/or deviant. Obviously, when a decision must be made regarding a person’s sanity and treatment, ethnocentrism can have destructive consequences. Most of our basic conceptual, methodological, and professional assumptions and practices regarding mental health are derived and validated within the historical and cultural contexts of northern European and North American societies. As such, they are ethnocentric and culturally biased. They are rooted within ideological worldviews that favor individualistic, materialistic, democratic, and scientific perspectives. As a result, the essential concepts of personhood, normality and abnormality, illness and health, consciousness, and personal choice and responsibility that guide Western psychological and psychiatric thought and practice bear little relevance and/or applicability to people from non- Western cultures and traditions.

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/cultural-psychology/culture-and-mental-health/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1005394679#7_1986732803

Title: Culture and Mental Health (CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY) iResearchNet Headings: Culture and Mental Health Culture and Mental Health The Growing Popularity of Culture and Mental Health Critical Concepts and Issues Ethnocentrism Cultural Construction of Reality Key Questions in the Study of Culture and Psychopathology Some Critical Issues and Research Findings Biology and Culture in Psychopathology Concepts of Illness and Disease Equivalence in Clinical Assessment Epidemiology Research Strategies for Studying Culture and Symptomatology Relationships Ethnocultural Parameters of Psychopathology Depressive Disorders Schizophrenia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Cultures as Causative of Psychiatric Disorders 1. Stress. 2. Normality and Abnormality. 3. Coping and Resources. References: Content: Obviously, when a decision must be made regarding a person’s sanity and treatment, ethnocentrism can have destructive consequences. Most of our basic conceptual, methodological, and professional assumptions and practices regarding mental health are derived and validated within the historical and cultural contexts of northern European and North American societies. As such, they are ethnocentric and culturally biased. They are rooted within ideological worldviews that favor individualistic, materialistic, democratic, and scientific perspectives. As a result, the essential concepts of personhood, normality and abnormality, illness and health, consciousness, and personal choice and responsibility that guide Western psychological and psychiatric thought and practice bear little relevance and/or applicability to people from non- Western cultures and traditions. This fact has been well known for many years but has only recently become a major concern for both Western and non-Western people. For example, a quarter century ago, Clifford Geertz, an American cultural anthropologist, wrote (The Interpretation of Culture, New York, 1973): The Western conception of the person as a bounded, unique, more or less integrated motivational and cognitive universe, a dynamic center of awareness, emotion, judgment, and action, organized into a distinctive whole and set contrastively – both against other such wholes and against social and natural background-is, however incorrigible it may seem to us, a rather peculiar idea within the context of the world’s cultures. ( P. 34) More recently, Ajita Chakraborty (Lancet, 19, 337), an Indian psychiatrist, wrote: Even where studies were sensitive, and the aim was to show relative differences caused by culture, the ideas and tools were still derived from a circumscribed area of European thought. . . .

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/cultural-psychology/culture-and-mental-health/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1005394679#8_1986735717

Title: Culture and Mental Health (CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY) iResearchNet Headings: Culture and Mental Health Culture and Mental Health The Growing Popularity of Culture and Mental Health Critical Concepts and Issues Ethnocentrism Cultural Construction of Reality Key Questions in the Study of Culture and Psychopathology Some Critical Issues and Research Findings Biology and Culture in Psychopathology Concepts of Illness and Disease Equivalence in Clinical Assessment Epidemiology Research Strategies for Studying Culture and Symptomatology Relationships Ethnocultural Parameters of Psychopathology Depressive Disorders Schizophrenia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Cultures as Causative of Psychiatric Disorders 1. Stress. 2. Normality and Abnormality. 3. Coping and Resources. References: Content: This fact has been well known for many years but has only recently become a major concern for both Western and non-Western people. For example, a quarter century ago, Clifford Geertz, an American cultural anthropologist, wrote (The Interpretation of Culture, New York, 1973): The Western conception of the person as a bounded, unique, more or less integrated motivational and cognitive universe, a dynamic center of awareness, emotion, judgment, and action, organized into a distinctive whole and set contrastively – both against other such wholes and against social and natural background-is, however incorrigible it may seem to us, a rather peculiar idea within the context of the world’s cultures. ( P. 34) More recently, Ajita Chakraborty (Lancet, 19, 337), an Indian psychiatrist, wrote: Even where studies were sensitive, and the aim was to show relative differences caused by culture, the ideas and tools were still derived from a circumscribed area of European thought. . . . Research is constrained by this view of psychiatry. . . . Psychiatrists in the developing world . . . have accepted a diagnostic framework developed by western medicine, but which does not seem to take into account the diversity of behavioral patterns they encounter. ( p. 1204) Cultural Construction of Reality But, most important, Western psychiatrists and mental health scientists and professionals are beginning to accept the view that culture constitutes the context in which our different worldviews are shaped and differentiated (i.e., the cultural construction of reality). Marsella noted (1982) that since our realities are culturally constructed, how can we expect universality in psychopathology?

https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/cultural-psychology/culture-and-mental-health/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1007462575#6_1990439689

Title: Ethics - Ethical, Person, Stage, and Moral - JRank Articles Headings: Ethics Ethics Further Reading Additional topics Content: The question of moral agency becomes complicated by the tendency to equate ethical behavior with obedience. Because humans first learn ethics as small children from adult authority figures, our initial understanding of ethics is "obeying." When we do what adults want us to, we are told we are "good." If we disobey, we are "bad." Some people never outgrow this, continuing throughout life to believe that being "good" means obeying external authorities. These people have never developed a sense of moral agency, even though they are capable of making choices. A prime example of this dilemma is the numerous soldiers and citizens who carried out or assisted in the torture and murder of millions of Jews, Russians, gays, and others in the Holocaust of World War II. Do their claims that they were "just following orders" exempt them from ethical responsibility? Likewise, in situations of oppression where people have been traumatized into blind obedience to their oppressors, are the oppressed ethically responsible for their actions, or do they lack moral agency? These are difficult questions with no clear answers, but they do illuminate the essential character of freedom to choose in the development of ethical maturity.

https://psychology.jrank.org/pages/223/Ethics.html

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1007728172#9_1990985842

Title: Personality - Type theory of personality, Trait theory of personality, Psychodynamic theory of personality, Phenomenological theory of personality - JRank Articles Headings: Personality Personality Type theory of personality, Trait theory of personality, Psychodynamic theory of personality, Phenomenological theory of personality Type theory of personality Trait theory of personality Psychodynamic theory of personality Phenomenological theory of personality Behavioral theory of personality Further Reading Additional topics Content: The Freudian approach includes an extensive description of psychosexual development from birth up to adulthood. Erik Erikson outlined eight stages of development spanning the entire human lifetime, from birth to death. In contrast, various other approaches, such as those of Jung, Adler, and Rogers, have rejected the notion of separate developmental stages. An area of increasing interest is the study of how personality varies across cultures. In order to know whether observations about personality structure and formation reflect universal truths or merely cultural influences, it is necessary to study and compare personality characteristics in different societies. For example, significant differences have been found between personality development in the individualistic cultures of the West and in collectivist societies such as Japan, where children are taught from a young age that fitting in with the group takes precedence over the recognition of individual achievement. Cross-cultural differences may also be observed within a given society by studying the contrasts between its dominant culture and its subcultures (usually ethnic, racial, or religious groups). Further Reading Allport, Gordon W. Personality and Social Encounter: Selected Essays. Boston:

https://psychology.jrank.org/pages/484/Personality.html

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1007728172#10_1990987847

Title: Personality - Type theory of personality, Trait theory of personality, Psychodynamic theory of personality, Phenomenological theory of personality - JRank Articles Headings: Personality Personality Type theory of personality, Trait theory of personality, Psychodynamic theory of personality, Phenomenological theory of personality Type theory of personality Trait theory of personality Psychodynamic theory of personality Phenomenological theory of personality Behavioral theory of personality Further Reading Additional topics Content: For example, significant differences have been found between personality development in the individualistic cultures of the West and in collectivist societies such as Japan, where children are taught from a young age that fitting in with the group takes precedence over the recognition of individual achievement. Cross-cultural differences may also be observed within a given society by studying the contrasts between its dominant culture and its subcultures (usually ethnic, racial, or religious groups). Further Reading Allport, Gordon W. Personality and Social Encounter: Selected Essays. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960. Eysenck, Hans. The Structure of Human Personality. London Methuen, 1970. Mischel, Walter.

https://psychology.jrank.org/pages/484/Personality.html

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1008197522#1_1992008708

Title: terminology - What is the term for when too many choices results in inability to decide? - Psychology & Neuroscience Stack Exchange Headings: What is the term for when too many choices results in inability to decide? 3 Answers 3 Your Answer Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged terminology decision-making consumer-psychology or ask your own question. Content: I've heard it called Decision Paralysis or " Analysis Paralysis " but these terms don't seem to have a root in cognitive science. Is there a formal or generally accepted term for this phenomenon? terminology decision-making consumer-psychology Share Improve this question edited Feb 23 '12 at 0:48 Jeromy Anglim ♦ 29.8k 11 11 gold badges 84 84 silver badges 215 215 bronze badges asked Feb 22 '12 at 15:31 Ben Brocka Ben Brocka 9,565 3 3 gold badges 47 47 silver badges 89 89 bronze badges 4 Add a comment | 3 Answers 3 Active Oldest Votes 14 Share Improve this answer edited May 13 '16 at 0:18 Thufir 103 3 3 bronze badges answered Feb 22 '12 at 21:07 William B Swift William B Swift 701 3 3 silver badges 8 8 bronze badges 3 Add a comment | 3 Overchoice or "choice overload" are the common used terms for describing the cognitive process in which people have a difficult time making a decision when faced with many options (Wikipedia on Overchoice) The same souce refers that the concept was first introduced by Alvin Toffler in his book named Future Shock. Barry Schwartz as well as Barbara Fasolo and collegues call it "the tiranny of choice". Nevertheless, recently, some authors have been cast doubts on the phenomenon being as pervasive or important as some might have given it credit for. Instead, it appears probable that such choice effects might be limited to particular contexts, assuming they reliably exist in the first place (see Is Choice Overload a Real Thing?) Share Improve this answer answered Dec 26 '16 at 1:07 decision maker decision maker 127 7 7 bronze badges Add a comment | 1 In HCI terms, which is where I come from, this would probably be called information overload. It is the situation where a person is presented with so much information that they cannot process all of it successfully. In Cognitive terms, the term probably works best because it is caused, I believe, by insufficient short term memory being available to successfully process what is needed from a page, so the decisions about what to do cannot be made. In a similar way, if too much information is given to a person - even if expressed in terms of "you could do this, or you could do this... " then they cannot dismiss the options enough to narrow it down.

