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The Information Engineering Lab 11

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_180984724#7_379367453

Title: quantum mechanics - Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? - Physics Stack Exchange Headings: Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? 5 Answers 5 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged quantum-mechanics measurement-problem observers or ask your own question. Content: The converse is true too, that if you measure it's position you have an inherent uncertainty in the momentum. I suggest looking up the double slit experiment if you would like a visual example of this. Many videos of this exist. Share Improve this answer answered Apr 11 '13 at 2:18 Steven Walton Steven Walton 167 7 7 bronze badges 8 | Show 3 more comments 0 You have touched on something of an unsolved problem in physics or philosophy of physics (depending on who you ask). It is not at all clear what counts as a 'measurement' of a quantum state. When quantum mechanics was first formulated, the authors started with the mathematical definition of a 'measurement', namely projecting the wavefunction of the system on to a certain eigenvector. Since then, there have been attempts to understand what (if any) physical acts correspond to this mathematical definition. We have come up with some cases where what we are doing, physically, clearly does fit the mathematical definition, but still have not found a rule for classifying all actions as either 'measurements' or 'not measurements'. I would say that the basic problem is that quantum mechanics is, at its core, a mathematical formalism. Trying to understand that formalism through intuition has always been a challenge and this includes understanding it through the concepts of language (like 'measurement' and 'observer').

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60698/observer-effect-do-this-mean-literally-someone-or-just-any-interaction-with-oth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_180984724#8_379369507

Title: quantum mechanics - Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? - Physics Stack Exchange Headings: Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? 5 Answers 5 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged quantum-mechanics measurement-problem observers or ask your own question. Content: When quantum mechanics was first formulated, the authors started with the mathematical definition of a 'measurement', namely projecting the wavefunction of the system on to a certain eigenvector. Since then, there have been attempts to understand what (if any) physical acts correspond to this mathematical definition. We have come up with some cases where what we are doing, physically, clearly does fit the mathematical definition, but still have not found a rule for classifying all actions as either 'measurements' or 'not measurements'. I would say that the basic problem is that quantum mechanics is, at its core, a mathematical formalism. Trying to understand that formalism through intuition has always been a challenge and this includes understanding it through the concepts of language (like 'measurement' and 'observer'). This remains an unsettled problem because from the physicists view it simply isn't important. Not knowing what counts as a measurement and what doesn't turns out to not matter much. We can do all the calculations we care to without making the distinction. You can read more about this if you like; Wikipedia is a good place to start:

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60698/observer-effect-do-this-mean-literally-someone-or-just-any-interaction-with-oth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_180984724#9_379371333

Title: quantum mechanics - Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? - Physics Stack Exchange Headings: Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? 5 Answers 5 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged quantum-mechanics measurement-problem observers or ask your own question. Content: This remains an unsettled problem because from the physicists view it simply isn't important. Not knowing what counts as a measurement and what doesn't turns out to not matter much. We can do all the calculations we care to without making the distinction. You can read more about this if you like; Wikipedia is a good place to start: the measurement problem. As a preview, there are some interpretations of quantum mechanics where the distinction is entirely meaningless. There is no 'quantum observer effect' (or wavefunction collapse, as it is known technically). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy also has a number of good articles on the measurement problem and interpretations of quantum mechanics. I don't understand you last few questions.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60698/observer-effect-do-this-mean-literally-someone-or-just-any-interaction-with-oth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_180984724#10_379372745

Title: quantum mechanics - Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? - Physics Stack Exchange Headings: Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? 5 Answers 5 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged quantum-mechanics measurement-problem observers or ask your own question. Content: the measurement problem. As a preview, there are some interpretations of quantum mechanics where the distinction is entirely meaningless. There is no 'quantum observer effect' (or wavefunction collapse, as it is known technically). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy also has a number of good articles on the measurement problem and interpretations of quantum mechanics. I don't understand you last few questions. Maybe if you rephrase a bit I could give an answer. Share Improve this answer answered Apr 11 '13 at 2:39 Kevin Driscoll Kevin Driscoll 721 3 3 silver badges 13 13 bronze badges 2 Add a comment | 0 I am going to try to ask this question from the point of view of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics (pioneered by Niels Bohr). However, regardless of the overall interpretation, the mathematical description of measurements in quantum mechanics is a well-established theory. The interpretation of the quantum state in the Copenhagen view, is that it represents the amount of information available about a physical system . What is peculiar about quantum mechanics is, that this information is limited in a specific sense.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60698/observer-effect-do-this-mean-literally-someone-or-just-any-interaction-with-oth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_180984724#11_379374572

Title: quantum mechanics - Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? - Physics Stack Exchange Headings: Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? 5 Answers 5 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged quantum-mechanics measurement-problem observers or ask your own question. Content: Maybe if you rephrase a bit I could give an answer. Share Improve this answer answered Apr 11 '13 at 2:39 Kevin Driscoll Kevin Driscoll 721 3 3 silver badges 13 13 bronze badges 2 Add a comment | 0 I am going to try to ask this question from the point of view of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics (pioneered by Niels Bohr). However, regardless of the overall interpretation, the mathematical description of measurements in quantum mechanics is a well-established theory. The interpretation of the quantum state in the Copenhagen view, is that it represents the amount of information available about a physical system . What is peculiar about quantum mechanics is, that this information is limited in a specific sense. This implies, e.g., that it is impossible to assign values to what is called complementary observables (such as momentum and position as mentioned above). In the Copenhagen interpretation, it is only allowed to ask question regarding the probability for observing outcomes of a specific choices of measurement. Since the quantum state reflects the amount of information available it naturally changes when a measurement is performed, since we now know more... This is similar to Bayes theorem from regular probability theory, where a gain in information is reflected in an updated, changed, probability distribution for our unknown information. Thus, in this view, the quantum state is not so much a property of the system, but a reflection of the observers knowledge about the system. If you have heard of the Bayesian approach to classical probability theory, this is quite similar.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60698/observer-effect-do-this-mean-literally-someone-or-just-any-interaction-with-oth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_180984724#12_379376865

Title: quantum mechanics - Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? - Physics Stack Exchange Headings: Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? 5 Answers 5 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged quantum-mechanics measurement-problem observers or ask your own question. Content: This implies, e.g., that it is impossible to assign values to what is called complementary observables (such as momentum and position as mentioned above). In the Copenhagen interpretation, it is only allowed to ask question regarding the probability for observing outcomes of a specific choices of measurement. Since the quantum state reflects the amount of information available it naturally changes when a measurement is performed, since we now know more... This is similar to Bayes theorem from regular probability theory, where a gain in information is reflected in an updated, changed, probability distribution for our unknown information. Thus, in this view, the quantum state is not so much a property of the system, but a reflection of the observers knowledge about the system. If you have heard of the Bayesian approach to classical probability theory, this is quite similar. In order to try to answer you original question "what is an observation", the question can usually be resolved by realizing that any measurement action always entails the interaction of your measurement apparatus (another quantum system) with the system you are measuring. The subsequent measurement on the apparatus then modifies the original quantum system (since we extract information indirectly). What is perhaps less obvious is, that if someone were to measure our system in the way, and not tell us the result, the quantum system state of our original system is still modified. Simply the possibility of someone having measured our system (in the sense that information is extracted from it to another system) requires us to take the measurement into account. This has something to do with the complementarity mentioned above, and is a distinguishing feature of quantum mechanics opposed to classical probability theory.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60698/observer-effect-do-this-mean-literally-someone-or-just-any-interaction-with-oth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_180984724#13_379379340

Title: quantum mechanics - Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? - Physics Stack Exchange Headings: Observer effect, do this mean literally someone or just any interaction with other matter? 5 Answers 5 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged quantum-mechanics measurement-problem observers or ask your own question. Content: In order to try to answer you original question "what is an observation", the question can usually be resolved by realizing that any measurement action always entails the interaction of your measurement apparatus (another quantum system) with the system you are measuring. The subsequent measurement on the apparatus then modifies the original quantum system (since we extract information indirectly). What is perhaps less obvious is, that if someone were to measure our system in the way, and not tell us the result, the quantum system state of our original system is still modified. Simply the possibility of someone having measured our system (in the sense that information is extracted from it to another system) requires us to take the measurement into account. This has something to do with the complementarity mentioned above, and is a distinguishing feature of quantum mechanics opposed to classical probability theory. Thus any kind of interaction with an external system can be viewed as a kind of observation of our own system - the modification of the quantum system state depends on whether or not this other system is measured. So I might have answered you question by moving the measurement away from the original system to another system (the measurement apparatus). The point is, that to some extent, it is not too important whether or not th

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60698/observer-effect-do-this-mean-literally-someone-or-just-any-interaction-with-oth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_185118304#8_388989913

Title: Can we get to net zero emissions? – Physics World Headings: Can we get to net zero emissions? Can we get to net zero emissions? Zero appearance Winners, losers and the low-cost energy future Plan check Winners, losers and the low-cost energy future Content: That may all sound quite onerous and likely to be expensive, and as I have noted in earlier posts, not everyone thinks that large-scale negative emission options like BECCS will be needed or viable. However, big changes will be needed, although the cost pattern for each scenario differs. Crucially, the ECF report says that all the scenarios cost less than the business-as-usual scenario — cutting carbon saves money. Plan check So how does Labour’s plan stack up against these major requirements for rapid change? Its energy supply proposals are ambitious, but with costs falling rapidly, the UK should be able to go well beyond the 63 GW of renewables suggested as possible by 2030 in the most recent UK government projections. Though the 117 GW total that Labour proposes may be stretching it, and would surely not all be needed by 2030 — energy demand is actually falling. At present, the UK has around 40 GW of renewables, delivering around 30% of its electricity, so very roughly 80 GW might deliver 60% of electricity. However, there could also be a need for some extra electricity for heating, depending on how this is done. So maybe 100 GW or more might be required in all, if the aim is to get 44% of heat demand met from renewables — although not all of that would have to be met via electricity-generating renewables. As noted above, provocatively, Labour’s 60% target also includes the use of nuclear power, which is arguably only retained due to the political strength of the nuclear lobby.

https://physicsworld.com/a/can-we-get-to-net-zero-emissions/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_204873424#0_433008191

Title: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful Headings: “History Is Written by the Winners” “History Is Written by the Winners” Content: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful “History Is Written by the Winners” I was thinking about that old aphorism the other day, “History is written by the winners.” It is one of those self-evident truisms taught in high school history classes. But I think it’s misdirection. How can that be? The reason it’s misdirection is because of the way it’s used. We usually use it to refer to a situation where there is a clear conflict or war and one side wins. They get to write the history books, to define which side in the conflict was justified, who attacked who, why, and otherwise re-interpret or invent the historical facts to make themselves look good. I poked around a bit trying to find out who said it ‘originally,’ and it seems to have been attributed to Churchill, Hitler, Napoleon, Machiavelli, and Orwell. But they all used it in the same way. Orwell is a good example.

https://pieceofmindful.com/2016/12/20/history-is-written-by-the-winners/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_204873424#1_433009524

Title: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful Headings: “History Is Written by the Winners” “History Is Written by the Winners” Content: We usually use it to refer to a situation where there is a clear conflict or war and one side wins. They get to write the history books, to define which side in the conflict was justified, who attacked who, why, and otherwise re-interpret or invent the historical facts to make themselves look good. I poked around a bit trying to find out who said it ‘originally,’ and it seems to have been attributed to Churchill, Hitler, Napoleon, Machiavelli, and Orwell. But they all used it in the same way. Orwell is a good example. Here in this 1944 entry in a column he wrote for The Tribune, he writes: Out of the millions of instances which must be available, I will choose one which happens to be verifiable. During part of 1941 and 1942, when the Luftwaffe was busy in Russia, the German radio regaled its home audiences with stories of devastating air raids on London. Now, we are aware that those raids did not happen. But what use would our knowledge be if the Germans conquered Britain?

https://pieceofmindful.com/2016/12/20/history-is-written-by-the-winners/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_204873424#3_433012053

Title: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful Headings: “History Is Written by the Winners” “History Is Written by the Winners” Content: For the purposes of a future historian, did those raids happen, or didn’t they? The answer is: If Hitler survives, they happened, and if he falls they didn’t happen. So with innumerable other events of the past ten or twenty years. Is the Protocols of the Elders of Zion a genuine document? Did Trotsky plot with the Nazis? How many German aeroplanes were shot down in the Battle of Britain? Does Europe welcome the New Order? In no case do you get one answer which is universally accepted because it is true: in each case you get a number of totally incompatible answers, one of which is finally adopted as the result of a physical struggle.

https://pieceofmindful.com/2016/12/20/history-is-written-by-the-winners/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_204873424#4_433013090

Title: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful Headings: “History Is Written by the Winners” “History Is Written by the Winners” Content: Did Trotsky plot with the Nazis? How many German aeroplanes were shot down in the Battle of Britain? Does Europe welcome the New Order? In no case do you get one answer which is universally accepted because it is true: in each case you get a number of totally incompatible answers, one of which is finally adopted as the result of a physical struggle. History is written by the winners. Note his emphasis on ‘physical struggle.’ He then goes on to use this comparison to sell a big lie about the honesty of the press in a ‘free’ country: In the last analysis our only claim to victory is that if we win the war we shall tell fewer lies about it than our adversaries. The really frightening thing about totalitarianism is not that it commits ‘atrocities’ but that it attacks the concept of objective truth;

https://pieceofmindful.com/2016/12/20/history-is-written-by-the-winners/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_204873424#5_433014310

Title: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful Headings: “History Is Written by the Winners” “History Is Written by the Winners” Content: History is written by the winners. Note his emphasis on ‘physical struggle.’ He then goes on to use this comparison to sell a big lie about the honesty of the press in a ‘free’ country: In the last analysis our only claim to victory is that if we win the war we shall tell fewer lies about it than our adversaries. The really frightening thing about totalitarianism is not that it commits ‘atrocities’ but that it attacks the concept of objective truth; it claims to control the past as well as the future. So by contrasting Britain to the totalitarian German regime, he is selling the public on the notion that their government, their rulers, care more for the truth — to an extent. Basically the same misdirection he was selling with 1984. He concludes: I still don’t envy the future historian’s job.

https://pieceofmindful.com/2016/12/20/history-is-written-by-the-winners/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_204873424#7_433016889

Title: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful Headings: “History Is Written by the Winners” “History Is Written by the Winners” Content: Is it not a strange commentary on our time that even the casualties in the present war cannot be estimated within several millions? Few of us would find it strange, but it is certainly revealing. Yet even as he admits to the mundane wartime propaganda of exaggerating casualty counts, he drills in the biggest lie: that England and Germany were really mortal enemies–one a free democracy, the other a totalitarian dictatorship–and fighting a war for their very existence. When in reality both countries were being controlled by the same masters who were orchestrating the war behind the scenes. ( See for example Anthony Sutton’s Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler .) But let’s cut to the chase, shall we? We are taught to think of the phrase “history is written by the winners” as referring to a situation of open war or conflict, where one side is a clear winner. As when Orwell referred to ‘physical struggle.’ In that case, the loser will retain some collective memory that there was a war–a memory that cannot be easily erased but can be shaped to suit the narrative of the winner.

https://pieceofmindful.com/2016/12/20/history-is-written-by-the-winners/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_204873424#8_433018401

Title: “History Is Written by the Winners” – Piece of Mindful Headings: “History Is Written by the Winners” “History Is Written by the Winners” Content: See for example Anthony Sutton’s Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler .) But let’s cut to the chase, shall we? We are taught to think of the phrase “history is written by the winners” as referring to a situation of open war or conflict, where one side is a clear winner. As when Orwell referred to ‘physical struggle.’ In that case, the loser will retain some collective memory that there was a war–a memory that cannot be easily erased but can be shaped to suit the narrative of the winner. But, what happens when the conflict is not fought out in the open–if we didn’t know we were at war? If it the struggle is not physical but takes place behind the scenes over the course of centuries. How would we know that we lost? If history is really written by the winners, then why would they even let us know we had been conquered? Wouldn’t it be better to erase any trace of it?

https://pieceofmindful.com/2016/12/20/history-is-written-by-the-winners/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_207437898#2_439597887

Title: Pig Farrowing Pen, Pig Farrowing Crate - Poultry Breeding Headings: Pig Farrowing Crate Pig Farrowing Crate Pig Farrowing Pen and Pig Performance Why Swine Farmers Use Pig Farrowing crate —For Sows —For Piglets The Acceptable Assembly Parts of Pig Farrowing Pen For piglet A Satisfactory Pig Farrowing Crate Design is Necessary —Protection —Comfort —Sanitation —Management Choose the Right Farrowing Floor for Pigs For example: The basic elements of choosing proper flooring for pigs Hot Products Content: When the sow is in the farrowing crates, it is much easier for hog farmers to give the type of feed and the amount of feed that they need. 3. Sows are easier to control during vaccination due to their confinement in the crates. 4. Farrowing crates make it possible for farmer to help sows during the farrowing process if needed. 5. Perforated floors keep sows cool and comfortable and make cleaning farrowing crates easy, thus promoting pig health. —For Piglets 1. Pig farrowing crates reduce pre-weaning mortality. Sows weigh from 400-450 pounds give birth to piglets at 2-3 pounds.

