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{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Puffing Billy is an early railway steam locomotive , constructed in 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley , enginewright Jonathan Forster and blacksmith Timothy Hackworth for Christopher Blackett , the owner of Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne , in the United Kingdom . It is the world 's oldest surviving steam locomotive . It was the first commercial adhesion steam locomotive , employed to haul coal chaldron wagons from the mine at Wylam to the docks at Lemington-on-Tyne in Northumberland . \n \n History \n \n Puffing Billy was one of the three similar engines built by Hedley , the resident engineer at Wylam Colliery , to replace the horses used as motive power on the tramway . In 1813 Hedley built for Blackett 's colliery business on the Wylam Colliery line the prototypes , `` Puffing Billy '' and `` Wylam Dilly '' . They were both rebuilt in 1815 with ten wheels , but were returned to their original condition in 1830 when the railway was relaid with stronger rails . \n \n In the September 1814 edition of Annals of Philosophy two locomotives with rack wheels are mentioned ( probably Salamanca and Blücher ) , then there is mention of `` another steam locomotive at Newcastle , employed for a similar purpose [ hauling coals ] , and moving along without any rack wheel , simply by its friction against the rail road '' . From the context this is at a different location to Blücher , so is probably Puffing Billy . \n \n Puffing Billy remained in service until 1862 , Edward Blackett , the owner of Wylam Colliery , lent it to the Patent Office Museum in South Kensington , London ( later the Science Museum ) . He later sold it to the museum for £200 . It is still on display there . Its sister locomotive , Wylam Dilly , is preserved in the Royal Museum in Edinburgh . \n \n A replica has been built and was first run in 2006 at Beamish Museum . Another replica , built 1906 in a Royal Bavarian State Railways workshop , can be found in the German Museum , Munich . \n \n Design \n \n Puffing Billy incorporated a number of novel features , patented by Hedley , which were to prove important to the development of locomotives . It had two vertical cylinders on either side of the boiler , and partly enclosed by it , and drove a single crankshaft beneath the frames , from which gears drove and also coupled the wheels allowing better traction . \n \n The engine had a number of serious technical limitations . Running on cast iron Wagonway plates , its eight-ton weight was too heavy and broke them , encouraging opponents of locomotive traction to criticise the innovation . This problem was alleviated by redesigning the engine with four axles so that the weight was spread more evenly . The engine was eventually rebuilt as a four-wheeler when improved edge rails track was introduced around 1830 . It was not particularly fast , being capable of no more than 5 mph ( 8 km/h ) . \n \n Legacy \n \n Puffing Billy was an important influence on George Stephenson , who lived locally , and its success was a key factor in promoting the use of steam locomotives by other collieries in north-eastern England . \n \n It also entered the language as a metaphor for an energetic traveller , and phrases like `` puffing like Billy-o '' and `` running like Billy-o '' are thought to derive from the locomotive 's name .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "puffing billy" } ], "id": "sfq_14766--Puffing_Billy_(locomotive).txt", "qid": "sfq_14766", "question": "What is the name of the world's oldest surviving steam locomotive, constructed in 1813/14 by William Hedley for use at Wylam Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Douglas ( ) is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man , with a population of 27,938 people ( 2011 ) . It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas , and on a sweeping bay of two miles . The River Douglas forms part of the town 's harbour and main commercial port . \n \n Douglas was a small settlement until rapid growth occurred as a result of links with the English port of Liverpool in the 18th century . Further population growth came in the following century , resulting during the 1860s in a staged transfer of the High Courts , the Lieutenant Governor 's residence , and finally the seat of the legislature , Tynwald , to Douglas from the ancient capital , Castletown . \n \n The town serves as the Island 's main hub for business , finance , legal services , shipping , transport , shopping , and entertainment . The annual Isle of Man TT motorcycle races start and finish in Douglas . \n \n History \n \n Early history \n \n In the absence of any archaeological data , it is possible that the origins of the town may be revealed by analysis of the original street and plot pattern . The discovery of a bronze weapon in central Douglas , and the large Ballaquayle Viking treasure hoard on the outskirts , both in the 1890s , hint at the early importance of the site now occupied by Douglas . Scholars agree that the name of the town derives from Early Celtic 'Duboglassio ' meaning 'black river ' . Douglas is twice referred to in the Monastic 'Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles ' ; first in 1192 , when the monks of St Mary 's Abbey at Rushen , were transferred there for a four-year stay , then again in 1313 , when Robert ( Bruce ) , King of Scotland , spent the night at the 'monastery of Duglas ' on his way to seize Castle Rushen . These may be references to the site of the later Nunnery , a little upstream from the port . \n \n The first detailed documentation shows that in 1511 there were only thirteen resident households in the settlement clustered north of the harbour , most of the property there classifying as `` chambers '' ( unoccupied , unheated , single-celled structures ) for which rent was paid by non-residents including clergy , officials and landowners from elsewhere on the Island . This suggests that the origins of the town 's nucleus were as a non-urban port . Current speculation links the store-buildings with the Irish Sea Herring fishery , and the import/export trade . \n \n Growth and development \n \n In 1681 Thomas Denton described Douglas as `` The place of greatest resort '' on the Isle of Man , and by 1705 a clear picture of the early town emerges , with hints that its residential , market , and military defence functions were growing in importance alongside the port facility . The ensuing sixty years saw the town thrive as imposing merchants ' houses , large warehouses , quays and a pier were provided to accommodate the burgeoning 'Running Trade ' ( smuggling ) : one of the stimuli for the town to expand . Other forms of trade also grew , and following the Revestment Act of 1765 , Douglas began to reap the benefits of trans-Atlantic trade , due to the discovery of the New World , and co-operation on a local level with Liverpool . Legitimate merchants who rose to prominence over the period included the Murreys , the Moores , and the Bacons . The town 's later prosperity was facilitated by the low cost of living , and favourable legal status enjoyed by English debtors and half pay officers . The initial growth and development of the town owed much to its natural harbour ( now the Inner Harbour ) , since greatly expanded and improved . Over the course of the 18th century , the town 's population rose significantly , from 800 ( approx . ) in 1710 to nearly 2,500 in 1784 . \n \n Throughout the nineteenth century , the town 's demographics began to follow the same trends as the United Kingdom , due to the Industrial Revolution . The growing number of people wanting to holiday in the area , from the early nineteenth century , forged a new industry , and from around 1870 onwards , the town was transformed into a leading holiday resort . Juxtaposed with this prosperity were the increasingly unsanitary conditions , and poor quality housing ; this , again , reflected a trend", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "douglas" } ], "id": "qb_7131--Douglas,_Isle_of_Man.txt", "qid": "qb_7131", "question": "What is the capital of The Isle of man?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative , sometimes accompanied by dancing . \n \n The songs usually advance the plot or develop the film 's characters , though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline , often as elaborate `` production numbers '' . \n \n The musical film was a natural development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology . Typically , the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of lavish background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater . Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater ; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if there is a live audience watching . In a sense , the viewer becomes the diegetic audience , as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it . \n \n Musical films in the Western world \n \n The classical sound era \n \n The 1930s through the early 1950s are considered to be the golden age of the musical film , when the genre 's popularity was at its highest in the Western world . \n \n The first musicals \n \n Musical short films were made by Lee de Forest in 1923-24 . Beginning in 1926 , thousands of Vitaphone shorts were made , many featuring bands , vocalists and dancers . The earliest feature-length films with synchronized sound had only a soundtrack of music and occasional sound effects that played while the actors portrayed their characters just as they did in silent films : without audible dialogue.Kenrick , John . [ http : //www.musicals101.com/1927-30film.htm `` History of Musical Film , 1927-30 : Hollywood Learns To Sing '' ] . Musicals101.com , 2004 , accessed May 17 , 2010 The Jazz Singer , released in 1927 by Warner Brothers , was the first to include an audio track including non-diegetic music and diegetic music , but it had only a short sequence of spoken dialogue . This feature-length film was also a musical , featuring Al Jolson singing `` Dirty Hands , Dirty Face '' , `` Toot , Toot , Tootsie '' , `` Blue Skies '' and `` My Mammy '' . Historian Scott Eyman wrote , `` As the film ended and applause grew with the houselights , Sam Goldwyn 's wife Frances looked around at the celebrities in the crowd . She saw 'terror in all their faces ' , she said , as if they knew that 'the game they had been playing for years was finally over . Still , only isolated sequences featured `` live '' sound ; most of the film had only a synchronous musical score . In 1928 , Warner Brothers followed this up with another Jolson part-talkie , The Singing Fool , which was a blockbuster hit . Theaters scrambled to install the new sound equipment and to hire Broadway composers to write musicals for the screen.Kenrick , John . [ http : //www.musicals101.com/1927-30film2.htm `` History of Musical Film , 1927-30 : Part II '' ] . Musicals101.com , 2004 , accessed May 17 , 2010 The first all-talking feature , Lights of New York , included a musical sequence in a night club . The enthusiasm of audiences was so great that in less than a year all the major studios were making sound pictures exclusively . The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) had a show-biz plot about two sisters competing for a charming song-and-dance man . Advertised by MGM as the first `` All-Talking , All-Singing , All-Dancing '' feature film , it was a hit and won the Academy Award for Best Picture for 1929 . There was a rush by the studios to hire talent from the stage to star in lavishly filmed versions of Broadway hits . The Love Parade ( Paramount 1929 ) starred Maurice Chevalier and newcomer Jeanette MacDonald , written by Broadway veteran Guy Bolton . \n \n Warner Brothers produced the first screen operetta , The Desert Song in 1929 . They spared no expense and photographed a large percentage of the film in Technicolor . This was followed by the first all-color , all-talking musical feature which was entitled On with the Show ( 1929 ) . The most popular film of 1929 was the second all-color , all-talking feature which was entitled Gold Diggers of Broadway ( 1929 ) . This film broke all box office records and remained the highest grossing film ever produced until 1939 . Suddenly the market became flooded with musicals , revues and operettas . The following all-color musicals were produced in 1929 and 1930 alone : The Show of", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bt_1664--Musical_film.txt", "qid": "bt_1664", "question": "Who was Fred Astaire's dancing partner in the musical film The Band Wagon" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Pulaski is a city and county seat of Giles County , Tennessee . The population was 7,870 at the 2010 census . It was named to honor the Polish-born American Revolutionary War hero Kazimierz Pułaski . It is home of Martin Methodist College . \n \n History \n \n Pulaski was founded in 1809 . \n \n The vicinity of Pulaski was the site of a number of skirmishes during the Franklin–Nashville Campaign of the Civil War . In 1863 , Confederate courier Sam Davis was hanged in Pulaski by the Union Army on suspicion of espionage . \n \n In 1865 , during the early days of the Reconstruction Era , the city became the birthplace of the first Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) , founded by six Tennessee veterans of the Confederate Army . John C. Lester , John B. Kennedy , James R. Crowe , Frank O. McCord , Richard R. Reed , and J. Calvin Jones established the KKK in Pulaski on December 25 , 1865 . \n \n Martin Methodist College was founded in Pulaski in 1870 . \n \n It is also home of the semi-annual Diana Singing , sponsored by the Churches of Christ , which attracts over 3,000 people to the town in June and September . \n \n Geography \n \n Pulaski is located at ( 35.195786 , -87.034328 ) . \n \n According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of , all land . \n \n Demographics \n \n As of the census of 2000 , there were 7,871 people , 3,455 households , and 2,038 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,200.8 people per square mile ( 464.0/km2 ) . There were 3,888 housing units at an average density of 593.2 per square mile ( 229.2/km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 70.40 % White , 27.06 % African American , 0.24 % Native American , 0.85 % Asian , 0.01 % Pacific Islander , 0.23 % from other races , and 1.21 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11 % of the population . \n \n There were 3,455 households out of which 26.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 37.7 % were married couples living together , 18.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.0 % were non-families . 37.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 17.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.82 . \n \n In the city the population was spread out with 22.1 % under the age of 18 , 10.2 % from 18 to 24 , 26.0 % from 25 to 44 , 22.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 19.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 39 years . For every 100 females there were 82.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 78.4 males . \n \n The median income for a household in the city was $ 27,459 , and the median income for a family was $ 37,219 . Males had a median income of $ 30,400 versus $ 21,714 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 16,751 . About 12.7 % of families and 18.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.1 % of those under age 18 and 17.1 % of those age 65 or over . \n \n Transportation \n \n Airport \n \n Abernathy Field is a public use airport owned by the City of Pulaski and Giles County . It is located three nautical miles ( 6 km ) southwest of the central business district of Pulaski . \n \n Education \n \n Pulaski is home to one high school , Giles County High School . Pulaski is also home to Tennessee Technology Center at Pulaski and to Martin Methodist College . \n \n Notable people \n \n * Walter Beech ( born in Pulaski ) , American pioneer aviator and founder of Beech Aircraft Company and Travel Air Manufacturing Company . \n * Bobby Gordon , American football player . \n * Tyler Smith , home to former University of Tennessee Volunteers forward . Since 2010 , he plays basketball professionally in Europe . \n * David Wills , country music singer .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 643, "text": "kkk" } ], "id": "dpql_1953--Pulaski,_Tennessee.txt", "qid": "dpql_1953", "question": "What was first founded in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In physics , a force is any interaction that , when unopposed , will change the motion of an object . In other words , a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity ( which includes to begin moving from a state of rest ) , i.e. , to accelerate . Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull . A force has both magnitude and direction , making it a vector quantity . It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F . \n \n The original form of Newton 's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time . If the mass of the object is constant , this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object , is in the direction of the net force , and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object \n \n Related concepts to force include : thrust , which increases the velocity of an object ; drag , which decreases the velocity of an object ; and torque , which produces changes in rotational speed of an object . In an extended body , each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts ; the distribution of such forces through the body is the so-called mechanical stress . Pressure is a simple type of stress . Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials , or flow in fluids . \n \n Development of the concept \n \n Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines , but thinkers such as Aristotle and Archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force . In part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction , and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion . A fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion , even at a constant velocity . Most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton . With his mathematical insight , Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years . By the early 20th century , Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light , and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia . \n \n With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light , particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms . The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed . Only four main interactions are known : in order of decreasing strength , they are : strong , electromagnetic , weak , and gravitational . High-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction . \n \n Pre-Newtonian concepts \n \n Since antiquity the concept of force has been recognized as integral to the functioning of each of the simple machines . The mechanical advantage given by a simple machine allowed for less force to be used in exchange for that force acting over a greater distance for the same amount of work . Analysis of the characteristics of forces ultimately culminated in the work of Archimedes who was especially famous for formulating a treatment of buoyant forces inherent in fluids . \n \n Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology . In Aristotle 's view , the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different `` natural places '' therein . Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth , those composed mostly of the elements earth and water , to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone . He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their `` natural place '' ( e.g. , for heavy bodies to fall ) , which led to `` natural motion '' , and unnatural or forced motion , which required continued application of a force . This theory , based on the everyday experience of how objects move , such as the constant application of a force needed to keep", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_4920--Force.txt", "qid": "qw_4920", "question": "What is the unit of force which, acting upon a mass of 1 gramme, will produce acceleration of 1 centimetre per second per second?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Dead Souls ( ) is a novel by Nikolai Gogol , first published in 1842 , and widely regarded as an exemplar of 19th-century Russian literature . The purpose of the novel was to demonstrate the flaws and faults of the Russian mentality and character . Gogol masterfully portrayed those defects through Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov ( the main character ) and the people whom he encounters in his endeavours . These people are typical of the Russian middle-class of the time . Gogol himself saw it as an `` epic poem in prose '' , and within the book as a `` novel in verse '' . Despite supposedly completing the trilogy 's second part , Gogol destroyed it shortly before his death . Although the novel ends in mid-sentence ( like Sterne 's Sentimental Journey ) , it is usually regarded as complete in the extant form . \n \n Title \n \n The original title , as shown on the illustration ( cover page ) , was `` The Wanderings of Chichikov , or Dead Souls . Poema '' , which contracted to merely `` Dead Souls '' . In the Russian Empire , before the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 , landowners had the right to own serfs to farm their land . Serfs were for most purposes considered the property of the landowner , who could buy , sell or mortgage them , as any other chattel . To count serfs ( and people in general ) , the measure word `` soul '' was used : e.g. , `` six souls of serfs '' . The plot of the novel relies on `` dead souls '' ( i.e. , `` dead serfs '' ) which are still accounted for in property registers . On another level , the title refers to the `` dead souls '' of Gogol 's characters , all of which represent different aspects of poshlost ( a Russian noun rendered as `` commonplace , vulgarity '' , moral and spiritual , with overtones of middle-class pretentiousness , fake significance and philistinism ) . \n \n It is also described as a picaresque novel , the literary genre virtually non-existent in Russian literature of the times . \n \n Background \n \n The first part of the novel was intended to represent a modern-day Inferno of the Divine Comedy . Gogol reveals to his readers an encompassing picture of the ailing social system in Russia after the war of 1812 . As in many of Gogol 's short stories , the social criticism of Dead Souls is communicated primarily through absurd and hilarious satire . Unlike the short stories , however , Dead Souls was meant to offer solutions rather than simply point out problems . This grander scheme was largely unrealized at Gogol 's death ; the work was never completed , and it is primarily the earlier , darker part of the novel that is remembered . \n \n In their studies of Gogol , Andrey Bely , D. S. Mirsky , Vladimir Nabokov , and other modernist critics rejected the commonly held view of Dead Souls as a reformist or satirical work . For instance , Nabokov regarded the plot of Dead Souls as unimportant and Gogol as a great writer whose works skirted the irrational and whose prose style combined superb descriptive power with a disregard for novelistic clichés . True , Chichikov displays a most extraordinary moral rot , but the whole idea of buying and selling dead souls is , to Nabokov , ridiculous on its face ; therefore , the provincial setting of the novel is a most unsuitable backdrop for any of the progressive , reformist or Christian readings of the work . \n \n Structure \n \n The novel has a circular structure , following Chichikov as he visits the estates of landowners living around the capital of a guberniya . Although Gogol aspired to emulate the Odyssey and the Divine Comedy , many critics derive the structure of Dead Souls from the picaresque novels of the 16th and 17th centuries in that it is divided into a series of somewhat disjointed episodes , and the plot concerns a gentrified version of the rascal protagonist of the original picaresques . \n \n Konstantin Aksakov was the first to bring out a detailed juxtaposition of Gogol 's and Homer 's works : `` Gogol 's epic revives the ancient Homeric epic ; you recognize its character of importance , its artistic merits and the widest scope . When comparing one thing to another , Gogol completely loses himself in the subject , leaving for a time the occasion that gave rise to his comparison ; he will talk about it , until the", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "nikolai gogol" } ], "id": "sfq_13183--Dead_Souls.txt", "qid": "sfq_13183", "question": "Who was the Russian author of 'Taras Bulba' and 'Dead Souls'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Thirty days hath September is a traditional English mnemonic rhyme , of which many variants are commonly used in English-speaking countries to remember the lengths of the months in the Julian and Gregorian calendars . See also Knuckle Mnemonic . \n \n Here is one version of the rhyme attributed to Mother Goose : \n \n Thirty days has September , \n April , June , and November . \n All the rest have thirty-one , \n Except for February alone , \n Which hath but twenty-eight days clear , \n And twenty-nine in each leap year . \n \n History \n \n The web site On This Day in Math dates the rhyme at least to 1488 . `` The Plimpton Library has a copy of Anianus , Computus Manualis combined with Boethius , Arithmetica , which is probably the first book on mathematics printed in Strasburg . It has the first known printing of the little mnemonic that begins , “ Thirty days hath September , ” in Latin . \n \n Later versions differ from the medieval version in that September and November are often reversed , as in the Mother Goose variants above . As with any text that is still primarily transmitted orally , many versions exist . The first two lines are usually similar , with variations in the final lines relating to February . For instance , here is an unusual version that is longer and more rhythmic , with paired rhyming lines : \n \n Thirty days have September , \n April , June , and November . \n All the rest have thirty-one , \n no exceptions , but save one : \n twenty-eight hath February , \n but from this we still must vary \n each four years when we do find \n a small leap to twenty-nine . \n \n A shorter version that rhymes perfectly is from an unknown source and date : \n \n Thirty days have September , \n April , June , and November ; \n Thirty-one the others date , \n Except in February , twenty-eight ; \n But in leap year we assign \n February , twenty-nine . \n \n An old version that was traditionally sung ( source unknown ) is : \n \n Thirty days hath September , \n April , June , and November . \n All the rest have thirty-one , \n Except February alone , \n Which has twenty-eight , in fine , \n And each leap year twenty-nine . \n \n Modern variants \n \n Thirty days have September , \n April , June , and November . \n Thirty-one most others date , \n While February has twenty-eight . \n Except each Leap Year , one in four , \n When February adds one more . \n \n Thirty days hath September , \n April , June and November ; \n All the rest have thirty one -- no wait ! \n February 's days count 28 ! \n Except in leap year , that 's the time \n When February 's days count 29 \n \n Thirty days has September , \n April , June , and November , \n All the rest have Thirty one , \n Except February alone , \n Which has twenty eight days clear , \n Twenty nine in each leap year . \n \n It is common to encounter derivative or shorter variants of the two Mother Goose versions above that have an imperfect or irregular rhyme pattern and rhythm : \n \n Thirty days hath September , \n April , June , and November ; \n all the rest have thirty one \n Except February , on its own \n which has twenty eight most times \n And in a leap year , twenty nine . \n \n Thirty days hath September , \n April , June , and November ; \n all the rest have thirty one \n February , only , twenty-eight ; \n leap years we assign \n February , gets twenty-nine . \n \n \n Thirty days has September , \n April , June , and November . \n All the rest have thirty-one , \n Except—you know which one . \n \n Thirty days has September \n April , June , and November . \n All the rest have thirty-one , \n Excepting February alone \n To which we twenty-eight assign , \n 'Til leap year gives us twenty-nine . \n \n Thirty days has September , \n April , June and November . \n All the rest have thirty-one , \n Excepting February alone \n Which has eight and one score \n And every fourth year one more . \n \n Thirty days has September \n April , June , and November", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1530, "text": "four" } ], "id": "qb_3853--Thirty_days_hath_September.txt", "qid": "qb_3853", "question": "How many months of the year have only 30 days?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Robert Leroy Johnson ( May 8 , 1911 – August 16 , 1938 ) was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician . His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing , guitar skills , and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians . Johnson 's shadowy and poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend , including the Faustian myth that he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads to achieve success . As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners , in juke joints , and at Saturday night dances , Johnson had little commercial success or public recognition in his lifetime . \n \n It was only after the reissue of his recordings in 1961 , on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers , that his work reached a wider audience . Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues , particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style . He is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence ; Eric Clapton has called Johnson `` the most important blues singer that ever lived . '' Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence in its first induction ceremony , in 1986 . In 2010 , David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone magazine 's `` 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time '' . \n \n Life and career \n \n Early life \n \n Johnson was born in Hazlehurst , Mississippi , possibly on May 8 , 1911 , to Julia Major Dodds ( born October 1874 ) and Noah Johnson ( born December 1884 ) . Julia was married to Charles Dodds ( born February 1865 ) , a relatively prosperous landowner and furniture maker , with whom she had ten children . Charles Dodds had been forced by a mob to leave Hazlehurst following a dispute with white landowners . Julia left Hazlehurst with baby Robert but after some two years sent him to live in Memphis with her husband , who had changed his name to Charles Spencer . \n \n About 1919 , Robert rejoined his mother in the Mississippi Delta area around Tunica and Robinsonville , Mississippi . Julia 's new husband , known as Dusty Willis , was 24 years her junior . Robert was remembered by some residents as `` Little Robert Dusty '' , but he was registered at Tunica 's Indian Creek School as Robert Spencer . In the 1920 census he is listed as Robert Spencer , living in Lucas , Arkansas , with Will and Julia Willis . Robert was at school in 1924 and 1927 and the quality of his signature on his marriage certificate suggests that he was relatively well educated for a boy of his background . One school friend , Willie Coffee , was located and filmed , recalling that Robert was already noted for playing the harmonica and jaw harp . He also remembered that Robert was absent for long periods , which suggests that he may have been living and studying in Memphis . \n \n After school , Robert adopted the surname of his natural father , signing himself as Robert Johnson on the certificate of his marriage to sixteen-year-old Virginia Travis in February 1929 . She died in childbirth shortly after . Surviving relatives of Virginia told the blues researcher Robert `` Mack '' McCormick that this was a divine punishment for Robert 's decision to sing secular songs , known as `` selling your soul to the Devil '' . McCormick believes that Johnson himself accepted the phrase as a description of his resolve to abandon the settled life of a husband and farmer to become a full-time blues musician . \n \n Around this time , the blues musician Son House moved to Robinsonville , where his musical partner Willie Brown lived . Late in life , House remembered Johnson as a `` little boy '' who was a competent harmonica player but an embarrassingly bad guitarist . Soon after , Johnson left Robinsonville for the area around Martinsville , close to his birthplace , possibly searching for his natural father . Here he perfected the guitar style of House and learned other styles from Isaiah `` Ike '' Zinnerman . Zinnerman was rumored to have learned supernaturally to play guitar by visiting graveyards at midnight . \n When Johnson next appeared in Robinsonville , he seemed to have miraculously acquired a guitar technique . House was interviewed at a time when the legend of Johnson 's pact with the devil was well known among blues researchers . He was asked whether he attributed Johnson 's technique", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2910, "text": "robert johnson" } ], "id": "qw_935--Robert_Johnson.txt", "qid": "qw_935", "question": "\"Which delta blues musician wrote \"\"Love in Vain\"\", \"\"Cross Road Blues\"\", and \"\"Rambling on My Mind\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Lucian Michael Freud ( ; 8 December 1922 – 20 July 2011 ) was a British painter . Known chiefly for his thickly impastoed portrait and figure paintings , he was widely considered the pre-eminent British artist of his time . His works are noted for their psychological penetration and their often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model . \n \n Early life and family \n \n Born in Berlin , Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother , Lucie ( née Brasch ) , and an Austrian Jewish father , Ernst L. Freud , an architect . He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud , and elder brother of the broadcaster , writer and politician Clement Freud ( thus uncle of Emma and Matthew Freud ) and the younger brother of Stephan Gabriel Freud . \n \n He moved with his family to St John 's Wood , London , in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism . He became a British subject in 1939 , having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes , Devon , and later Bryanston School , for a year before being expelled due to disruptive behaviour . \n \n Early career \n \n Freud briefly studied at the Central School of Art in London , and from 1939 to 1942 with greater success at Cedric Morris ' East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing in Dedham , relocated in 1940 to Benton End , a house near Hadleigh , Suffolk . He also attended Goldsmiths ' College , part of the University of London , in 1942–43 . He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942 . \n \n In 1943 , the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower . It was published the following year by Editions Poetry London and comprised , among other drawings , a stuffed zebra and a palm tree . Both subjects reappeared in The Painter 's Room on display at Freud 's first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Alex Reid & Lefevre Gallery . In the summer of 1946 , he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton . In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swift 's studio . In late 1952 , Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953 . He otherwise lived and worked in London for the rest of his life . \n \n Freud was part of a group of figurative artists that American artist Ronald Kitaj later named `` The School of London '' . This was more a loose collection of individual artists who knew each other , some intimately , and were working in London at the same time in the figurative style ( but during the boom years of abstract painting ) . The group was led by figures such as Francis Bacon and Freud , and included Frank Auerbach , Michael Andrews , Leon Kossoff , Robert Colquhoun , Robert MacBryde , Reginald Gray and Kitaj himself . He was a visiting tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954 . \n \n Mature style \n \n Freud 's early paintings , which are mostly very small , are often associated with German Expressionism ( an influence he tended to deny ) and Surrealism in depicting people , plants and animals in unusual juxtapositions . Some very early works anticipate the varied flesh tones of his mature style , for example Cedric Morris ( 1940 , National Museum of Wales ) , but after the end of the war he developed a thinly painted very precise linear style with muted colours , best known in his self-portrait Man with Thistle ( 1946 , Tate ) and a series of large-eyed portraits of his first wife , Kitty Garman , such as Girl with a Kitten ( 1947 , Tate ) . These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoked Early Netherlandish painting . \n \n From the 1950s , he began to work in portraiture , often nudes ( though his first full length nude was not painted until 1966 ) , to the almost complete exclusion of everything else , and by the middle of the decade developed a much more free style using large hogs-hair brushes , with an intense concentration of the texture and colour of flesh , and much thicker paint , including impasto . Girl with a white dog , 1951–1952 , ( Tate )", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "lucian michael freud" } ], "id": "dpql_3970--Lucian_Freud.txt", "qid": "dpql_3970", "question": "Whose painting, ‘Benefits Supervisor Resting’, sold for £35.8million at auction?