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{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as `` rock and roll '' in the United States in the 1950s , and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later , particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States.W . E. Studwell and D. F. Lonergan , The Classic Rock and Roll Reader : Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s ( Abingdon : Routledge , 1999 ) , ISBN 0-7890-0151-9 It has its roots in 1940s ' and 1950s ' rock and roll , itself heavily influenced by blues , rhythm and blues and country music . Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk , and incorporated influences from jazz , classical and other musical sources . \n \n Musically , rock has centered on the electric guitar , usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar and drums . Typically , rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form , but the genre has become extremely diverse . Like pop music , lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis . The dominance of rock by white , male musicians has been seen as one of the key factors shaping the themes explored in rock music . Rock places a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship , live performance , and an ideology of authenticity than pop music . \n \n By the late 1960s , referred to as the `` golden age '' or `` classic rock '' period , a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged , including hybrids like blues rock , folk rock , country rock , raga rock , and jazz-rock , many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock , which was influenced by the countercultural psychedelic scene . New genres that emerged from this scene included progressive rock , which extended the artistic elements ; glam rock , which highlighted showmanship and visual style ; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal , which emphasized volume , power , and speed . In the second half of the 1970s , punk rock reacted against the perceived overblown , inauthentic and overly mainstream aspects of these genres to produce a stripped-down , energetic form of music valuing raw expression and often lyrically characterised by social and political critiques . Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other subgenres , including new wave , post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement . From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge , Britpop , and indie rock . Further fusion subgenres have since emerged , including pop punk , rap rock , and rap metal , as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock 's history , including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium . \n \n Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements , leading to major sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s . Similarly , 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures . Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song , rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race , sex and drug use , and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity . \n \n Characteristics \n \n The sound of rock is traditionally centered on the amplified electric guitar , which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s with the popularization of rock and roll , and was influenced by the sounds of electric blues guitarists.Michael Campbell & James Brody , [ https : //books.google.co.uk/books ? id \n RK-JmVbv4OIC & pgPA80 Rock and Roll : An Introduction ] , pages 80-81 The sound of an electric guitar in rock music is typically supported by an electric bass guitar , which pioneered in jazz music in the same era , and percussion produced from a drum kit that combines drums and cymbals . This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments , particularly keyboards such as the piano , Hammond organ and synthesizers . The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the basic blues band instrumentation ( prominent lead guitar , second chordal instrument , bass , and drums ) . A group of", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_1121--Rock_music.txt", "qid": "sfq_1121", "question": "Chrissie Hynde is a vocalist/guitarist with which rock band?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Basketball is a sport , generally played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court . The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 in in diameter and 10 ft high mounted to a backboard at each end . \n \n A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket during regular play . A field goal scores three points for the shooting team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line , and two points if shot from in front of the line . A team can also score via free throws , which are worth one point , after the other team is assessed with certain fouls . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but additional time ( overtime ) is issued when the score is tied at the end of regulation . The ball can be advanced on the court by throwing it to a teammate , or by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) . It is a violation to lift , or drag , one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . \n \n There are many techniques for ball-handling—shooting , passing , dribbling , and rebounding . Basketball teams generally have player positions , the tallest and strongest members of a team are called a center or power forward , while slightly shorter and more agile players are called small forward , and the shortest players or those who possess the best ball handling skills are called a point guard or shooting guard . The point guard directs the on court action of the team , implementing the coach 's game plan , and managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . \n \n Basketball is one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most popular and widely considered to be the highest level of professional basketball in the world and NBA players are the world 's best paid sportsmen , by average annual salary per player . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague and FIBA Americas League . The FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world . Each continent hosts regional competitions for national teams , like EuroBasket and FIBA Americas Championship . \n \n The FIBA Women 's Basketball World Cup features the top national women 's basketball teams from continental championships . The main North American league is the WNBA , whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Women 's Basketball Premier League . \n \n History \n \n Creation \n \n In early December 1891 , Canadian Dr. James Naismith , a physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men 's Christian Association Training School ( YMCA ) ( today , Springfield College ) in Springfield , Massachusetts was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day . He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters . After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums , he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10 ft elevated track . In contrast with modern basketball nets , this peach basket retained its bottom , and balls had to be retrieved manually after each `` basket '' or point scored ; this proved inefficient , however , so the bottom of the basket was removed , allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time . \n \n Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball . The first balls made specifically for basketball were brown , and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle , searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators alike , introduced the orange ball that is now in common use . Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the `` bounce pass '' to teammates . Passing the ball was the primary means of ball movement . Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls . Dribbling only became a major part of the game around the 1950s , as manufacturing improved the ball shape . \n \n The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards .", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qb_6203--Basketball.txt", "qid": "qb_6203", "question": "Which country hosted the 2010 FIBA World Championship international basketball tournament?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "La Scala ( ; abbreviation in Italian language for the official name ) is an opera house in Milan , Italy . The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the ' ( New Royal-Ducal Theatre alla Scala ) . The premiere performance was Antonio Salieri 's Europa riconosciuta . \n \n Most of Italy 's greatest operatic artists , and many of the finest singers from around the world , have appeared at La Scala during the past 200 years . The theatre is regarded as one of the leading opera and ballet theatres in the world and is home to the La Scala Theatre Chorus , La Scala Theatre Ballet and La Scala Theatre Orchestra . The theatre also has an associate school , known as the La Scala Theatre Academy ( ) , which offers professional training in music , dance , stage craft and stage management . \n \n Overview \n \n La Scala 's season traditionally opens on 7 December , Saint Ambrose 's Day , the feast day of Milan 's patron saint . All performances must end before midnight , and long operas start earlier in the evening when necessary . \n \n The Museo Teatrale alla Scala ( La Scala Theatre Museum ) , accessible from the theatre 's foyer and a part of the house , contains a collection of paintings , drafts , statues , costumes , and other documents regarding La Scala 's and opera history in general . La Scala also hosts the Accademia d'Arti e Mestieri dello Spettacolo ( Academy for the Performing Arts ) . Its goal is to train a new generation of young musicians , technical staff , and dancers ( at the Scuola di Ballo del Teatro alla Scala , one of the Academy 's divisions ) . \n \n History \n \n A fire destroyed the previous theatre , the Teatro Regio Ducale , on 25 February 1776 , after a carnival gala . A group of ninety wealthy Milanese , who owned palchi ( private boxes ) in the theatre , wrote to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este asking for a new theatre and a provisional one to be used while completing the new one . The neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini produced an initial design but it was rejected by Count Firmian ( the governor of the then Austrian Lombardy ) . \n \n A second plan was accepted in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa . The new theatre was built on the former location of the church of Santa Maria alla Scala , from which the theatre gets its name . The church was deconsecrated and demolished , and over a period of two years the theatre was completed by Pietro Marliani , Pietro Nosetti and Antonio and Giuseppe Fe . \n The theatre had a total of `` 3,000 or so '' seats organized into 678 pit-stalls , arranged in six tiers of boxes above which is the 'loggione ' or two galleries . Its stage is one of the largest in Italy ( 16.15m d x 20.4m w x 26m h ) . \n \n Building expenses were covered by the sale of palchi , which were lavishly decorated by their owners , impressing observers such as Stendhal . La Scala ( as it came to be known ) soon became the preeminent meeting place for noble and wealthy Milanese people . In the tradition of the times , the platea ( the main floor ) had no chairs and spectators watched the shows standing up . The orchestra was in full sight , as the golfo mistico ( orchestra pit ) had not yet been built . \n \n Above the boxes , La Scala has a gallery—called the loggione—where the less wealthy can watch the performances . The gallery is typically crowded with the most critical opera aficionados , known as the loggionisti , who can be ecstatic or merciless towards singers ' perceived successes or failures . For their failures , artists receive a `` baptism of fire '' from these aficionados , and fiascos are long remembered an example being when , in 2006 , tenor Roberto Alagna was booed off the stage during a performance of Aida this forced his understudy , Antonello Palombi , to quickly replace him mid-scene without time to change into a costume . \n \n As with most of the theatres at that time , La Scala was also a casino , with gamblers sitting in the foyer . Conditions in the auditorium , too , could be frustrating for the opera lover , as Mary Shelley discovered in September 1840 : \n At the Opera they were giving Otto Nicolai 's Templario .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "milan" } ], "id": "wh_3405--La_Scala.txt", "qid": "wh_3405", "question": "In which city is La scala opera house?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Oval , currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval , is an international cricket ground in Kennington , in the London Borough of Lambeth , South London . The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845 . It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880 . The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there . \n \n In addition to cricket , The Oval has hosted a number of other historically significant sporting events . In 1870 , it staged England 's first international football match , versus Scotland . It hosted the first FA Cup final in 1872 , as well as those between 1874 and 1892 . In 1876 , it held both the England v Wales and England v Scotland rugby international matches , and in 1877 , rugby 's first Varsity match . \n \n History \n \n In 1844 , Kennington Oval was a market garden owned by the Duchy of Cornwall . The Duchy was willing to supply a lease of the land for the purpose of a cricket ground , and on 10 March 1845 the first lease , which the club later assumed , was issued to a Mr William Houghton ( then president of the progenitor Montpelier Cricket Club ) by the Otter Trustees who held the land from the Duchy `` to convert it into a subscription cricket ground '' , for 31 years at a rent of £120 per annum plus taxes amounting to £20 . The original contract for turfing The Oval cost £300 ; the 10,000 grass turfs came from Tooting Common and were laid in the Spring of 1845 allowing for the first cricket match to be played in May 1845 . Hence , Surrey County Cricket Club ( SCCC ) was established in 1845 . \n \n The popularity of the ground was immediate and the strength of the SCCC grew . On 3 May 1875 the club acquired the remainder of the leasehold interest for a further term of 31 years from the Otter Trustees for the sum of £2,800 . \n \n In 1868 , 20,000 spectators gathered at The Oval for the first game of the 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England , the first tour of England by any foreign side . Thanks to C.W . Alcock , the Secretary of Surrey from 1872 to 1907 , the first Test match in England was played at The Oval in 1880 between England and Australia . The Oval , thereby , became the second ground to stage a Test , after the MCG . In 1882 , Australia won the Test by seven runs within two days . The Sporting Times printed a mocking obituary notice for English cricket , which led to the creation of the Ashes trophy , which is still contested whenever England plays Australia . The first Test double century was scored at The Oval in 1884 by Australia 's Billy Murdoch . \n \n Surrey 's ground is noted as having the first floodlights at a sports arena , in the form of gas-lamps , dating to 1889 . The current pavilion was completed in time for the 1898 season . \n \n In 1907 , South Africa became the 2nd visiting Test team to play a Test match at this venue . In 1928 , West Indies played its first Test match at this venue followed by New Zealand in 1931 . In 1936 , India became the 5th foreign visiting Test side to play at The Oval , followed by Pakistan in 1954 and Sri Lanka in 1998 . Zimbabwe and Bangladesh have still yet to play a Test match at the Oval . \n \n The Oval is referenced by the poet Philip Larkin in his poem about the First World War , `` MCMXIV '' . During World War II , The Oval was requisitioned . Initially , it housed searchlights . It was then turned into a prisoner of war camp , which was intended to hold enemy parachutists . However , since they never came , the Oval was never used for this purpose . \n \n The first One Day International match at this venue was played on 7 September 1973 between England and West Indies . It hosted matches of the 1975 , 1979 , 1983 , and 1999 World Cups . It also hosted five of the fifteen matches in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy , including the final . The Oval once held the record for the largest playing area of any Test venue in the world . That record has since been", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3011, "text": "new zealand" } ], "id": "qw_16284--The_Oval.txt", "qid": "qw_16284", "question": "The inaugural day-night cricket test game played at the Oval, Adelaide, Australia, in November 2015 was played between Australia and which other country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Jute is a long , soft , shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse , strong threads . It is produced primarily from plants in the genus Corchorus , which was once classified with the family Tiliaceae , more recently with Malvaceae , and has now been reclassified as belonging to the family Sparrmanniaceae . The primary source of the fiber is Corchorus olitorius , but it is considered inferior to Corchorus capsularis . `` Jute '' is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to make burlap , Hessian or gunny cloth . \n \n The word 'jute ' is probably coined from the word jhuta or jota , an Oriya word . \n \n Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibers . Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose and lignin . It falls into the bast fiber category ( fiber collected from bast , the phloem of the plant , sometimes called the `` skin '' ) along with kenaf , industrial hemp , flax ( linen ) , ramie , etc . The industrial term for jute fiber is raw jute . The fibers are off-white to brown , and 1–4 metres ( 3–13 feet ) long . Jute is also called the golden fiber for its color and high cash value . \n \n Cultivation \n \n Jute needs a plain alluvial soil and standing water . The suitable climate for growing jute ( warm and wet ) is offered by the monsoon climate , during the monsoon season . Temperatures from 20˚C to 40˚C and relative humidity of 70 % –80 % are favourable for successful cultivation . Jute requires 5–8 cm of rainfall weekly , and more during the sowing time . Soft water is necessary for the jute production . \n \n White jute ( Corchorus capsularis ) \n \n Historical documents ( including Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal in 1590 ) state that the poor villagers of India used to wear clothes made of jute . Simple handlooms and hand spinning wheels were used by the weavers , who used to spin cotton yarns as well . History also suggests that Indians , especially Bengalis , used ropes and twines made of white jute from ancient times for household and other uses . It is highly functional in carrying grains or other agricultural products . \n \n Tossa jute ( Corchorus olitorius ) \n \n Tossa jute ( Corchorus olitorius ) is a variety thought to be native to India , and is also the world 's top producer . It is grown for both fiber and culinary purposes . It is used as a herb in Middle Eastern and African countries , where the leaves are used as an ingredient in a mucilaginous potherb called `` molokhiya '' ( ملوخية , of uncertain etymology ) . It is very popular in some Arab countries such as Egypt , Jordan , and Syria as a soup-based dish , sometimes with meat over rice or lentils . The Book of Job ( chapter 30 , verse 4 ) , in the King James translation of the Hebrew Bible מלוח MaLOo-aĤ `` salty '' , mentions this vegetable potherb as `` mallow '' . Giving rise to the term Jew 's Mallow It is high in protein , vitamin C , beta-carotene , calcium , and iron . \n \n On the other hand , it is used mainly for its fiber in Bangladesh , in other countries in Southeast Asia , and the South Pacific . Tossa jute fiber is softer , silkier , and stronger than white jute . This variety astonishingly shows good sustainability in the climate of the Ganges Delta . Along with white jute , tossa jute has also been cultivated in the soil of Bengal where it is known as paat from the start of the 19th century . Coremantel , Bangladesh is the largest global producer of the tossa jute variety . \n \n History \n \n For centuries , jute has been an integral part of the culture of East Bengal , in the entire southwest of Bangladesh . Since the seventeenth century the British East India Company started trading in jute . During the reign of the British Empire jute was also used in the military . British jute barons grew rich processing jute and selling manufactured products made from jute . Dundee Jute Barons and the British East India Company set up many jute mills in Bengal and by 1895 jute industries in Bengal overtook the Scottish jute trade . Many Scots emigrated to Bengal to set up", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3934, "text": "dundee" } ], "id": "sfq_4377--Jute.txt", "qid": "sfq_4377", "question": "Which British city was once said to be famous for Jam, Jute and Journalism?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Reactivity in chemistry refers to \n * the chemical reactions of a single substance , \n * the chemical reactions of two or more substances that interact with each other , \n * the systematic study of sets of reactions of these two kinds , \n * methodology that applies to the study of reactivity of chemicals of all kinds , \n * experimental methods that are used to observe these processes , \n * theories to predict and to account for these processes . \n \n The chemical reactivity of a single substance ( reactant ) covers its behaviour in which it : \n * Decomposes \n * Forms new substances by addition of atoms from another reactant or reactants \n * Interacts with two or more other reactants to form two or more products \n \n The chemical reactivity of a substance can refer to the variety of circumstances ( conditions that include temperature , pressure , presence of catalysts ) in which it reacts , in combination with the : \n * Variety of substances with which it reacts , \n * Equilibrium point of the reaction ( i.e. , the extent to which all of it reacts ) \n * Rate of the reaction \n \n The term reactivity is related to the concepts of chemical stability and chemical compatibility . \n \n An alternative point of view \n \n Reactivity is a somewhat vague concept in chemistry . It appears to embody both thermodynamic factors and kinetic factors—i.e. , whether or not a substance reacts and how fast it reacts . Both factors are actually distinct , and both commonly depend on temperature . For example , it is commonly asserted that the reactivity of group one metals ( Na , K , etc . ) increases down the group in the periodic table , or that hydrogen 's reactivity is evidenced by its reaction with oxygen . In fact , the rate of reaction of alkali metals ( as evidenced by their reaction with water for example ) is a function not only of position within the group but particle size . Hydrogen does not react with oxygen—even though the equilibrium constant is very large—unless a flame initiates the radical reaction , which leads to an explosion . \n \n Restriction of the term to refer to reaction rates leads to a more consistent view . Reactivity then refers to the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction in time . In pure compounds , reactivity is regulated by the physical properties of the sample . For instance , grinding a sample to a higher specific surface area increases its reactivity . In impure compounds , the reactivity is also affected by the inclusion of contaminants . In crystalline compounds , the crystalline form can also affect reactivity . However , in all cases , reactivity is primarily due to the sub-atomic properties of the compound . \n \n Although it is commonplace to make statements that substance ' X is reactive ' , all substances react with some reagents and not others . For example , in making the statement that 'sodium metal is reactive ' , we are alluding to the fact that sodium reacts with many common reagents ( including pure oxygen , chlorine , hydrochloric acid , water ) and/or that it reacts rapidly with such materials at either room temperature or using a bunsen flame . \n \n 'Stability ' should not be confused with reactivity . For example , an isolated molecule of an electronically state of the oxygen molecule spontaneously emits light after a statistically defined period . The half-life of such a species is another manifestation of its stability , but its reactivity can only be ascertained via its reactions with other species . \n \n Causes of reactivity \n \n The second meaning of 'reactivity ' , that of whether or not a substance reacts , can be rationalised at the atomic and molecular level using older and simpler valence bond theory and also atomic and molecular orbital theory . Thermodynamically , a chemical reaction occurs because the products ( taken as a group ) are at a lower free energy than the reactants ; the lower energy state is referred to as the 'more stable state ' . Quantum chemistry provides the most in-depth and exact understanding of the reason this occurs . Generally , electrons exist in orbitals that are the result of solving the Schrödinger equation for specific situations . \n \n All things ( values of the n and ml quantum numbers ) being equal , the order of stability of electrons in a system from least to greatest is unpaired with no other electrons in", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2890, "text": "sodium" } ], "id": "sfq_11648--Reactivity_(chemistry).txt", "qid": "sfq_11648", "question": "Which element, atomic number 11, is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A trumpet is a musical instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles . The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family . Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting , with examples dating back to at least 1500 BC ; they began to be used as musical instruments only in the late-14th or early 15th century . Trumpets are used in art music styles , for instance in orchestras and concert bands , and in popular music styles such as jazz . They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips ( called the player 's embouchure ) , producing a `` buzzing '' sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument . Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing , usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape . \n \n There are many distinct types of trumpet , with the most common being pitched in B ( a transposing instrument ) , having a tubing length of about . Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing , whereas modern instruments generally have three ( or sometimes four ) valves in order to change their pitch . Most trumpets have valves of the piston type , while some have the rotary type . The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings , although this practice varies by country . Each valve , when engaged , increases the length of tubing , lowering the pitch of the instrument . \n \n A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter . \n \n History \n \n The earliest trumpets date back to 1500 BC and earlier . The bronze and silver trumpets from Tutankhamun 's grave in Egypt , bronze lurs from Scandinavia , and metal trumpets from China date back to this period . Trumpets from the Oxus civilization ( 3rd millennium BC ) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle , yet are made out of one sheet of metal , which is considered a technical wonder . \n \n The Shofar , made from a ram horn and the Hatzotzeroth , made of metal , are both mentioned in the Bible . They were played in Solomon 's Temple around 3000 years ago . They were said to be used to blow down the walls of Jericho . They are still used on certain religious days . \n The Salpinx was a straight trumpet 62 inches long , made of bone or bronze . Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games . \n \n The Moche people of ancient Peru depicted trumpets in their art going back to 300 AD . The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes , rather than music in the modern sense ; and the modern bugle continues this signaling tradition . \n \n Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument . The natural trumpets of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series . Changing keys required the player to change crooks of the instrument . The development of the upper , `` clarino '' register by specialist trumpeters—notably Cesare Bendinelli—would lend itself well to the Baroque era , also known as the `` Golden Age of the natural trumpet . '' During this period , a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters . The art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world . Many modern players who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet dubbed the baroque trumpet , which is fitted with one or more vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series . Most professional orchestra trumpeters use a valved trumpet . \n \n The melody-dominated homophony of the classical and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet . Berlioz wrote in 1844 : \n \n Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone , there are few instruments that have been more degraded ( than the trumpet ) . Down to Beethoven and Weber , every composer – not excepting Mozart – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up , or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae . \n \n The", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_17391--Trumpet.txt", "qid": "sfq_17391", "question": "Which jazz trumpeter and bandleader had the forenames John Birks?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ballet is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia . It has since become a widespread , highly technical form of dance with its own vocabulary based on French terminology . It has been globally influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres . Becoming a ballet dancer requires years of training . Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world , which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art . \n \n Ballet may also refer to a ballet dance work , which consists of the choreography and music for a ballet production . A well-known example of this is The Nutcracker , a two-act ballet that was originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a music score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained artists . Traditional classical ballets usually are performed with classical music accompaniment and use elaborate costumes and staging , whereas modern ballets , such as the neoclassical works of American choreographer George Balanchine , often are performed in simple costumes ( e.g. , leotards and tights ) and without the use of elaborate sets or scenery . \n \n Etymology \n \n Ballet is a French word which had its origin in Italian balletto , a diminutive of ballo ( dance ) which comes from Latin ballo , ballare , meaning `` to dance '' , which in turn comes from the Greek `` βαλλίζω '' ( ballizo ) , `` to dance , to jump about '' . The word came into English usage from the French around 1630 . \n \n History \n \n Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries before being spread from Italy to France by an Italian aristocrat , Catherine de ' Medici , who became Queen of France . In France , ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence . The dancers in these early court ballets were mostly noble amateurs . Ballets in this period were lengthy and elaborate and often served a political purpose . Ornamented costumes were meant to impress viewers and restricted performers ' freedom of movement . \n \n The ballets were performed in large chambers with viewers on three sides . The implementation of the proscenium arch from 1618 on distanced performers from audience members , who could then better view and appreciate the technical feats of the professional dancers in the productions . \n \n French court ballet reached its height under the reign of King Louis XIV . Known as the Sun King , Louis symbolized the brilliance of France . In 1661 Louis founded the Académie Royale de Danse ( Royal Dance Academy ) to establish standards and certify dance instructors . In 1672 , Louis XIV made Jean-Baptiste Lully the director of the Académie Royale de Musique ( Paris Opera ) from which the first professional ballet company , the Paris Opera Ballet , arose . Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and instrumental to the development of the form . \n \n Ballet went into decline in France after 1830 , though it continued to develop in Denmark , Italy , and Russia . The arrival in Europe on the eve of First World War of the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev , revived interest in the ballet and started the modern era . The Russian choreographer Michel Fokine challenged tradition and called for reforms that reinvigorated ballet as an art form . \n \n In the 20th century , ballet had a strong influence on other dance genres , and subgenres of ballet have also evolved . In the United States , choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet . Other developments include contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet . Also in the twentieth century , ballet took a turn dividing it from classical ballet to the introduction of modern dance , leading to modernist movements in several countries . Famous dancers of the 20th century include Mikhail Baryshnikov , Suzanne Farrell , Gelsey Kirkland , Natalia Makarova , and Arthur Mitchell . \n \n Styles \n \n Stylistic variations have emerged and evolved since the Italian Renaissance . Early , classical variations are primarily associated with geographic origin . Examples of this are Russian ballet , French ballet , and Italian ballet . Later variations , such as contemporary ballet and neoclassical ballet , incorporate both classical ballet and non-traditional technique and movement . Perhaps the most widely known and performed ballet style is late Romantic ballet ( or", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 875, "text": "pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky" } ], "id": "qw_9739--Ballet.txt", "qid": "qw_9739", "question": "\"Who wrote the music for the ballet \"\"Swan Lake\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Sherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Known as a `` consulting detective '' in the stories , Holmes is known for a proficiency with observation , forensic science , and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic , which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients , including Scotland Yard . First appearing in print in 1887 ( in A Study in Scarlet ) , the character 's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine , beginning with `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' in 1891 ; additional tales appeared from then to 1927 , eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories . All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian periods , taking place between about 1880 to 1914 . Most are narrated by the character of Holmes 's friend and biographer Dr. Watson , who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street , London , where many of the stories begin . \n \n Though not the first fictional detective , Sherlock Holmes is arguably the most well-known , with Guinness World Records listing him as the `` most portrayed movie character '' in history . Holmes 's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual ; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded that pretend to operate on this principle . The stories and character have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole , with both the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays , television , films , video games , and other media for over one hundred years . \n \n Inspiration for the character \n \n Edgar Allan Poe 's C. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later , including Holmes . Conan Doyle once wrote , `` Each [ of Poe 's detective stories ] is a root from which a whole literature has developed ... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it ? '' \n \n Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real-life figure of Joseph Bell , a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , whom Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk . Like Holmes , Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations . However , he later wrote to Doyle : `` You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it '' . Sir Henry Littlejohn , Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes . Littlejohn , who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh , provided Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime . \n \n Other inspirations have been considered . One is thought to be Francis `` Tanky '' Smith , a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicester 's first private detective . Another might be Maximilien Heller , by French author Henry Cauvain . It is not known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller , but in this 1871 novel ( sixteen years before the first adventure of Sherlock Holmes ) , Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed , anti-social , polymath , cat-loving , and opium-smoking Paris-based detective . \n \n Fictional character biography \n \n Family & early life \n \n Details about Sherlock Holmes 's life , except for the adventures in the books , are scarce in Conan Doyle 's original stories . Nevertheless , mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective . \n \n An estimate of Holmes 's age in `` His Last Bow '' places his year of birth at 1854 ; the story , set in August 1914 , describes him as sixty years of age . His parents are not mentioned in the stories , although Holmes mentions that his `` ancestors '' were `` country squires '' . In `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' , he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet , without further clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph , Carle , or Horace Vernet . Holmes 's brother Mycroft , seven years his senior , is a government official who appears in `` The", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "sherlock holmes" } ], "id": "qg_2405--Sherlock_Holmes.txt", "qid": "qg_2405", "question": "Irene Adler, known simply as \"the woman\", is the only woman ever to have bested who, in a battle of wits?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Michigan is a state located in the Great Lakes and midwestern regions of the United States . The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa , meaning `` large water '' or `` large lake '' . Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area ( the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River ) .I.e. , including water that is part of state territory . Georgia is the largest state by land area east of the Mississippi and Michigan the second-largest . Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . \n \n Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula , to which the name Michigan was originally applied , is often noted to be shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often referred to as `` the U.P . '' ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a 5 mi channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . As a result , it is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds . A person in the state is never more than 6 mi from a natural water source or more than 85 mi from a Great Lakes shoreline . \n \n What is now Michigan was first settled by various Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century and becoming a part of New France . After the defeat of France in the French and Indian War in 1762 the region came under British rule , and was finally ceded to the newly independent United States after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War . The area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800 , when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory . Eventually , in 1805 , the Michigan Territory was formed , which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26 , 1837 , as the 26th state . The state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination . \n \n Though Michigan has come to develop a diverse economy , it is widely known as the center of the U.S. automotive industry , being home to the country 's three major automobile companies ( whose headquarters are all located within the Detroit metropolitan area ) . While sparsely populated , the Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination as well as its abundance of natural resources , while the Lower Peninsula is a center of manufacturing , services , and high-tech industry . \n \n History \n \n When the first European explorers arrived , the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples , which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe ( called `` Chippewa '' in French ) , Odaawaa/Odawa ( Ottawa ) , and the Boodewaadamii/Bodéwadmi ( Potawatomi ) . The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires . The Ojibwe , whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000 , were the largest . \n \n The Ojibwe were established in Michigan 's Upper Peninsula and northern and central Michigan , and also inhabited Ontario , northern Wisconsin , southern Manitoba , and northern and north-central Minnesota . The Ottawa lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern , western and southern Michigan , but also in southern Ontario , northern Ohio and eastern Wisconsin , while the Potawatomi were in southern and western Michigan , in addition to northern and central Indiana , northern Illinois , southern Wisconsin and southern Ontario . Other Algonquian tribes in Michigan , in the south and east , were the Mascouten , the Menominee , the Miami , the Sac ( or Sauk ) , and the Fox , and the non-Algonquian Wyandot , who are better known by their French name , the Huron . \n \n 17th century \n \n French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century . The first Europeans to reach what later became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlé 's expedition in 1622 . The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "michigan" } ], "id": "qg_2120--Michigan.txt", "qid": "qg_2120", "question": "Nicknamed The Great Lakes State, what was the 26th state to join the union on January 26, 1837?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Adam 's Peak ( also Sri Pada ; Sinhalese Samanalakanda - සමනළ කන්ද `` Butterfly Mountain '' ; Arabic Al-Rohun , and also ශ්‍රී පාදය `` Sri Paadaya '' ; Tamil Sivanolipatha Malai - சிவனொளி பாதமலை ) , is a 2243 abbron tall conical mountain located in central Sri Lanka . It is well known for the Sri Pada , i.e. , `` sacred footprint '' , a rock formation near the summit , which in Buddhist tradition is held to be the footprint of the Buddha , in Hindu tradition that of Shiva and in Islamic and Christian tradition that of Adam , or that of St. Thomas . \n \n Geography \n \n The mountain is located in the southern reaches of the Central Highlands , in the Ratnapura District and Nuwara Eliya district of the Sabaragamuwa Province and Central Province —lying about 40 km northeast of the city of Ratnapura and 32 km southwest of the city of Hatton . The surrounding region is largely forested hills , with no mountain of comparable size nearby . The region along the mountain is a wildlife reserve , housing many species varying from elephants to leopards , and including many endemic species . \n \n Adam 's Peak is important as a watershed . The districts to the south and the east of Adam 's Peak yield precious stones—emeralds , rubies and sapphires , for which the island has been famous , and which earned for its ancient name of Ratnadvipa . \n \n Trails \n \n Access to the mountain is possible by 6 trails : Ratnapura-Palabaddala , Hatton-Nallathanni , Kuruwita-Erathna , Murraywatte , Mookuwatte & Malimboda . The Nallathanni & Palabaddala routes are most favored by those undertaking the climb , while the Kuruwita-Erathna trail is used less often ; these trails are linked to major cities or town by bus , accounting for their popular use . The Murraywatte , Mookuwatte & Malimboda routes are hardly used , but do intersect with the Palabaddala road midway through the ascent . The usual route taken by most pilgrims is ascent via Hatton and descent via Ratnapura ; although the Hatton trail is the steepest , it is also shorter than any of the other trails by approximately five kilometers . \n \n Once one of the starting 'nodes ' of Palabadalla , Nallathanni or Erathna are reached , the rest of the ascent is done on foot through the forested mountainside on the steps built into it . The greater part of the track leading from the base to the summit consists of thousands of steps built in cement or rough stones . The trails are illuminated with electric light , making night-time ascent possible and safe to do even when accompanied by children . Rest stops and wayside shops along the trails serve refreshments and supplies . \n \n Whilst there are many ancient monuments on the mountain , there is an important Peace Pagoda located half way up , built by Nipponzan Myohoji in 1978 . \n \n Nomenclature \n \n Due to its significance to the various people that inhabit the country , the mountain is referred to by a variety of names . \n \n The often used Sri Pada is derived from Sanskrit , used by the Sinhalese people in a religious context ; this name also has meaning in Pāli , and may be translated roughly as `` the sacred foot '' . It refers to the footprint-shaped mark at the summit , which is believed by Buddhists to be that of the Buddha . Christian and Islamic traditions assert that it is the footprint of Adam , left when first setting foot on Earth after having been cast out of paradise , giving it the name `` Adam 's Peak '' . Hindu tradition refers to the footprint as that of the Hindu deity Shiva , and thus names the mountain Shiva padam ( Shiva 's foot ) in Tamil . Tamils may also use the name Shivanolipatha Malai to refer to the mountain . \n \n Another Sinhala name for the mountain is Samanalakanda , which refers either to the deity Saman , who is said to live upon the mountain , or to the butterflies ( samanalayā ) that frequent the mountain during their annual migrations to the region . The name Sri Paada , however , is the more commonly used . \n \n Other local and historic names include Ratnagiri ( `` jewelled hill '' ) , Samantakuta ( `` Peak of Saman '' ) , Svargarohanam ( `` the climb to heaven '' ) , Mount Rohana and other variations on the root Rohana . \n \n History \n \n Sri Pada is first mentioned", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 257, "text": "sri lanka" } ], "id": "sfq_30--Adam's_Peak.txt", "qid": "sfq_30", "question": "Adam's Peak, (also called Buddha's or Siva's Peak), stands in which island country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Hunter Stockton Thompson ( July 18 , 1937 – February 20 , 2005 ) was an American journalist and author , and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement . Born in Louisville , Kentucky , to a middle-class family , Thompson had a turbulent youth after the death of his father left the family in poverty . He was unable to formally finish high school as he was incarcerated for 60 days after abetting a robbery . He subsequently joined the United States Air Force before moving into journalism . He traveled frequently , including stints in California , Puerto Rico , and Brazil , before settling in Aspen , Colorado , in the early 1960s . \n \n Thompson became internationally known with the publication of Hell 's Angels : The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs ( 1967 ) . For his research on the book he had spent a year living and riding with the Angels , experiencing their lives and hearing their stories first-hand . Previously a relatively conventional journalist , with the publication in 1970 of The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved he became a counter cultural figure , with his own brand of New Journalism which he termed `` Gonzo '' , an experimental style of journalism where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories . The work he remains best known for , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas : A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream ( 1971 ) , constitutes a rumination on the failure of the 1960s counterculture movement . It was first serialized in Rolling Stone , a magazine with which Thompson would be long associated , and was released as a film starring Johnny Depp and directed by Terry Gilliam in 1998 . \n \n Politically minded , Thompson ran unsuccessfully for sheriff of Pitkin County , Colorado , in 1970 , on the Freak Power ticket . He became well known for his inveterate hatred of Richard Nixon , who he claimed represented `` that dark , venal , and incurably violent side of the American character '' and whom he characterized in Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 . Thompson 's output notably declined from the mid-1970s , as he struggled with the consequences of fame , and he complained that he could no longer merely report on events as he was too easily recognized . He was also known for his lifelong use of alcohol and illegal drugs , his love of firearms , and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism . He remarked : `` I hate to advocate drugs , alcohol , violence , or insanity to anyone , but they 've always worked for me . '' \n \n After a bout of health problems , Thompson committed suicide at the age of 67 . In accordance with his wishes , his ashes were fired out of a cannon in a ceremony funded by his friend Depp and attended by friends including then-Senator John Kerry and Jack Nicholson . Hari Kunzru wrote that `` the true voice of Thompson is revealed to be that of American moralist ... one who often makes himself ugly to expose the ugliness he sees around him . '' \n \n Early life \n \n Thompson was born into a middle-class family in Louisville , Kentucky , the first of three sons of Jack Robert Thompson ( September 4 , 1893 , Horse Cave , Kentucky – July 3 , 1952 , Louisville ) , a public insurance adjuster and World War I veteran , and of Virginia Ray Davison ( 1908 , Springfield , Kentucky – March 20 , 1998 , Louisville ) , who worked as head librarian at the Louisville Public Library . His parents were introduced to each other by a friend from Jack 's fraternity at the University of Kentucky in September 1934 , and married on November 2 , 1935 . Thompson 's first name came from a purported ancestor on his mother 's side , the Scottish surgeon John Hunter . \n \n On December 2 , 1943 , when Thompson was six years old , the family settled at 2437 Ransdell Avenue in the affluent Cherokee Triangle neighborhood of The Highlands . On July 3 , 1952 , when Thompson was 14 years old , his father , aged 58 , died of myasthenia gravis . Hunter and his brothers , Davison Wheeler ( born June 18 , 1940 ) and James Garnet ( February 2 , 1949 – March 25 , 1993 ) , were raised by their mother . Hunter also had a much older half-brother ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "hunter stockton thompson" } ], "id": "qg_2313--Hunter_S._Thompson.txt", "qid": "qg_2313", "question": "Gonzo journalism, a style in which reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become the central figures of their stories, was created by whom?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Islands of Four Mountains is an island grouping of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska , United States . The chain includes , from west to east , Amukta , Chagulak , Yunaska , Herbert , Carlisle , Chuginadak , Uliaga , and Kagamilislands . This island chain is located between Amukta Pass and the Andreanof Islands to the west , and Samalga Pass and the Fox Islands to the east . These islands have a total land area of 210.656 sq mi ( 545.596 km² ) and have no permanent population . The two largest islands are Yunaska and Chuginadak . Chuginadak is mainly made up of the active volcano Mount Cleveland . \n \n The name is translated from Russian Четырехсопочные Острова ( Ostrova Chetyre Soposhnye ) meaning `` Islands of Four Volcanoes '' ( Sarichev , 1826 , map 3 ) and was applied by the early Russian explorers because of four prominent volcanoes located on four of the islands . The Aleut name `` Unigun '' ( Uniiĝun in the modern Aleut orthography ) was reported in 1940 by Father Veniaminov . There appears to be confusion regarding the names of these islands , possibly because only four of the five are on most early maps and charts . The present names were gathered in 1894 by a field party on the USS Concord and published in 1895 by the U.S. Navy Hydrography Office ( Chart 8 ) . \n This is the first island in the aleutian time zone 1 hour behind Alaska with daylight saving time .