https://pig-farming.net/blog/pig-breeding/pig-farrowing-crates/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_214615587#5_455103613

Title: How to Become a Pilot: A Complete Guide - Pilot Institute Headings: How to Become a Pilot: A Complete Guide How to Become a Pilot: A Complete Guide How to Become a Pilot: The Basics How to Become a Pilot: The Military Route General Requirements Training Process Military Perks How to Become a Pilot: The Fun Path Sport Pilot Recreational Pilot Remote Pilot How to Become a Pilot: The Career Mode Student Pilot Private Pilot Commercial Pilot Airline Transport Pilot Ratings How to Become a Pilot: Medical Certification How to Get a Medical Certificate First Class Second Class Eye Ear, nose, throat, and equilibrium Mental Health Neurological Conditions Cardiovascular system General medical conditions Third Class Special Issuance Restrictions The Bottom Line Content: Student Pilot License: while it’s required before you can fly solo, you don’t need a student pilot certificate to take flying lessons Sport Pilot License: allows you to fly light sport aircraft (LSA), which are small, low-powered aircraft, as well as balloons, gliders, and gyroplanes Recreational Pilot License: similar to sport, but it gives you access to bigger aircraft and more privileges through instructor endorsement Private Pilot License: lets you fly aircraft for non-commercial purposes, but not for compensation or hire Commercial Pilot License: permits you to get paid for certain operations such as banner towing, photograph, and agricultural applications Air Transport Pilot License: qualifies you to work for the airlines and is the holy grail of pilot licenses! Remote Pilot License: required for flying unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones A medical certificate displays physical details about you, including your weight, height, and eye color. Its purpose is to verify you’re physically and mentally able to pilot an aircraft.

https://pilotinstitute.com/how-to-become-a-pilot/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215039413#2_456110466

Title: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career - Pilot Job Central Headings: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career If you have a commercial license you can get a pilot job It Can Be Difficult Landing Your First Pilot Job - But it Doesn’t Have to Be Entry Level Pilot Positions Are Available. Entry Level Pilot Jobs Pipeline and Powerline Patrol License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Photography License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Glider Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Banner Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots opportunities are available. Skydive Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Ferry Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Second In Command License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Mapping/Survey Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots are in demand. Aerial Tour Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Traffic Watch Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Flight Instructor License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Pilot in Command Visual Flight Rules License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: New Employer Based Time Building Programs - apprentice style or ab initio License Required: Flight Experience Required: We believe in access to opportunity. Employment Types Pilot Types Your Preferences See What Job Opportunities Are Waiting For You How to Find Entry Level Pilot Jobs Frequently Asked Questions About Entry Level Pilot Jobs How much do entry level pilots make? Entry Level Pilots Positions Are Available. Content: Pilots are often hired by contractors rather than directly by the energy companies. Pilots will often get paid per mile patrolled, so there can be individual financial pressure to get the job done. Pipeline/Powerline patrol pilots can usually build flight experience fast compared to other entry level jobs. A Day in the Life License Required: Commercial Ratings Required: Instrument and category and class appropriate to equipment being used Flight Experience Required: Low though often employers insurance requires more flight time Aerial Photography Aerial photography positions can involve carrying of professional photographers or the pilot doing the picture taking themselves. Some aerial photography operations have airplanes specially outfitted with advanced camera gear. Aerial photography is often done by fixed base operators that hire pilots for other duties. So it will sometimes be one of the many positions a pilot will fill rather than a standalone job.

https://pilotjobcentral.com/pilot-jobs/low-time-pilot-jobs/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215039413#3_456113633

Title: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career - Pilot Job Central Headings: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career If you have a commercial license you can get a pilot job It Can Be Difficult Landing Your First Pilot Job - But it Doesn’t Have to Be Entry Level Pilot Positions Are Available. Entry Level Pilot Jobs Pipeline and Powerline Patrol License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Photography License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Glider Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Banner Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots opportunities are available. Skydive Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Ferry Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Second In Command License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Mapping/Survey Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots are in demand. Aerial Tour Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Traffic Watch Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Flight Instructor License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Pilot in Command Visual Flight Rules License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: New Employer Based Time Building Programs - apprentice style or ab initio License Required: Flight Experience Required: We believe in access to opportunity. Employment Types Pilot Types Your Preferences See What Job Opportunities Are Waiting For You How to Find Entry Level Pilot Jobs Frequently Asked Questions About Entry Level Pilot Jobs How much do entry level pilots make? Entry Level Pilots Positions Are Available. Content: Instrument and category and class appropriate to equipment being used Flight Experience Required: Low though often employers insurance requires more flight time Aerial Photography Aerial photography positions can involve carrying of professional photographers or the pilot doing the picture taking themselves. Some aerial photography operations have airplanes specially outfitted with advanced camera gear. Aerial photography is often done by fixed base operators that hire pilots for other duties. So it will sometimes be one of the many positions a pilot will fill rather than a standalone job. License Required: Commercial Ratings Required: Category and class appropriate to equipment being used. Instrument rating can often be required by employers. Flight Experience Required:

https://pilotjobcentral.com/pilot-jobs/low-time-pilot-jobs/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215039413#14_456145532

Title: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career - Pilot Job Central Headings: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career If you have a commercial license you can get a pilot job It Can Be Difficult Landing Your First Pilot Job - But it Doesn’t Have to Be Entry Level Pilot Positions Are Available. Entry Level Pilot Jobs Pipeline and Powerline Patrol License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Photography License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Glider Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Banner Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots opportunities are available. Skydive Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Ferry Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Second In Command License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Mapping/Survey Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots are in demand. Aerial Tour Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Traffic Watch Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Flight Instructor License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Pilot in Command Visual Flight Rules License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: New Employer Based Time Building Programs - apprentice style or ab initio License Required: Flight Experience Required: We believe in access to opportunity. Employment Types Pilot Types Your Preferences See What Job Opportunities Are Waiting For You How to Find Entry Level Pilot Jobs Frequently Asked Questions About Entry Level Pilot Jobs How much do entry level pilots make? Entry Level Pilots Positions Are Available. Content: Commercial Ratings Required: Category and class appropriate to equipment being used. Instrument rating. Flight Experience Required: Low Aerial Mapping/Survey Pilot Aerial mapping and survey pilots fly airplanes converted to carry specialized equipment for either terrain modelling or large scale exploration for resources. Sometimes the equipment is complicated enough that it requires a specialized operator. Other times the equipment is automated enough for the plane to be operated by just a single pilot. Survey pilots fly long flights and are expected to maintain a high level of flying accuracy. A subset of aerial surveying can also be to work with government agencies tracking wildlife for research purposes. Aerial survey pilots can build flight time quick.

https://pilotjobcentral.com/pilot-jobs/low-time-pilot-jobs/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215039413#15_456148495

Title: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career - Pilot Job Central Headings: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career If you have a commercial license you can get a pilot job It Can Be Difficult Landing Your First Pilot Job - But it Doesn’t Have to Be Entry Level Pilot Positions Are Available. Entry Level Pilot Jobs Pipeline and Powerline Patrol License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Photography License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Glider Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Banner Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots opportunities are available. Skydive Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Ferry Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Second In Command License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Mapping/Survey Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots are in demand. Aerial Tour Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Traffic Watch Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Flight Instructor License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Pilot in Command Visual Flight Rules License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: New Employer Based Time Building Programs - apprentice style or ab initio License Required: Flight Experience Required: We believe in access to opportunity. Employment Types Pilot Types Your Preferences See What Job Opportunities Are Waiting For You How to Find Entry Level Pilot Jobs Frequently Asked Questions About Entry Level Pilot Jobs How much do entry level pilots make? Entry Level Pilots Positions Are Available. Content: Sometimes the equipment is complicated enough that it requires a specialized operator. Other times the equipment is automated enough for the plane to be operated by just a single pilot. Survey pilots fly long flights and are expected to maintain a high level of flying accuracy. A subset of aerial surveying can also be to work with government agencies tracking wildlife for research purposes. Aerial survey pilots can build flight time quick. The jobs are usually salary or paid hourly by flight time. Watch Survey Pilot Life License Required: Commercial Ratings Required: Category and class appropriate to equipment being used. Instrument rating.

https://pilotjobcentral.com/pilot-jobs/low-time-pilot-jobs/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215039413#17_456154039

Title: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career - Pilot Job Central Headings: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career If you have a commercial license you can get a pilot job It Can Be Difficult Landing Your First Pilot Job - But it Doesn’t Have to Be Entry Level Pilot Positions Are Available. Entry Level Pilot Jobs Pipeline and Powerline Patrol License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Photography License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Glider Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Banner Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots opportunities are available. Skydive Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Ferry Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Second In Command License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Mapping/Survey Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots are in demand. Aerial Tour Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Traffic Watch Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Flight Instructor License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Pilot in Command Visual Flight Rules License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: New Employer Based Time Building Programs - apprentice style or ab initio License Required: Flight Experience Required: We believe in access to opportunity. Employment Types Pilot Types Your Preferences See What Job Opportunities Are Waiting For You How to Find Entry Level Pilot Jobs Frequently Asked Questions About Entry Level Pilot Jobs How much do entry level pilots make? Entry Level Pilots Positions Are Available. Content: Flight Experience Required: Low Entry level pilots are in demand. Complete one free profile to have employers multiple find you. Learn More Aerial Tour Pilot Aerial tour pilots fly sightseeing passengers in scenic areas. These flights sometimes take place in more general commercial aviation rules. It is more common for aerial tour operations to fly under part 135 regulations. Time requirements are the same for these operations as they are with other part 135 operators. Some sightseeing aircraft have two pilots with the second in command position being available to low time pilots. Tour flying is often seasonal with pilots usually being paid a salary or hourly per flight hour. License Required:

https://pilotjobcentral.com/pilot-jobs/low-time-pilot-jobs/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215039413#18_456156936

Title: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career - Pilot Job Central Headings: 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career 13 Low Hour Pilot Jobs to Jumpstart Your Career If you have a commercial license you can get a pilot job It Can Be Difficult Landing Your First Pilot Job - But it Doesn’t Have to Be Entry Level Pilot Positions Are Available. Entry Level Pilot Jobs Pipeline and Powerline Patrol License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Photography License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Glider Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Banner Tow Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots opportunities are available. Skydive Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Ferry Pilot Jobs License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Second In Command License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Aerial Mapping/Survey Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Entry level pilots are in demand. Aerial Tour Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Traffic Watch Pilot License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Flight Instructor License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: Part 135 Pilot in Command Visual Flight Rules License Required: Ratings Required: Flight Experience Required: New Employer Based Time Building Programs - apprentice style or ab initio License Required: Flight Experience Required: We believe in access to opportunity. Employment Types Pilot Types Your Preferences See What Job Opportunities Are Waiting For You How to Find Entry Level Pilot Jobs Frequently Asked Questions About Entry Level Pilot Jobs How much do entry level pilots make? Entry Level Pilots Positions Are Available. Content: It is more common for aerial tour operations to fly under part 135 regulations. Time requirements are the same for these operations as they are with other part 135 operators. Some sightseeing aircraft have two pilots with the second in command position being available to low time pilots. Tour flying is often seasonal with pilots usually being paid a salary or hourly per flight hour. License Required: Commercial Ratings Required: Category and class appropriate to equipment being used. Instrument rating. Flight Experience Required: Low Traffic Watch Pilot Traffic reporting pilots usually work for television stations, radio stations, or traffic reporting companies.

https://pilotjobcentral.com/pilot-jobs/low-time-pilot-jobs/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#0_456486035

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. beginnerpilot.edu, Blog Best iPad for aviation use. Posted on October 29, 2019 June 11, 2020 Author capt.elite Being a pilot comes with responsibility, and having a cockpit iPad can help you reduce your stress massively if you know the proper use of it. Buying the most suitable cockpit iPad and the essential accessories can enhance a student pilot’s performance in the cockpit. Whether you are a student pilot, a private pilot, or a commercial pilot having the best iPad for aviation use is crucial today. Not just iPad for pilots, I have shared about an affordable alternative to cockpit iPads that will help student pilots reduce stress while flying. What is the best iPad for pilots? The best iPad for a pilot is the one that a pilot finds most convenient during flights. When I say convenient, I mean about using a device that aids in a pilot’s flying performance and ensure safety. Many pilots say that the iPad pro 11 inches is the most suitable device to use inside the cockpit.

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#1_456487893

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: Not just iPad for pilots, I have shared about an affordable alternative to cockpit iPads that will help student pilots reduce stress while flying. What is the best iPad for pilots? The best iPad for a pilot is the one that a pilot finds most convenient during flights. When I say convenient, I mean about using a device that aids in a pilot’s flying performance and ensure safety. Many pilots say that the iPad pro 11 inches is the most suitable device to use inside the cockpit. However, I think differently, and my straightforward suggestion is to choose an iPad according to the airplane that you fly frequently. You might be wondering: What am I suggesting? I am saying the iPad for aviation use shouldn’t be too big for your cockpit, neither too small. I will clarify further:

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#4_456492493

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: An iPad pro 12.9 can conveniently fit inside the airliner cockpit. Having a bigger iPad for flying in a small cockpit won’t be user friendly. Using a big iPad will reduce your room to move freely and do other tasks. Likewise, it is not an issue to use the iPad Pro 12.9 inches in the airliner cockpit, and it is an essential replacement for many other piles of books. An iPad with a tiny screen such as the iPad mini is alright for using most aviation apps in commercial jets. However, an iPad Pro is more practical for use in bigger cockpits. What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? Student pilots and private pilots mostly use the iPad for navigation. An iPad with the Foreflight app is a fantastic tool to navigate through any airspace. A small screen may not be suitable to load all your maps, and you will have to zoom in for a more unobstructed view.

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#5_456494153

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: However, an iPad Pro is more practical for use in bigger cockpits. What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? Student pilots and private pilots mostly use the iPad for navigation. An iPad with the Foreflight app is a fantastic tool to navigate through any airspace. A small screen may not be suitable to load all your maps, and you will have to zoom in for a more unobstructed view. RELATED: Do student pilots need an iPad? I think a responsible pilot must buy an iPad following the current stage of their flying. You want an iPad to enhance your performance inside the cockpit. So buy a cockpit iPad that will serve the purpose flawlessly.

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#6_456495589

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: RELATED: Do student pilots need an iPad? I think a responsible pilot must buy an iPad following the current stage of their flying. You want an iPad to enhance your performance inside the cockpit. So buy a cockpit iPad that will serve the purpose flawlessly. The best iPad for pilots depend on the stage of flight training or flying career the pilots are at the time of purchase. Thus the best iPad for flying are as follows: Student Pilots: Buy iPad mini which is best for the use in small cockpit; Private Pilots:

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#7_456496888

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: The best iPad for pilots depend on the stage of flight training or flying career the pilots are at the time of purchase. Thus the best iPad for flying are as follows: Student Pilots: Buy iPad mini which is best for the use in small cockpit; Private Pilots: Buying an iPad mini or an iPad Air assuming a private pilot might require a slightly bigger screen for Instrument flights. Commercial Pilots: Choose iPad Pro 11 or iPad pro 12.9 inches. In the future, you will be flying airliners, and investing in a big-screen iPad is an excellent idea. My suggestion for pilots flying at any stage is to buy the 11 inches iPad pro.

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#8_456498296

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: Buying an iPad mini or an iPad Air assuming a private pilot might require a slightly bigger screen for Instrument flights. Commercial Pilots: Choose iPad Pro 11 or iPad pro 12.9 inches. In the future, you will be flying airliners, and investing in a big-screen iPad is an excellent idea. My suggestion for pilots flying at any stage is to buy the 11 inches iPad pro. It is appropriate for the use in the smaller cockpit as well as you can use it as a professional pilot in bigger aircraft. If you want a bigger screen but a lesser room inside the cockpit, that is your choice. gif (1×1) By now, you have an idea of what size iPad to choose for flying an airplane. But how about the internal storage of your iPad? You need space in your iPad to store various Aviation APPS and files that are useful for flying.

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#10_456501601

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: iPad without the Foreflight application is not very helpful inside the cockpit. So, let’s discuss the internal memory aspect of the cockpit iPad for pilots in the next section. What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? The best iPad for aviation use must have adequate internal disc space to save all the required documents a pilot needs to read. Regardless of what I say, commercial pilots ought to keep track of so many files and folders. As a student pilot, you may not have to carry so many manuals or charts. On the other hand, a professional pilot for an airline, an iPad with a more significant memory, is a stress reliever. With that in mind, a sensible pilot must buy an iPad for flying, which has ample internal storage. You do not want to run out space on your iPad while trying to save: Company manuals;

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#11_456503233

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: As a student pilot, you may not have to carry so many manuals or charts. On the other hand, a professional pilot for an airline, an iPad with a more significant memory, is a stress reliever. With that in mind, a sensible pilot must buy an iPad for flying, which has ample internal storage. You do not want to run out space on your iPad while trying to save: Company manuals; Books; Pdf files; Charts; Maps; Essential apps;

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#15_456508366

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: As long as there are updates available for your version of the iPad, the iPad is safe to use. Having an iPad as a student pilot or commercial pilot will benefit you more than any other typical iPad user. RELATED: Do student pilots need an iPad? I am not disapproving of what you choose, but I am just suggesting the best possible option. A device that is running out of space might freeze or take time to load aviation applications, which will hinder the smooth flow of your flight. Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Primarily pilots use iPads to use numerous aviation apps available for the device. Yet the most useful application for iPad is the Foreflight app for navigation. And to locate the aircraft position accurately, a pilot needs an external GPS tracker.