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The country known in English as both Myanmar and Burma has undergone changes in both its official and popular names worldwide . The choice of names stems from the existence of two different names for the country in Burmese , which are used in different contexts . \n \n The official English name was changed by the country 's government from the `` Union of Burma '' to the `` Union of Myanmar '' in 1989 , and still later to the `` Republic of the Union of Myanmar '' , which since then has been the subject of controversies and mixed incidences of adoption . \n \n Burmese names \n \n In the Burmese language , Myanmar is known as either Myanma ( မြန်မာ ) or Bama ( ဗမာ ) . Myanma is the written , literary name of the country , while Bama is the spoken name of the country.According to the Scottish orientalist Henry Yule ( Hobson-Jobson : A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases , and of Kindred Terms , Etymological , Historical , Geographical and discursive , London , 1886 ( new edition edited by William Crooke , London , 1903 ) , p.131 ) the term Myanma , for example , comes from Mran-mâ , the national name of the Burmese people , which is pronounced Bam-mâ by Burmeses themselves , except when speaking in formal or emphatic way . Cited in Franco Maria Messina , Quale nome per la Birmania ? , Indiamirabilis , ( in Italian ) , 2009 . Burmese , like Javanese and other languages of Southeast Asia , has different levels of register , with sharp differences between literary and spoken language . \n \n Both names derive ultimately from the endonym of the largest ethnic group in Burma , the Bamar people , also known as Bama or Burmans in the spoken register and Mranma or Myanma in the literary register . As such , some groups — particularly non-Bamar minorities — consider one or other ( or indeed both ) names to not be inclusive . \n \n `` Bama '' \n \n The colloquial name Bama is supposed to have originated from the name Myanma by shortening of the first syllable , from loss of nasal final `` an '' , reduced to non-nasal `` a '' , and loss of `` y '' glide ) , and then by transformation of `` m '' into `` b '' . This sound change from `` m '' to `` b '' is frequent in colloquial Burmese , and occurs in many other words . Although Bama may be a later transformation of the name Myanma , both names have been in use alongside each other for centuries . King Mindon in the mid-19th century was the first to refer to himself as the king of the 'Myanma people ' , in an attempt to ethnicise his rule , at a time when his rule was largely confined to the Irrawaddy Valley and the Myanmar ethnic group . \n \n `` Mranma '' \n \n The etymology of Mranma remains unclear . The `` Bamas '' who entered the central Irrawaddy river valley in the 9th century founded the Pagan Kingdom in 849 , and called themselves Mranma . The earliest record discovered of the word was in a Mon inscription dated 1102 , inside which the name was spelled Mirma . The first record of the name in a Burmese inscription is dated 1190 , in which inscription the name was spelled Mranma . \n \n Ma Thanegi records that the first use of the name 'Mranma ' for the country is to be found on a 3 ft high stone inscription dated 597 ME ( Traditional Burmese calendar ) or 1235 CE . The stone is from the reign of Kyaswa , ( 1234-1250 ) son of King Htilominlo ( Nadaungmya ) , Bagan . It is written in early Burmese script . Although the middle of the front side of this stone is damaged , the first line of the better-protected reverse side clearly shows မြန်မာပြည် ( `` Mranma kingdom '' ) . The inscription is known as the 'Yadana Kon Htan Inscription ' . At present it is in Bagan recorded as stone number 43 in the Archaeological Department 's collection . \n \n Today in Burmese the name is still spelled Mranma , but over time the `` r '' sound disappeared in most dialects of the Burmese language and was replaced by a `` y '' glide , so although the name is spelled `` Mranma '' , it is actually pronounced Myanma . \n \n In the decades preceding independence , independence parties were in search of a name", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 375, "text": "union of myanmar" } ], "id": "tc_2458--Names_of_Myanmar.txt", "qid": "tc_2458", "question": "What did Burma change its name to in 1989?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Åland Islands or Åland ( Swedish : Åland , ; ) is a region of Finland that consists of an archipelago lying at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea . It is autonomous , demilitarised and is the only monolingually Swedish-speaking region in Finland . Collectively , the islands in the archipelago form the smallest region of Finland , constituting 0.49 % of its land area and 0.50 % of its population . \n \n Åland comprises Fasta Åland on which 90 % of the population resides and a further 6,500 skerries and islands to its east . Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Sweden by 38 km of open water to the west . In the east , the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish Archipelago Sea . Åland 's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket , which it shares with Sweden . \n \n Åland 's autonomous status means that those provincial powers normally exercised by representatives of the central Finnish government are largely exercised by its own government . \n \n Autonomy \n \n The autonomous status of the islands was affirmed by a decision made by the League of Nations in 1921 following the Åland crisis . It was reaffirmed within the treaty admitting Finland to the European Union . By law , Åland is politically neutral and entirely demilitarised , and residents are exempt from conscription to the Finnish Defence Forces . The islands were granted extensive autonomy by the Parliament of Finland in the Act on the Autonomy of Åland of 1920 , which was later replaced by new legislation by the same name in 1951 and 1991 . Åland remains exclusively Swedish-speaking by law . \n \n In connection with Finland 's admission to the European Union , a protocol was signed concerning the Åland Islands that stipulates , among other things , that provisions of the European Community Treaty shall not force a change of the existing restrictions for foreigners ( i.e. , persons who do not enjoy `` home region rights '' ( hembygdsrätt ) in Åland ) to acquire and hold real property or to provide certain services . \n \n Etymology \n \n Åland 's original name was in the Proto-Norse language * Ahvaland which means `` Land of Water '' . In Swedish , this first developed into Áland and eventually into Åland , literally `` river land '' —even though rivers are not a prominent feature of Åland 's geography . The Finnish and Estonian names of the island , Ahvenanmaa and Ahvenamaa ( `` perch land '' ) , are seen to preserve another form of the old name . \n \n Another theory suggests that the Finnish Ahvenanmaa would be the original name of the archipelago , from which the Swedish Åland derives . \n \n The official name , Landskapet Åland , means `` the Region of Åland '' ; landskap is cognate to English `` landscape '' . \n \n History \n \n Members of the Neolithic Comb Ceramic culture started settling the islands some 7000 years ago , after the islands had began to re-emerge from the sea after being pushed down by the weight of the continental ice of the latest ice age . Two neolithic cultures met on Aland : Comb Ceramic culture and later Pit-Comb Ware culture which spread from the west . \n \n Stone Age and Bronze Age people found food by hunting seals and birds , fishing , and gathering plants . They also started early agriculture . In the Iron Age contacts to Scandinavia were increasing . From the Viking age there are over 380 documented burial sites and six castle ruins . \n \n In the 1200s , Åland and Finland were incorporated into the Swedish Empire . The Åland Islands formed part of the territory ceded to Russia by Sweden under the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809 . As a result , along with all other parts of Finland , they became part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland . \n \n During this process , Sweden failed to secure a provision that the islands not be fortified . The issue was important not only for Sweden but also for the United Kingdom , which was concerned that a military presence on the islands could threaten Britain 's military and commercial interests . \n \n In 1832 , Russia started to fortify the islands with the great fortress of Bomarsund . A combined British and French force of warships and marines captured and destroyed the fortress in 1854 as part of the campaign in the Baltic during the Crimean War . The 1856 Treaty of Paris demilitarized", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 66, "text": "finland" } ], "id": "sfq_4698--Åland_Islands.txt", "qid": "sfq_4698", "question": "Which country owns the Aland Islands?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Jungfrau ( German : `` maiden/virgin '' ; 4158 m ) is one of the main summits of the Bernese Alps , located between the southern canton of Bern and the northern canton of Valais , halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch . Together with the Eiger and Mönch , the Jungfrau forms a massive wall overlooking the Bernese Oberland and the Swiss Plateau , one of the most distinctive sights of the Swiss Alps . \n \n The summit was first reached on August 3 , 1811 by the Meyer brothers of Aarau and two chamois hunters from Valais . The ascent followed a long expedition over the glaciers and high passes of the Bernese Alps . It was not until 1865 that a more direct route on the northern side was opened . \n \n The construction of the Jungfrau railway in the early 20th century , which connects Kleine Scheidegg to the Jungfraujoch , the saddle between the Mönch and the Jungfrau , made the area one of the most-visited places in the Alps . Along with the Aletsch Glacier to the south , the Jungfrau is part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch area , which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2001 . \n \n Geographic setting \n \n Politically , the Jungfrau is split between the municipalities of Lauterbrunnen ( Bern ) and Fieschertal ( Valais ) . It is the third-highest mountain of the Bernese Alps after the nearby Finsteraarhorn and Aletschhorn , respectively 12 and 8 km away . But from Lake Thun , and the greater part of the canton of Bern , it is the most conspicuous and the nearest of the Bernese Oberland peaks ; with a height difference of 3,600 m between the summit and the town of Interlaken . This , and the extreme steepness of the north face , secured for it an early reputation for inaccessibility . \n \n The Jungfrau is the westernmost and highest point of a gigantic 10 km wall dominating the valleys of Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald . The wall is formed by the alignment of some of the biggest north faces in the Alps , with the Mönch ( 4,107 m ) and Eiger ( 3,970 m ) to the east of the Jungfrau , and overlooks the valleys to its north by a height of up to 3 km . The Jungfrau is approximately 6 km from the Eiger ; with the summit of the Mönch between the two mountains , 3.5 km from the Jungfrau . The wall is extended to the east by the Fiescherwand and to the west by the Lauterbrunnen Wall . \n \n The difference of altitude between the deep valley of Lauterbrunnen ( 800 m ) and the summit is particularly visible from the area of Mürren . From the valley floor , west of the massif , the altitude gain is more than 3 km for a horizontal distance of 4 km . \n \n The landscapes around the Jungfrau are extremely contrasted . Instead of the vertiginous precipices of the north-west , the south-east side emerges from the upper snows of the Aletsch Glacier at around 3,500 metres . The 20 km long valley of Aletsch on the south-east is completely uninhabited and also surrounded by other similar glacier valleys . The whole area constitutes the largest glaciated area in the Alps as well as in Europe . \n \n Climbing history \n \n In 1811 , the brothers Johann Rudolf ( 1768–1825 ) and Hieronymus Meyer , sons of Johann Rudolf Meyer ( 1739–1813 ) , the head of a rich merchant family of Aarau , with several servants and a porter picked up at Guttannen , having reached the Valais by way of the Grimsel , crossed the Beich Pass , a glacier pass over the Oberaletsch Glacier , to the head of the Lötschen valley . There they added two local chamois hunters , Alois Volken and Joseph Bortis , to their party and traversed the Lötschenlücke before reaching the Aletschfirn ( the west branch of the Aletsch Glacier ) , where they established the base camp , north of the Aletschhorn . After the Guttannen porter was sent back alone over the Lötschenlücke , the party finally reached the summit of the Jungfrau by the Rottalsattel on August 3 . They then recrossed the two passes named to their point of departure in Valais , and went home again over the Grimsel.Helmut Dumler , Willi P. Burkhardt , Les 4000 des Alpes , ISBN 2-7003-1305-4.W . A . B. Coolidge , The Alps in Nature and History , p. 216 , 1908 . \n \n The journey was a most extraordinary one for the time , and some persons threw", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 335, "text": "swiss" } ], "id": "qb_5473--Jungfrau.txt", "qid": "qb_5473", "question": "Mount Jungfrau is in which European country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Police Surgeon was a television series made by the Associated British Corporation and starring Ian Hendry as Dr Geoffrey Brent . Its 13 half-hour episodes were broadcast on ITV at 7 pm on Saturday nights from 10 September to 3 December 1960 . \n \n Production \n \n The series was created for ABC by Sydney Newman . The series was first broadcast in September 1960 and starred Ian Hendry as a police surgeon who worked for the Metropolitan Police . The series was originally produced by Julian Bond who was effectively co-creator of the series having had the idea from meeting a GP in the Notting Hill area of London whilst working on another television series . This doctor also worked as a police surgeon and Bond was interested in writing a series of `` low key '' dramas which would be distinct from the BBC 's `` police drama '' output at that time in the shape of series like Dixon of Dock Green , and would deal with `` social misfits '' . Sydney Newman had reservations about this concept but supported the creation of the series and Bond cast Ian Hendry in the lead role . Julian Bond felt uncomfortable as a TV producer , being more interested in the creative side and felt that he was not a robust manager . Leonard White took over as producer on the direction of Sydney Newman . A generous commercial deal had been struck with the police surgeon who was the inspiration for the series and had financial and creative rights in the series , aside from the script writing and just before the first episode was to be transmitted legal action was threatened by this individual , unless he could write the scripts and ABC television 's legal department became involved . The series ran for merely 13 episodes and was then cancelled by Sydney Newman . It is possible that the reason for this was the legal and financial disputes surrounding the original concept , as The Avengers appears to have been devised as a hasty replacement that could also serve as a vehicle for its ' star , Ian Hendry.When Police Surgeon was cancelled , Newman took both Hendry and co-star Ingrid Hafner to this series , and this may be why It is sometimes mistakenly claimed that The Avengers was a direct sequel to Police Surgeon , with Hendry playing the same character in both . Although there were similarities , this was in fact not the case . This myth has possibly been encouraged because material relating to Police Surgeon is scarce , and that the first episode of The Avengers aired only one month after the final episode of Police Surgeon . \n \n Cast and crew \n \n John Warwick played the regular character of Inspector Langdon , and Hafner played Nurse Gibbs . Guest actors who appeared in Police Surgeon include Michael Crawford , Bernard Archard , Harry H. Corbett , Geoffrey Palmer , and Nigel Stock . \n \n Scriptwriters included Julian Bond , who was also story editor and , initially , producer . He was succeeded as producer by Leonard White , who went on to produce The Avengers . \n \n Archiving \n \n Only one episode of the series , `` Easy Money '' , featuring Crawford , is known to exist . This episode was shown as part of Channel 4 's TV Heaven season , introduced by Frank Muir , on 28 March 1992 .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1872, "text": "avengers" } ], "id": "wh_1041--Police_Surgeon_(UK_TV_series).txt", "qid": "wh_1041", "question": "Which popular TV series of the 1960s and 1970s developed from an earlier programme called Police Surgeon?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In botany , a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants ( also known as angiosperms ) formed from the ovary after flowering . \n \n Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds . Edible fruits , in particular , have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition ; in fact , humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food . Accordingly , fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world 's agricultural output , and some ( such as the apple and the pomegranate ) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings . \n \n In common language usage , `` fruit '' normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of a plant that are sweet or sour , and edible in the raw state , such as apples , bananas , grapes , lemons , oranges , and strawberries . On the other hand , in botanical usage , `` fruit '' includes many structures that are not commonly called `` fruits '' , such as bean pods , corn kernels , tomatoes , and wheat grains . The section of a fungus that produces spores is also called a fruiting body . \n \n Botanic fruit and culinary fruit \n \n Many common terms for seeds and fruit do not correspond to the botanical classifications . In culinary terminology , a fruit is usually any sweet-tasting plant part , especially a botanical fruit ; a nut is any hard , oily , and shelled plant product ; and a vegetable is any savory or less sweet plant product . However , in botany , a fruit is the ripened ovary or carpel that contains seeds , a nut is a type of fruit and not a seed , and a seed is a ripened ovule . \n \n Examples of culinary `` vegetables '' and nuts that are botanically fruit include corn , cucurbits ( e.g. , cucumber , pumpkin , and squash ) , eggplant , legumes ( beans , peanuts , and peas ) , sweet pepper , and tomato . In addition , some spices , such as allspice and chili pepper , are fruits , botanically speaking . In contrast , rhubarb is often referred to as a fruit , because it is used to make sweet desserts such as pies , though only the petiole ( leaf stalk ) of the rhubarb plant is edible , and edible gymnosperm seeds are often given fruit names , e.g. , ginkgo nuts and pine nuts . \n \n Botanically , a cereal grain , such as corn , rice , or wheat , is also a kind of fruit , termed a caryopsis . However , the fruit wall is very thin and is fused to the seed coat , so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed . \n \n Fruit structure \n \n The outer , often edible layer , is the pericarp , formed from the ovary and surrounding the seeds , although in some species other tissues contribute to or form the edible portion . The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner , the epicarp , mesocarp and endocarp . \n \n Fruit that bears a prominent pointed terminal projection is said to be beaked . \n \n Fruit development \n \n A fruit results from maturation of one or more flowers , and the gynoecium of the flower ( s ) forms all or part of the fruit . \n \n Inside the ovary/ovaries are one or more ovules where the megagametophyte contains the egg cell . After double fertilization , these ovules will become seeds . The ovules are fertilized in a process that starts with pollination , which involves the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma of flowers . After pollination , a tube grows from the pollen through the stigma into the ovary to the ovule and two sperm are transferred from the pollen to the megagametophyte . Within the megagametophyte one of the two sperm unites with the egg , forming a zygote , and the second sperm enters the central cell forming the endosperm mother cell , which completes the double fertilization process . Later the zygote will give rise to the embryo of the seed , and the endosperm mother cell will give rise to endosperm , a nutritive tissue used by the embryo . \n \n As the ovules develop into seeds , the ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall , the pericarp , may become fleshy ( as in berries or drupes ) , or form", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bb_7275--Fruit.txt", "qid": "bb_7275", "question": "Chinese gooseberry is another name for which fruit?