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 55, "text": "aleutian islands" } ], "id": "qw_11144--Islands_of_Four_Mountains.txt", "qid": "qw_11144", "question": "The Fox Islands, Islands of Four Mountains, Andreanof Islands, Rat Islands, Buldir Island, Commander Islands and Near Islands are all part of which island chain?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Band was a Canadian-American roots rock group , originally consisting of Rick Danko ( bass guitar , double bass , fiddle , vocals ) , Levon Helm ( drums , mandolin , guitar , vocals ) , Garth Hudson ( keyboards , saxophones , trumpet ) , Richard Manuel ( piano , drums , vocals ) and Robbie Robertson ( guitar , percussion , vocals ) . The members of the Band first came together as they joined rockabilly singer Ronnie Hawkins 's backing group , the Hawks , one by one between 1958 and 1963 . \n \n In 1964 , they separated from Hawkins , after which they toured and released a few singles as Levon and the Hawks and the Canadian Squires . The next year , Bob Dylan hired them for his U.S. tour in 1965 and world tour in 1966 . Following the 1966 tour , the group moved with Dylan to Saugerties , New York , where they made the informal 1967 recordings that became The Basement Tapes , which forged the basis for their 1968 debut album , Music from Big Pink . Because they were always `` the band '' to various frontmen , Helm said the name `` The Band '' worked well when the group came into its own . The group began performing as the Band in 1968 and went on to release ten studio albums . Dylan continued to collaborate with the Band over the course of their career , including a joint 1974 tour . \n \n The original configuration of the Band ended its touring career in 1976 with an elaborate live ballroom performance featuring numerous musical celebrities . This performance was immortalized in Martin Scorsese 's 1978 documentary The Last Waltz . The Band recommenced touring in 1983 without guitarist Robbie Robertson , who had found success with a solo career and as a Hollywood music producer . Following a 1986 show , Richard Manuel committed suicide , but the remaining three members continued to tour and record albums with a succession of musicians filling Manuel 's and Robertson 's roles ; the final configuration of the group included Richard Bell ( piano ) , Randy Ciarlante ( drums ) , and Jim Weider ( guitar ) . Danko died of heart failure in 1999 , after which the group broke up for good . Levon Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998 and was unable to sing for several years , but he eventually regained the use of his voice . He continued to perform and released several successful albums until he succumbed to the disease in 2012 . \n \n The group was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1989 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 . In 2004 Rolling Stone ranked them No . 50 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time , and in 2008 they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2004 , `` The Weight '' was ranked 41st on Rolling Stones list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . \n \n In 2014 , the Band was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame . \n \n History \n \n 1960–64 : the Hawks \n \n The members of the Band gradually came together in the Hawks , the backing group for Toronto-based rockabilly singer Ronnie Hawkins : Helm , an original Hawk who journeyed with Hawkins from Arkansas to Ontario , then Robertson , Danko , Manuel , and finally Hudson . Hawkins 's act was popular in and around Toronto , and he had an effective way of eliminating his musical competition : when a promising band appeared , Hawkins would hire their best musicians for his own group ; Robertson , Danko , and Manuel came under Hawkins 's tutelage this way . \n \n While most of the Hawks were eager to join Hawkins 's group , getting Hudson to join was a different story . He had earned a college degree , planned on a career as a music teacher , and was interested in playing rock music only as a hobby . The Hawks were in awe of his wild , full-bore organ sound and begged him to join . Hudson finally relented , as long as the Hawks each paid him $ 10 per week to be their instructor ; all music theory questions were directed to Hudson . While pocketing a little extra cash , Hudson was also able to mollify his family 's fears that his education had gone to waste . The piano–organ combination was uncommon in rock music , and for all his aggressive playing , Hudson also brought a", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2694, "text": "rolling stones" } ], "id": "wh_872--The_Band.txt", "qid": "wh_872", "question": "Sticky Fingers and Goat's Head Soup were number one albums in the 1970's for which famous band?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Free State of Saxony ( ; ) is a landlocked federal state of Germany , bordering the federal states of Brandenburg , Saxony Anhalt , Thuringia , and Bavaria , as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic . Its capital is Dresden , and its largest city is Leipzig . \n \n Saxony is the tenth-largest of Germany 's sixteen states , with an area of , and the sixth most populous , with 4 million people . \n \n Located in the middle of a large , formerly all German-speaking part of Europe , the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium . It has been a medieval duchy , an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire , a kingdom , and twice a republic . \n \n The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony , the area inhabited by Saxons . Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . \n \n Geography \n \n Administration \n \n Saxony is divided into 10 districts : \n \n 1 . Bautzen ( BZ ) \n 2 . Erzgebirgskreis ( ERZ ) \n 3 . Görlitz ( GR ) \n 4 . Leipzig ( L ) \n 5 . Meißen ( MEI ) ( Meissen ) \n 6 . Mittelsachsen ( FG ) \n 7 . Nordsachsen ( TDO ) \n 8 . Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge ( PIR ) \n 9 . Vogtlandkreis ( V ) \n 10 . Zwickau ( Z ) \n \n In addition there are three cities which have the status of an urban district ( ) : \n # Chemnitz ( C ) \n # Dresden ( DD ) \n # Leipzig ( L ) \n \n Between 1990 and 2008 , Saxony was divided into the three regions ( Regierungsbezirke ) of Chemnitz , Dresden and Leipzig . \n \n The Erzgebirgskreis district includes the Ore Mountains , and the Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district includes Saxon Switzerland and the Eastern Ore Mountains . \n \n Largest cities \n \n The largest cities in Saxony according to the 31 December 2014 estimate . \n \n File : Dresden from Albertbrücke.jpg|State capital Dresden \n File : Leipzig Fockeberg Zentrum.jpg|View over Leipzig centre \n File : Schloßkirche am Schloßteich .. jpg|Chemnitz aerial view \n File : Hauptmarkt Zwickau.jpg|Zwickau main market \n File : Plauen Innenstadt Bahnhofstrasse.jpg|Downtown Plauen \n File : City Bautzen Germany 104.JPG|Bautzen \n \n Economy \n \n Saxony has , after Saxony Anhalt , the most vibrant economy of the states of the former East Germany ( GDR ) . Its economy grew by 1.9 % in 2010 . Nonetheless , unemployment remains above the German average . The eastern part of Germany , excluding Berlin , qualifies as an `` Objective 1 '' development-region within the European Union , and is eligible to receive investment subsidies of up to 30 % until 2013 . FutureSAX , a business plan competition and entrepreneurial support organisation , has been in operation since 2002 . \n \n Microchip makers near Dresden have given the region the nickname `` Silicon Saxony '' . The publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known , although their contributions to the regional economy are no longer significant . Today the automobile industry , machinery production and services contribute to the economic development of the region . Saxony is also one of the most renown touristical destinations in Germany - especially the cities of Leipzig and Dresden and their surroundings . New touristical destinations are developed , notably in the lake district of Lausitz . \n \n Saxony reported an average unemployment of 8.8 % in 2014 . By comparison the average in the former GDR was 9.8 % and 6.7 % for Germany overall . The unemployment rate reached 8.2 % in May 2015 ( 6.3 % for all of Germany ) . \n \n The Leipzig area , which until recently was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate , could benefit greatly from investments by Porsche and BMW . With the VW Phaeton factory in Dresden , and many part suppliers , the automobile industry has again become one of the pillars of Saxon industry , as it was in the early 20th century . Zwickau is another major Volkswagen location . Freiberg , a former mining town , has emerged as a foremost location for solar technology . Dresden and some other regions of Saxony play a leading role in some areas of international biotechnology , such as electronic bioengineering . While these high-technology sectors do not yet offer a large number of jobs , they have stopped", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 237, "text": "dresden" } ], "id": "sfq_23236--Saxony.txt", "qid": "sfq_23236", "question": "Which German city is the state capital of Saxony? Its famous Frauenkirche celebrates the 10th anniversary of its restoration in 2015." } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "William Booth ( 10 April 1829 – 20 August 1912 ) was a British Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation Army and became its first General ( 1878–1912 ) . The Christian movement with a quasi-military structure and government founded in 1865 has spread from London , England , to many parts of the world and is known for being one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid . \n \n Conversion and early ministry \n \n William Booth was born in Sneinton , Nottingham , the second son of five children born to Samuel Booth and his second wife , Mary Moss . Booth 's father was relatively wealthy by the standards of the time , but during William 's childhood , the family descended into poverty . In 1842 , Samuel Booth , who could no longer afford his son 's school fees , apprenticed the 13-year-old William Booth to a pawnbroker . Samuel Booth died on 23 September 1843 . \n \n Two years into his apprenticeship Booth was converted to Methodism . He then read extensively and trained himself in writing and in speech , becoming a Methodist lay preacher . Booth was encouraged to be an evangelist primarily through his best friend , Will Sansom . Sansom and Booth both began in the 1840s to preach to the poor and the sinners of Nottingham , and Booth would probably have remained as Sansom 's partner in his new Mission ministry , as Sansom titled it , had Sansom not died of tuberculosis , in 1849 . \n \n When his apprenticeship ended in 1848 , Booth was unemployed and spent a year looking in vain for work . In 1849 , Booth reluctantly left his family and moved to London , where he again found work with a pawnbroker . Booth tried to continue lay preaching in London , but the small amount of preaching work that came his way frustrated him , and so he resigned as a lay preacher and took to open-air evangelising in the streets and on Kennington Common . \n \n In 1851 , Booth joined the Reformers ( Methodist Reform Church ) , and on 10 April 1852 , his 23rd birthday , he left pawnbroking and became a full-time preacher at their headquarters at Binfield Chapel in Clapham . William styled his preaching after the revivalist American James Caughey , who had made frequent visits to England and preached at the church in Nottingham where Booth was a member , Broad Street Chapel . Just over a month after he started full-time preaching , on 15 May 1852 , William Booth became formally engaged to Catherine Mumford . \n \n Interested in the Congregationalist approach , Booth consulted David Thomas at Stockwell about the ministry . Through Thomas , he met John Campbell and then James William Massie . The recommendation was training under Rev . John Frost ; but Booth disliked Frost 's school , and left shortly . In November 1853 , he was invited to become the Reformers ' minister at Spalding , in Lincolnshire . He married Catherine Mumford on 16 June 1855 at Stockwell Green Congregational Church in London . \n \n Though Booth became a prominent Methodist evangelist , he was unhappy that the annual conference of the denomination kept assigning him to a pastorate , the duties of which he had to neglect to respond to the frequent requests that he do evangelistic campaigns . At the Liverpool conference in 1861 , after having spent three years at Gateshead , his request to be freed for evangelism full-time was refused yet again , and Booth resigned from the ministry of the Methodist New Connexion . \n \n Soon he was barred from campaigning in Methodist congregations , so he became an independent evangelist . His doctrine remained much the same , though ; he preached that eternal punishment was the fate of those who do not believe the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the necessity of repentance from sin , and the promise of holiness . He taught that this belief would manifest itself in a life of love for God and mankind . \n \n The Christian Mission \n \n In 1865 Booth was in the East End of London , preaching to crowds of people in the streets . Outside The Blind Beggar public house some missioners heard him speaking and were so impressed by his preaching that they invited him to lead a series of meetings they were holding in a large tent . \n \n The tent was set up on an old Quaker burial ground on Mile End Waste in Whitechapel . The first of these meetings was held on 2 July 1865 . To the", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "william booth" } ], "id": "sfq_2196--William_Booth.txt", "qid": "sfq_2196", "question": "Who founded the Salvation Army?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Rear of the Year is a light-hearted British award for celebrities who are considered to have a notable posterior . It was created by publicity consultant Anthony Edwards and is organised by Rear of the Year Limited . It was for several years awarded to women only ; now it is usually awarded to one woman and one man . Bookmakers are never supplied with a list of contenders , so their suppositions about the outcome are pure conjecture . \n \n History \n \n Barbara Windsor won the first award in 1976 , presented as a one-off accolade . Five years later it became an annual event with Felicity Kendal taking away the honours . In 1986 the award was presented to a man for the first time ( Michael Barrymore ) and 1991 saw Marina Ogilvy , the daughter of Princess Alexandra , became the first royal recipient . From 1997 the awards have been presented annually to both sexes . \n \n The event , staged for the past few years at London 's Dorchester Hotel in Park Lane , attracts major national and international press publicity valued at circa £4.5 million . In 2012 , Organiser Tony Edwards declared that female rears were starting to slim down as more women took to the gym , jogging , and keeping in trim in this Olympic year . \n \n In 2014 , Carol Vorderman became the first person to receive the award for a second time . \n \n Winners \n \n * 1976 — Barbara Windsor \n * 1981 — Felicity Kendal \n * 1982 — Suzi Quatro \n * 1983 — Lulu \n * 1984 — Elaine Paige \n * 1985 — Lynsey De Paul \n * 1986 — Anneka Rice and Michael Barrymore \n * 1987 — Anita Dobson \n * 1988 — Su Pollard \n * 1989 — No competition \n * 1990 — No competition \n * 1991 — Marina Ogilvy \n * 1992 — Ulrika Jonsson \n * 1993 — Sarah Lancashire \n * 1994 — Mandy Smith and Richard Fairbrass \n * 1995 — No competition \n * 1996 — Tracy Shaw \n * 1997 — Melinda Messenger and Gary Barlow \n * 1998 — Carol Smillie and Frank Skinner \n * 1999 — Denise van Outen and Robbie Williams \n * 2000 — Jane Danson and Graham Norton \n * 2001 — Claire Sweeney and John Altman \n * 2002 — Charlotte Church and Scott Wright \n * 2003 — Natasha Hamilton and Ronan Keating \n * 2004 — Alex Best and Aled Haydn Jones \n * 2005 — Nell McAndrew and Will Young \n * 2006 — Javine Hylton and Ian Wright \n * 2007 — Siân Lloyd and Lee Mead \n * 2008 — Jennifer Ellison and Ryan Thomas \n * 2009 — Rachel Stevens and Russell Watson \n * 2010 — Fiona Bruce and Ricky Whittle \n * 2011 — Carol Vorderman and Anton Du Beke \n * 2012 — Shobna Gulati and John Barrowman \n * 2013 — Flavia Cacace and Vincent Simone \n * 2014 — Carol Vorderman and Olly Murs \n * 2015 — Kym Marsh and Daniel Radcliffe \n * 2016 — Jennifer Metcalfe and Tom Hiddleston", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2023, "text": "charlotte church" } ], "id": "odql_10628--Rear_of_the_Year.txt", "qid": "odql_10628", "question": "Which 16 year-old in 2002 became the youngest ever winner of the 'Rear Of The Year' award?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In entertainment , a tagline ( alternatively spelled tag line ) is a short text which serves to clarify a thought for , or is designed with a form of , dramatic effect . Many tagline slogans are reiterated phrases associated with an individual , social group , or product . As a variant of a branding slogan , taglines can be used in marketing materials and advertising . \n \n The idea behind the concept is to create a memorable dramatic phrase that will sum up the tone and premise of an audio/visual product , Such as a movie film or a television brand or to reinforce and strengthen the audience 's memory of a literary product . Some taglines are successful enough to warrant inclusion in popular culture . Consulting companies which specialize in creating taglines may be hired to create a tagline for a brand or product . \n \n Nomenclature \n \n Tagline , tag line , and tag are American terms . In the U.K. they are called end lines , endlines , or straplines . In Belgium they are called baselines . In France they are signatures . In Germany they are claims . In the Netherlands and Italy , they are pay offs or pay-offs . \n \n Organizational usage \n \n Referral networking organizations may encourage taglines to be used as the conclusion to an introduction by each attendee . The purpose would be to make the introduction and that speaker more memorable in the minds of the other attendees after the meeting is over . Other terms for taglines are `` memory hooks '' ( used by BNI® ) and `` USP '' or `` Unique Selling Proposition '' which is a more commonly known term . \n \n Headlines versus taglines \n \n The tagline is sometimes confused with a headline because information is only presented with the one or the other . Essentially the headline is linked to the information ; Once the information changes , the headline is abandoned in favor of a new one . The tagline is related to the entertainment piece and can , therefore , appear on all the information of that product or manufacturer . It is linked to the piece and not to the concept of a specific event . If the sentence is presented next to a logo , as an integral part , it is likely to be a tagline . \n \n Functional taglines \n \n With a `` tagline '' , a supplementary expression is called of a movie film.Another type of summary of a movie plot is the Log line . It is an explanatory subtitle , in addition to the actual movie title , on posters or the CD/DVD packaging of videos and music . Taglines can have an enticing effect and are therefore an important aspect in the marketing of films . Increasingly also found in the advertising world , taglines are a form of advertising slogan.Taglines condense the conceptual message in a memorable sentence . A tagline for the movie series Star Wars , for example : \n Tagline : `` A long time ago , in a galaxy far , far away ... '' – Star Wars \n Effect : It was a long time ago in a far , far away galaxy ... \n \n Film and television \n \n * `` Garbo talks ! '' – Anna Christie , and the follow-up `` Garbo laughs ! '' – Ninotchka \n * `` Be afraid . Be very afraid . '' – The Fly \n * `` In space , no one can hear you scream . '' – Alien \n * `` Freddy is just at the corner . '' - A Nightmare On Elm Street \n * `` Who you gon na call ? '' – Ghostbusters \n * `` There can be only one '' – Highlander \n * `` One ring to rule them all . '' – The Lord of the Rings \n * `` Love means never having to say you 're sorry '' – Love Story \n * `` To boldly go where no man has gone before '' – Star Trek \n * `` The truth is out there . '' – The X-Files \n * `` Why So Serious ? '' - The Dark Knight \n * Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water ... - Jaws 2 \n * `` Nothing on earth could come between them . '' - Titanic \n * `` Trapped in time . Surrounded by evil . Low on gas . '' - Army of Darkness \n * `` Some houses are born bad . '' -The Haunting \n * ``", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3668, "text": "jaws 2" } ], "id": "sfq_3525--Tagline.txt", "qid": "sfq_3525", "question": "Which film had the tagline 'just when you thought it was safe to go back into the water'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each , who take turns batting and fielding . \n \n The batting team attempts to score runs by hitting a ball that is thrown by the pitcher with a bat swung by the batter , then running counter-clockwise around a series of four bases : first , second , third , and home plate . A run is scored when a player advances around the bases and returns to home plate . \n \n Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team , which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways . A player on the batting team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates ' turns batting , such as on a hit or by other means . The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for both teams , beginning with the visiting team , constitutes an inning . A game is composed of nine innings , and the team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins . Baseball has no game clock , although almost all games end in the ninth inning . \n \n Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century . This game was brought by immigrants to North America , where the modern version developed . By the late 19th century , baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States . Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America , the Caribbean , and East Asia . \n \n In the United States and Canada , professional Major League Baseball ( MLB ) teams are divided into the National League ( NL ) and American League ( AL ) , each with three divisions : East , West , and Central . The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series . The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League . \n \n History \n \n Origins \n \n The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision . A French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game , possibly la soule , with similarities to baseball . Other old French games such as thèque , la balle au bâton , and la balle empoisonnée also appear to be related . Consensus once held that today 's baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders , popular in Great Britain and Ireland . Baseball Before We Knew It : A Search for the Roots of the Game ( 2005 ) , by David Block , suggests that the game originated in England ; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position . Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other , and that the game 's most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and `` tut-ball . '' It has long been believed that cricket also descended from such games , though evidence uncovered in early 2009 suggests that cricket may have been imported to England from Flanders . \n \n The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication , A Little Pretty Pocket-Book , by John Newbery . It contains a rhymed description of `` base-ball '' and a woodcut that shows a field set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration , and with posts instead of ground-level bases . David Block discovered that the first recorded game of `` Bass-Ball '' took place in 1749 in Surrey , and featured the Prince of Wales as a player . William Bray , an English lawyer , recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford , Surrey . This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants . Rounders was also brought to the USA by Canadians of both British and Irish ancestry . The first known American reference to baseball appears in a 1791 Pittsfield , Massachusetts , town bylaw prohibiting the playing of the game near the town 's new meeting house . By 1796 , a version of the game was well-known enough to earn a mention in a German scholar 's book on popular pastimes . As described by Johann Gutsmuths , `` englische Base-ball '' involved a contest between two", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_24010--Baseball.txt", "qid": "sfq_24010", "question": "In which city is the baseball team ‘White Sox’l ocated? They play their home games at the US Cellular Field, formerly Comiskey Park." } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Spain ( ; ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( ) , is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , with archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea , and several small territories on and near the North African coast . Its Mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . Along with France and Morocco , it is one of only three countries to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines . Extending to , the Portugal–Spain border is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union . \n \n Spanish territory includes two archipelagos : the Balearic Islands , in the Mediterranean Sea , and the Canary Islands , in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast . It also includes two major exclaves , Ceuta and Melilla , in continental North Africa ; and the islands and peñones ( rocks ) of Alborán , Alhucemas , Chafarinas and Vélez de la Gomera . With an area of 505990 km2 , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . \n \n Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania . In the Middle Ages , the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors . Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century , following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the centuries-long reconquest , or Reconquista , of the peninsula from the Moors in 1492 . In the early modern period , Spain became one of history 's first global colonial empires , leaving a vast cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 500 million Spanish speakers , making Spanish the world 's second most spoken first language , after Chinese and before English . \n \n Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy . It is a middle power and a developed country with the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity . It is a member of the United Nations ( UN ) , the European Union ( EU ) , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) , the Organization of Ibero-American States ( OEI ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and many other international organisations . \n \n Etymology \n \n The origins of the Roman name Hispania , from which the modern name España was derived , are uncertain due to inadequate evidence . Down the centuries there have been a number of accounts and hypotheses : \n \n The Renaissance scholar Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word Hispania evolved from the Iberian word Hispalis , meaning `` city of the western world '' . \n \n Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term span is the Phoenician word spy , meaning `` to forge metals '' . Therefore , i-spn-ya would mean `` the land where metals are forged '' . It may be a derivation of the Phoenician I-Shpania , meaning `` island of rabbits '' , `` land of rabbits '' or `` edge '' , a reference to Spain 's location at the end of the Mediterranean ; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a rabbit at her feet , and Strabo called it the `` land of the rabbits '' . \n \n Hispania may derive from the poetic use of the term Hesperia , reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a `` western land '' or `` land of the setting sun '' ( Hesperia , Ἑσπερία in Greek ) and Spain , being still further west , as Hesperia ultima . \n \n There is the claim that `` Hispania '' derives from the Basque word Ezpanna meaning `` edge '' or `` border '' , another reference to the fact that the Iberian Peninsula", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_6100--Spain.txt", "qid": "sfq_6100", "question": "\"The \"\"Generalife\"\" is a villa with gardens in the grounds of which famous tourist attraction in Spain?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Samba is a lively , rhythmical dance of Afro Brazilian origin in 2/4 time danced to Samba music whose origins include the Maxixe . \n \n Samba is a dance authentic to black/African people in Brazil who brought much of their music and dance culture into Latin America with , them upon arrival into many Latin American countries . Samba music is very similar to and has been influenced by many Angolan music genres . It has also been influenced by many other Latin American music genres and dances . The Samba music rhythm has been danced in Brazil since its inception in the late 16th century . There is actually a set of dances , rather than a single dance , that define the Samba dancing scene in Brazil ; thus , no one dance can be claimed with certainty as the `` original '' Samba style . \n \n Another major stream of the Samba dance besides the Brazilian Samba dancing styles is Ballroom Samba , which differs significantly . \n \n Samba no pé \n \n Samba no pé ( literally , `` samba in the foot '' ) is a solo dance that is commonly danced impromptu when samba music is played . The basic movement involves a straight body and a bending of one knee at a time . The feet move very slightly - only a few inches at a time . The rhythm is 2/4 , with 3 steps per measure . It can be thought of as a step-ball-change . It can be described calling it and-a-one , and-a-two , then back to one . The basic movement is the same to either side , where one foot moves to the outside lifting up just before the first beat ( i.e . the right leg moves slightly to the right ) and leg is kept as straight as a pole . The other foot moves slightly towards the front , and closer to the first foot . The second leg bends lightly at the knee so that the left side of the hip lowers and the right side appears to move higher . The weight is shifted to this inside foot briefly for the next `` and-a '' , then shifted back to the outside foot on the `` two '' , and the same series of actions is repeated towards the other side . \n \n The dance simply follows the beat of the music and can go from average pace to very fast . Men dance with the whole foot on the ground while women , often wearing heels , dance just on the balls of the foot . Professionals may change the steps slightly , taking 4 steps per measure instead of 3 , and often add various arm movements depending on the mood of the music . \n \n There are also regional forms of the dance in Brazil where the essential steps are the same , but because of a change in the accent of the music people will dance similar movements to the slightly changed accents . For instance , in Bahia the girls tend to dance tilting their legs towards the outside instead of keeping their knees close to each other as in Rio de Janeiro . \n \n This is the type of Samba one sees in the Brazilian Carnival parades and in other Samba carnivals over the world . This is also one of the most common type of samba dancing in Brazil . \n \n Samba de Gafieira \n \n Samba de Gafieira is a partner dance considerably different from the Ballroom Samba . It appeared in the 1940s and it gets its name from the gafieira , popular urban nightclubs of Rio de Janeiro at that time . \n \n The dance derived from the Maxixe and followed the arrival of the Choro ( another samba musical style ) . It left most of the Maxixe 's Polka elements behind but maintained the entwined leg movements of the Argentine tango , although adopting a more relaxed posture than the latter . Many see this form of Samba as a combination of Waltz and Tango . Several Brazilian dance studios use elements and techniques from these two dances to teach Samba de Gafieira steps and dance routines . \n \n Samba Pagode \n \n Samba Pagode is another Samba partner dance that resembles the Samba de Gafieira but has less acrobatic movements and tend to be more intimate . It became a dance style after the appearance of the Pagode and it started in the city of São Paulo . \n \n Samba Axé \n \n Samba Axé is a solo dance that started in 1992 during the Brazilian Carnival season in", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_8478--Samba_(Brazilian_dance).txt", "qid": "odql_8478", "question": "What is the name of the fast, erotic Brazilian dance in which couples frequently touch hips?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The fictional character Spider-Man , a comic book superhero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and featured in Marvel Comics publications , has appeared in six live-action films since his inception ; one animated film is also in the works . Spider-Man is the alter-ego of Peter Parker , a talented young freelance photographer and aspiring scientist , imbued with superhuman abilities after being bitten by a radioactive/genetically-altered spider . \n \n The first live-action film based on Spider-Man was an American , made-for-television film that premiered on the CBS network in 1977 . It starred Nicholas Hammond and was intended as a backdoor pilot for what became a short-lived , weekly episodic TV series . The rights to further films featuring the character were purchased in 1985 , and moved through various production companies and studios before being secured by Sony Pictures Entertainment , who hired Sam Raimi to direct Spider-Man ( 2002 ) , Spider-Man 2 ( 2004 ) , and Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) starring Tobey Maguire . The first two films were met with positive reviews from critics , while the third film met mixed reviews . In 2010 , Sony announced that the franchise would be rebooted . Marc Webb was hired to direct , with Andrew Garfield starring , and The Amazing Spider-Man ( 2012 ) was released to positive reviews . The Amazing Spider-Man 2 ( 2014 ) saw mixed reviews . \n \n Raimi 's trilogy grossed nearly US $ 2.5 billion worldwide on a $ 597 million total budget , while Webb 's films grossed over $ 1.4 billion on a $ 480 million total budget . The Spider-Man films are the sixth highest-grossing film franchise , having grossed over $ 3.9 billion collectively . In February 2015 , Sony , Disney and Marvel Studios announced a deal to share the Spider-Man film rights , leading to a new iteration of Spider-Man being introduced and integrated into the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . This younger version of Peter Parker is played by Tom Holland , and appears in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( distributed by Disney ) before starring in Spider-Man : Homecoming ( distributed by Sony ) in 2017 . \n \n Early films \n \n The Amazing Spider-Man ( 1977-79 ) \n \n In 1977 , the pilot episode of The Amazing Spider-Man television series was released by Columbia Pictures as a feature film outside of the United States . In 1978 , episodes from the television series were re-edited and released outside of the United States as a feature film titled Spider-Man Strikes Back . In 1979 , a film made using the same method was released as Spider-Man : The Dragon 's Challenge . \n \n Spider-Man ( 1978 ) \n \n On July 22 , 1978 , Tōei released a theatrical spin-off of their Spider-Man TV series at the . The film was directed by , who also directed eight episodes of the TV series . The week after the film 's release , a character introduced in the film , Jūzō Mamiya ( played by ) , began appearing in episodes of the TV series . Like the rest of the series , the film was made available for streaming on Marvel 's official website in 2009 . \n \n Development \n \n Cannon Films \n \n The underperformance of 1983 's Superman III made feature-film adaptations of comic book properties a very low priority in Hollywood until the 1990s . In 1985 , after a brief option on Spider-Man by Roger Corman expired , Marvel Comics optioned the property to Cannon Films . Cannon chiefs Menahem Golan and his cousin Yoram Globus agreed to pay Marvel Comics $ 225,000 over the five-year option period , plus a percentage of any film ’ s revenues . However , the rights would revert to Marvel if a film was not made by April 1990 . \n \n Tobe Hooper , then preparing both Invaders From Mars and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , was mooted as director . Golan and Globus misunderstood the concept of the character ( `` They thought it was like The Wolf Man '' , said director Joseph Zito ) and instructed writer Leslie Stevens , creator of The Outer Limits , to write a treatment reflecting their misconception . In Stevens ' story , a corporate scientist intentionally subjects ID-badge photographer Peter Parker to radioactive bombardment , transforming him into a hairy , suicidal , eight-armed monster . This human tarantula refuses to join the scientist ’ s new master-race of mutants , battling a succession of mutations kept in a basement laboratory . \n \n Unhappy with this perceived debasement of his", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_2624--Spider-Man_in_film.txt", "qid": "sfq_2624", "question": "In the Spiderman films, how is his enemy Norman Osborn better known?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Soviet Union ( ) , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( ) , abbreviated to USSR ( ) , was a socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991 . A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics , its government and economy were highly centralized . The Soviet Union was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital . \n \n The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 , when the Bolsheviks , headed by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the provisional government that had replaced the Tsar . They established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ( renamed Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1936 ) , beginning a civil war between the revolutionary `` Reds '' and the counter-revolutionary `` Whites . '' The Red Army entered several territories of the former Russian Empire and helped local Communists take power through soviets , which nominally acted on behalf of workers and peasants . In 1922 , the Communists were victorious , forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian , and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 , a troika and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin suppressed all political opposition to his rule , committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism ( which he created ) , and initiated a centrally planned economy . As a result , the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and post-war dominance of Eastern Europe . Stalin also fomented political paranoia , and conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents of his from the Communist Party through the mass arbitrary arrest of many people ( military leaders , Communist Party members , and ordinary citizens alike ) who were then sent to correctional labor camps or sentenced to death . \n \n At the beginning of World War II , Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany ; the treaty delayed confrontation between the two countries . In June 1941 the Germans invaded , opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history . Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the cost of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad . Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945 . The territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc . The Cold War emerged in 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 . \n \n Following Stalin 's death in 1953 , a period of political and economic liberalization , known as `` de-Stalinization '' and `` Khrushchev 's Thaw '' , occurred under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev . The country developed rapidly , as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities . The USSR took an early lead in the Space Race with the first ever satellite and the first human spaceflight . In the 1970s , there was a brief détente of relations with the United States , but tensions resumed when the Soviet Union deployed troops in Afghanistan in 1979 . The war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters . \n \n In the mid-1980s , the last Soviet leader , Mikhail Gorbachev , sought to further reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost and perestroika . The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing economic stagnation . The Cold War ended during his tenure , and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes . This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well . Central authorities initiated a referendum—boycotted by the Baltic republics , Armenia , Georgia , and Moldova—which resulted in the majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the Union as a renewed federation . In August 1991 , a coup d'état was attempted by Communist Party hardliners . It failed , with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a high-profile role in facing down the coup , resulting in the banning of the Communist Party . On 25 December 1991 , Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states . The Russian Federation is the legal successor of the USSR . \n \n Geography , climate and environment \n \n With an area of 22402200 km2 , the Soviet Union was the world", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "dpql_2727--Soviet_Union.txt", "qid": "dpql_2727", "question": "Who was the next leader of the Soviet Union after Kruschev?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Apennine culture is a technology complex in central and southern Italy [ http : //img641.imageshack.us/f/italiabronz.png/ ] from the Italian Middle Bronze Age ( 15th-14th centuries BC ) . In the mid-20th century the Apennine was divided into Proto- , Early , Middle and Late , but now archaeologists prefer to consider as `` Apennine '' only the ornamental pottery style of the later phase of Middle Bronze Age ( BM3 ) . This phase is preceded by the Grotta Nuova facies ( central Italy ) and by the Protoapennine B facies ( southern Italy ) and succeeded by the Subappennine facies of 13th-century ( `` Bronzo Recente '' ) . Apennine pottery is a burnished ware incised with spirals , meanders and geometrical zones , filled with dots or transverse dashes . It has been found on Ischia island in association with LHII and LHIII pottery and on Lipari in association with LHIIIA pottery , which associations date it to the Late Bronze Age as it is defined in Greece and the Aegean . \n \n Society \n \n The people of the Apennine culture were alpine cattle herdsmen grazing their animals over the meadows and groves of mountainous central Italy . They lived in small hamlets located in defensible places . On the move between summer pastures they built temporary camps or lived in caves and rock shelters . Their range was not necessarily confined to the hills ; their pottery has been found on the Capitoline hill at Rome as well as on the islands mentioned above . \n \n Imputations of ethnicity \n \n In the 19th and early 20th centuries various theorists made various imputations of ethnicity concerning the Apennine culture . In the 20th century , the Italian scholar , Massimo Pallottino , who specialized in Etruscan civilization , rejected them as oversimple . At least with reference to Italy , he discarded Kossinna 's Law , which states languages and ethnic groups are to be identified with archaeological groups . Therefore , Pallottino argued that terms such as `` the Terramare culture '' or `` the Apennine culture '' have no ethnic or linguistic significance . \n \n The Apennine drew to an end with the spread of the Proto-Villanovan culture from the north . It pervaded all of Italy and introduced cremation ; however , in Italy cremation existed side-by-side with continued inhumation . By the start of the Villanovan regional cultures had evolved along two main lines : those that practiced both cremation and inhumation and those that practiced inhumation only . The Tiber river was the dividing line . It also divided the two main language groups : Etruscan and Italic . Whatever the Proto-Villanovan represents culturally it can not have been a uniform language or ethnic group ; hence , an `` Italic '' invasion at that time is to be excluded . \n \n Pallottino 's presentation of the contemporaneous view of how the Indo-European languages on the left bank of the Tiber and southward and eastward arrived is as follows . Three waves of Indo-European language speakers , speaking closely related languages , arrived in small groups over time across the Adriatic sea and moved inland . The first occurred in the Middle Neolithic starting with the Square-necked Pottery Culture and prevailed for the remaining Neolithic and the Proto- and earlier Apennine . The Latin language evolved ultimately from their speech , in Italy . The second wave is associated with Mycenaean civilization of the Late Bronze Age and brought the ancestors of the Italic language speakers into central and south Italy . They prevailed during the remainder of the Apennine . The third wave came with the Proto-Villanovan Culture and is ultimately responsible for the Venetic language speakers . Pallottino admits that this is a tentative and unproven interpretation of the linguistic and archaeological evidence , but he profers it as being better than the previous view of an invasion of Italic people from the north in the Terramare culture , which was distinct from and parallel to the early Apennine . \n \n The Apennine culture was in this theory always practiced mainly by speakers of unknown languages in the Italic branch of Indo-European , from which the historical languages later came . The term `` Proto-Italic '' , in Pallottino 's view , is less useful because there was no single proto-language in Italy . Such a language would have existed on the other side of the Adriatic ( Illyria ) in the Neolithic . The way of life of the population in the Apennine range also is consistent with an etymology of Italia as `` land of young cattle '' ( see under Italy ) . \n \n Sites \n \n Some of", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 962, "text": "greece" } ], "id": "qb_1480--Apennine_culture.txt", "qid": "qb_1480", "question": "Helladic relates to the Bronze Age cultures of which European country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Amun ( also Amon , Amen ; Ámmōn , Hámmōn ) was a major Egyptian deity and Berber deity . He was attested since the Old Kingdom together with his spouse Amaunet . \n With the 11th dynasty ( 21st century BC ) , he rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes by replacing Monthu . \n \n After the rebellion of Thebes against the Hyksos and with the rule of Ahmose I , Amun acquired national importance , expressed in his fusion with the Sun god , Ra , as Amun-Ra or Amun-Re . \n \n Amun-Ra retained chief importance in the Egyptian pantheon throughout the New Kingdom ( with the exception of the `` Atenist heresy '' under Akhenaten ) . \n Amun-Ra in this period ( 16th to 11th centuries BC ) held the position of transcendental , self-created creator deity `` par excellence '' , he was the champion of the poor or troubled and central to personal piety . \n His position as King of Gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism where other gods became manifestations of him . With Osiris , Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of the Egyptian gods . \n As the chief deity of the Egyptian Empire , Amun-Ra also came to be worshipped outside of Egypt , in Ancient Libya and Nubia , and as Zeus Ammon came to be identified with Zeus in Ancient Greece . \n \n Early history \n \n Amun and Amaunet are mentioned in the Old Egyptian Pyramid Texts . \n Amun and Amaunet formed one quarter of the ancient Ogdoad of Hermopolis . The name Amun ( written ' , pronounced Amana in ancient Egyptian ) meant something like `` the hidden one '' or `` invisible '' . It was thought that Amun created himself and then his surroundings . \n \n The other members of the Ogdoad are Nu and Naunet ; Kuk and Kauket ; and Huh and Hauhet . \n \n Amun rose to the position of tutelary deity of Thebes after the end of the First Intermediate Period , under the 11th dynasty . As the patron of Thebes , his spouse was Mut . In Thebes , Amun as father , Mut as mother and the Moon god Khonsu formed a divine family or `` Theban Triad '' . \n \n Temple at Karnak \n \n The history of Amun as the patron god of Thebes begins in the 20th century BC , with the construction of the Precinct of Amun-Re at Karnak under Senusret I . \n The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the 11th dynasty . \n \n Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the 18th dynasty when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt . \n Construction of the Hypostyle Hall may have also begun during the 18th dynasty , though most building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II . Merenptah commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court , the start of the processional route to the Luxor Temple . This Great Inscription ( which has now lost about a third of its content ) shows the king 's campaigns and eventual return with booty and prisoners . Next to this inscription is the Victory Stela , which is largely a copy of the more famous Israel Stela found in the West Bank funerary complex of Merenptah . Merenptah 's son Seti II added 2 small obelisks in front of the Second Pylon , and a triple bark-shrine to the north of the processional avenue in the same area . This was constructed of sandstone , with a chapel to Amun flanked by those of Mut and Khonsu . \n \n The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re 's layout was the addition of the first pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surrounded the whole Precinct , both constructed by Nectanebo I . \n \n New Kingdom \n \n Identification with Min and Ra \n \n When the army of the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt , the victor 's city of origin , Thebes , became the most important city in Egypt , the capital of a new dynasty . The local patron deity of Thebes , Amun , therefore became nationally important . The pharaohs of that new dynasty attributed all their successful enterprises to Amun , and they lavished much of their wealth and captured spoil on the construction of temples dedicated to Amun . \n \n The victory accomplished by pharaohs who worshipped Amun against the `` foreign rulers '' , brought him", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 518, "text": "egyptian pantheon" } ], "id": "qw_10310--Amun.txt", "qid": "qw_10310", "question": "Aten, Ra, Amun and Ptah are what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Rigoletto is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi . The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo . Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time , the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851 . \n \n It is considered by many to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi 's middle-to-late career . Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua , his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto and Rigoletto 's beautiful daughter Gilda . The opera 's original title , La maledizione ( The Curse ) , refers to the curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by a courtier whose daughter had been seduced by the Duke with Rigoletto 's encouragement . The curse comes to fruition when Gilda likewise falls in love with the Duke and eventually sacrifices her life to save him from the assassins hired by her father . \n \n Composition history \n \n Verdi was commissioned to write a new opera by the La Fenice opera house in Venice in 1850 . By this time he was already a well-known composer and had a degree of freedom in choosing the works he would prefer to set to music . He then asked Francesco Maria Piave ( with whom he had already created Ernani , I due Foscari , Macbeth , Il Corsaro and Stiffelio ) to examine the play Kean by Alexandre Dumas , père , but he felt he needed a more energetic subject to work on.Phillips-Matz ( 1993 ) p. 265 \n \n Verdi soon stumbled upon Victor Hugo 's five-act play Le roi s'amuse . He later explained that `` The subject is grand , immense , and there is a character that is one of the greatest creations that the theatre can boast of , in any country and in all history . '' It was a highly controversial subject , and Hugo himself had already had trouble with censorship in France , which had banned productions after its first performance nearly twenty years earlier ( it would not be performed again until 1882 ) . As Austria at that time directly controlled much of Northern Italy , it came before the Austrian Board of Censors . Hugo 's play depicted a king ( Francis I of France ) as an immoral and cynical womanizer , something that was not accepted in Europe during the Restoration period . \n \n From the beginning , Verdi was aware of the risks , as was Piave . In a letter which Verdi wrote to Piave : `` Use four legs , run through the town and find me an influential person who can obtain the permission for making Le Roi s'amuse . '' Correspondence between a prudent Piave and an already committed Verdi followed , but the two underestimated the power and the intentions of Austrians and remained at risk . Even the friendly Guglielmo Brenna , secretary of La Fenice , who had promised them that they would not have problems with the censors , was wrong . At the beginning of the summer of 1850 , rumours started to spread that Austrian censorship was going to forbid the production . The censors considered the Hugo work to verge on lèse majesté and would never permit such a scandalous work to be performed in Venice . In August , Verdi and Piave prudently retired to Busseto , Verdi 's hometown , to continue the composition and prepare a defensive scheme . They wrote to the theatre , assuring them that the censor 's doubts about the morality of the work were not justified but since very little time was left , very little could be done . At the time , Piave and Verdi had titled the opera La maledizione ( The Curse ) , and this unofficial title was used by Austrian censor De Gorzkowski in an emphatic letter written in December 1850 in which he definitively denied consent to its production , calling it `` a repugnant [ example of ] immorality and obscene triviality . '' \n \n In order not to waste all their work , Piave tried to revise the libretto and was even able to pull from it another opera , Il Duca di Vendome , in which the sovereign was with a duke and both the hunchback and the curse disappeared . Verdi was completely against this proposed solution and preferred instead to have direct negotiations with censors , arguing over each and every point of the work.Phillips-Matz ( 1993 ) p. 272 At this point ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "rigoletto" } ], "id": "sfq_19832--Rigoletto.txt", "qid": "sfq_19832", "question": "Gilda sings the aria Caro Nome in which opera by Verdi?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Barnaby Jones is a television detective series starring Buddy Ebsen and Lee Meriwether as a father and daughter-in-law who run a private detective firm in Los Angeles , California . The show ran on CBS from 1973 to 1980 beginning as a midseason replacement . Halfway through the series run , Mark Shera was added to the cast as the cousin of Ebsen 's character , who joins the firm . William Conrad guest-starred as Frank Cannon of Cannon on the first episode of Barnaby Jones , `` Requiem for a Son '' , and the two series had a two-part crossover episode in 1975 , `` The Deadly Conspiracy '' . The series was produced by QM Productions ( with Woodruff Productions in the final two seasons ) , and lasted longer ( seven and a half seasons ) than any other QM series except The FBI . As with most Quinn Martin shows , each episode was divided into 4 `` Acts '' ( separated by commercial breaks ) and an epilogue , and the opening credits were narrated by Hank Simms . \n \n Plot \n \n After Barnaby Jones ( Buddy Ebsen ) had worked as a private eye for many years , he decided to retire and left the business to his son Hal . When Hal was murdered while working on a case , Barnaby came out of retirement to find the killer . His widowed daughter-in-law , Betty Jones ( Lee Meriwether ) , joined forces with him to solve the case . The two decided that they worked so well together , they would continue to keep the detective agency open . Jones was unusual , ordering milk in restaurants and bars , counter to the stereotypical hard-drinking detective . \n \n Until the cancellation of Cannon , the characters of both series moved back and forth between the two shows . In 1976 , the character of J. R. ( Mark Shera ) , the son of Barnaby 's cousin , joined the cast . He had come to try to solve the murder of his father , but stayed around to help Barnaby and Betty , while also attending law school . \n \n During the first year of the series , a common theme would be where Jones would make an astute observation or collect a sample , such as mud on a car 's tire . The criminal , in some cases , called his accomplice and had a conversation along the lines of `` there 's a Mr. Jones and he 's asking a lot of questions , '' after which the criminal was assured that Jones would be `` taken care of '' . In view of his advancing age ( Ebsen was in his 60s for most of the series ) Jones rarely engaged in fistfights in the climactic scene of a given episode ; instead , anticipating a violent act from an adversary , Jones would draw his revolver and get the drop on the villain , or he would use self-defense tactics such as slamming the door on a shotgun-toting villain , or using a judo hold to subdue the bad guy , or rely on others ( such as J.R. or the police ) to overpower and detain the criminals . \n \n Toward the latter part of the series , as Ebsen aged and expressed an interest in slowing down a bit , Meriwether 's and Shera 's characters became more prominent , allowing Ebsen to reduce his role ; during the last two seasons , the episodes were divided evenly among the three actors , with Ebsen , Meriwether , and Shera each being the focus of a third of the season 's episodes . \n \n The show was cancelled in 1980 due to declining ratings ; Ebsen had also had enough of playing the role . After the series ' cancellation , reruns could be seen in syndication . \n \n Movie reprise \n \n During the mid-1990s , Meriwether and Shera expressed interest in a Barnaby Jones reunion television movie , but could not talk Ebsen into joining the project . However , in 1993 , Ebsen reprised the role of Barnaby Jones in the big-screen remake of his most famous television series , The Beverly Hillbillies ( Jim Varney played Jed Clampett , the role Ebsen played on the television series , in the film ) . It would be his final theatrical appearance . \n \n Guest stars \n \n Among the guest stars who appeared over the years were Conlan Carter and Gary Lockwood , who appeared together in the third episode of the series entitled `` Sunday : Doomsday '' on February 25", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 624, "text": "qm productions" } ], "id": "sfq_1838--Barnaby_Jones.txt", "qid": "sfq_1838", "question": "\"Which American TV legend produced the detective series, \"\"FBI\"\", \"\"Cannon\"\" and \"\"Barnaby Jones\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The seven institutions of the European Union ( EU ) are seated in four different cities , viz . Brussels , Frankfurt , Luxembourg and Strasbourg , rather than being concentrated in a single capital city . The EU agencies and other bodies are located all across the union , but usually not fixed in the treaties . The Hague is the only exception , as the fixed seat of the European Police Office ( Europol ) . Over the years , Brussels has become the principal seat , with each major institution and now the European Council being based wholly or in part there , leading to it being popularly known as `` the capital of the EU '' . \n \n The seats have been a matter of political dispute since the states first failed to reach an agreement at the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 . However , a final agreement between member states was reached in 1992 , and later attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam . \n \n Despite this , the seat of the European Parliament remains controversial . The work of Parliament is divided between Brussels , Luxembourg and Strasbourg , which is seen as a problem due to the large number of MEPs , staff , and documents which need to be moved . As the locations of the major seats have been enshrined in the treaties of the European Union , Parliament has no right to decide its own seat , unlike other national parliaments . \n \n Locating new bodies is also not without political disputes . The European Central Bank 's ( ECB ) seat had to symbolise its independence from political control , and was located in a city which did not already host a national government or European institution . New agencies are also being based in eastern Europe since 2004 to balance the distribution of agencies across the EU . \n \n Locations \n \n The treaties of the European Union outline the locations of the following institutions : The European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg , hosting twelve monthly plenary sessions ( including budget session ) . Brussels hosts additional sessions and committees ( including being used in September 2008 for normal sittings when the Strasbourg chamber was damaged ) . Luxembourg hosts the Secretariat of the European Parliament . The Council of the European Union has its seat in Brussels , except during April , June , and October , when meetings are held in Luxembourg . \n \n The European Commission also has its seat in Brussels , although some departments are hosted by Luxembourg . The European Court of Justice , the General Court , and the Court of Auditors are based in Luxembourg along with the European Investment Bank . The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions are entirely based in Brussels while the European Central Bank is based in Frankfurt and Europol is the only agency to have its seat fixed by the treaties , in the Hague . \n \n Separately , the Treaty of Nice establishes Brussels as the venue for all formal summits of the European Council after 2004 . However some extraordinary sessions are sometimes held outside the city . The European Council 's seat is however fixed by a declaration rather than a protocol , meaning it is less binding than the other seats . \n \n The 2011 Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism ( ESM ) states that the seat of the ESM must be in Luxembourg . The ESM should be ratified and active in mid-2013 and it is allowed to establish a liaison office in Brussels . \n \n Non-fixed seats \n \n There are numerous other bodies and agencies that have not had their seats fixed by treaties . Brussels hosts the European Defence Agency ( as NATO and formerly the WEU are also in the city ) . Luxembourg hosts the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union and the European Investment Bank . Strasbourg hosts the office of the European Ombudsman . The other agencies are spread across Europe and since the 2004 enlargement , there has been a drive to locate more agencies in the new member-states to make a more equal distribution . \n \n However , some problems have been encountered with basing agencies in the eastern states . For example , Frontex , the new border agency , has had problems recruiting skilled experts because many do not want to live in the agency 's host city , Warsaw , due to its relatively low wages and standard of living . In addition , plans to place the headquarters of Galileo in", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "brussel" } ], "id": "jp_868--Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union.txt", "qid": "jp_868", "question": "What city is the de-facto capital of the European Union?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Hajj ( ; ' `` pilgrimage '' ) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey , and can support their family during their absence . It is one of the five pillars of Islam , alongside Shahadah , Salat , Zakat , and Sawm . The Hajj is the largest annual gatherings of people in the world . The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah , and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati . The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people , and their submission to God ( Allah ) . The word Hajj means `` to intend a journey '' , which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions . \n \n The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th ( or in some cases 13th ) of Dhu al-Hijjah , the last month of the Islamic calendar . Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year , the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year . Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions . \n \n The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham . During Hajj , pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people , who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj , and perform a series of rituals : each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba ( the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims ) , runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah , drinks from the Zamzam Well , goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil , spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa , and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars . The pilgrims then shave their heads , perform a ritual of animal sacrifice , and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha . \n \n Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year . This is sometimes called the `` lesser pilgrimage '' , or Umrah . However , even if they choose to perform the Umrah , they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so . \n \n History \n \n The present pattern of Hajj was established by Muhammad . However , according to the Quran , elements of Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham , around 2000 BCE . According to Islamic tradition , Abraham was ordered by God to leave his wife Hagar ( Hagar ) and his son Ishmael alone in the desert of ancient Mecca . In search of water , Hagar desperately ran seven times between the two hills of Safa and Marwah but found none . Returning in despair to Ishmael , she saw the baby scratching the ground with his leg and a water fountain sprang forth underneath his foot . Later , Abraham was commanded to build the Kaaba ( which he did with the help of Ishmael ) and to invite people to perform pilgrimage there . The Quran refers to these incidents in verses and .The verses read : And remember that Abraham was tried by his Lord with certain commands , which he fulfilled .... Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety ; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer ; and We covenanted with Abraham and Ishmael , that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round , or use it as a retreat , or bow , or prostrate themselves ( therein in prayer ) .... And remember Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations of the House ( 2:124-127 ) and And proclaim the Pilgrimage among men : they will come to thee on foot and ( mounted ) on every kind of camel , through deep and distant mountain highways , that they may witness the benefits ( provided ) for them , and celebrate the name", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 69, "text": "mecca" } ], "id": "qb_5064--Hajj.txt", "qid": "qb_5064", "question": "The Hajj is a pilgrimage to which city?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Bismarck Archipelago is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea . Its area is about 50,000 square km . \n \n History \n \n The first inhabitants of the archipelago arrived around 33,000 years ago from New Guinea , either by boats across the Bismarck Sea or via a temporary land bridge , created by an uplift in the Earth 's crust . Later arrivals included the Lapita people . \n \n The first European to visit these islands was Dutch explorer Willem Schouten in 1616 . The islands remained unsettled by western Europeans until they were annexed as part of the German protectorate of German New Guinea in 1884 . The area was named in honour of the Chancellor Otto von Bismarck . \n \n On 13 March 1888 , a volcano erupted on Ritter Island causing a megatsunami . Almost the entire volcano fell into the ocean , leaving a small crater lake . \n \n Following the outbreak of World War I , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force seized the islands in 1914 and Australia later received a League of Nations mandate for the islands . They remained under Australian administration—interrupted only by Japanese occupation during World War II—until Papua New Guinea became independent in September 1975 . \n \n Geography \n \n The Bismarck Archipelago includes mostly volcanic islands with a total land area of 49700 km2 . The archipelago encompasses the Bismarck Sea and sits upon the North Bismarck Plate , the Manus Plate and the South Bismarck Plate . \n \n Islands are grouped here according to administrative province : \n \n * Manus Province ( see 9 on the map ) \n * * Admiralty Islands , group of 18 islands including : \n * * * Manus Island , main island \n * * * Los Negros Island \n * * * Lou Island \n * * * Ndrova Island \n * * * Tong Island \n * * * Baluan Island \n * * * Pak Island \n * * * Purdy Islands \n * * * Rambutyo Island \n * * * St Andrews Islands \n * * Western Islands , with : \n * * * Aua Island \n * * * Hermit Islands \n * * * Kaniet Islands ( Anchorite ) \n * * * * Sae Island \n * * * Ninigo Islands \n * * * Wuvulu Island \n * New Ireland Province ( 12 ) \n * * New Ireland or Niu Ailan , main island \n * * New Hanover or Lavongai \n * * Saint Matthias Group \n * * Tabar Group \n * * Lihir Group \n * * Tanga Group \n * * Feni Islands \n * * Dyaul Island \n \n * East New Britain Province ( 4 ) \n * * New Britain or Niu Briten , main island \n * * Duke of York Islands \n * * * Kabakon \n * * * Ulu \n * West New Britain Province ( 18 ) \n * * New Britain or Niu Briten , main island \n * * Vitu Islands \n * Morobe Province ( 11 ) \n * * Umboi Island \n * * Tolokiwa Island \n * * Sakar Island \n * * Ritter Island \n * * Malai Island \n * * Tuam Island \n * Madang Province ( 8 ) \n * * Long Island \n * * Crown Island \n * * Karkar Island \n * * Bagabag Island \n * * Manam \n * East Sepik Province ( 5 ) \n * * Schouten Islands \n \n The passage of water between the islands of New Britain and New Ireland is called St. George 's Channel after St. George 's Channel in the British Isles between Wales and Ireland . \n \n Notes \n \n Bibliography \n \n * Firth , Stewart ( 1983 ) . New Guinea Under the Germans . Carlton , Australia : Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0-522-84220-8 . \n * Howe , K. R. , Robert C. Kiste , Brij V. Lal , eds . ( 1994 ) . Tides of History : The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0-8248-1597-1 . \n * King , David et al . ( 1982 ) . Papua New Guinea Atlas : A Nation in Transition . Bathurst , Australia : R. Brown and the University of Papua New Guinea . ISBN 0-909197-14-8 . \n * Moore , Clive ( 2003 ) . New Guinea : Crossing Boundaries and History . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 154, "text": "papua new guinea" } ], "id": "qw_10520--Bismarck_Archipelago.txt", "qid": "qw_10520", "question": "Where are the Bismarck and Owen Stanley ranges?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "`` 'Round Springfield '' is the 22nd episode of the sixth season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30 , 1995 . In the episode , Bart is rushed to the hospital after eating a jagged metal Krusty-O and decides to sue Krusty the Clown . Whilst visiting Bart , Lisa meets her old mentor , jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy ( last seen in Moaning Lisa ) . She is saddened when she later learns that Murphy has died , and resolves to honor his memory . Steve Allen ( as himself ) and Ron Taylor ( as Bleeding Gums Murphy ) guest star , each in their second appearance on the show . Dan Higgins also returns as the writer and performer of all of Lisa and Bleeding Gums ' saxophone solos . \n \n It was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss and was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore . Jean and Reiss , who were previously the series ' showrunners , returned to produce this episode ( as well as `` A Star Is Burns '' ) in order to lessen the workload of the show 's regular staff . They worked on it alongside the staff of The Critic , the series they had left The Simpsons to create . The episode marks the first time in which a recurring character was killed off in the show , something the staff had considered for a while . The episode features numerous cultural references , including Carole King 's song `` Jazzman '' , the actor James Earl Jones and the Kimba the White Lion/The Lion King controversy . \n \n The episode also features the phrase `` cheese-eating surrender monkeys '' , used by Groundskeeper Willie to describe the French , which has since entered the public lexicon . It has been used and referenced frequently by journalists and academics and has been included in two Oxford quotation dictionaries . \n \n Plot \n \n On the day of a history test at school , Bart gets a stomachache after accidentally eating a jagged metal Krusty-O with his breakfast cereal . Lisa is the only one who believes him , however , and Homer and Marge send him to school anyway . Bart struggles through the test , and after finally convincing Mrs. Krabappel that he is actually ill , she lets him go and see the nurse . Bart collapses on the medical room floor , and is taken to Springfield General Hospital where he undergoes surgery from Dr. Hibbert and Dr. Nick , as it emerges he has appendicitis . While visiting Bart in the hospital , Lisa meets her hero , jazzman Bleeding Gums Murphy , in a bed in another ward . \n \n Later , Bleeding Gums lends Lisa his saxophone for her school recital . It starts off terribly ( owing to most of the orchestra having their appendixes removed so they could miss school ) , but Lisa gets up and performs a solo routine , becoming the star of the show . Returning to the hospital the next day , Lisa is saddened to learn that Bleeding Gums has died . Lisa is the only person who attends Bleeding Gums 's funeral , and she vows to make sure that everyone in Springfield knows the name Bleeding Gums Murphy . Bart , meanwhile , sues Krusty the Clown and is given a $ 100,000 settlement . However , after Bart 's attorney Lionel Hutz takes his `` legal fees '' , Bart is left with only $ 500 , but does not realize the con and is thrilled with the amount . \n \n Still stricken with grief , Lisa decides that the best way to honor Bleeding Gums ' memory is by having his album played at the local jazz station . Lisa spots it in the Android 's Dungeon store for $ 250 , but after hearing that Bleeding Gums is dead , Comic Book Guy doubles the price to $ 500 . Bart then walks in with his $ 500 to buy the ultimate pog with Steve Allen 's face . However , after remembering that Lisa was the only one who believed him about his stomachache , Bart decides to buy the album with his money . Lisa thanks him for it , but is worried he may never get the pog he wanted . Bart reassures her that he 's ok with it and reveals he got a better deal . He shows Lisa the new Krusty O 's cereal with flesh-eating bacteria prizes in every", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 352, "text": "bleeding gums murphy" } ], "id": "qg_187--'Round_Springfield.txt", "qid": "qg_187", "question": "What is the name of Lisa's saxophone playing mentor with the Faberge egg addiction?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton , MBE ( born 7 January 1985 ) is a British Formula One racing driver from England , currently racing for the Mercedes AMG Petronas team . He is the , and Formula One World Champion . \n \n In December 1995 , at the age of ten , he approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis at the Autosport Awards ceremony and told him , `` I want to race for you one day ... I want to race for McLaren . '' Less than three years later McLaren and Mercedes-Benz signed him to their Young Driver Support Programme . After winning the British Formula Renault , Formula Three Euroseries , and GP2 championships on his way up the racing career ladder , he drove for McLaren in 2007 , making his Formula One debut 12 years after his initial encounter with Dennis . Hamilton 's contract for the McLaren driver development program made him the youngest ever driver to secure a contract which later resulted in a Formula One drive . \n \n Coming from a mixed background , with a black father and white mother , Hamilton is often labelled `` the first black driver in Formula One '' , although Willy T. Ribbs tested a Formula One car in 1986 . \n \n In his first season in Formula One , Hamilton set numerous records while finishing second in the 2007 Formula One Championship , just one point behind Kimi Räikkönen . He won the World Championship the following season in dramatic fashion , becoming the then-youngest Formula One world champion in history before Sebastian Vettel broke the record two years later . Following his second world title in 2014 , he was named BBC Sports Personality of the Year . In 2015 , he became the first British driver in history to win consecutive F1 titles , and the second Brit to win three titles after Jackie Stewart . He also became the first English driver to reach that milestone . He is the only driver in the history of the sport to have won at least one race in each season he has competed to date , with McLaren from 2007 until 2012 , and with Mercedes since 2013 . He has more race victories than any other British driver in the history of Formula One and is currently third on the all-time wins list , with wins . \n \n Early life \n \n Hamilton was born on 7 January 1985 in Stevenage , Hertfordshire , England . Although widely reported as being named after American sprinter Carl Lewis , Hamilton states that this is not the case . Hamilton 's mother , Carmen ( Larbalestier ) , is white British , while his father , Anthony Hamilton , is black British , making him mixed-race ; Anthony Hamilton 's parents moved to the UK from Grenada in the 1950s . Lewis Hamilton 's parents separated when he was two ; as a result of this , he lived with his mother and half-sisters Nicola and Samantha until he was twelve , when he started living with his father , stepmother Linda and half-brother Nicolas , also a professional racing driver , who has cerebral palsy . In early 2011 , Nicolas signed with Total Control Racing to start a racing career in the 2011 Renault Clio Cup . Hamilton was raised a Roman Catholic . \n \n Hamilton 's father bought him a radio-controlled car in 1991 , which gave him his first taste of racing competition . Hamilton finished second in the national BRCA championship the following year . He said of the time : `` I was racing these remote-controlled cars and winning club championships against adults '' . As a result of this his father bought him his first go-kart as a Christmas present at the age of six . His father told him that he would support his racing career as long as he worked hard at school . Supporting his son became problematic , which caused him to take redundancy from his position as an IT Manager and become a contractor . He was sometimes employed in up to three jobs at a time , while still managing to find enough time to attend all Hamilton 's races . He later set up his own computer company as well as working as a full-time manager for Hamilton . Hamilton ended his working relationship with his father in early 2010 and subsequently signed a management deal in March 2011 with Simon Fuller 's firm XIX Entertainment . In November 2014 , Hamilton announced that he would not be renewing his management contract with Fuller . \n \n Hamilton was educated at The John Henry Newman", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1473, "text": "vettel" } ], "id": "sfq_11435--Lewis_Hamilton.txt", "qid": "sfq_11435", "question": "Who is the youngest driver to win a Formula 1 World Championship?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert ( 1836–1911 ) and the composer Arthur Sullivan ( 1842–1900 ) and to the works they jointly created . The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896 , of which H.M.S . Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known.Davis , Peter G. [ http : //nymag.com/nymetro/arts/music/classical/reviews/5596/ Smooth Sailing ] , New York magazine , 21 January 2002 , accessed 6 November 2007 \n \n Gilbert , who wrote the words , created fanciful `` topsy-turvy '' worlds for these operas where each absurdity is taken to its logical conclusion—fairies rub elbows with British lords , flirting is a capital offence , gondoliers ascend to the monarchy , and pirates emerge as noblemen who have gone astray.Leigh , Mike . [ http : //books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0 , ,1938719,00.html `` True anarchists '' ] , The Guardian , 4 November 2007 , accessed 6 November 2007 Sullivan , six years Gilbert 's junior , composed the music , contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos . \n \n Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world . Hewett , Ivan . \n [ http : //www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/5931987/The-magic-of-Gilbert-and-Sullivan.html `` The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan '' ] . The Telegraph , 2 August 2009 , accessed 14 April 2010 . Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century . [ Downs , Peter . `` Actors Cast Away Cares '' , Hartford Courant , 18 October 2006 The operas have also influenced political discourse , literature , film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humourists . Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration.Crowther , Andrew . [ http : //diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/articles/html/quarrel.html `` The Carpet Quarrel Explained '' ] , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 28 June 1997 , accessed 6 November 2007 He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works ( which came to be known as the Savoy Operas ) and founded the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivan 's works for over a century . \n \n Beginnings \n \n Gilbert before Sullivan \n \n Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836 . His father , William , was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories , some of which included illustrations by his son.Crowther , Andrew . [ http : //diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/gilbert/life/long_bio.html The Life of W. S. Gilbert , ] The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 . In 1861 , to supplement his income , the younger Gilbert began writing illustrated stories , poems and articles of his own , many of which would later be mined as inspiration for his plays and operas , particularly Gilbert 's series of illustrated poems , the Bab Ballads . \n \n In the Bab Ballads and his early plays , Gilbert developed a unique `` topsy-turvy '' style in which humour was derived by setting up a ridiculous premise and working out its logical consequences , however absurd . Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the `` Gilbertian '' style as follows : \n \n Gilbert developed his innovative theories on the art of stage direction , following theatrical reformer Tom Robertson . At the time Gilbert began writing , theatre in Britain was in disrepute . Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre , especially beginning with his six short family-friendly comic operas , or `` entertainments '' , for Thomas German Reed . \n \n At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments , Ages Ago ( 1869 ) , the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend , the young composer Arthur Sullivan.Crowther , Andrew . [ http : //diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/gilbert/plays/ages_ago/crowther_analysis.html Ages Ago—Early Days , ] The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 Two years later , Gilbert and Sullivan would write their first work together . Those two intervening years continued to shape Gilbert 's theatrical style . He continued to write humorous verse , stories and plays , including the comic operas Our Island Home ( 1870 ) and A Sensation Novel ( 1871 ) , and the blank verse comedies The Princess ( 1870 ) , The Palace of Truth ( 1870 ) , and Pygmalion and Galatea ( 1871 ) . \n \n Sullivan before Gilbert \n \n Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842 . His father was a military bandmaster , and by the time Arthur had", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_14726--Gilbert_and_Sullivan.txt", "qid": "sfq_14726", "question": "'The Witch's Curse' is the subtitle of which Gilbert and Sullivan operetta?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Norse mythology is the body of mythology of the North Germanic people stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period . The northernmost extension of Germanic mythology , Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities , beings , and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period , including medieval manuscripts , archaeological representations , and folk tradition . \n \n Numerous gods are mentioned in the source texts such as the hammer-wielding , humanity-protecting god Thor , who relentlessly pursues his foes ; the one-eyed , raven-flanked god Odin , who craftily pursues knowledge throughout the worlds and bestowed among humanity the runic alphabet ; the beautiful , seiðr-working , feathered cloak-clad goddess Freyja who rides to battle to choose among the slain ; the vengeful , skiing goddess Skaði , who prefers the wolf howls of the winter mountains to the seashore ; the powerful god Njörðr , who may calm both sea and fire and grant wealth and land ; the god Freyr , whose weather and farming associations bring peace and pleasure to humanity ; the goddess Iðunn , who keeps apples that grant eternal youthfulness ; the mysterious god Heimdall , who is born of nine mothers , can hear grass grow , has gold teeth , and possesses a resounding horn ; the jötunn Loki , who brings tragedy to the gods by engineering the death of the goddess Frigg 's beautiful son Balder ; and numerous other deities . \n \n Most of the surviving mythology centers on the plights of the gods and their interaction with various other beings , such as humanity and the jötnar , beings who may be friends , lovers , foes and/or family members of the gods . The cosmos in Norse mythology consist of Nine Worlds that flank a central cosmological tree , Yggdrasil . Units of time and elements of the cosmology are personified as deities or beings . Various forms of a creation myth are recounted , where the world is created from the flesh of the primordial being Ymir , and the first two humans are Ask and Embla . These worlds are foretold to be reborn after the events of Ragnarök , when an immense battle occurs between the gods and their enemies , and the world is enveloped in flames , only to be reborn anew . There the surviving gods will meet , and the land will be fertile and green , and two humans will repopulate the world . \n \n Norse mythology has been the subject of scholarly discourse since the 17th century , when key texts were brought to the attention of the intellectual circles of Europe . By way of comparative mythology and historical linguistics , scholars have identified elements of Germanic mythology reaching as far back as Proto-Indo-European mythology . In the modern period , the Romanticist Viking revival re-awoke an interest in the subject matter , and references to Norse mythology may now be found throughout modern popular culture . The myths have further been revived in a religious context among adherents of Germanic Neopaganism . \n \n Sources \n \n Norse mythology is primarily attested in dialects of Old Norse , a North Germanic language spoken by the Scandinavian peoples during the European Middle Ages , and the ancestor of modern Scandinavian languages . The majority of these Old Norse texts were created in Iceland , where the oral tradition stemming from the pre-Christian inhabitants of the island was collected and recorded in manuscripts . This occurred primarily in the 13th century . These texts include the Prose Edda , composed in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson , and the Poetic Edda , a collection of poems from earlier traditional material anonymously compiled in the 13th century . \n \n The Prose Edda was composed as a prose manual for producing skaldic poetry—traditional Old Norse poetry composed by skalds . Originally composed and transmitted orally , skaldic poetry utilizes alliterative verse , kennings , and various metrical forms . The Prose Edda presents numerous examples of works by various skalds from before and after the Christianization process and also frequently refers back to the poems found in the Poetic Edda . The Poetic Edda consists almost entirely of poems , with some prose narrative added , and this poetry—Eddic poetry—utilizes fewer kennings . In comparison to skaldic poetry , Eddic poetry is relatively unadorned . \n \n The Prose Edda features layers of euhemerization , a process in which deities and supernatural beings are presented as having been either actual , magic-wielding human beings who have been deified in time or beings demonized by", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_10673--Norse_mythology.txt", "qid": "odql_10673", "question": "In mythology, who or what was 'Mjolnir'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Martin Riggs is a fictional character from the Lethal Weapon franchise . He is played in all four films by Mel Gibson . On March 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Riggs would be played by Clayne Crawford in the pilot for the new Fox Television drama series . \n \n Originally a member of the Los Angeles Police Department 's Narcotics Division , upon being reassigned to the Homicide Division , he is partnered up with aging sergeant Roger Murtaugh . Riggs and Murtaugh remain partners throughout the film series . \n \n Career \n \n Military career \n \n Riggs joined the U.S. Army at age 19 , eventually becoming a member of the U.S. Army Special Forces , receiving specialized training in weaponry and hand-to-hand combat . These skills would later serve him well when he became a police officer . Most of Riggs ' time in special forces was in Vietnam , where he served as an assassin under the CIA 's `` Phoenix Project '' . The first time he became a killer when he shot a man to death with a sniper rifle from a distance in Laos , directive ; while his ability as a trained killer would later plague his conscience , he thought of it as `` ... the only thing I was ever really good at . '' \n \n Family \n \n In 1984 , Riggs ' wife , Victoria Lynn , dies in a car accident , sending him into a deep depression . Driven by grief to the brink of suicide , he regularly puts himself ( and anyone else near him ) in harm 's way , hoping someone will put him out of his misery . This total disregard for his own life makes him literally fearless , turning him into a `` Lethal Weapon '' . By the end of the first movie , however , he has resolved to keep living . In the second film , it is revealed that Victoria was actually murdered during an attempt on Riggs ' life . \n \n In the films \n \n In Lethal Weapon , Riggs is transferred from the narcotics division to the homicide division after a shooting incident . He is partnered with detective sergeant Roger Murtaugh in hopes that the older , more conservative veteran will keep him in line . After a rough start , the two become good friends , even though Riggs always gets on Murtaugh 's nerves . By the end of the first film , the two have worked together to rescue Murtaugh 's daughter , who had been kidnapped by drug lords and military mercenaries . \n \n In Lethal Weapon 2 , Riggs discovers some shocking details about his wife 's death . It is revealed that the South African crime lord Arjen Rudd that he and Murtaugh are pursuing had in fact ordered his death in 1984 , but his enforcer , Pieter Vorstedt , killed Victoria by mistake and , to cover their error , made the murder look like an automobile accident . After avenging the deaths of his wife and Rika van den Haas ( whom Riggs had briefly become involved with romantically before she too was murdered by Rudd and his minions ) , he is able to finally put his demons to rest and move on with his life . \n \n His badge reads : Detective LAPD ( not Detective Sgt ) badge number 5893 . \n \n He meets Sgt . Lorna Cole ( played by Rene Russo ) , an internal affairs officer , in Lethal Weapon 3 during an investigation into the disappearance of weapons from L.A.P.D . impound . The two hit it off , and work closely together to clear Murtaugh 's name after he is forced to kill a friend of his son 's in self-defense . The two end up falling in love , and move in together after the end of the film . \n \n In Lethal Weapon 4 , Riggs and Cole are still living together , and Cole is pregnant with their child , but they have dodged the issue of marriage . Both Riggs and Murtaugh are promoted to Captain by the fourth film in order to keep them out of trouble , but by the end of the movie their status is returned to Sergeant . At the end of the film , Riggs makes peace with Vicki 's death , and marries Cole , while she is giving birth to Riggs ' son . \n \n Television Pilot \n \n In a March 10 , 2016 newspaper article , the plot for the television pilot is as follows : `` when", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "lethal weapon" } ], "id": "qz_2570--Martin_Riggs.txt", "qid": "qz_2570", "question": "Martin Riggs is a police officer in which series of films?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound . Most often , they are crystalline and abiogenic in origin . A mineral is different from a rock , which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition . The exact definition of a mineral is under debate , especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic , and to a lesser extent with regard to it having an ordered atomic structure . The study of minerals is called mineralogy . \n \n There are over 5,300 known mineral species ; over 5,070 of these have been approved by the International Mineralogical Association ( IMA ) . The silicate minerals compose over 90 % of the Earth 's crust . The diversity and abundance of mineral species is controlled by the Earth 's chemistry . Silicon and oxygen constitute approximately 75 % of the Earth 's crust , which translates directly into the predominance of silicate minerals . Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties . Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish various species , and these properties in turn are influenced by the mineral 's geological environment of formation . Changes in the temperature , pressure , or bulk composition of a rock mass cause changes in its minerals . \n \n Minerals can be described by various physical properties which relate to their chemical structure and composition . Common distinguishing characteristics include crystal structure and habit , hardness , lustre , diaphaneity , colour , streak , tenacity , cleavage , fracture , parting , and specific gravity . More specific tests for minerals include magnetism , taste or smell , radioactivity and reaction to acid . \n \n Minerals are classified by key chemical constituents ; the two dominant systems are the Dana classification and the Strunz classification . The silicate class of minerals is subdivided into six subclasses by the degree of polymerization in the chemical structure . All silicate minerals have a base unit of a [ SiO4 ] 4− silica tetrahedron—that is , a silicon cation coordinated by four oxygen anions , which gives the shape of a tetrahedron . These tetrahedra can be polymerized to give the subclasses : orthosilicates ( no polymerization , thus single tetrahedra ) , disilicates ( two tetrahedra bonded together ) , cyclosilicates ( rings of tetrahedra ) , inosilicates ( chains of tetrahedra ) , phyllosilicates ( sheets of tetrahedra ) , and tectosilicates ( three-dimensional network of tetrahedra ) . Other important mineral groups include the native elements , sulfides , oxides , halides , carbonates , sulfates , and phosphates . \n \n Definition \n \n Basic definition \n \n The general definition of a mineral encompasses the following criteria : \n \n # Naturally occurring \n # Stable at room temperature \n # Represented by a chemical formula \n # Usually abiogenic ( not resulting from the activity of living organisms ) \n # Ordered atomic arrangement \n \n The first three general characteristics are less debated than the last two . The first criterion means that a mineral has to form by a natural process , which excludes anthropogenic compounds . Stability at room temperature , in the simplest sense , is synonymous to the mineral being solid . More specifically , a compound has to be stable or metastable at 25 °C . Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury , which crystallizes at −39 °C , and water ice , which is solid only below 0 °C ; as these two minerals were described prior to 1959 , they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association ( IMA ) . Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals , which also extensively involve mineralogy . Minerals are chemical compounds , and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula . Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution ; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution . For example , the olivine group is described by the variable formula ( Mg , Fe ) 2SiO4 , which is a solid solution of two end-member species , magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite , which are described by a fixed chemical formula . Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions , such as the sulfide mackinawite , ( Fe , Ni ) 9S8 , which is mostly a ferrous sulfide , but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula . \n \n The requirement that a valid mineral species be abiogenic has also been described as similar to being inorganic ; however , this criterion is imprecise", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "dpql_5719--Mineral.txt", "qid": "dpql_5719", "question": "Of which aluminium oxide mineral are ruby and sapphire among the coloured varieties?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London . They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music . Distinguished by their use of philosophical lyrics , sonic experimentation , extended compositions and elaborate live shows , they are one of the most commercially successful and influential groups in the history of popular music . \n \n Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar , Nick Mason on drums , Roger Waters on bass , and Richard Wright on keyboards . They gained popularity performing in London 's underground music scene during the late 1960s , and under Barrett 's leadership released two charting singles and a successful debut album , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) . Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967 ; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health . Waters became the band 's primary lyricist and eventually their dominant songwriter , devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) , Animals ( 1977 ) , The Wall ( 1979 ) and The Final Cut ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the best-selling albums of all time . \n \n Following creative tensions , Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979 , followed by Waters in 1985 . Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd ; Wright rejoined them as a session musician and , later , a band member . The three produced two more albums , A Momentary Lapse of Reason ( 1987 ) and The Division Bell ( 1994 ) , and toured until 1994 . After nearly two decades of acrimony , Pink Floyd reunited with Waters in 2005 for a performance at the global awareness event Live 8 , but Gilmour and Waters have since stated they have no plans to reunite as a band again . Barrett died in 2006 and Wright in 2008 . The final Pink Floyd studio album , The Endless River ( 2014 ) , was recorded without Waters and largely based on unreleased material from 1993–94 . \n \n Pink Floyd were inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 , and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 . By 2013 , the band had sold more than 250 million records worldwide , including 75 million certified units in the United States . \n \n 1963–67 : Early years \n \n Formation \n \n Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street . They first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Noble 's sister Sheilagh . Richard Wright , a fellow architecture student , joined later that year , and the group became a sextet named Sigma 6 . Waters played lead guitar , Mason drums , and Wright rhythm guitar ( since there was rarely an available keyboard ) . The band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic . They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter , fellow student Ken Chapman . \n \n In September 1963 , Waters and Mason moved into a flat at 39 Stanhope Gardens near Crouch End in London , owned by Mike Leonard , a part-time tutor at the nearby Hornsey College of Art and the Regent Street Polytechnic . Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year , and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964 , prompting Waters ' switch to bass . Sigma 6 went through several names , including the Meggadeaths , the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs , Leonard 's Lodgers , and the Spectrum Five , before settling on the Tea Set . In 1964 , as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band , guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens . Barrett , two years younger , had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts . Waters and Barrett were childhood friends ; Waters had often visited Barrett and watched him play guitar at Barrett 's mother 's house . Mason said about Barrett : `` In a period when everyone was being cool in a very adolescent , self-conscious way , Syd was unfashionably outgoing ; my enduring memory of our first encounter is the fact that he bothered to come up and introduce himself to me . '' \n \n Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963 , and Klose introduced", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_10014--Pink_Floyd.txt", "qid": "qw_10014", "question": "Who sang, backed by U2, as the first song in the Live 8 concert in Hyde Park, London, in 2005?