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#19_456514882

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: During the flight, you can find your location and your en route details using the Foreflight app. RELATED: Aviation APPS for pilots and flying. Nevertheless, pairing WiFi-only iPads with an external GPS tracker will allow the same aviation related features as the iPad with cellular connectivity. Similarly, having a cellular model of an iPad can be a life savior in case an external GPS device fails. Foreflight iPad requirements. iPad is crucial for pilots to have better situational awareness during flights. Flying with an iPad is not essential for student pilots before getting solo. RELATED: Do student pilots need an iPad?

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#20_456516297

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: Foreflight iPad requirements. iPad is crucial for pilots to have better situational awareness during flights. Flying with an iPad is not essential for student pilots before getting solo. RELATED: Do student pilots need an iPad? For private pilots, an iPad for flying aids determining their position and their routes for cross country flights. Today using ADS-B in and ADS-B out pilots can learn about the traffic in the vicinity. Cockpit iPads can even display the weather en-route. RELATED: What is ADS-B in aviation?

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215184574#24_456522324

Title: Best iPad for Aviation Use | Elite Pilots Buying Guide for Cockpit iPads. Headings: Best iPad for aviation use. Best iPad for aviation use. What is the best iPad for pilots? I will clarify further: What is your actual purpose of using iPad for flying? What is the appropriate internal storage size for the cockpit iPad? Before you buy an iPad, consider these things: Why iPad with cellular connectivity is best for flying? Foreflight iPad requirements. Why do you think I mention sufficient storage? An affordable alternative to cockpit iPads: Best tablet for aviation use. RESOURCES: Content: Buying an iPad with at least 128 GB is recommended for flying. Likewise, a WiFi plus Cellular connectivity iPad is essential for the ForeFlight app to track your exact location. A WiFi-only iPad can’t track your location without the aid of an external GPS tracker. Lastly, I want to include that you must choose an iPad that is not too small. The purpose of using an iPad for flying is to have a better situational awareness, and if you are distracted by zooming in and out of the map due to a smaller screen, the iPad will not help. Thus the iPad Air is an appropriate tablet for pilots. Using an iOs smartphone to use the ForeFlight app is more distracting. Instead of concentrating on the safety of flight, a smartphone will distract you. Buy a device like iPad air or even the iPad mini and dedicate that for only flying aircraft. Next, subscribe to the Foreflight app, which is inexpensive for the tasks it accomplishes during a flight.

https://pilotselite.com/best-ipad-for-aviation-use/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215196434#2_456530002

Title: How to get a drone pilot's license? Become a drone pilot in 8 STEPS. Headings: How to get a drone pilot’s license? How to get a drone pilot’s license? In this article, I described step by step: Who needs a drone pilot’s license? Steps to become a drone pilot: STEP 1: Know whether you are eligible for becoming a drone pilot or not. STEP 2: Prepare for the aeronautical knowledge test. STEP 3: Step 4: Scheduling examination date. Step 5: Step 6: STEP 7: STEP 8: How long is the validity of your license or RPAC? When can you start flying with your drone pilot’s license? Conclusion: Why a recreational pilot must get a drone pilot’s license? Content: Similarly, tips on preparing for the drone pilot’s knowledge test. This article will guide individuals through all the challenges that do not know the materials of the knowledge test and the process for obtaining a drone pilot’s license. First, let’s determine whether do you need a drone pilots’ license or not. Who needs a drone pilot’s license? A person flying drone to make money needs a drone pilot’s license; A person using his/her drone for commercial purposes needs a license; A hobbyist using a drone to make videographies and make money by posting those video online, requires a drone pilot’s license; Individuals flying drone that weighs over 2 kilograms or 5lbs must get their drone pilot’s license regardless of intended use. You do not need a drone pilot’s license if your intention for flying a drone doesn’t match any of the above. Despite if you are looking forward to get a drone pilot’s license, then continue reading.

https://pilotselite.com/get-a-drone-license/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215576717#6_457486799

Title: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? – Pilot Teacher Headings: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Why Do Helicopters Circle Overhead? Why Does A Helicopter Circle Before Landing? Circling Vs Hovering Hovering Circling H/V Diagram To Finish Further Reading: Rick James Aircraft Cockpits: Why Are There So Many Buttons!!? What Do Pilots Use iPads For? More Thank You Think! Content: Are any of these in the way during approach, landing, or departure? Sun – Will the glare of the sun on the window obscure vision when approaching to land? Shape – What is the shape of the clear area to land, long and skinny or wide open? This can dictate the direction of approach to land Slope – Is the ground sloping where the pilot wants to land. Most helicopters have between a 5-10° slope landing limitation Landing Spot – Is the landing spot clear of obstructions, debris, people etc All of these factors need to be assessed before the pilot formulates the best plan to safely approach, land, and depart the spot. The easiest way the pilot can do this is by using 2 orbits: High Orbit – Usually 500ft above the spot to look for the main objects, asses wind, and look at the approach and departure paths Low Orbit – Usually 100ft – 200ft above the spot for final observations of the exact landing point A good, experienced pilot can do all of this in 1-2 orbits while descending to start the approach. Most orbits will be done clockwise as most helicopter pilots sit on the right side of the helicopter. This will give the pilot the best view of the entire area. Flying an orbit also helps to views possible hidden obstacles.

https://pilotteacher.com/helicopters-flying-in-circles-why-do-they-do-that/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215576717#7_457488778

Title: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? – Pilot Teacher Headings: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Why Do Helicopters Circle Overhead? Why Does A Helicopter Circle Before Landing? Circling Vs Hovering Hovering Circling H/V Diagram To Finish Further Reading: Rick James Aircraft Cockpits: Why Are There So Many Buttons!!? What Do Pilots Use iPads For? More Thank You Think! Content: The easiest way the pilot can do this is by using 2 orbits: High Orbit – Usually 500ft above the spot to look for the main objects, asses wind, and look at the approach and departure paths Low Orbit – Usually 100ft – 200ft above the spot for final observations of the exact landing point A good, experienced pilot can do all of this in 1-2 orbits while descending to start the approach. Most orbits will be done clockwise as most helicopter pilots sit on the right side of the helicopter. This will give the pilot the best view of the entire area. Flying an orbit also helps to views possible hidden obstacles. Shadows and sun can really hide objects from up high and depth perception can be very obscured. By taking the time to circle the landing spot, the pilot gets the best chance to find anything that could cause them problems once on final approach. Circling Vs Hovering The one thing that makes helicopters unique is that they can hover. They can hover several feet off the ground or, if sufficient power is available they can hover thousands of feet in the air – So why don’t pilots just hover to look at a spot or object? Hovering Hovering can be a great way to inspect something and the main ways that hovering is used instead of orbits are:

https://pilotteacher.com/helicopters-flying-in-circles-why-do-they-do-that/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215576717#8_457490763

Title: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? – Pilot Teacher Headings: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Why Do Helicopters Circle Overhead? Why Does A Helicopter Circle Before Landing? Circling Vs Hovering Hovering Circling H/V Diagram To Finish Further Reading: Rick James Aircraft Cockpits: Why Are There So Many Buttons!!? What Do Pilots Use iPads For? More Thank You Think! Content: Shadows and sun can really hide objects from up high and depth perception can be very obscured. By taking the time to circle the landing spot, the pilot gets the best chance to find anything that could cause them problems once on final approach. Circling Vs Hovering The one thing that makes helicopters unique is that they can hover. They can hover several feet off the ground or, if sufficient power is available they can hover thousands of feet in the air – So why don’t pilots just hover to look at a spot or object? Hovering Hovering can be a great way to inspect something and the main ways that hovering is used instead of orbits are: Tall Buildings – When trying to look down into the street that is surrounded by tall buildings a high hover is a better option. If a helicopter orbits, the surrounding buildings can block the view. By maneuvering the helicopter into the best stationary position it allows the object to be observed easily. Limited Airspace – When many news helicopters like to cover an incident the pilots can talk to one another and each hold their position. I saw this happen at Boeing Field near Seattle when 6 news helicopters all sat hovering to the sides of the runway when the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner flew in for the first time.

https://pilotteacher.com/helicopters-flying-in-circles-why-do-they-do-that/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215576717#9_457492751

Title: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? – Pilot Teacher Headings: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Why Do Helicopters Circle Overhead? Why Does A Helicopter Circle Before Landing? Circling Vs Hovering Hovering Circling H/V Diagram To Finish Further Reading: Rick James Aircraft Cockpits: Why Are There So Many Buttons!!? What Do Pilots Use iPads For? More Thank You Think! Content: Tall Buildings – When trying to look down into the street that is surrounded by tall buildings a high hover is a better option. If a helicopter orbits, the surrounding buildings can block the view. By maneuvering the helicopter into the best stationary position it allows the object to be observed easily. Limited Airspace – When many news helicopters like to cover an incident the pilots can talk to one another and each hold their position. I saw this happen at Boeing Field near Seattle when 6 news helicopters all sat hovering to the sides of the runway when the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner flew in for the first time. By doing this, Air Traffic Control allowed them to get closer and each news channel got a perfectly clear shot of the approach and landing of the plane. Circling Here are the most common factors why flying an orbit at around 60 kts airspeed is done in a helicopter: Power Required – Hovering a helicopter requires the most amount of power from the engine/s, especially when they are about 20ft-60ft above the ground. By flying at 60kts it requires the least amount of power from the engines, thus reducing fuel consumption. A Typical Helicopter ‘Power Required Curve’ When the helicopter is at a slow speed the rotor system has to create all the lift just from the engine power.

https://pilotteacher.com/helicopters-flying-in-circles-why-do-they-do-that/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215576717#11_457496969

Title: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? – Pilot Teacher Headings: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Why Do Helicopters Circle Overhead? Why Does A Helicopter Circle Before Landing? Circling Vs Hovering Hovering Circling H/V Diagram To Finish Further Reading: Rick James Aircraft Cockpits: Why Are There So Many Buttons!!? What Do Pilots Use iPads For? More Thank You Think! Content: As the helicopter begins to accelerate the main rotor system begins get a hand from aerodynamics and the power required to keep the helicopter flying reduces. At 6o knots this is when the power required to fly is at its lowest. Once the helicopter goes past this speed, drag on the aircraft begins to require more power to overcome it and push the helicopter through the air. By flying orbits at 60 knots it allows the helicopter to use the least amount of power, which means the least amount of fuel burn, thus the pilot is able to remain on scene much longer than just sitting there in a hover. H/V Diagram The H/V or Height Velocity Diagram is a diagram issued by the helicopter manufacturer that tells the pilot when a helicopter could be landed safely if their engine were to stop. This diagram is based on height above the ground and airspeed. Height and airspeed are the two best friends to a pilot in an engine failure situation and having both are great but what if you only have one… If I have lost you, just hang in there and I will explain: If the aircraft is low and slow when then engine fails then the chances of the helicopter making a safe autorotation landing are slim. If the helicopter is low and fast and the engine quits the pilot may be unable to slow the helicopter down in time before it sinks and contacts the ground. In the diagram above, to avoid these scenarios, the pilot will accelerate to around 50 knots while staying 5-10ft above the ground then begin to climb away.

https://pilotteacher.com/helicopters-flying-in-circles-why-do-they-do-that/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215576717#12_457499181

Title: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? – Pilot Teacher Headings: Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Helicopters Flying In Circles – Why Do They Do That? Why Do Helicopters Circle Overhead? Why Does A Helicopter Circle Before Landing? Circling Vs Hovering Hovering Circling H/V Diagram To Finish Further Reading: Rick James Aircraft Cockpits: Why Are There So Many Buttons!!? What Do Pilots Use iPads For? More Thank You Think! Content: This diagram is based on height above the ground and airspeed. Height and airspeed are the two best friends to a pilot in an engine failure situation and having both are great but what if you only have one… If I have lost you, just hang in there and I will explain: If the aircraft is low and slow when then engine fails then the chances of the helicopter making a safe autorotation landing are slim. If the helicopter is low and fast and the engine quits the pilot may be unable to slow the helicopter down in time before it sinks and contacts the ground. In the diagram above, to avoid these scenarios, the pilot will accelerate to around 50 knots while staying 5-10ft above the ground then begin to climb away. By doing this the pilot avoids the red ‘Avoid’ areas. So how does his apply to a circling helicopter? One of the questions my friend asked was why not just hover? In the diagram, to hover (0kts) the helicopter would need to be over 800 feet high to be able to make a safe autorotation landing, and that’s provided there is an open area pretty close by. By circling around at 60 kts the pilot does not have to worry about the H/V Diagram and if the engine were to quit, the best autorotational speed for most helicopters is 60 kts, which they are already at.

https://pilotteacher.com/helicopters-flying-in-circles-why-do-they-do-that/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215623986#2_457614006

Title: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? – Pilot Teacher Headings: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? Why Would A Pilot Say “Mayday”? What Happens When A Pilots Declares Mayday? In Remote Locations In Populated Areas & Airspace To Finish Further Reading Rick James How Do Helicopters Move Around On The Ground? Can Helicopters Fly In Zero Visibility? Content: Why Would A Pilot Say “Mayday”? Pilots should declare a Mayday whenever they feel they are in distress or have encountered an emergency situation. Mayday is an international word and announcing it in any country has the same effect. When a pilot declares an emergency over the radio they can start the radio transmission with the words “Emergency” or “Mayday”, however, the preferred method is to declare “Mayday” three times if time permits, and then the rest of the message. Mayday’s can be declared for situations like: Engine or aircraft fires Smoke in the aircraft Engine failures Bird strikes Hydraulic failures Total electrical failure Landing gear failure Rapid Depressurization Loss of visual reference Crew/passenger medical emergency Low fuel Heck, even getting lost warrants a mayday! As the pilot is running through the emergency checklist, fighting with a malfunctioning aircraft, or trying to keep the aircraft upright and flying, having another person aware of their situation can begin to assist or arrange help which could save precious minutes if the aircraft is involved in a crash. Many pilots have a fear that declaring an emergency will get them into trouble with the FAA or air traffic control but that is so far from the truth. The sooner air traffic control is aware of the pilot’s predicament, the sooner they can begin to assist the pilot in any way they can. Aviation follows three rules:

https://pilotteacher.com/mayday-why-do-pilots-say-mayday/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215623986#3_457616081

Title: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? – Pilot Teacher Headings: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? Why Would A Pilot Say “Mayday”? What Happens When A Pilots Declares Mayday? In Remote Locations In Populated Areas & Airspace To Finish Further Reading Rick James How Do Helicopters Move Around On The Ground? Can Helicopters Fly In Zero Visibility? Content: Engine or aircraft fires Smoke in the aircraft Engine failures Bird strikes Hydraulic failures Total electrical failure Landing gear failure Rapid Depressurization Loss of visual reference Crew/passenger medical emergency Low fuel Heck, even getting lost warrants a mayday! As the pilot is running through the emergency checklist, fighting with a malfunctioning aircraft, or trying to keep the aircraft upright and flying, having another person aware of their situation can begin to assist or arrange help which could save precious minutes if the aircraft is involved in a crash. Many pilots have a fear that declaring an emergency will get them into trouble with the FAA or air traffic control but that is so far from the truth. The sooner air traffic control is aware of the pilot’s predicament, the sooner they can begin to assist the pilot in any way they can. Aviation follows three rules: Aviate Navigate Communicate In that order. It is the pilot’s main concern to fly the aircraft while dealing with the emergency. Air traffic control can assist with helping navigate the aircraft through sight or by radar, and communication can be offered to help the pilot, who may now only have the mental capacity to just listen. Emergencies in flight are a terrifying and mentally challenging experience, but with regular training, most events can be dealt with efficiantly and smoothly to allow the pilot to maintain more mental capacity to help deal with the details surrounding the emergency – Like where to land! My Regular Flight Simulator Training Allows Endless Practice Of Emergency Situations When a pilot is in an emergency situation they can break EVERY rule in the book to ensure the survival of everyone on board.

https://pilotteacher.com/mayday-why-do-pilots-say-mayday/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215623986#5_457620485