https://psychology.stackexchange.com/questions/476/what-is-the-term-for-when-too-many-choices-results-in-inability-to-decide

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1008197522#2_1992011683

Title: terminology - What is the term for when too many choices results in inability to decide? - Psychology & Neuroscience Stack Exchange Headings: What is the term for when too many choices results in inability to decide? 3 Answers 3 Your Answer Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged terminology decision-making consumer-psychology or ask your own question. Content: Instead, it appears probable that such choice effects might be limited to particular contexts, assuming they reliably exist in the first place (see Is Choice Overload a Real Thing?) Share Improve this answer answered Dec 26 '16 at 1:07 decision maker decision maker 127 7 7 bronze badges Add a comment | 1 In HCI terms, which is where I come from, this would probably be called information overload. It is the situation where a person is presented with so much information that they cannot process all of it successfully. In Cognitive terms, the term probably works best because it is caused, I believe, by insufficient short term memory being available to successfully process what is needed from a page, so the decisions about what to do cannot be made. In a similar way, if too much information is given to a person - even if expressed in terms of "you could do this, or you could do this... " then they cannot dismiss the options enough to narrow it down. Without this, decisions cannot be made. Share Improve this answer edited Feb 22 '12 at 15:59 Andy DeSoto 2,668 12 12 silver badges 24 24 bronze badges answered Feb 22 '12 at 15:51 Schroedingers Cat Schroedingers Cat 1,336 2 2 gold badges 10 10 silver badges 13 13 bronze badges 1 Add a comment | Your Answer Thanks for contributing an answer to Psychology & Neuroscience Stack Exchange! Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research! But avoid … Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

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msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1010800017#2_1994852130

Title: Critical thinking | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Critical thinking Critical thinking Contents Overview What is and is not universal in critical thinking The uses of critical thinking The affective dimension of critical thinking Overcoming bias Critical thinking in the classroom Assessing Critical Thinking Reaching a conclusion Quotations See also References External links Content: Critical thinking gives due consideration to the evidence, the context of judgment, the relevant criteria for making that judgment well, the applicable methods or techniques for forming that judgment, and the applicable theoretical and constructs for understanding the nature of the problem and the question at hand. These elements also happen to be the key defining characteristics of professional fields and academic disciplines. This is why critical thinking can occur within a given subject field (by reference to its specific set of permissible questions, evidence sources, criteria, etc.) and across subject fields in all those spaces where human beings need to interact and make decisions, solve problems, and figure out what to believe and what to do. Within the framework of scientific skepticism, the process of critical thinking involves acquiring information and evaluating it to reach a well-justified conclusion or answer. Part of critical thinking comprises informal logic. However, a large part of critical thinking goes beyond informal logic and includes assessment of beliefs and identification of prejudice, bias, propaganda, self-deception, distortion, misinformation, etc. Given research in cognitive psychology, some educators believe that schools should focus more on teaching their students critical thinking skills, intellectual standards, and cultivating intellectual traits (such as intellectual humility, intellectual empathy, intellectual integrity, and fair-mindedness) than on memorizing facts by rote learning. As defined in A Greek-English Lexicon the verb krino- means to choose, decide or judge. Hence a krites is a discerner, judge or arbiter.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1010800017#3_1994854395

Title: Critical thinking | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Critical thinking Critical thinking Contents Overview What is and is not universal in critical thinking The uses of critical thinking The affective dimension of critical thinking Overcoming bias Critical thinking in the classroom Assessing Critical Thinking Reaching a conclusion Quotations See also References External links Content: Part of critical thinking comprises informal logic. However, a large part of critical thinking goes beyond informal logic and includes assessment of beliefs and identification of prejudice, bias, propaganda, self-deception, distortion, misinformation, etc. Given research in cognitive psychology, some educators believe that schools should focus more on teaching their students critical thinking skills, intellectual standards, and cultivating intellectual traits (such as intellectual humility, intellectual empathy, intellectual integrity, and fair-mindedness) than on memorizing facts by rote learning. As defined in A Greek-English Lexicon the verb krino- means to choose, decide or judge. Hence a krites is a discerner, judge or arbiter. Those who are kritikos have the ability to discern or decide by exercising sound judgment The word krino- also means to separate (winnow) the wheat from the chaff or that which has worth from that which does not. Critical thinking is important, because it enables one to analyze, evaluate, explain, and restructure our thinking, decreasing thereby the risk of acting on, or thinking with, a false premise. However, even with the use of critical thinking skills, mistakes can happen due to a thinker's egocentrism or sociocentrism or failure to be in possession of the full facts. In addition, there is always the possibility of inadvertent human error . Universal concepts and principles of critical thinking can be applied to any context or case but only by reflecting upon the nature of that application.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1012598118#0_1997276427

Title: Human agency | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Human agency Human agency Content: Human agency | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Human agency Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Social psychology: Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline Human agency is the capacity for human beings to make choices and to impose those choices on the world. It is normally contrasted to natural forces, which are causes involving only unthinking deterministic processes. In this it is subtly distinct from the concept of free will, the philosophical doctrine that our choices are not the product of causal chains, but are significantly free or undetermined. Human agency entails the uncontroversial, lower claim that humans . do in fact make decisions and enact them on the world. How humans come to make decisions, by free choice or other processes, is not at issue. Human agency invests a moral component into a given situation. If a situation is the consequence of human decision making, persons may be under a duty to apply value judgements to the consequences of their decisions, and held to be responsible for those decisions. Human agency entitles the observer to ask should this have occurred?

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Human_agency

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1012974601#0_1997946184

Title: Irrational beliefs | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Irrational beliefs Irrational beliefs Cognitive therapy See also Content: Irrational beliefs | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Irrational beliefs Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences · Irrational beliefs are attitudes, beliefs values etc that a person strongly holds despite objective evidence, generally available and understood, to the contrary. Such beliefs can be maintained by intrapersonal cognitive structures, sometimes based on particular uncommon occurences. For example having been involved in a car accident I develop and maintain a belief that automobile travel is catastophically dangerous. We could develop a notional sliding scale of irrationality from beliefs that are only slight exagerations of what might be considered a 'normal reaction' to such events to extensive delusions which seem completely irrational. Cognitive dissonance theory and psychodynamic theory have been partly developed to explain how such beliefs are maintained. They can also be partly shaped by external social pressures. Studies of conformity have indicated how people will report irrational beliefs under the influence of group dynamics and peer pressure, while studies of cults show just how far these effects can go. Cognitive therapy The degree to which irrational beliefs underpin mental disorders is addressed by various forms of cognitive therapy which attempt to alter the beliefs in order to enable people to change their feelings and behavior See also Cultism Irrationality Superstitions Retrieved from " https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Irrational_beliefs?oldid=129685 " Categories: Cognition Cognitive dissonance Cognitive therapy Add category Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Irrational_beliefs

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#0_1998502768

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Marginalization Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Social psychology: Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline Young (2000) defines marginalization as exclusion from meaningful participation in society, partly because the labour market does not or cannot accommodate them, proving to be one of the most dangerous forms of oppression. Marginalization has the ability to cause severe material deprivation, as well in its most extreme form can exterminate groups. Minority groups such as individuals living with disabilities (physical or mental), women, racial minorities, Aboriginal communities, elderly individuals, single mothers, and homosexuals all face marginalization due to dominant discourse (s) within the structures of society (Mullaly, 2007). Material deprivation is the most common result of marginalization when looking at how unfairly material resources (such as food and shelter) are dispersed in society. Along with material deprivation, marginalized individuals are also excluded from services, programs, and policies (Young, 2000). Marginalization can be understood within three levels: individual, community, and global-structural / policies. Although examples are listed within these three specific levels, one must recognize the intersecting nature of marginalization and its capacity to overlap within each. Contents 1 Individual 2 Community 3 Global and Structural 4 Implications for Social Work Practice 5 References Individual Marginalization at the individual level results in an individual’s exclusion from meaningful participation in society.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#1_1998505171

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: Along with material deprivation, marginalized individuals are also excluded from services, programs, and policies (Young, 2000). Marginalization can be understood within three levels: individual, community, and global-structural / policies. Although examples are listed within these three specific levels, one must recognize the intersecting nature of marginalization and its capacity to overlap within each. Contents 1 Individual 2 Community 3 Global and Structural 4 Implications for Social Work Practice 5 References Individual Marginalization at the individual level results in an individual’s exclusion from meaningful participation in society. An example of marginalization at the individual level is the exclusion of single mothers from the welfare system prior to the welfare reform of the 1900’s. The welfare system is based on the concept of the universal worker; entitlement to welfare is based on one’s contribution to society in the form of employment. A single mother’s contribution to society is not based on employment resulting in the mother’s ineligibility of social assistance for many decades. In modern society, caring work is devalued and motherhood is seen as a barrier to employment (Lessa, 2006).

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#2_1998506811

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: An example of marginalization at the individual level is the exclusion of single mothers from the welfare system prior to the welfare reform of the 1900’s. The welfare system is based on the concept of the universal worker; entitlement to welfare is based on one’s contribution to society in the form of employment. A single mother’s contribution to society is not based on employment resulting in the mother’s ineligibility of social assistance for many decades. In modern society, caring work is devalued and motherhood is seen as a barrier to employment (Lessa, 2006). Single mothers are marginalized for their significant role in the socializing of children and due to gendered views that an individual can only contribute meaningfully to society through employment. As a result single mothers continue to suffer from material deprivation, as well as their children (Lessa, 2006). Another example of individual marginalization is the exclusion of individuals with disabilities from the labour force. Grandz (as cited in Leslie 2003) discusses an employer viewpoint in hiring individuals living with disabilities as jeopardizing productivity, increasing the rate of absenteeism, and creating more accidents in the workplace. Cantor (as cited in Leslie 2003) also discusses employer concern of the excessive high cost of accommodating people with disabilities.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#3_1998508575

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: Single mothers are marginalized for their significant role in the socializing of children and due to gendered views that an individual can only contribute meaningfully to society through employment. As a result single mothers continue to suffer from material deprivation, as well as their children (Lessa, 2006). Another example of individual marginalization is the exclusion of individuals with disabilities from the labour force. Grandz (as cited in Leslie 2003) discusses an employer viewpoint in hiring individuals living with disabilities as jeopardizing productivity, increasing the rate of absenteeism, and creating more accidents in the workplace. Cantor (as cited in Leslie 2003) also discusses employer concern of the excessive high cost of accommodating people with disabilities. The marginalization of individuals with disabilities is prevalent today despite the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Employment Equity Act, academic achievement, skills and training (Leslie, 2003). Community Many communities experience marginalization, with particular focus in this section on Aboriginal communities and women. Marginalization of Aboriginal communities is a product of colonization. As a result of colonialism, Aboriginal communities lost their land, were forced into destitute areas, lost their sources of income, and were excluded from the labour market. Additionally, Aboriginal communities lost their culture and values through forced assimilation and lost their rights in society (Baskin, 2003).