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A short story is a piece of prose fiction , which can be read in one sitting . Emerging from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th century , the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization . At its most prototypical the short story features a small cast of named characters , and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent of evoking a `` single effect '' or mood . In doing so , short stories make use of plot , resonance , and other dynamic components to a far greater degree than is typical of an anecdote , yet to a far lesser degree than a novel . While the short story is largely distinct from the novel , authors of both generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques . \n \n Short stories have no set length . In terms of word count there is no official demarcation between an anecdote , a short story , and a novel . Rather , the form 's parameters are given by the rhetorical and practical context in which a given story is produced and considered , so that what constitutes a short story may differ between genres , countries , eras , and commentators . Like the novel , the short story 's predominant shape reflects the demands of the available markets for publication , and the evolution of the form seems closely tied to the evolution of the publishing industry and the submission guidelines of its constituent houses . \n \n The short story has been considered both an apprenticeship form preceding more lengthy works , and a crafted form in its own right , collected together in books of similar length , price , and distribution as novels . Short story writers may define their works as part of the artistic and personal expression of the form . They may also attempt to resist categorization by genre and fixed formation . \n \n Length \n \n Determining what exactly separates a short story from longer fictional formats is problematic . A classic definition of a short story is that one should be able to read it in one sitting , a point most notably made in Edgar Allan Poe 's essay `` Thomas Le Moineau ( Le Moile ) '' ( 1846 ) . Interpreting this standard nowadays is problematic , since the expected length of `` one sitting '' may now be briefer than it was in Poe 's era . Other definitions place the maximum word count of the short story at anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 . In contemporary usage , the term short story most often refers to a work of fiction no shorter than 1,000 and no longer than 20,000 words . Stories of fewer than 1,000 words are sometimes referred to as `` short short stories '' , or `` flash fiction . '' \n \n As a point of reference for the genre writer , the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America define short story length in the Nebula Awards for science fiction submission guidelines as having a word count of fewer than 7,500 . \n \n Longer stories that can not be called novels are sometimes considered `` novellas '' or novelettes and , like short stories , may be collected into the more marketable form of `` collections '' , often containing previously unpublished stories . Sometimes , authors who do not have the time or money to write a novella or novel decide to write short stories instead , working out a deal with a popular website or magazine to publish them for profit . \n \n Characteristics \n \n As a concentrated form of narrative prose fiction , the short story has been theorised through the traditional elements of dramatic structure : exposition ( the introduction of setting , situation and main characters ) , complication ( the event that introduces the conflict ) , rising action , crisis ( the decisive moment for the protagonist and his commitment to a course of action ) , climax ( the point of highest interest in terms of the conflict and the point with the most action ) and resolution ( the point when the conflict is resolved ) . Because of their length , short stories may or may not follow this pattern . For example , modern short stories only occasionally have an exposition , more typically beginning in the middle of the action ( in medias res ) . As with longer stories , plots of short stories also have a climax , crisis , or turning point . However , the endings of many short stories are abrupt and open", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qf_1101--Short_story.txt", "qid": "qf_1101", "question": "The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by which English author?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Woodentops is a children 's television series first shown on BBC Television in 1955 . [ http : //www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/443746/index.html BFI Screen Online : The Woodentops ( 1955-1957 ) ] [ http : //www.toonhound.com/woodentop.htm Toonhound - The Woodentops ] Created by Freda Lingstrom and Maria Bird , it featured on the Friday edition of Watch with Mother . The main characters are the members of a middle-class family living on a farm . The aim of the programme was to teach pre-school children about family life . \n \n Puppet characters \n \n * Daddy Woodentop \n * Mummy Woodentop \n * Jenny Woodentop \n * Willy Woodentop \n * Baby Woodentop \n * Spotty Dog ( `` the very biggest spotty dog you ever did see '' ) \n The children , Jenny and Willy , were twins . They spoke , walked and did many things together . \n \n Other characters included : \n * Mrs Scrubbitt ( who comes to `` help '' Mrs Woodentop ) \n * Sam Scrubbitt ( who helps Daddy Woodentop with the animals ) \n * Buttercup the Cow \n \n Cast \n \n Scripts and music : Maria Bird \n Puppeteers : Audrey Atterbury , Molly Gibson and Gordon Murray \n Voices : Eileen Browne , Josephina Ray , Peter Hawkins \n Designs : Barbara Jones \n \n Episodes \n \n 1 . Introduction ( 9 September 1955 ) 2 . Boats and Pigs 3 . Horse4 . Spotty ’ s Paw5 . Spotty ’ s Sheep6 . Spotty ’ s Joke7 . Dog Washing8 . Injured Bird9 . Bird Set Free10 . Twins ’ Holiday11 . Soap Box12 . Baby ’ s Bath13 . Surprises14 . Show15 . Party16 . Buttercup17 . Belling the Cow18 . Hayfield19 . Horse Shoe ( 14 March 1958 ) 20 . Steam Roller21 . Geese22 . Ducks23 . Pram24 . Dinner Bell25 . Sacks26 . Paper Hats \n \n Production \n \n The Woodentops was filmed in a tin shed at the BBC 's Lime Grove Studios . The narrator/storyteller for all episodes , who also provided the dialogue for Mummy Woodentop , was Maria Bird who , typical of BBC presenters of the time , spoke with Received Pronunciation . Daddy Woodentop , being a farmer , spoke with a noticeable West Country accent . \n \n Although set on a farm , at an unspecified location , each episode began with the whole family being introduced as they sat in front of a tall curtain , apparently on a stage . Episodes closed with the family grouped in the same pose , with the word `` GOODBYE '' superimposed above . \n \n The music at the beginning and end of each story is taken from the 22nd piece ( `` So lokka me over den myra '' ) of the set of 25 Norwegian folk songs and dances for piano , Opus 17 by Edvard Grieg . This music , which is quite short in duration , is called `` Kulokk '' , which translates to `` Cattle-Call '' . It is divided into two sections , the first of which is used for the introduction and the second part for the end of each story . It occasionally appears as a leitmotif in the stories , hummed by Mummy Woodentop from time to time . \n \n In 1983 the original puppets were stolen from the BBC . They were spotted a year later in an auction room in London and returned . The puppets are now in the Museum of London 's permanent collection . \n \n The Official BBC Children in Need Medley \n \n In 2009 the Woodentops appeared in The Official BBC Children in Need Medley music video which reached No.1 in the UK singles chart . Daddy & Mummy Woodentop appeared in the video , Jenny appears on the front cover of the CD & DVD but not in the music video .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 984, "text": "buttercup" } ], "id": "sfq_23508--The_Woodentops_(TV_series).txt", "qid": "sfq_23508", "question": "in the BBC Children’s TV programme The Woodentops, what was the name of the cow who lived on their farm?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "France ( French : ) , officially the French Republic ( ) , is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . France spans 643801 km2 and has a total population of 66.7 million . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . \n \n France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralization . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day . \n \n In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and the colonies in Indochina became independent in the 1950s after long , bloody wars . Nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic and military connections with France . \n \n France has long been a global center of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's third-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites ( after Italy and Spain ) and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being a founding member of the United Nations , where it serves as one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council , and a founding and leading member state of the European Union ( EU ) . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie . \n \n Etymology \n \n Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire , the name `` France '' comes from the Latin ' , or `` country of the Franks '' . Modern France is still named today Francia in Italian and Spanish , Frankreich in German and Frankrijk in Dutch , all of which have the same historical meaning . \n \n There are various theories as to the origin of the name Frank . Following the precedents of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm , the name of the Franks has been linked with the word frank ( free ) in English . It has been suggested that the meaning of `` free '' was adopted because , after the conquest of Gaul , only Franks were free of taxation .", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qb_8739--France.txt", "qid": "qb_8739", "question": "During which year did the Channel Tunnel, between England and France, open?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Pope ( from pappas , a child 's word for `` father '' ) is the Bishop of Rome and the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter , to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of `` binding and loosing '' , naming him as the `` rock '' upon which the church would be built . The current pope is Francis , who was elected on 13 March 2013 , succeeding Benedict XVI . [ http : //hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_VATICAN_POPE ? SITEAP & SECTION \n HOME & TEMPLATEDEFAULT & CTIME \n 2013-03-13-14-10-46 News from The Associated Press ] \n \n The office of the Pope is the papacy . His ecclesiastical jurisdiction , the Diocese of Rome , is often called `` the Holy See '' or `` the Apostolic See '' , the latter name being based upon the belief that the Bishop of Rome is the successor of Peter the Apostle . The pope is considered one of the world 's most powerful people because of his diplomatic and cultural influence . He is also head of state of Vatican City , a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within the Italian capital city of Rome . \n \n The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history . The popes in ancient times helped in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes . In the Middle Ages , they played a role of secular importance in Western Europe , often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs . Currently , in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and doctrine , the popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialog , charitable work , and the defense of human rights . \n \n Popes , who originally had no temporal powers , in some periods of history accrued wide powers similar to those of temporal rulers . In recent centuries , popes were gradually forced to give up temporal power , and papal authority is now once again almost exclusively restricted to matters of religion . Over the centuries , papal claims of spiritual authority have been ever more firmly expressed , culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for rare occasions when the pope speaks ex cathedra—literally `` from the chair ( of Saint Peter ) '' —to issue a formal definition of faith or morals . \n \n History \n \n Title and etymology \n \n The word pope derives from Greek πάππας meaning `` father '' . In the early centuries of Christianity , this title was applied , especially in the east , to all bishops and other senior clergy , and later became reserved in the west to the Bishop of Rome , a reservation made official only in the 11th century . The earliest record of the use of this title was in regard to the by then deceased Patriarch of Alexandria , Pope Heraclas of Alexandria ( 232–248 ) . The earliest recorded use of the title `` pope '' in English dates to the mid-10th century , when it was used in reference to Pope Vitalian in an Old English translation of Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum . \n \n Position within the Church \n \n The Catholic Church teaches that the pastoral office , the office of shepherding the Church , that was held by the apostles , as a group or `` college '' with Saint Peter at their head , is now held by their successors , the bishops , with the bishop of Rome ( the pope ) at their head . \n \n The Catholic Church teaches that Jesus personally appointed Peter as leader of the Church and in its dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium makes a clear distinction between apostles and bishops , presenting the latter as the successors of the former , with the pope as successor of Peter in that he is head of the bishops as Peter was head of the apostles . Some historians have argued that the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome and founded the episcopal see there can be traced back no earlier than the 3rd century . The writings of the Church Father Irenaeus who wrote around AD 180 reflect a belief that Peter `` founded and organised '' the Church at Rome . Moreover , Irenaeus was not the first to write of Peter 's presence in the early Roman Church . Clement of Rome wrote in a letter to the Corinthians , c.", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "dpql_4614--Pope.txt", "qid": "dpql_4614", "question": "Part of the Pope’s regalia, what is the more common name for the Piscatory Ring?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland ) is an 1865 novel written by English mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll . It tells of a girl named \n Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar , anthropomorphic creatures . The tale plays with logic , giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children . It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre . Its narrative course and structure , characters and imagery have been enormously influential in both popular culture and literature , especially in the fantasy genre . \n \n Background \n \n Alice was published in 1865 , three years after Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed a boat up the Isis on 4 July 1862 ( this popular date of the `` golden afternoon '' might be a confusion or even another Alice-tale , for that particular day was cool , cloudy , and rainy ) with the three young daughters of Henry Liddell ( the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church ) : Lorina Charlotte Liddell ( aged 13 , born 1849 , `` Prima '' in the book 's prefatory verse ) ; Alice Pleasance Liddell ( aged 10 , born 1852 , `` Secunda '' in the prefatory verse ) ; Edith Mary Liddell ( aged 8 , born 1853 , `` Tertia '' in the prefatory verse ) . \n \n The journey began at Folly Bridge in Oxford and ended 3 miles ( 5 km ) north-west in the village of Godstow . During the trip , Dodgson told the girls a story that featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure . The girls loved it , and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her . He began writing the manuscript of the story the next day , although that earliest version no longer exists . The girls and Dodgson took another boat trip a month later when he elaborated the plot to the story of Alice , and in November he began working on the manuscript in earnest.Carpenter , p. 57 \n \n To add the finishing touches , he researched natural history for the animals presented in the book , and then had the book examined by other children—particularly the children of George MacDonald . He added his own illustrations but approached John Tenniel to illustrate the book for publication , telling him that the story had been well liked by children . \n \n On 26 November 1864 , he gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice 's Adventures Under Ground , with illustrations by Dodgson himself , dedicating it as `` A Christmas Gift to a Dear Child in Memory of a Summer 's Day '' . Some , including Martin Gardner , speculate that there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson when he wrote a more elaborate copy by hand . \n \n But before Alice received her copy , Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500-word original to 27,500 words , most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party . \n \n Plot \n \n Chapter One – Down the Rabbit Hole : Alice is feeling bored and drowsy while sitting on the riverbank with her older sister , who is reading a book with no pictures or conversations . She then notices a White Rabbit wearing a waistcoat and pocket watch , talking to itself as it runs past . She follows it down a rabbit hole , but suddenly falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes . She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit through , but through it she sees an attractive garden . She then discovers a bottle on a table labelled `` DRINK ME '' , the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key , which she has left on the table . She eats a cake with `` EAT ME '' written on it in currants as the chapter closes . \n \n Chapter Two – The Pool of Tears : Chapter Two opens with Alice growing to such a tremendous size that her head hits the ceiling . Alice is unhappy and , as she cries , her tears flood the hallway . After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up , Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse , who is swimming as well . She", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "math" } ], "id": "bt_2686--Alice's_Adventures_in_Wonderland.txt", "qid": "bt_2686", "question": "Lewis Carroll the author of the Alice stories was an Oxford don, what was his subject" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Friends is an American television sitcom , created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , which originally aired on NBC from September 22 , 1994 , to May 6 , 2004 , lasting ten seasons . With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer , the show revolves around six friends living in Manhattan . The series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright , Marta Kauffman , and David Crane . \n \n Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993 . They presented the idea to Bright , and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC . After several script rewrites and changes , including a title change to Friends Like Us , the series was finally named Friends . \n \n Filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings ; ultimately reaching the No . 1 spot with its eighth season . The series finale on May 6 , 2004 , was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers , making it the fifth most watched series finale in television history , and the most watched television episode of the 2000s decade . \n \n Friends received acclaim throughout its run , becoming one of the most popular television shows of all time . The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season . The show ranked no . 21 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time and no . 7 on Empire magazine 's The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 1997 , the episode `` The One with the Prom Video '' was ranked no . 100 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time . In 2013 , Friends ranked no . 24 on the Writers Guild of America 's 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time and no . 28 on TV Guide 's 60 Best TV Series of All Time . \n \n Premise \n \n Rachel Green flees her wedding day and seeks out childhood friend Monica Geller , a New York City chef . They become roommates , and Rachel joins Monica 's social circle of single people in their mid-20s : struggling actor Joey Tribbiani , business professional Chandler Bing , masseuse and musician Phoebe Buffay , and newly divorced paleontologist Ross Geller , Monica 's older brother . To support herself , Rachel becomes a waitress at Central Perk , a Manhattan coffeehouse where the group often hangs out ; when not there , the six are usually at Monica and Rachel 's nearby West Village apartment , or Joey and Chandler 's across the hall . \n \n Episodes typically depict the friends ' comedic and romantic adventures and career issues , such as Joey auditioning for roles or Rachel seeking jobs in the fashion industry . The six characters each have many dates and serious relationships , such as Monica with Richard Burke and Ross with Emily Waltham . Ross and Rachel 's intermittent relationship is the most often-recurring storyline ; during the ten seasons of the show they repeatedly date and break up , even while Ross briefly marries Emily , he and Rachel have a child , Chandler and Monica date and marry each other , and Phoebe marries Mike Hannigan . Other frequently recurring characters include Ross and Monica 's parents in Long Island , Ross 's ex-wife and their son , Central Perk barista Gunther , Chandler 's ex-girlfriend Janice , and Phoebe 's twin sister Ursula . \n \n Characters \n \n The series featured six main characters throughout its run : \n \n * Jennifer Aniston portrays Rachel Green , a fashion enthusiast and Monica Geller 's best friend from childhood . Rachel first moves in with Monica in season one after nearly marrying Barry Farber , whom she realizes she does not love . Rachel and Ross Geller are later involved in an on-again-off-again relationship throughout the series . Rachel dates other men during the series , such as an Italian neighbor , Paolo , in season one ; Joshua Bergin , a client from Bloomingdale 's , in season four ; Tag Jones , her assistant , in season seven ; and Joey Tribbiani in season ten . Rachel ’ s first job is as a waitress at the coffeehouse Central Perk , but she later becomes", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 638, "text": "insomnia cafe" } ], "id": "wh_415--Friends.txt", "qid": "wh_415", "question": "Insomnia Cafe was the original working title of which famous American comedy series?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . With a U.S. Census Bureau-estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just 305 sqmi , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . A global power city , New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . \n \n Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of New York State . The five boroughs – Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States , and as many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . By 2015 estimates , the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States , as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area ( 20.2 million residents ) and the Combined Statistical Area ( 23.7 million residents ) . In 2013 , the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of nearly US $ 1.39 trillion , while in 2012 , the CSA generated a GMP of over US $ 1.55 trillion , both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve and eleven countries , respectively . \n \n New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 . New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 . It has been the country 's largest city since 1790 . The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy . In the 21st century , New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship , social tolerance , and environmental sustainability . \n \n Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known , and the city received a record of nearly 60 million tourists in 2015 , hosting three of the world 's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world . Times Square , iconic as the world 's `` heart '' and its `` Crossroads '' , is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , one of the world 's busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world 's entertainment industry . The names of many of the city 's bridges , skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Manhattan 's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . Manhattan 's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere , with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city . Providing continuous 24/7 service , the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with stations in operation . New York City 's higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities , including Columbia University , New York University , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world . \n \n History \n \n Etymology and early history \n \n During", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "tb_1804--New_York_City.txt", "qid": "tb_1804", "question": "If the Julliard School is to New York, the Berklee College of Music is to which city?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Robbie Coltrane , ( born Anthony Robert McMillan ; 30 March 1950 ) is a Scottish actor , comedian and author . He is known for his roles as Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films , as Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky in the James Bond films GoldenEye and The World Is Not Enough , and as Dr. Eddie `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald in the British TV series Cracker during the 1990s . \n \n Early life and education \n \n Coltrane was born Anthony Robert McMillan in Rutherglen , South Lanarkshire , Scotland , the son of Jean Ross ( née Howie ) , a teacher and pianist , and Ian Baxter McMillan , a general practitioner who also served as a forensic police surgeon . He has an older sister , Annie , and a younger sister , Jane . Coltrane is the great-grandson of Scottish businessman Thomas W. Howie and the nephew of businessman Forbes Howie . \n \n He was educated at Glenalmond College , an independent school in Perthshire , from which he was nearly expelled after hanging the prefects ' gowns from the school clocktower . Though he later described his experiences there as deeply unhappy , he played for the rugby First XV , was head of the school 's debating society and won prizes for his art . From Glenalmond , Coltrane went on to Glasgow School of Art , where he was ridiculed for `` having an accent like Prince Charles '' ( which he quickly disposed of , though not before gaining the nickname `` Lord Fauntleroy '' ) , and thereafter the Moray House College of Education ( part of the University of Edinburgh ) in Edinburgh , Scotland . \n \n Coltrane later called for private schools to be banned and used to be known as `` Red Robbie '' , rebelling against his conservative upbringing through involvement with Amnesty International , Greenpeace , the Labour Party , and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . \n \n Career \n \n Coltrane moved into acting in his early twenties , taking the stage name Coltrane ( in tribute to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane ) and working in theatre and comedy . Appearing in the 1981 BBC television comedy series A Kick Up the Eighties , his comic skills also brought him roles in the The Comic Strip Presents ( 1982 ) series and the comedy sketch shows Alfresco ( 1983–1984 ) and Laugh ? ? ? I Nearly Paid My Licence Fee ( 1984 ) . \n \n Coltrane moved into roles in films such as Flash Gordon ( 1980 ) , Death Watch ( 1980 ) , Balham , Gateway to the South ( 1981 ) , Scrubbers ( 1983 ) , Krull ( 1983 ) , The Supergrass ( 1985 ) , Defence of the Realm ( 1985 ) , Absolute Beginners ( 1986 ) , Mona Lisa ( 1986 ) and appeared as `` Annabelle '' in The Fruit Machine ( 1988 ) . On television , he also appeared in The Young Ones , Tutti Frutti ( 1987 ) , as Samuel Johnson in Blackadder ( 1987 ) ( a role he later reprised in the more serious Boswell and Johnson 's Tour of the Western Islands ( 1993 ) ) , and in a number of stand-up and sketch comedy shows . He played the part of Falstaff in Kenneth Branagh 's Henry V ( 1989 ) He co-starred with Eric Idle in Nuns on the Run ( 1990 ) , and played the Pope in The Pope Must Die ( 1991 ) . He also played a would-be private detective obsessed with Humphrey Bogart in the TV play The Bogie Man . \n \n His roles continued in the 1990s with the TV series Cracker ( 1993–1996 , returning in 2006 for a one-off special ) , in which he starred as forensic psychologist Dr. Edward `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald . The role won him three BAFTA awards . \n \n Roles in bigger films followed ; the James Bond films GoldenEye ( 1995 ) and The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) , a supporting role in From Hell ( 2001 ) , as well as half-giant Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films ( 2001–2011 ) . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , had Coltrane at the top of her list to play Hagrid and , when asked whom she would like to see in the role , responded `` Robbie Coltrane for Hagrid '' in one quick breath . \n \n Coltrane has also presented a number of documentary programmes for the British ITV network based around his twin passions for travel and transportation . Coltrane", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2652, "text": "tutti frutti" } ], "id": "sfq_22903--Robbie_Coltrane.txt", "qid": "sfq_22903", "question": "Which TV series was about a pop group called The Majestics featuring Robbie Coltrane and Emma Thompson?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Cassiopeia ( Κασσιόπεια ) , also Cassiepeia ( Κασσιέπεια ) , is the name of several figures in Greek mythology . \n \n Wife of Cepheus \n \n The Queen Cassiopeia , wife of king Cepheus of Æthiopia , was beautiful but also arrogant and vain ; these latter two characteristics led to her downfall . In some sources she was the daughter of Coronus and Zeuxo . \n \n Her name in Greek is , Kassiope ; other variants of the name in Greek are , Kassiopeia and , Kassiepeia . \n \n The boast of Cassiopeia was that both she and her daughter Andromeda were more beautiful than all the Nereids , the nymph-daughters of the sea god Nereus . This brought the wrath of Poseidon , ruling god of the sea , upon the kingdom of Ethiopia . \n \n Accounts differ as to whether Poseidon decided to flood the whole country or direct the sea monster Cetus to destroy it . In either case , trying to save their kingdom , Cepheus and Cassiopeia consulted a wise oracle , who told them that the only way to appease the sea gods was to sacrifice their daughter . \n \n Accordingly , Andromeda was chained to a rock at the sea 's edge and left there to helplessly await her fate at the hands of the sea monster Cetus . But the hero Perseus arrived in time , killed Cetus , saved Andromeda and ultimately became her husband . \n \n Since Poseidon thought that Cassiopeia should not escape punishment , he placed her in the heavens chained to a throne in such a position that referenced Andromeda 's ordeal . As she circles the celestial pole in her throne , she is upside-down half the time . The constellation resembles the chair that originally represented an instrument of torture . Cassiopeia is not always represented tied to the chair in torment , in some later drawings she is holding a mirror , symbol of her vanity , while in others she holds a palm leaf , a symbolism that is not clear . \n \n As it is near the pole star , the constellation Cassiopeia can be seen the whole year from the northern hemisphere , although sometimes upside down . \n \n Wife of Phoenix \n \n A different Cassiopeia or Cassiepeia was a daughter of Arabus and the wife of King Phoenix , according to Hesiod . She is given as the mother of the hero Atymnius , by either her husband or the god Zeus . Other accounts also claim she was the mother , by Phoenix , of Phineus and Carme , although the latter is more often said to be a daughter of Eubuleus , a Cretan .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 526, "text": "andromeda" } ], "id": "qw_6977--Cassiopeia_(mythology).txt", "qid": "qw_6977", "question": "\"What constellation is sometimes called \"\"the Chained Lady\"\", \"\"the Chained Woman\"\" \"\"Perseus's wife\"\" or \"\"Cepheus's daughter\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance ( O.C.S.O . : Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae ) is a Roman Catholic religious order of cloistered contemplative monastics who follow the Rule of St. Benedict . A branch of the Order of Cistercians , they have communities of both monks and nuns , commonly referred to as Trappists and Trappistines , respectively . \n \n History \n \n The order takes its name from La Trappe Abbey or La Grande Trappe , located in the French province of Normandy . A reform movement began there in 1664 , in reaction to the relaxation of practices in many Cistercian monasteries . Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé , originally the commendatory abbot of La Trappe , led the reform . As commendatory abbot , de Rancé was a layman who obtained income from the monastery but had no religious obligations . After a conversion of life between 1660 and 1662 , de Rancé formally joined the abbey and became its regular abbot in 1663 . In 1892 the reformed `` Trappists '' broke away from the Cistercian order and formed an independent monastic order with the approval of the pope . \n \n Monastic life \n \n The Rule of St. Benedict , written in the sixth century , guides the lives of Trappists . The Rule describes the ideals and values of a monastic life . \n \n `` Strict Observance '' refers to the Trappists ' goal of following closely St. Benedict 's Rule and taking the three vows described in his Rule ( c. 58 ) : stability , fidelity to monastic life , and obedience . Benedict 's insistence on lack of speech has some impact on their way of life , though ( contrary to popular belief ) they do not take a vow of silence . \n Trappist monks generally speak only when necessary ; thus idle talk is strongly discouraged . According to St. Benedict , speech disturbs a disciple 's quietude and receptivity , and may tempt one to exercise one 's own will instead of the will of God . Speech that leads to unkind amusement or laughter is seen as evil and is banned . A Trappist sign language , distinct from other forms of monastic sign language , has developed to render speaking unnecessary . Meals are usually taken in contemplative silence as members of the order are supposed to listen to a reading . \n \n Comparing with the Benedictines and the Cistercians , Trappists fully abstain from meat as regards `` four footed animals '' . While living as vegetarians , they may sometimes eat fish and their diet mostly consist of `` vegetables , beans , and grain products '' . \n \n Though each monastery is autonomous and may have different rules , generally the stages to enter the Trappist life can be described as follows : \n * Candidate/observership : candidates or observers visit a monastery and consult the vocation director and/or the superior to help them discern their vocation . Usually they will be asked to live in the monastery for a short period of time , at least one month . \n * Postulancy : candidates live as a member of the monastery as a postulant for some months , they are guided by the novice director . \n * Novitiate : postulants will be clothed with the monastic habit and are formally received as a member of this order . Novices are still guided by the novice director , and they undergo this stage for two years . \n * After novitiate , novices may take temporary vows . They will live this stage for three to nine years to deepen study , practicing the Gospel in the monastic way and integration within the society . \n * After finishing the previous stage , the professed members may take final vows for their entire life . \n \n Goods produced \n \n The 48th chapter of the Rule of St. Benedict states `` for then are they monks in truth , if they live by the work of their hands '' . \n \n Following this rule , most Trappist monasteries produce goods that are sold to provide income for the monastery . The goods produced range from cheese , bread and other foodstuffs to clothing and coffins , though they are most famous for their beers , which are unique within the beer world , and are lauded for their high quality and flavour . As the order does not require abstinence from alcohol , some monasteries produce and sell alcoholic beverages . Monasteries in Belgium and the Netherlands , such as Orval Abbey and Westvleteren Abbey , brew beer both for", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3990, "text": "beer" } ], "id": "jp_822--Trappists.txt", "qid": "jp_822", "question": "What product do Trappist monks in Belgium and the Netherlands famously sell?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ferenc Molnár ( birthname Ferenc Neumann ; 12 January 1878 - 1 April 1952 ) was a Hungarian-born dramatist and novelist who adopted American citizenship . Molnár was born in Budapest.A Dictionary of Twentieth Century World Biography . United Kingdom : Book Club Associates , 1992 , p. 395 . He emigrated to the United States to escape persecution of Hungarian Jews during World War II . \n \n Writing \n \n As a novelist , Molnár may best be remembered for The Paul Street Boys , the story of two rival gangs of youths in Budapest . It was ranked second in a poll of favorite books as part of the Hungarian version of Big Read in 2005 and has been made into feature films on several different occasions . His most popular plays are Liliom ( 1909 , tr . 1921 ) , later adapted into a musical ( Carousel ) ; The Guardsman ( 1910 , tr . 1924 ) , which served as the basis of the film of the same name , which starred Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne ( 1931 ) ; and The Swan ( 1920 , tr . 1922 ) . His 1918 film , The Devil , was adapted three years later for American audiences , starring George Arliss in his first nationally released film . The 1956 film version of The Swan ( which had been filmed twice before ) was Grace Kelly 's penultimate film , and was released on the day of her wedding to Prince Rainier . \n \n Two of Molnár 's plays have been adapted for other media : The Good Fairy , was adapted by Preston Sturges and filmed in 1935 with Margaret Sullavan , and subsequently turned into the 1947 Deanna Durbin vehicle , I 'll Be Yours . ( It also served as the basis for the 1951 Broadway musical Make a Wish , with book by Sturges . ) The film version of the operetta The Chocolate Soldier used the plot of Molnár 's The Guardsman rather than the plot of its original stage version , which was based on George Bernard Shaw 's Arms and the Man , because Shaw reportedly disliked the operetta adaptation of his work , and would not allow his plot to be used for the screenplay . \n \n Molnár 's play Olympia was adapted for the movies twice , the first time ( quite unsuccessfully ) as His Glorious Night ( 1929 ) , and secondly as A Breath of Scandal ( 1960 ) , starring Sophia Loren . In 1961 , Billy Wilder and I . A. L. Diamond turned Molnar 's one-act play Egy , kettő , három into One , Two , Three , a film starring James Cagney and Horst Buchholz . His play , The Play at the Castle , has twice been adapted into English by writers of note : by P. G. Wodehouse as The Play 's the Thing and by Tom Stoppard as Rough Crossing . \n \n First World War \n \n Molnár served as a proud and jingoistic supporter of the Austro-Hungarian Empire while working as a war correspondent during the First World War . So positive were his war reports that he was decorated by the Habsburg Emperor , but criticized by some of his pacifist peers . He later wrote Reflections of a War Correspondent , describing his experiences . \n \n Death \n \n Molnár died , aged 74 , in New York City , where he settled , via special immigration legislation , which was passed by the United States Congress , according him the status of returning [ permanent ] resident , to wit , Private Law 88-122/H . R. 3366 , approved/enacted 19 December 1963 and retroactive to 9 December 1961 . It is unclear if Molnar ever became a naturalized United States citizen .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 242, "text": "king" } ], "id": "qw_12737--Ferenc_Molnár.txt", "qid": "qw_12737", "question": "\"Hamlet's thought: \"\"The play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of ...\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Western is a genre of various arts , such as comics , fiction , film , games , radio , and television which tell stories set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American Old West , often centering on the life of a nomadic cowboy or gunfighter armed with a revolver and a rifle who rides a horse . Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats , bandannas , spurs , cowboy boots and buckskins . Other characters include Native Americans , bandits , lawmen , bounty hunters , outlaws , mounted cavalry , settlers and townsfolk . \n \n Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid , desolate landscape of deserts and mountains . Often , the vast landscape plays an important role , presenting a `` ... mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West '' . Specific settings include ranches , small frontier towns , saloons , railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West . Some are set in the American colonial era . Common plots include the construction of a railroad or a telegraph line on the wild frontier ; ranchers protecting their family ranch from rustlers or large landowners or who build a ranch empire ; revenge stories , which hinge on the chase and pursuit by a wronged individual ; stories about cavalry fighting Indians ; outlaw gang plots ; and stories about a lawman or bounty hunter tracking down his quarry . Many Westerns use a stock plot of depicting a crime , then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer , ending in revenge and retribution , which is often dispensed through a shoot out or quick draw duel . \n \n The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre from the early 20th century to the 1960s . \n Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s . John Ford 's landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939 and it made John Wayne a mainstream screen star . Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s . Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon ( 1952 ) , Shane ( 1953 ) , The Searchers ( 1956 ) , and The Wild Bunch ( 1969 ) . Classic Westerns such as these have been the inspiration for various films about Western-type characters in contemporary settings , such as Junior Bonner ( 1972 ) , set in the 1970s and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada ( 2005 ) , which is set in the 21st century . \n \n Themes \n \n The Western genre sometimes portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature in the name of civilization or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original , Native American , inhabitants of the frontier . The Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal , direct or private justice– '' frontier justice '' –dispensed by gunfights . These honor codes are often played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them ( e.g. , True Grit has revenge and retribution as its main themes ) . This Western depiction of personal justice contrasts sharply with justice systems organized around rationalistic , abstract law that exist in cities , in which social order is maintained predominately through relatively impersonal institutions such as courtrooms . The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer , usually a cowboy or a gunfighter . A showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns . \n \n In some ways , such protagonists may be considered the literary descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances . Like the cowboy or gunfighter of the Western , the knight errant of the earlier European tales and poetry was wandering from place to place on his horse , fighting villains of various kinds and bound to no fixed social structures but only to his own innate code of honor . And like knights errant , the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress . Similarly , the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many of the characteristics equated with the image of the ronin in modern Japanese culture . \n \n The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales , although some notable examples ( e.g . the later Westerns of John Ford or Clint Eastwood 's", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_18197--Western_(genre).txt", "qid": "sfq_18197", "question": "What was the last film in the western genre to win a best picture Oscar?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Alexander Rae `` Alec '' Baldwin III ( born April 3 , 1958 ) is an American actor , producer and comedian . A member of the Baldwin family , he is the oldest of the four Baldwin brothers , all actors . \n \n Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama Knots Landing , in the role of Joshua Rush . He has since played both leading and supporting roles in films such as the horror comedy fantasy film Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) , as Jack Ryan in the action thriller The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) , the romantic comedy The Marrying Man ( 1991 ) , the superhero film The Shadow ( 1994 ) , and two films directed by Martin Scorsese : the Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator ( 2004 ) and the neo-noir crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) . His performance in the 2003 romantic drama The Cooler garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . \n \n From 2006 to 2013 , Baldwin starred as Jack Donaghy on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , winning two Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards for his work on the show , making him the male performer with the most SAG Awards . Baldwin co-starred in Mission : Impossible – Rogue Nation , the fifth installment of the Mission : Impossible series , released on July 31 , 2015 . He is also a columnist for The Huffington Post . He is currently host of the Match Game . \n \n Early life \n \n Baldwin was born April 3 , 1958 , in Amityville , New York , and raised in the Nassau Shores neighborhood of nearby Massapequa , the eldest son of Carol Newcomb ( née Martineau ; born 1930 ) and Alexander Rae Baldwin , Jr. ( October 26 , 1927 – April 15 , 1983 ) , a high school history/social studies teacher and football coach . He has three younger brothers , Daniel , William , and Stephen , who also became actors . He also has two sisters , Beth and Jane . Alec and his siblings were raised as Roman Catholics . They are of English , Irish , Scottish , French , and German ancestry . Through his father , Baldwin is descended from Mayflower passenger John Howland , and through this line , is the 13th generation of his family born in North America and the 14th generation to live in North America . \n \n Baldwin attended Alfred G. Berner High School in Massapequa and played football there under Coach Bob Reifsnyder . In New York City , Baldwin worked as a busboy at the disco Studio 54 . From 1976 to 1979 , he attended George Washington University , afterward transferring to New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . There he studied with , among others , Geoffrey Horne and Mira Rostova at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute , Later , he was accepted as a member of the Actors Studio . Baldwin eventually returned to NYU in 1994 , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree that year . \n \n Career \n \n Stage \n \n Baldwin made his Broadway debut in 1986 in a revival of Joe Orton 's Loot alongside Zoë Wanamaker , Željko Ivanek , Joseph Maher and Charles Keating . This production closed after three months . His other Broadway credits include Caryl Churchill 's Serious Money with Kate Nelligan and a revival of Tennessee Williams ' A Streetcar Named Desire , for which his performance as Stanley Kowalski garnered a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor . Baldwin also received an Emmy nomination for the 1995 television version of the production , in which both he and Jessica Lange reprised their roles , alongside John Goodman and Diane Lane . In 1998 , Baldwin played the title role in Macbeth at The Public Theater alongside Angela Bassett and Liev Schreiber in a production directed by George C. Wolfe . In 2004 , Baldwin starred in a revival of Twentieth Century with Anne Heche . \n \n On June 9 , 2005 , he appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall . He starred as Luther Billis , alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie and Brian Stokes Mitchell as Emile . The production was taped and telecast by PBS on April 26 , 2006 . In 2006 , Baldwin made theater news in Roundabout Theatre Company 's Off-Broadway revival of Joe Orton 's Entertaining Mr. Sloane . In 2010 , Baldwin starred opposite", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 609, "text": "shadow" } ], "id": "qz_3720--Alec_Baldwin.txt", "qid": "qz_3720", "question": "Alec Baldwin played which invisible superhero in a 1994 movie?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Barbaresco is an Italian wine made with the Nebbiolo grape . Barbaresco is produced in the Piedmont region in an area of the Langhe immediately to the east of Alba and specifically in the comunes of Barbaresco , Treiso and Neive plus that area of the frazione San Rocco Seno d'Elvio which was once part of the comune of Barbaresco and now belongs to the comune of Alba . It was granted Denominazione di origine controllata ( DOC ) status in 1966 and Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status in 1980 . The wine is often compared with Barolo—another Nebbiolo based wine from the Piedmont area . Though the wines do share many similarities , there are some distinct differences between them . \n \n History \n \n Although it was already well known for the quality of its Nebbiolo grapes , the widely accepted birthdate of Barbaresco is 1894 , when Cantina Sociale di Barbaresco was founded , as before that date Nebbiolo grapes from the Barbaresco area were mostly sold to Barolo producers . Domizio Cavazza , a young and brilliant agronomist born in Modena , was named to be the founding director of Alba 's Royal Enological School in 1881 , and soon started to develop its passion for Barbaresco , which led to his purchase of a farm and a vineyard in 1886 . He cultivated its vineyard with Nebbiolo and with a group of nine growers founded the Cantina Sociale , outfitted with barrels and winemaking equipment in order to produce what are considered the first wines to be officially called Barbaresco . After a good start Barbaresco fell on hard times with World War I and the premature death of Cavazza in 1915 . \n \n It was not until the late 1950s that Barbaresco would stir to life again thanks to a new generation of dynamic winemakers , including Bruno Giacosa and Angelo Gaja . In addition , the local parish priest , Don Fiorino Marengo , founded Produttori del Barbaresco cooperative cellar , the successor to Cavazza 's original vision to make outstanding wine and stop the exodus of young farmers who were abandoning the countryside . \n By the late 1960s , the Gaja and Bruno Giacosa wineries began to market Barbaresco internationally with some success . The Produttori cooperative became one of the most respected cellars in Italy and inspired more landholders in Barbaresco to return to their vineyards and to make quality wine . \n \n Wine regions \n \n The soils of Barbaresco zone are composed primarily of calcareous marl dating from the Tortonian epoch . The area is typically divided into three regions based on the principal towns of the area-Barbaresco , Neive and Treiso . The soil and climate of the three areas are very uniform to each other which creates more across the board consistency than what would be found among the 11 communities in the Barolo zone . \n \n Barbaresco \n \n The vineyards around the town of Barbaresco make up for 45 % of Barbaresco production with many of the area 's largest wineries located in town . Wines from this area tend to be relatively light in color and body but very well structured and aromatic . \n \n Neive \n \n In Neive , the Nebbiolo grape is fourth in plantings behind the cultivation of Barbera , Dolcetto and Moscato but this region is known for making some of the most powerful and tannic expressions of Barbaresco . The area is also home to the highly esteemed Nebbiolo vineyards of Santo Stefano and Bricco di Neive whose names are starting to appear on some single vineyard bottlings . Located east of Barbaresco , Neive is responsible for 31 % of Barbaresco 's production and makes some of the most full bodied and tannic examples of the wine . \n \n Treiso \n \n \n Located south of Barbaresco , with vineyards on the highest hilltop sites in the area , Treiso wines tend to be the lightest in body and are principally known for their finesse . A smaller area , Treiso accounts for 20 % of the Barbaresco zone 's production . \n \n Vineyard classifications \n \n Beginning in the late 19th century , there have been attempts to classify the area 's vineyards into Burgundian-like crus based on which areas produced the best wines . The Italian wine critic Luigi Veronelli created one such list in the 1960s and other writers and viticulturist attempted to create their own in the 1970s . Today many follow the lists compiled by the négociant based on which grapes are more highly priced based on performance . These lists typically include the Asili , Montefico , Montestefano and Rabajà vineyards", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 17, "text": "itali" } ], "id": "qb_213--Barbaresco.txt", "qid": "qb_213", "question": "Barolo, Barbaresco and Moscato are wines from which European country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A fairy tale ( pronounced /ˈfeəriˌteɪl/ ) is a type of short story that typically features folkloric fantasy characters , such as dwarves , elves , fairies , giants , gnomes , goblins , mermaids , trolls , or witches , and usually magic or enchantments . Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends ( which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described ) and explicitly moral tales , including beast fables . The term is mainly used for stories with origins in European tradition and , at least in recent centuries , mostly relates to children 's literature . \n \n In less technical contexts , the term is also used to describe something blessed with unusual happiness , as in `` fairy tale ending '' ( a happy ending ) or `` fairy tale romance '' ( though not all fairy tales end happily ) . Colloquially , a `` fairy tale '' or `` fairy story '' can also mean any far-fetched story or tall tale ; it is used especially of any story that not only is not true , but could not possibly be true . Legends are perceived as real ; fairy tales may merge into legends , where the narrative is perceived both by teller and hearers as being grounded in historical truth . However , unlike legends and epics , they usually do not contain more than superficial references to religion and actual places , people , and events ; they take place once upon a time rather than in actual times . \n \n Fairy tales are found in oral and in literary form ; the name `` fairy tale '' was first ascribed to them by Madame d'Aulnoy in the late 17th century . Many of today 's fairy tales have evolved from centuries-old stories that have appeared , with variations , in multiple cultures around the world . The history of the fairy tale is particularly difficult to trace because only the literary forms can survive . Still , according to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon , such stories may date back thousands of years , some to the Bronze Age more than 6,000 years ago . Fairy tales , and works derived from fairy tales , are still written today . \n \n Folklorists have classified fairy tales in various ways . The Aarne-Thompson classification system and the morphological analysis of Vladimir Propp are among the most notable . Other folklorists have interpreted the tales ' significance , but no school has been definitively established for the meaning of the tales . \n \n Terminology \n \n Some folklorists prefer to use the German term Märchen or `` wonder tale '' to refer to the genre over fairy tale , a practice given weight by the definition of Thompson in his 1977 [ 1946 ] edition of The Folktale : `` a tale of some length involving a succession of motifs or episodes . It moves in an unreal world without definite locality or definite creatures and is filled with the marvelous . In this never-never land , humble heroes kill adversaries , succeed to kingdoms and marry princesses . '' The characters and motifs of fairy tales are simple and archetypal : princesses and goose-girls ; youngest sons and gallant princes ; ogres , giants , dragons , and trolls ; wicked stepmothers and false heroes ; fairy godmothers and other magical helpers , often talking horses , or foxes , or birds ; glass mountains ; and prohibitions and breaking of prohibitions . \n \n A fairy tale with a tragic rather than a happy end is called an anti-fairy tale . \n \n Definition \n \n Although the fairy tale is a distinct genre within the larger category of folktale , the definition that marks a work as a fairy tale is a source of considerable dispute . One universally agreed-upon matter is that fairy tales do not require fairies . ( The term itself comes from the translation of Madame D'Aulnoy 's conte de fées , first used in her collection in 1697 . ) Common parlance conflates fairy tales with beast fables and other folktales , and scholars differ on the degree to which the presence of fairies and/or similarly mythical beings ( e.g. , elves , goblins , trolls , giants , huge monsters ) should be taken as a differentiator . Vladimir Propp , in his Morphology of the Folktale , criticized the common distinction between `` fairy tales '' and `` animal tales '' on the grounds that many tales contained both fantastic elements and animals . Nevertheless , to select works for his analysis , Propp used all Russian", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_19874--Fairy_tale.txt", "qid": "sfq_19874", "question": "Who published the fairy story of Snow White?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "François Achille Bazaine ( 13 February 1811 – 23 September 1888 ) was a French general and from 1864 , a Marshal of France , who surrendered the last organized French army to the Prussians during the Franco-Prussian war . He was the first Marshal who had started as a legionnaire and like the great Marshals of the First Empire , had risen from the ranks . During four decades of distinguished service ( including 35 years on campaign ) under Louis-Philippe and then Napoleon III , he held every rank in the Army from Fusilier to Marshal of France . He became renowned for his determination to lead from the front , for his impassive bearing under fire and for personal bravery verging on the foolhardy ( resulting in him being wounded on numerous occasions and having his horse shot from under him twice ) . He was sentenced to death by the government of the Third Republic , for his surrender of the fortress city of Metz and his army of 180,000 men to the Prussians on 27 October 1870 , during the Franco-Prussian War . This sentence was commuted to 20 years imprisonment in exile , from which he subsequently escaped . He eventually settled in Spain where aged 77 , he died alone and impoverished in 1888 . To the Foreign Legion he remains a hero and to this day is honoured as one of their bravest soldiers . \n \n Early life \n \n François Achille Bazaine was born at Versailles , second son of Pierre-Dominique Bazaine , a Mathematician and bridge architect and engineer who was responsible for , amongst others , the building of several bridges in St. Petersburg at the request of Czar Alexander I . His father abandoned his family just prior to the birth of Achille , leaving it without financial support . He failed the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique . \n \n Instead he enlisted in the French Army as a private soldier in 1831 with a view to service in Algeria , where in 1833 he received a commission as sub-lieutenant in the Foreign Legion , it having been formed by Louis Philippe ( King of France 1830-1848 ) in 1831 . He rose rapidly through the ranks ( Lieutenant 1835 , Captain 1837 ) , through successful actions during the Foreign Legion campaign in Algeria and against the Carlists in Spain ( 1835–1839 ) , where in 1835 he was cited for bravery and gallantry in action on several occasions and rewarded with the cross ( Chevalier ) of the Légion d'honneur after only four years in the Army . After serving a second campaign with the Foreign Legion in Spain in 1837-38 ( wounded : bullet in the right leg , Battle of Barbastro , 1837 ) , Bazaine returned to Algeria in 1839 and took part in the expeditions to Milianah , Tlemcen , Morocco and Sahara . He was mentioned as instrumental in the surrender of Abd-el-Kader . In 1844 he was promoted to Major ( wounded : bullet in the right wrist during action at Macta , 1845 ) and then to Lieutenant Colonel in 1848 after 9 years service in Algeria and Morocco , including several years heading France 's Bureau Arabe ( military intelligence ) as Governor of Tlemcen . In 1850 , he was promoted to full Colonel and given command of the 1st Regiment of the Foreign Legion , based in North Africa . He married his first wife Maria Juana de la Soledad , on 12 June 1852 at Versailles . \n \n Crimea and Italy \n \n He was promoted to Brigadier General at Gallipoli in 1854 , en route to the Crimea and led a Brigade ( the combined 1st and 2nd Regiments of the Foreign Legion ) in the Crimean War . He fought several decisive actions at the Battle of the Alma in 1854 and during the siege of Sebastopol ( 1854/55 ) where he maintained his reputation and for which he was mentioned in dispatches on several occasions . The way in which he conducted the left wing of the French forces in the final Allied assault on Sebastopol on 8 September 1855 ( wounded , shell fragment in left hip , his horse killed under him ) , received acclaim of the highest order from the Allied Command and he was subsequently promoted to Major General ( General de Division ) on 22 September 1855 and selected from all the Allied Generals to assume the Governorship of Sebastopol . At 44 , this made him the youngest General in the French Army . In October 1855 , Bazaine was chosen to give the coup de grâce . With a mixed", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_6616--François_Achille_Bazaine.txt", "qid": "odql_6616", "question": "The capitulation of Marshal Bazaine's force at Metz was the last critical action of which war?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "This is a list of characters in the FOX television series The Cleveland Show . \n \n Main characters \n \n Cleveland Brown \n \n Cleveland Brown ( voiced by Mike Henry ) is the protagonist of the series . He is a heavy-set African-American male who is very polite to everyone and has a unique laugh . He was formerly one of Peter Griffin 's best friends in Family Guy and also owned and ran a deli . In `` Pilot '' he moves to the town of Stoolbend , Virginia to show his son where he grew up ( even though Cleveland was in love with Donna but they were only friends and she did not know it ) . Eventually re-sparking his relationship with her , they get married and he and his son move in with her and her two children . Cleveland is usually depicted as exceedingly gentle and patient , and it is only on rare occasions that he has been known to lose his temper and resort to violence . However , Cleveland gets visibly annoyed with racist behavior , which sometimes is justified . He often acts as the voice of caution when other characters hatch harebrained schemes . Cleveland 's speech is slow and almost elongated in Family Guy , but in The Cleveland Show his voice has a wide variety . Various flashbacks give conflicting histories of his speech patterns . He is shown as a more sexual , slightly stupid , and violent character in his new form than he was originally . \n \n Donna Tubbs Brown \n \n Donna Tubbs Brown who is voiced by Sanaa Lathan is the second wife of Cleveland Brown and works as the principal 's secretary at Stoolbend High School . She has two biological children from her previous relationship with Robert ( last name unknown , which is a joke later in the series ) , Roberta and Rallo , and she has kept her maiden name ( seen in `` Pilot '' , Cleveland says , `` Back in high school , I would have given anything to spend the night at Donna Tubbs ' house . `` ) . As a result of her marriage to Cleveland , she has adopted a third child , his son Cleveland Brown , Jr . \n \n Donna and Cleveland were initially best friends in high school , although Cleveland clearly had romantic feelings towards her . Donna unfortunately was for the most part oblivious to his feelings , and instead dated Cleveland 's unofficial rival Robert . Despite Cleveland 's attempts to get Donna to see Robert for what he truly was ( a self-centered , irresponsible jerk ) , Donna ended up marrying Robert shortly after graduation . Seeing no reason to remain , Cleveland left Stoolbend and Donna behind . \n \n Despite many attempts at making their marriage work , Donna and Robert ended up separating due to Robert 's heavy drinking and drug abuse , leaving Donna to raise their children alone . Robert would visit occasionally , but more out of selfish desire than any familial reasons . After years apart , Donna was of course overjoyed to see her best friend , Cleveland again . Cleveland and his son , who were passing through Stoolbend while driving to California , had stopped by the high school to retrace Cleveland 's old haunting grounds . Donna invites the Browns to stay at her house , which results in a rekindling of their friendship that soon blossoms into a full-blown romance . The two soon marry , and honeymoon in New York City a few months later . \n \n Having been friends for years prior to getting married , Cleveland and Donna have a close relationship both sexually and platonically . Donna comes off much more patient and understanding than Cleveland 's first wife , Loretta , and is more attentive to him as well . Her relationship with her children meanwhile is somewhat more shaky , as both her children are the result of a broken home and neglectful father . Donna does her best to keep her children under control , but is aware that they need a father figure at times . Yet despite any issues that she and her kids have , it is clear that they care for one another . Donna 's relationship with Cleveland , Jr. meanwhile is underdeveloped yet , save for the fact that Cleveland , Jr. is quick to do what he can to follow Donna 's wishes for fear of another divorce occurring . It is also implied that he sees Donna as the mother figure that Loretta should 've been . However , she", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_2080--List_of_The_Cleveland_Show_characters.txt", "qid": "odql_2080", "question": "What is the name of the 'Griffin' family's witty, talkingdog in the television series 'Family Guy'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The fictional world in which the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R. R. Martin take place is divided into several continents . Most of the story takes place on the continent Westeros , or the Seven Kingdoms . It actually consists of nine kingdoms ( the North , the Iron Islands , the Riverlands , the Vale , the Westerlands , the Stormlands , the Reach , the Crownlands , and Dorne ) and a largely unmapped area to the north , separated by a massive wall of ice and old magic . The vast continent of Essos lies to the east of Westeros , across the Narrow Sea . The closest foreign nations to Westeros are the Free Cities , a collection of independent city-states along the western edge of this eastern continent . The lands along the southern coastline of the eastern continent , collectively called the Lands of the Summer Sea , include Slavers Bay and the ruins of Valyria , the former home of Westeros ' Targaryen kings . To the south of Essos lie the continents of Sothoryos and Ulthos , which in the narrative are largely unexplored . \n \n World and fictional history \n \n George R. R. Martin set the Ice and Fire story in an alternative world of Earth , a `` secondary world '' , such as J. R. R. Tolkien pioneered with Middle-earth . The Ice and Fire narrative can be considered to be set in a post-magic world where people no longer believe in supernatural things such as the Others , and while the characters understand the natural aspects of their world , they can not comprehend its magical elements . Religion , though , has a significant role in the life of people with the characters practising many different religions . \n \n Westeros \n \n The story takes place primarily on a continent called Westeros , which is roughly the size of South America . The continent is home to the Seven Kingdoms and lands beyond the great Wall , which makes up a large chunk of Westeros , being roughly the size of Canada , with most of it largely unmapped and unexplored . Westeros is at the mercy of erratic seasons of unpredictable duration that last for many years . At the beginning of A Song of Ice and Fire the continent has enjoyed a decade-long summer , and many fear that an equally long and harsh winter will follow . \n \n At the novel 's beginning , the majority of Westeros is united under the rule of a king , with each of nine regions controlled by a different major house . Martin here drew inspiration from medieval European history : in particular the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses . The first inhabitants of the continent were the Children of the Forest : a nature-worshipping anthropoid species who carved the faces of their gods in weirwood trees . Some time later , the First Men 's attempts at cultivating the land led to a war with the Children and was eventually settled by an agreement known as `` the Pact '' , signalling the beginning of the Age of Heroes . During that time , the First Men adopted the Children 's gods , that later became known in Westeros as the Old gods . \n \n Eight thousand years before the events of the novels , an enigmatic species called the Others emerged from the furthermost north , accompanying a winter named `` The Long Night '' that lasted decades , whereafter the Children of the Forest and the First Men jointly repelled the Others , and a massive Wall was erected barring passage from the far north . \n \n Some time later , the Andals invaded Westeros and established the Faith of the Seven , writing , and steel . Only the North remained unconquered and the Children disappeared from Andal lands . Over time seven kingdoms were forged across Westeros : The North , The Iron Islands , The Vale , The Westerlands , The Stormlands , The Reach , and Dorne . The Seven Kingdoms were constantly at war with one another , and no Kingdom remained dominant for long . \n \n Three hundred years before the novels begin , Aegon the Conqueror and his two Targaryen sisters invaded from Dragonstone and landed in what is now known as King 's Landing . Their powerful dragons overwhelmed six of the Seven Kingdoms through conquest or treaty , but Dorne remained independent for another two-hundred years until it was absorbed through marriage-alliance . The Targaryens made the Iron Throne from", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qz_6683--World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire.txt", "qid": "qz_6683", "question": "Winterfell is the house of what family in Game of Thrones?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Martha Ingalls Carrier ( born Allen ) ( between 1643 and 1650 – 19 August 1692 ) was a Puritan Feminist and was accused and convicted of being a witch during the 1692 Salem witch trials . \n \n Early life \n \n Martha Ingalls Carrier was born as Martha Allen between 1643 and 1650 to Andrew Allen ( 1623–1690 ) , one of the original 23 settlers of Andover and Faith Ingalls ( 1623–1690 ) in Andover , Massachusetts . She was the eldest of six and had three younger sisters named Mary ( 1644–1695 ) , Sarah ( 1646–1716 ) and Hannah ( 1652–1698 ) and two younger brothers named Andrew ( 1657–1690 ) and John ( 1661–1690 ) . Her family was one of the founding families of Andover . \n \n On 7 May 1674 when she was 7 months pregnant with her eldest child , she married Thomas Carrier ( 1630–1739 ) who was a recently arrived 7 foot tall Welsh bondservant . After the marriage , they relocated to neighboring Billerica which was located about ten miles southwest of Andover and lived in the north part of town near John Rogers and her sister Mary . She had a total of 8 children : \n * Unknown Carrier ( d. 1690 ) \n * Richard Carrier ( 1674–1749 ) \n * Unknown Carrier ( 1675–1690 ) \n * Andrew Carrier ( 1677–1749 ) \n * Jane Carrier ( 1680–1680 ) \n * Thomas Carrier Jr ( 1682–1739 ) \n * Sarah Carrier ( 1684–1772 ) \n * Hannah Carrier ( 1689–1772 ) \n \n They however returned to Andover in 1688 where they lived in poverty and were dependent on the family farm to supply them with a living . Martha nursed her father and two brothers when an outbreak of smallpox spread through the city in 1690 , but could not save them . Thereby she became a land owner in her own right . Her husband and four of her children also contracted the disease , however her husband and two of her children survived the disease . They were however accused of bringing the disease to the city , but investigation has revealed that the disease was most likely caused by new immigrants from England . Thirteen people perished during the epidemic including two of Marthas children and the Carriers were barred from entering public places . \n \n Her husband was described as a man of good humor and cheerful disposition , but he was prone to laziness and indolence . Which meant that on top of the usual chores of a Puritan housewife , Martha also took on many of her husband 's duties which made her stand out and resemble a feminist in some sort . Most notably is that she insisted on arguing and bargaining with male neighbors , something unusual in the strictly stratified society of early colonial America . \n \n The Salem witch trials \n \n Accusations and arrest \n \n Martha was accused of witchcraft in May 1692 by a group of young women known as the Salem Girls who consisted of Susanna Sheldon , Mary Walcott , Elizabeth Hubbard and Ann Putnam Jr , who would travel through Essex County , Massachusetts rooting out suspected witches by engaging in a theatrical display . Whether the court actually believed this act is still open to debate , but what is known is that when Martha was confronted by the girls , she acted as any rational person would when faced with their wild behavior . The girls accused her of leading a 300 strong witch army , using her occult powers to murder and afflict people with terrible diseases and of being promised the dubious position of Queen of Hell . Martha vehemently denied these charges and in turn charged her accusers with insanity . \n \n Some however believe that she was accused of witchcraft because she was a niece of the Reverent Francis Dane of Andover who condemned the witch hunts and trials . Evidence points out that over one third of the Salem accused were related to him or his wife in some way . Other historians have blamed her accusation on causes ranging from a conspiracy against Andover 's proprietary families to reaction against threats to patriarchal inheritance . \n \n A warrant was signed for Martha 's arrest and she was arrested on 28 May 1692 along with her sister Mary and brother-in-law Roger Toothaker and their daughter Margaret Toothaker ( born 1683 ) . Marthas young children were sent to prison with her , apparently in hopes that their confinement would cause her to confess . The first accused `` witch '' in Andover , Martha was", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 145, "text": "witch" } ], "id": "qw_7247--Martha_Carrier_(Salem_witch_trials).txt", "qid": "qw_7247", "question": "In 1692, Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, Sarah Wildes, Rebecca Nurse, Martha Carrier, George Jacobs Sr., George Burroughs, John Willard, John Procter and others were executed in connection with what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States , located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C . It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800 . The term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers , as in `` The White House announced that ... '' . \n \n The house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia Creek sandstone in the Neoclassical style . When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801 , he ( with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe ) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage . In 1814 , during the War of 1812 , the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington , destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior . Reconstruction began almost immediately , and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817 . Construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829 . \n \n Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself , President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901 . Eight years later , President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded . In the main mansion , the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers . A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events ; Jefferson 's colonnades connected the new wings . East Wing alterations were completed in 1946 , creating additional office space . By 1948 , the house 's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure . Under Harry S. Truman , the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls . Once this work was completed , the interior rooms were rebuilt . \n \n The modern-day White House complex includes the Executive Residence , West Wing , East Wing , the Eisenhower Executive Office Building—the former State Department , which now houses offices for the President 's staff and the Vice President—and Blair House , a guest residence . The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor , State Floor , Second Floor , and Third Floor , as well as a two-story basement . The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President 's Park . In 2007 , it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . \n \n Early history \n \n 1789–1800 \n \n Following his April 1789 inauguration , President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City : the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street ( April 1789 – February 1790 ) , and the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway ( February–August 1790 ) . In May 1790 , New York began construction of Government House for his official residence , but he never occupied it . The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790 . \n \n The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia , Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction . The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris 's city house at 190 High Street ( now 524-30 Market Street ) for Washington 's presidential residence . The first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797 , and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House . As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital , Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away , but Washington declined to occupy it . \n \n President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800 . On November 1 , in 1800 , he became the first president to occupy the White House . The President 's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832 , while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania . \n \n File : The First Presidential Mansion.jpg|First Presidential Mansion : Samuel Osgood House , Manhattan , New York . Occupied by Washington : April 1789 - February 1790 . \n File : New York", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "white house" } ], "id": "qg_3632--White_House.txt", "qid": "qg_3632", "question": "Originally known as the Executive Mansion (until the greatest man ever, Teddy Roosevelt, made its nickname official), the cornerstone of what building was laid on Oct 13, 1792?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "2009 in music may refer to : \n \n * 2009 in American music \n * 2009 in Australian music \n * 2009 in British music \n * 2009 in Canadian music \n * 2009 in European music ( Continental Europe ) \n * 2009 in Irish music \n * 2009 in Japanese music \n * 2009 in New Zealand music \n * 2009 in Norwegian music \n * 2009 in Swedish music \n \n Specific genre articles \n * 2009 in alternative rock \n * 2009 in classical music \n * 2009 in country music \n * 2009 in electro pop music \n * 2009 in heavy metal music \n * 2009 in hip hop music \n * 2009 in jazz \n * 2009 in opera \n \n Album releases \n * List of albums released in 2009 \n \n The following is a list of notable events and releases in 2009 in music . Susan Boyle 's album I Dreamed a Dream became the biggest selling album in the world for 2009 , selling 8.3 million copies in five weeks of release . The death of American music icon Michael Jackson triggered a surge in posthumous sales making him the best selling artist of the year , with 35 million albums sold worldwide in the months following his death . \n \n Events \n \n January \n \n * January 8 – Lady Gaga 's debut single `` Just Dance '' hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 after 22 weeks – the second longest climb to number one , since Creed `` With Arms Wide Open '' in November 2000 ( 27 weeks ) . Just Dance also reaches number 1 on the UK Singles Chart three days later , a week after it debuted at number 3 . \n * January 17 – Koncerthuset , the Copenhagen Concert Hall , opens . \n * January 18 – As part of the inaugural celebration of US President Barack Obama , an inaugural concert entitled `` We Are One '' is held at the Lincoln Memorial . Performers include Mary J. Blige , Garth Brooks , Renée Fleming , Caleb Green , Josh Groban , Herbie Hancock , Heather Headley , Beyoncé Knowles , Bettye Lavette , Pete Seeger , Shakira , Bruce Springsteen , James Taylor , U2 and Stevie Wonder . Several of the songs performed had been used by Obama 's presidential campaign . \n * January 20 – Reel Big Fish published the album Fame , Fortune and Fornication ( all Cover songs ) \n * January 20 – Artists including Mariah Carey , Jay-Z , Alicia Keys , Shakira , Sting , Faith Hill , Mary J. Blige , Maroon 5 , Stevie Wonder and Will.I.Am performed at the Inaugural Ball for President Barack Obama \n * January 28 – Kelly Clarkson breaks record for the biggest jump to number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 when her single `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' soars from number 97 to number one fueled by 280,000 digital downloads in the first week of release . \n * January 29 – Madonna announces that she will extend her record-breaking Sticky & Sweet Tour during summer 2009 , to visit cities that were excluded during the first run . The tour kicked-off at the The O2 in London on July 4 . The extension took the Sticky & Sweet Tour to a total of over 80 shows , putting it among the top five tours of all time . \n \n February \n \n * February 1 \n * * At Super Bowl XLIII , Faith Hill and Jennifer Hudson perform at the pregame show and Bruce Springsteen at the halftime show . \n * * Lily Allen 's `` The Fear '' jumps 168 spots to reach the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart , ending Lady Gaga 's three-week reign at the top . \n * February 8 \n * * At the 51st Grammy Awards which took place at the Staples Center , Los Angeles : \n * * Alison Krauss and Robert Plant win five Grammys for their duet album Raising Sand which also won Album of the Year \n * * Lil Wayne wins four awards , including Best Rap Album for Tha Carter III . \n * * Coldplay wins three awards including Song of the Year for Viva La Vida . \n * * Adele wins two awards including Best New Artist . \n * * Blink-182 announce that they are to reunite for a tour and new album . \n * February 10 – Rihanna cancels her Malaysian concert in the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour amid reports that she accused her boyfriend R", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 690, "text": "susan boyle" } ], "id": "bt_2341--2009_in_music.txt", "qid": "bt_2341", "question": "Which female artist sold the most albums worldwide in 2009" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Camanachd Association Challenge Cup a.k.a . the Camanachd Cup or Scottish Cup is the premier prize in the sport of shinty . It is one of the five trophies considered to be part of the Grand Slam in the sport of shinty . \n \n The present holders are Lovat Shinty Club who won the cup 2-1 against Kyles Athletic in September 2015 . This is Lovats 2nd title since they won it in 1953 . \n \n The tournament \n \n The tournament was first played in 1896 with Kingussie beating Glasgow Cowal 2-0 at Needlefield Park , Inverness . \n \n At present the tournament is contested by the eligible teams in North and South Division 1 ( and from 2014 , National Division One ) , together with the teams in the Orion Premiership , who join the competition at the second round stage . There was formerly a Qualifying Cup . \n \n Traditionally , the trophy was competed for on a North/South basis with the best team from the North facing the best team from the South only in the final . In 1983 the open draw was introduced which resulted in the first , and until 2012 , only all-South final , between Kyles and Strachur . 1984 saw the first ever All-North final and first ever final clash between heated rivals Kingussie and Newtonmore . \n \n Four teams have won the trophy three times in a row , Newtonmore , Kingussie , Kyles Athletic and Fort William . \n \n The highest margin of victory was in 1997 when Kingussie hammered Newtonmore 12-1 . The highest scoring final , and the previous largest margin of victory was held by Newtonmore themselves , 11-3 with Furnace in 1907 . \n \n Only Furnace ( 1923 ) and Newtonmore ( 2013 ) have gone through the competition without conceding a goal . \n \n In 2006 , the Cup had its first ever televised draw on BBC Scotland sports programme Spòrs , with the final also being broadcast live . \n \n The trophy \n \n The trophy itself was made after public donation in 1896 and , as befits such a Blue Riband event , the cup is designed and constructed by Hamilton and Inches , Edinburgh . The player on the lid was modelled from Jock Dallas who played for Kingussie and whose great grandson , Ally Dallas , still plays for Kingussie . \n \n In 2006 , the ancient trophy made its way to New York City for the Tartan Day celebrations , the first time it had ever left Scotland . \n \n Due to the rumbunctious nature of the celebrations of victorious teams leaving the trophy in a fragile state , ( drinking whisky from the bowl is a traditional ritual and on one occasion the trophy was abandoned and then found in Somerled Square , Portree , after Skye Camanachd 's 1990 victory , as everybody had assumed somebody else was looking after it ) , the board of directors at the Camanachd Association took the decision to have the trophy renovated and a replica of the trophy made for presentation after finals . The replica was to be ready for the centenary final in 2007 in Inverness but the cost of a replica were considered prohibitive and therefore the original trophy is still used . \n \n The Final \n \n The final is usually played on a rotation system , with An Aird in Fort William , the Bught Park in Inverness and Mossfield Park in Oban hosting the final . In recent years the final has also been held in Dunoon and at Old Anniesland in Glasgow . \n \n The 2011 final was the first ever to go to extra time ; no final has ever required penalties . \n \n The Man of the Match has been awarded the Albert Smith Medal since 1972 . \n \n Recent Finals \n \n Between the years of 1990 ( when Skye defeated Newtonmore ) and 2012 ( When Kyles Athletic defeated Inveraray ) there was not a final which did not feature either Kingussie or Fort William . \n \n Kyles Athletic won the Cup in 1994 , the match refereed by John Henderson of Caol . Captain David Taylor received the trophy from Peter Cullen of sponsor Glenmorangie Distillery Co. Mr Cullen died on 7 December 2011 in Edinburgh . \n \n Oban Camanachd won the trophy in 1996 , The Centennial Final , under the management of Colin MacDonald . Ron Millican ( Kiltarlity ) refereed . BBC Radio Scotland provided live coverage with commentary by Iain Anderson . This was a repeat of the 1993 final . \n \n The", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "shinty" } ], "id": "bt_1137--Camanachd_Cup.txt", "qid": "bt_1137", "question": "In which sport would you compete for the Camanachd Cup" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Auf Wiedersehen , Pet ( , `` Farewell , Pet '' ) is a British comedy-drama television programme about seven British migrant construction workers . In the first series , the men live and work on a building site in Düsseldorf . \n \n The lead roles were performed by Tim Healy , Kevin Whately , Jimmy Nail , Gary Holton , Christopher Fairbank , Pat Roach and Timothy Spall , with Noel Clarke replacing Holton in the more recent series . \n \n Auf Wiedersehen , Pet was created by Franc Roddam after an idea from Mick Connell came to light ( Mick Connell was a bricklayer from Stockton-on-Tees and was very good friends with Franc ) . It was mostly written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais , who also wrote The Likely Lads , Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? and Porridge . Stan Hey also contributed writing a number of episodes . The first two series were co-produced by Clement and LaFrenais 's Witzend Productions and Central Television and the series were broadcast on ITV in 1983-1984 and 1986 . A successful revival of the show saw two series and a Christmas special shown on BBC One ( after ITV had failed to re-secure rights for the Network ) in 2002 and 2004 . \n \n The show was the subject of the first episode of the BBC documentary series Drama Connections ( 2005 ) . \n \n Series 1 : 1983–84 \n \n The first series , co-produced by Witzend Productions and Central Television for ITV in 1983 , is the story of seven out-of-work construction workers from various parts of England who are forced to look for work in West Germany , although it focuses initially on three men from Newcastle upon Tyne making the journey to Germany , with the others being introduced along the way . ( The title refers to their farewells to their wives and girlfriends - `` Auf Wiedersehen '' being German for `` Farewell '' or `` Goodbye '' , and `` Pet '' being a North-East English term of endearment ) . \n \n They find work on a German building site in Düsseldorf but despite promises of hostel accommodation , are forced to live in a small hut that reminds them of a POW camp . The rest of the series is driven by the interactions and growing friendships between the various characters : for instance , Barry , an electrician from the Black Country , is an obsessive bore ; Neville ( Kevin Whately ) , one of the Geordie bricklayers , is an insecure young newlywed ; fellow Geordie Oz , another bricklayer , is aggressive and jingoistic ; and London joiner Wayne is a womaniser . The third Geordie is Dennis ( Tim Healy ) , a bricklayer who , being older , more experienced and generally more mature than the others , becomes the de facto leader of the group . The others are Bristolian bricklayer Bomber and Scouse ex-con plasterer Moxey . Over the course of 13 episodes the `` Magnificent Seven '' enjoy comic and romantic adventures , until a change in German tax laws forces them to return home . \n \n The `` building site '' used for most of the filming was a set created on the backlot of the former ATV studios at Borehamwood ( then owned by Central ) and sometimes referred to as one of the Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire . After its sale to the BBC in 1984 , the `` Albert Square '' set of EastEnders was later built there . Such was the attention to detail that the producers imported thousands of bricks from West Germany as these were slightly bigger than those used on British building sites . [ http : //www.aufpetonline.com/page.php ? 49 AufPetOnline.com : Trivia ] \n \n The show was one of the first to use lightweight video cameras on location in drama production . Previously used in Electronic News Gathering they were more versatile and cheaper to use than studio-based cameras . Interior scenes ( such as those in the bar ) were shot in studios at Borehamwood . Some location filming was conducted in Hamburg , despite the fact the series was set in Düsseldorf . Spotters will notice that in these scenes all the cars ' registration numbers begin with HH denoting Hamburg ( HH = Hansestadt Hamburg ) . \n \n In 1988 , ITV decided to use Auf Wiedersehen , Pet against EastEnders , the BBC 's twice-weekly soap that had grown considerably in popularity since its launch in 1985 . The original episodes had been shown in a late evening slot and hence were very adult in content ;", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 275, "text": "kevin whately" } ], "id": "sfq_18073--Auf_Wiedersehen,_Pet.txt", "qid": "sfq_18073", "question": "On television which actor played Neville Hope in 'Auf Wiedersehen Pet' and Robbie Lewis in 'Morse'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Bayer AG ( ; ) is a German multinational chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen ( today a part of Wuppertal ) , Germany in 1863 . It is headquartered in Leverkusen , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , where its illuminated sign is a landmark . Bayer 's primary areas of business include human and veterinary pharmaceuticals ; consumer healthcare products ; agricultural chemicals and biotechnology products ; and high value polymers . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . \n \n Bayer 's first and best known product was aspirin ; there is a dispute about what scientist at Bayer made the most important contributions to it , Arthur Eichengrün or Felix Hoffmann . Bayer trademarked `` heroin '' and marketed it as a cough suppressant and non-addictive substitute for morphine from 1898 to 1910 . Bayer also introduced phenobarbital , prontosil , the first widely used antibiotic and the subject of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Medicine , the antibiotic Cipro ( ciprofloxacin ) , and Yaz ( drospirenone ) birth control pills . In 2014 Bayer bought Merck 's consumer business , with brands such as Claritin , Coppertone and Dr. Scholl 's . Its BayerCropscience business develops genetically modified crops and pesticides . Its materials science division makes polymers like polyurethanes and polycarbonate . \n \n In 1925 , Bayer became part of IG Farben , the world 's largest chemical company . Following the Nazi takeover of Germany , IG Farben was embroiled in the Nazi regime 's policies as a large government contractor . After World War II , Bayer was reestablished as an independent company , and quickly regained its position as one of the world 's largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations . Bayer has been involved in controversies regarding some of its drug products ; its statin drug Baycol ( cerivastatin ) was discontinued in 2001 after 52 people died from renal failure , and Trasylol ( aprotinin ) , used to control bleeding during major surgery , was withdrawn from the markets worldwide when reports of increased mortality emerged ; it was later re-introduced in Europe but not in the US . \n \n History \n \n Early history \n \n Bayer AG was founded in Barmen ( today a part of Wuppertal ) , Germany in 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and his partner , Johann Friedrich Weskott . \n \n The company 's corporate logo , the Bayer cross , was introduced in 1904 . It consists of the horizontal word `` BAYER '' crossed with the vertical word `` BAYER '' , both words sharing the `` Y '' , and enclosed in a circle . An illuminated version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen , where Bayer is headquartered . \n \n Aspirin \n \n Bayer 's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid ( originally discovered by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853 ) , a modification of salicylic acid or salicin , a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow plant . By 1899 , Bayer 's trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer 's brand of acetylsalicylic acid , but `` Aspirin '' lost its trademark status in the United States , France , and the United Kingdom because of the confiscation of Bayer 's US assets and trademarks during World War I by the United States and the subsequent widespread usage of the word to describe all brands of the compound . It is now widely used in the US , UK , and France for all brands of the drug . However , it is still a registered trademark of Bayer in more than 80 other countries , including Canada , Mexico , Germany , and Switzerland . As of 2011 , approximately 40 thousand tons of aspirin are produced each year and 10 to 20 billion tablets are taken in the U.S. alone each year for prevention of cardiovascular events . It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . \n \n There has been controversy over the roles played by Bayer scientists in the development of aspirin . Arthur Eichengrün , a Bayer chemist , claimed to be the first to discover an aspirin formulation which did not have the unpleasant side effects of nausea and gastric pain . Eichengrün also claimed that he invented the name aspirin and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy . Bayer contends that aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffmann to alleviate the sufferings of his father , who had arthritis . Various sources support the conflicting claims . Most mainstream historians", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2890, "text": "willow" } ], "id": "qg_685--Bayer.txt", "qid": "qg_685", "question": "March 6, 1899, saw German pharmaceutical giant Bayer, patent aspirin. The bark of what tree was used to make it?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Pegasus ( , Pḗgasos ; Latin : Pegasus , Pegasos ) is one of the best known creatures in Greek mythology . He is a winged divine stallion also known as a horse usually depicted as pure white in color . He was sired by Poseidon , in his role as horse-god , and foaled by the Gorgon Medusa . He was the brother of Chrysaor , born at a single birthing when his mother was decapitated by Perseus . Greco-Roman poets write about his ascent to heaven after his birth and his obeisance to Zeus , king of the gods , who instructed him to bring lightning and thunder from Olympus . Friend of the Muses , Pegasus is the creator of Hippocrene , the fountain on Mt . Helicon . He was captured by the Greek hero Bellerophon near the fountain Peirene with the help of Athena and Poseidon . Pegasus allows the hero to ride him to defeat a monster , the Chimera , before realizing many other exploits . His rider , however , falls off his back trying to reach Mount Olympus . Zeus transformed him into the constellation Pegasus and placed him up in the sky . \n \n Hypotheses have been proposed regarding its relationship with the Muses , the gods Athena , Poseidon , Zeus , Apollo , and the hero Perseus . \n \n The symbolism of Pegasus varies with time . Symbol of wisdom and especially of fame from the Middle Ages until the Renaissance , he became one symbol of the poetry and the creator of sources in which the poets come to draw inspiration , particularly in the 19th century . Pegasus is the subject of a very rich iconography , especially through the ancient Greek pottery and paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance . \n \n Etymology \n \n The poet Hesiod presents a folk etymology of the name Pegasus as derived from πηγή pēgē `` spring , well '' : `` the pegai of Okeanos , where he was born . '' \n \n A proposed etymology of the name is Luwian pihassas , meaning `` lightning '' , and Pihassassi , a local Luwian-Hittite name in southern Cilicia of a weather god represented with thunder and lightning . The proponents of this etymology adduce Pegasus ' role , reported as early as Hesiod , as bringer of thunderbolts to Zeus . It was first suggested in 1952 and remains widely accepted , but Robin Lane Fox ( 2009 ) has criticized it as implausible . \n \n Pegasus and springs \n \n According to legend , everywhere the winged horse struck his hoof to the earth , an inspiring spring burst forth . One of these springs was upon the Muses ' Mount Helicon , the Hippocrene ( `` horse spring '' ) , opened , Antoninus Liberalis suggested , at the behest of Poseidon to prevent the mountain swelling with rapture at the song of the Muses ; another was at Troezen . Hesiod relates how Pegasus was peacefully drinking from a spring when the hero Bellerophon captured him . Hesiod also says Pegasus carried thunderbolts for Zeus . \n \n Birth \n \n There are several versions of the birth of the winged stallion and his brother Chrysaor in the far distant place at the edge of Earth , Hesiod 's `` springs of Oceanus , which encircles the inhabited earth , where Perseus found Medusa : \n \n One is that they sprang from the blood issuing from Medusa 's neck as Perseus was beheading her , similar to the manner in which Athena was born from the head of Zeus . In another version , when Perseus beheaded Medusa , they were born of the Earth , fed by the Gorgon 's blood . A variation of this story holds that they were formed from the mingling of Medusa 's blood , pain and sea foam , implying that Poseidon had involvement in their making . The last version bears resemblance to Hesiod 's account of the birth of Aphrodite from the foam created when Uranus 's severed genitals were cast into the sea by Cronus . \n \n Bellerophon \n \n Pegasus aided the hero Bellerophon in his fight against both the Chimera . There are varying tales as to how Bellerophon found Pegasus ; the most common says that the hero was told by Polyeidos to sleep in the temple of Athena , where the goddess visited him in the night and presented him with a golden bridle . The next morning , still clutching the bridle , he found Pegasus drinking at the Pierian spring and caught Pegasus , and eventually tamed him . \n \n Perseus \n \n Michaud", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2308, "text": "winged horse" } ], "id": "sfq_12941--Pegasus.txt", "qid": "sfq_12941", "question": "In Greek mythology, what was the name of the winged horse which sprang from the dead body of Medusa?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Motability is a scheme in the United Kingdom that enables disabled people , their families and their carers to lease a new car , scooter or powered wheelchair , using their Government funded mobility allowance . Currently the Motability scheme has more than 650,000 customers . \n \n The scheme was founded in 1977 by Lord Sterling of Plaistow and the late Lord Goodman and launched at Earl 's Court , London , on 25 July 1978 . It was initially targeted at motorists aged 16–19 years , with some 220 applications being processed at the beginning of the scheme . \n \n It is a partnership between the charitable sector , Government , leading banks , and the motor and insurance industries . Since 1978 over three million cars , scooters and powered wheelchairs have been provided to help disabled people with their mobility needs . \n \n HM The Queen has been the Chief Patron of Motability since its foundation . \n \n History and beginnings \n \n By the mid 1970s over 40 % of households in the country owned a car but disabled people claimed that they were missing out . Only those who could drive themselves received any government help with transport , usually in the form of a blue trike which was unable to take passengers . \n \n The Mobility Allowance - now called the mobility component of Disability Living Allowance - introduced by the Government in 1976 broke the mould in giving help regardless of ability to drive . It also signalled the Government 's commitment to giving disabled people choice in the form of a cash allowance , rather than imposing certain types of vehicles on them . \n \n The Mobility Allowance was a positive advance but it soon became clear that it was not large enough to buy and run even the smallest car . The then Secretary of State for Health and Social Services invited the late Lord Goodman and ( now Lord ) Jeffrey Sterling to consider how disabled people could use this allowance to affordably obtain a vehicle . \n \n Thus Motability was born in 1977 and , often for the first time , disabled people could afford a good quality car from any participating manufacturer , fully insured , serviced , and with breakdown assistance . Motability was set up as a charity so it could also raise funds and make grants , in order to provide customers with a complete mobility package even if their allowance would not cover the type of car and adaptations that they needed . \n \n Motability opened up new horizons for many disabled people . Things that were once difficult to do , such as getting to work , going shopping , doing volunteer work , visiting friends , getting to the doctor , going swimming , giving a family member a lift , or enjoying a driving holiday , became easier . For some , enhanced opportunities for further education and profitable full-time employment became a reality for the first time . \n \n On 25 July 1978 ten young people attended the first Motability Scheme vehicle handover at Earls Court in London and received the keys to their new vehicles from then Chairman Lord Goodman . Julie Newport , disabled by polio , was one of the ten to receive her keys and commented : `` I think it 's marvellous , '' saying the Scheme gave disabled people the freedom and independence they really wanted . Also present were Rt Hon Lord Morris , Rt Hon Lord Jenkin , Allan Beard and Jeffrey Sterling , the present Chairman of Motability . \n \n In 2003 , Motability celebrated its 25th anniversary with a garden at the Chelsea Flower Show . The garden included a Motability car , an adapted Renault Clio , to symbolise disabled people gaining access to the remotest parts of the countryside . \n \n In October 2006 , the Scheme hit the two million vehicles mark and Jeffrey Sterling commented : `` Family life revolves around the disabled person so if you make someone mobile you do n't help two million , it 's more like six to eight million . '' \n \n The late Lord Goodman described the establishment of Motability in 1977 as `` the most successful achievement of my career and the most fortunate thought that ever came into my head '' . \n \n How the scheme works \n \n Disability Living Allowance ( DLA ) is not means tested . It is a benefit designed to help towards the additional living costs incurred by people with disabilities and is broken into two components , Mobility and Care . The Care component is valued at", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 420, "text": "1978" } ], "id": "wh_2920--Motability.txt", "qid": "wh_2920", "question": "Name the year - Anna Ford becomes the first female news reader on ITV, the charity Motability is founded, Bulgarian dissident Geogi Markov is killed with a poison tipped umbrella and Althea and Donna reach number 1 in the UK charts with 'Uptown Ranking' ?