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Inns of Court in London are the professional associations for barristers in England and Wales . All such barristers must belong to one such association . They have supervisory and disciplinary functions over their members . The Inns also provide libraries , dining facilities and professional accommodation . Each also has a church or chapel attached to it and is a self-contained precinct where barristers traditionally train and practise , although growth in the legal profession , together with a desire to practise from more modern accommodations , caused many barristers ' chambers to move outside the precincts of the Inns of Court in the late 20th century . \n \n History and composition \n \n Several centuries ago the Inns of Court were any of a sizable number of buildings or precincts where barristers traditionally lodged , trained and carried on their profession . \n \n Over the centuries the number of active Inns of Court was reduced to the present four : \n * The Honourable Society of Lincoln 's Inn \n * The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple \n * The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple \n * The Honourable Society of Gray 's Inn \n \n Lincoln 's Inn , the largest , is able to trace its official records to 1422 , whilst the Inner and Middle Temples are recorded as separate societies in a manuscript yearbook of 1388 . The records of Gray 's Inn begin in 1569 , but teaching is thought to have begun there in the late fourteenth century . \n \n The Inns are near the western boundary of the City of London ; nearby are the Royal Courts of Justice ( opened in 1882 ; previously sat in Westminster Hall ) , which were placed in the legal quarter of London for convenience . Each Inn is a substantial complex with a great hall , chapel , libraries , sets of chambers for many hundreds of barristers , and gardens , and covers several acres . The layout is similar to that of an `` Oxbridge '' college . The `` chambers '' were originally used as residences as well as business premises by many of the barristers , but today , with a small number of exceptions , they serve as offices only . \n \n Membership and governance \n \n Each of the four Inns of Court has three ordinary grades of membership : students , barristers , and Masters of the Bench or `` benchers '' . The benchers constitute the governing body for each Inn and appoint new members from among existing barrister members . As a rule , any barrister member of the Inn is eligible for appointment . In practice , appointments are made of senior members of the Bar , usually QCs , or High Court judges or those who carry out work on behalf of the Inn , be it on committees or through the training of students and other junior members . \n \n Prospective students may choose which Inn to apply to for membership , but can only apply to one Inn for scholarships . An applicant may choose a particular Inn because he or she knows someone already a member , or it has a student association at their university . It makes no long-term difference which Inn a barrister joins . \n \n The senior bencher of each Inn is the Treasurer , a position which is held for one year only . Each Inn usually also has at least one Royal Bencher . They may also appoint Honorary Benchers , from academics , the world of politics and overseas judiciary . \n \n The Inns of Court no longer provide all the education and training needed by prospective barristers , who must pass the Bar Professional Training Course , but do provide supplementary education during the 'Bar School ' year , pupillage and the early years of practice . All prospective Bar School students must be a member of one of the four Inns , and must attend twelve 'qualifying sessions ' before being eligible to qualify as a barrister . Qualifying sessions traditionally comprise formal dinners followed by law-related talks , but increasingly the Inns offer training weekends that may count for several sessions ' worth of attendance . The Inns still retain the sole right to call qualified students to the bar , a right currently found in section 207 ( 1 ) of the Legal Services Act 2007 . \n \n The Inns ' disciplinary functions are carried out by a joint Council of the Inns of Court , which administers the disciplinary tribunals . Barristers are prosecuted by the Bar Standards Board . \n \n Location \n \n The", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 963, "text": "four" } ], "id": "bb_9057--Inns_of_Court.txt", "qid": "bb_9057", "question": "The UK's Inns of Court is made up of how many legal societies?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Uruguay ( ; ) , officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay ( ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It is bordered by Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and with the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176000 km2 , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America after Suriname . \n \n Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento , one of the oldest European settlements in the country , in 1680 . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Spain , Portugal , Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics until the late 20th century . Modern Uruguay is a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . \n \n Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , lack of corruption , e-government , [ http : //unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Data-Center Data Center ] and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity . On a per-capita basis , Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country . It ranks second in the region on economic freedom , income equality , per-capita income and inflows of FDI . Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI , GDP growth , innovation and infrastructure . It is regarded as a high-income country ( top group ) by the UN . Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation . \n Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool , rice , soybeans , frozen beef , malt and milk . \n \n The Economist named Uruguay `` country of the year '' in 2013 , acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production , sale and consumption of cannabis . Same-sex marriage and abortion are also legal , leading Uruguay to be regarded as one of the most liberal nations in the world , and one of the most socially developed , outstanding regionally , and ranking highly on global measures of personal rights , tolerance , and inclusion issues . [ http : //www.socialprogressimperative.org/en/data/spi/components/com9 # performance/countries/com9/com11 The Social Progress Imperative ] \n \n Etymology \n \n The name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the regional Guarani word for it . There are several interpretations , including `` bird-river '' ( `` the river of the ' '' , via Charruan , ' being a common noun of any wild fowl ) . \n The name could also refer a river snail called ' ( Pomella megastoma ) that was plentiful in the water . \n \n In Spanish colonial times , and for some time thereafter , Uruguay and some neighbouring territories were called the Cisplatina and ' ( `` East Bank [ of the river Uruguay ] '' ) , then for a few years the `` Eastern Province '' , and after independence ultimately became ' , translated either as the `` Oriental Republic of Uruguay '' or the `` Eastern Republic of Uruguay '' . \n \n History \n \n The only documented inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrúa , a small tribe driven south by the Guarani of Paraguay . \n \n Early colonisation \n \n The Portuguese discovered the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512 . [ https : //books.google.com/books ? hl \n pt-PT & idJH9SIogNd3sC & q \n San+Matias # vsnippet & q \n San % 20Matias & ffalse ] The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1516 . The indigenous peoples ' fierce resistance to conquest , combined with the absence of gold and silver , limited their settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries . Uruguay then became a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires . In 1603 , the Spanish began to introduce cattle , which became a source of wealth in the region . The first permanent Spanish settlement was founded", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4295, "text": "portuguese empire" } ], "id": "dpql_1657--Uruguay.txt", "qid": "dpql_1657", "question": "Politically speaking, what once linked Brazil, Uruguay, Mozambique and Angola?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Creamfields is a large British dance music festival featuring DJs and live acts . The first Creamfields was held at The Matterley Bowl in Winchester , Hampshire on 23 May 1998 . It has been held since 2006 annually on the August Bank Holiday weekend in Daresbury , Cheshire . The festival began as an offshoot from Liverpool 's Cream nightclub . Other Creamfields festivals have been held in Abu Dhabi ( United Arab Emirates ) , Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) , Almería ( Spain ) , Malta , Punchestown ( Ireland ) , Punta del Este ( Uruguay ) , Alcala de henares ( Spain ) , Istanbul ( Turkey ) , Vilnius ( Lithuania ) , Mexico City ( Mexico ) , Moscow ( Russia ) , Prague ( Czech Republic ) , Lima ( Peru ) , Santiago ( Chile ) , Rio de Janeiro , Curitiba , Florianopolis , Belo Horizonte ( Brazil ) , and Wrocław ( Poland ) . Creamfields Lisbon ( Portugal ) was held for the first time in May 2007 . Creamfields Australia has been held annually since 2010 . \n \n Past events \n \n * Creamfields Brasil 2013 : 26 de janeiro em Jurerê Internacional , Florianópolis \n * Creamfields Beirut-Lebanon 6–7 September 2013 \n * Creamfields Buenos Aires 2013 - 9 November \n * Creamfields Peru 2013 - 16 November \n * Creamfields UK - Saturday 28 August \n * Creamfields Buenos Aires - Saturday - 19 December 2009 \n * Creamfields Peru – 14 November 2009 \n * Creamfields Abu Dhabi - 11 December 2009 \n * Creamfields Andalucia , Spain - Saturday 15 August 2009 \n * Creamfields UK - Saturday 29 August - Sunday 30 August \n * Creamfields Central Europe - 3-4 , July 2009 \n * Creamfields Lithuania , Vilnius - 10-11 , July 2009 \n * Creamfields Mexico – November \n * Creamfields Belo Horizonte ( Brazil ) - November \n * Creamfields Santiago ( Chile ) - November \n * Creamfields Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) – 8 November \n * Creamfields UK – 23 August Bank Holiday Weekend \n * Creamfields Poland - 16 August \n * Creamfields Andalusia ( Spain ) - 9 August \n * Creamfields Romania - 2 August \n * Creamfields Vigo ( Galicia , Spain ) - 2 August \n * Creamfields Central Europe ( Czech ) - 12 July \n * Creamfields Malta - 28 June \n * Creamfields Buenos Aires , Argentina 2011 \n * Creamfields Bogotá , Colombia 2011 \n * Creamfields Peru 2011 \n \n Buenos Aires \n \n * Creamfields BA 2011 , 13 November 2011 : \n Creamfields Buenos Aires line-up included : David Guetta , Afrojack , Fedde Le Grand , Mercurio , bad Boy Orange , Leandro Fresco , Joris Voorn , Booka Shade , Groove Armada , Above & Beyond , Soundexile , Deep Mariano , Hernan Cattaneo , John Digweed , Danny Howells , Danny Howells , Busy P , Pete Tong , Laidback Luke , Sven Vath , Miss Kittin , Deathmind , Christopher Lawrence , Gareth Emery , Ferry Corsten , and more . \n * Creamfields BA 2010 , 13 November 2010 : 80,000 \n Creamfields Buenos Aires line-up included : David Guetta , Faithless , Fatboy Slim , Paul van Dyk , Carl Cox , Sasha , Richie Hawtin , and more . \n * Creamfields BA 2009 , 19 Dic 2009 : 60,000 \n At Parque Roca , in Buenos Aires . In this occasion the line-up was : Tiësto , Hernán Cattaneo , Richie Hawtin , Jeff Mills , and more . \n * Creamfields BA 2008 , 8 November 2008 : 42,000 \n At Autódromo Buenos Aires fields . The line-up included : Gorillaz , David Guetta and Cassius , Crystal Castles , and more . \n * Creamfields BA 2007 , 10 November 2007 : 55,000 \n The Buenos Aires line-up included : The Chemical Brothers , Carl Cox , John Digweed , LCD Soundsystem , Deep Dish , Hernán Cattaneo , James Zabiela , 2 Many DJs , Deep Mariano , Rodrigo Lozano , Tiefschwarz , Craig Richards , Christian Smith , and more . The large Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez is the new venue . \n * Creamfields BA 2006 , 11 November 2006 : 62,000 \n Again Buenos Aires , returned to be placed like one of the great worldwide capitals of electronic music , its sixth edition of Creamfields summoned 60 thousand people who danced more than 17 hours in an estate of 13 hectares of park with presentations of Underworld , Sasha , Erick Morillo , Tiga , Hernán Cattáneo , Sander Kleinenberg , Dave Clarke , X-Press 2 , Layo", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 265, "text": "cheshire" } ], "id": "qb_2846--Creamfields.txt", "qid": "qb_2846", "question": "The Creamfields Dance Music Festival takes place annually in which English county?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Northumberland ( RP pronunciation ) is a county in North East England . The northernmost county of England , it borders Cumbria to the west , County Durham and Tyne and Wear to the south and Scotland to the north . To the east is the North Sea coastline with a 103 km long distance path . The county town is Alnwick although the county council is located in Morpeth ( for the moment , as there are plans to move it to nearby Ashington ) . The northernmost point of Northumberland and England is located at Marshall Meadows Bay . \n \n The county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne until 1400 , when the city became a county of itself . Northumberland expanded greatly in the Tudor period , annexing Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1482 , Tynedale in 1495 , Tynemouth in 1536 , Redesdale around 1542 and Hexhamshire in 1572 . Islandshire , Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844 . Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside were transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 . \n \n Lying on the Anglo-Scottish border , Northumberland has been the site of a number of battles . The county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland , now largely protected as the Northumberland National Park . Northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in England , with only 62 people per square kilometre . \n \n History \n \n The area now constituting the county once formed part of the Roman Empire ; later , as Northumberland , it witnessed much conflict between England and Scotland . As evidence of its violent history , Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England , including those of Alnwick , Bamburgh , Dunstanburgh , Newcastle and Warkworth . \n \n Northumberland has a rich prehistory with many instances of rock art , hillforts such as Yeavering Bell and stone circles like the Goatstones and Duddo Five Stones . Most of the area was occupied by the Brythonic-Celtic Votadini people , with another large tribe , the Brigantes to the south . \n \n Later , the region of present-day Northumberland formed the core of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia ( from ca . 547 ) , which united with Deira ( south of the River Tees ) to form the kingdom of Northumbria in the 7th century . The historical boundaries of Northumbria under King Edwin ( reigned 616–633 ) stretched from the Humber in the south to the Forth in the north , although in 1018 its northern part , between the Tweed and the Forth ( including Lothian , the region which contains Edinburgh ) , was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland . \n \n Northumberland is often called the `` cradle of Christianity '' in England , because Christianity flourished on Lindisfarne—a tidal island north of Bamburgh , also called Holy Island—after King Oswald of Northumbria ( reigned 634–642 ) invited monks from Iona to come to convert the English . Lindisfarne saw the production of the Lindisfarne Gospels ( ca . 700 ) and it became the home of St Cuthbert ( ca . 634–687 , abbot from ca . 665 ) , who is buried in Durham Cathedral . \n \n Bamburgh is the historic capital of Northumberland , the `` royal '' castle from before the unification of the Kingdoms of England under the monarchs of the House of Wessex in the 10th century . \n \n The Earldom of Northumberland was briefly held by the Scottish royal family by marriage between 1139–1157 and 1215–1217 . Scotland relinquished all claims to the region as part of the Treaty of York ( 1237 ) . The Earls of Northumberland once wielded significant power in English affairs because , as powerful and militaristic Marcher Lords , they had the task of protecting England from Scottish invasion . \n \n Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government , as seen in the Rising of the North ( 1569-1570 ) against Elizabeth I of England . These revolts were usually led by the Earls of Northumberland , the Percy family . Shakespeare makes one of the Percys , the dashing Harry Hotspur ( 1364-1403 ) , the hero of his Henry IV , Part 1 . The Percys were often aided in conflict by other powerful Northern families such as the Nevilles and the Patchetts ; the latter were stripped of all power and titles after the English Civil War of 1642–1651 . \n \n After the Restoration of 1660 , the county was a centre for Roman Catholicism in England , as well as a focus of Jacobite support . Northumberland was", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 839, "text": "bedlington" } ], "id": "odql_3061--Northumberland.txt", "qid": "odql_3061", "question": "Which breed of terrier derives its name from a mining town in Northumberland and is often described as looking like “a lamb on a leash”?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Chad ( ; ' ; ) , officially the Republic of Chad ( ' ; ) , is a landlocked country in northern Central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west . It is the fifth largest country in Africa in terms of area . \n \n Due to its harsh arid desert climate , it is often known as `` the Dead Heart of Africa . '' \n \n Chad has several regions : a desert zone in the north , an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south . Lake Chad , after which the country is named , is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa . N'Djamena , the capital , is the largest city . Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . Arabic and French are the official languages . Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions . \n \n Beginning in the 7th millennium BC , human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers . By the end of the 1st millennium BC , a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad 's Sahelian strip , each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960 , Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye . Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965 . In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south 's hegemony . However , the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals . He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby . Since 2003 the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation , with hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees living in and around camps in eastern Chad . \n \n While many political parties are active , power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party , the Patriotic Salvation Movement . Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état . Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world ; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers . Since 2003 crude oil has become the country 's primary source of export earnings , superseding the traditional cotton industry . \n \n History \n \n In the 7th millennium BC , ecological conditions in the northern half of Chadian territory favored human settlement , and the region experienced a strong population increase . Some of the most important African archaeological sites are found in Chad , mainly in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region ; some date to earlier than 2000 BC . \n \n For more than 2,000 years , the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary people . The region became a crossroads of civilizations . The earliest of these were the legendary Sao , known from artifacts and oral histories . The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire , D . Lange 1988 the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad 's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD . Two other states in the region , Baguirmi and Wadai Empire emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries . The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . These states , at least tacitly Muslim , never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves . In Kanem , about a third of the population were slaves . \n \n French colonial expansion led to the creation of the in 1900 . By 1920 , France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . French rule in Chad was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation compared to other French colonies . \n \n The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton ; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929 . The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service . Only the Sara of the south was governed effectively ; French presence in the Islamic north and east was", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 228, "text": "niger" } ], "id": "qw_12527--Chad.txt", "qid": "qw_12527", "question": "Lake Chad, the second largest wetland in Africa, is shared by the Republic of Chad, the Republic of Cameroon, Nigeria and which other country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The year 1969 in film involved some significant events , with Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid dominating the U.S. box office and becoming one of the highest-grossing films of all time and Midnight Cowboy , a film rated X , winning the Academy Award for Best Picture . \n \n Events \n \n * Last year for prize giving at the Venice Film Festival until it is revived in 1980 . From 1969 to 1979 , the festival is non-competitive . \n * Al Pacino 's film debut ( Me , Natalie ) \n * Elvis Presley 's film career ends with the release of Change of Habit . \n * On August 9 , Sharon Tate , the 26-year-old actress , model and Roman Polanski 's wife , is murdered by Charles Manson 's followers \n * On June 22 , Judy Garland dies at age 47 of a drug overdose in London . \n \n Top-grossing films ( U.S . ) \n \n Films released \n \n By date \n \n Note : U.S. releases unless stated . \n \n January–March \n \n * January 23 : Some Girls Do \n * March 5 : The Big Bounce \n * March 10 : The Assassination Bureau ( U.K . ) \n * March 12 : Where Eagles Dare \n * March 26 : \n * * 100 Rifles \n * * The Illustrated Man \n * * Support Your Local Sheriff ! \n \n April–June \n \n * April 1 : \n * * Sam Whiskey \n * * Sweet Charity \n * April 3 : Goodbye , Columbus \n * April 24 : If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium \n * May 7 : \n * * Sinful Davey \n * * Where It 's At \n * May 10 : Mackenna 's Gold \n * May 14 : Nightmare in Wax \n * May 15 : Midas Run \n * May 22 : \n * * Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( U.K . ) \n * * Winning \n * May 25 : Midnight Cowboy \n * May 27 : Popi \n * May 28 : The April Fools \n * May 29 : Che ! \n * June 6 : Hook , Line & Sinker \n * June 11 : \n * * Rascal \n * * True Grit \n * June 18 : The Wild Bunch \n * June 19 : Last Summer \n * June 24 : Chastity \n * June 25 : \n * * The Bridge at Remagen \n * * The Chairman \n * * Hello Down There \n July–September \n \n * July 2 : Three Into Two Wo n't Go \n * July 7 : How to Commit Marriage \n * July 14 : Easy Rider \n * July 23 : Castle Keep \n * August 6 : The Learning Tree \n * August 18 : Take the Money and Run \n * August 19 : Alice 's Restaurant \n * August 20 : What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice ? \n * August 21 : Number One \n * August 27 : \n * * Medium Cool \n * * The Rain People \n * August 28 : The Gypsy Moths \n * September 3 : \n * * The Trouble with Girls \n * * The Valley of Gwangi \n * September 17 : Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice \n \n October–December \n \n * October 4 : Hail , Hero ! \n * October 8 : The Monitors \n * October 12 : The Madwoman of Chaillot \n * October 15 : Paint Your Wagon \n * October 22 : \n * * Marlowe \n * * The Sterile Cuckoo \n * October 24 : Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid \n * October 29 : The Secret of Santa Vittoria \n * November 10 : \n * * Change of Habit \n * * Marooned \n * November 15 : Goodbye , Mr. Chips \n * November 18 : The Arrangement \n * November 19 : The Comic \n * November 27 : The Undefeated \n * December 4 : A Boy Named Charlie Brown \n * December 10 : They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? \n * December 16 : \n * * Cactus Flower \n * * Hello , Dolly ! \n * December 18 : \n * * On Her Majesty 's Secret Service \n * * Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here \n * December 19 : Topaz \n * December 20 : All Monsters Attack ( Japan ) \n * December 24 : The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes \n * December 25 : The Reivers \n * December 30 : The", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_9374--1969_in_film.txt", "qid": "odql_9374", "question": "Who directed the 1969 film 'Easy Rider'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Tranquillityite is silicate mineral with formula ( Fe2+ ) 8Ti3Zr2 Si3O24 . It is mostly composed of iron , oxygen , silicon , zirconium and titanium with smaller fractions of yttrium and calcium . It is named after the Mare Tranquillitatis ( Sea of Tranquility ) , the place on the Moon from which the rock samples in which it was found were brought during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 . Until its discovery in Australia in 2011 , it was the last mineral brought from the Moon which was thought to be unique , with no terrestrial counterpart . \n \n Discovery \n \n In 1970 , material scientists found a new unnamed Fe , Ti , Zr- silicate mineral containing rare-earths and Y in lunar rock sample 10047 . The first detailed analysis of the mineral was published in 1971 and the name “ tranquillityite ” was proposed and later accepted by the International Mineralogical Association . It was later found in lunar rock samples from all Apollo missions . Samples were dated by Pb/Pb ion probe techniques . \n \n Together with armalcolite and pyroxferroite , it is one of the three minerals which were first discovered on the Moon , before terrestrial occurrences were found . Fragments of tranquillityite were later found in Northwest Africa , in the NWA 856 Martian meteorite . \n \n Terrestrial occurrences of tranquillityite have been found in six localities in the Pilbara region of Western Australia , Western Australia in 2011 . The Australian occurrences include a number of Proterozoic to Cambrian age diabase and gabbro dikes and sills . It occurs as interstitial grains with zirconolite , baddeleyite , and apatite associated with late stage intergrowths of quartz and feldspar . \n \n Properties \n \n Tranquillityite forms thin stripes up to 15 by 65 micrometres in size in basaltic rocks , where it was produced at a late crystallization stage . It is associated with troilite , pyroxferroite , cristobalite and alkali feldspar . The mineral is nearly opaque and appears dark red-brown in thin crystals . The analyzed samples contains less than 10 % impurities ( Y , Al , Mn , Cr , Nb and other rare-earth element ) and up to 0.01 % ( 100 ppm ) of uranium . Presence of significant amount of uranium allowed to estimate the age of tranquillityite and some associated minerals in Apollo 11 samples as 3710 million years using the uranium-lead dating technique . \n \n Irradiation by alpha particles generated by the uranium decay is believed to be the origin of the predominantly amorphous metamict structure of tranquillityite . Its crystals were obtained by annealing the samples at 800 °C for 30 minutes . Longer annealing did not improve the crystalline quality , and annealing at higher temperatures resulted in spontaneous fracture of samples . \n \n The crystals were initially found to have a hexagonal crystal structure with the lattice parameters , a 1.169 nm , c \n 2.225 nm and three formula units per unit cell , but later reassigned a face-centered cubic structure ( fluorite-like ) . A tranquillityite-like crystalline phase has been synthesized by mixing oxide powders in an appropriate ratio , determined from the chemical analysis of the lunar samples , and annealing the mixture at 1500 °C . This phase was not pure , but intergrown with various intermetallic compounds .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 282, "text": "moon" } ], "id": "odql_8830--Tranquillityite.txt", "qid": "odql_8830", "question": "Where were the minerals 'Pyroxferroite', 'Armalcolite' and 'Tranquillityite' first discovered in 1969 and 1971?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The European Union ( EU ) is a politico-economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . \n \n The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making . The seven principal decision-making bodies—known as the institutions of the European Union—are the European Council , the Council of the European Union , the European Parliament , the European Commission , the Court of Justice of the European Union , the European Central Bank , and the European Court of Auditors . \n \n The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958 , respectively . The community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit . While no member state has , as yet , ever left the EU , a non-binding referendum in the United Kingdom in June 2016 supported leaving . The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship . The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU , the Treaty of Lisbon , came into force in 2009 . \n \n Covering 7.3 % of the world population , the EU in 2014 generated a nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of 18.495 trillion US dollars , constituting approximately 24 % of global nominal GDP and 17 % when measured in terms of purchasing power parity . Additionally , 26 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index , according to the United Nations Development Program . In 2012 , the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy , the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence . The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations , the World Trade Organization , the G8 , and the G-20 . Because of its global influence , the European Union has been described as a current or as a potential superpower . \n \n History \n \n Preliminary ( 194557 ) \n \n After World War II , European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated the continent . The 1948 Hague Congress was a pivotal moment in European federal history , as it led to the creation of the European Movement International and of the College of Europe , where Europe 's future leaders would live and study together . 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community , which was declared to be `` a first step in the federation of Europe . '' The supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi , Jean Monnet , Robert Schuman , and Paul-Henri Spaak . \n \n Treaty of Rome ( 195792 ) \n \n In 1957 , Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome , which created the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and established a customs union . They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community ( Euratom ) for co-operation in developing nuclear energy . Both treaties came into force in 1958 . \n \n The EEC and Euratom were created separately from ECSC , although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly . The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein ( Hallstein Commission ) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand ( Armand Commission ) and then Étienne Hirsch . Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members . \n \n Through the 1960s , tensions began to show , with France seeking to limit supranational power . Nevertheless , in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the Merger Treaty created a", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1334, "text": "six" } ], "id": "sfq_8456--European_Union.txt", "qid": "sfq_8456", "question": "How many countries were founder members of the EEC in 1957?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Iqaluit ( ; ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut , its largest community , and its only city . Until 1987 the city was known as Frobisher Bay , after the large bay on the coast of which the city is situated . In 1999 , Iqaluit became the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories . Before this event Iqaluit was ( relatively speaking ) an insignificant city and not well-known outside of the Canadian Arctic or Canada , with population and economic growth highly limited . This is due to the city 's isolation and heavy dependence on expensively imported supplies , as the city , like the rest of Nunavut , has no road , rail , or even ship connections ( for part of the year ) to the rest of Canada . The city also possesses a polar climate , influenced by the cold , deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island ; this makes the city of Iqaluit cold , even though the city is well south of the Arctic Circle ) . \n \n The city is closer to Greenland 's capital , Nuuk ( a.k.a . Godthåb ) than it is to the capital of the Northwest Territories , the much-larger northern city of Yellowknife . As of the 2011 census the population was 6,699 , an increase of 8.3 per cent from the 2006 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada . Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut ( singular : Iqalummiuq ) . \n \n History \n \n Iqaluit has been a traditional fishing place used by Inuit for thousands of years , hence the name Iqaluit , which means place of many fish . In 1942 an American air base was built there , intended to provide a stop-over and refuelling site for short range aircraft being ferried across the Atlantic to support the war effort in Europe . Iqaluit 's first permanent resident was Nakasuk , an Inuk guide who helped American Air Force planners to choose a site with a large flat area suitable for a landing strip . The wartime airstrip was known as Crystal Two and was part of the Crimson Route . Long regarded as a campsite and fishing spot by the Inuit , the place chosen had traditionally been named Iqaluit – `` place of many fish '' in Inuktitut – but Canadian and American authorities named it Frobisher Bay , after the name of the body of water it abuts . For the history of the air base , see Frobisher Bay Air Base . \n \n The Hudson 's Bay Company moved its south Baffin operations to the neighbouring valley of Niaqunngut , officially called Apex , in 1949 to take advantage of the airfield . The population of Frobisher Bay increased rapidly during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line ( DEW line , a system of radar stations , see North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) ) in the mid-1950s . Hundreds of construction workers , military personnel , and administrative staff moved into the community , and several hundred Inuit followed to take advantage of the access to medical care and jobs the base provided . In 1957 , 489 of the town 's 1,200 residents were reported to be Inuit . After 1959 , the Canadian government established permanent services at Frobisher Bay , including full-time doctors , a school and social services . The Inuit population grew rapidly in response , as the government encouraged Inuit to settle permanently in communities with government services . \n \n Naval Radio Station ( NRS ) Frobisher Bay , callsign CFI , was established in July 1954 as a result of the closure of NRS Chimo , Quebec . Station CFI was part of the Supplementary Radio network . Because of its remoteness and size , it was very expensive to operate . Advancing technology eventually forced the closure of CFI in 1967 . \n \n The American military left Iqaluit in 1963 , as intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBM ) diminished the strategic value of the DEW line and Arctic airbases , but Frobisher Bay remained the government 's administrative and logistical centre for much of the eastern Arctic . In 1964 , the first elections were held for a community council , and in 1979 for the first mayor . The founding of the Gordon Robertson Educational Centre , now Inuksuk High School , in the early 1970s at Iqaluit confirmed the government 's commitment to the community as an administrative centre . At the time of its founding , it was the sole", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 886, "text": "baffin island" } ], "id": "sfq_4546--Iqaluit.txt", "qid": "sfq_4546", "question": "Iqaluit is the main town on which island?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The England national football team represents England in international football and is controlled by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . \n \n England are one of the two oldest national teams in football ; alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and the current team manager is Sam Allardyce , who was appointed in July 2016 , replacing Roy Hodgson who resigned after a 2–1 loss to Iceland in Euro 2016 . \n \n Although part of the United Kingdom , England has always had a representative side that plays in major professional tournaments , though not in the Olympic Games , as the IOC has always recognised United Kingdom representative sides . \n \n England contest the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship , which alternate biennially . In contesting for the World Cup seventeen times over the past sixty four years , England won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and achieved a semi final appearance in 1990 . \n \n England have never won the UEFA European Football Championship - after fourteen attempts over fifty two years - their best performances were semi final appearances at the 1968 and 1996 Championships , the latter of which they hosted . \n \n Having never won the UEFA European Football Championship , nor any recent FIFA World Cups , England have never qualified for any of the 10 FIFA Confederations Cups , contested over the history of that major international tournament for national teams . \n \n History \n \n The England national football team is the joint-oldest in the world ; it was formed at the same time as Scotland . A representative match between England and Scotland was played on 5 March 1870 , having been organised by the Football Association . A return fixture was organised by representatives of Scottish football teams on 30 November 1872 . \n \n This match , played at Hamilton Crescent in Scotland , is viewed as the first official international football match , because the two teams were independently selected and operated , rather than being the work of a single football association . Over the next forty years , England played exclusively with the other three Home Nations—Scotland , Wales and Ireland—in the British Home Championship . \n \n To begin with , England had no permanent home stadium . They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908 . Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground . The relationship between England and FIFA became strained , and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928 , before they rejoined in 1946 . As a result , they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950 , in which they were beaten in a 1–0 defeat by the United States , failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team 's history . \n \n Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was a 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland , on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park . A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary , was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley . In the return match in Budapest , Hungary won 7–1 . This still stands as England 's worst ever defeat . After the game , a bewildered Syd Owen said , `` it was like playing men from outer space '' . In the 1954 FIFA World Cup , England reached the quarter-finals for the first time , and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay . \n \n Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as England 's first ever full-time manager in 1946 , the team was still picked by a committee until Alf Ramsey took over in 1963 . The 1966 FIFA World Cup was hosted in England and Ramsey guided England to victory with a 4–2 win against West Germany after extra time in the final , during which Geoff Hurst famously scored a hat-trick . In UEFA Euro 1968 , the team reached the semi-finals for the first time , being eliminated by Yugoslavia . \n \n England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions , and reached the quarter-finals , where they were knocked out by West Germany . England had been 2–0 up , but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time . They failed in qualification for the 1974 , leading to Ramsey", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 250, "text": "scotland" } ], "id": "sfq_26200--England_national_football_team.txt", "qid": "sfq_26200", "question": "In 1872, which country played England in the first ever international game of football?