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#4_1998510464

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: The marginalization of individuals with disabilities is prevalent today despite the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Employment Equity Act, academic achievement, skills and training (Leslie, 2003). Community Many communities experience marginalization, with particular focus in this section on Aboriginal communities and women. Marginalization of Aboriginal communities is a product of colonization. As a result of colonialism, Aboriginal communities lost their land, were forced into destitute areas, lost their sources of income, and were excluded from the labour market. Additionally, Aboriginal communities lost their culture and values through forced assimilation and lost their rights in society (Baskin, 2003). Today various communities continue to be marginalized from society due to the development of practices, policies and programs that “met the needs of white people and not the needs of the marginalized groups themselves” (Yee, 2005, p. 93). Yee (2005) also connects marginalization to minority communities when describing the concept of whiteness as maintaining and enforcing dominant norms and discourse. A second example of marginalization at the community level is the marginalization of women. Moosa-Mitha (as cited in Brown & Strega, 2005) discusses the feminist movement as a direct reaction to the marginalization of white women in society. Women were excluded from the labor force and their work in the home was not valued.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#5_1998512302

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: Today various communities continue to be marginalized from society due to the development of practices, policies and programs that “met the needs of white people and not the needs of the marginalized groups themselves” (Yee, 2005, p. 93). Yee (2005) also connects marginalization to minority communities when describing the concept of whiteness as maintaining and enforcing dominant norms and discourse. A second example of marginalization at the community level is the marginalization of women. Moosa-Mitha (as cited in Brown & Strega, 2005) discusses the feminist movement as a direct reaction to the marginalization of white women in society. Women were excluded from the labor force and their work in the home was not valued. Feminists argued that men and women should equally participate in the labor force, the pubic and private sector, and in the home. They also focused on labour laws to increase access to employment, as well as recognize childrearing as a valuable form of labour. Today women are still marginalized from executive positions and continue to earn less then men in upper management positions. Global and Structural Globalization (global-capitalism), immigration, social welfare and policy are broader social structures that have the potential to contribute negatively to one’s access to resources and services, resulting in marginalization of individuals and groups. Globalization impacts the lives of individuals and groups in many capacities with the influx of capitalism, information technology, company outsourcing / job insecurity, and the widening gap between the rich and the poor.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#6_1998514312

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: Feminists argued that men and women should equally participate in the labor force, the pubic and private sector, and in the home. They also focused on labour laws to increase access to employment, as well as recognize childrearing as a valuable form of labour. Today women are still marginalized from executive positions and continue to earn less then men in upper management positions. Global and Structural Globalization (global-capitalism), immigration, social welfare and policy are broader social structures that have the potential to contribute negatively to one’s access to resources and services, resulting in marginalization of individuals and groups. Globalization impacts the lives of individuals and groups in many capacities with the influx of capitalism, information technology, company outsourcing / job insecurity, and the widening gap between the rich and the poor. Alphonse, George & Moffat (2007) discuss how globalization sets forth a decrease in the role of the state with an increase in support from various “corporate sectors resulting in gross inequalities, injustices and marginalization of various vulnerable groups” (p. 1). Companies are outsourcing, jobs are lost, the cost of living continues to rise, and land is being expropriated by large companies. Material goods are made in large abundances and sold at cheaper costs, while in India for example, the poverty line is lowered in order to mask the number of individuals who are actually living in poverty as a result of globalization. Globalization and structural forces aggravate poverty and continue to push individuals to the margins of society, while governments and large corporations do not address the issues (George, P, SK8101, lecture, October 9, 2007). Certain language and the meaning attached to language can cause universalizing discourses that are influenced by the Western world, which is what Sewpaul (2006) describes as the “potential to dilute or even annihilate local cultures and traditions and to deny context specific realities” (p. 421).

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#7_1998516762

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: Alphonse, George & Moffat (2007) discuss how globalization sets forth a decrease in the role of the state with an increase in support from various “corporate sectors resulting in gross inequalities, injustices and marginalization of various vulnerable groups” (p. 1). Companies are outsourcing, jobs are lost, the cost of living continues to rise, and land is being expropriated by large companies. Material goods are made in large abundances and sold at cheaper costs, while in India for example, the poverty line is lowered in order to mask the number of individuals who are actually living in poverty as a result of globalization. Globalization and structural forces aggravate poverty and continue to push individuals to the margins of society, while governments and large corporations do not address the issues (George, P, SK8101, lecture, October 9, 2007). Certain language and the meaning attached to language can cause universalizing discourses that are influenced by the Western world, which is what Sewpaul (2006) describes as the “potential to dilute or even annihilate local cultures and traditions and to deny context specific realities” (p. 421). What Sewpaul (2006) is implying is that the effect of dominant global discourses can cause individual and cultural displacement, as well as an experience of “de-localization”, as individual notions of security and safety are jeopardized (p. 422). Insecurity and fear of an unknown future and instability can result in displacement, exclusion, and forced assimilation into the dominant group. For many, it further pushes them to the margins of society or enlists new members to the outskirts because of global-capitalism and dominant discourses (Sewpaul, 2006). With the prevailing notion of globalization, we now see the rise of immigration as the world gets smaller and smaller with millions of individuals relocating each year. This is not without hardship and struggle of what a newcomer thought was going to be a new life with new opportunities.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#8_1998519183

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: What Sewpaul (2006) is implying is that the effect of dominant global discourses can cause individual and cultural displacement, as well as an experience of “de-localization”, as individual notions of security and safety are jeopardized (p. 422). Insecurity and fear of an unknown future and instability can result in displacement, exclusion, and forced assimilation into the dominant group. For many, it further pushes them to the margins of society or enlists new members to the outskirts because of global-capitalism and dominant discourses (Sewpaul, 2006). With the prevailing notion of globalization, we now see the rise of immigration as the world gets smaller and smaller with millions of individuals relocating each year. This is not without hardship and struggle of what a newcomer thought was going to be a new life with new opportunities. Ferguson, Lavalette, & Whitmore (2005) discuss how immigration has had a strong link to access of welfare support programs. Newcomers are constantly bombarded with the inability to access a country’s resources because they are seen as “undeserving foreigners” (p. 132). With this comes a denial of access to public housing, health care benefits, employment support services, and social security benefits (Ferguson et al., 2005). Newcomers are seen as undeserving, or that they must prove their entitlement in order to gain access to basic support necessities.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#9_1998520999

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: Ferguson, Lavalette, & Whitmore (2005) discuss how immigration has had a strong link to access of welfare support programs. Newcomers are constantly bombarded with the inability to access a country’s resources because they are seen as “undeserving foreigners” (p. 132). With this comes a denial of access to public housing, health care benefits, employment support services, and social security benefits (Ferguson et al., 2005). Newcomers are seen as undeserving, or that they must prove their entitlement in order to gain access to basic support necessities. It is clear that individuals are exploited and marginalized within the country they have emigrated (Ferguson et al., 2005). Welfare states and social policies can also exclude individuals from basic necessities and support programs. Welfare payments were proposed to assist individuals in accessing a small amount of material wealth (Young, 2000). Young (2000) further discusses how “the provision of the welfare itself produces new injustice by depriving those dependent on it of rights and freedoms that others have…marginalization is unjust because it blocks the opportunity to exercise capacities in socially defined and recognized way” (p. 41).

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#10_1998522620

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: It is clear that individuals are exploited and marginalized within the country they have emigrated (Ferguson et al., 2005). Welfare states and social policies can also exclude individuals from basic necessities and support programs. Welfare payments were proposed to assist individuals in accessing a small amount of material wealth (Young, 2000). Young (2000) further discusses how “the provision of the welfare itself produces new injustice by depriving those dependent on it of rights and freedoms that others have…marginalization is unjust because it blocks the opportunity to exercise capacities in socially defined and recognized way” (p. 41). There is the notion that by providing a minimal amount of welfare support, an individual will be free from marginalization. In fact, welfare support programs further lead to injustices by restricting certain behaviour, as well the individual is mandated to other agencies. The individual is forced into a new system of rules while facing social stigma and stereotypes from the dominant group in society, further marginalizing and excluding individuals (Young, 2000). Thus, social policy and welfare provisions reflect the dominant notions in society by constructing and reinforcing categories of people and their needs. It ignores the unique-subjective human essence, further continuing the cycle of dominance (Wilson & Beresford, 2000).