Title: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? – Pilot Teacher Headings: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? Why Would A Pilot Say “Mayday”? What Happens When A Pilots Declares Mayday? In Remote Locations In Populated Areas & Airspace To Finish Further Reading Rick James How Do Helicopters Move Around On The Ground? Can Helicopters Fly In Zero Visibility? Content: What Happens When A Pilots Declares Mayday? When a pilot declares a Mayday over the radio several things can happen depending on where the pilot is: In Remote Locations When piloting an aircraft in remote parts of the world the mayday call may go on deaf ears if no other aircraft or air traffic controller are within radio range. Even when flying in the middle of nowhere it is always good airmanship to make the call just incase someone does hear. That someone could be a pilot in a commercial airliner flying overhead that hears the message and relays it to the air traffic controller they are in contact with. Airliners fly much higher than many small aircraft and their line of sight to a radio communications station is far, far greater than an aircraft flying at low altitude. If no one hears, then the pilot is on their own and hopefully, they may have a cell or satellite phone onboard and connected to their radio system or the last option is to rely on the Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). The ELT can broadcast a signal containing GPS coordinates to the Search & Rescue satellite system by turning the ELT on or when it detects a hard impact in the event of a crash. This will immediately begin the aviation search and rescue procedures run by the FAA. In Populated Areas & Airspace When an aircraft is flying around the populated cities, outlying areas or in the airway system most aircraft will be on a frequency assigned to a nearby airport, airspace controller, or the general air-to-air traffic frequency used in that area.

https://pilotteacher.com/mayday-why-do-pilots-say-mayday/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215623986#6_457622628

Title: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? – Pilot Teacher Headings: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? Why Would A Pilot Say “Mayday”? What Happens When A Pilots Declares Mayday? In Remote Locations In Populated Areas & Airspace To Finish Further Reading Rick James How Do Helicopters Move Around On The Ground? Can Helicopters Fly In Zero Visibility? Content: Airliners fly much higher than many small aircraft and their line of sight to a radio communications station is far, far greater than an aircraft flying at low altitude. If no one hears, then the pilot is on their own and hopefully, they may have a cell or satellite phone onboard and connected to their radio system or the last option is to rely on the Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). The ELT can broadcast a signal containing GPS coordinates to the Search & Rescue satellite system by turning the ELT on or when it detects a hard impact in the event of a crash. This will immediately begin the aviation search and rescue procedures run by the FAA. In Populated Areas & Airspace When an aircraft is flying around the populated cities, outlying areas or in the airway system most aircraft will be on a frequency assigned to a nearby airport, airspace controller, or the general air-to-air traffic frequency used in that area. When a mayday is declared it will be heard by someone, whether that be a pilot or an air traffic controller. If only another pilot hears it they can relay the information to an air traffic controller, at which point the air traffic controller may try and reach the pilot in distress on that frequency. When a mayday call is acknowledged by the air traffic controller most countries demand strict radio silence on the frequency to allow the pilot & air traffic controller to easily communicate without any distractions. In busy airspace, the air traffic controller may ask the pilot in distress to switch to an alternate frequency, or if unable due to workload, then ATC may issue a broadcast for all other pilots to switch so as to keep the current frequency clear. Air traffic controllers will now be working hard to:

https://pilotteacher.com/mayday-why-do-pilots-say-mayday/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_215623986#10_457631570

Title: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? – Pilot Teacher Headings: MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? MAYDAY: Why Do Pilots Say Mayday? Why Would A Pilot Say “Mayday”? What Happens When A Pilots Declares Mayday? In Remote Locations In Populated Areas & Airspace To Finish Further Reading Rick James How Do Helicopters Move Around On The Ground? Can Helicopters Fly In Zero Visibility? Content: Why Do Pilots Use Them? Ever Wonder How Pilots Know Where To Go? This Is How! Why Do Some Aircraft Fly With Two Pilots, Not One? Captain or Co-Pilot: What is the Difference? Rick James I am an aviation nut! I'm an ATP rated helicopter pilot & former flight instructor with over 3000 hours spanning 3 countries and many different flying jobs. I love aviation and everything about it. I use these articles to pass on cool facts and information to you whether you are a pilot or just love aviation too!

https://pilotteacher.com/mayday-why-do-pilots-say-mayday/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_229022484#0_488789077

Title: Chiquita | PotC Wiki | Fandom Headings: Chiquita Biographical information Gender Behind the scenes First appearance Latest appearance Character (s) portrayed Contents Biography Pirates of the Caribbean Appearances Notes and references Content: Chiquita | PotC Wiki | Fandom watch 01:47 MCU Phase 4 Announced - The Loop Video Quality Captions 180p 270p 406p 720p AAC Audio 1080p Back Back Volume 0% Press shift question mark to access a list of keyboard shortcuts Keyboard Shortcuts Enabled Disabled Play/Pause SPACE Increase Volume ↑ Decrease Volume ↓ Seek Forward → Seek Backward ← Captions On/Off c Fullscreen/Exit Fullscreen f Mute/Unmute m Seek % 0-9 Next Up Watch This! - Friends 06:19 facebook twitter Email reddit pinterest Link https://pirates.fandom.com/wiki/Chiquita?jwsource=cl Copied 180p 270p 406p 720p AAC Audio 1080p Live 00:00 01:46 01:47 watch 01:47 Wiki Targeted (Entertainment) Do you like this video? Play Sound Chiquita Biographical information Gender Female Behind the scenes First appearance Dead Man's Chest Latest appearance Dead Men Tell No Tales Character (s) portrayed Jack the Monkey Chiquita is a monkey actor. A female capuchin monkey, Chiquita portrayed Jack the Monkey in the Pirates of the Caribbean sequels Dead Man's Chest, At World's End, On Stranger Tides, and Dead Men Tell No Tales . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Pirates of the Caribbean 2 Appearances 3 Notes and references Biography Pirates of the Caribbean During the back-to-back productions of the Pirates of the Caribbean sequels Dead Man's Chest and At World's End, Chiquita, along with another monkey named Pablo, portrayed Jack the Monkey. They succeeded Tara and Levi, who both portrayed the role in The Curse of the Black Pearl. Chiquita alone would make a cameo appearance in On Stranger Tides . Chiquita with her trainer in 2011. On May 19, 2011, Chiquita was one of the special guest stars that made an appearance at the Pirates Marathon at El Capitan. It was during this event that his trainer said that Chiquita appeared in all four films.

https://pirates.fandom.com/wiki/Chiquita

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_229022484#1_488791389

Title: Chiquita | PotC Wiki | Fandom Headings: Chiquita Biographical information Gender Behind the scenes First appearance Latest appearance Character (s) portrayed Contents Biography Pirates of the Caribbean Appearances Notes and references Content: They succeeded Tara and Levi, who both portrayed the role in The Curse of the Black Pearl. Chiquita alone would make a cameo appearance in On Stranger Tides . Chiquita with her trainer in 2011. On May 19, 2011, Chiquita was one of the special guest stars that made an appearance at the Pirates Marathon at El Capitan. It was during this event that his trainer said that Chiquita appeared in all four films. However, this was likely a simple mistake, as Chiquita first appeared in the making of the second and third films. Appearances Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl - Jack the Monkey Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest - Jack the Monkey Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End - Jack the Monkey Pirates of the Caribbean:

https://pirates.fandom.com/wiki/Chiquita

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_235628777#4_499954341

Title: The Mountain Goats: Goths Album Review | Pitchfork Headings: Goths The Mountain Goats Goths Featured Tracks: Trending Now Anderson .Paak Rates Flamin’ Hot Cheetos, Goths, and Korn Trending Videos on Pitchfork Content: Goths sounds nothing like goth rock, but maybe, Darnielle seems to suggest, every goth rocker is destined to write their own bookish, soft-rock opus about nights doing cocaine while listening to Bauhaus. For indeed, the life of a goth all starts out great. After a jaunty, baroque tune about the lead singer of Sisters of Mercy packing it in and moving back to his punk roots in Leeds, the lens shifts to the West Coast of America, trying to understand how goth rock works in California thousands of miles away from Batcave, the London nightclub at the center of the UK scene. Darnielle takes us to the Los Angeles suburb of West Covina where, on “Stench of the Unburied,” a young vamp cruises the highways in a Pontiac Grand Am, drunk and alive, seeing visions of his car going up in flames, all while listening to KROQ play Siouxsie and the Banshees. The prime years of the young goth culminate with “Wear Black,” a gorgeous hymn for the timeless language of black, a sigil of goths worldwide. No matter what happens, Darnielle sings, one must wear black in the light, in the dark, in the present tense, or in my absence. On the back half of the album, the fast life of a goth becomes untenable. Our singer is older now, playing shows to no one on the Sunset Strip, ostracized and broken, recalling how they were once paid in cocaine (“Paid in Cocaine”) and now refusing to open for Trent Reznor (“Shelved”). Darnielle adds more and more space to the songs, slows down his delivery as if it is almost too difficult to admit that “the ride’s over.” By the quiet end, he’s almost thankful for his grim middle-aged fate, “hauling these songs to the light from the mouth of the grave” playing “really big festivals every other summer in Brazil” (“For the Portuguese Goth Metal Bands”).

https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/23153-goths/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_259619945#1_552113094

Title: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? | Plan International Headings: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? What is a man's role in gender equality activism? 1. Acknowledge male privilege 2. Show solidarity 3. Understand that the causes of gender inequality are universal Girls Get Equal 4. Challenge negative masculinities 5. Have an intersectional lens 6. Help transform power dynamics 7. Share your platform - support girls in taking the lead Learn more about the gender equality campaign Gonzalo helped create: Content: However, feminists too have at times taken a hardline, separatist stance, seeing the challenge of achieving gender equality as resting exclusively with women, ignoring the issue of men and their socialisation within the patriarchal system. Thankfully, this is changing. Most gender equality advocates now realise that solidarity and an understanding of intersectionality are essential to achieving our shared objectives. But there are other steps I’d like to share with men, boys and non-binary people who support gender equality to help take the movement forward. 1. Acknowledge male privilege Men must begin by acknowledging the privileges we have been born into as a result of the patriarchy - the system of society and government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. The patriarchal system has historically placed the masculine at the centre of the universe, favouring men and excluding women. Often men are not aware of this system because we have always enjoyed these privileges. This system has marked relations and forged unequal power between the genders. This is clear in most countries in the political, economic, cultural and social spheres, and is a regressive system that must be challenged.

https://plan-international.org/girls-get-equal/mans-role-gender-equality

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_259619945#2_552115093

Title: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? | Plan International Headings: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? What is a man's role in gender equality activism? 1. Acknowledge male privilege 2. Show solidarity 3. Understand that the causes of gender inequality are universal Girls Get Equal 4. Challenge negative masculinities 5. Have an intersectional lens 6. Help transform power dynamics 7. Share your platform - support girls in taking the lead Learn more about the gender equality campaign Gonzalo helped create: Content: Acknowledge male privilege Men must begin by acknowledging the privileges we have been born into as a result of the patriarchy - the system of society and government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. The patriarchal system has historically placed the masculine at the centre of the universe, favouring men and excluding women. Often men are not aware of this system because we have always enjoyed these privileges. This system has marked relations and forged unequal power between the genders. This is clear in most countries in the political, economic, cultural and social spheres, and is a regressive system that must be challenged. 2. Show solidarity Although raising awareness of male privilege and acknowledging that girls and women face discrimination shows progress, this alone will not stop the perpetuation of those forms of oppression. It is necessary to stand with women and girls in their daily struggles for the eradication of patriarchal, sexist, and misogynist constructs so they may have access to equal freedom, equal respect and equal power. 3. Understand that the causes of gender inequality are universal The pursuit of gender equality in my home country, El Salvador, is unlikely to take the same route as it will in Pakistan, or the UK.

https://plan-international.org/girls-get-equal/mans-role-gender-equality

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_259619945#6_552122979

Title: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? | Plan International Headings: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? What is a man's role in gender equality activism? 1. Acknowledge male privilege 2. Show solidarity 3. Understand that the causes of gender inequality are universal Girls Get Equal 4. Challenge negative masculinities 5. Have an intersectional lens 6. Help transform power dynamics 7. Share your platform - support girls in taking the lead Learn more about the gender equality campaign Gonzalo helped create: Content: Fulfilling this social role leads men to high levels of stress and conversely, an accumulation of emotions. Such ‘macho’ attitudes affect men’s health and their interpersonal relationships. In short, these masculinities serve no-one. 5. Have an intersectional lens Intersectionality has become fundamental within the social justice movement to work towards a shared vision of progress. Intersectionality has become fundamental within the social justice movement to work towards a shared vision of progress. The pursuit of gender equality must include social progress for other groups in society that have less power. This includes, but isn’t limited to those with disabilities, minority or indigenous groups and the LGBTIQ+ community. 6. Help transform power dynamics Men often fear that the empowerment of girls and women will mean losing out but equality benefits us all.

https://plan-international.org/girls-get-equal/mans-role-gender-equality

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_259619945#7_552124632

Title: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? | Plan International Headings: What is a man's role in gender equality activism? What is a man's role in gender equality activism? 1. Acknowledge male privilege 2. Show solidarity 3. Understand that the causes of gender inequality are universal Girls Get Equal 4. Challenge negative masculinities 5. Have an intersectional lens 6. Help transform power dynamics 7. Share your platform - support girls in taking the lead Learn more about the gender equality campaign Gonzalo helped create: Content: Intersectionality has become fundamental within the social justice movement to work towards a shared vision of progress. The pursuit of gender equality must include social progress for other groups in society that have less power. This includes, but isn’t limited to those with disabilities, minority or indigenous groups and the LGBTIQ+ community. 6. Help transform power dynamics Men often fear that the empowerment of girls and women will mean losing out but equality benefits us all. For example, distribution of care and domestic tasks in the home encourages more satisfying and happy relationships. In the labour force, greater equality leads to better levels of production and satisfaction. Simply not displaying male superiority is not enough. We must be allies against all forms of discrimination and abuse, and we must help create a new type of man by addressing men’s fear and resistance. We can also become positive role models for other men, to show that caring for ourselves and the wellbeing of others is not just a feminine trait.

https://plan-international.org/girls-get-equal/mans-role-gender-equality

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_260271474#0_553784509

Title: How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers | PlanBee Headings: How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers What Inclusion Means Who Benefits From Inclusion Why Inclusion Works Inclusive Classroom Strategies Let's take a closer look at what these twelve strategies looks like in the classroom… What Inclusion Looks Like 1 – Define clear minimum standards of behaviour. 2 – Enforce those standards consistently. 3 – Deal with children who misbehave in a sensitive way. 4 – Create opportunities to listen to all children. 5 – Develop a 'scaffolded' approach to learning. 6 – Be aware of the specific needs of every child in your class. VIDEO – How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers 7 – Provide support for them in ways which benefit ALL children in your class. 8 – Create a calm, purposeful learning environment. 9 – Clearly display timetables and key information. 10 – Use pre-assessment to inform your planning. 11 – Let children choose how to show what they have learned. 12 – Don't compare the progress of one child to another; personal progress is key. Learning is not a competition. It is a never-ending process, a journey. Why Inclusion is Important Wouldn't that be nice? What does inclusion mean to you? Content: How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers | PlanBee July 16, 2019 Oli Ryan How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers Inclusion is a word that gets thrown around a lot in education, particularly in England and Wales, where the National Curriculum dictates that schools and teachers ensure all pupils are included in effective learning, regardless of their individual needs. But what does inclusion actually mean, in the context of schools and education? What does inclusion look like in the classroom? And most importantly, how can teachers create an inclusive classroom that benefits all students, no matter what their individual needs? What Inclusion Means In the simplest terms, inclusion in education means ensuring every child, no matter what their individual needs or barriers to learning, has equal access to learning and the same opportunities to achieve. Inclusion in schools is not just about providing additional support to children with special educational needs. It's about creating a learning environment that works for all pupils, whether they have a disability, speak English as an additional language, are a member of a minority community, come from a low-income family – or find it harder to learn and achieve for other reasons. This creates a problem for teachers:

https://planbee.com/blogs/news/how-to-create-an-inclusive-classroom-12-tips-for-teachers