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The British Expeditionary Force or BEF was the British Army sent to the Western Front during the First World War . Planning for a British Expeditionary Force began with the Haldane reforms of the British Army carried out by the Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane following the Second Boer War ( 1899–1902 ) . \n \n The term `` British Expeditionary Force '' is often used to refer only to the forces present in France prior to the end of the First Battle of Ypres on 22 November 1914 . By the end of 1914—after the battles of Mons , Le Cateau , the Aisne and Ypres—the old Regular Army had been wiped out , although it managed to help stop the German advance.Chandler ( 2003 ) , p.211 An alternative endpoint of the BEF was 26 December 1914 , when it was divided into the First and Second Armies ( a Third , Fourth and Fifth being created later in the war ) . B.E.F . remained the official name of the British armies in France and Flanders throughout the First World War . \n \n Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany , who was famously dismissive of the BEF , allegedly issued an order on 19 August 1914 to `` exterminate ... the treacherous English and walk over General French 's contemptible little army '' . Hence , in later years , the survivors of the regular army dubbed themselves `` The Old Contemptibles '' . No evidence of any such order being issued by the Kaiser has ever been found . \n \n Formation \n \n Under the terms of the Entente Cordiale , the British Army 's role in a European war was to embark soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force , which consisted of six infantry divisions and five cavalry brigades that were arranged into I Corps and II Corps . In October 1914 , 7th Division arrived in France , forming the basis of III Corps and the cavalry had grown to form the Cavalry Corps of three divisions.Tucker & Roberts ( 2005 ) , p.504 By December 1914 , the BEF had expanded to such an extent that the First Army and the Second Army were formed . \n \n By the end of 1914 , after the battles of Mons , Le Cateau , the Aisne and Ypres , the old regular British Army had suffered massive casualties and lost most of its fighting strength but had managed to help stop the German advance . \n \n Command structure \n \n The force was commanded by Field Marshal Sir John French until December 1915 , when he was replaced by General Sir Douglas Haig . The BEF 's Chief of Staff on mobilization was General Archibald Murray . He was replaced in January 1915 by General William Robertson . Lieutenant-General Launcelot Kiggell then served as Chief of Staff from December 1915 to January 1917 when he was succeded by Lieutenant-General Herbert Lawrence . The two initial Army Corps were commanded by Douglas Haig ( I Corps ) and Horace Smith-Dorrien ( II Corps ) .Chandler ( 2003 ) , p. 211 \n \n Kitchener 's New Army \n \n As the Regular Army 's strength declined , the numbers were made up , first by the Territorial Force , then by volunteers from Field Marshal Kitchener 's New Army . By the end of August 1914 , he had raised six new divisions and by March 1915 , the number of divisions had increased to 29 . The Territorial Force was also expanded , raising second and third line battalions and forming eight new divisions , which supplemented its peacetime strength of 14 divisions . The Third Army was formed in July 1915 and with the influx of troops from Kitchener 's volunteers and further reorganisation , the Fourth Army and the Reserve Army , became the Fifth Army in 1916 . \n \n Growth during the War \n \n The BEF grew from six divisions of British regular army and reserves in 1914 , to encompass the British Empire 's war effort on the Western front in 1918 and some of its allies . Over the course of the war 5,399,563 men served with the BEF , the maximum strength being 2,046,901 men . \n \n First Army \n \n The First Army was formed on 26 December 1914 . Its first commander was Douglas Haig promoted from command of the I Corps . When Haig took over command of the BEF in 1915 , the new commander was General Henry Horne . First Army remained in France until the end of the war . \n \n Second Army \n \n The Second Army was formed at the same time", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 532, "text": "mons" } ], "id": "sfq_19427--British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I).txt", "qid": "sfq_19427", "question": "Which 1914 battle was the first major action of the British Expeditionary Force, delaying the German advance?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The year 1972 in film involved several significant cinematic events including the release of Francis Ford Coppola 's Academy Award-winning film , The Godfather . \n \n Highest-grossing films ( U.S . ) \n \n The top ten 1972 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows : \n \n Awards \n \n Academy Awards : \n \n Best Picture : The Godfather - Albert S. Ruddy , Paramount \n Best Director : Bob Fosse - Cabaret \n Best Actor : Marlon Brando - The Godfather ( declined ) \n Best Actress : Liza Minnelli - Cabaret \n Best Supporting Actor ; Joel Grey - Cabaret \n Best Supporting Actress : Eileen Heckart - Butterflies Are Free \n Best Foreign Language Film : The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie ( Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie ) , directed by Luis Buñuel , France \n \n Golden Globe Awards : \n \n Drama : \n Best Picture : The Godfather \n Best Actor : Marlon Brando - The Godfather \n Best Actress : Liv Ullmann - The Emigrants \n \n Musical or comedy : \n Best Picture : Cabaret \n Best Actor : Jack Lemmon - Avanti ! \n Best Actress : Liza Minnelli - Cabaret \n \n Other \n Best Director : Francis Ford Coppola - The Godfather \n Best Foreign Language Film ( tie ) : The Emigrants ( Utvandrarna ) , Sweden \n Best Foreign Language Film ( tie ) : The New Land ( Nybyggarna ) , Sweden \n \n Palme d'Or ( Cannes Film Festival ) : \n The Working Class Goes to Heaven ( La classe operaia va in paradiso ) , directed by Elio Petri , Italy \n The Mattei Affair ( Il Caso Mattei ) , directed by Francesco Rosi , Italy \n \n Golden Bear ( Berlin Film Festival ) : \n The Canterbury Tales ( I Racconti di Canterbury ) , directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini , Italy / France \n \n 1972 film releases \n \n U.S.A. unless stated \n \n January–March \n \n * January 1972 \n * * 1 January \n * * * J. W. Coop \n * * 2 January \n * * * Glass Houses \n * * 3 January \n * * * The Hot Rock \n * * 14 January \n * * * Cisco Pike \n * * * To Find a Man \n * * 21 January \n * * * Zee and Co . \n * * 26 January \n * * * The Hot Rock \n * February 1972 \n * * 13 February \n * * * Cabaret \n * March 1972 \n * * 8 March \n * * * Tales from the Crypt ( U.K . ) \n * * 10 March \n * * * Silent Running \n * * * What 's Up , Doc ? \n * * 12 March \n * * * Godzilla vs. Gigan - ( Japan ) \n * * 15 March \n * * * Slaughterhouse-Five \n * * 17 March \n * * * Pink Flamingos \n * * 22 March \n * * * The Biscuit Eater \n * * 23 March \n * * * The Concert for Bangladesh \n * * 24 March \n * * * The Godfather \n \n April–June \n \n * April 1972 \n * * 12 April \n * * * Fritz the Cat \n * * 16 April \n * * * The Culpepper Cattle Co . \n * * 30 April \n * * * Vampire Circus ( U.K . ) \n * May 1972 \n * * 4 May \n * * * Play It Again , Sam \n * * 12 May \n * * * The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid \n * * 24 May \n * * * The Possession of Joel Delaney \n * * 25 May \n * * * Z.P.G . \n * * 26 May \n * * * The Other \n * June 1972 \n * * 2 June \n * * * The War Between Men and Women \n * * 4 June \n * * * A Day in the Death of Joe Egg \n * * 6 June \n * * * Butterflies Are Free \n * * 12 June \n * * * The Groundstar Conspiracy \n * * 20 June \n * * * The Assassination of Trotsky ( U.K . ) \n * * 21 June \n * * * Frenzy \n * * * Beware ! The Blob \n * * 23 June \n * * * Ben \n * * 29 June \n * * * Come Back , Charleston Blue \n * * 30", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_9170--1972_in_film.txt", "qid": "qw_9170", "question": "\"Who was Marlon Brando's co-star in the 1972 film \"\"Last Tango in Paris\"\", directed by Bernardo Bertolucci?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Dido ( , ) was , according to ancient Greek and Roman sources , the founder and first queen of Carthage ( in modern-day Tunisia ) . She is primarily known from the account given by the Roman poet Virgil in his epic , Aeneid . In some sources she is also known as Elissa ( ) . \n \n Early accounts \n \n The person of Dido can be traced to references by Roman historians to lost writings of Timaeus of Tauromenium in Sicily ( c. 356–260 BC ) . \n \n Historians gave various dates , both for the foundation of Carthage and the foundation of Rome . Appian in the beginning of his Punic Wars claims that Carthage was founded by a certain Zorus and Carchedon , but Zorus looks like an alternative transliteration of the city name Tyre and Carchedon is just the Greek form of Carthage . Timaeus made Carchedon 's wife Elissa the sister of King Pygmalion of Tyre . Archaeological evidence of settlement on the site of Carthage before the last quarter of the 8th century BC has yet to be found . Paucity of material for this period may be explained by rejection of the Greek Dark Age theory . \n That the city is named ( Qart-hadasht , or `` New City '' ) at least indicates it was a colony . \n \n The only surviving full account before Virgil 's treatment is that of Virgil 's contemporary Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus in his Philippic histories as rendered in a digest or epitome made by Junianus Justinus in the 3rd century AD . \n \n Justin quoting or paraphrasing Trogus states ( 18.4–6 ) , a king of Tyre whom Justin does not name , made his very beautiful daughter Dido and son Pygmalion his joint heirs . But on his death the people took Pygmalion alone as their ruler though Pygmalion was yet still a boy . Dido married Acerbas her uncle who as priest of Heracles—that is , Melqart—was second in power to King Pygmalion . Acerbas ( Sicharbas , Zacherbas ) can be equated with the Zikarbaal king of Byblos mentioned in the Egyptian Tale of Wenamon . \n Rumor told that Acerbas had much wealth secretly buried and King Pygmalion had Acerbas murdered in hopes of gaining this wealth . Dido , desiring to escape Tyre , expressed a wish to move into Pygmalion 's palace , but then ordered the attendants whom Pygmalion sent to aid in the move , to throw all Acerbas ' bags of gold into the sea apparently as an offering to his spirit . In fact these bags contained only sand . Dido then persuaded the attendants to join her in flight to another land rather than face Pygmalion 's anger when he discovered what had supposedly become of Acerbas ' wealth . Some senators also joined her in her flight . \n \n The party arrived at Cyprus where the priest of Jupiter joined the expedition . There the exiles also seized about eighty young women who were prostituting themselves on the shore in order to provide wives for the men in the party . \n \n Eventually Dido and her followers arrived on the coast of North Africa where Dido asked the Berber king Iarbas for a small bit of land for a temporary refuge until she could continue her journeying , only as much land as could be encompassed by an oxhide . They agreed . Dido cut the oxhide into fine strips so that she had enough to encircle an entire nearby hill , which was therefore afterwards named Byrsa `` hide '' . ( This event is commemorated in modern mathematics : The `` isoperimetric problem '' of enclosing the maximum area within a fixed boundary is often called the `` Dido Problem '' in modern calculus of variations . ) That would become their new home . Many of the local Berbers joined the settlement and both Berbers and envoys from the nearby Phoenician city of Utica urged the building of a city . In digging the foundations an ox 's head was found , indicating a city that would be wealthy but subject to others . Accordingly , another area of the hill was dug instead where a horse 's head was found , indicating that the city would be powerful in war . \n \n But when the new city of Carthage had been established and become prosperous , Iarbas , a native king of the Maxitani or Mauritani ( manuscripts differ ) , demanded Dido for his wife or he would make war on Carthage . Dido 's envoys , fearing Iarbas , told Dido only that Iarbas ' terms for peace", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "dido" } ], "id": "wh_4207--Dido.txt", "qid": "wh_4207", "question": "In Virgil's Aeneid, who was the Queen of Carthage who fell in love with Aeneas?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "`` More popular than Jesus '' ( or `` Bigger than Jesus '' ) was a controversial remark made by the Beatles ' John Lennon in 1966 . Lennon said that Christianity was in decline and that the Beatles had become more popular than Jesus Christ . The comment drew no controversy when originally published in the United Kingdom , but angry reactions flared up in Christian communities when it was republished in the United States five months later . \n \n Lennon had originally made the remark in March 1966 during an interview with Maureen Cleave for the London Evening Standard , which drew no public reaction . When Datebook , a US teen magazine , quoted Lennon 's comments in August , five months later , extensive protests broke out in the Southern United States . Some radio stations stopped playing Beatles songs , their records were publicly burned , press conferences were cancelled , and threats were made . The controversy coincided with the group 's US tour in August 1966 , and Lennon and Brian Epstein attempted to quell the dispute at a series of press conferences . Some tour events experienced disruption and intimidation , including a picketing by the Ku Klux Klan . The controversy contributed to the Beatles ' lack of interest in public live performances , and the US tour was the last they undertook , after which they became a studio-only band . \n \n Background \n \n In March 1966 , the London Evening Standard ran a weekly series of articles entitled `` How Does a Beatle Live ? '' which featured John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney respectively . The articles were completed by journalist Maureen Cleave , who knew the group well and had interviewed them regularly since the start of Beatlemania in the UK . Three years previously she had written they were `` the darlings of Merseyside '' , and had accompanied them on the plane on the group 's first US tour in February 1964 . For her lifestyle series in March 1966 , she chose to interview the group individually , rather than all together , as was the norm . \n \n Cleave interviewed Lennon on 4 March 1966 . At his home , Kenwood , in Weybridge , she found a full-size crucifix , a gorilla costume , a medieval suit of armour and a well-organised library , with works by Alfred , Lord Tennyson , Jonathan Swift , Oscar Wilde , George Orwell , Aldous Huxley , and The Passover Plot , by Hugh J. Schonfield , which had influenced Lennon 's ideas about Christianity . Cleave 's article mentioned that Lennon was `` reading extensively about religion '' , and quoted a comment he made : \n \n Cleave 's interview with Lennon was published in the Evening Standard in March 1966 and provoked no public reaction in the UK . Church attendance there was in decline and the Christian churches were making no secret of their efforts to transform their image into something more relevant to modern times . Music historian Jonathan Gould wrote , `` The satire comedians had had a field day with the increasingly desperate attempts of the Church to make itself seem more relevant ( 'Do n't call me vicar , call me Dick ... ' ) . '' In 1963 , the Anglican Bishop of Woolwich , John A. T. Robinson , published a controversial but popular book , Honest to God , urging the nation to reject traditional church teachings on morality and the concept of God as an `` old man in the sky '' , and instead embrace a universal ethic of love . Bryan R. Wilson 's 1966 text Religion in Secular Society explained that increasing secularization led to British churches being abandoned . However , in the US , churches remained popular . \n \n Both McCartney and Harrison had been baptised in the Roman Catholic Church , but neither of them followed Christianity . At the start of Beatlemania , the group came into contact with the Revd Ronald Gibbons , who told reporters that a Beatles version of `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' might provide the Church of England with `` the very shot in the arm it needs '' . \n \n Response in the US \n \n The day after Cleave 's article appeared in the Evening Standard , Beatles press officer Tony Barrow offered Datebook , a US teen magazine , rights to all four interviews . Barrow believed the pieces were important to show fans that the Beatles were progressing beyond simple pop music and producing more intellectually challenging work . As Datebook had already", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 110, "text": "john lennon" } ], "id": "jp_193--More_popular_than_Jesus.txt", "qid": "jp_193", "question": "\"Who said \"\"We're more popular than Jesus now\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal , in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions . By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams , a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal . From this electron density , the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined , as well as their chemical bonds , their disorder and various other information . \n \n Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts , metals , minerals , semiconductors , as well as various inorganic , organic and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields . In its first decades of use , this method determined the size of atoms , the lengths and types of chemical bonds , and the atomic-scale differences among various materials , especially minerals and alloys . The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules , including vitamins , drugs , proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA . X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments . X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material , shed light on chemical interactions and processes , or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases . \n \n In a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement , a crystal is mounted on a goniometer . The goniometer is used to position the crystal at selected orientations . The crystal is illuminated with a finely focused monochromatic beam of X-rays , producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections . The two-dimensional images taken at different orientations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms , combined with chemical data known for the sample . Poor resolution ( fuzziness ) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small , or not uniform enough in their internal makeup . \n \n X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures . Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons , which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation . If single crystals of sufficient size can not be obtained , various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information ; such methods include fiber diffraction , powder diffraction and ( if the sample is not crystallized ) small-angle X-ray scattering ( SAXS ) . \n If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity , the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure . \n \n For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods , the scattering is elastic ; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray . By contrast , inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample , rather than the distribution of its atoms . \n \n History \n \n Early scientific history of crystals and X-rays \n \n Crystals , though long admired for their regularity and symmetry , were not investigated scientifically until the 17th century . Johannes Kepler hypothesized in his work Strena seu de Nive Sexangula ( A New Year 's Gift of Hexagonal Snow ) ( 1611 ) that the hexagonal symmetry of snowflake crystals was due to a regular packing of spherical water particles . \n \n The Danish scientist Nicolas Steno ( 1669 ) pioneered experimental investigations of crystal symmetry . Steno showed that the angles between the faces are the same in every exemplar of a particular type of crystal , and René Just Haüy ( 1784 ) discovered that every face of a crystal can be described by simple stacking patterns of blocks of the same shape and size . Hence , William Hallowes Miller in 1839 was able to give each face a unique label of three small integers , the Miller indices which remain in use today for identifying crystal faces . Haüy 's study led to the correct idea that crystals are a regular three-dimensional array ( a Bravais lattice ) of atoms and molecules ; a single unit cell is repeated indefinitely along three principal directions that are not necessarily perpendicular . In the 19th century , a complete catalog of the possible symmetries of a crystal was worked out by Johan Hessel , Auguste Bravais , Evgraf Fedorov , Arthur Schönflies and ( belatedly ) William Barlow (", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "tc_2754--X-ray_crystallography.txt", "qid": "tc_2754", "question": "Whose research on X-ray diffraction of ?DNA crystals helped Crick and Watson during the race to discover the structure of DNA?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Hawkeye State is a nickname for the state of Iowa . `` The Hawkeye State . '' According to the state 's tourism web site , `` Two Iowa promoters from Burlington are believed to have popularized the name . '' The nickname was given approval by territorial officials in 1838 , eight years before Iowa became a state . \n \n The men responsible for the promotion of this nickname are thought to be Judge David Rorer of Burlington and newspaper publisher James G. Edwards . The city of Burlington had been established in 1833 after the previous year 's Black Hawk War . Edwards changed the name of his Burlington newspaper , The Iowa Patriot , to The Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot in tribute to friend Chief Black Hawk , a Sauk leader . Edwards proposed the nickname `` Hawk-eyes '' in 1838 to `` ... rescue from oblivion a memento , at least , of the name of the old chief '' , Black Hawk . The University of Iowa 's athletic teams are nicknamed the Hawkeyes and feature a mascot named Herky the Hawk . \n \n The University of Iowa borrowed its athletic nickname from the state of Iowa many years ago . The name Hawkeye was originally applied to a hero in a fictional novel , The Last of the Mohicans , written by James Fenimore Cooper . Author Cooper had the Delaware Indians bestow the name on a white scout who lived and hunted with them . \n \n In 1838 , 12 years after the book was published , people in the territory of Iowa acquired the nickname , chiefly through the efforts of Judge David Rorer of Burlington and James G. Edwards of Fort Madison . Edwards , editor of the Fort Madison Patriot , moved his newspaper to Burlington in 1843 and renamed it the Burlington Hawkeye . The two men continued their campaign to popularize the name and were rewarded when territorial officials gave it their formal approval . \n \n The Hawkeye nickname gained a tangible symbol in 1948 when a cartoon character , later to be named Herky the Hawk , was hatched . The creator was Richard Spencer III , instructor of journalism . The impish hawk was an immediate hit and he acquired a name through a statewide contest staged by the UI Athletic Department . John Franklin , a Belle Plaine alumnus , was the man who suggested Herky . ( Source University of Iowa athletic site http : //www.hawkeyesports.com/trads/herky.html )", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 49, "text": "iowa" } ], "id": "sfq_21817--Hawkeye_State.txt", "qid": "sfq_21817", "question": "Which US state is nicknamed the 'Hawkeye State’?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar . The competition between these two concepts has generated confusion concerning the use of the term predicate in theories of grammar . This article considers both of these notions . \n \n The first concerns traditional grammar , which tends to view a predicate as one of two main parts of a sentence , the other part being the subject ; the purpose of the predicate is to complete an idea about the subject , such as what it does or what it is like . \n \n The second notion was derived from work in predicate calculus ( predicate logic , first order logic ) and is prominent in modern theories of syntax and grammar . In this approach , the predicate of a sentence mostly corresponds to the main verb and any auxiliaries that accompany the main verb ; whereas the arguments of that predicate ( e.g . the subject and object noun phrases ) are outside the predicate . \n \n Predicates in traditional grammar \n \n The predicate in traditional grammar is inspired by propositional logic of antiquity ( as opposed to the more modern predicate logic ) . A predicate is seen as a property that a subject has or is characterized by . A predicate is therefore an expression that can be true of something . Thus , the expression `` is moving '' is true of anything that is moving . This classical understanding of predicates was adopted more or less directly into Latin and Greek grammars and from there it made its way into English grammars , where it is applied directly to the analysis of sentence structure . It is also the understanding of predicates in English-language dictionaries . The predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence ( the other being the subject , which the predicate modifies ) . The predicate must contain a verb , and the verb requires or permits other elements to complete the predicate , or it precludes them from doing so . These elements are objects ( direct , indirect , prepositional ) , predicatives , and adjuncts : \n \n : She dances . - verb-only predicate \n : Ben reads the book . - verb + direct object predicate \n : Ben 's mother , Felicity , gave me a present . - verb + indirect object + direct object predicate \n : She listened to the radio . - verb + prepositional object predicate \n : They elected him president . - verb + object + predicative noun predicate \n : She met him in the park . - verb + object + adjunct predicate \n : She is in the park . - verb + predicative prepositional phrase predicate \n \n The predicate provides information about the subject , such as what the subject is , what the subject is doing , or what the subject is like . The relation between a subject and its predicate is sometimes called a nexus . A predicative nominal is a noun phrase that functions as the main predicate of a sentence , such as George III is the king of England , the king of England being the predicative nominal . The subject and predicative nominal must be connected by a linking verb , also called a copula . A predicative adjective is an adjective that functions as a predicate , such as Ivano is attractive , attractive being the predicative adjective . The subject and predicative adjective must also be connected by a copula . \n \n This traditional understanding of predicates has a concrete reflex in all phrase structure theories of syntax . These theories divide the generic declarative sentence ( S ) into a noun phrase ( NP ) and verb phrase ( VP ) , e.g . \n \n : \n \n The subject NP is shown in green , and the predicate VP in blue . This concept of sentence structure stands in stark contrast to dependency structure theories of grammar , which place the finite verb ( = conjugated verb ) as the root of all sentence structure and thus reject this binary NP-VP division . \n \n Predicates in modern theories of syntax and grammar \n \n Most modern theories of syntax and grammar take their inspiration for the theory of predicates from predicate calculus as associated with Gottlob Frege . This understanding sees predicates as relations or functions over arguments . The predicate serves either to assign a property to a single argument or to relate two or more arguments to each other . Sentences consist of predicates and their arguments ( and adjuncts ) and are thus predicate-argument", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qg_41--Predicate_(grammar).txt", "qid": "qg_41", "question": "In grammar, what word is used to describe a pair or group of words that consist of a subject and a predicate?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Musée d'Orsay is a museum in Paris , France , on the left bank of the Seine . It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay , a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900 . The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1914 , including paintings , sculptures , furniture , and photography . It houses the largest collection of impressionist and post-Impressionist masterpieces in the world , by painters including Monet , Manet , Degas , Renoir , Cézanne , Seurat , Sisley , Gauguin , and Van Gogh . Many of these works were held at the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume prior to the museum 's opening in 1986 . It is one of the largest art museums in Europe . \n \n History \n \n The museum building was originally a railway station , Gare d'Orsay , constructed for the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans and finished in time for the 1900 Exposition Universelle to the design of three architects : Lucien Magne , Émile Bénard and Victor Laloux . It was the terminus for the railways of southwestern France until 1939 . \n \n By 1939 the station 's short platforms had become unsuitable for the longer trains that had come to be used for mainline services . After 1939 it was used for suburban services and part of it became a mailing centre during World War II . It was then used as a set for several films , such as Kafka 's The Trial adapted by Orson Welles , and as a haven for the Renaud–Barrault Theatre Company and for auctioneers , while the Hôtel Drouot was being rebuilt . \n \n In 1970 , permission was granted to demolish the station but Jacques Duhamel , Minister for Cultural Affairs , ruled against plans to build a new hotel in its stead . The station was put on the supplementary list of Historic Monuments and finally listed in 1978 . The suggestion to turn the station into a museum came from the Directorate of the Museums of France . The idea was to build a museum that would bridge the gap between the Louvre and the National Museum of Modern Art at the Georges Pompidou Centre . The plan was accepted by Georges Pompidou and a study was commissioned in 1974 . In 1978 , a competition was organized to design the new museum . ACT Architecture , a team of three young architects ( Pierre Colboc , Renaud Bardon and Jean-Paul Philippon ) , were awarded the contract which involved creating 20,000 sq . m. of new floorspace on four floors . The construction work was carried out by Bouygues . In 1981 , the Italian architect , Gae Aulenti was chosen to design the interior including the internal arrangement , decoration , furniture and fittings of the museum . Finally in July 1986 , the museum was ready to receive its exhibits . It took 6 months to install the 2000 or so paintings , 600 sculptures and other works . The museum officially opened in December 1986 by then-president , François Mitterrand . \n \n The square next to the museum displays six bronze allegorical sculptural groups in a row , originally produced for the Exposition Universelle : \n \n * South America by Aimé Millet \n * Asia by Alexandre Falguière \n * Oceania by Mathurin Moreau \n * Europe by Alexandre Schoenewerk \n * North America by Ernest-Eugène Hiolle \n * Africa by Eugène Delaplanche \n \n Collection \n \n Paintings : major painters and works represented \n \n * Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres – 4 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) \n * Eugène Delacroix – 5 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) \n * Eugène Carrière – 86 paintings including The painting family , The sick child , Intimacy \n * Théodore Chassériau – 5 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) \n * Gustave Courbet – 48 paintings including The Artist 's Studio , A Burial at Ornans , Young Man Sitting , L'Origine du monde \n * Jean-François Millet – 27 paintings including Spring , The Gleaners \n * Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot – 32 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) including A Morning . The Dance of the Nymphs \n * Johan Barthold Jongkind – 9 paintings \n * Alexandre Cabanel – The Birth of Venus , The Death of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta \n * Jean-Léon Gérôme – Portrait of the baroness Nathaniel de Rothschild , Reception of Condé in Versailles , La Comtesse de Keller", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 137, "text": "railway station" } ], "id": "sfq_1841--Musée_d'Orsay.txt", "qid": "sfq_1841", "question": "The Musee d'Orsay, in Paris, which houses many great impressionist paintings, was originally designed as what sort of building?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Person of the Year ( called Man of the Year until 1999 ) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine , Time , that features and profiles a person , a group , an idea , or an object that `` for better or for worse ... has done the most to influence the events of the year '' . \n \n Background \n \n The tradition of selecting a `` Man of the Year '' began in 1927 , with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the year . The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight . By the end of the year , it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes . \n \n Since then , individual people , classes of people , the computer ( `` Machine of the Year '' in 1982 ) , and `` Endangered Earth '' ( `` Planet of the Year '' in 1988 ) have all been selected for the special year-end issue . Despite the magazine 's frequent statements to the contrary , the designation is often regarded as an honor , and spoken of as an award or prize , simply based on many previous selections of admirable people . However , Time magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler ( 1938 ) , Joseph Stalin ( 1939 and 1942 ) , Nikita Khrushchev ( 1957 ) and Ayatollah Khomeini ( 1979 ) have also been granted the title for their impacts . \n \n In 1999 , the title was changed to Person of the Year . Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include `` The Whistleblowers '' ( Cynthia Cooper , Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins in 2002 ) , Melinda Gates ( jointly with Bill Gates and Bono , in 2005 ) , and Angela Merkel in 2015 . Prior to 1999 , four women were granted the title as individuals , as `` Woman of the Year '' —Wallis Simpson ( 1936 ) , Soong Mei-ling ( 1937 ) , Queen Elizabeth II ( 1952 ) and Corazon Aquino ( 1986 ) . `` American Women '' were recognized as a group in 1975 . Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women , such as `` Hungarian Freedom Fighters '' ( 1956 ) , `` U.S. Scientists '' ( 1960 ) , `` The Inheritors '' ( 1966 ) , `` The Middle Americans '' ( 1969 ) , `` The American Soldier '' ( 2003 ) , `` You '' ( 2006 ) , `` The Protester '' ( 2011 ) represented on the cover by a woman , and `` Ebola fighters '' ( 2014 ) . \n \n Since the list began , every serving President of the United States has been a Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge , in office at time of the first issue , Herbert Hoover , the next U.S. president , and Gerald Ford . Most were named Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office ; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower , in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force , eight years before his election . He subsequently received the title again in 1959 , while in office . Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times , first as President-elect ( 1932 ) and later as the incumbent President ( 1934 and 1941 ) . \n \n The last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as `` Man of the Decade '' . The December 31 , 1999 issue of Time named Albert Einstein the `` Person of the Century '' . Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up . \n \n As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming the Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979 , Time has shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States due to commercial reasons . Times Person of the Year 2001 , immediately following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani , although the stated rules of selection , the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year 's news , made Osama bin Laden a more likely choice . The issue that declared Giuliani the", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1290, "text": "stalin" } ], "id": "sfq_19121--Time_Person_of_the_Year.txt", "qid": "sfq_19121", "question": "Who was voted Times Magazine's man of the year in 1939 and 1942?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Buzz Aldrin ( born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. , January 20 , 1930 ) is an American engineer and former astronaut . As the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11 , he was one of the first two humans to land on the Moon , and the second person to walk on it . He set foot on the Moon at 03:15:16 on July 21 , 1969 ( UTC ) , following mission commander Neil Armstrong . He is a former U.S. Air Force officer with the Command Pilot rating . \n \n Biography \n \n Early life \n \n Aldrin was born January 20 , 1930 , in Mountainside Hospital , in Glen Ridge , New Jersey . [ http : //www.northjersey.com/news/national/other_national_news/To_the_moon_and_beyond.html `` To the Moon and beyond '' ] , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 20 , 2009 ; retrieved July 20 , 2009 . The source is indicative of the confusion regarding his birthplace . He is described in the article 's first paragraph as having been `` born and raised in Montclair , New Jersey '' , while a more detailed second paragraph on `` The Early Years '' states that he was `` born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. on January 20 , 1930 , in the Glen Ridge wing of Montclair Hospital '' . His parents were Edwin Eugene Aldrin Sr. ( 1896–1974 ) , a career military man , and Marion ( Moon ) Gaddys ( 1903–1968 ) , who lived in neighboring Montclair . He is of Scottish , Swedish , and German ancestry . Aldrin was a Boy Scout and earned the rank of Tenderfoot Scout . \n \n After graduating from Montclair High School in 1947 , Aldrin turned down a full scholarship offer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( which he would later attend for graduate school ) , and went to the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York . The nickname `` Buzz '' originated in childhood : the younger of his two elder sisters mispronounced `` brother '' as `` buzzer '' , and this was shortened to Buzz . Aldrin made it his legal first name in 1988 . \n \n Military career \n \n Aldrin graduated third in his class at West Point in 1951 , with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering . He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War . He flew 66 combat missions in F-86 Sabres and shot down two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 aircraft . The June 8 , 1953 , issue of Life magazine featured gun camera photos taken by Aldrin of one of the Soviet pilots ejecting from his damaged aircraft . \n \n After the war , Aldrin was assigned as an aerial gunnery instructor at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada , and next was an aide to the dean of faculty at the United States Air Force Academy , which had recently begun operations in 1955 . That same year , he graduated from the Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama . He flew F-100 Super Sabres as a flight commander at Bitburg Air Base , West Germany , in the 22d Fighter Squadron . In 1963 Aldrin earned a Doctor of Science degree in Astronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology . His graduate thesis was `` Line-of-sight guidance techniques for manned orbital rendezvous '' , the dedication of which read , `` In the hopes that this work may in some way contribute to their exploration of space , this is dedicated to the crew members of this country ’ s present and future manned space programs . If only I could join them in their exciting endeavors ! '' \n \n On completion of his doctorate , he was assigned to the Gemini Target Office of the Air Force Space Systems Division in Los Angeles before his selection as an astronaut . His initial application to join the astronaut corps was rejected on the basis of never having been a test pilot ; that prerequisite was lifted when he re-applied and was accepted into the third astronaut class . \n \n NASA career \n \n Aldrin was selected as a member of the third group of NASA astronauts in October 1963 . Because test pilot experience was no longer a requirement , this was the first selection for which he was eligible . After the deaths of the original Gemini 9 prime crew , Elliot See and Charles Bassett , Aldrin and Jim Lovell were promoted to backup crew for the mission . The main objective of the revised mission ( Gemini 9A ) was", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 19, "text": "edwin" } ], "id": "sfq_18804--Buzz_Aldrin.txt", "qid": "sfq_18804", "question": "What is second man on the moon, Buzz Aldrin's real Christian name?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "June Lockhart ( born June 25 , 1925 ) is an American actress , primarily in 1950s and 1960s television , also with memorable performances on stage and in film . She is remembered as the mother in two TV series , Lassie and Lost in Space . She also portrayed Dr. Janet Craig on the CBS television sitcom Petticoat Junction ( 1968–70 ) . She is a two-time Emmy Award nominee and a Tony Award winner . \n \n Early years \n \n Born on June 25 , 1925 , in New York City , Lockhart is the daughter of Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart , who came to prominence on Broadway in 1933 in Ah , Wilderness ! , and English-born actress Kathleen Arthur Lockhart . Her grandfather was John Coates Lockhart , `` a concert-singer . '' \n \n She attended the Westlake School for Girls in Beverly Hills , California . \n \n Film \n \n Lockhart made her film debut opposite her parents in a film version of A Christmas Carol , in 1938 . She also played supporting parts in films including Meet Me in St. Louis , Sergeant York , All This , and Heaven Too and The Yearling . Lockhart played the title role in She-Wolf of London ( 1946 ) . \n \n Stage \n \n Lockhart debuted on stage at the age of eight , playing Mimsey in Peter Ibbetson , presented by the Metropolitan Opera . Her acting in For Love or Money brought her out of her parents ' shadow and gained her notice as `` a promising movie actress in her own right . '' One newspaper article began , `` June Lockhart has burst on Broadway with the suddenness of an unpredicted comet . '' \n \n In 1951 , Lockhart starred in Lawrence Riley 's biographical play Kin Hubbard opposite Tom Ewell . \n \n Television \n \n In 1955 , Lockhart appeared in an episode of CBS 's Appointment with Adventure . About this time , she also made several appearances on NBC 's legal drama Justice , based on case files of the Legal Aid Society of New York . In the late 1950s , Lockhart guest-starred in several popular television Westerns including : Wagon Train and Cimarron City ( in the episode `` Medicine Man '' with Gary Merrill ) on NBC and Gunsmoke , Have Gun – Will Travel , and Rawhide on CBS . \n \n In 1958 , she was the narrator for Playhouse 90 's telecast of the George Balanchine version of Tchaikovsky 's The Nutcracker , featuring Balanchine himself as Drosselmeyer , along with the New York City Ballet . \n \n Lockhart is best known for her roles as TV mothers , first as Ruth Martin , the wife of Paul Martin ( portrayed by Hugh Reilly ) , and the mother of Timmy Martin ( played by Jon Provost ) in the 1954 CBS series , Lassie ( a role that she played from 1958–64 ) . She replaced actress Cloris Leachman , who , in turn , had replaced Jan Clayton - who had originally played the role . Following her five-year run on Lassie Lockhart made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as defendant Mona Stanton Harvey in `` The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor . '' Lockhart then starred as Dr. Maureen Robinson in Lost in Space , which ran from 1965-1968 on CBS , opposite veteran actors Guy Williams and Jonathan Harris . \n \n In 1965 , Lockhart played librarian Ina Coolbrith , first poet laureate of California , in the episode `` Magic Locket '' of the syndicated western series , Death Valley Days , hosted by Ronald W. Reagan . In the storyline , Coolbrith develops a tenuous friendship with the teenaged `` Dorita Duncan '' ( Kathy Garver ) , later the dancer Isadora Duncan . The two have identical portions of a broken locket . Sean McClory played the poet Joaquin Miller , author of Songs of the Sierras . \n \n Lockhart would then appear as Dr. Janet Craig on the final two seasons of the CBS sitcom Petticoat Junction ( 1968–1970 ) , her character being brought in to fill the void created after Bea Benaderet died during the run of the show ; she was a regular in the ABC soap opera General Hospital during the 1980s and 1990s , and was also a voice actor , providing the voice of Martha Day , the lead character in the Hanna-Barbera animated series These Are the Days on ABC during the 1970s . \n \n Lockhart appeared as a hostess on the `` Miss USA Pageant '' on CBS for six years , the ``", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2906, "text": "robinson" } ], "id": "wh_3035--June_Lockhart.txt", "qid": "wh_3035", "question": "With Guy Williams and June Lockhart as the mother and father, what was the surname of the main family in the TV series Lost in Space?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Girl Scout Cookies are cookies sold by Girl Scouts of the USA ( GSUSA ) as one of its major fundraisers for local Scout units . Members of the GSUSA have been selling cookies since 1917 to raise funds . Girls who participate can earn prizes for their efforts . There are also unit incentives if the unit as a whole does well . As of 2007 , sales were estimated at about 200 million boxes per year . \n \n History \n \n The first cookie sales by an individual Scout unit was by the Mistletoe Troop in Muskogee , Oklahoma , in December 1917 at their local high school . In 1922 , the Girl Scout magazine The American Girl suggested cookie sales as a fund-raiser and provided a simple cookie recipe from a regional director for the Girl Scouts of Chicago . \n \n From 1933 to 1935 , country-wide , organized cookie sales grew with Troops in Philadelphia and New York City using the cookie selling model to develop the marketing and sales skills of their local troops . In 1933 , Girl Scouts in Philadelphia organized the first official sale , selling homemade cookies at the windows of local utility companies . \n \n In 1936 the national organization began licensing commercial bakers , including Keebler-Weyl Bakery , [ http : //www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/GirlScoutCookies.html Girl Scout Cookies Bake Up Tasty Treats for Community , Business Skills for Girls ] , Kathryn DeVan , Fall 2008 to produce cookies to increase availability and reduce lag time . 125 troops launched cookie sales that year . \n \n During World War II the Girl Scouts sold calendars in addition to cookies , because of shortages of flour , sugar , and butter . In 1943 there were 48 cookies per box . By 1943 Girl Scouts also collected fat in cans to aid the war effort and sold War Bonds at no profit . \n \n In the 1950s , three more cookie recipes were added : `` Shortbreads '' , `` Peanut Butter Sandwich '' , and `` Thin Mints '' . Six types of cookies were being sold nationwide by 1956 . Greater cookie sales occurred due to the Baby Boom generation entering Girl Scout in the 1960s . The ‘ Samoa ’ was added in 1975 . In 1978 , the National Council reduced the number of bakeries providing cookies to four and standardized the packaging and pricing of the cookies . \n \n In the 1990s , the National Council limited the bakeries providing cookies to just ABC Bakers ( a division of Interbake Foods ) and Little Brownie Bakers ( a division of the Keebler Company ) . In 1998 , cookie sale awards were instituted . \n \n In 2005 , the Girl Scouts moved to eliminate trans fat from their cookies healthier and started providing nutritional information on the cookie box . In 2009 the number of Thin Mints , Do-si-dos , and Tagalongs in each box was reduced and Lemon Chalet Cremes became smaller because of the increasing costs of ingredients and transportation . \n \n Sales \n \n Each Girl Scout regional council decides which licensed baking company to use for cookie sales in that council , thus determining which varieties are available in the area covered by the council . \n \n Girl Scouts sell cookies to relatives , friends , neighbors , and others in their town or city . In recent years , because of safety concerns , an increased emphasis has been placed on cookie booths , where girls sell from tables in public areas under the supervision of adult troop leaders , rather than door-to-door . Many councils offer the option for customers to sponsor boxes of cookies to be sent to U.S. servicemen and women . Cookies are also available online . \n \n As an incentive to sell , Girl Scouts are offered recognitions , such as stuffed animals , trinkets , coupons , credits toward Girl Scout camp , activities , or uniforms . These recognitions vary from Girl Scout council to council . The recognitions are usually cumulative , so that a girl who earns the recognition for selling 50 boxes of cookies will also get the 25- and 20-box items . In some councils , girls may choose to earn more money for their troop instead of recognitions if they are working toward a troop goal such as a trip or other expensive activity . This type of fund raising is intended to teach Girl Scouts valuable skills in planning , teamwork , finance , organization , communication , and goal setting . \n \n Also , award badges exist for sales : Cookie Count , Smart Cookie , The", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "girl scout cookie" } ], "id": "jp_4371--Girl_Scout_Cookies.txt", "qid": "jp_4371", "question": "What variety of Girl Scout cookies contains toasted coconut?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation ( , hence its abbreviation CH ) , is a federal republic in Europe . While still named the `` Swiss Confederation '' for historical reasons , modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons , with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities , called ' '' federal city '' ( , , ) .According to the Swiss constitution there is intentionally no capital ruling the Swiss Confederation , but in Bern there are governmental institutions , such as the parliament and the Federal Council . The Federal Court , however , is situated in Lausanne . The Federal Court of Criminality is in Bellinzona . The Federal Court of Administration and the Federal Court of Patents are in St Gallen . The country is situated in Western and Central Europe , There are several definitions . See Geography of Switzerland # Western or Central Europe ? . and is bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of 41285 km2 . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global and economic centers Zürich and Geneva . \n \n The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291 , which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day . The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross , Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations , including the second largest UN office . On the European level , it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably it is not part of the European Union , nor the European Economic Area . However , the country does participate in the Schengen Area and the EU 's single market through a number of bilateral treaties . \n \n Spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe , Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions : German , French , Italian and Romansh . Although the majority of the population are German speaking , Swiss national identity is rooted in a common historical background , shared values such as federalism and direct democracy , and Alpine symbolism . Due to its linguistic diversity , Switzerland is known by a variety of native names : Schweiz ( German ) ; Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation . The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz . Schwyz is also the standard German ( and international ) name of one of the Swiss cantons . Suisse ( French ) ; Svizzera ( Italian ) ; and Svizra or ( Romansh ) .The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation . \n \n Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world , with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF . Switzerland ranks at or near the top globally in several metrics of national performance , including government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic competitiveness , and human development . Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life , with the former ranked second globally , according to Mercer . \n \n Etymology \n \n The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer , an obsolete term for the Swiss , which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries . The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French ' , also in use since the 16th century . The name Switzer is from the Alemannic ' , in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory , one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy . The name originates as an exonym , applied pars pro toto to the troops of the Confederacy . The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499 , used alongside the term for `` Confederates '' , Eidgenossen ( literally : comrades by oath ) , used since", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3057, "text": "svizzera" } ], "id": "qb_3289--Switzerland.txt", "qid": "qb_3289", "question": "Romansh is an official language of which European country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A building society is a financial institution owned by its members as a mutual organization . Building societies offer banking and related financial services , especially savings and mortgage lending . These institutions are found in the United Kingdom ( UK ) and several other countries . \n \n The term `` building society '' first arose in the 18th century in Great Britain from cooperative savings groups . In the UK today , building societies actively compete with banks for most consumer banking services , especially mortgage lending and savings accounts . \n \n Every building society in the UK is a member of the Building Societies Association . At the start of 2008 , there were 59 building societies in the UK , with total assets exceeding £360 billion . The number of societies in the UK fell by four during 2008 due to a series of mergers brought about , to a large extent , by the consequences of the financial crisis of 2007-2010 . With three further mergers in each of 2009 and 2010 , and a demutualisation and a merger in 2011 , there are now 44 building societies . \n \n History \n \n The origins of the building society as an institution lie in late-18th century Birmingham - a town which was undergoing rapid economic and physical expansion driven by a multiplicity of small metalworking firms , whose many highly skilled and prosperous owners readily invested in property . Many of the early building societies were based in taverns or coffeehouses , which had become the focus for a network of clubs and societies for co-operation and the exchange of ideas among Birmingham 's highly active citizenry as part of the movement known as the Midlands Enlightenment . The first building society to be established was Ketley 's Building Society , founded by Richard Ketley , the landlord of the Golden Cross inn , in 1775 . Members of Ketley 's society paid a monthly subscription to a central pool of funds which was used to finance the building of houses for members , which in turn acted as collateral to attract further funding to the society , enabling further construction . By 1781 three more societies had been established in Birmingham , with a fourth in the nearby town of Dudley ; and 19 more formed in Birmingham between 1782 and 1795 . The first outside the English Midlands was established in Leeds in 1785 . \n \n Most of the original societies were fully terminating , where they would be dissolved when all members had a house : the last of them , First Salisbury and District Perfect Thrift Building Society , was wound up in March 1980 . In the 1830s and 1840s a new development took place with the permanent building society , where the society continued on a rolling basis , continually taking in new members as earlier ones completed purchases , such as Leek United Building Society . The main legislative framework for the building society was the Building Societies Act 1874 , with subsequent amending legislation in 1894 , 1939 ( see Coney Hall ) , and 1960 . \n \n In their heyday , there were hundreds of building societies : just about every town in the country had a building society named after that town . Over succeeding decades the number of societies has decreased , as various societies merged to form larger ones , often renaming in the process , and other societies opted for demutualisation followed by – in the great majority of cases – eventual takeover by a listed bank . Most of the existing larger building societies are the end result of the mergers of many smaller societies . \n \n 1980s and 1990s \n \n In the 1980s , British banking laws were changed to allow building societies to offer banking services equivalent to normal banks . The management of a number of societies still felt that they were unable to compete with the banks , and a new Building Societies Act was passed in 1986 in response to their concerns . This permitted societies to 'demutualise ' . If more than 75 % of members voted in favour , the building society would then become a limited company like any other . Members ' mutual rights were exchanged for shares in this new company . A number of the larger societies made such proposals to their members and all were accepted . Some became independent companies quoted on the London Stock Exchange , others were acquired by larger financial groups . \n \n The process began with the demutualisation of the Abbey National Building Society in 1989 . Then , from 1995 to late-1999 , eight societies demutualised", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4376, "text": "abbey national" } ], "id": "odql_13512--Building_society.txt", "qid": "odql_13512", "question": "Which building society was the first to relinquish mutuality?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Joseph ( ; , Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄ ; Yūsuf or Yūsif ; Iōsēph ) is an important figure in the Bible 's Book of Genesis and also in the Quran . Sold into slavery by his jealous brothers , he rose to become vizier , the second most powerful man in Egypt next to Pharaoh , where his presence and office caused Israel to leave Canaan and settle in Egypt . The composition of the story can be dated to the period between the 7th century BCE and the third quarter of the 5th , which is roughly the period to which scholars date the Book of Genesis . \n \n Biblical narrative \n \n Family \n \n Joseph , son of Jacob and Rachel , lived in the land of Canaan with ten half-brothers , one full brother , and at least one half-sister . He was Rachel 's firstborn and Jacob 's eleventh son . Of all the sons , Joseph was preferred by his father , and this is represented by a `` long coat of many colors '' . When Joseph was seventeen years old he had two dreams that made his brothers plot his demise . In the first dream , Joseph and his brothers gathered bundles of grain , of which those his brothers gathered , bowed to his own . In the second dream , the sun ( father ) , the moon ( mother ) , and eleven stars ( brothers ) bowed to Joseph himself . These dreams , implying his supremacy , angered his brothers . ( ) \n \n Plot against Joseph \n \n Joseph 's half-brothers were jealous of him ; ( ) wherefore , in Dothan , most of them plotted to kill him , with the exception of Reuben , who suggested to have Joseph thrown into an empty cistern , intending to rescue Joseph himself . Unaware of this secondary intention , the others obeyed his first . Upon imprisoning Joseph , the brothers saw a camel caravan carrying spices and perfumes to Egypt , and sold Joseph to these merchants . Thereafter the guilty brothers painted goat 's blood on Joseph 's coat and showed it to Jacob , who therefore believed Joseph dead . ( ) \n \n Potiphar 's house \n \n Ultimately , Joseph was sold to Potiphar , the captain of Pharaoh 's guard . Later , Joseph became Potiphar 's personal servant , and subsequently his household 's superintendent . Here , Potiphar 's wife Zuleika tried to seduce Joseph , which he refused . Angered by his running away from her , she made a false claim that he tried to rape her , and thus assured his imprisonment . ( ) \n \n Joseph in prison \n \n The warden put Joseph in charge of the other prisoners , and soon afterward Pharaoh 's chief cup-bearer and chief baker , who had offended the Pharaoh , were thrown into the prison , and suffered dreams interpreted by Joseph , who stated that the chief cup-bearer would be reinstated but the chief baker would be hanged . Joseph requested the cup-bearer to mention him to Pharaoh and secure his release from prison , but the cup-bearer , reinstalled in office , forgot Joseph . After two more years , the Pharaoh dreamt of seven lean cows which devoured seven fat cows ; and of seven withered ears of grain which devoured seven fat ears . When the Pharaoh 's advisers failed to interpret these dreams , the cup-bearer arranged the summons of Joseph , who predicted seven years of abundance followed by seven years of famine , and advised the Pharaoh to store surplus grain . \n \n Vizier of Egypt \n \n Following the prediction , Joseph became Vizier , under the name of Zaphnath-Paaneah , and was given Asenath , the daughter of Potipherah , priest of On , to be his wife . During the seven years of abundance , Joseph ensured that the storehouses were full and that all produce was weighed . In the sixth year , Asenath bore two children to Joseph : Manasseh and Ephraim . When the famine came , it was so severe that people from surrounding nations came to Egypt to buy bread . The narrative also indicates that they went straight to Joseph or were directed to him , even by the Pharaoh himself . ( ) As a last resort , all of the inhabitants of Egypt , less the Egyptian priestly class , sold their properties to Joseph for seed ; wherefore Joseph set a mandate that , because the people would be sowing and harvesting seed on government property , a fifth of", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 119, "text": "genesis" } ], "id": "sfq_18877--Joseph_(Genesis).txt", "qid": "sfq_18877", "question": "The story of Joseph featuring the coat of many colours, appears in which book of the Bible?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Battle of Cable Street took place on Sunday 4 October 1936 in Cable Street in the East End of London . It was a clash between the Metropolitan Police , protecting a march by members of the British Union of Fascists , led by Oswald Mosley , and various anti-fascist demonstrators , including local Jewish , socialist , anarchist and communist groups . The majority of both marchers and counter-protesters travelled into the area for this purpose . Mosley planned to send thousands of marchers dressed in uniforms styled on those of Blackshirts through the East End , which then had a large Jewish population . \n \n Background \n \n The Board of Deputies of British Jews denounced the march as anti-semitic and urged Jewish people to stay away . The Communist Party of Great Britain , under the leadership of Phil Piratin , led the opposition forces . Piratin 's role was widely recognised by local people . The following year , he became the first Communist to be elected to Stepney Borough Council . In 1945 , he was elected as a Communist MP for Mile End . \n \n Despite the strong likelihood of violence , the government hesitated to ban the march and a large escort of police was provided in an attempt to prevent anti-fascist protesters from disrupting the march . \n \n Events \n \n The anti-fascist groups built roadblocks in an attempt to prevent the march from taking place . The barricades were constructed near the junction with Christian Street , towards the west end of this long street . An estimated 100,000 anti-fascist demonstrators turned out , and were met by 6,000 police , who attempted to clear the road to permit the march of 2,000-3,000 fascists to proceed . The demonstrators fought back with sticks , rocks , chair legs and other improvised weapons . Rubbish , rotten vegetables and the contents of chamber pots were thrown at the police by women in houses along the street . After a series of running battles , Mosley agreed to abandon the march to prevent bloodshed . The BUF marchers were dispersed towards Hyde Park instead while the anti-fascists rioted with police . About 150 demonstrators were arrested , although some escaped with the help of other demonstrators . Several members of the police were arrested by demonstrators . Around 175 people were injured including police , women and children . \n \n Aftermath \n \n Many of the arrested demonstrators reported harsh treatment at the hands of the police . Most were charged with the minor offence of obstructing police and fined £5 , but several of the leaders were found guilty of affray and sentenced to 3 months of hard labour . \n \n The Battle of Cable Street was a major factor leading to the passage of the Public Order Act 1936 , which required police consent for political marches and forbade the wearing of political uniforms in public . This is widely considered to be a significant factor in the BUF 's political decline prior to World War II . \n \n In the 1980s , a large mural depicting the battle was painted on the side of St George 's Town Hall . This building was originally the vestry hall for the area and later the town hall of Stepney Borough Council . It stands in Cable Street , about 150 yd west of Shadwell underground station . A red plaque in Dock Street commemorates the incident . \n \n Steven Berkoff 's East ( 1975 ) includes a depiction of the event ; an eponymous play commemorating the events was written by Simon Blumenfeld and first performed in 1987 ; and in 2006 a short film was produced featuring a remembrance from a grandfather to his grandson . The 2010 revival of BBC drama Upstairs , Downstairs included several scenes of the Battle of Cable Street , although the drama wrongly suggested that Protesters and BUF actually clashed , verbally if not physically . \n \n For the 75th Anniversary in October 2011 , there were numerous events planned in East London , including music and a march , and the Cable Street Mural was restored . \n \n In popular culture \n \n * British anarcho-punk band Oi Polloi wrote and recorded `` Let the Boots Do the Talking '' with a refrain that referenced the battle : \n We remember Mosley \n And how Cable Street folk fought him \n When we see the fash \n We let the boots do the talking \n * Scottish anarcho-punk band The Newtown Grunts wrote and recorded the song `` They Shall Not Pass '' on their album `` Day of the Jakey '' , with", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 535, "text": "blackshirts" } ], "id": "bb_2345--Battle_of_Cable_Street.txt", "qid": "bb_2345", "question": "In Cable Street East London, 1936, thousands of ordinary people famously stopped a march by what uniformly nicknamed organization?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Association football is the national sport in England , where the first modern set of rules for the code were established in 1863 , which were a major influence on the development of the modern Laws of the Game . With over 40,000 association football clubs , England has more clubs involved in the code than any other country as well as the world 's first club ( Sheffield F.C . ) , the world 's oldest professional association football club ( Notts County F.C ) , the oldest national governing body ( the Football Association ) , the first national team , the oldest national knockout competition ( the FA Cup ) and the oldest national league ( the Football League ) . Today the UK 's top domestic league , the Premier League , is one of the most popular and richest sports leagues in the world . \n \n The England National Football Team is one of only 8 teams to win the World Cup , in 1966 . A total of five English club teams have won the UEFA Champions League ( European Cup ) . \n \n History of English football \n \n Middle Ages \n \n Football was played in England as far back as medieval times . The first written evidence of a football match came in about 1170 , when William Fitzstephen wrote of his visit to London , `` After dinner all the youths of the city goes out into the fields for the very popular game of ball . '' He also went on to mention that each trade had their own team , `` The elders , the fathers , and the men of wealth come on horseback to view the contests of their juniors , and in their fashion sport with the young men ; and there seems to be aroused in these elders a stirring of natural heat by viewing so much activity and by participation in the joys of unrestrained youth . '' Kicking ball games are described in England from 1280 . \n \n In 1314 , Edward II , then the King of England , said about a sport of football and the use of footballs , `` certain tumults arising from great footballs in the fields of the public , from which many evils may arise . '' An account of an exclusively kicking `` football '' game from Nottinghamshire in the fifteenth century bears similarity to association football . By the 16th centuries references to organised teams and goals had appeared . There is evidence for refereed , team football games being played in English schools since at least 1581 . The eighteenth-century Gymnastic Society of London is , arguably , the world 's first football club . \n \n Developments in 19th century \n \n The Cambridge rules , first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848 , were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes , including association football . The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College , Cambridge , at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury schools . They were not universally adopted . During the 1850s , many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world , to play various forms of football . Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules , most notably , Sheffield Football Club ( the world 's oldest club ) , formed by former public school pupils in 1857 , which led to formation of the Sheffield & Hallamshire Football Association in 1867 . In 1862 , John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules . His brother , headmaster of the school Reverend Edward Thring , was a proponent of football as an alternative to masturbation , seen as weakening the boys , and through football hoped to encourage their development of perceived manly attributes which were present in the sport . These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association ( The FA ) in 1863 , which first met on 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons ' Tavern in Great Queen Street , London . \n The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games . A match between Sheffield and Hallam F.C . on 29 December 1862 was one of the first matches to be recorded in a newspaper . \n \n With the modern passing game believed to have been innovated in London and with England being home to the oldest football clubs in the world dating from at least 1857 , the world 's", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qb_613--Football_in_England.txt", "qid": "qb_613", "question": "In English football, from which team did Aston Villa buy footballer Dion Dublin in 1998?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "SOS is the International Morse code distress signal ( · · · – – – · · · ) . This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1 , 1905 , and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention , which was signed on November 3 , 1906 , and became effective on July 1 , 1908 . SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999 , when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System . SOS is still recognized as a visual distress signal . \n \n The SOS distress signal is a continuous sequence of three dits , three dahs , and three dits , all run together without letter spacing . In International Morse Code , three dits form the letter S , and three dahs make the letter O , so `` SOS '' became an easy way to remember the order of the dits and dahs . In modern terminology , SOS is a Morse `` procedural signal '' or `` prosign '' , and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters : SOS . \n \n In popular usage , SOS became associated with such phrases as `` Save Our Ship '' or `` Save Our Souls '' or `` Send Out Succour '' . SOS is only one of several ways that the combination could have been written ; VTB , for example , would produce exactly the same sound , but SOS was chosen to describe this combination . SOS is the only nine-element signal in Morse code , making it more easily recognizable , as no other symbol uses more than eight elements . \n \n Formalization \n \n The use of the SOS signal was first introduced in Germany as part of a set of national radio regulations , effective April 1 , 1905 . These regulations introduced three new Morse code sequences , including the SOS distress signal . \n \n In 1906 , at the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention in Berlin , an extensive collection of Service Regulations was developed to supplement the main agreement , which was signed on November 3 , 1906 , becoming effective on July 1 , 1908 . Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany 's Notzeichen ( distress signal ) as the international standard , reading : `` Ships in distress shall use the following signal : · · · – – – · · · repeated at brief intervals '' . The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been either the Cunard liner on June 10 , 1909 , according to `` Notable Achievements of Wireless '' in the September , 1910 Modern Electrics , or the steamer SS Arapahoe on August 11 , 1909 . The signal of the Arapahoe was received by the United Wireless Telegraph Company station at Hatteras , North Carolina , and forwarded to the steamer company 's offices . However , there was some resistance among the Marconi operators to the adoption of the new signal , and , as late as the April 1912 sinking of the , the ship 's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls . However , in the interests of consistency and water safety , the use of CQD appears to have died out thereafter . \n \n In both the April 1 , 1905 , German law , and the 1906 International regulations , the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits , with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents . However , in International Morse , three dits comprise the letter S , and three dahs the letter O . It therefore soon became common to refer to the distress signal as `` SOS '' . An early report on `` The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention '' in the January 12 , 1907 , Electrical World stated that `` Vessels in distress use the special signal , SOS , repeated at short intervals . '' ( In American Morse code , which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century , three dahs stood for the numeral `` 5 '' , so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as `` S5S '' . ) \n \n In contrast to CQD , which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter , the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits and dahs , and not as individual letters . There was no problem as long as operators were aware that `` SOS", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1087, "text": "save our ship" } ], "id": "qg_1499--SOS.txt", "qid": "qg_1499", "question": "In Morse code, what international distress signal replaced the original CQD in 1908?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A station wagon , also called an estate car , estate wagon , or simply wagon or estate , is an automotive body-style variant of a sedan/saloon with its roof extended rearward over a shared passenger/cargo volume with access at the back via a third or fifth door ( the liftgate or tailgate ) , instead of a trunk lid . The body style transforms a standard three-box design into a two-box design — to include an A , B , and C-pillar , as well as a D-pillar . Station wagons can flexibly reconfigure their interior volume via fold-down rear seats to prioritize either passenger or cargo volume . \n \n The American Heritage Dictionary defines a station wagon as `` an automobile with one or more rows of folding or removable seats behind the driver and no luggage compartment but an area behind the seats into which suitcases , parcels , etc. , can be loaded through a tailgate . '' \n \n When a model range includes multiple body styles , such as sedan , hatchback and station wagon , the models typically share their platform , drivetrain and bodywork forward of the A-pillar . In 1969 , Popular Mechanics said , `` Station wagon-style ... follows that of the production sedan of which it is the counterpart . Most are on the same wheelbase , offer the same transmission and engine options , and the same comfort and convenience options . '' \n \n Station wagons have evolved from their early use as specialized vehicles to carry people and luggage to and from a train station , and have been marketed worldwide . \n \n Name \n \n Station wagon and wagon are the common names in American , Canadian , New Zealand , Australian and African , while estate car and estate are common in the rest of the English-speaking world . Both names harken to the car 's role as a shuttle , with storage space for baggage , between country estates and train stations . \n \n Having shared antecedents with the British shooting-brake ( originally a wooden-bodied vehicle used to carry shooting parties with their equipment and game ) , station wagons have been marketed as breaks , using the French term ( which is sometimes given fully as break de chasse , literally `` hunting break . '' Early U.S. models often had exposed wooden bodies and were therefore called woodies . \n \n Manufacturers may designate station wagons across various model lines with a proprietary nameplate . Examples include `` Estate '' ( Mercedes-Benz , Chevrolets with the fake-wood option ) , `` Avant '' ( Audi ) , `` Touring '' ( BMW ) , `` Tourer '' and `` Cross-Tourer '' ( Citroën ) , `` SW '' for Station Wagon or Sports Wagon ( Peugeot ) , Estate ( Renault ) , MCV ( Renault/Dacia ) , `` Tourer '' ( Rover ) , Kombi or Variant ( Volkswagen and Saab ) and `` Sports Tourer '' , `` SW - Sportswagon '' ( Kia ) or Caravan ( Opel ) . \n \n Distinction from hatchbacks \n \n Both station wagons and hatchbacks typically share a two-box design configuration , with one shared , flexible , interior volume for passengers and cargo — and a rear door for cargo access . Further distinctions are highly variable : \n \n Pillars : Both configurations typically feature A , B & C-pillars , station wagons feature a D-pillar and hatchbacks may feature a D pillar . \n \n Cargo Volume : Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume — with windows aside the cargo volume . Of the two body styles , a station wagon roof ( viewed in profile ) more likely extends to the very rearmost of the vehicle , enclosing a full-height cargo volume — a hatchback roof ( especially a liftback roof ) might more likely rake down steeply behind the C-Pillar , prioritizing style over interior volume , with shorter rear overhang and with smaller windows ( or no windows ) aside the cargo volume . \n \n Cargo floor contour : Favoring cargo capacity , a station wagon may prioritize a fold-flat floor , where a hatchback would more likely allow a cargo floor with pronounced contour ( e.g . the new Mini or the sixth generation Ford Fiesta ) . \n \n Seating : Station wagons may have two or three rows of seats ( e.g. , the Ford Taurus wagons ) while hatchbacks may only have one or two . \n \n Rear suspension : A station wagon may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity and to minimize intrusion in the cargo volume , ( e.g. , worldwide", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "estate wagon" } ], "id": "qf_1305--Station_wagon.txt", "qid": "qf_1305", "question": "What is the British equivalent of the American station wagon?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Battle of Blenheim ( also the Battle of Blindheim and referred to in some countries as the Second Battle of Höchstädt ) , fought on 13 August 1704 , was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession . The overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco-Bavarian army , thus preventing the collapse of the Grand Alliance . \n \n Louis XIV of France sought to knock Emperor Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna , the Habsburg capital , and gain a favourable peace settlement . The dangers to Vienna were considerable : the Elector of Bavaria and Marshal Marsin 's forces in Bavaria threatened from the west , and Marshal Vendôme 's large army in northern Italy posed a serious danger with a potential offensive through the Brenner Pass . Vienna was also under pressure from Rákóczi 's Hungarian revolt from its eastern approaches . Realising the danger , the Duke of Marlborough resolved to alleviate the peril to Vienna by marching his forces south from Bedburg and help maintain Emperor Leopold within the Grand Alliance . \n \n A combination of deception and brilliant administration – designed to conceal his true destination from friend and foe alike – enabled Marlborough to march 250 mi unhindered from the Low Countries to the River Danube in five weeks . After securing Donauwörth on the Danube , Marlborough sought to engage the Elector 's and Marsin 's army before Marshal Tallard could bring reinforcements through the Black Forest . However , with the Franco-Bavarian commanders reluctant to fight until their numbers were deemed sufficient , the Duke enacted a policy of plundering in Bavaria designed to force the issue . The tactic proved unsuccessful , but when Tallard arrived to bolster the Elector 's army , and Prince Eugene arrived with reinforcements for the Allies , the two armies finally met on the banks of the Danube in and around the small village of Blindheim . \n \n Blenheim has gone down in history as one of the turning points of the War of the Spanish Succession . Bavaria was knocked out of the war , and Louis 's hopes for a quick victory came to an end . France suffered over 30,000 casualties including the commander-in-chief , Marshal Tallard , who was taken captive to England . Before the 1704 campaign ended , the Allies had taken Landau , and the towns of Trier and Trarbach on the Moselle in preparation for the following year 's campaign into France itself . \n \n Background \n \n By 1704 , the War of the Spanish Succession was in its fourth year . The previous year had been one of success for France and her allies , most particularly on the Danube , where Marshal Villars and the Elector of Bavaria had created a direct threat to Vienna , the Habsburg capital.Chandler : Marlborough as Military Commander , p. 124 Vienna had been saved by dissension between the two commanders , leading to the brilliant Villars being replaced by the less dynamic Marshal Marsin . Nevertheless , by 1704 , the threat was still real : Rákóczi 's Hungarian revolt was already threatening the Empire 's eastern approaches , and Marshal Vendôme 's forces threatened an invasion from northern Italy . In the courts of Versailles and Madrid , Vienna 's fall was confidently anticipated , an event which would almost certainly have led to the collapse of the Grand Alliance . \n \n To isolate the Danube from any Allied intervention , Marshal Villeroi 's 46,000 troops were expected to pin the 70,000 Dutch and English troops around Maastricht in the Low Countries , while General de Coigny protected Alsace against surprise with a further corps . The only forces immediately available for Vienna 's defence were Prince Louis of Baden 's force of 36,000 stationed in the Lines of Stollhofen to watch Marshal Tallard at Strasbourg ; there was also a weak force of 10,000 men under Field Marshal Count Limburg Styrum observing Ulm . \n \n Both the Imperial Austrian Ambassador in London , Count Wratislaw , and the Duke of Marlborough realised the implications of the situation on the Danube . The Dutch , however , who clung to their troops for their country 's protection , were against any adventurous military operation as far south as the Danube and would never willingly permit any major weakening of the forces in the Spanish Netherlands.Chandler : Marlborough as Military Commander , p. 127 Marlborough , realising the only way to ignore Dutch wishes was by the use of secrecy and guile , set out to deceive his Dutch allies by pretending to simply move his troops to the Moselle –", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_17064--Battle_of_Blenheim.txt", "qid": "sfq_17064", "question": "In which European country is the site of the Battle of Blenheim?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "VARIG ( acronym for Viação Aérea RIo-Grandense ) was the first airline founded in Brazil , in 1927 . From 1965 until 1990 it was Brazil 's leading and almost only international airline . In 2005 , Varig went into judicial re-organisation , and in 2006 it was split into two companies informally known as `` old '' Varig — heir to the original airline and now defunct , and `` new '' Varig — a new company fully integrated into Gol Airlines . \n \n History \n \n Formation and Early Years ( 1927–1943 ) \n \n Sociedade Anônima Empresa de Viação Aérea Rio-Grandense – VARIG was the first national airline established in Brazil . It was founded on in Porto Alegre , by Otto Ernst Meyer-Labastille , a German aviator decorated in the World War I , who immigrated to Brazil in 1921 and noticed how necessary air transportation was for a large country like Brazil . Varig was an off-spring of the German trade company and airline Condor Syndikat , thus sharing the same origin as Syndicato Condor , later renamed Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul . Condor Syndikat gave the initial operational and financial support and for a short time Varig and the sister-company Syndicato Condor operated in partnership . \n \n The first aircraft of VARIG was a ten-passenger Dornier Do J Wal flying boat , transferred from the assets of Condor Syndikat . This aircraft , named Atlântico , was also the first aircraft registered in Brazil as P-BAAA . Operations started on with a flight from Porto Alegre to Rio Grande via Pelotas . Varig inherited the route rights from Condor Syndikat which since had operated the service . \n \n VARIG slowly but consistently in spite of difficulties added aircraft and destinations to its network initially focusing on the state of Rio Grande do Sul . On Varig began its first international route from Porto Alegre to Montevideo using its de Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide . \n \n On 1941 , as the United States declared war against the Axis and joined the Allies in the conflict , aviation supplies became scarce , particularly in terms of petrol and replacement parts . Because it used mostly German equipment and had a German Manager-Director ( President ) , Varig faced particular difficulties . For this reason , Varig 's first Manager-Director Otto Ernst Meyer resigned on and shareholders decided that the next Manager-Director would be a Brazilian-born . Érico de Assis Brasil was chosen but he died on an aircraft accident shortly after . It was in 1943 that Varig 's first employee , Ruben Martin Berta , a descendant of Hungarian and German grandparents , was chosen as Manager-Director and thus would remain until his death in 1966 . \n \n Expansion ( 1943–1966 ) \n \n One of the first decisions of Ruben Berta was to pursue an expansion plan and to unify the fleet around only one type of aircraft . The chosen one was the Lockheed L-10 Electra . Another ground-breaking suggestion was made on when , based on social ideas found on the papal encyclicals Rerum novarum and Quadragesimo anno and on Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's The Social Contract , Berta proposed and the assembly approved the transfer of 50 % of Varig 's shares to a not-for-profit foundation belonging to the employees . The aim of the foundation was to provide health , financial , social and recreational benefits to its employees . Decades later this foundation would be called [ http : //www.frb.org.br/rubenberta/ Fundação Ruben Berta ] . \n \n In 1946 , with the addition of Douglas DC-3 and later the Curtiss C-46 to its fleet , Varig was able to greatly increase its network by adding cities in the states of Santa Catarina , Paraná , São Paulo , and Rio de Janeiro , facing fierce competition with Real Transportes Aéreos , and SAVAG . On , Varig bought Aero Geral , a small airline with concessions to fly from Natal until Santos . With this purchase Varig greatly enlarged its operations in Brazil , extending services beyond Rio de Janeiro until Natal along the Brazilian coast and was thus better prepared to compete with Panair do Brasil and Cruzeiro do Sul . In 1949 the Brazilian government granted to Varig the concession to fly to the United States , since the original airline which had the concession , Cruzeiro do Sul , was unable to operate the services . The inaugural flight between Rio de Janeiro-Galeão and New York-Kennedy ( then known as Idlewild ) was on . The services were operated by three new Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellations . On flights to Buenos Aires using Curtiss C-46s started . In January 1956", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 82, "text": "brazil" } ], "id": "qb_6019--Varig.txt", "qid": "qb_6019", "question": "Varig Airlines was the first airline founded in which South American country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly referred to as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , the federal district of Washington , D.C. , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . \n The 48 contiguous states and federal district are in central North America between Canada and Mexico , with the state of Alaska in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii comprising an archipelago in the mid-Pacific . The territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 320 million people , the United States is the world 's third largest country by total area ( and fourth largest by land area ) and the third most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries . The geography and climate are also extremely diverse , and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife . \n \n Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago , with European colonization beginning in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , as the colonies were fighting Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War , delegates from the 13 colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , and was the first successful war of independence against a European colonial empire.Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds . ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . pp . 352–361 . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . \n \n The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing American Indian tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish–American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the U.S. as the world 's sole superpower . \n \n The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal and real GDP . It ranks highly in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services , the manufacturing sector remains the second largest in the world . Though its population is only 4.4 % of the world total , the United States accounts for nearly a quarter of world GDP and almost a third of global military spending , making it the world 's foremost military and economic power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations.Cohen , 2004 : History and the HyperpowerBBC , April 2008 : Country Profile : United States of America \n \n Etymology \n \n In 1507 the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere `` America '' after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is in a letter of January 2 , 1776 , from the office of General George Washington which expressed his wish to carry", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_4817--United_States.txt", "qid": "qw_4817", "question": "Where was the first zoo in the United States, which opened on 1 July 1874 with 1,000 animals and an entry fee of 25 cents?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Owain Glyndŵr ( ; c. 1359 – c. 1415 ) , or Owain Glyn Dŵr , was a Welsh ruler and the last native Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales ( Tywysog Cymru ) . He instigated a fierce and long-running but ultimately unsuccessful revolt against the English rule of Wales . \n \n Glyndŵr was a descendant of the Princes of Powys through his father Gruffydd Fychan II , hereditary Tywysog of Powys Fadog and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy , and of those of Deheubarth through his mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn . \n On 16 September 1400 , Glyndŵr instigated the Welsh Revolt against the rule of Henry IV of England . The uprising was initially very successful and rapidly gained control of large areas of Wales , but it suffered from key weaknesses – particularly a lack of artillery , which made capturing defended fortresses difficult , and of ships , which made their coastlands vulnerable . The uprising was eventually suppressed by the superior resources of the English . Glyndŵr was driven from his last strongholds in 1409 , but he avoided capture and the last documented sighting of him was in 1412 . He twice ignored offers of a pardon from his military nemesis , the new king Henry V of England , and despite the large rewards offered , Glyndŵr was never betrayed to the English . His death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415 . \n \n Glyndŵr is portrayed in William Shakespeare 's play Henry IV , Part 1 ( characterised as Owen Glendower ) as a wild and exotic man ruled by magic and emotion . \n \n With his death Owain acquired a mythical status along with Cadwaladr , Cynan and Arthur as the hero awaiting the call to return and liberate his people . In the late 19th century the Cymru Fydd movement recreated him as the father of Welsh nationalism . \n \n Early life \n \n Glyndŵr was born around 1349 ( possibly 1359 ) to a prosperous landed family , part of the Anglo-Welsh gentry of the Welsh Marches ( the border between England and Wales ) in northeast Wales . This group moved easily between Welsh and English societies and languages , occupying important offices for the Marcher Lords while maintaining their position as uchelwyr — nobles descended from the pre-conquest Welsh royal dynasties — in traditional Welsh society . His father , Gruffydd Fychan II , hereditary Tywysog of Powys Fadog and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy , died some time before 1370 , leaving Glyndŵr 's mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn of Deheubarth a widow and Owain a young man of 16 years at most . \n \n The young Owain ap Gruffydd was possibly fostered at the home of David Hanmer , a rising lawyer shortly to be a justice of the Kings Bench , or at the home of Richard FitzAlan , 3rd Earl of Arundel . Owain is then thought to have been sent to London to study law at the Inns of Court . He probably studied as a legal apprentice for seven years . He was possibly in London during the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 . By 1383 , he had returned to Wales , where he married David Hanmer 's daughter , Margaret , started his large family and established himself as the Squire of Sycharth and Glyndyfrdwy , with all the responsibilities that entailed . \n \n Glyndŵr entered the English king 's military service in 1384 when he undertook garrison duty under the renowned Welshman Sir Gregory Sais , or Sir Degory Sais , on the English–Scottish border at Berwick-upon-Tweed . In August 1385 , he served King Richard under the command of John of Gaunt again in Scotland . On 3 September 1386 , he was called to give evidence in the Scrope v. Grosvenor trial at Chester . In March 1387 , Owain was in southeast England under Richard Fitzalan , 11th Earl of Arundel , in the English Channel at the defeat of a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off the coast of Kent . Upon the death in late 1387 of his father-in-law , Sir David Hanmer , knighted earlier that same year by Richard II , Glyndŵr returned to Wales as executor of his estate . He possibly served as a squire to Henry Bolingbroke ( later Henry IV of England ) , son of John of Gaunt , at the short , sharp Battle of Radcot Bridge in December 1387 . He had gained three years concentrated military experience in different theatres and seen at first hand some key events and people . \n \n King Richard was distracted by a growing conflict with the Lords", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "wh_26--Owain_Glyndŵr.txt", "qid": "wh_26", "question": "Which Welsh castle was the last stronghold of Owain Glyndwr?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Spring is one of the four conventional temperate seasons , following winter and preceding summer . There are various technical definitions of spring , but local usage of the term varies according to local climate , cultures and customs . When it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere , it will be autumn in the Southern Hemisphere . At the spring equinox , days are approximately 12 hours long with day length increasing as the season progresses . Spring and `` springtime '' refer to the season , and also to ideas of rebirth , rejuvenation , renewal , resurrection and regrowth . Subtropical and tropical areas have climates better described in terms of other seasons , e.g . dry or wet , monsoonal or cyclonic . Often , cultures have locally defined names for seasons which have little equivalence to the terms originating in Europe . \n \n Meteorological reckoning \n \n Meteorologists generally define four seasons in many climatic areas : spring , summer , autumn ( fall ) and winter . These are demarcated by the values of their average temperatures on a monthly basis , with each season lasting three months . The three warmest months are by definition summer , the three coldest months are winter and the intervening gaps are spring and autumn . Spring , when defined in this manner , can start on different dates in different regions . In terms of complete months , in most north temperate zone locations , spring months are March , April and May , although differences exist from country to country . ( Summer is June , July , August ; autumn is September , October , November ; winter is December , January , February ) . Most south temperate zone locations have opposing seasons with spring in September , October and November . Swedish meteorologists define the beginning of spring as the first occasion on which the average daytime temperature exceeds zero degrees Celsius for seven consecutive days , thus the date varies with latitude and elevation . \n In Australia and New Zealand , spring conventionally begins on 1 September and ends 30 November . \n \n Astronomical and solar reckoning \n \n In some cultures in the Northern Hemisphere , the astronomical March equinox ( varying between 19 and 21 March ) is taken to mark the first day of spring , and the Northern solstice ( around 21 June ) is taken as the first day of summer . In other traditions , the equinox is taken as mid-spring . \n \n In the traditional Chinese calendar , the `` spring '' season ( ) is not equivalent to the European spring but instead consists of the end of winter ( from 4 February ) and beginning of summer ( to 5 May ) , roughly taking the equinox as its midpoint . Similarly , according to the Celtic tradition , which is based solely on daylight and the strength of the noon sun , spring begins in early February ( near Imbolc or Candlemas ) and continues until early May ( Beltane ) . \n \n Other calendar-based reckoning \n \n In Ireland , spring traditionally starts on 1 February , St Brigid 's Day , although Irish meteorologists consider the whole of February to be part of winter . \n \n Ecological reckoning \n \n The beginning of spring is not always determined by fixed calendar dates . The phenological or ecological definition of spring relates to biological indicators ; the blossoming of a range of plant species , and the activities of animals , or the special smell of soil that has reached the temperature for micro flora to flourish . It , therefore , varies according to the climate and according to the specific weather of a particular year . Most ecologists divide the year into six seasons that have no fixed dates . In addition to spring , ecological reckoning identifies an earlier separate prevernal ( early or pre-spring ) season between the hibernal ( winter ) and vernal ( spring ) seasons . This is a time when only the hardiest flowers like the crocus are in bloom , sometimes while there is still some snowcover on the ground . \n \n Natural events \n \n During spring , the axis of the Earth is increasing its tilt relative to the Sun , and the length of daylight rapidly increases for the relevant hemisphere . The hemisphere begins to warm significantly causing new plant growth to `` spring forth , '' giving the season its name . Snow , if a normal part of winter , begins to melt , and streams swell with runoff . Frosts , if a normal part of winter", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "spring" } ], "id": "bb_5436--Spring_(season).txt", "qid": "bb_5436", "question": "Vernal refers to which season?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Achaemenid Empire ( , Old Persian Haxāmanišiya , ) , also called the First Persian Empire , was an empire based in Western Asia , founded by Cyrus the Great , notable for including various civilizations and becoming the largest empire of ancient history , spanning at its maximum extent from the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the west , to the Indus Valley in the east . It is equally notable for its successful model of a centralised , bureaucratic administration ( through satraps under the King of Kings ) , for building infrastructure such as a postal system and road systems and the use of an official language across its territories and a large professional army and civil services ( inspiring similar systems in later empires ) .Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty ( i . The clan and dynasty ) It is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city states during the Greco-Persian Wars and for the emancipation of the Jewish exiles in Babylon . The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , was built in the empire as well . \n \n By the 7th century BC , the Persians had settled in the southwestern portion of the Iranian Plateau in the region of Persis , which came to be their heartland . From this region , Cyrus the Great advanced to defeat the Medes , Lydia , and the Neo-Babylonian Empire , and established the Achaemenid Empire , which , at its greatest extent included all of the territory of modern-day Iran , Turkey , Iraq , Kuwait , Syria , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , Lebanon , Afghanistan , all significant population centers of Ancient Egypt as far west as eastern Libya , Thrace-Macedonia and Paeonia , the Black Sea coastal regions of Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , and Russia , all of Armenia , Georgia ( incl . Abkhazia ) , Azerbaijan , parts of the North Caucasus , and much of Central Asia ; encompassing around 8 million square kilometers across three continents , making it the largest empire in the ancient world . With some population estimates of 50 million in 480 BC , the Achaemenid Empire at its peak was one of the empires with the highest share of the global population . \n \n The delegation of power to local governments is thought to have eventually weakened the king 's authority , causing resources to be expended in attempts to subdue local rebellions , and leading to the disunity of the region at the time of Alexander the Great 's invasion in 334 BC . This viewpoint , however , is challenged by some modern scholars who argue that the Achaemenid Empire was not facing any such crisis around the time of Alexander , and that only internal succession struggles within the Achaemenid family ever came close to weakening the empire . Alexander , an avid admirer of Cyrus the Great , would eventually conquer the empire in its entirety by 330 BC . Upon his death most of the empire 's former territory came under the rule of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire , in addition to other minor territories which gained independence at that time . The Persian population of the central plateau would eventually reclaim power by the second century BC under the Parthian Empire . \n \n The historical mark of the Achaemenid Empire went far beyond its territorial and military influences and included cultural , social , technological and religious influences as well . Many Athenians adopted Achaemenid customs in their daily lives in a reciprocal cultural exchange , some being employed by , or allied to the Persian kings . The impact of Cyrus 's edict is mentioned in Judeo-Christian texts and the empire was instrumental in the spread of Zoroastrianism as far east as China . The Empire would also set the tone for the politics , heritage and history of modern Iran . \n \n History \n \n Achaemenid timeline \n \n Astronomical year numbering \n \n ImageSize = width:800 height:115 \n PlotArea = width:700 height:90 left:65 bottom:20 \n AlignBars = justify \n \n Colors = \n id : time value : rgb ( 0.7,0.7,1 ) # \n id : period value : rgb ( 1,0.7,0.5 ) # \n id : age value : rgb ( 0.95,0.85,0.5 ) # \n id : era value : rgb ( 1,0.85,0.5 ) # \n id : eon value : rgb ( 1,0.85,0.7 ) # \n id : filler value : gray ( 0.8 ) # background bar \n id : black value : black \n \n Period = from : -675 till : -329 \n TimeAxis = orientation : horizontal \n ScaleMajor", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "wh_2320--Achaemenid_Empire.txt", "qid": "wh_2320", "question": "Declared First Citizen of Athens, which statesman, orator and general was leader in its Golden Age, between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars in the 5th Century BC ?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": ", officially , abbreviated as , and used as a verb as , were suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II , designed to destroy warships more effectively than was possible with conventional attacks . During World War II , about 3,860 kamikaze pilots died , and about 19 % of kamikaze attacks managed to hit a ship . \n \n Kamikaze aircraft were essentially pilot-guided explosive missiles , purpose-built or converted from conventional aircraft . Pilots would attempt to crash their aircraft into enemy ships in what was called a `` body attack '' ( 体当たり ; 体当り , taiatari ) in planes laden with some combination of explosives , bombs , torpedoes and full fuel tanks ; accuracy was much better than a conventional attack , the payload and explosion larger . A kamikaze could sustain damage which would disable a conventional attacker and still achieve its objective . The goal of crippling or destroying large numbers of Allied ships , particularly aircraft carriers , was considered by the Empire of Japan to be a just reason for sacrificing pilots and aircraft . \n \n These attacks , which began in October 1944 , followed several critical military defeats for the Japanese . They had long since lost aerial dominance due to outdated aircraft and the loss of experienced pilots . On a macroeconomic scale , Japan suffered from a diminishing capacity for war , and a rapidly declining industrial capacity relative to the Allies . Despite these problems , the Japanese government expressed its reluctance to surrender . In combination , these factors led to the use of kamikaze tactics as Allied forces advanced towards the Japanese home islands . \n \n While the term `` kamikaze '' usually refers to the aerial strikes , it has also been applied to various other suicide attacks . The Japanese military also used or made plans for non-aerial Japanese Special Attack Units , including those involving submarines , human torpedoes , speedboats and divers . \n \n The tradition of death instead of defeat , capture , and perceived shame was deeply entrenched in Japanese military culture . It was one of the primary traditions in the samurai life and the Bushido code : loyalty and honour until death , as the Japanese perceived it . \n \n Definition and etymology \n \n \n The Japanese word kamikaze is usually translated as `` divine wind '' ( kami is the word for `` god '' , `` spirit '' , or `` divinity '' , and kaze for `` wind '' ) . The word originated from Makurakotoba of waka poetry modifying `` Ise '' and has been used since August of 1281 to refer to the major typhoons which dispersed Mongolian invasion fleets under Kublai Khan in 1274 . \n \n In Japanese , the formal term used for units carrying out suicide attacks during 1944–1945 is tokubetsu kōgeki tai ( 特別攻撃隊 ) , which literally means `` special attack unit '' . This is usually abbreviated to tokkōtai ( 特攻隊 ) . More specifically , air suicide attack units from the Imperial Japanese Navy were officially called shinpū tokubetsu kōgeki tai ( 神風特別攻撃隊 , `` divine wind special attack units '' ) . Shinpū is the on-reading ( on'yomi or Chinese-derived pronunciation ) of the same characters that form the word kamikaze in Japanese . During World War II , the pronunciation kamikaze was used in Japan only informally in relation to suicide attacks , but after the war this usage gained acceptance worldwide and was re-imported into Japan . As a result , the special attack units are sometimes known in Japan as kamikaze tokubetsu kōgeki tai . \n \n History \n \n Background \n \n Before the formation of kamikaze units , pilots had made deliberate crashes as a last resort when their planes had suffered severe damage and they did not want to risk being captured , or wanted to do as much damage to the enemy as possible , since they were crashing anyway ; such situations occurred in both the Axis and Allied air forces . Axell and Kase see these suicides as `` individual , impromptu decisions by men who were mentally prepared to die '' . The case of Nikolai Gastello 's taran on 26 June 1941 passed into Soviet air-warfare lore . In most cases , little evidence exists that such hits represented more than accidental collisions of the kind that sometimes happen in intense sea or air battles . One example of this occurred on 7 December 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor . First Lieutenant Fusata Iida", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 383, "text": "kamikaze attack" } ], "id": "sfq_23457--Kamikaze.txt", "qid": "sfq_23457", "question": "What is the meaning of the Japanese word kamikaze?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Treaty of Versailles ( ) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I . It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . \n \n Of the many provisions in the treaty , one of the most important and controversial required `` Germany [ to ] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage '' during the war ( the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles ) . This article , Article 231 , later became known as the War Guilt clause . The treaty forced Germany to disarm , make substantial territorial concessions , and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers . In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks ( then $ 31.4 billion or £6.6 billion , roughly equivalent to US $ 442 billion or UK £284 billion in ) . At the time economists , notably John Maynard Keynes , predicted that the treaty was too harsh – a `` Carthaginian peace '' – and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive , views that , since then , have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries . On the other hand , prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently . \n \n The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one content : Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated , nor was it permanently weakened . The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties , which improved relations between Germany and the other European Powers , and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan , the Young Plan , and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932 . \n \n Although it is often referred to as the `` Versailles Conference , '' only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace . Most of the negotiations were in Paris , with the `` Big Four '' meetings taking place generally at the Quai d'Orsay . \n \n Background \n \n World War I \n \n The First World War ( 1914–1918 ) was fought across Europe , the Middle East , Africa and Asia . Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of international trade , finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents . In 1917 , two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire , which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin.Bell , p. 19 \n \n Fourteen Points \n \n On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered the war against the Central Powers due to German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain , which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives , as well as the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram , sent by The Empire of Germany to Mexico , urging for a declaration of war against the United States . The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies . The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions . \n \n On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . This speech outlined a policy of free trade , open agreements , democracy and self-determination . It also called for a diplomatic end to the war , international disarmament , the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories , the creation of a Polish state , the redrawing of Europe 's borders along ethnic lines , and the formation of a League of Nations to afford `` mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike '' . Wilson", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_1475--Treaty_of_Versailles.txt", "qid": "qw_1475", "question": "Which organisation, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, was established as an agency of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and became a specialized agency of the United Nations after the demise of the League in 1946?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Herod ( ; , Hordos , Greek : , Hērōdēs ; 74/73 BCE – 4 BCE ) , also known as Herod the Great and Herod I , was a Roman client king of Judea , referred to as the Herodian kingdom . The history of his legacy has polarized opinion , as he is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea , including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem ( Herod 's Temple ) , the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima , the fortress at Masada and Herodium . Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian Josephus . Herod also appears in the Christian New Testament as the ruler of Judea who orders the Massacre of the Innocents at the time of the birth of Jesus . Despite his successes , including singlehandedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing , he still garnered criticism from various historians . His reign polarizes opinion amongst scholars and historians , some viewing his legacy as evidence of success , or a reminder of his tyrannical rule . \n \n Upon Herod 's death , the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister—Archelaus became ethnarch of the tetrarchy of Judea , Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea , Philip became tetrarch of territories east of the Jordan , and Salome I was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh , Ashdod , Phasaelis . \n \n Biography \n \n It is generally accepted that Herod was born around 74 BCE in Idumea , south of Judea . However , some authors think that he was born in about 72/71 BCE.Steinmann , Andrew `` When Did Herod the Great Reign ? `` , Novum Testamentum , Volume 51 , Number 1 , 2009 , pp . 1–29.Andrew Steinmann , From Abraham to Paul : A Biblical Chronology . ( St. Louis , MO : Concordia Pub . House , 2011 ) , pp . 219-256.Filmer , W. E. `` Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great '' , Journal of Theological Studies ns 17 ( 1966 ) , 283–298 . He was the second son of Antipater the Idumaean , a high-ranked official under ethnarch Hyrcanus II , and Cypros , a Nabatean . Herod 's father was by descent an Edomite whose ancestors had converted to Judaism . Herod was raised as a Jew . Aryeh Kasher and Eliezer Witztum , King Herod : A Persecuted Persecutor : A Case Study in Psychohistory , pp 19-23 Richard R. Losch , All the People in the Bible , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing ( 2008 ) , p. 155 \n \n A loyal supporter of Hyrcanus II , Antipater appointed his son governor of Galilee in 47 BCE , when Herod was either about 25 or 28 years old . His elder brother , Phasael , was appointed governor of Jerusalem . Herod enjoyed the backing of Rome , but his brutality was condemned by the Sanhedrin . \n \n In 41 BCE , Herod and his brother Phasael , were named as tetrarchs by the Roman leader Mark Antony . They were placed in this role to support Hyrcanus II . Later , Antigonus , Hyrcanus ' nephew , took the throne from his uncle with the help of the Parthians . Herod fled to Rome to plead with the Romans to restore Hyrcanus II to power . The Romans had a special interest in Judea because their general Pompey the Great had conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE , thus placing the region in the Roman sphere of influence . In Rome , Herod was unexpectedly appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate . Josephus puts this in the year of the consulship of Calvinus and Pollio ( 40 BCE ) , but Appian places it in 39 BCE . Herod went back to Judea to win his kingdom from Antigonus . Toward the end of the campaign against Antigonus , Herod married the granddaughter of Hyrcanus II , Mariamne ( known as Mariamne I ) , who was also a niece of Antigonus . Herod did this in an attempt to secure his claim to the throne and gain some Jewish favor . However , Herod already had a wife , Doris , and a young son , Antipater , and chose therefore to banish Doris and her child . \n \n After three years of conflict , Herod and the Romans finally captured Jerusalem and Herod sent Antigonus for execution to Marc Antony . Herod took the role as sole ruler of Judea and the title of basileus ( Βασιλεύς , `` king ''", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_13926--Herod_the_Great.txt", "qid": "qw_13926", "question": "What is an important Jewish religious site located in the Old City of Jerusalem which dates from the end of the Second Temple period, being constructed around 19 BCE by Herod the Great?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Woolley Edge services is a motorway service station on the M1 motorway near Wakefield within the borough of the City of Wakefield , West Yorkshire , England . It lies between junctions 38 and 39 close to West Bretton and west of the village of Woolley . The services is split into two sites , one on the northbound and one on southbound sides of the M1 . The two sites are connected by foot via a local road bridge over the motorway . There are local access roads from both sites onto the same bridge albeit but are not signed for the majority of traffic , and , as of 26 September 2009 , both access roads were fitted with automatic barriers . The services are close to the Barnsley/South Yorkshire border . Despite the services being in Wakefield they 're slightly closer to Barnsley \n \n Both sites were opened in 1972 by Taverna ( Esso ) , the current owner is Moto . In 2006 , Moto changed the branding to Marks and Spencer and Costa Coffee . Also on site are the brands Burger King and Travelodge \n \n Wooley Edge is an interchange point for coaches operated by Megabus . The Hallam Line , a railway between Leeds and Sheffield via Barnsley , passes directly beneath the service area and motorway , but there is no railway station with access to the site . \n \n Nearby \n \n Woolley Edge services is near the following points of interest \n \n * Barnsley ( 4 miles ) \n * Wakefield ( 5 miles ) \n * Huddersfield ( 11 miles ) \n * Leeds ( 15 miles ) \n * Sheffield ( 15 miles ) \n * Rotherham ( 16 miles ) \n * Harrogate ( 27 miles ) \n * Yorkshire Sculpture Park ( 1 mile ) \n * Meadowhall Centre ( 18 miles ) \n * Leeds/Bradford Airport ( 20 miles )", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 59, "text": "m1" } ], "id": "sfq_24092--Woolley_Edge_services.txt", "qid": "sfq_24092", "question": "Woolley Edge Service station is on which motorway?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A pancake is a flat cake , often thin , and round , prepared from a starch-based batter that may also contain eggs , milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan , often with oil or butter . In Britain , pancakes are often unleavened , and resemble a crêpe . In North America , a raising agent is used ( typically baking powder ) . The American pancake is similar to a Scotch pancake or drop scone . Commercially prepared pancake mixes are produced in some countries . \n \n They may be served at any time with a variety of toppings or fillings including jam , fruit , syrup , chocolate chips , or meat . In America , they are typically considered to be a breakfast food . In Britain and the Commonwealth , they are associated with Shrove Tuesday , commonly known as Pancake Day , when perishable ingredients had to be used up before the fasting period of Lent began . \n \n Archaeological evidence suggests that pancakes are probably the earliest and most widespread cereal food eaten in prehistoric societies . The pancake 's shape and structure varies worldwide . A crêpe is a thin Breton pancake cooked on one or both sides in a special pan or crepe maker to achieve a lacelike network of fine bubbles . A well-known variation originating in Southeast Europe is Palačinke , a thin moist pancake fried on both sides and filled with jam , cheese cream , chocolate , or ground walnuts , but many other fillings , both sweet or savoury , can also be used . \n \n History \n \n The Ancient Greeks made pancakes called τηγανίτης ( tēganitēs ) , ταγηνίτης ( tagēnitēs ) or ταγηνίας ( tagēnias ) , all words deriving from τάγηνον ( tagēnon ) , `` frying pan '' . The earliest attested references on tagenias are in the works of the 5th century BC poets Cratinus and Magnes . Tagenites were made with wheat flour , olive oil , honey , and curdled milk , and were served for breakfast . Another kind of pancake was σταιτίτης ( staititēs ) , from σταίτινος ( staitinos ) , `` of flour or dough of spelt '' , derived from σταῖς ( stais ) , `` flour of spelt '' . Athenaeus mentions , in his Deipnosophistae , staititas topped with honey , sesame , and cheese . The Middle English word Pancake appears in English in the 15th century . \n \n The Ancient Romans called their fried concoctions `` alia dulcia , '' which was Latin for `` other sweets '' . These were much different from what are known as pancakes today . \n \n Regional varieties \n \n Africa \n \n Horn of Africa \n \n Pancakes in the Horn of Africa ( Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia ) are known as injera ( sometimes transliterated as enjera , budenaa ( Oromo ) , or canjeero ( Somali ) ) . Injera is a yeast-risen flatbread with a unique , slightly spongy texture . Traditionally , it is made out of teff flour and is a national dish in Ethiopia and Eritrea . Canjeero , also known as lahooh or lahoh , is a similar kind of flatbread eaten in Somalia and Yemen . \n \n In Eritrea and Ethiopia , injera are usually served with one or more stews known as wat or with salads ( especially , for instance , during periods of Ethiopian Orthodox fasting ) or with other injera ( injera firfir ) . The right hand is used to tear small pieces from the injera to use to pick up and eat the stews or salads . The injera under these stews soaks up juices and flavours and , after the stews and salads are finished , is also consumed . Injera thus acts simultaneously as food , eating utensil and plate . When the `` tablecloth '' formed by the injera is finished , the meal is over . \n \n Lahoh is a pancake-like bread originating in Somalia , Djibouti and Yemen . It is often eaten along with honey , ghee and tea . During lunch , lahoh is sometimes consumed with curry , soup or stew . \n \n Kenya \n \n In Kenya , pancakes are eaten for breakfast as an alternative to bread . They are served plain with the sugar already added to the batter to sweeten them . Kenyan pancakes are similar to English pancakes and French crepes . \n \n South Africa \n \n A `` pancake '' in South Africa is a crêpe . In Afrikaans , it is", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1175, "text": "crepe" } ], "id": "jp_747--Pancake.txt", "qid": "jp_747", "question": "What food is sometimes called the French version of a pancake?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Jane Austen ( ; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817 ) was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels which interpret , critique and comment upon the life of the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century . Her most highly praised novel during her lifetime was Pride and Prejudice , her second published novel . Austen 's plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage in the pursuit of favorable social standing and economic security . \n \n The author 's major novels are rarely out of print today , although they were first published anonymously and brought her little fame and brief reviews during her lifetime . A significant transition in her posthumous reputation as an author occurred in 1869 , fifty-two years after her death , when her nephew 's publication of A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider audience . Austen 's most successful novel during her lifetime was Pride and Prejudice , which went through two editions at the time . Her third published novel was Mansfield Park , which ( despite being largely overlooked by reviewers ) was successful during her lifetime . \n \n All of Austen 's major novels were first published between 1811 and 1818 . From 1811 to 1816 , with the publication of Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) , Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) , Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) and Emma ( 1815 ) , she achieved success as a published author . Austen wrote two additional novels ( Northanger Abbey and Persuasion , both published posthumously in 1818 ) and began another , eventually titled Sanditon , before her death . \n \n During the twentieth and twenty-first centuries Austen 's writings have inspired a large number of critical essays and literary anthologies , establishing her as a British author of international fame . Her novels have inspired films , from 1940 's Pride and Prejudice starring Laurence Olivier to more recent productions : Emma Thompson in Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Kate Beckinsale in Love & Friendship ( 2016 ) . \n \n Life and career \n \n Information about Austen is `` famously scarce '' , according to one biographer . Only some personal and family letters remain ( by one estimate , only 160 of Austen 's 3,000 letters are extant ) , and her sister Cassandra—to whom most of the letters were addressed—burned `` the greater part '' of them and censored those she did not destroy . Other letters were destroyed by the heirs of Admiral Sir Francis Austen , Jane 's brother . Most of the biographical material produced for fifty years after Austen 's death was written by her relatives and reflected the family 's bias in favour of `` good quiet Aunt Jane '' ; scholars have unearthed little information since . Austen wrote during the period of British Romanticism leading to British Idealism . She admired a number of British Romantic poets , including William Wordsworth ( 1770–1850 ) , Samuel Coleridge ( 1772–1834 ) and Lord Byron ( 1788–1824 ) , whose influence on her novels has been studied . \n \n Family \n \n Austen 's parents , George ( 1731–1805 ) , an Anglican rector , and his wife Cassandra ( 1739–1827 ) , shared a gentry background . George was descended from wool manufacturers who had risen to the lower ranks of the landed gentry , and Cassandra was a member of the aristocratic Leigh family . They married on 26 April 1764 at Walcot Church in Bath . From 1765 to 1801 ( for much of Jane 's life ) , George was a rector of Anglican parishes in Steventon , Hampshire , and a nearby village . From 1773 to 1796 , he supplemented his income by farming and teaching three or four boys at a time ( who boarded at his home ) . \n \n Austen 's immediate family was large—six brothers : James ( 1765–1819 ) , George ( 1766–1838 ) , Edward ( 1768–1852 ) , Henry Thomas ( 1771–1850 ) , Francis William ( Frank ) ( 1774–1865 ) and Charles John ( 1779–1852 ) and one sister , Cassandra Elizabeth ( Steventon , Hampshire , 9 January 1773 – 1845 ) who , like Jane , did not marry . Cassandra was Austen 's closest friend and confidante throughout her life . \n \n Of her brothers Austen felt closest to Henry , who became a banker and ( after his bank failed ) an Anglican clergyman . His sister 's literary agent , Henry 's large circle of friends and acquaintances in London included bankers , merchants , publishers ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 284, "text": "pride and prejudice" } ], "id": "odql_12884--Jane_Austen.txt", "qid": "odql_12884", "question": "First Impressions was the original title of which Jane Austen novel?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Most languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family . This family is divided into a number of branches , including Romance , Germanic , Baltic , Slavic , Albanian , Celtic , Armenian , Iranian , and Hellenic ( Greek ) . The Uralic languages , which include Hungarian , Finnish , and Estonian , also have a significant presence in Europe . The Turkic and Mongolic families also have several European members , whereas the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe . The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group , while Maltese , which is descended from Sicilian Arabic , is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status . \n \n Indo-European languages \n \n The Indo-European language family descended from Proto-Indo-European , believed to have been spoken thousands of years ago . Indo-European languages are spoken throughout Europe . \n \n Albanian \n \n Albanian has two major dialects , Tosk Albanian and Gheg Albanian . It is spoken in Albania and Kosovo , where it has official status , and is also spoken in neighboring Republic of Macedonia , Serbia , Greece , Italy and Montenegro . It is also widely spoken in the Albanian diaspora . \n \n Armenian \n \n Armenian has two major dialects , Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian . It is spoken in Armenia , where it has sole official status , and is also spoken in neighboring Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan ( mainly in Nagorno-Karabakh Republic ) . It is also spoken in Turkey by a very small minority ( Western Armenian and Homshetsi ) , and by small minorities in many other countries where members of the widely dispersed Armenian diaspora reside . \n \n Baltic languages \n \n The Baltic languages are spoken in Lithuania ( Lithuanian , Samogitian ) and Latvia ( Latvian , Latgalian ) . Samogitian and Latgalian are usually considered to be dialects of Lithuanian and Latvian respectively . \n \n There are also several extinct Baltic languages , including : Galindian , Curonian , Old Prussian , Selonian , Semigallian and Sudovian . \n \n Celtic \n \n There are six living Celtic languages , spoken in areas of northwestern Europe dubbed the `` Celtic nations '' . All six are members of the Insular Celtic family , which in turn is divided into : \n * Brythonic family : Welsh ( Wales ) , Cornish ( Cornwall ) and Breton ( Brittany ) \n * Goidelic family : Irish ( Ireland ) , Scottish Gaelic ( Scotland ) , and Manx ( Isle of Man ) \n Continental Celtic languages had previously been spoken across Europe from Iberia and Gaul to Asia Minor , but became extinct in the first millennium AD . \n \n Germanic \n \n The Germanic languages make up the predominant language family in northwestern Europe , reaching from Iceland to Sweden and from parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland to Austria . There are two extant major sub-divisions : West Germanic and North Germanic . A third group , East Germanic , is now extinct ; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the Gothic language . \n \n West Germanic \n \n There are three major groupings of West Germanic languages : Anglo-Frisian , Low Franconian ( now primarily modern Dutch ) and High German \n \n German is spoken throughout Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , the East Cantons of Belgium , much of Switzerland ( including the northeast areas bordering on Germany and Austria ) and northern Italy ( South Tyrol ) . \n \n There are several groups of German dialects : \n \n * High German include several dialect families : \n * * Standard German \n * * Central German dialects , spoken in central Germany and include Luxembourgish \n * * High Franconian , a family of transitional dialects between Central and Upper High German \n * * Upper German , including Austro-Bavarian and Swiss German \n \n Low German/Low Saxon \n \n Low German or Low Saxon is a separate language group , but is still often ( mistakenly ) considered a dialect of either High German ( by the Germans ) or Standard Dutch ( by the Dutch ) . It is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the North and East of the Netherlands . It has no official status in either of the two countries . \n \n * Low German \n * * Low Saxon \n * * East Low German \n \n Low Franconian \n \n * Dutch is spoken throughout the Netherlands ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3838, "text": "swiss" } ], "id": "qb_3289--Languages_of_Europe.txt", "qid": "qb_3289", "question": "Romansh is an official language of which European country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and , along with the related wasps and bees , belong to the order Hymenoptera . Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the Cretaceous period , about 99 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants . More than 12,500 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified . They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists . \n \n Ants form colonies that range in size from a few dozen predatory individuals living in small natural cavities to highly organised colonies that may occupy large territories and consist of millions of individuals . Larger colonies consist mostly of sterile , wingless females forming castes of `` workers '' , `` soldiers '' , or other specialised groups . Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called `` drones '' and one or more fertile females called `` queens '' . The colonies are described as superorganisms because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity , collectively working together to support the colony . \n \n Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth . The only places lacking indigenous ants are Antarctica and a few remote or inhospitable islands . Ants thrive in most ecosystems and may form 15–25 % of the terrestrial animal biomass . Their success in so many environments has been attributed to their social organisation and their ability to modify habitats , tap resources , and defend themselves . Their long co-evolution with other species has led to mimetic , commensal , parasitic , and mutualistic relationships.Hölldobler & Wilson ( 1990 ) , p. 471 \n \n Ant societies have division of labour , communication between individuals , and an ability to solve complex problems . These parallels with human societies have long been an inspiration and subject of study . Many human cultures make use of ants in cuisine , medication , and rituals . Some species are valued in their role as biological pest control agents . Their ability to exploit resources may bring ants into conflict with humans , however , as they can damage crops and invade buildings . Some species , such as the red imported fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta ) , are regarded as invasive species , establishing themselves in areas where they have been introduced accidentally . \n \n Etymology \n \n The word `` ant '' is derived from ' , ' of Middle English which are derived from ' of Old English , and is related to the dialectal Dutch ' and the Old High German ' , hence the modern German ' . All of these words come from West Germanic * , and the original meaning of the word was `` the biter '' ( from Proto-Germanic * , `` off , away '' + * `` cut '' ) . The family name Formicidae is derived from the Latin ' ( `` ant '' ) from which the words in other Romance languages , such as the Portuguese ' , Italian ' , Spanish ' , Romanian ' , and French ' are derived . It has been hypothesised that a Proto-Indo-European word * morwi- was used , cf . Sanskrit vamrah , Latin formīca , Greek μύρμηξ mýrmēx , Old Church Slavonic mraviji , Old Irish moirb , Old Norse maurr , Dutch mier . \n \n Taxonomy and evolution \n \n The family Formicidae belongs to the order Hymenoptera , which also includes sawflies , bees , and wasps . Ants evolved from a lineage within the aculeate wasps , and a 2013 study suggests that they are a sister group of the Apoidea . In 1966 , E. O. Wilson and his colleagues identified the fossil remains of an ant ( Sphecomyrma ) that lived in the Cretaceous period . The specimen , trapped in amber dating back to around 92 million years ago , has features found in some wasps , but not found in modern ants . Sphecomyrma possibly was a ground forager , while Haidomyrmex and Haidomyrmodes , related genera in subfamily Sphecomyrminae , are reconstructed as active arboreal predators . Older ants in the genus Sphecomyrmodes have been found in 99 million year-old amber from Myanmar . After the rise of flowering plants about 100 million years ago they diversified and assumed ecological dominance around 60 million years ago . Some groups , such as the Leptanillinae and Martialinae , are suggested to have diversified from early primitive ants that were likely to have been predators underneath the surface of the soil . \n \n During the Cretaceous period , a few species of primitive ants ranged widely", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_6651--Ant.txt", "qid": "qw_6651", "question": "What causes the sting caused by a nettle or an ant?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Round Table is King Arthur 's famed table in the Arthurian legend , around which he and his Knights congregate . As its name suggests , it has no head , implying that everyone who sits there has equal status . The table was first described in 1155 by Wace , who relied on previous depictions of Arthur 's fabulous retinue . The symbolism of the Round Table developed over time ; by the close of the 12th century it had come to represent the chivalric order associated with Arthur 's court , the Knights of the Round Table . \n \n History \n \n The Round Table first appears in Wace 's Roman de Brut , a Norman language adaptation of Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae finished in 1155 . Wace says Arthur created the Round Table to prevent quarrels among his barons , none of whom would accept a lower place than the others . Layamon added to the story when he adapted Wace 's work into the Middle English Brut in the early 13th century , saying that the quarrel between Arthur 's vassals led to violence at a Yuletide feast . In response a Cornish carpenter built an enormous but easily transportable Round Table to prevent further dispute . Wace claims he was not the source of the Round Table ; both he and Layamon credited it instead to the Bretons . Some scholars have doubted this claim , while others believe it may be true . There is some similarity between the chroniclers ' description of the Round Table and a custom recorded in Celtic stories , in which warriors sit in a circle around the king or lead warrior , in some cases feuding over the order of precedence as in Layamon . There is a possibility that Wace , contrary to his own claims , derived Arthur 's round table not from any Breton source , but rather from medieval biographies of Charlemagne—notably Einhard 's Vita Caroli and Notker the Stammerer 's De Carolo Magno—in which the king is said to have possessed a round table decorated with a map of Rome . \n \n Though the Round Table itself is not mentioned until Wace , the concept of Arthur having a marvelous court made up of many prominent warriors is much older . Geoffrey of Monmouth says that after establishing peace throughout Britain , Arthur `` increased his personal entourage by inviting very distinguished men from far-distant kingdoms to join it . '' The code of chivalry so important in later romance figures in as well , as Geoffrey says Arthur established `` such a code of courtliness in his household that he inspired peoples living far away to imitate him . '' Long before Geoffrey , Arthur 's court was well known to Welsh storytellers ; in the romance Culhwch and Olwen , written around 1100 , the protagonist Culhwch invokes the names of 225 individuals affiliated with Arthur . In fact , the fame of Arthur 's entourage became so prominent in Welsh tradition that in the later additions to the Welsh Triads , the formula tying named individuals to `` Arthur 's Court '' in the triad titles began to supersede the older `` Island of Britain '' formula . Though the code of chivalry crucial to later continental romances dealing with the Round Table is mostly absent from the earlier Welsh material , some passages of Culhwch and Olwen seem to prefigure it , for instance when Arthur explains the ethos of his court , saying `` [ w ] e are nobles as long as we are sought out : the greater the bounty we may give , the greater our nobility , fame and honour . '' \n \n Though no Round Table appears in the early Welsh texts , Arthur is associated with various items of household furniture . The earliest of these is Saint Carannog 's mystical floating altar in that saint 's 12th century Vita ; in the story Arthur has found the altar and attempts unsuccessfully to use it for a table , and returns it to Carannog in exchange for the saint ridding the land of a meddlesome dragon . Arthur 's household furniture figures into local topographical folklore throughout Britain as early as the early 12th century , with various landmarks being named `` Arthur 's Seat '' , `` Arthur 's Oven , '' and `` Arthur 's Bed-chamber . '' A henge at Eamont Bridge near Penrith , Cumbria is known as `` King Arthur 's Round Table '' . The still-visible Roman amphitheatre at Caerleon has been associated with the Round Table . and has been suggested as a possible source for the legend", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_1323--Round_Table.txt", "qid": "odql_1323", "question": "In Arthurian Legend of English source, three knights of Arthur achieved The Holy Grail, Sir Bors and Sir Galahad are two, who was the third?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Eddystone Lighthouse is on the dangerous Eddystone Rocks , 9 smi south of Rame Head , England , United Kingdom . While Rame Head is in Cornwall , the rocks are in Devon and composed of Precambrian gneiss . View at 1:50000 scale \n \n The current structure is the fourth to be built on the site . The first and second were destroyed by storm and fire . The third , also known as Smeaton 's Tower , is the best known because of its influence on lighthouse design and its importance in the development of concrete for building . Its upper portions have been re-erected in Plymouth as a monument . The first lighthouse , completed in 1699 , was the world 's first open ocean lighthouse although the Cordouan lighthouse preceded it as the first offshore lighthouse . \n \n The need for a light \n \n The Eddystone Rocks are an extensive reef approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) SSW of Plymouth Sound , one of the most important naval harbours of England , and midway between Lizard Point , Cornwall and Start Point . They are submerged at high spring tides and were so feared by mariners entering the English Channel that they often hugged the coast of France to avoid the danger , which thus resulted not only in shipwrecks locally , but on the rocks of the north coast of France and the Channel Islands . Given the difficulty of gaining a foothold on the rocks particularly in the predominant swell it was a long time before anyone attempted to place any warning on them . \n \n Winstanley 's lighthouse \n \n The first lighthouse on Eddystone Rocks was an octagonal wooden structure built by Henry Winstanley . The lighthouse was also the first recorded instance of an offshore lighthouse . Construction started in 1696 and the light was lit on 14 November 1698 . During construction , a French privateer took Winstanley prisoner and destroyed the work done so far on the foundations , causing Louis XIV to order Winstanley 's release with the words `` France is at war with England , not with humanity '' . \n \n The lighthouse survived its first winter but was in need of repair , and was subsequently changed to a dodecagonal ( 12 sided ) stone clad exterior on a timber framed construction with an octagonal top section as can be seen in the later drawings or paintings , one of which is reproduced here . This gives rise to the claims that there have been five lighthouses on Eddystone Rock . Winstanley 's tower lasted until the Great Storm of 1703 erased almost all trace on 27 November . Winstanley was on the lighthouse , completing additions to the structure . No trace was found of him , or of the other five men in the lighthouse . \n \n The cost of construction and five years ' maintenance totalled £7,814 7s.6d , during which time dues totalling £4,721 19s.3d had been collected at one penny per ton from passing vessels . \n \n Rudyard 's lighthouse \n \n Following the destruction of the first lighthouse , Captain John Lovett Later Colonel John Lovett ( c. 1660–1710 ) of Liscombe Park Buckinghamshire and Corfe , ( son and heir of former merchant in Turkey , Christopher Lovett , lord mayor of Dublin 1676–1677 ) and uncle of noted architect Edward Lovett Pearce 1699–1733 . acquired the lease of the rock , and by Act of Parliament was allowed to charge passing ships a toll of one penny per ton . He commissioned John Rudyard ( or Rudyerd ) to design the new lighthouse , built as a conical wooden structure around a core of brick and concrete . A temporary light was first shone from it in 1708 and the work was completed in 1709 . This proved more durable , surviving nearly fifty years . \n \n On the night of 2 December 1755 , the top of the lantern caught fire , probably through a spark from one of the candles used to illuminate the light . The three keepers threw water upwards from a bucket but were driven onto the rock and were rescued by boat as the tower burnt down . Keeper Henry Hall , who was 94 at the time , died from ingesting molten lead from the lantern roof . A report on this case was submitted to the Royal Society by the physician Dr. Edward Spry , and the piece of lead is now in the collections of the National Museums of Scotland . \n \n Smeaton 's lighthouse \n \n The third lighthouse marked a major step forward in the design", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 571, "text": "plymouth" } ], "id": "qw_7401--Eddystone_Lighthouse.txt", "qid": "qw_7401", "question": "The Eddystone Rocks are 14 miles from which part of the UK?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Bond Street in the West End of London , connects Piccadilly in the south to Oxford Street in the north . The street , consisting of two sections , has been a popular shopping area since the 18th century and is the home of many fashion outlets that sell prestigious and expensive items . The southern section is Old Bond Street and the longer northern section New Bond Street—a distinction not generally made in everyday usage . \n \n The street was originally fields surrounding Clarendon House on Piccadilly , which were developed by Sir Thomas Bond . It was built up in the 1720s , and by the end of the 18th century was a popular place for the upper-class residents of Mayfair to socialise . Prestigious and expensive shops were established along the street but it declined as a centre of social activity in the 19th century , although it held its reputation as a fashionable place for retail , and is home to the auction houses Sotheby 's and Bonhams ( formerly Phillips ) and the department stores Fenwick and Tiffany 's . It is one of the most expensive and sought after strips of real estate in Europe . \n \n Geography \n \n Bond Street is the only street that runs between Oxford Street and Piccadilly . Old Bond Street is at the southern end between Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens . The northern section , New Bond Street , extends as far as Oxford Street . The whole street combined is around long . The street is narrow , and many of the shops along its front are less than 20 ft wide . \n \n The nearest tube stations are Green Park on Piccadilly , and Bond Street station on Oxford Street . Despite its name , the station does not directly connect to either New or Old Bond Street . No bus routes use the street , though the C2 service crosses New Bond Street . Part of New Bond Street is classified B406 ; the remainder and all of Old Bond Street has no number . New Bond Street is pedestrianised between Grafton Street and Clifford Street to prevent through traffic and to stop the road being used as a rat run . \n \n History \n \n There has been evidence of Roman settlement around what is now Bond Street . In 1894 , a culvert made from brick and stone was discovered in the area . The street was named after Sir Thomas Bond , the head of a syndicate of developers who purchased a Piccadilly mansion called Clarendon House , from Christopher Monck , 2nd Duke of Albemarle in 1686 , and proceeded to demolish the house and develop the area . At that time , the house backed onto open fields , known as Albemarle Ground , and the development of various estates in Mayfair had just begun . \n \n New Bond Street was added during a second phase of construction 14 years after Bond 's syndicate began developing the area . Most of the building along the street occurred in the 1720s , on what was the Conduit Mead Estate . John Rocque 's map of London , published in 1746 , shows properties along the entire length of Bond Street , including the fully constructed side streets . The two parts of the street have always had separate names , and a plan by the council to merge the two into a singular `` Bond Street '' in the 1920s were rejected by locals . \n \n During the 18th century , the street began to become popular with the bourgeoisie living around Mayfair . Shop owners let out the upstairs for residential purposes , attracting lodgers such as Jonathan Swift , George Selwyn , William Pitt the Elder and Laurence Stern . In 1784 , Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , an active socialite , demanded that people boycotted Covent Garden as its residents had voted against Whig member of parliament Charles James Fox , causing him to lose his seat in parliament and dissolve the Fox–North Coalition . She insisted people should look for nearer shopping streets , and encouraged people to go to Bond Street . Consequently , the street became a retail area for people living in Mayfair . By the end of the century , an upper class social group known as the Bond Street Loungers had appeared , wearing expensive wigs and parading up and down the street in a pretentious manner . \n \n Lord Nelson stayed at temporary lodgings on New Bond Street between 1797–8 , and again in 1811–13 . Thomas Pitt , 2nd Baron Camelford lived on Bond Street and was unhappy about the", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 76, "text": "oxford st" } ], "id": "sfq_21563--Bond_Street.txt", "qid": "sfq_21563", "question": "In Monopoly, which street completes the green set of Bond Street and Regent Street?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The International System of Units ( , SI ) is the modern form of the metric system , and is the most widely used system of measurement . It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units . It defines twenty-two named units , and includes many more unnamed coherent derived units . The system also establishes a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units . \n \n The system was published in 1960 as the result of an initiative that began in 1948 . It is based on the metre-kilogram-second system of units ( MKS ) rather than any variant of the centimetre-gram-second system ( CGS ) . SI is intended to be an evolving system , so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves . The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) in 2011 and 2014 , for example , discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram , linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact , thereby ensuring long-term stability . \n \n The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them . The CGPM , which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875 , brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world . \n \n The International System of Units has been adopted by most developed countries ; however , the adoption has not been universal in all English-speaking countries . While metrication in the United States is consistent in science , medicine , government , and various fields of technology and engineering , common measurements are mostly performed in United States customary units , although these have officially been defined in terms of SI units . The United Kingdom has officially adopted a policy of partial metrication . Canada has adopted the SI for most governmental , medical and scientific purposes and for such varied uses as grocery weights , weather reports , traffic signs and gasoline sales , but imperial units are still legally permitted and remain in common use throughout many sectors of Canadian society , particularly in the building trade and the railway sector . \n \n History \n \n The metric system was first implemented during the French Revolution ( 1790s ) with just the metre and kilogram as standards of length and massThe differences between `` weight '' and `` mass '' were only formally qualified in 1901. respectively . In the 1830s Carl Friedrich Gauss laid the foundations for a coherent system based on length , mass , and time . In the 1860s a group working under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science formulated the requirement for a coherent system of units with base units and derived units . The inclusion of electrical units into the system was hampered by the customary use of more than one set of units , until 1900 when Giovanni Giorgi identified the need to define one single electrical quantity as a fourth base quantity alongside the original three base quantities . \n \n Meanwhile , in 1875 , the Treaty of the Metre passed responsibility for verification of the kilogram and metre against agreed prototypes from French to international control . In 1921 , the Treaty was extended to include all physical quantities including electrical units originally defined in 1893 . \n \n In 1948 , an overhaul of the metric system was set in motion which resulted in the development of the `` Practical system of units '' which , on its publication in 1960 , was given the name `` The International System of Units '' . In 1954 , the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) identified electric current as the fourth base quantity in the practical system of units and added two more base quantities—temperature and luminous intensity—making six base quantities in all . The units associated with these quantities were the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , kelvin and candela . In 1971 , a seventh base quantity , amount of substance represented by the mole , was added to the definition of SI . \n \n Early development \n \n The metric system was developed from", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "tc_2787--International_System_of_Units.txt", "qid": "tc_2787", "question": "What is the SI unit of magnetic flux density, named after a Croatian electrical engineer?" } ] } ] }