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1013364452#11_1998524405

Title: Marginalization | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Contents Individual Community Global and Structural Implications for Social Work Practice References Content: There is the notion that by providing a minimal amount of welfare support, an individual will be free from marginalization. In fact, welfare support programs further lead to injustices by restricting certain behaviour, as well the individual is mandated to other agencies. The individual is forced into a new system of rules while facing social stigma and stereotypes from the dominant group in society, further marginalizing and excluding individuals (Young, 2000). Thus, social policy and welfare provisions reflect the dominant notions in society by constructing and reinforcing categories of people and their needs. It ignores the unique-subjective human essence, further continuing the cycle of dominance (Wilson & Beresford, 2000). Implications for Social Work Practice Upon defining and describing marginalization as well as the various levels in which it exists, one must now explore its implications for social work practice. Mullaly (2007) describes how “the personal is political” and the need for recognizing that social problems are in deed connected with larger structures in society, causing various forms of oppression amongst in

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marginalization

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1016725992#6_2002337451

Title: Social discrimination | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Social discrimination Social discrimination Direct vs. subtle Race discrimination Age discrimination Gender discrimination Legislation Caste discrimination Employment discrimination Language discrimination Reverse discrimination and affirmative action Disability discrimination Theories Discrimination Conservative and Anarcho-Capitalist Labeling theory Social checks and balances See also References External links Content: Although theoretically the word can refer to the discrimination against any age group, age discrimination usually comes in one of three forms: discrimination against youth (also called adultism ), discrimination against those 40 years old or older [3], and discrimination against elderly people. In the United States, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits employment discrimination nationwide based on age with respect to employees 40 years of age or older. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act also addresses the difficulty older workers face in obtaining new employment after being displaced from their jobs, arbitrary age limits. In many countries, companies more or less openly refuse to hire people above a certain age despite the increasing lifespans and average age of the population. The reasons for this range from vague feelings that younger people are more "dynamic" and create a positive image for the company, to more concrete concerns about regulations granting older employees higher salaries or other benefits without these expenses being fully justified by an older employees' greater experience. Some people consider that teenagers and youth (around 15-25 years old) are victims of adultism, age discrimination framed as a paternalistic form of protection. In seeking social justice, they feel that it is necessary to remove the use of a false moral agenda in order to achieve agency and empowerment. This perspective is based on the grounds that youth should be treated more respectfully by adults and not as second-class citizens. Some suggest that social stratification in age groups causes outsiders to incorrectly stereotype and generalize the group, for instance that all adolescents are equally immature, violent or rebellious, listen to rock tunes, and do drugs.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Social_discrimination

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1016725992#7_2002339947

Title: Social discrimination | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Social discrimination Social discrimination Direct vs. subtle Race discrimination Age discrimination Gender discrimination Legislation Caste discrimination Employment discrimination Language discrimination Reverse discrimination and affirmative action Disability discrimination Theories Discrimination Conservative and Anarcho-Capitalist Labeling theory Social checks and balances See also References External links Content: The reasons for this range from vague feelings that younger people are more "dynamic" and create a positive image for the company, to more concrete concerns about regulations granting older employees higher salaries or other benefits without these expenses being fully justified by an older employees' greater experience. Some people consider that teenagers and youth (around 15-25 years old) are victims of adultism, age discrimination framed as a paternalistic form of protection. In seeking social justice, they feel that it is necessary to remove the use of a false moral agenda in order to achieve agency and empowerment. This perspective is based on the grounds that youth should be treated more respectfully by adults and not as second-class citizens. Some suggest that social stratification in age groups causes outsiders to incorrectly stereotype and generalize the group, for instance that all adolescents are equally immature, violent or rebellious, listen to rock tunes, and do drugs. Some have organized groups against age discrimination. Ageism is the causal effect of a continuum of fears related to age. [ How to reference and link to summary or text] This continuum includes: Pediaphobia: the fear of infants or small children.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Social_discrimination

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1017684229#0_2003662767

Title: T-tubule | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: T-tubule T-tubule Contents Structure Excitation-contraction coupling Detubulation See also External links Content: T-tubule | Psychology Wiki | Fandom T-tubule T-tubule [ [Image:|190px|center|]] Latin tubulus transversus Gray's subject # System MeSH [1] [ [Image:|190px|center|]] A T-tubule (or transverse tubule) is a deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell. Contents 1 Structure 2 Excitation-contraction coupling 3 Detubulation 4 See also 5 External links Structure Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a sarcolemma (the muscle fiber's plasma membrane) which invaginates perpendicular to the length of the fiber to form what is called a T-tubule. At these invaginations the sarcolemma is studded with a large number of L-type calcium channels. In skeletal muscle cells specifically, T-tubule invaginations are typically located at the junction overlap between the A and I bands of the sarcomere, and together with a pair of terminal cisternae (bulbous enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum) it forms an arrangement called a triad. Cardiac muscle has a similar structure; instead of a triad there is a diad, which is composed of a T-tubule and a single terminal cisterna, and it occurs at the Z line. It is physiologically important for excitation-contraction coupling (see section below) that the T-tubules are positioned close to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the triad or diad arrangement allows physical and functional contact by voltage dependent L-type calcium channels. So, an action potential along the sarcolemma causes calcium channels to open in the terminal cisternae / sarcoplasmic reticulum which enables calcium to move from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytoplasm and the intracellular calcium concentration to increase. Excitation-contraction coupling See Excitation-contraction coupling T-tubules are the major sites for the coupling of excitation and contraction, which is the process whereby the spreading depolarization is converted into force production by muscle fibers.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/T-tubule

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1017684229#1_2003665231

Title: T-tubule | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: T-tubule T-tubule Contents Structure Excitation-contraction coupling Detubulation See also External links Content: Cardiac muscle has a similar structure; instead of a triad there is a diad, which is composed of a T-tubule and a single terminal cisterna, and it occurs at the Z line. It is physiologically important for excitation-contraction coupling (see section below) that the T-tubules are positioned close to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the triad or diad arrangement allows physical and functional contact by voltage dependent L-type calcium channels. So, an action potential along the sarcolemma causes calcium channels to open in the terminal cisternae / sarcoplasmic reticulum which enables calcium to move from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytoplasm and the intracellular calcium concentration to increase. Excitation-contraction coupling See Excitation-contraction coupling T-tubules are the major sites for the coupling of excitation and contraction, which is the process whereby the spreading depolarization is converted into force production by muscle fibers. The L-type calcium channels in T-tubules activate in response to electrical stimulation; their opening allows calcium to flow down its electrochemical gradient and into the cell. Activation of the L-type channel also causes a mechanical interaction between it and calcium-release channels located on the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In skeletal muscle, the influx of calcium through the L-type calcium channel on the T-tubule contributes little to excitation-contraction coupling, whereas it is crucial to the proper function of cardiac muscle ( see Cardiac action potential ). Conversely, the mechanical interaction between the T-tubule's L-type calcium channel and the calcium-release channel is critical to proper skeletal muscle contraction, whereas it contributes little to the contraction of cardiac muscle.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/T-tubule

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1017684229#2_2003667390

Title: T-tubule | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: T-tubule T-tubule Contents Structure Excitation-contraction coupling Detubulation See also External links Content: The L-type calcium channels in T-tubules activate in response to electrical stimulation; their opening allows calcium to flow down its electrochemical gradient and into the cell. Activation of the L-type channel also causes a mechanical interaction between it and calcium-release channels located on the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In skeletal muscle, the influx of calcium through the L-type calcium channel on the T-tubule contributes little to excitation-contraction coupling, whereas it is crucial to the proper function of cardiac muscle ( see Cardiac action potential ). Conversely, the mechanical interaction between the T-tubule's L-type calcium channel and the calcium-release channel is critical to proper skeletal muscle contraction, whereas it contributes little to the contraction of cardiac muscle. Detubulation It is possible to physically and functionally uncouple T-tubules from the surface membrane using a technique known as detubulation. This relies on osmotically active chemicals, such as glycerol (for skeletal muscle) or formamide (mainly for cardiac muscle ). Addition of these chemicals to the solution surrounding muscle cells causes the cells to shrink; when the chemical is withdrawn the cells rapidly expand before returning to their normal size. The rapid expansion is thought to cause the t-tubules to detach from the surface membrane, which reseals, and to reseal within the cell.

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/T-tubule

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1017684229#3_2003669159

Title: T-tubule | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: T-tubule T-tubule Contents Structure Excitation-contraction coupling Detubulation See also External links Content: Detubulation It is possible to physically and functionally uncouple T-tubules from the surface membrane using a technique known as detubulation. This relies on osmotically active chemicals, such as glycerol (for skeletal muscle) or formamide (mainly for cardiac muscle ). Addition of these chemicals to the solution surrounding muscle cells causes the cells to shrink; when the chemical is withdrawn the cells rapidly expand before returning to their normal size. The rapid expansion is thought to cause the t-tubules to detach from the surface membrane, which reseals, and to reseal within the cell. This technique can be used to investigate the function of the t-tubules. There is some evidence that heart failure precipitates the loss of the T-tubule network, again indicating their importance. [ How to reference and link to summary or text] See also Muscle contraction External links Histology at Boston University 22502loa - "Ultrastructure of the Cell: cardiac muscle, intercalated disk " Dictionary at eMedicine T+tubule Physiology at MCG 2/2ch3/communic This box: view • talk • edit Histology:

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/T-tubule

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1017684229#4_2003670623

Title: T-tubule | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: T-tubule T-tubule Contents Structure Excitation-contraction coupling Detubulation See also External links Content: This technique can be used to investigate the function of the t-tubules. There is some evidence that heart failure precipitates the loss of the T-tubule network, again indicating their importance. [ How to reference and link to summary or text] See also Muscle contraction External links Histology at Boston University 22502loa - "Ultrastructure of the Cell: cardiac muscle, intercalated disk " Dictionary at eMedicine T+tubule Physiology at MCG 2/2ch3/communic This box: view • talk • edit Histology: muscle tissue skeletal muscle/general: epimysium, fascicle, perimysium, endomysium, muscle fiber, myofibril sarcomere (a, i, and h bands; z and m lines), myofilaments ( thin filament/actin, thick filament/myosin, elastic filament/titin ), tropomyosin, troponin neuromuscular junction, intrafusal muscle fiber, extrafusal muscle fiber, motor unit, muscle spindle, sliding filament mechanism myoblast, satellite cells, sarcoplasm, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubule cardiac muscle: myocardium, intercalated disc smooth muscle: calmodulin, vascular smooth muscle This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia ( view authors) .