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_260271474#1_553787472

Title: How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers | PlanBee Headings: How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers What Inclusion Means Who Benefits From Inclusion Why Inclusion Works Inclusive Classroom Strategies Let's take a closer look at what these twelve strategies looks like in the classroom… What Inclusion Looks Like 1 – Define clear minimum standards of behaviour. 2 – Enforce those standards consistently. 3 – Deal with children who misbehave in a sensitive way. 4 – Create opportunities to listen to all children. 5 – Develop a 'scaffolded' approach to learning. 6 – Be aware of the specific needs of every child in your class. VIDEO – How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 12 Tips for Teachers 7 – Provide support for them in ways which benefit ALL children in your class. 8 – Create a calm, purposeful learning environment. 9 – Clearly display timetables and key information. 10 – Use pre-assessment to inform your planning. 11 – Let children choose how to show what they have learned. 12 – Don't compare the progress of one child to another; personal progress is key. Learning is not a competition. It is a never-ending process, a journey. Why Inclusion is Important Wouldn't that be nice? What does inclusion mean to you? Content: And most importantly, how can teachers create an inclusive classroom that benefits all students, no matter what their individual needs? What Inclusion Means In the simplest terms, inclusion in education means ensuring every child, no matter what their individual needs or barriers to learning, has equal access to learning and the same opportunities to achieve. Inclusion in schools is not just about providing additional support to children with special educational needs. It's about creating a learning environment that works for all pupils, whether they have a disability, speak English as an additional language, are a member of a minority community, come from a low-income family – or find it harder to learn and achieve for other reasons. This creates a problem for teachers: how do you ensure inclusion for all of these children with their diverse needs and barriers to learning? While it is usually necessary to put specific plans in place to meet the specific needs of children in your class, there are a number of things that all teachers can do to create a safe, happy, purposeful and inclusive environment. It is those broad, all-purpose examples of inclusion in the classroom which we've covered in this article. Who Benefits From Inclusion This comprehensive review of the impact of inclusive education found that the vast majority of learners without additional needs were either not impacted at all, or actually benefited, by the provision of inclusive classroom strategies. Effective inclusion benefits all students because they can take advantage of some of the additional support.

https://planbee.com/blogs/news/how-to-create-an-inclusive-classroom-12-tips-for-teachers

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_260945257#2_554787888

Title: The F-22 Raptor Top Speed And How It Reaches It - Planenerd Headings: The F-22 Raptor Top Speed And How It Reaches It The F-22 Raptor Top Speed And How It Reaches It Table of Contents Why Jet Fighter Speed Matters High speed enables the pilot to outrun threats or intercept targets faster. What is the F-22 Top Speed? What Makes The F-22 Raptor So Fast? Engines and Propulsion Two powerful engines help the F-22 Raptor reach incredible speeds. Both engines are equipped with afterburners if the pilot needs even more power. Aerodynamics And Airframe Conclusion About the F-22 Raptor: Tobias Holm 9 Fascinating Facts About The Airbus A350 Cockpit Content: Engines and Propulsion Aerodynamics And Airframe Conclusion About the F-22 Raptor: Why Jet Fighter Speed Matters Speed is an essential thing to posses and master for an air superiority fighter such as the F-22 Raptor. And it’s not just for bragging rights. In combat, high speeds can be the difference between mission succes or failure, or even life and death. It increases the aircraft’s (and of course the pilot’s) survivability against threats from the ground. By going faster than the missile or enemy, the quickest fighter can simply outrun the threat before it gets too close for comfort. That also works the other way around. Flying at high speeds gives you the upper hand when intercepting threats or reaching a target faster. Both are important edges to have for a jet fighter as it strips away reaction time for the enemy, leaving them with minimal time to respond. In combat, the initiative often goes to the faster participant and this grants more flexibility and freedom to engage or disengage as desired.

https://planenerd.com/f22-top-speed-and-how-it-reaches-it/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_263599617#0_561159432

Title: what sustain life on earth ? – planeteerdelhi Headings: what sustain life on earth ? what sustain life on earth ? 2) The cycle of matter 3) Gravity What happen to solar energy reaching the earth ? Content: what sustain life on earth ? – planeteerdelhi May 20, 2011 May 21, 2011 what sustain life on earth ? Life on earth depends on three interconnected factors 1) The one way flow of high quality energy from sun through material and living things in their feeding interaction into environment as low quality energy (mostly dispersed into air or water molecule at law temperature ) and eventually back into space heat .no round trip are allowed because energy cannot recycled 2) The cycle of matter (the atoms , ion , or compounds needed for survival by living organism ) throuhg parts of the biosphere . because the earth is closed to significant inputs of matter from space essentially fixed supply of nutrients must be continually recycled to support life . All nutrients trips in ecosystem are round trips 3) Gravity which allows the planet to hold on its atmosphere and enables the movement of chemicals between the air , water soil and organism in the matter cycles What happen to solar energy reaching the earth ? Solar energy , flowing through the biosphere warms the atmosphere , evaporates and recycles water generates wind and support plant growth About one billionth of the sun’s output of energy reaches the earth – a tiny sphere in the vastness of space – in the form of electromagnetic waves mostly as visible light . Much of this energy is either reflected away or absorbed by chemical in planets atmosphere Most solar radiation making it through the atmosphere is degraded into longer wavelength infrared radiation . This infrared radiation encounters the so-called greenhouse gases in the troposphere . As it interacts with these gaseous molecules , it increases their kinetic energy helping warm the troposphere and earth surface . without this natural greenhouse effects the earth would be too cold for life as we know to exist

https://planeteerdelhi.wordpress.com/2011/05/20/what-sustain-life-on-earth/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_268521736#0_571712986

Title: What Is Prenatal Care? | Health Care During Pregnancy Headings: Prenatal Care Prenatal Care What is prenatal care? Why is prenatal care important? When do I need to start having prenatal care appointments? How often will I have prenatal care visits? Content: What Is Prenatal Care? | Health Care During Pregnancy Prenatal Care In This Section Prenatal Care What happens at an appointment? What is prenatal testing? What’s an ultrasound? What’s chorionic villus sampling? What’s amniocentesis? Where can I get it? What pregnancy complications can happen? What is prenatal care? Prenatal care is when you get checkups from a doctor, nurse, or midwife throughout your pregnancy.

https://plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/prenatal-care

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_268521736#1_571713869

Title: What Is Prenatal Care? | Health Care During Pregnancy Headings: Prenatal Care Prenatal Care What is prenatal care? Why is prenatal care important? When do I need to start having prenatal care appointments? How often will I have prenatal care visits? Content: What’s amniocentesis? Where can I get it? What pregnancy complications can happen? What is prenatal care? Prenatal care is when you get checkups from a doctor, nurse, or midwife throughout your pregnancy. It helps keep you and your future baby healthy. Why is prenatal care important? Prenatal care is an important part of staying healthy during pregnancy. Your doctor, nurse, or midwife will monitor your future baby’s development and do routine testing to help find and prevent possible problems. These regular checkups are also a great time to learn how to ease any discomfort you may be having, and ask any other questions about your pregnancy and the birth of your future baby.

https://plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/prenatal-care

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_268521736#2_571715011

Title: What Is Prenatal Care? | Health Care During Pregnancy Headings: Prenatal Care Prenatal Care What is prenatal care? Why is prenatal care important? When do I need to start having prenatal care appointments? How often will I have prenatal care visits? Content: It helps keep you and your future baby healthy. Why is prenatal care important? Prenatal care is an important part of staying healthy during pregnancy. Your doctor, nurse, or midwife will monitor your future baby’s development and do routine testing to help find and prevent possible problems. These regular checkups are also a great time to learn how to ease any discomfort you may be having, and ask any other questions about your pregnancy and the birth of your future baby. When do I need to start having prenatal care appointments? You can start getting prenatal care as soon as you know you’re pregnant. It’s actually best to see a doctor BEFORE you get pregnant — this is sometimes called pre-pregnancy care or preconception planning. But if that’s not possible, just begin prenatal visits as soon as you can. How often will I have prenatal care visits?

https://plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/prenatal-care

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_268951265#7_572640954

Title: Urban Agriculture Headings: Urban Agriculture KnowledgeBase Collection Urban Agriculture APA Resources Urban Agriculture Planning for Urban Agriculture Regulating Urban Agriculture Background Resources Farming Inside Cities: Entrepreneurial Urban Agriculture in the United States Food Systems: Urban Agriculture Policy Growing Urban Agriculture: Equitable Strategies and Policies for Improving Access to Healthy Food and Revitalizing Communities Pigs in the Backyard or the Barnyard: Removing Zoning Impediments to Urban Agriculture Urban Agriculture Impacts: Social, Health, and Economic: An Annotated Bibliography Urban Agriculture and Community Food Security in the United States: Farming from the City Center to the Urban Fringe Urban Agriculture in the United States: Baseline Findings of a Nationwide Survey Urban Agriculture: A Sixteen City Survey of Urban Agriculture Practices Across the Country Vacant Lots to Vibrant Plots: A Review of the Benefits and Limitations of Urban Agriculture Reports Best Practices in Urban Agriculture: A Background Report for the City of Kamloops to Support Development of an Urban Agricultural Strategy Farming Inside Cities: Entrepreneurial Urban Agriculture in the United States Flint Urban Agriculture Legal Framework: Background Report Growing Food Where it is Needed Growing Urban Agriculture: Equitable Strategies and Policies for Improving Access to Healthy Food and Revitalizing Communities Halton, ON, Community Garden Policy Scan View all reports Articles Creating a Legal Framework for Urban Agriculture: Lessons from Flint, Michigan Pigs in the Backyard or the Barnyard: Removing Zoning Impediments to Urban Agriculture Promoting Urban Agriculture as an Alternative Land Use for Vacant Properties in the City of Detroit: Benefits, Problems, and Proposals for a Regulatory Framework for Successful Land Use Integration Urban Agriculture in a Post-Industrial Landscape: A Case for Community-Generated Urban Design View all articles Briefing Papers Community Food Production: The Role of Local Governments in Increasing Community Food Production for Local Markets Cultivating Community Gardens: The Role of Local Government in Creating Healthy, Livable Neighborhoods View all briefing papers Guides Community Garden Policy Reference Guide Community Gardening: Policy Reference Guide Dig It! A Practical Toolkit: How Local Governments Can Support Community Gardens Growing Urban Agriculture: Equitable Strategies and Policies for Improving Access to Healthy Food and Revitalizing Communities Municipal Strategies to Support Local Food Systems: Including Local Food in Comprehensive Plans and Urban Agriculture Ordinance Toolkit Municipal Zoning for Local Foods in Iowa: A Guidebook for Reducing Local Regulatory Barriers to Local Foods View all guides WEB PAGES Chicago, IL, Developing a New Community Garden Fort Collins, CO, Urban Agriculture New York, NY, Green Thumb San Francisco, CA, Community Gardens Program Seattle, WA, P-Patch Community Gardening Vancouver, BC, Growing Food View all web pages Model Ordinances and Plan Language Establishing Land Use Protections for Community Gardens Local Food Networks Municipal Strategies to Support Local Food Systems: Including Local Food in Comprehensive Plans and Urban Agriculture Ordinance Toolkit Municipal Zoning for Local Foods in Iowa: A Guidebook for Reducing Local Regulatory Barriers to Local Foods Seeding the City: Land Use Policies to Promote Urban Agriculture Urban Agricultural Series: Community Gardens Model Ordinance View all models Standalone Policies Chula Vista, CA, Community Gardens Policy Delray Beach, FL, Community Gardens Policy Minneapolis, MN, Community Garden, Market Garden and Urban Farm Policy Minneapolis, MN, Real Estate Disposition Policy Philadelphia, PA, Policies for the Sale and Reuse of City Owned Property Saanich, BC, Community Gardens Policy View all standalone policies Comprehensive Plans Berkeley, CA, General Plan Detroit, MI, Master Plan of Policies Fitchburg, WI, Comprehensive Plan Madison, WI, Comprehensive Plan New Orleans, LA, Master Plan Richmond, CA, General Plan 2030 View all comprehensive plans Functional Plans Alameda, CA, Urban Farm and Garden Plan Kamloops, BC, Food and Urban Agriculture Plan Minneapolis, MN, Urban Agriculture Policy Plan Urban Agriculture and Food Policy Plan: Growing Good in Las Cruces, NM View all functional plans Regulations Arvada, CO, Land Development Code Austin, TX, City Code Baltimore, MD, City Code Boston, MA, Zoning Code Burlington, VT, Code of Ordinances Chattanooga, TN, Code of Ordinances View all regulations Related Collections Food Systems Tactical Urbanism Urban Livestock Content: Community gardens improve the environment, provide healthy food choices and activities to residents, strengthen local food systems, and can support economic development strategies and community empowerment. Fueled by the success of these small, nonprofit agricultural endeavors, many cities and urban agriculture supporters are now exploring the possibilities of using urban lands for small-scale, commercial urban farms to expand food production and economic development potential. Planning for Urban Agriculture The ideal starting point for urban agriculture planning is a community engagement process through which planners identify how urban agriculture contributes to the social, economic, and environmental goals of a community. Local and regional governments play important roles in legitimizing urban agriculture as a recognized land use or community development strategy. By identifying existing community needs that urban agriculture can address, inventorying necessary local resources, and evaluating current policies and legislation, local governments can work to effectively integrate urban agriculture considerations into the plan-making process. Many local governments are beginning to see the connections among comprehensive planning, neighborhood development and revitalization, health, food policy, and sustainability. Urban agriculture is typically viewed as a strategy to achieve larger social or environmental goals, and it relates to many elements within the comprehensive planning process. Open-space goals and policies can encourage the conversion of vacant or abandoned land to urban agriculture and the preservation of existing urban agriculture. Economic development goals and policies can lead to new financing tools for urban agriculture development; tax incentives can encourage the location of urban agriculture in underserved neighborhoods on vacant property.

https://planning.org/knowledgebase/urbanagriculture/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_269493347#4_573698569

Title: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning - Planning Tank Headings: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning What is Urban Planning and why is it gaining popularity? What is the importance of Urban Planning? Understanding what is Urban Planning Help the cities to grow in a planned manner Improves Quality of Life, offers a healthy lifestyle Caters to Environmental Considerations Positive impact on Economy & better utilisation of Resources Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone Making Cities Resilient Develop the Nation About The Author admin Content: The way the cities were designed earlier, it had become tough for citizens to reside, walk or use public transport. For the first time in the year 2010, over 50% of the world’s population was living in cities. At that time, the United Nations predicted that by 2015, there will be 358 cities in the world having more than 1 million population and 27 megacities with more than 10 million people. Much of this will be seen in developing countries. That’s why the need for urban planning came into the picture. Urban planning is also referred to as town planning or city planning in various areas worldwide and is considered an interdisciplinary field covering a wide range of disciplines, such as architecture, urban design, planning, architecture and city management. Although it is mainly concerned with the planning of settlements and communities, it also adheres to the principles of conservation of areas of natural and environmental importance, as well as the protection of public health and the environment. Those who have studied urban planning have traced the beginnings of settlement in the early cities of Mesopotamia to today’s global cities. Urban planning involves the notion that profits and economic growth bring the city to its full potential. This is done by working on different aspects which governs urban growth and urban development by making policy documents, development plans, master plans, land use plans etc.

https://planningtank.com/city-insight/importance-urban-planning

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_269493347#5_573700861

Title: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning - Planning Tank Headings: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning What is Urban Planning and why is it gaining popularity? What is the importance of Urban Planning? Understanding what is Urban Planning Help the cities to grow in a planned manner Improves Quality of Life, offers a healthy lifestyle Caters to Environmental Considerations Positive impact on Economy & better utilisation of Resources Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone Making Cities Resilient Develop the Nation About The Author admin Content: Urban planning is also referred to as town planning or city planning in various areas worldwide and is considered an interdisciplinary field covering a wide range of disciplines, such as architecture, urban design, planning, architecture and city management. Although it is mainly concerned with the planning of settlements and communities, it also adheres to the principles of conservation of areas of natural and environmental importance, as well as the protection of public health and the environment. Those who have studied urban planning have traced the beginnings of settlement in the early cities of Mesopotamia to today’s global cities. Urban planning involves the notion that profits and economic growth bring the city to its full potential. This is done by working on different aspects which governs urban growth and urban development by making policy documents, development plans, master plans, land use plans etc. With this, let’s understand why urban planning has become crucial in today’s world. Related Articles: Urban Planning – The Open but Hidden Gold Mine Regional Planning – Need, Importance & Implementation City Branding What is the importance of Urban Planning? Urban planning, town planning, city planning and regional planning play various important roles. There are various aspects which are taken care of while planning such as financial, economic, environmental, educational, transportation etc.

https://planningtank.com/city-insight/importance-urban-planning

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_269493347#6_573703156

Title: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning - Planning Tank Headings: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning What is Urban Planning and why is it gaining popularity? What is the importance of Urban Planning? Understanding what is Urban Planning Help the cities to grow in a planned manner Improves Quality of Life, offers a healthy lifestyle Caters to Environmental Considerations Positive impact on Economy & better utilisation of Resources Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone Making Cities Resilient Develop the Nation About The Author admin Content: With this, let’s understand why urban planning has become crucial in today’s world. Related Articles: Urban Planning – The Open but Hidden Gold Mine Regional Planning – Need, Importance & Implementation City Branding What is the importance of Urban Planning? Urban planning, town planning, city planning and regional planning play various important roles. There are various aspects which are taken care of while planning such as financial, economic, environmental, educational, transportation etc. Organised and planned development of cities Offers a better quality of life Aids economic growth and economic development Takes into account the environmental considerations Makes cities resilient Better infrastructure & sustainable form of development Easy access to educational and health facilities A good and efficient public transport system An efficient & reliable waste management system More jobs and other economic opportunities Understanding what is Urban Planning Urban Planning is often confused with a number of other professions such as Architecture, Civil Engineers, Geographers etc. Here is a short video if you want to gain clarity on Urban Planning. Feel free to skip if you are already aware about the field so continue reading about its importance. Help the cities to grow in a planned manner Due to more work opportunities, better education facilities, and many other reasons, the population in the cities of developing countries is increasing rapidly. In order to accommodate a large population, there have to be some early plans.