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Squirtle ( ) , is a Pokémon species in Nintendo and Game Freak 's Pokémon franchise . It was originally conceived by Game Freak 's character development team and finalized by Ken Sugimori . Its name was changed from Zenigame to Squirtle during the English localization of the series in order to give it a `` clever and descriptive name . '' In animated appearances , Squirtle is voiced in Japanese by Rikako Aikawa and in English localizations by Eric Stuart . Squirtle , in the anime , never evolved for reasons never truly explained by the creators . \n \n Design and characteristics \n \n Squirtle was one of 151 different designs conceived by Game Freak 's character development team and finalised by Ken Sugimori for the first generation of Pocket Monsters games Red and Green , which were localized outside Japan as Pokémon Red and Blue . Originally called `` Zenigame '' in Japanese , Nintendo decided to give the various Pokémon species `` clever and descriptive names '' related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children . Squirtle 's English name comes from a combination of the words `` squirt '' and `` turtle . '' \n \n Squirtle , known as the Tiny Turtle Pokémon , are cute-looking turtle Pokémon , capable of moving either on two feet or on all fours . Their skin is a light blue , and they possess a long , curled tail . When feeling threatened , Squirtle withdraw their limbs into their brown-orange shells and spray water from their mouth with great force , either to attack their opponent or merely to intimidate it . If attacked anyway , their shells are resilient , and provide excellent protection . It shelters itself in its shell , then strikes back with spouts of water at every opportunity . Squirtle 's shell is not merely used for protection . The shell 's rounded shape and the grooves on its surface help minimize resistance in water , enabling this Pokémon to swim at high speeds . The idea to feature Squirtle and the other Red and Blue starters in a significant role in Pokémon X and Y came about a year and a half into the development of the games . The Mega Evolutions for the three Pokémon 's final forms were created , and the designers decided that they should give players an opportunity to receive one of these Pokémon in order to see their Mega Evolved form . \n \n Appearances \n \n In the video games \n \n The first video game appearance of Squirtle was in Pokémon Red and Blue . Squirtle is a starter Pokémon the player can choose from at the beginning of Pokémon Red and Blue , and their remakes , Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen . Squirtle and the other starters from Red and Blue are replaced by Pikachu in Pokémon Yellow , the only starter available in it . Instead , they are each obtained from certain NPCs . In Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver , as a reward from Professor Oak after defeating the final boss , Red , the player can choose from Bulbasaur , Charmander , and Squirtle . In Pokémon X and Y , players can also choose between Bulbasaur , Charmander , and Squirtle near the start of the game shortly after having chosen the games ' new starter Pokémon , and arriving at Lumiose City , after defeating the Pokémon professor . \n \n Aside from the main games , Squirtle appears in Hey You , Pikachu ! , Pokémon Snap , Pokémon Puzzle League , the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon games , the Pokémon Ranger games , and PokéPark Wii : Pikachu 's Adventure and its sequel , PokéPark 2 : Wonders Beyond . Squirtle appears in Super Smash Bros. Melee as one of many Pokémon balloon floats in the stage Poké Floats ; it is the first Poké Float to appear . In Super Smash Bros. Brawl , Squirtle is now playable , under the command of the Pokémon Trainer . The Trainer also has an Ivysaur and a Charizard , all three of which can be switched between ; unlike the other fighters , these Pokémon become fatigued and consequently weaker , and must be switched out long enough to recover . \n \n In anime \n \n In the animated series , Ash Ketchum , Brock , and Misty encounter a gang of five Squirtle known as the Squirtle Squad in his debut episode `` Here Comes the Squirtle Squad ! `` . They first appear as delinquents , but their interactions with Ash and Co. result in them", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 742, "text": "pocket monsters" } ], "id": "jp_1082--Squirtle.txt", "qid": "jp_1082", "question": "Charmander, Bulbasaur and Squirtle are types of what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Dannii Jane Minogue ( born 20 October 1971 ) is an Australian singer-songwriter , actress , television and radio personality , and fashion designer . She rose to prominence in the early 1980s for her roles in the Australian television talent show Young Talent Time with another known fellow Australian Tina Arena and the soap opera Home and Away , before beginning her career as a pop singer in the early 1990s . Minogue achieved early success with hits such as `` Love and Kisses '' , `` This is It '' , `` Jump to the Beat '' and `` Baby Love '' , though by the release of her second album , her popularity as a singer had declined , leading her to make a name for herself with award-winning performances in musicals with Grease and also in Notre Dame De Paris , as well as other acting credits in The Vagina Monologues and as Lady Macbeth . The late 1990s saw a brief return to music after Minogue reinvented herself as a dance artist with `` All I Wan na Do '' , her first number one UK Club hit . \n \n In 2001 , Minogue further returned to musical success with the release of her biggest worldwide hit to date , `` Who Do You Love Now ? `` , while her subsequent album , Neon Nights , became the most successful of her career . In the UK , she has achieved 13 consecutive number one dance singles , becoming the best-performing artist on the UK Dance Chart . \n Since 2007 , Minogue has established herself as a successful talent show judge and television personality . She judged on Australia 's Got Talent in Australia from 2007 until her departure in 2012 , and until 2010 , she also judged The X Factor UK , where she was the winning mentor in both 2007 and 2010 with Leon Jackson and Matt Cardle , respectively . In 2010 , Minogue launched her own fashion label Project D London with her best friend Tabitha Somerset Webb . On 9 November 2011 , she received an honorary doctorate degree in Media and Arts from Southampton Solent University for her 30-year varied career in the showbiz and media industry . In 2013 , Minogue became a judge for the ninth series of Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model , [ http : //www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/dannii-minogue-joins-next-top-1497630 Dannii Minogue joins Next Top Model as mentor and judge snubbing X Factor - Mirror Online ] and on The X Factor Australia , where she was the winning mentor in 2013 with Dami Im . \n \n Childhood and beginning \n \n Minogue was brought up in Surrey Hills , Melbourne and attended Canterbury Primary School and later Camberwell High School . Dannii is the younger daughter of accountant Ronald Charles Allan Minogue , who is of Irish descent , and Carol Jones , a dancer from the United Kingdom ( Maesteg , Wales ) . She is the youngest of three children , born between 1968 and 1971 ; oldest sibling Kylie Minogue is also a pop singer , while brother Brendan is a news cameraman in Australia . \n \n Minogue began her career as a child on Australian television . From the age of 7 , she appeared in several soap operas , including Skyways and The Sullivans . In 1982 , she joined the successful weekly music programme Young Talent Time . Minogue recorded her first solo recordings for the programme , including a cover version of Madonna 's hit single `` Material Girl '' ; during this time , she also performed live at several sold-out nationwide concert tours . In 1988 , Minogue departed from Young Talent Time to continue her acting career , appearing as the rebellious tomboyish teenager Emma Jackson on the soap opera Home and Away in 1989 . Minogue remained on the programme for only a year . She proved to be popular among Australian audiences when she was nominated for a Silver Logie as the Most Popular Actress on Australian television . \n \n In September 1988 , Minogue released her own fashion range , Dannii . She became interested in fashion design while appearing on Young Talent Time . Minogue had designed the clothing she had worn on the show , and the positive response from the audience resulted in her releasing her own line . Minogue 's debut line Dannii sold out across Australia in ten days , and was followed by three additional summer lines in 1989 . \n \n Music career \n \n 1990–1995 : Career beginnings , Dannii and Get into You \n \n Minogue signed a recording contract with Australian-based Mushroom Records in January 1989", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qz_3235--Dannii_Minogue.txt", "qid": "qz_3235", "question": "What links Cheryl Cole, Dannii Minogue, and Sharon Osbourne?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Throughout this article , the unqualified term `` pound '' and the £ symbol refer to the Pound sterling . \n \n Corporation tax is a corporate tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by companies and on the profits of permanent establishments of non-UK resident companies and associations that trade in the European Union . Prior to the tax 's enactment on 1 April 1965 , companies and individuals paid the same income tax , with an additional profits tax levied on companies . The Finance Act 1965 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax , which borrowed its basic structure and rules from the income tax system . Since 1997 , the UK 's Tax Law Rewrite Project has been modernising the UK 's tax legislation , starting with income tax , while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended ; the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged . Corporation tax is governed by the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 ( as amended ) . \n \n Originally introduced as a classical tax system , in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies ' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received , the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to an imputation system in 1973 , under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend . The classical system was reintroduced in 1999 , with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits . Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three . Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main rate from 28 % in 2008-2010 , down to a flat rate of 20 % as of April 2015 . \n \n The UK government faced problems with its corporate tax structure , including European Court of Justice judgements that aspects of it are incompatible with EU treaties . Tax avoidance schemes marketed by the financial sector have also proven an irritant , and been countered by complicated anti-avoidance legislation . \n \n The complexity of the corporation tax system is a recognised issue . The Labour government , supported by the Opposition parties , carried through wide-scale reform from the Tax Law Rewrite project , resulting in the Corporation Tax Act 2010 . The tax has slowly been integrating generally accepted accounting practice , with the corporation tax system in various specific areas based directly on the accounting treatment . \n \n Total net Corporation Tax receipts in 2014-15 were £43.0 billion , which is an increase of 7 per cent from £40.3 billion in 2013-14 . \n \n History \n \n Before 1965 , companies were subject to income tax on their profits , at the same rate as was levied on individuals . An imputation system existed , whereby the income tax paid by a company was offset against the income tax liability of a shareholder who received dividends from the company . With the standard rate of income tax in 1949 at 50 % , a company making £1,000 in profits would pay £500 in tax . If the company then chose to pay a £100 dividend , the recipient would be treated as if he had earned £200 and had paid £100 in income tax on it – the tax paid by the company fully covered the tax due from the individual on the dividend paid . If , however , the individual was subject to tax at a higher rate ( known as `` surtax '' ) , he ( not the company ) would be liable to pay the additional tax . \n \n In addition to income tax , companies were also subject to a profits tax , introduced by Labour Chancellor Sir Stafford Cripps , which was deducted from company profits when determining the income tax liability . It was a differential tax , with a higher tax rate on dividends ( profits distributed to shareholders ) than on profits retained within the company . By penalising the distribution of profits , it was hoped companies would retain profits for investment , which was considered a priority after the Second World War . The tax did not have the desired effect , so the distributed profits tax was increased by 20 % by the post-war Labour government , in an attempt to coerce companies into retaining more of their profits . At the time of Hugh Gaitskell 's 1951 budget , the profits tax was 50 % for distributed profits and 10 % for undistributed profits", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2691, "text": "40" } ], "id": "wh_2251--United_Kingdom_corporation_tax.txt", "qid": "wh_2251", "question": "When Corporation Tax was first introduced in 1965, what was the basic rate? Was it 20%, 30% or 40% ?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A curtain call ( often known as a walkdown or a final bow ) occurs at the end of a performance when individuals return to the stage to be recognized by the audience for their performance . In musical theatre , the performers typically recognize the orchestra and its conductor at the end of the curtain call . Luciano Pavarotti holds the record for receiving 165 curtain calls , more than any other artist . \n \n Use in film and television \n \n In film and television , the term `` curtain call '' is used to describe a sequence at the end of the film and before the closing credits , in which brief clips , stills , or outtakes featuring each main character are shown in sequence with the actor 's name captioned . This sequence results in a similar individual recognition of each actor by the audience as would occur in a stage curtain call . This is not common , but when seen is more common in films that are light-hearted and have many characters , or perhaps a long list of cameo appearances . \n \n On occasion , long-running television series , particularly those filmed in front of a live audience , have featured a theater-style curtain call at the conclusion of their runs , with the cast breaking character and often showing the audience and crew . The final episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show , entitled `` The Last Show '' was a famous example of this . Since then , this term has been , more or less , associated with the series finale of a particular show . \n \n Sports curtain calls \n \n Athletes who also perform well may return to the field of play after a big play or at the conclusion of the game for recognition . Professional baseball players usually take their cap or helmet by the brim and hold it in the air . According to baseball historian Peter Morris , in May 1881 Detroit fans cheered a home run by Charlie Bennett until he bowed to them . \n \n On October 3 , 1951 , after Bobby Thomson hit the pennant-winning home run for the New York Giants in the ninth inning of the third game of the National League playoff , jubliant Giants fans swarmed the playing field of the Polo Grounds , running after the triumphant Giant players , who raced towards the clubhouse which was located in center field . Author Joshua Prager , in his definitive volume of Thomson 's homer The Echoing Green , wrote , `` ( T ) housands of fans hungry for a curtain call stood now outside a green clubhouse chanting 'We want Thomson ! ' We want Thomson ! ' '' Several minutes later ( about 15 minutes after the actual home run ) , `` word reached Thomson that he was wanted outside , that only a curtain call might dissipate the stubborn throng ( ... ) And so out Thomson went , wading through the packed clubhouse to its top outdoor step . '' New York Times sportswriter John Drebinger called the crowd 's response `` the most frenzied 'curtain calls ' ever afforded a ballplayer . ''", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 214, "text": "performer" } ], "id": "qw_8694--Curtain_call.txt", "qid": "qw_8694", "question": "\"Who is involved in a \"\"curtain call\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor , a Time Lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien . He explores the universe in his TARDIS , a sentient time-travelling space ship . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need . \n \n The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite . The show has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film . The programme was relaunched in 2005 by Russell T Davies , who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival , produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . The first series of the 21st century featured Christopher Eccleston in the title role and was produced by the BBC . Doctor Who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media , including Torchwood ( 2006–2011 ) and The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007–2011 ) , both created by Russell T Davies ; K-9 ( 2009–2010 ) ; and a single pilot episode of K-9 and Company ( 1981 ) . There also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media . \n \n Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show , as well as the differing approach to the role that each brings , under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation . The show 's premise is that this is a life process of Time Lords through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and , to some extent , new personality , which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species . Each actor 's portrayal differs , but they are all intended to be aspects of the same character and form part of the same storyline . The time-travelling nature of the plot means that , on occasion , different Doctors have met each other . Peter Capaldi took on the role after Matt Smith 's exit in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . \n \n Premise \n \n Doctor Who follows the adventures of the primary character , a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey , who simply goes by the name `` The Doctor '' . He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS – `` Time and Relative Dimension in Space '' – time machine which allows him to travel across time and space . The TARDIS has a `` chameleon circuit '' which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise . However , the Doctor 's TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British Police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit . \n \n The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures . His companions are usually humans , as he has found a fascination with planet Earth . He often finds events that pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history , using only his ingenuity and minimal resources , such as his versatile sonic screwdriver . As a Time Lord , the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged , taking on a new appearance and personality . The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels , including the Daleks , the Cybermen , and the Master , another renegade Time Lord . \n \n History \n \n Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17:16:20 GMT , eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time , 5:15 pm , on Saturday , 23 November 1963 . It was to be a regular weekly programme , each episode 25 minutes of transmission length . Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year . The head of drama , Canadian Sydney Newman , was mainly responsible for developing the programme , with the first format document for the series being written by Newman along with the", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_3981--Doctor_Who.txt", "qid": "sfq_3981", "question": "Who composed the title music for Dr Who?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert ( 1836–1911 ) and the composer Arthur Sullivan ( 1842–1900 ) and to the works they jointly created . The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896 , of which H.M.S . Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known.Davis , Peter G. [ http : //nymag.com/nymetro/arts/music/classical/reviews/5596/ Smooth Sailing ] , New York magazine , 21 January 2002 , accessed 6 November 2007 \n \n Gilbert , who wrote the words , created fanciful `` topsy-turvy '' worlds for these operas where each absurdity is taken to its logical conclusion—fairies rub elbows with British lords , flirting is a capital offence , gondoliers ascend to the monarchy , and pirates emerge as noblemen who have gone astray.Leigh , Mike . [ http : //books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0 , ,1938719,00.html `` True anarchists '' ] , The Guardian , 4 November 2007 , accessed 6 November 2007 Sullivan , six years Gilbert 's junior , composed the music , contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos . \n \n Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world . Hewett , Ivan . \n [ http : //www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/5931987/The-magic-of-Gilbert-and-Sullivan.html `` The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan '' ] . The Telegraph , 2 August 2009 , accessed 14 April 2010 . Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century . [ Downs , Peter . `` Actors Cast Away Cares '' , Hartford Courant , 18 October 2006 The operas have also influenced political discourse , literature , film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humourists . Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration.Crowther , Andrew . [ http : //diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/articles/html/quarrel.html `` The Carpet Quarrel Explained '' ] , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 28 June 1997 , accessed 6 November 2007 He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works ( which came to be known as the Savoy Operas ) and founded the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivan 's works for over a century . \n \n Beginnings \n \n Gilbert before Sullivan \n \n Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836 . His father , William , was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories , some of which included illustrations by his son.Crowther , Andrew . [ http : //diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/gilbert/life/long_bio.html The Life of W. S. Gilbert , ] The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 . In 1861 , to supplement his income , the younger Gilbert began writing illustrated stories , poems and articles of his own , many of which would later be mined as inspiration for his plays and operas , particularly Gilbert 's series of illustrated poems , the Bab Ballads . \n \n In the Bab Ballads and his early plays , Gilbert developed a unique `` topsy-turvy '' style in which humour was derived by setting up a ridiculous premise and working out its logical consequences , however absurd . Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the `` Gilbertian '' style as follows : \n \n Gilbert developed his innovative theories on the art of stage direction , following theatrical reformer Tom Robertson . At the time Gilbert began writing , theatre in Britain was in disrepute . Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre , especially beginning with his six short family-friendly comic operas , or `` entertainments '' , for Thomas German Reed . \n \n At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments , Ages Ago ( 1869 ) , the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend , the young composer Arthur Sullivan.Crowther , Andrew . [ http : //diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/gilbert/plays/ages_ago/crowther_analysis.html Ages Ago—Early Days , ] The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 Two years later , Gilbert and Sullivan would write their first work together . Those two intervening years continued to shape Gilbert 's theatrical style . He continued to write humorous verse , stories and plays , including the comic operas Our Island Home ( 1870 ) and A Sensation Novel ( 1871 ) , and the blank verse comedies The Princess ( 1870 ) , The Palace of Truth ( 1870 ) , and Pygmalion and Galatea ( 1871 ) . \n \n Sullivan before Gilbert \n \n Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842 . His father was a military bandmaster , and by the time Arthur had", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_4482--Gilbert_and_Sullivan.txt", "qid": "sfq_4482", "question": "King Gama and King Hildebrand are monarchs in which Gilbert and Sullivan opera?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . The eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , he was born in New Haven , Connecticut . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in oil businesses . He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . He was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial election against Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes nationwide than an opponent . He is the second president to have been the son of a former president , the first having been John Quincy Adams . He is also the brother of Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida and candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . \n \n Eight months into Bush 's first term as president , the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan , in 2001 , and the Iraq War , in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , social security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure saw national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture . \n \n Bush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004 , in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum Baker , Kevin , for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis . He was met with public protests during visits to the United Kingdom . \n \n Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in suburban Dallas . He is currently a public speaker , and has written a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in surveys of presidential scholars published in the late 2000s and 2010s . \n \n Childhood to mid-life \n \n Early life and education \n \n George Walker Bush was born on July 6 , 1946 , at Grace-New Haven Hospital ( now Yale–New Haven Hospital ) in New Haven , Connecticut , as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Pierce . He was raised in Midland and Houston , Texas , with four siblings , Jeb , Neil , Marvin and Dorothy . Another younger sister , Robin , died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953 . His grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a U.S . Senator from Connecticut . His father , George H.W . Bush , was Ronald Reagan 's Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U.S. President from 1989 to 1993 . Bush has English and some German ancestry , along with more distant Dutch , Welsh , Irish , French , and Scottish roots . \n \n Bush attended public schools in Midland , Texas , until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade . He then went to The Kinkaid School , a prep school in Houston for two years . \n \n Bush attended high school at the Phillips Academy , a boarding school ( then", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1963, "text": "senator john kerry" } ], "id": "sfq_19868--George_W._Bush.txt", "qid": "sfq_19868", "question": "Who was George W Bush's opponent in the 2004 US Presidential election?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . [ http : //www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html Space Task Group Report , 1969 ] The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . Five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . \n \n Shuttle components included the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to de-orbit and re-enter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually at the Shuttle Landing Facility of KSC or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 . \n \n A sixth orbiter , Enterprise , was built in 1976 for use in Approach and Landing Tests and had no orbital capability . Four fully operational orbiters were initially built : Columbia , Challenger , Discovery , and Atlantis . Of these , two were lost in mission accidents : Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003 , with a total of fourteen astronauts killed . A fifth operational orbiter , Endeavour , was built in 1991 to replace Challenger . The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantiss final flight on July 21 , 2011 . \n \n Overview \n \n The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable human spaceflight vehicle capable of reaching low Earth orbit , commissioned and operated by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) from 1981 to 2011 . It resulted from shuttle design studies conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in the 1960s and was first proposed for development as part of an ambitious second-generation Space Transportation System ( STS ) of space vehicles to follow the Apollo program in a September 1969 report of a Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to President Richard Nixon . Nixon 's post-Apollo NASA budgeting withdrew support of all system components except the Shuttle , to which NASA applied the STS name . \n \n The vehicle consisted of a spaceplane for orbit and re-entry , fueled by expendable liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks , with reusable strap-on solid booster rockets . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 , all launched from the Kennedy Space Center , Florida . The system was retired from service in 2011 after 135 missions , with Atlantis making the final launch of the three-decade Shuttle program on July 8 , 2011 . The program ended after Atlantis landed at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21 , 2011 . Major missions included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes , conducting space science experiments , and servicing and construction of space stations . The first orbiter vehicle , named Enterprise , was built for the initial Approach and Landing Tests phase and lacked engines , heat shielding , and other equipment necessary for orbital flight . A total of five operational orbiters were built , and of these , two were destroyed in accidents . \n \n It was used for orbital space missions by NASA , the US Department of Defense , the European Space Agency , Japan", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2338, "text": "1986" } ], "id": "qw_14302--Space_Shuttle.txt", "qid": "qw_14302", "question": "In which year did the space shuttle Challenger explode 73 seconds after lift off?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Four Tops are an American vocal quartet from Detroit , Michigan who helped to define the city 's Motown sound of the 1960s . The group 's repertoire has included soul music , R & B , disco , adult contemporary , doo-wop , jazz , and show tunes . \n \n Founded as The Four Aims , lead singer Levi Stubbs , and groupmates Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson and Lawrence Payton remained together for over four decades , having gone from 1953 until 1997 without a change in personnel . \n \n The Four Tops were among a number of groups , including the Miracles , the Marvelettes , Martha and the Vandellas , the Temptations , and the Supremes , who established the Motown Sound around the world during the 1960s . They were notable for having Stubbs , a baritone , as their lead singer , whereas most male/mixed vocal groups of the time were fronted by a tenor . \n \n The group was the main male vocal group for the highly successful songwriting and production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland , who crafted a stream of hit singles on Motown . These included two Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits for the Tops : `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' in 1965 and `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' in 1966 . After Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown in 1967 , the Four Tops were assigned to a number of producers , primarily Frank Wilson , but generally with less success . \n \n When Motown left Detroit in 1972 to move to Los Angeles , California , the Tops stayed in Detroit but signed a new recording deal with ABC Records ' Dunhill imprint . Recording mainly in Los Angeles , they continued to have chart singles into the late 1970s , including the million-seller , `` Ai n't No Woman '' , their second release on Dunhill , produced by Steve Barri and composers Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter . \n \n In the 1980s , the Four Tops recorded for Casablanca Records , Arista Records and Motown , returning to that label on two occasions for brief stays . Apart from their Indestructible album ( owned by Sony Music Entertainment ) , Universal Music Group controls the rights to their entire post-1963 catalog ( through various mergers and acquisitions ) , as well as their 1956 single , `` Could It Be You '' . \n \n A change of line-up was finally forced upon the group when Lawrence Payton died on June 20 , 1997 . The group initially continued as a three-piece under the name The Tops , before Theo Peoples ( formerly of The Temptations ) was recruited as the new fourth member . Peoples eventually took over the role of lead singer when Stubbs suffered a stroke in 2000 , with Ronnie McNeir then joining the group . On July 1 , 2005 , Benson died of lung cancer with Payton 's son Roquel Payton replacing him . Levi Stubbs died on October 17 , 2008 . \n \n Fakir , McNeir , Payton , and Harold `` Spike '' Bonhart , who replaced Peoples in 2011 , are still performing together as the Four Tops . The 2016 Four Tops included Fakir as the only surviving founding member of the original group and Payton as a second-generation member . \n \n History \n \n Early years \n \n All four members of the group began their careers together while they were high school students in Detroit . At the insistence of their friends , Pershing High students Levi Stubbs and Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir performed with Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson and Lawrence Payton from Northern High at a local birthday party . The quartet decided to remain together and christened themselves The Four Aims . With the help of Payton 's songwriter cousin Roquel Davis , The Aims signed to Chess Records in 1956 , changing their name to Four Tops to avoid confusion with The Ames Brothers . \n Over the next seven years , The Tops endured unsuccessful tenures at Chess , Red Top , Riverside Records and Columbia Records . Without any hit records to their name , The Tops toured frequently , developing a polished stage presence and an experienced supper club act , as well as supporting Billy Eckstine . In 1963 , Berry Gordy , Jr. , who had worked with Roquel Davis as a songwriter in the late-1950s , convinced The Tops to join the roster of his growing Motown record company . \n \n Joining Motown \n \n During their early Motown years , the", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_8000--Four_Tops.txt", "qid": "odql_8000", "question": "Bobby Darin and The Four Tops had top ten hits with which song?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Rhodesia , commonly known from 1970 onwards as the Republic of Rhodesia , was an unrecognised state in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979 , equivalent in territorial terms to modern Zimbabwe . With its capital in Salisbury ( now Harare ) , Rhodesia was considered a de facto successor state to the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia ( which had achieved responsible government in 1923 ) . \n \n During an effort to delay an immediate transition to black majority rule , Rhodesia 's predominantly white government issued its own Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 . The UDI administration initially sought recognition as an autonomous realm within the Commonwealth of Nations , but reconstituted itself as a republic in 1970 . \n \n Following a brutal guerrilla war fought with two African nationalist organisations ( Robert Mugabe 's ZANU and Joshua Nkomo 's ZAPU ) , Rhodesian premier Ian Smith conceded to bi-racial democracy in 1978 . However , a provisional government subsequently headed by Smith and his moderate colleague Abel Muzorewa failed in appeasing international critics or halting the bloodshed . By December 1979 , Muzorewa had replaced Smith as Prime Minister and secured an agreement with the militant nationalists , allowing Rhodesia to briefly revert to colonial status pending elections under a universal franchise . It finally achieved internationally recognised independence in April 1980 ; the nation was concurrently renamed the Republic of Zimbabwe . \n \n A wholly landlocked area , Rhodesia was bordered by South Africa to the south , Bechuanaland ( later Botswana ) to the southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique ( a Portuguese province until 1975 ) to the east . The state was named after Cecil Rhodes , whose British South Africa Company acquired the land in the late 19th century . \n \n Nomenclature \n \n The official name of the country , according to the constitution adopted concurrently with the Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) in 1965 , was Rhodesia . This was not the case under British law , however , which considered the territory 's legal name to be Southern Rhodesia , the name given to the country in 1898 during the British South Africa Company 's administration of the Rhodesias , and retained by the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia after the end of Company rule in 1923 . \n \n This naming dispute dated back to October 1964 , when Northern Rhodesia became independent from Britain and concurrently changed its name to Zambia . The Southern Rhodesian colonial government in Salisbury felt that in the absence of a `` Northern '' Rhodesia , the continued use of `` Southern '' was superfluous . It passed legislation to become simply Rhodesia , but the British government refused to approve this on the grounds that the country 's name was defined by British legislation and so could not be altered by the colonial government . Salisbury went on using the shortened name in an official manner nevertheless , while the British government continued referring to the country as Southern Rhodesia . This situation continued throughout the UDI period . in The shortened name was used by many people including the British government in the House of Commons . \n \n The British government maintained this stance regarding the June–December 1979 successor state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , and when Zimbabwe Rhodesia returned to colonial status from December 1979 to April 1980 , it was as `` Southern Rhodesia '' . Southern Rhodesia subsequently gained international recognition of its independence in April 1980 , when it became the Republic of Zimbabwe . \n \n History \n \n Background \n \n Until after World War II , the landlocked British possession of Southern Rhodesia was not developed as an indigenous African territory , but rather as a unique state which reflected its multiracial character . In 1922 , faced with the decision to join the Union of South Africa as a fifth province or accept nearly full internal autonomy , the mostly white electorate cast its vote against South African integration . \n \n In view of the outcome of the referendum , the territory was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923 . Shortly after annexation , on 1 October 1923 , the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force . Under this constitution , Southern Rhodesia was given the right to elect its own thirty-member legislature , premier , and cabinet—although the British Crown retained a formal veto over measures affecting natives and dominated foreign policy . \n \n The Rhodesian authorities provided compensation when the government nationalized enterprises such as the country 's railroads", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1789, "text": "cecil rhodes" } ], "id": "qb_527--Rhodesia.txt", "qid": "qb_527", "question": "Which English-born businessman and politician was Rhodesia named after?