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/T-tubule

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1018706308#11_2005142258

Title: How to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions - Psychology Compass Headings: How to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions How to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions Step 1: Learn where your implicit biases come from. TV and movies present a more stereotypical world than what exists in real life Step 2: Recognize when implicit biases may affect your judgements and decisions, and expose yourself to non-stereotypical people. Step 3. Learn to control your implicit biases with slower, more deliberate decision strategies. Step 4. Bonus tip for people who have been affected by cultural stereotypes. How can individuals combat negative messages about their social group? Recap of how to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions Content: Are you thinking of characters like Tony Soprano (The Sopranos), Walter White (Breaking Bad), Tony Montana (Scarface), or Tyler Durden (Fight Club)? Now can you think of any Muslim characters that are violent and criminal, but are still portrayed as a sympathetic protagonist? What about a Black or Latinx character? Not only are Muslim characters and racial minorities – Black and Latinx – over represented as criminals on TV and movies, but they are also less likely to be depicted as a complex protagonist, compared to White men. They are often represented as two-dimensional “bad guys” that viewers are supposed to root against. Whereas when White characters are associated with violence, they are often portrayed as a morally complex character that viewers are supposed to sympathize with (think about the cast of Game of Thrones). Lack of complex representation strengthens stereotypes and can influence our implicit bias. TV and movies present a more stereotypical world than what exists in real life Movies and TV shows also over represent men and White people (at least in Western countries like the US, Canada, and Europe), compared to women and racial minorities. Lack of representation on screen affects our perceptions too. It sends subtle cues about who belongs in what positions.

https://psychologycompass.com/blog/implicit-bias/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1018706308#12_2005144592

Title: How to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions - Psychology Compass Headings: How to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions How to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions Step 1: Learn where your implicit biases come from. TV and movies present a more stereotypical world than what exists in real life Step 2: Recognize when implicit biases may affect your judgements and decisions, and expose yourself to non-stereotypical people. Step 3. Learn to control your implicit biases with slower, more deliberate decision strategies. Step 4. Bonus tip for people who have been affected by cultural stereotypes. How can individuals combat negative messages about their social group? Recap of how to reduce implicit bias to improve your judgements and decisions Content: Whereas when White characters are associated with violence, they are often portrayed as a morally complex character that viewers are supposed to sympathize with (think about the cast of Game of Thrones). Lack of complex representation strengthens stereotypes and can influence our implicit bias. TV and movies present a more stereotypical world than what exists in real life Movies and TV shows also over represent men and White people (at least in Western countries like the US, Canada, and Europe), compared to women and racial minorities. Lack of representation on screen affects our perceptions too. It sends subtle cues about who belongs in what positions. Remember that these visual representations accumulate over time and impact our automatic evaluations of different groups of people. Yes, even fictional representations influence our perceptions! Going forward, when you are watching the news, TV, or even commercials, take a step back and think about how people are being represented. Most importantly, remember that depictions on TV, movies, and commercials do not accurately reflect real life. Though racial and gender implicit biases are common, people can also hold implicit biases regarding sexual orientation, age, religion, and socio-economic status.

https://psychologycompass.com/blog/implicit-bias/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1018914993#0_2005519648

Title: What is ANECDOTAL METHOD? definition of ANECDOTAL METHOD (Psychology Dictionary) Headings: ANECDOTAL METHOD ANECDOTAL METHOD Content: What is ANECDOTAL METHOD? definition of ANECDOTAL METHOD (Psychology Dictionary) ANECDOTAL METHOD By N., Pam M.S. - April 7, 2013 a research method based on personal recollections of a case, as opposed to specific, empirically derived investigation. Can provide ideas to fuel further research. ANECDOTAL METHOD: " A professor relying on the anecdotal method reflects to his or her class on the progress one of the patients he or she is treating makes. " Cite this page: N., Pam M.S., "ANECDOTAL METHOD," in PsychologyDictionary.org, April 7, 2013, https://psychologydictionary.org/anecdotal-method/ (accessed May 24, 2021).

https://psychologydictionary.org/anecdotal-method/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1019472108#0_2006359788

Title: What is DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH? definition of DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH (Psychology Dictionary) Headings: DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Content: What is DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH? definition of DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH (Psychology Dictionary) DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH By N., Pam M.S. - April 7, 2013 An empirical investigation to test a hypothesis or to look at conditions, relationships. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: " Descriptive research does not aspire to draw any causal inferences." Cite this page: N., Pam M.S., "DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH," in PsychologyDictionary.org, April 7, 2013, https://psychologydictionary.org/descriptive-research/ (accessed May 29, 2021).

https://psychologydictionary.org/descriptive-research/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1020865358#5_2008405599

Title: Do Serial Killers Feel Remorse? | Psychology of a killer Headings: Do Serial Killers Feel Remorse? Leave a Reply Cancel reply Content: Ted Bundy knew he was guilty for what he did and yet he did not feel bad about the fact that he took the lives of these ladies. Although there are many different reasons that can cause these killers to not feel remorse, the most common is lack of sanity. In the case were a serial killer is caught and is not mentally stable, instead of being incarcerated, or put into jail, they are put into a psychiatric ward. The reason for this, is they want the killer to become sane and mentally stable, before they put them in jail or prison. The government does not want the mentally unstable killer, to be surrounded by other people, because the killer might possibly hurt someone inside of the jail. Psychopathic killers that are caught and arrested are first put into a psychiatric ward, then they serve their time in jail once they’re determined to be mentally stable. Works Cited Bundy, Ted. “ Inside the Mind of a Serial Killer.” Criminal Justice Degree Hub. WordPress, n.d.

https://psychologyofakiller.wordpress.com/2016/03/28/do-serial-killers-feel-remorse/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1025300687#10_2015475991

Title: What Is A Demiboy? (Everything You Need To Know) - PsychReel Headings: What is a Demiboy? (Everything you need to know) Home » Relationships » What is a Demiboy? (Everything you need to know) What is a Demiboy? (Everything you need to know) Table of Contents Demiboy: Meaning and Significance Difference between Demiboy and Demisexual Demiboy Quiz Third Gender Hijras Khanith Two-spirit identities Gender Identity Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): Demiboy What does it mean to be a Demigirl? What are the 76 genders? What is a demi man? What is a Bigender? Citations Coming Into My Gender: 5 Reasons Identifying as a Demiguy Brings Me Both Fear & Freedom Divya Tiwari Content: The only genders were is male or female, but there has been presence of third genders in the form of uncommon variations on this sexual dimorphism which created a degree of ambiguity known as intersex. Some commonly known third genders across various societies are discussed below: Hijras Hijras are a third gender that are neither a man nor a woman and while most of them may be anatomically male or intersex and some anatomically female, they typically do no associate with either. The Hijra community is most predominant in India and other SouthAsian communities, and they do not enjoy the same acceptance and respect as males and females in their cultures. Occupations like singing and dancing are common to the Hijra community and some of them may even work as cooks or servants or sometimes prostitutes. Khanith The khanith is a third gender that is socially accepted in Oman and these individuals are male homosexual prostitutes who dress as males predominantly in pastel colors other than white, which is traditionally worn by men, but they may have typically female mannerisms. A Khanith can also freely mingle with women which may often be seen at weddings or other formal events. Two-spirit identities Two spirit Identities are usually found in indigenous North American Nations, which had more than two gender roles. The two spirit identity goes beyond the cisgender man and woman, and these individuals do not identify much with the gender, but more with culture or Nation-specific gender terms. Gender Identity Gender identity refers to a deeply personal sense of one’s gender which does not necessarily have to correlate with a person’s assigned sex at birth, and Gender expression may reflect the person’s gender identity but this is not a rule either.

https://psychreel.com/demiboy/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#5_2028414024

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: Do people just want to voice their opinion on social media and get away with actual action? These are some of the things that the future will tell us. However, the importance of social media in spreading awareness cannot be denied. 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: The impact of social media on society is undeniable. Social media has entirely revolutionized and changed the manner in which we view ourselves today and interact with others too. While there are countless very interesting advancements in the social media technology, the negative implications of this revolution cannot be ignored. The overuse/misuse of social media is now a global problem impacting all generations and has been proven to hurt the emotional and mental health of people too. While social media has dramatically benefited our society regarding advertisements, self-expression, marketing, and promotion, too much of a good thing can have negative impacts.

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#6_2028415664

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: The impact of social media on society is undeniable. Social media has entirely revolutionized and changed the manner in which we view ourselves today and interact with others too. While there are countless very interesting advancements in the social media technology, the negative implications of this revolution cannot be ignored. The overuse/misuse of social media is now a global problem impacting all generations and has been proven to hurt the emotional and mental health of people too. While social media has dramatically benefited our society regarding advertisements, self-expression, marketing, and promotion, too much of a good thing can have negative impacts. One of the many effects includes anxiety and depression that is caused by individuals who continually strive to be attentive and super active on social media platforms. The overuse of social media has also known to trigger the obsessive-compulsive disorder in people. One of the many uses of social media is sharing posts and comments, and then it is evident to expect a million likes on them. People tend to obsess over the number of likes they’ve gotten (or not gotten) on their posts, and this has also known to create mental health implications for people. They think that the number of likes is a testament to how many people like them.

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#7_2028417681

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: One of the many effects includes anxiety and depression that is caused by individuals who continually strive to be attentive and super active on social media platforms. The overuse of social media has also known to trigger the obsessive-compulsive disorder in people. One of the many uses of social media is sharing posts and comments, and then it is evident to expect a million likes on them. People tend to obsess over the number of likes they’ve gotten (or not gotten) on their posts, and this has also known to create mental health implications for people. They think that the number of likes is a testament to how many people like them. This subsequently creates anxiety if they do not reach a specific number of likes they’ve set in their mind. That said, it is entirely up to us to decide on whether we want to let social media impact us positively or negatively. What’s important to remember is that the number of likes or shares does not define your self-worth. 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture Every culture has a set of norms and values.

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#8_2028419449

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: This subsequently creates anxiety if they do not reach a specific number of likes they’ve set in their mind. That said, it is entirely up to us to decide on whether we want to let social media impact us positively or negatively. What’s important to remember is that the number of likes or shares does not define your self-worth. 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture Every culture has a set of norms and values. It connects us to ourselves and the people around us. It also governs how we behave and carry ourselves in the world. Social media has become a massive part of our social interaction. Thanks to its emergence, we do not necessarily have to speak to a person to know what or how they are doing in life. In other words, there is substantially less “real-life” contact between individuals now.

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#9_2028420970

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: It connects us to ourselves and the people around us. It also governs how we behave and carry ourselves in the world. Social media has become a massive part of our social interaction. Thanks to its emergence, we do not necessarily have to speak to a person to know what or how they are doing in life. In other words, there is substantially less “real-life” contact between individuals now. One significant impact of social media on the cultural level is how we communicate our thoughts through this platform. More often than not, what we mean has a vast potential of getting misunderstood, and hence, the receiver might not fully grasp the real meaning behind the said visual or emotional expression. Social media has created a gap between the generations. Social media creates a massive responsibility on the users to use it efficiently and with caution. What you share or do on social media quickly becomes a part of who you are as a person, and instead of being a personality trait, it could often be interpreted as it being a part of your character.

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#10_2028422733

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: One significant impact of social media on the cultural level is how we communicate our thoughts through this platform. More often than not, what we mean has a vast potential of getting misunderstood, and hence, the receiver might not fully grasp the real meaning behind the said visual or emotional expression. Social media has created a gap between the generations. Social media creates a massive responsibility on the users to use it efficiently and with caution. What you share or do on social media quickly becomes a part of who you are as a person, and instead of being a personality trait, it could often be interpreted as it being a part of your character. Hence, the negative connotations of social media on a cultural level are aplenty. We need to focus on how to BE social and not on how to DO social! 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Social Media has played an exciting role in promoting trade and commerce around the world.