https://planningtank.com/city-insight/importance-urban-planning

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_269493347#7_573705585

Title: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning - Planning Tank Headings: 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning 10 Reasons Explaining the Importance of Urban Planning What is Urban Planning and why is it gaining popularity? What is the importance of Urban Planning? Understanding what is Urban Planning Help the cities to grow in a planned manner Improves Quality of Life, offers a healthy lifestyle Caters to Environmental Considerations Positive impact on Economy & better utilisation of Resources Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone Making Cities Resilient Develop the Nation About The Author admin Content: Organised and planned development of cities Offers a better quality of life Aids economic growth and economic development Takes into account the environmental considerations Makes cities resilient Better infrastructure & sustainable form of development Easy access to educational and health facilities A good and efficient public transport system An efficient & reliable waste management system More jobs and other economic opportunities Understanding what is Urban Planning Urban Planning is often confused with a number of other professions such as Architecture, Civil Engineers, Geographers etc. Here is a short video if you want to gain clarity on Urban Planning. Feel free to skip if you are already aware about the field so continue reading about its importance. Help the cities to grow in a planned manner Due to more work opportunities, better education facilities, and many other reasons, the population in the cities of developing countries is increasing rapidly. In order to accommodate a large population, there have to be some early plans. That’s why concerned development authorities and relevant stakeholders should work together on an efficient plan making process.. This is done by keeping certain factors in mind, such as the needs of citizens, community participation, social equity, public welfare, appropriate expansion of infrastructure, and efficient measures during emergency situations. A planned city maximises the advantages and benefits of living in a city. Balanced distribution of resources through urban planning, the city would have a strategy to develop its economy as well as liveability conditions. Not only the expansion of residential areas & urban sprawls, but urban planning also ensures good transportation, health care, urban design, sustainable development by means of master plan. Thus, the city will grow rapidly without having negative impacts on its built environment, economy and citizens.

https://planningtank.com/city-insight/importance-urban-planning

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_269625376#1_574033735

Title: Concept, Basic Characteristics & Preparation of Master Plan Headings: Concept, Basic Characteristics & Preparation of Master Plan Concept, Basic Characteristics & Preparation of Master Plan Introduction to Master Plan What is a Master Plan? Basic Characteristics of Master Plan Concept of Master Plan Process of Master Plan preparation About The Author admin Content: The need of having a mechanism or a way to regulate this growth was felt and thus methods were devised to regulate or “shape” this growth. Having master plan is one of such attempt. Other methods include development places called as “City Development Plan”, Town Planning Schemes, Land Use Plans,Zonal Plans, various other “spatial” plans made by concerned authorities. What is a Master Plan? It is an instrument to work out land and infrastructure requirements for various urban and rural uses, and allocate land for various uses to result in harmonious and sustainable distribution of activities so that towns / cities are provided with a form and structure within which they can perform all their economic and social functions efficiently and effectively. The purpose of a Master Plan is to promote growth and guide and regulate present and future development of towns and cities with a perspective of 20-25 years. Basic Characteristics of Master Plan It’s a Physical plan: the plan is fundamentally a guide to the physical development of the community; It is long ranged: involves long term planning;

https://planningtank.com/development-plan/concept-characteristics-preparation-master-plan

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_269681666#2_574149312

Title: What are environmental hazards? | Planning Tank Headings: What are environmental hazards? What are environmental hazards? Type of Hazards Chemical Hazards Physical Hazards Biological Hazards Social Hazards Ergonomic Hazards Mechanical Hazards Psychosocial Hazard Natural hazards Various Statuses of Environmental Hazards How Environmental Exposures converts to Hazards? Principles to Manage Hazards How to Prevent the Different Environmental Hazards from the Disposal Sites About The Author Priyanki Baruah Content: This definition is more particular for aquatic toxicity substances. One such example is Zinc oxide that is used as a pigment in paints and is severely harmful to aquatic life. Chemical Hazards can be natural or man-made. Chemical hazards that are man-made include many synthetic products like plastics, disinfectants, and pesticides. Some heavy metals are produced naturally in the environment, including heavy metals like mercury and lead. The chemical hazards can come in any form of gas, solid or liquid. The exposure to these hazardous chemicals can result in acute or chronic health effects. Anyone can come near a chemical exposure during spraying, preparation, storage or usage of the element. Inhalation of vapors, dust or gases, and direct contact with the solvents, alkalis or acids are the two main ways of exposure to hazardous chemicals. Human beings can also digest chemicals through food and water.

https://planningtank.com/environment/environmental-hazards

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_270003133#1_574889306

Title: The Rank-Size Rule by George Zipf (1949) Headings: The Rank-Size Rule by George Zipf (1949) The Rank-Size Rule by George Zipf (1949) The concept of Rank-Size Rule or Rank-Size Distribution Factors affecting the Rank Size Rule The contribution of rank size rule in regional planning Rank-Size Rule And Developing Countries The Rank-Size Rule Pattern as per rank-size rule Rank-size rule analysis and ancient cities About The Author admin Content: is there any significance in the fact that some cities have grown faster than other cities? What are the causes of his growth? What are the problems associated with differential growth and size of cities? Much of the work on urban problem has been done in relation to regional development programming in the United States and comparatively little research has been undertaken on the fundamental problems of defining an optimum size distribution of cities for developing countries. Any criteria for optimum population size involves implicitly and explicitly two elements: first the normative element, which places a positive or negative valuation in a particular situation and second a factual element which has the force of the statement of empirical relationships between variation in city size and variation in situation question. Related: Primate City & Primacy | Relationship between city sizes Among the criteria that have been examined in relation to the optimum city size in both developed and developing countries is: ( World Bank no longer used the term Developing & Developed Countries) City size and physical planning of cities with respect to the frequent demand that cities be small enough to enable ready access to the countryside and a reasonably moderate journey to work, i.e. transport problems. City size and health (mortality rate, incidence of disease etc).

https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/rank-size-rule-by-george-zipf-1949

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_270185123#11_575339918

Title: What is Urban Growth? | Meaning, Characteristics and Examples Headings: What is Urban Growth? | Meaning, Characteristics and Examples What is Urban Growth? | Meaning, Characteristics and Examples How to define Urban Growth or Urbanisation? Urban growth leads to urbanization which in turn leads to some changes such as- Various characteristics of urban growth or urbanization: A. Economic Development B. Industrialization and Density About The Author admin Content: It is often thought that the earliest cities developed as parasites thriving on the surplus food produced in the rural hinterland. The growth of tertiary activities in a city contributes in a direct way to city growth. In every city, a part of the city tertiary activities are meant for its own population, but a second and perhaps more significant part exists for the benefits of the people in the city’s hinterland. Economic development generally refers to the sustained, concerted actions of policymakers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. Economic development can also be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Such actions can involve multiple areas including development of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives. Urbanization is an integral part of economic development. As an economy develops, there is an increase in per capita income and also demand for non-farm goods in the economy. These goods are not heavily land dependent. These are cheaper if produced in the urban sector because all provisions for production these goods are available here.

https://planningtank.com/urbanisation/urbanisation-urban-growth

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_281100299#13_600809220

Title: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Headings: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca elephantipes plant care basics SOIL LIGHT WATERING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY FERTILIZER PROPAGATION GROWTH POTTING The watering basics for your spineless Yuca Yucca plant propagation techniques Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds Overwintering Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca Pests Spineless Yucca Diseases VISIBLE SIGNS OF A STRUGGLING Yucca PLANT TELLTALE SIGN #1: Yellowing Leaves TELLTALE SIGN #2: Stunting growth TELLTALE SIGN #3: Droopy leaves TELLTALE SIGN #4: Spots on the leaves FIVE STEPS TO A HEALTHY, ACTIVE YUCCA Is Yucca elephantipes difficult to care for? Yucca PLANT FAQ What is the difference between Yucca gigantea and Yucca elephantipes? Can you grow Yucca elephantipes indoors? Is Yucca elephantipes poisonous to cats & dogs? Does Yucca elephantipes flower when cultivated indoors? How tall can Yucca elephantipes grow? What are the common names of Yucca elephantipes? My Yucca palm is getting too big. What should I do? What To Read Next Free Ebook 10 Best Propagation Hacks Free Content: Propagation through stem-cuttings, propagation from seeds or a simple repotting of offshoots (Yucca elephantipes “automatically” produces offshoots around the stems). Propagation through repotting of offshoots is probably the easiest method to propagate the plant . Propagation through seeds is easy as well but it takes some (more) time. Propagation through stem cuttings is both easy & fun. If your Yucca palm is getting too big, you might need to prune it anyway (by cutting the main stem!). And at that point, you can simply grow a new plant from the remaining stem and the new stem cuttings. Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Use sharp, sterile scissors to cut the desired stems. Take cuttings from mature stems (stems with dark brown bark). Remove the lower leaves of the stem. Air-dry the freshly taken cuttings for about an hour or two.

https://plantophiles.com/plant-care/yucca-elephantipes/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_281100299#14_600811522

Title: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Headings: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca elephantipes plant care basics SOIL LIGHT WATERING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY FERTILIZER PROPAGATION GROWTH POTTING The watering basics for your spineless Yuca Yucca plant propagation techniques Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds Overwintering Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca Pests Spineless Yucca Diseases VISIBLE SIGNS OF A STRUGGLING Yucca PLANT TELLTALE SIGN #1: Yellowing Leaves TELLTALE SIGN #2: Stunting growth TELLTALE SIGN #3: Droopy leaves TELLTALE SIGN #4: Spots on the leaves FIVE STEPS TO A HEALTHY, ACTIVE YUCCA Is Yucca elephantipes difficult to care for? Yucca PLANT FAQ What is the difference between Yucca gigantea and Yucca elephantipes? Can you grow Yucca elephantipes indoors? Is Yucca elephantipes poisonous to cats & dogs? Does Yucca elephantipes flower when cultivated indoors? How tall can Yucca elephantipes grow? What are the common names of Yucca elephantipes? My Yucca palm is getting too big. What should I do? What To Read Next Free Ebook 10 Best Propagation Hacks Free Content: And at that point, you can simply grow a new plant from the remaining stem and the new stem cuttings. Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Use sharp, sterile scissors to cut the desired stems. Take cuttings from mature stems (stems with dark brown bark). Remove the lower leaves of the stem. Air-dry the freshly taken cuttings for about an hour or two. Take a new pot, fill it with vermiculite and then root the cutting. One cutting per pot is fine. If you do use big pots, you could also root several stem cuttings in the same pot. From time to time, water your Yucca babies. After 3-4 weeks, the roots should begin to form.

https://plantophiles.com/plant-care/yucca-elephantipes/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_281100299#15_600813592

Title: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Headings: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca elephantipes plant care basics SOIL LIGHT WATERING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY FERTILIZER PROPAGATION GROWTH POTTING The watering basics for your spineless Yuca Yucca plant propagation techniques Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds Overwintering Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca Pests Spineless Yucca Diseases VISIBLE SIGNS OF A STRUGGLING Yucca PLANT TELLTALE SIGN #1: Yellowing Leaves TELLTALE SIGN #2: Stunting growth TELLTALE SIGN #3: Droopy leaves TELLTALE SIGN #4: Spots on the leaves FIVE STEPS TO A HEALTHY, ACTIVE YUCCA Is Yucca elephantipes difficult to care for? Yucca PLANT FAQ What is the difference between Yucca gigantea and Yucca elephantipes? Can you grow Yucca elephantipes indoors? Is Yucca elephantipes poisonous to cats & dogs? Does Yucca elephantipes flower when cultivated indoors? How tall can Yucca elephantipes grow? What are the common names of Yucca elephantipes? My Yucca palm is getting too big. What should I do? What To Read Next Free Ebook 10 Best Propagation Hacks Free Content: Take a new pot, fill it with vermiculite and then root the cutting. One cutting per pot is fine. If you do use big pots, you could also root several stem cuttings in the same pot. From time to time, water your Yucca babies. After 3-4 weeks, the roots should begin to form. As soon as the roots are long enough, you can repot the new plant and put it in a new soil mix. Water thoroughly and then go back to regular Yucca plant care. Note: As for the mother plant, when you see new buds forming (at the locations where you did the cuttings), you may want to transplant the mother plant as well. Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds If you would like to make new Yucca plant babies, you might also do so by propagating through seeds.

https://plantophiles.com/plant-care/yucca-elephantipes/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_281100299#16_600815756

Title: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Headings: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca elephantipes plant care basics SOIL LIGHT WATERING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY FERTILIZER PROPAGATION GROWTH POTTING The watering basics for your spineless Yuca Yucca plant propagation techniques Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds Overwintering Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca Pests Spineless Yucca Diseases VISIBLE SIGNS OF A STRUGGLING Yucca PLANT TELLTALE SIGN #1: Yellowing Leaves TELLTALE SIGN #2: Stunting growth TELLTALE SIGN #3: Droopy leaves TELLTALE SIGN #4: Spots on the leaves FIVE STEPS TO A HEALTHY, ACTIVE YUCCA Is Yucca elephantipes difficult to care for? Yucca PLANT FAQ What is the difference between Yucca gigantea and Yucca elephantipes? Can you grow Yucca elephantipes indoors? Is Yucca elephantipes poisonous to cats & dogs? Does Yucca elephantipes flower when cultivated indoors? How tall can Yucca elephantipes grow? What are the common names of Yucca elephantipes? My Yucca palm is getting too big. What should I do? What To Read Next Free Ebook 10 Best Propagation Hacks Free Content: As soon as the roots are long enough, you can repot the new plant and put it in a new soil mix. Water thoroughly and then go back to regular Yucca plant care. Note: As for the mother plant, when you see new buds forming (at the locations where you did the cuttings), you may want to transplant the mother plant as well. Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds If you would like to make new Yucca plant babies, you might also do so by propagating through seeds. This method is not difficult, however, it takes some time (at least 2 months). Here’s how you do it: 1. Place the Yucca elephantipes seeds in lukewarm water and keep them there for about a day 2. Then place the seeds in the soil mix of your choice (seedling soil or coconut fibre produce good results) and just slighty cover them with soil.

https://plantophiles.com/plant-care/yucca-elephantipes/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_281100299#20_600824147

Title: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Headings: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca elephantipes plant care basics SOIL LIGHT WATERING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY FERTILIZER PROPAGATION GROWTH POTTING The watering basics for your spineless Yuca Yucca plant propagation techniques Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds Overwintering Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca Pests Spineless Yucca Diseases VISIBLE SIGNS OF A STRUGGLING Yucca PLANT TELLTALE SIGN #1: Yellowing Leaves TELLTALE SIGN #2: Stunting growth TELLTALE SIGN #3: Droopy leaves TELLTALE SIGN #4: Spots on the leaves FIVE STEPS TO A HEALTHY, ACTIVE YUCCA Is Yucca elephantipes difficult to care for? Yucca PLANT FAQ What is the difference between Yucca gigantea and Yucca elephantipes? Can you grow Yucca elephantipes indoors? Is Yucca elephantipes poisonous to cats & dogs? Does Yucca elephantipes flower when cultivated indoors? How tall can Yucca elephantipes grow? What are the common names of Yucca elephantipes? My Yucca palm is getting too big. What should I do? What To Read Next Free Ebook 10 Best Propagation Hacks Free Content: As pointed out earlier on, this Yucca feels comfortable in a wide range of temperatures and is generally not susceptible to sudden changes in temperature. That said, you can keep your Yucca in the same spot as in summer. However, as with many other plants, watering should be reduced in winter . Spineless Yucca Pests The pest resistance of this woody friend is pretty remarkable. But nobody is perfect. Not even our Yucca. Three pests to look out for when growing Yucca elephantipes are scale, black weevil & mealybugs. Spineless Yucca Diseases Spineless Yuccas are pretty much disease-free. One thing you will need to look out for, however, is root rot. Root rot typically occurs when the compost is kept too moist.

https://plantophiles.com/plant-care/yucca-elephantipes/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_281100299#21_600826294