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#11_2028424375

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: Hence, the negative connotations of social media on a cultural level are aplenty. We need to focus on how to BE social and not on how to DO social! 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Social Media has played an exciting role in promoting trade and commerce around the world. In present times, almost all the brands, companies or services have a page on most social media platforms. It has become an indispensable platform for sharing information about products and services. It has given the opportunity to people to learn about companies, products, and services all around the world. If you look at e-commerce, the whole industry is highly dependent on social media. The more people can share news about their products;

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1034471239#12_2028425799

Title: Social Media Essay - Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Headings: Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay – Effect Of Social Media On Individuals & Society Social Media Essay Introduction Effect Of Social Media On Politics: 2. Effect Of Social Media 0n Society: 3. Effect Of Social Media on Culture 4. Effect Of Social Media On Commerce: Discussion on future of social media: Conclusion Content: In present times, almost all the brands, companies or services have a page on most social media platforms. It has become an indispensable platform for sharing information about products and services. It has given the opportunity to people to learn about companies, products, and services all around the world. If you look at e-commerce, the whole industry is highly dependent on social media. The more people can share news about their products; the more people learn about them and thus increase their business considerably. The system of client reviews also plays an important role in shaping the buying pattern on social media. One needs to have good reviews on social media to promote their products and services. However, there is also a negative side to it. People are using paid or fake reviews to promote themselves.

https://pteacademicexam.com/social-media-essay-effect-of-social-media-on-individuals-society/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1035194754#20_2030005814

Title: Students Have Rights When Searched or Questioned at School | Pine Tree Legal Assistance Headings: Students Have Rights When Searched or Questioned at School Students Have Rights When Searched or Questioned at School Publication Volume Main Legal Topic Facet Content Type Searching Students Questioning Students Conclusion Content: It will be based on what whether the person doing the search followed the rule that he was supposed to follow. AUTHOR’S NOTE about Tribal schools and Tribal courts: If your child goes to your tribe’s elementary or middle school, then local tribal policies, laws and practices may be a little different. If your child is charged with a juvenile crime, and the case is in tribal court, the tribal court will follow its own procedures. Tribal courts will follow the Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA). This is very similar to the federal Bill of Rights. But, tribal judges can interpret the ICRA in ways that reflect tribal values and culture.

https://ptla.org/wabanaki/students-have-rights-when-searched-or-questioned-school

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1194627614#2_2163230965

Title: Trimethoprim | C14H18N4O3 - PubChem Headings: Trimethoprim Trimethoprim Contents 1 Structures 1.1 2D Structure 1.2 3D Conformer 1.3 Crystal Structures 2 Names and Identifiers 2.1 Computed Descriptors 2.1.1 IUPAC Name 2.1.2 InChI 2.1.3 InChI Key 2.1.4 Canonical SMILES 2.2 Molecular Formula 2.3 Other Identifiers 2.3.1 CAS 2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number 212-006-2 2.3.3 NSC Number 757370 752719 106568 2.3.4 UN Number 2811 2.3.5 UNII 2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID3023712 2.3.7 Wikipedia Trimethoprim 2.4 Synonyms 2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms 2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms 3 Chemical and Physical Properties 3.1 Computed Properties 3.2 Experimental Properties 3.2.1 Physical Description 3.2.2 Color/Form 3.2.3 Odor 3.2.4 Taste 3.2.5 Melting Point 3.2.6 Solubility 3.2.7 LogP 3.2.8 LogS 3.2.9 Stability/Shelf Life 3.2.10 Decomposition 3.2.11 pKa 3.2.12 Dissociation Constants 3.2.13 Collision Cross Section 3.2.14 Kovats Retention Index 4 Spectral Information 4.1 1D NMR Spectra 4.1.1 13C NMR Spectra 4.1.2 15N NMR Spectra 4.2 Mass Spectrometry 4.2.1 GC-MS 4.2.2 MS-MS 4.2.3 LC-MS 4.2.4 Other MS 4.3 UV Spectra 4.3.1 UV-VIS Spectra 4.4 IR Spectra 4.4.1 FTIR Spectra 4.4.2 ATR-IR Spectra 6 Chemical Vendors 7 Drug and Medication Information 7.1 Drug Indication 7.2 LiverTox Summary 7.3 Drug Classes 7.4 FDA Orange Book 7.5 Drug Labels for Ingredients 7.6 Clinical Trials 7.6.1 ClinicalTrials.gov 7.6.2 EU Clinical Trials Register 7.6.3 NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan 7.7 Therapeutic Uses 7.8 Drug Warnings 7.9 Drug Tolerance 8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry 8.1 Pharmacology 8.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification 8.3 ATC Code 8.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion 8.5 Metabolism/Metabolites 8.6 Biological Half-Life 8.7 Mechanism of Action 8.8 Human Metabolite Information 8.8.1 Cellular Locations 9 Use and Manufacturing 9.1 Use Classification 9.2 Uses EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories 9.3 Methods of Manufacturing 9.4 Formulations/Preparations 9.5 General Manufacturing Information 10 Identification 10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods 10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods 11 Safety and Hazards 11.1 Hazards Identification 11.1.1 GHS Classification 11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories 11.1.3 Health Hazards 11.1.4 Fire Hazards 11.2 First Aid Measures 11.2.1 First Aid 11.3 Fire Fighting 11.4 Accidental Release Measures 11.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation 11.4.2 Disposal Methods 11.5 Handling and Storage 11.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response 11.5.2 Storage Conditions 11.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection 11.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 11.7 Stability and Reactivity 11.7.1 Air and Water Reactions 11.7.2 Reactive Group 11.7.3 Reactivity Profile 11.8 Transport Information 11.8.1 DOT Label 11.9 Regulatory Information 11.9.1 FDA Requirements 12 Toxicity 12.1 Toxicological Information 12.1.1 Hepatotoxicity 12.1.2 Drug Induced Liver Injury 12.1.3 Acute Effects 12.1.4 Interactions 12.1.5 Toxicity Summary 12.1.6 Antidote and Emergency Treatment 12.1.7 Human Toxicity Excerpts 12.1.8 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts 12.1.9 Non-Human Toxicity Values 12.1.10 Protein Binding 12.2 Ecological Information 12.2.1 Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary 12.2.2 Artificial Pollution Sources 12.2.3 Environmental Fate 12.2.4 Environmental Biodegradation 12.2.5 Environmental Abiotic Degradation 12.2.6 Environmental Bioconcentration 12.2.7 Soil Adsorption/Mobility 12.2.8 Volatilization from Water/Soil 12.2.9 Environmental Water Concentrations 12.2.10 Effluent Concentrations 12.2.11 Milk Concentrations 12.2.12 Probable Routes of Human Exposure 12.2.13 Average Daily Intake 12.2.14 Body Burden 13 Associated Disorders and Diseases 14 Literature 14.1 Coronavirus Studies 14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations 14.3 Springer Nature References 14.4 Thieme References 14.5 Wiley References 14.6 Depositor Provided PubMed Citations 14.7 Synthesis References 14.8 Metabolite References 14.9 General References 14.10 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature 14.11 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature 14.12 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature 15 Patents 15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers 15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE 16 Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways 16.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures 16.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures 16.2 Drug-Gene Interactions 16.3 Chemical-Gene Interactions 16.3.1 CTD Chemical-Gene Interactions 16.4 DrugBank Interactions 16.5 Drug-Drug Interactions 16.6 Pathways 17 Biological Test Results 17.1 BioAssay Results 18 Classification 18.1 Ontologies 18.1.1 MeSH Tree 18.1.2 ChEBI Ontology 18.1.3 KEGG: USP 18.1.4 KEGG: ATC 18.1.5 KEGG: Animal Drugs 18.1.6 KEGG: Drug Classes 18.1.7 KEGG : Antiinfectives 18.1.8 WHO ATC Classification System 18.1.9 FDA Pharm Classes 18.1.10 ChemIDplus 18.1.11 CAMEO Chemicals 18.1.12 ChEMBL Target Tree 18.1.13 UN GHS Classification 18.1.14 EPA CPDat Classification 18.1.15 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification 18.1.16 CCSBase Classification 18.1.17 EPA DSSTox Classification 19 Information Sources Content: CAS Common Chemistry; ChemIDplus; DrugBank; DTP/NCI; EPA DSSTox; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA); Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB); Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) 2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number Help New Window 212-006-2 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 2.3.3 NSC Number Help New Window 757370 752719 106568 2.3.4 UN Number Help New Window 2811 CAMEO Chemicals 2.3.5 UNII Help New Window AN164J8Y0X FDA/SPL Indexing Data 2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID Help New Window DTXSID3023712 EPA DSSTox 2.3.7 Wikipedia Help New Window Trimethoprim 2.4 Synonyms Help New Window 2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms Help New Window Proloprim Trimethoprim Trimpex Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms Help New Window trimethoprim 738-70-5 Proloprim Trimpex Trimetoprim Bactramin Monotrim Monotrimin Trimopan 2,4-Diamino-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine Monoprim Syraprim Trimanyl Wellcoprim Triprim Uretrim 5- (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine Trimethoprime Trimethoprimum NIH 204 Primsol 5- [ (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine component of Bactrim NSC-106568 BW 56-72 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine, 5- [ (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]- Polytrim TCMDC-125538 5- (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine UNII-AN164J8Y0X 5- [ (3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,4-pyrimidinediamine NSC 106568 5- (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidine CHEBI:45924 CHEMBL22 Trimpex (TN) Abaprim MFCD00036761 Apo-Sulfatrim BW 5672 BW-56-72 Pyrimidine, 2,4-diamino-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)- MLS000079023 AN164J8Y0X Briscotrim Novotrimel Streptoplus Sulfoxaprim Trimethioprim Urobactrim Wellcoprin Anitrim Antrima Antrimox Bacidal Bacticel Bactoprim Bencole Bethaprim Biosulten Chemotrin Colizole Conprim Cotrimel Duocide Esbesul Espectrin Euctrim Exbesul Fermagex Fortrim Ikaprim Kombinax Lagatrim Lastrim Metoprim Pancidim Protrin Resprim Salvatrim Setprin Sinotrim Sugaprim Sulfamar Sulthrim Sultrex Trimexol Trimezol Trimono Trisulcom Trisulfam Trisural Utetrin Velaten Xeroprim Zamboprim 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine, 5- ( (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-methyl)- 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine, 5- ( (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)- Bacdan Bacide Deprim Omstat Purbal Roubac Roubal Stopan Toprim Trisul Bacin Bacta Futin Trimpex 200 Co-Trimoxizole Lagatrim Forte Septrin Forte Alcorim-F Colizole DS Septrin S Septrin DS Smz-Tmp NSC106568 Trimez-IFSA Trimethoprim, 98% U-Prin component of Septra NCGC00016055-05 Trimethopriom 5- ( (3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine Bactifor CAS-738-70-5 Dosulfin Instalac SMR000035999 Trimetoprim [DCIT] Trimogal Lescot Tiempe Trimetoprim [Polish] Resprim Forte Uro-D S DSSTox_CID_3712 Tmp Smx DSSTox_RID_77158 DSSTox_GSID_23712 5- (3,4,5-Trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine Trimethoprime [INN-French] Trimethoprimum [INN-Latin] Trimetoprima [INN-Spanish] 2,4-Diamino-5- (3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine Bacterial [Antibiotic] NIH 204 (VAN) Proloprim (TN) WR 5949 CCRIS 2410 HSDB 6781 SR-01000075652 EINECS 212-006-2 5- (3, 4, 5-Trimethoxybenzyl)-2, 4-pyrimidinediamine BRN 0625127 Trimethoprim (JAN/USP/INN) 5- { [3,4,5-tris (methyloxy)phenyl]methyl}pyrimidine-2,4-diamine AI3-52594 Trimethoprim-d9 B-Lock KUC103659N Trimethoprim, (S) Prestwick_485 KSC-4-158 Trimethoprim (TMP) Bactrim (Salt/Mix) 1189460-62-5 AZT + TMP/SMX (mixture) combination Spectrum_000167 Tocris-0650 Trimethoprim [USAN: USP: INN:

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/trimethoprim

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1198634255#9_2166579455

Title: Plutonium | Pu (Element) - PubChem Headings: Plutonium Plutonium Pu Contents 1 Identifiers 1.1 Element Name 1.2 Element Symbol 1.3 InChI 1.4 InChI Key 2 Properties 2.1 Atomic Weight 2.2 Electron Configuration 2.3 Atomic Radius Van der Waals Atomic Radius Empirical Atomic Radius Covalent Atomic Radius 2.4 Oxidation States 2.5 Ground Level 2.6 Ionization Energy 2.7 Electronegativity Pauling Scale Electronegativity 2.8 Atomic Spectra Lines Holdings Levels Holdings 2.9 Physical Description 2.10 Element Classification 2.11 Element Period Number 2.12 Element Group Number 2.13 Density 2.14 Melting Point 913 K (640°C or 1184°F) 2.15 Boiling Point 2.16 Estimated Crustal Abundance 2.17 Estimated Oceanic Abundance 3 History 4 Description 5 Uses 6 Production 7 Compounds See more information at the Plutonium compound page. 7.1 Element Forms 8 Isotopes Stable Isotope Count 238 U (n, gamma) → 239 U (beta) → 239 Np (beta) → 239 Pu 8.1 Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay 9 Information Sources LICENSE LICENSE LICENSE Content: Later, during the Cold-War era, large stockpiles of weapons-grade plutonium were built up by both the Soviet Union and the United States. Each year about 20 tons of plutonium is still produced as a by-product of the nuclear power industry. As of 2007 it was estimated that the plutonium stockpile was about 500 tons, world-wide. Since the end of the Cold War these stockpiles have become a focus of nuclear proliferation concerns. In 2000, the United States and the Russian Federation mutually agreed to each dispose of 34 tons of weapon grade plutonium before the end of 2019 by converting it to a mixed uranium-plutonium oxide (MOX) fuel to be used in commercial nuclear power reactors. Today plutonium-239 remains an important component of nuclear weapons, and the United States maintains plutonium-related capabilities in support of national defense and global nuclear deterrence. Pu-239 for civilian nuclear power plants provides energy for many nations. Plutonium-238 continues to be vital to space exploration pushing the limits beyond which manned space exploration is possible and satisfying our quest for knowledge. Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy 4 Description Help New Window Plutonium is unique among the elements in its physicochemical complexities by virtue of its position at a transitional location in the periodic table where the 5f electrons are at the border between delocalized (not associated with a single atom) and localized (associated with a single atom) b

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Plutonium

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1203267410#0_2172690605

Title: Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment • Access • Public Address Headings: Access by Various artists Access by Various artists Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment 8 responses to this post Content: Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment • Access • Public Address Access by Various artists 10:07 Jul 11, 2017 Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment by Peter Fogarty The New Zealand Herald recently published a story reporting that Deaf are being “elbowed out of top spots” in their own organisations. It was timely. Recent events have picked the scab off a climate of fear, anxiety and conflict in the Deaf community. The Deaf culture in our own organisations is on life support. Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment are at the heart of these events. But what is hearing privilege? By definition, hearing people can hear and usually can speak. This creates systematic and structural barriers for people who cannot hear or speak as hearing people do, i.e., the Deaf community. Deaf are unlike other disabled groups in that their “disability” is linguistic. Deaf can do everything except hear.

https://publicaddress.net/access/hearing-privilege-and-deaf-disempowerment/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1203267410#1_2172691966

Title: Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment • Access • Public Address Headings: Access by Various artists Access by Various artists Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment 8 responses to this post Content: But what is hearing privilege? By definition, hearing people can hear and usually can speak. This creates systematic and structural barriers for people who cannot hear or speak as hearing people do, i.e., the Deaf community. Deaf are unlike other disabled groups in that their “disability” is linguistic. Deaf can do everything except hear. Every other disabled group has access to hearing privilege. Naturally, Deaf, like other linguistic minorities, need interpreters to act as intermediaries between themselves and the hearing world. Deaf need to use hearing people to overcome the systematic barriers put up by hearing privilege. This is why hearing leaders are hired: because of their hearing privilege – that is, their ability to engage with the hearing world on behalf of their Deaf employers.

https://publicaddress.net/access/hearing-privilege-and-deaf-disempowerment/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1203267410#2_2172693208

Title: Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment • Access • Public Address Headings: Access by Various artists Access by Various artists Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment 8 responses to this post Content: Every other disabled group has access to hearing privilege. Naturally, Deaf, like other linguistic minorities, need interpreters to act as intermediaries between themselves and the hearing world. Deaf need to use hearing people to overcome the systematic barriers put up by hearing privilege. This is why hearing leaders are hired: because of their hearing privilege – that is, their ability to engage with the hearing world on behalf of their Deaf employers. Hearing privilege is all-pervasive. Hearing people do not have to constantly explain and defend themselves. Hearing people can expect their parents, doctors, teachers, and community will share the same education, culture and language as themselves. Hearing people can expect that they will be represented accurately and fairly in the media. Hearing privilege is when hearing people decide what is best for the Deaf community without their input, insight, or consideration.

https://publicaddress.net/access/hearing-privilege-and-deaf-disempowerment/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1203267410#3_2172694572

Title: Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment • Access • Public Address Headings: Access by Various artists Access by Various artists Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment 8 responses to this post Content: Hearing privilege is all-pervasive. Hearing people do not have to constantly explain and defend themselves. Hearing people can expect their parents, doctors, teachers, and community will share the same education, culture and language as themselves. Hearing people can expect that they will be represented accurately and fairly in the media. Hearing privilege is when hearing people decide what is best for the Deaf community without their input, insight, or consideration. When a hearing person represents a Deaf issue to the wider community, the optics are terrible. It suggests to the world that Deaf are not capable of representing themselves. It suggests that Deaf need interpreters and hearing intermediaries to interact with the hearing community. Utter nonsense. Deaf are proud to represent ourselves and we do not need any hearing person to speak for us.

https://publicaddress.net/access/hearing-privilege-and-deaf-disempowerment/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1203267410#5_2172697727

Title: Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment • Access • Public Address Headings: Access by Various artists Access by Various artists Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment 8 responses to this post Content: Hearing privilege means that we, the Deaf community, cannot go and speak with the CEO of the organisation that represents people like us, and expect to be able to speak with him or her in our own native language without needing a $90-per-hour interpreter. What does it say about a disabled persons’ organisation (DPO) when its CEO is not a member of the disabled community it represents? This is hardly unique to the disability sector in New Zealand or around the world. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), a DPO is considered “to be those comprised by a majority of persons with disabilities – at least half of its membership – governed, led and directed by persons with disabilities.” In the Deaf sector, Deaf Aotearoa meets these criteria in all but the top position, with a fully Deaf membership, just over half of staff and managers Deaf, and a fully Deaf Board, with directors of companies that it owns being majority Deaf but including a hearing director. Other Deaf-related organisations in the sector mainly have a medical focus on helping hearing people keep their hearing privilege. It is unfortunate that the hearing community still maintains significant barriers to the Deaf community in New Zealand and Deaf organisations are not represented by members of the Deaf community, but by another cultural and linguistic group. For every hearing person in a Deaf organisation, there is a very capable under- or unemployed Deaf person that might acquire valuable experience that is difficult to acquire anywhere else except the Deaf sector because of the systematic barriers of hearing privilege in the wider New Zealand community. One of the unfortunate consequences of hearing people working within Deaf organisations is that their well-meaning hearing activities sometimes disempower Deaf. Too often, control of organisations is handed to hearing people because of their hearing privilege, i.e., because they may have excellent written English, higher qualifications, and are seen as allies.

https://publicaddress.net/access/hearing-privilege-and-deaf-disempowerment/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1203267410#8_2172704780

Title: Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment • Access • Public Address Headings: Access by Various artists Access by Various artists Hearing privilege and Deaf disempowerment 8 responses to this post Content: As long as hearing people advocate for Deaf people, the wider community continue to have their perceptions of Deaf shaped by other hearing people, not by Deaf themselves, and hearing people continue to profit off Deaf people. Under the human rights principles outlined by the UNCRPD, we have the right to represent ourselves in all matters that involve us. We have the right not to have our minds, language, and institutions be colonized by people with hearing privilege. We have the right to protest about matters that involve us. We have the right to have our language and culture respected. We have the right to access and fully participate in society. We are Deaf and proud. Hearing privilege is blocking us from enjoying our birthright. Please stop hogging the hot seats and check your privilege. 8 responses to this post

https://publicaddress.net/access/hearing-privilege-and-deaf-disempowerment/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1205450518#6_2176303077