Title: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Headings: Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca Elephantipes Indoor Plant Care 101 Yucca elephantipes plant care basics SOIL LIGHT WATERING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY FERTILIZER PROPAGATION GROWTH POTTING The watering basics for your spineless Yuca Yucca plant propagation techniques Propagating Yucca elephantipes through stem cuttings Propagating Yucca elephantipes from seeds Overwintering Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca Pests Spineless Yucca Diseases VISIBLE SIGNS OF A STRUGGLING Yucca PLANT TELLTALE SIGN #1: Yellowing Leaves TELLTALE SIGN #2: Stunting growth TELLTALE SIGN #3: Droopy leaves TELLTALE SIGN #4: Spots on the leaves FIVE STEPS TO A HEALTHY, ACTIVE YUCCA Is Yucca elephantipes difficult to care for? Yucca PLANT FAQ What is the difference between Yucca gigantea and Yucca elephantipes? Can you grow Yucca elephantipes indoors? Is Yucca elephantipes poisonous to cats & dogs? Does Yucca elephantipes flower when cultivated indoors? How tall can Yucca elephantipes grow? What are the common names of Yucca elephantipes? My Yucca palm is getting too big. What should I do? What To Read Next Free Ebook 10 Best Propagation Hacks Free Content: Not even our Yucca. Three pests to look out for when growing Yucca elephantipes are scale, black weevil & mealybugs. Spineless Yucca Diseases Spineless Yuccas are pretty much disease-free. One thing you will need to look out for, however, is root rot. Root rot typically occurs when the compost is kept too moist. VISIBLE SIGNS OF A STRUGGLING Yucca PLANT TELLTALE SIGN #1: Yellowing Leaves It is pretty common to have a couple of yellow leaves on your Yucca elephantipes. The reason for this could be both over- or underwatering. Beginners tend to overwater the Yucca plant. Try adjusting the watering regimen and if that does not help, you can also sporadically remove (cut off) yellowing leaves.

https://plantophiles.com/plant-care/yucca-elephantipes/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_312475359#14_646393478

Title: Collective Responsibility (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Collective Responsibility Collective Responsibility 1. Collective Responsibility: the Controversies 2. Making Sense of Collective Responsibility: Actions, Intentions, and Group Solidarity 3. Collective Responsibility and the Structure of Groups 4. Can Collective Responsibility be Distributed? 5. Alternative Approaches to Collective Responsibility 6. Collective Responsibility and the Question of Consequences 7. Forward Looking Collective Responsibility Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: But they disagree markedly about whether collective responsibility makes sense as a non-distributive phenomenon, i.e., as a phenomenon that transcends the contributions of particular group members. In this context, as in many others, skeptics set the agenda. Two claims become crucial. The first is that groups, unlike individuals, cannot form intentions and hence cannot be understood to act or to cause harm qua groups. The second is that groups, as distinct from their individual members, cannot be understood as morally blameworthy in the sense required by moral responsibility. Both claims come out of classical methodological individualism of the sort articulated by Max Weber (Weber 1914) and H. D. Lewis (Lewis 1948) in their respective rejections of collective responsibility. In Economy and Society Vol. I, Weber (Weber 1914) argues that collective responsibility makes no sense both because we cannot isolate genuinely collective actions, as distinct from identical actions of many persons, and because groups, unlike the individuals who belong to them, cannot think as groups or formulate intentions of the kind normally thought to be necessary to actions. H. D. Lewis follows suit in his own arguments and couples his methodological individualism with a sense of moral outrage at the idea of blaming individuals for the actions of others. Lewis writes:

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/collective-responsibility/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_313073316#2_646544986

Title: Compatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Compatibilism Compatibilism 1. Free Will and the Problem of Causal Determinism 1.1 Determinism and Alternative Possibilities 1.2 Determinism and Sourcehood 1.3 Compatibilists Replies 2. Classical Compatibilism 2.1 Freedom According to Classical Compatibilism 2.2 The Classical Compatibilist Conditional Analysis 2.3 The Lasting Influence of the Conditional Analysis 3. Compatibilism in Transition 3.1 The Consequence Argument 3.2 A Challenge to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities 3.3 Focus upon the Reactive Attitudes 4. Contemporary Compatibilism 4.1 Compatibilism about the Freedom to Do Otherwise 4.1.1 Challenging Power Necessity and the Past 4.1.2 Challenging Power Necessity and the Laws of Nature 4.1.3 Challenging the Inferences Based upon Power Necessity 4.1.4 Accounting for the Freedom to Do Otherwise 4.1.5 The New Dispositionalism 4.2 Hierarchical Compatibilism 4.2.1 Higher-Order Desires and Free Will 4.2.2 Two Problems for a Hierarchical Theory 4.3 The Reason View 4.4 Reasons-Responsive Compatibilism 4.4.1 Agent-Based Reasons-Responsiveness 4.4.2 A Tension between Reasons-Responsiveness and Frankfurt Examples 4.4.3 A Mechanism-Based Reasons-Responsive Theory 4.4.4 Assessing Reasons-Responsive Compatibilism 4.5 Strawsonian Compatibilism Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: But what problem is that? Well, suppose, as the thesis of causal determinism tells us, that everything that occurs is the inevitable result of the laws of nature and the state of the world in the distant past. If this is the case, then everything human agents do flows from the laws of nature and the way the world was in the distant past. But if what we do is simply the consequence of the laws of nature and the state of the world in the distant past—then we cannot do anything other than what we ultimately do. Nor are we in any meaningful sense the ultimate causal source of our actions, since they have their causal origins in the laws of nature and the state of the world long ago. Determinism therefore seems to prevent human agents from having the freedom to do otherwise, and it also seems to prevent them from being the sources of their actions. If either of these is true, then it’s doubtful that human agents are free or responsible for their actions in any meaningful sense. These lines of argument, which have been regimented in the work of Ginet (1966), van Inwagen (1975, 1983), Wisdom (1934), Mele (1995), and Pereboom (1995, 2001), among many others, present a real problem for those who are inclined to think that we are free and responsible for our choices and actions and that the natural world might operate as a deterministic system (or if not completely deterministic, one in which an indeterminism is merely stochastic noise that is causally irrelevant at the level of human agency). How to respond to such arguments? On the one hand, incompatibilists accept (some version of at least one of) these arguments and so insist that our self-conception as free and responsible agents would be seriously misguided if causal determinism turns out to be true.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/compatibilism/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_313073316#3_646548390

Title: Compatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Compatibilism Compatibilism 1. Free Will and the Problem of Causal Determinism 1.1 Determinism and Alternative Possibilities 1.2 Determinism and Sourcehood 1.3 Compatibilists Replies 2. Classical Compatibilism 2.1 Freedom According to Classical Compatibilism 2.2 The Classical Compatibilist Conditional Analysis 2.3 The Lasting Influence of the Conditional Analysis 3. Compatibilism in Transition 3.1 The Consequence Argument 3.2 A Challenge to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities 3.3 Focus upon the Reactive Attitudes 4. Contemporary Compatibilism 4.1 Compatibilism about the Freedom to Do Otherwise 4.1.1 Challenging Power Necessity and the Past 4.1.2 Challenging Power Necessity and the Laws of Nature 4.1.3 Challenging the Inferences Based upon Power Necessity 4.1.4 Accounting for the Freedom to Do Otherwise 4.1.5 The New Dispositionalism 4.2 Hierarchical Compatibilism 4.2.1 Higher-Order Desires and Free Will 4.2.2 Two Problems for a Hierarchical Theory 4.3 The Reason View 4.4 Reasons-Responsive Compatibilism 4.4.1 Agent-Based Reasons-Responsiveness 4.4.2 A Tension between Reasons-Responsiveness and Frankfurt Examples 4.4.3 A Mechanism-Based Reasons-Responsive Theory 4.4.4 Assessing Reasons-Responsive Compatibilism 4.5 Strawsonian Compatibilism Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: Determinism therefore seems to prevent human agents from having the freedom to do otherwise, and it also seems to prevent them from being the sources of their actions. If either of these is true, then it’s doubtful that human agents are free or responsible for their actions in any meaningful sense. These lines of argument, which have been regimented in the work of Ginet (1966), van Inwagen (1975, 1983), Wisdom (1934), Mele (1995), and Pereboom (1995, 2001), among many others, present a real problem for those who are inclined to think that we are free and responsible for our choices and actions and that the natural world might operate as a deterministic system (or if not completely deterministic, one in which an indeterminism is merely stochastic noise that is causally irrelevant at the level of human agency). How to respond to such arguments? On the one hand, incompatibilists accept (some version of at least one of) these arguments and so insist that our self-conception as free and responsible agents would be seriously misguided if causal determinism turns out to be true. Some incompatibilists argue for these conclusions indirectly—first by arguing that determinism precludes freedom or control and then second by arguing that such freedom is necessary for moral responsibility. Other incompatibilists argue directly that causal determinism precludes moral responsibility. Compatibilists, on the other hand, claim that these concerns miss the mark. Some compatibilists hold this because they think the truth of causal determinism would not undermine our freedom to do otherwise (Berofsky 1987, Campbell 1997, Vihvelin 2013, etc.). As a result, these compatibilists tell us, the truth of causal determinism poses no threat to our status as morally responsible agents (notice the enthymematic premise here:

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/compatibilism/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_313073316#10_646570685

Title: Compatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Compatibilism Compatibilism 1. Free Will and the Problem of Causal Determinism 1.1 Determinism and Alternative Possibilities 1.2 Determinism and Sourcehood 1.3 Compatibilists Replies 2. Classical Compatibilism 2.1 Freedom According to Classical Compatibilism 2.2 The Classical Compatibilist Conditional Analysis 2.3 The Lasting Influence of the Conditional Analysis 3. Compatibilism in Transition 3.1 The Consequence Argument 3.2 A Challenge to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities 3.3 Focus upon the Reactive Attitudes 4. Contemporary Compatibilism 4.1 Compatibilism about the Freedom to Do Otherwise 4.1.1 Challenging Power Necessity and the Past 4.1.2 Challenging Power Necessity and the Laws of Nature 4.1.3 Challenging the Inferences Based upon Power Necessity 4.1.4 Accounting for the Freedom to Do Otherwise 4.1.5 The New Dispositionalism 4.2 Hierarchical Compatibilism 4.2.1 Higher-Order Desires and Free Will 4.2.2 Two Problems for a Hierarchical Theory 4.3 The Reason View 4.4 Reasons-Responsive Compatibilism 4.4.1 Agent-Based Reasons-Responsiveness 4.4.2 A Tension between Reasons-Responsiveness and Frankfurt Examples 4.4.3 A Mechanism-Based Reasons-Responsive Theory 4.4.4 Assessing Reasons-Responsive Compatibilism 4.5 Strawsonian Compatibilism Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: If determinism is true, then only one future is possible holding fixed the actual past and the laws of nature. If only one future is possible holding fixed the actual past and the laws of nature, then there are no alternative courses of action to any act open to x (i.e., x could not have done otherwise than she actually does). Therefore, if determinism is true, it is not the case that any agent, x, performs any act, a, of her own free will. For ease of reference and discussion throughout this entry, let us simplify the above argument as follows: If someone acts of her own free will, then she could have done otherwise (A-C). If determinism is true, no one can do otherwise than one actually does (D-E). Therefore, if determinism is true, no one acts of her own free will (F). Call this simplified argument the Classical Incompatibilist Argument. According to the argument, if determinism is true, no one has access to alternatives of the sort you might plausibly think to be required for free will. 1.2 Determinism and Sourcehood There is a second conception of the sort of control that might be necessary for morally responsible agency.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/compatibilism/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_325597954#8_650953409

Title: Evolutionary Psychology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Psychology 1. Evolutionary Psychology: One research tradition among the various biological approaches to explaining human behavior 2. Evolutionary Psychology’s Theory and Methods 3. The Massive Modularity Hypothesis 4. Philosophy of biology vs. Evolutionary Psychology 5. Moral Psychology and Evolutionary Psychology 6. Human Nature 7. Applications of Evolutionary Psychology and Prospects for Further Debate Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Cited Resources Acknowledgments Content: but see Bateson and Martin 1999; Bjorklund and Hernandez Blasi 2005 for examples of developmentalist work in an adaptationist vein.) These theorists believe that much of our behavior can be explained without appealing to a suite of specific psychological adaptations for that behavior. Instead they emphasize the role of development in the production of various human behavioral traits. From here on, “evolutionary psychology” refers to a specific research tradition among the many biological approaches to the study of human behavior. Paul Griffiths argues that evolutionary psychology owes theoretical debt to both sociobiology and ethology (Griffiths 2006; Griffiths 2008). Evolutionary psychologists acknowledge their debt to sociobiology but point out that they add a dimension to sociobiology: psychological mechanisms. Human behaviors are not a direct product of natural selection but rather the product of psychological mechanisms that were selected for.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-psychology/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_329041871#6_652218773

Title: Freedom of Speech (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Freedom of Speech Freedom of Speech 1. Introduction: Boundaries of the Debate 2. The Harm Principle and Free Speech 2.1 John Stuart Mill's Harm Principle 2.2 Mill's Harm Principle and Pornography 2.3 Mill's Harm Principle and Hate Speech 2.4 Responses to the Harm Principle 3. The Offense Principle and Free Speech 3.1 Joel Feinberg's Offense Principle 3.2 Pornography and the Offense Principle 3.3 Hate Speech and the Offense Principle 4. Democracy and Free Speech 4.1 Democratic Citizenship and Pornography 4.2 Democratic Citizenship and Hate Speech 4.3 Paternalistic Justification for Limiting Speech 5. Back to the Harm Principle 6. Conclusion Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Content: For example, the freedom to criticize a government is generally thought to be more important than the freedom of an artist to offend her audience. If two speech acts clash (when yelling prevents a political speech) a decision has to be made to prioritize one over the other, which means that there can be no unlimited right to free speech. For example, Alexander and Horton (1984) claim that arguments defending speech on democratic grounds have many parts. One is a claim that the public needs a great deal of information in order to make informed decisions. Another is that because government is the servant of the people, it should not be allowed to censor them. Such arguments show that one of the main reasons for justifying free speech (political speech) is important, not for its own sake but because it allows us to exercise another important value (democracy). Whatever reasons we offer to protect speech can also be used to show why some speech is not special. If speech is defended because it promotes autonomy, we no longer have grounds for protecting speech acts that undermine this value. If our defence of speech is that it is crucial to a well-functioning democracy, we have no reason to defend speech that is irrelevant to, or undermines, this goal. And if we agree with John Stuart Mill (1978) that speech should be protected because it leads to the truth, there seems no reason to protect the speech of anti-vaccers or creationists.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_329041871#7_652221201

Title: Freedom of Speech (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Freedom of Speech Freedom of Speech 1. Introduction: Boundaries of the Debate 2. The Harm Principle and Free Speech 2.1 John Stuart Mill's Harm Principle 2.2 Mill's Harm Principle and Pornography 2.3 Mill's Harm Principle and Hate Speech 2.4 Responses to the Harm Principle 3. The Offense Principle and Free Speech 3.1 Joel Feinberg's Offense Principle 3.2 Pornography and the Offense Principle 3.3 Hate Speech and the Offense Principle 4. Democracy and Free Speech 4.1 Democratic Citizenship and Pornography 4.2 Democratic Citizenship and Hate Speech 4.3 Paternalistic Justification for Limiting Speech 5. Back to the Harm Principle 6. Conclusion Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Content: Such arguments show that one of the main reasons for justifying free speech (political speech) is important, not for its own sake but because it allows us to exercise another important value (democracy). Whatever reasons we offer to protect speech can also be used to show why some speech is not special. If speech is defended because it promotes autonomy, we no longer have grounds for protecting speech acts that undermine this value. If our defence of speech is that it is crucial to a well-functioning democracy, we have no reason to defend speech that is irrelevant to, or undermines, this goal. And if we agree with John Stuart Mill (1978) that speech should be protected because it leads to the truth, there seems no reason to protect the speech of anti-vaccers or creationists. Speech is important because we are socially situated and it makes little sense to say that Robinson Crusoe has a right to free speech. It only becomes necessary to talk of such a right within a social setting, and appeals to an abstract and absolute right to free speech hinder rather than help the debate. At a minimum, speech will have to be limited for the sake of order. If we all speak at once, we end up with an incoherent noise. Without some rules and procedures we cannot have a conversation at all and consequently speech has to be limited by protocols of basic civility.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_333645977#1_653759323

Title: Arguments for Incompatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Arguments for Incompatibilism Arguments for Incompatibilism 1. Preliminaries 2. Two Reasons for Thinking that Free Will is Incompatible with Determinism 3. Arguments based on Intuition 3.1 No Forking Paths Argument 3.2 Manipulation Arguments 4. Sourcehood Arguments 5. Choice and the Consequence Argument Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Content: we think it is at least sometimes up to us what we choose and try to do. Determinism is a highly general claim about the universe: very roughly, that everything that happens, including everything you choose and do, is determined by facts about the past together with the laws. Determinism isn’t part of common sense, and it is not easy to take seriously the thought that it might, for all we know, be true. The incompatibilist believes that if determinism turned out to be true, our belief that we have free will would be false. The compatibilist denies that the truth of determinism would have this drastic consequence. According to the compatibilist, the truth of determinism is compatible with the truth of our belief that we have free will. The philosophical problem of free will and determinism is the problem of deciding who is right: the compatibilist or the incompatibilist. Much of the philosophical interest in the free will/determinism problem is motivated by concerns about moral responsibility because, it is generally agreed, having free will is a necessary condition of being morally responsible.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-arguments/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_333645977#13_653780503