Title: 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills - Public Generalist Headings: 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills 1 – Plan carefully 2 – Collaborate 3 – Use advanced search techniques 4 – Start with less reliable sources, don’t end with them 5 – Use all available sources 6 – Harness the community 7 – Check Credentials 8 – Be ready to make notes at any time 9 – Stay organized 10 – Avoid plagiarism Content: For more information on how to do this check out my full guide on how to research any topic. 5 – Use all available sources Remember that typing something into google isn’t the only way of finding information. Books, podcast, documentaries, newspaper archives, and even personal interviews are all valid sources of information. In fact, the most reliable sources are often not found on the internet! Try to broaden your horizons when tracking down reliable information and don’t get tempted by easy to find but often poor quality sources. Even if you are using the internet, which of course you should still do, there are ways of getting more reliable information. For example, if you are seeking scholarly information you can use a search engine specifically designed to return those kinds of results such as PubMed or Google Scholar. 6 – Harness the community One of the best ways to aid your research is to find other people with interest or expertise in the area you are researching, Either online or offline. Places like Reddit or other forums can be an easy way to find people interested in a particular subject. Offline there are clubs or meeting where people gather to discuss or appreciate a wide variety of subjects.

https://publicgeneralist.com/improve-your-research-skills/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1205450518#7_2176305085

Title: 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills - Public Generalist Headings: 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills 10 Tips to Help Improve Your Research Skills 1 – Plan carefully 2 – Collaborate 3 – Use advanced search techniques 4 – Start with less reliable sources, don’t end with them 5 – Use all available sources 6 – Harness the community 7 – Check Credentials 8 – Be ready to make notes at any time 9 – Stay organized 10 – Avoid plagiarism Content: Even if you are using the internet, which of course you should still do, there are ways of getting more reliable information. For example, if you are seeking scholarly information you can use a search engine specifically designed to return those kinds of results such as PubMed or Google Scholar. 6 – Harness the community One of the best ways to aid your research is to find other people with interest or expertise in the area you are researching, Either online or offline. Places like Reddit or other forums can be an easy way to find people interested in a particular subject. Offline there are clubs or meeting where people gather to discuss or appreciate a wide variety of subjects. For example, if I were researching cryptocurrency, I could use the meetup app to find a dozen meetings on that topic in the next week alone. Another way of using the community around a subject is to identify the experts in your field of interest and contact them. Getting information directly from people who have authority on a topic means the quality of that information will be much higher. 7 – Check Credentials When using experts as sources make sure to check their credentials. Where did they study?

https://publicgeneralist.com/improve-your-research-skills/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1206107842#4_2177506877

Title: DHHS: DPH: WCH: Families: Newborn Screening Headings: WCH: Newborn Screening WCH: Newborn Screening Families What is Newborn Metabolic Screening? Critical Congenital Heart Defects (CCHD) Screening Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Fact Sheets for Parents and Providers Who is Eligible? How to Apply Contacts Content: Your baby did not pass the pulse oximetry screen (PDF, 614 KB) Resultado No Pasó: Su bebé no pasó la prueba de oximetría de pulso (PDF, 515 KB) Pass Result: Your baby passed the pulse oximetry screen! ( PDF, 551 KB) Su bebé pasó la prueba de oximetría de pulso (PDF, 292 KB) American Heart Association: Pulse Oximetry Screening for CCHD Children’s National Medical Center: Pulse Ox Congenital Heart Disease Screening Educational Videos about CCHD Screening Baby’s First Test: Heart Smart Videos for Parents (English, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, French, and Russian) Information for Hospitals and Providers CCHD Continuing Education Webinars Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening in North Carolina - CCHD Screening Part 1 Safe and Effective CCHD Screening in North Carolina - CCHD Series Part 2 CCHD Permanent Rules CCHD Screening and Reporting Outreach Letter for Providers (PDF, 61 KB) CCHD Screening Recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics Perinatal Quality Collaborative of NC (PQCNC): Online CCHD database for all reporting A Model Toolkit for Hospitals to Learn about the Nationally Recommended CCHD Screening Protocol and Process Children’s National Medical Center CCHD Screening Toolkit Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Fact Sheets for Parents and Providers SCID Fact Sheet for Parents (PDF, 45 KB) SCID Fact Sheet for Primary Care Providers (PDF, 298 KB) Severe Combined Immune Deficiency: A Guide for Parents Following a Diagnosis Deficiencia Inmunológica Combinada Severa (SCID): Una Guía para Padres Después del Diagnóstico Hoja Informativa de SCID para Proveedores de Atención Primaria (Spanish;

https://publichealth.nc.gov/wch/families/newbornmetabolic.htm

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1209100051#4_2181406510

Title: What to do if your drinking water contains arsenic – Center for Public Integrity Headings: What to do if your drinking water contains arsenic What to do if your drinking water contains arsenic David Heath Arsenic levels in groundwater across the U.S. By Jared Bennett and Chris Zubak-Skees June 28, 2014 Content: Recent studies have suggested that arsenic may cause IQ deficits in children and may be harmful to fetal development. Arsenic levels in groundwater across the U.S. By Jared Bennett and Chris Zubak-Skees June 28, 2014 Arsenic makes up part of the Earth’s crust and is commonly found in groundwater. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agency lowered the drinking-water standard from 50 parts per billion of arsenic to 10 parts per billion. The agency had initially proposed a limit of five parts per billion but faced criticism that it would be too costly for water companies to hit that target. Arsenic is known to cause a variety of cancers as well as being linked to heart disease, strokes and diabetes. Recent research has found an association between arsenic below 10 parts per billion and IQ deficits in children. This map is based on arsenic readings from 45,000 wells collected by the United States Geological Survey throughout the country going back four decades. In addition, the states of Texas and Minnesota provided data gathered on arsenic in private wells. In several other states, few readings were available. The easiest way to curb your exposure to arsenic is by paying attention to your drinking water.

https://publicintegrity.org/environment/what-to-do-if-your-drinking-water-contains-arsenic/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1209465157#0_2182263745

Title: What you can do to fight bias in the media | The Publicity Hound Headings: What you can do to fight bias in the media What you can do to fight bias in the media Share this: About Joan Stewart Trackbacks Content: What you can do to fight bias in the media | The Publicity Hound January 30, 2006 by Joan Stewart What you can do to fight bias in the media I just finished reading the book “ Bias—A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News ,” written by former CBS correspondent Bernard Goldberg and published about five years ago. It hit No. 1 on the New York Times best-seller list. So do I think the media slant the news? I thought they did long before Goldberg’s book. I’m a conservative who has worked in newspaper newsrooms for 22 years and much of what I saw and heard about media bias falls in line with what Goldberg has written—only it wasn’t as blatant. People who refuse to recognize media bias probably won’t bother reading this book. As for the rest of you, here are eight ways to fight back. This list, by the way, is as effective for Democrats, liberals and others who think the media slant the news to the right. Complain to the media brass at offending TV stations, magazines and newspapers and go as high up the ladder as you can.

https://publicityhound.com/blog/what-you-can-do-to-fight-bias-in-the-media

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1209465157#1_2182265249

Title: What you can do to fight bias in the media | The Publicity Hound Headings: What you can do to fight bias in the media What you can do to fight bias in the media Share this: About Joan Stewart Trackbacks Content: I’m a conservative who has worked in newspaper newsrooms for 22 years and much of what I saw and heard about media bias falls in line with what Goldberg has written—only it wasn’t as blatant. People who refuse to recognize media bias probably won’t bother reading this book. As for the rest of you, here are eight ways to fight back. This list, by the way, is as effective for Democrats, liberals and others who think the media slant the news to the right. Complain to the media brass at offending TV stations, magazines and newspapers and go as high up the ladder as you can. Sinking ratings for programs like the evening news shows petrify the networks. And newspaper publishers are watching their circulation and paid advertising plummet so low that many of the big papers are laying off newsroom employees—again. I blogged about how to complain here. If you’re tuning out, let them know. If you’re canceling your subscription or pulling your advertising from places like your daily newspaper, say so.

https://publicityhound.com/blog/what-you-can-do-to-fight-bias-in-the-media

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1217763322#1_2193807677

Title: Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Headings: Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Authors Affiliation Abstract MeSH terms Substances Content: 2003 Nov;25 (11):1119-28. doi: 10.1002/bies.10354. Authors Ricardo Cavicchioli 1 , Paul M G Curmi , Neil Saunders , Torsten Thomas Affiliation 1 School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. [email protected] PMID: 14579252 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10354 Abstract Archaea are microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They are prevalent in extreme environments, and yet found in most ecosystems. They are a natural component of the microbiota of most, if not all, humans and other animals. Despite their ubiquity and close association with humans, animals and plants, no pathogenic archaea have been identified.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14579252/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1217763322#2_2193808726

Title: Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Headings: Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Authors Affiliation Abstract MeSH terms Substances Content: 14579252 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10354 Abstract Archaea are microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They are prevalent in extreme environments, and yet found in most ecosystems. They are a natural component of the microbiota of most, if not all, humans and other animals. Despite their ubiquity and close association with humans, animals and plants, no pathogenic archaea have been identified. Because no archaeal pathogens have yet been identified, there is a general assumption that archaeal pathogens do not exist. This review examines whether this is a good assumption by investigating the potential for archaea to be or become pathogens. This is achieved by addressing: the diversity of archaea versus known pathogens, opportunities for archaea to demonstrate pathogenicity and be detected as pathogens, reports linking archaea with disease, and immune responses to archaea. In addition, molecular and genomic data are examined for the presence of systems utilised in pathogenesis.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14579252/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_1217763322#3_2193810084

Title: Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Headings: Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Pathogenic archaea: do they exist? Authors Affiliation Abstract MeSH terms Substances Content: Because no archaeal pathogens have yet been identified, there is a general assumption that archaeal pathogens do not exist. This review examines whether this is a good assumption by investigating the potential for archaea to be or become pathogens. This is achieved by addressing: the diversity of archaea versus known pathogens, opportunities for archaea to demonstrate pathogenicity and be detected as pathogens, reports linking archaea with disease, and immune responses to archaea. In addition, molecular and genomic data are examined for the presence of systems utilised in pathogenesis. The view of this report is that, although archaea can presently be described as non-pathogenic, they have the potential to be (discovered as) pathogens. The present optimistic view that there are no archaeal pathogens is tainted by a severe lack of relevant knowledge, which may have important consequences in the future. Copyright 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. MeSH terms Animals Archaea / classification Archaea / physiology* Humans Phylogeny Toxins, Biological Virulence Substances Toxins, Biological

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14579252/