Title: Arguments for Incompatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Arguments for Incompatibilism Arguments for Incompatibilism 1. Preliminaries 2. Two Reasons for Thinking that Free Will is Incompatible with Determinism 3. Arguments based on Intuition 3.1 No Forking Paths Argument 3.2 Manipulation Arguments 4. Sourcehood Arguments 5. Choice and the Consequence Argument Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Content: While this response has a powerful intuitive grip (as can be seen from much of the popular and even scientific discussion of time travel), it is generally agreed, by philosophers, that the fatalist is making a mistake. Different diagnoses have been given of the “fatalist fallacy” or other mistake in modal reasoning, but the basic point is simple. Truth is not the same as necessity; it isn’t the same as logical necessity, metaphysical necessity, or even the relative necessity of unavoidability or lack of ability or power. The existence of a detailed set of truths about my future actions is consistent with my ability to do things other than the things I actually do. It is of course possible to agree that the existence of truths about all our future actions is compatible with free will while denying that the existence of nomologically determined truths about all our future actions is compatible with free will. But an argument is needed for this conclusion, an argument which doesn’t rely on fatalist reasoning or an appeal to fatalist intuitions. For comparisons between arguments for incompatibilism and arguments for fatalism, see van Inwagen 1983, Mackie 2003, Perry 2004, and Vihvelin 2008 and 2013. At a first approximation, nomological determinism (henceforth “determinism”), is a contingent and empirical claim about the laws of nature: that they are deterministic rather than probabilistic, and that they are all-encompassing rather than limited in scope.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-arguments/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_333645977#14_653782654

Title: Arguments for Incompatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Arguments for Incompatibilism Arguments for Incompatibilism 1. Preliminaries 2. Two Reasons for Thinking that Free Will is Incompatible with Determinism 3. Arguments based on Intuition 3.1 No Forking Paths Argument 3.2 Manipulation Arguments 4. Sourcehood Arguments 5. Choice and the Consequence Argument Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Content: It is of course possible to agree that the existence of truths about all our future actions is compatible with free will while denying that the existence of nomologically determined truths about all our future actions is compatible with free will. But an argument is needed for this conclusion, an argument which doesn’t rely on fatalist reasoning or an appeal to fatalist intuitions. For comparisons between arguments for incompatibilism and arguments for fatalism, see van Inwagen 1983, Mackie 2003, Perry 2004, and Vihvelin 2008 and 2013. At a first approximation, nomological determinism (henceforth “determinism”), is a contingent and empirical claim about the laws of nature: that they are deterministic rather than probabilistic, and that they are all-encompassing rather than limited in scope. At a second approximation, laws are deterministic if they entail exceptionless regularities (e.g., that all F s are G s, that all A B C D s are E s) and laws are probabilistic if they say that F s have an objective chance N (less than 1) of being G s (note that so-called “statistical laws” need not be probabilistic laws; see Armstrong 1983, Loewer 1996a). The laws of nature are all-encompassing if deterministic or probabilistic laws apply to everything in the universe, without any exceptions. If, on the other hand, some individuals or some parts of some individuals (e.g., the nonphysical minds of human beings) or some of the behaviors of some of the individuals (e.g., the free actions of human beings) do not fall under either deterministic or probabilistic laws, then the laws are limited rather than all-encompassing. For a more precise articulation of determinism, the contemporary literature offers us two main choices.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-arguments/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_336105305#8_654688107

Title: Justice (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Justice Justice 1. Justice: Mapping the Concept 1.1 Justice and Individual Claims 1.2 Justice, Charity and Enforceable Obligation 1.3 Justice and Impartiality 1.4 Justice and Agency 2. Justice: Four Distinctions 2.1 Conservative versus Ideal Justice 2.2 Corrective versus Distributive Justice 2.3 Procedural versus Substantive Justice 2.4 Comparative versus Non-Comparative Justice 3. The Scope of Justice 3.1 Human vs non-human animals 3.2 Relational vs Non-Relational Justice 3.3 Individuals vs Institutions 4. Utilitarianism and Justice 4.1 Accommodating intuitions about justice 4.2 Utilitarian theories of justice: three problems 5. Contractarianism and Justice 5.1 Gauthier 5.2 Rawls 5.3 Scanlon 6. Egalitarianism and Justice 6.1 Justice as Equality 6.2 Responsibility-sensitive egalitarianism 6.3 Relational Egalitarianism 7. Conclusion Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Content: At the level of public policy, reasons of justice are distinct from, and often compete with, reasons of other kinds, for example economic efficiency or environmental value. As this article will endeavour to show, justice takes on different meanings in different practical contexts, and to understand it fully we have to grapple with this diversity. But it is nevertheless worth asking whether we find a core concept that runs through all these various uses, or whether it is better regarded as a family resemblance idea according to which different combinations of features are expected to appear on each occasion of use. The most plausible candidate for a core definition comes from the Institutes of Justinian , a codification of Roman Law from the sixth century AD, where justice is defined as ‘the constant and perpetual will to render to each his due’. This is of course quite abstract until further specified, but it does throw light upon four important aspects of justice. 1.1 Justice and Individual Claims First, it shows that justice has to do with how individual people are treated (‘to each his due’). Issues of justice arise in circumstances in which people can advance claims – to freedom, opportunities, resources, and so forth – that are potentially conflicting, and we appeal to justice to resolve such conflicts by determining what each person is properly entitled to have. In contrast, where people’s interests converge, and the decision to be taken is about the best way to pursue some common purpose – think of a government official having to decide how much food to stockpile as insurance against some future emergency – justice gives way to other values. In other cases, there may be no reason to appeal to justice because resources are so plentiful that we do not need to worry about allotting shares to individuals. Hume pointed out that in a hypothetical state of abundance where ‘every individual finds himself fully provided with whatever his most voracious appetites can want’, ‘the cautious, jealous virtue of justice would never once have been dreamed of’ (Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, pp.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#0_656962373

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Marriage and Domestic Partnership First published Sat Jul 11, 2009; substantive revision Tue Nov 29, 2016 Marriage, a prominent institution regulating sex, reproduction, and family life, is a route into classical philosophical issues such as the good and the scope of individual choice, as well as itself raising distinctive philosophical questions. Political philosophers have taken the organization of sex and reproduction to be essential to the health of the state, and moral philosophers have debated whether marriage has a special moral status and relation to the human good. Philosophers have also disputed the underlying moral and legal rationales for the structure of marriage, with implications for questions such as the content of its moral obligations and the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Feminist philosophers have seen marriage as playing a crucial role in women's oppression and thus a central topic of justice. In this area philosophy courts public debate: in 1940, Bertrand Russell's appointment to an academic post was withdrawn on the grounds that the liberal views expressed in Marriage and Morals made him morally unfit for such a post. Today, debate over same-sex marriage is highly charged. Unlike some contemporary issues sparking such wide interest, there is a long tradition of philosophical thought on marriage. Philosophical debate concerning marriage extends to what marriage, fundamentally, is;

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#1_656964789

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: In this area philosophy courts public debate: in 1940, Bertrand Russell's appointment to an academic post was withdrawn on the grounds that the liberal views expressed in Marriage and Morals made him morally unfit for such a post. Today, debate over same-sex marriage is highly charged. Unlike some contemporary issues sparking such wide interest, there is a long tradition of philosophical thought on marriage. Philosophical debate concerning marriage extends to what marriage, fundamentally, is; therefore, Section 1 examines its definition. Section 2 sets out the historical development of the philosophy of marriage, which shapes today's debates. Many of the ethical positions on marriage can be understood as divided on the question of whether marriage should be defined contractually by the spouses or by its institutional purpose, and they further divide on whether that purpose necessarily includes procreation or may be limited to the marital love relationship. Section 3 taxonomizes ethical views of marriage accordingly. Section 4 will examine rival political understandings of marriage law and its rationale.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#2_656966819

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: therefore, Section 1 examines its definition. Section 2 sets out the historical development of the philosophy of marriage, which shapes today's debates. Many of the ethical positions on marriage can be understood as divided on the question of whether marriage should be defined contractually by the spouses or by its institutional purpose, and they further divide on whether that purpose necessarily includes procreation or may be limited to the marital love relationship. Section 3 taxonomizes ethical views of marriage accordingly. Section 4 will examine rival political understandings of marriage law and its rationale. Discussion of marriage has played a central role in feminist philosophy; Section 5 will outline the foremost critiques of the institution. 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage:

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#3_656968539

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: Discussion of marriage has played a central role in feminist philosophy; Section 5 will outline the foremost critiques of the institution. 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Related Entries 1. Defining Marriage ‘Marriage’ can refer to a legal contract and civil status, a religious rite, and a social practice, all of which vary by legal jurisdiction, religious doctrine, and culture.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#4_656970281

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Related Entries 1. Defining Marriage ‘Marriage’ can refer to a legal contract and civil status, a religious rite, and a social practice, all of which vary by legal jurisdiction, religious doctrine, and culture. History shows considerable variation in marital practices: polygyny has been widely practiced, some societies have approved of extra-marital sex and, arguably, recognized same-sex marriages, and religious or civil officiation has not always been the norm (Boswell 1994; Mohr 2005, 62; Coontz 2006). More fundamentally, while the contemporary Western ideal of marriage involves a relationship of love, friendship, or companionship, marriage historically functioned primarily as an economic and political unit used to create kinship bonds, control inheritance, and share resources and labor.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#5_656972425

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: History shows considerable variation in marital practices: polygyny has been widely practiced, some societies have approved of extra-marital sex and, arguably, recognized same-sex marriages, and religious or civil officiation has not always been the norm (Boswell 1994; Mohr 2005, 62; Coontz 2006). More fundamentally, while the contemporary Western ideal of marriage involves a relationship of love, friendship, or companionship, marriage historically functioned primarily as an economic and political unit used to create kinship bonds, control inheritance, and share resources and labor. Indeed, some ancients and medievals discouraged ‘excessive’ love in marriage. The ‘love revolution’ in marriage dates popularly to the 18 th century (Coontz 2006, Part 3). Ethical and political questions regarding marriage are sometimes answered by appeal to the definition of marriage. But the historical and cultural variation in marital practices has prompted some philosophers to argue that marriage is a ‘family resemblance’ concept, with no essential purpose or structure (Wasserstrom 1974). If marriage has no essential features, then one cannot appeal to definition to justify particular legal or moral obligations.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#6_656974579

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: Indeed, some ancients and medievals discouraged ‘excessive’ love in marriage. The ‘love revolution’ in marriage dates popularly to the 18 th century (Coontz 2006, Part 3). Ethical and political questions regarding marriage are sometimes answered by appeal to the definition of marriage. But the historical and cultural variation in marital practices has prompted some philosophers to argue that marriage is a ‘family resemblance’ concept, with no essential purpose or structure (Wasserstrom 1974). If marriage has no essential features, then one cannot appeal to definition to justify particular legal or moral obligations. For instance, if monogamy is not an essential feature of marriage, then one cannot appeal to the definition of marriage to justify a requirement that legal marriage be monogamous. To a certain extent, the point that actual legal or social definitions cannot settle the question of what features marriage should have is just. First, past applications of a term need not yield necessary and sufficient criteria for applying it: ‘ marriage’ (like ‘citizen’) may be extended to new cases without thereby changing its meaning (Mercier 2001). Second, appeal to definition may be uninformative:

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#8_656979075

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: for example, legal definitions are sometimes circular, defining marriage in terms of spouses and spouses in terms of marriage (Mohr 2005, 57). Third, appeal to an existing definition in the context of debate over what the law of marriage, or its moral obligations, should be risks begging the question: in debate over same-sex marriage, for example, appeal to the current legal definition begs the normative question of what the law should be. However, this point also tells against the argument for the family resemblance view of marriage, as the variation of marital forms in practice does not preclude the existence of a normatively ideal form. Thus, philosophers who defend an essentialist definition of marriage offer normative definitions, which appeal to fundamental ethical or political principles. Defining marriage must depend on, rather than precede, ethical and political inquiry. 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation Setting the agenda for contemporary debate, ancient and medieval philosophers raised recurring themes in the philosophy of marriage: the relation between marriage and the state, the role of sex and procreation in marriage, and the gendered nature of spousal roles.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#9_656981193

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: Defining marriage must depend on, rather than precede, ethical and political inquiry. 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation Setting the agenda for contemporary debate, ancient and medieval philosophers raised recurring themes in the philosophy of marriage: the relation between marriage and the state, the role of sex and procreation in marriage, and the gendered nature of spousal roles. Their works reflect evolving, and overlapping, ideas of marriage as an economic or procreative unit, a religious sacrament, a contractual association, and a relationship of mutual support. In his depiction of the ideal state, Plato (427–347 BCE) described a form of marriage contrasting greatly with actual marriage practices of his time. He argued that, just as male and female watchdogs perform the same duties, men and women should work together, and, among Guardians, ‘wives and children [should be held] in common’ ( The Republic, ca. 375–370 BCE, 423e–424a). To orchestrate eugenic breeding, temporary marriages would be made at festivals, where matches, apparently chosen by lot, would be secretly arranged by the Rulers.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#10_656983258

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: Their works reflect evolving, and overlapping, ideas of marriage as an economic or procreative unit, a religious sacrament, a contractual association, and a relationship of mutual support. In his depiction of the ideal state, Plato (427–347 BCE) described a form of marriage contrasting greatly with actual marriage practices of his time. He argued that, just as male and female watchdogs perform the same duties, men and women should work together, and, among Guardians, ‘wives and children [should be held] in common’ ( The Republic, ca. 375–370 BCE, 423e–424a). To orchestrate eugenic breeding, temporary marriages would be made at festivals, where matches, apparently chosen by lot, would be secretly arranged by the Rulers. Resulting offspring would be taken from biological parents and reared anonymously in nurseries. Plato's reason for this radical restructuring of marriage was to extend family sympathies from the nuclear family to the state itself: the abolition of the private family was intended to discourage private interests at odds with the common good and the strength of the state ( ibid ., 449a-466d; in Plato's Laws, ca.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_342352993#13_656989128

Title: Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marriage and Domestic Partnership 1. Defining Marriage 2. Understanding Marriage: Historical Orientation 3. Marriage and Morals 3.1 Contractual Views 3.2 Institutional Views 3.2.1 New Natural Law: Marriage as Procreative Union 3.2.2 Marriage as Protecting Love 4. The Politics of Marriage 4.1 Marriage and Legal Contract 4.2 The Rationale of Marriage Law 4.3 Same-Sex Marriage 4.4 Arguments for Marriage Reform 5. Marriage and Oppression 5.1 Feminist Approaches 5.2 The Queer Critique Bibliography Contemporary Works Historical Works Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Acknowledgments Content: The Aristotelian idea that the stability of society depends on the marital family influenced Hegel, Rawls, and Sandel, among others. Aristotle also disagreed with Plato on gender roles in marriage, and these views too would prove influential. Marriage, he argued, is properly structured by gender: the husband, “fitter for command,” rules. The sexes express their excellences differently: “ the courage of a man is shown in commanding, of a woman in obeying,” a complementarity which promotes the marital good ( Politics, ca. 330 BCE, 1253b, 1259b, 1260a; Nicomachean Ethics, ca. 325 BCE, 1160–62). In contrast to the ancients, whose philosophical discussion of sex and sexual love was not confined to marriage, Christian philosophers introduced a new focus on marriage as the sole permissible context for sex, marking a shift from viewing marriage as primarily a political and economic unit.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marriage/

msmarco_v2.1_doc_26_343994133#6_657545989

Title: Methodological Individualism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Headings: Methodological Individualism Methodological Individualism 1. Origins of the Doctrine 2. Austrian School and the Methodenstreit 3. The Search for “Rock Bottom” Explanations 4. The Rational Choice Revival 5. Other Uses of the Term 6. Criticism 6.1 Statistical analysis 6.2 Subintentional explanations 6.3 Microrealization-robustness 6.4 Fallacies Bibliography Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Content: Thus we talk about them having plans, performing actions, suffering losses, and so forth. The doctrine of methodological individualism does not take issue with these ordinary ways of speaking, it merely stipulates that “in sociological work these collectivities must be treated as solely the resultants and modes of organization of the particular acts of individual persons, since these alone can be treated as agents in a course of subjectively understandable action” (Weber 1922, 13). For Weber, the commitment to methodological individualism is very closely related to the commitment to verstehende (or interpretive) patterns of explanation in sociology. The reason for privileging individual action in sociological explanation is that only action is “subjectively understandable.” Weber reserves the term “action” to refer to the subset of human behavior that is motivated by linguistically formulated or “meaningful” mental states. ( Generally speaking: coughing is behavior, apologizing afterwards is action.) Updating the terminology somewhat, we can say that the defining characteristic of an action is that it is motivated by a mental state with propositional content, i.e., an intentional state. The importance of action for Weber is that we have interpretive access to it, by virtue of our capacity to understand the agent’s underlying motive. This permits the social scientist to “accomplish something which is never attainable in the natural sciences, namely the subjective understanding of the action of the component individuals” (Weber 1922, 15).

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/methodological-individualism/