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In modern popular fiction , a superhero ( sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero ) is a type of costumed heroic character who possesses supernatural or superhuman powers and who is dedicated to fighting crime , protecting the public , and usually battling supervillains . A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine ( also rendered super-heroine or super heroine ) . Fiction centered on such characters , especially in American comic books since the 1930s , is known as superhero fiction . \n \n By most definitions , characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes . While the Dictionary.com definition of 'superhero ' is `` A figure , especially in a comic strip or cartoon , endowed with superhuman powers and usually portrayed as fighting evil or crime '' , the longstanding Merriam-Webster dictionary gives the definition as `` a fictional hero having extraordinary or superhuman powers ; also : an exceptionally skillful or successful person '' . Terms such as masked crime fighters , costumed adventurers or masked vigilantes are sometimes used to refer to characters such as the Spirit , who may not be explicitly referred to as superheroes but nevertheless share similar traits . \n \n Some superheroes use their powers to counter day-to-day crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains , who are their criminal counterparts . Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superhero 's archenemy . Some long-running superheroes such as Superman , Batman , Spider-Man , Wonder Woman , Captain America , Wolverine , Green Lantern , The Flash , Hulk , Thor and Iron Man have a rogues gallery of many villains . \n \n History \n \n Early history \n \n The word 'superhero ' dates to at least 1917 . Antecedents of the archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood , who adventured in distinctive clothing . The 1903 play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger and the superhero trope of a secret identity . Shortly afterward , masked and costumed pulp-fiction characters such as Zorro ( 1919 ) and comic strip heroes , such as the Phantom ( 1936 ) began appearing , as did non-costumed characters with super strength , including Patoruzú ( 1928 ) , the comic-strip character Popeye ( 1929 ) and novelist Philip Wylie 's protagonist Hugo Danner ( 1930 ) . \n \n In the 1930s , both trends came together in some of the earliest superpowered costumed heroes such as Japan 's very own Ōgon Bat ( visualized in painted panels used by kamishibai oral storytellers in Japan since 1931 ) , Mandrake the Magician ( 1934 ) , and Superman in 1938 at the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books . \n \n 1940s \n \n This era saw the debut of first known female superhero , writer-artist Fletcher Hanks 's character Fantomah , an ageless ancient Egyptian woman in the modern day who could transform into a skull-faced creature with superpowers to fight evil ; she debuted in Fiction House 's Jungle Comics # 2 ( Feb. 1940 ) , credited to the pseudonymous `` Barclay Flagg '' . The Invisible Scarlet O'Neil , a non-costumed character who fought crime and wartime saboteurs using the superpower of invisibility created by Russell Stamm , would debut in the eponymous syndicated newspaper comic strip a few months later on June 3 , 1940 . \n \n One superpowered character was portrayed as an antiheroine , a rarity for its time : the Black Widow , a costumed emissary of Satan who killed evildoers in order to send them to Hell — debuted in Mystic Comics # 4 ( Aug. 1940 ) , from Timely Comics , the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics . Most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers . Notable characters include The Woman in Red , introduced in Standard Comics ' Thrilling Comics # 2 ( March 1940 ) ; Lady Luck , debuting in the Sunday-newspaper comic-book insert The Spirit Section June 2 , 1940 ; the comedic character Red Tornado , debuting in All-American Comics # 20 ( Nov 1940 ) ; Miss Fury , debuting in the eponymous comic strip by female cartoonist Tarpé Mills on April 6 , 1941 ; the Phantom Lady , introduced in Quality Comics Police Comics # 1 ( Aug. 1941 ) ; the Black Cat , introduced in Harvey Comics ' Pocket Comics # 1 ( also Aug. 1941 ) ; and the Black Canary , introduced in Flash Comics # 86 ( Aug. 1947 ) as a supporting character.Jim Amash & Eric Nolen-Weathington , ( 2010 ) , Carmine Infantino :", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1595, "text": "captain america" } ], "id": "wh_172--Superhero.txt", "qid": "wh_172", "question": "Which Marvel Comic's super-hero, a member of The Avengers group, is the alter ego of an originally frail young man called Steve Rogers?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Chevrolet Trax is a subcompact crossover SUV manufactured by Chevrolet since 2013 . The car is based on the GM Gamma II platform , which is shared with the Chevrolet Aveo/Sonic , as well as the Opel Mokka/Buick Encore . \n \n History \n \n 2012 \n \n The concept was first unveiled at the 2012 Paris Auto Show , with the final model unveil having happened at the 2013 North American International Auto Show . It was then available for test driving at the 2013 Montreal Auto Show , with four essay models shown . \n \n 2013 \n \n During 2013 and early 2014 , it was only sold in Canada , Mexico , Germany , South Korea , Lebanon , United Arab Emirates and Europe . It was also marketed as the Holden Trax in Australia , and as the Chevrolet Tracker in Russia and South America . \n \n In Canada , the Trax was the first compact Chevrolet crossover SUV since the discontinuation of the Tracker ( read below ) . The vehicle started shipping on April 2 , however pre-sales began as early as the fourth quarter of 2012 for both Mexico ( 1.8L ) and Canada ( 1.4L Turbo ) . Korean sales started at late February 2013 . \n \n 2014 \n \n In late 2014 , the Trax was marketed to more countries adding China , Indonesia and the Philippines . \n \n 2015 \n \n On April 15 , 2014 , Chevrolet announced that the Trax will come to the United States as a 2015 model , buoyed by the success of the Buick Encore ( the Trax and Encore share the GM Gamma II platform ) and possible competition from the Jeep Renegade . The US-market Trax is largely unchanged from the global version , but has some US-specific features including OnStar with AT & T 4G LTE and SiriusXM satellite radio . \n \n The US version is powered by the 1.4-liter turbocharged inline-4 with 138 bhp @ 4,900 rpm and 148 lbft @ 1,850 rpm . Trailer towing is not permitted . Only the 6-speed automatic transmission is available . \n \n Three trim levels , both available with front-wheel-drive and all-wheel-drive , are available : LS , LT and LTZ . Standard features on all trims include air conditioning ; power windows ; split-folding rear seat ; tilting and telescoping steering-wheel ; ABS ; ESP ; front , front and rear side , side-curtain airbags , and knee airbags ; tire-pressure monitor ; emergency communication system and parking assist . \n \n 2017 facelift \n \n Chevrolet performed a mid-cycle updated on the Trax for the 2017 model year , first unveiled at the 2016 Chicago Auto Show on February 12 , 2016 . The updated Trax carried Chevrolet 's Corvette-inspired design cues from the Malibu and Volt , including new halogen projector headlamps , LED daytime running lights , dual taillamps a new grille design . A set of 18-inch aluminium wheels are offered on the Premier model trim . The interior is also redesigned with a new dashboard and center instrument panel . The 2017 Trax is expected to go on sale in the fall of 2016 . \n \n Name variations \n \n Holden Trax ( 2013– ) \n \n In Australia and the overall Oceania market , the Chevrolet Trax is offered under the Holden brand , as Holden is the Australian GM subsidiary . It went on sale in 2013 . \n \n Chevrolet Tracker \n \n In Russia and South America it is being named Chevrolet Tracker , the name used in North and Latin America from 1989–1991 & 1999–2008 for a Chevrolet/Geo version of the Suzuki Sidekick . In Russian , the name `` Trax '' would be too closely related to the word trakh ( Rus . трах ) , which is a colloquialism for copulation . \n \n Engines \n \n The Trax is offered in different markets with different choices of drivetrains . In Latin America the Trax is only available with the 1.8 liter gasoline engine . In Canada and the US , only the 1.4 liter turbocharged gasoline engine is offered . In Mexico and Australia ( from 2015 ) it is available both in 1.8 liter and 1.4 liter turbocharged engines . European customers can choose between the 1.4 liter turbo gasoline engine , a 1.6 liter gasoline engine , and a 1.7 liter diesel engine . \n \n Production \n \n The Trax is being produced by both GM Korea and General Motors Mexico for most global markets . Shanghai GM will also be producing the model for the Chinese market from the 2015 model year onward . \n \n Marketing", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "chev" } ], "id": "sfq_16512--Chevrolet_Trax.txt", "qid": "sfq_16512", "question": "Which car manufacturer currently produces models called Cruze and Trax?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Coronation Street ( informally known as Corrie ) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960 . The programme centres on Coronation Street in Weatherfield , a fictional town based on Salford , its terraced houses , café , corner shop , newsagents , textile factory and The Rovers Return pub . In the show 's fictional history , the street was built in the early 1900s and named in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII . \n \n The show typically airs five times a week ; Monday and Friday 7.30pm-8pm & 8.30pm-9pm and Wednesday 7.30pm-8pm , however this occasionally varies due to sport or around Christmas and New Year . From late 2017 the show will air 6 times a week . \n \n The programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester . Warren 's initial kitchen sink drama proposal was rejected by the station 's founder Sidney Bernstein , but he was persuaded by producer Harry Elton to produce the programme for thirteen pilot episodes . Within six months of the show 's first broadcast , it had become the most-watched programme on British television , and is now a significant part of British culture . The show has been one of the most financially lucrative programmes on British commercial television , underpinning the success of Granada Television and ITV . \n \n Coronation Street is made by Granada Television at MediaCity Manchester and shown in all ITV regions , as well as internationally . On 17 September 2010 , it became the world 's longest-running TV soap opera in production . On 23 September 2015 , Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITV 's 60th anniversary . [ http : //www.itv.com/news/story/2015-09-23/live-coronation-street-episode-wows-viewers/ Live Coronation Street episode wows viewers - ITV News ] \n \n Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth working class community combined with light-hearted humour , and strong characters . \n \n History \n \n 1960s \n \n The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 at 7 pm , and was not initially a critical success ; Daily Mirror columnist Ken Irwin claimed the series would only last three weeks . Granada Television had commissioned only 13 episodes , and some inside the company doubted the show would last beyond its planned production run . Despite the criticism , viewers were immediately drawn into the serial , won over by Coronation Streets 'ordinary ' characters . The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect ; affectionate local terms like `` eh , chuck ? `` , `` nowt '' ( , meaning nothing ) , and `` by 'eck ! '' became widely heard on British television for the first time . \n \n Early episodes told the story of student Kenneth Barlow ( William Roache ) , who had won a place at university , and thus found his working-class background something of an embarrassment . The character was one of the few to have experienced life 'outside ' of Coronation Street . In some ways this predicts the growth of globalisation , and the decline of similar communities . In an episode from 1961 , Barlow declares : `` You ca n't go on just thinking about your own street these days . We 're living with people on the other side of the world . There 's more to worry about than Elsie Tanner and her boyfriends . '' Roache is the only remaining member of the original cast , which makes him the longest-serving actor in Coronation Street , and in British and global soap history . \n \n At the centre of many early stories , there was Ena Sharples ( Violet Carson ) , caretaker of the Glad Tidings Mission Hall , and her friends : timid Minnie Caldwell ( Margot Bryant ) , and bespectacled Martha Longhurst ( Lynne Carol ) . The trio were likened to the Greek chorus , and the three witches in William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , as they would sit in the snug bar of the Rovers Return , passing judgement over family , neighbours and frequently each other . Headstrong Ena often clashed with Elsie Tanner , whom she believed espoused a dauntlessly loose set of morals . Elsie resented Ena 's interference and gossip , which most of the time had little basis in reality . \n \n In April 1961 , Jed Stone made his first appearance and returned the following year in 1962 . He left in 1963 , but returned three years later in 1966 . He left again and then returned 42 years later in 2008 . \n \n In", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3300, "text": "tanner" } ], "id": "qz_6701--Coronation_Street.txt", "qid": "qz_6701", "question": "This character lived at 11 Coronation Street, and is also the name of a leather maker?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Jamie-Lynn Sigler ( born May 15 , 1981 ) is an American actress and singer . She is known for her role as Meadow Soprano on the HBO series The Sopranos . \n \n Early life \n \n Sigler was born in Jericho , New York , the daughter of Steve and Connie Sigler ; she has two brothers , Brian and Adam . Her father , the founder of the Men 's Senior Baseball League , is of Greek Sephardic Jewish and Romanian Jewish descent , while her Cuba-born mother was born Catholic and converted to Judaism upon marrying Sigler 's father . Sigler began acting and singing at the age of seven . She went to Hebrew school and had a bat mitzvah . She attended Jericho High School . She also studied at the Cultural Arts Playhouse in Old Bethpage . \n \n Career \n \n Acting \n \n In 1997 , she was cast as Meadow Soprano , daughter of New Jersey mob boss Tony Soprano . The show premiered in 1999 and became a huge success , catapulting Sigler to fame as a TV actress . She continued to play the role through the series finale in 2007 . \n \n In 2000 , while filming Campfire Stories in Hamburg , New Jersey , Sigler was paralyzed from the waist down for several days by Lyme disease . Sigler played the title role in Cinderella on tour and at The Theatre at Madison Square Garden in 2001 . She then spent five months on Broadway from October 2002 through February 2003 playing Belle in Beauty and the Beast . She has continued to appear in theatrical roles . \n \n In 2004 , she starred as `` Hollywood Madam '' Heidi Fleiss in the USA television movie Call Me : The Rise and Fall of Heidi Fleiss . In that same year , she had her first starring feature film role , Extreme Dating , an independent film . In 2005 , Sigler starred in Love Wrecked and the following year in Homie Spumoni , when she played the role of Alli , the girlfriend of Renato/Leroy ( Donald Faison ) directed by Mike Cerron . \n \n In 2008 , she appeared as herself in 13 episodes of the fifth and sixth season of the HBO series Entourage . In the fifth season , she appeared in the episodes `` First Class Jerk '' , `` Playing With Fire '' and `` Return to Queens Blvd '' , as the love interest of the character Sal 'Turtle ' Assante , portrayed by Jerry Ferrara . She returned as a recurring guest star for season six of the series , after becoming Ferrara 's real-life girlfriend . On November 17 , 2008 , Sigler guest-starred as Jillian on the TV series How I Met Your Mother in the episode `` Woooo ! '' On the December 6 , 2008 airing of Saturday Night Live , she appeared as the checkout girl for the Digital Short music video `` Jizz in My Pants '' by The Lonely Island . \n \n In 2009 , she starred in the psychological thriller film Beneath the Dark , which originally had a working title of Wake . The same year , she appeared on ABC 's Ugly Betty in a five-episode arc . Beginning in 2012 , she appeared as a main character in the short-lived series , Guys with Kids . \n \n Music \n \n In 2001 , she released a pop album called Here to Heaven , which featured the single `` Cry Baby '' . The album was a commercial failure . In 2007 , Sigler said she was `` embarrassed '' by the album and regretted releasing it . In 2012 , she collaborated with Romeo Santos on the single `` You '' and appeared in its music video . \n \n Writing \n \n In 2002 , she co-authored an autobiography , Wise Girl : What I 've Learned About Life , Love , and Loss . \n \n Personal life \n \n Sigler met Abraxas `` A . J . '' Discala when she was 19 , and he became her manager . They began dating soon before she turned 21 , and married on July 11 , 2003 . She subsequently changed her name to Jamie-Lynn DiScala . In September 2005 , Sigler and DiScala separated , and she resumed using her maiden name . \n \n In 2008 , Sigler visited Israel through the Birthright Israel program and was moved by the trip , calling Israel `` one of the most beautiful , inspiring places I 've ever been to . '' She said that the trip gave her a", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "sopranos" } ], "id": "jp_4387--Jamie-Lynn_Sigler.txt", "qid": "jp_4387", "question": "Which TV show starred James Gandolfini, Edie Falco, and Jamie-Lynn Sigler?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London . Also known as the Millennium Wheel , it has also been called by its owners the British Airways London Eye , then the Merlin Entertainments London Eye , then the EDF Energy London Eye . Since mid-January 2015 , it has been known as the Coca-Cola London Eye , following an agreement signed in September 2014 . \n \n The structure is tall and the wheel has a diameter of . When erected in 1999 it was the world 's tallest Ferris wheel . Its height was surpassed by the tall Star of Nanchang in 2006 , the tall Singapore Flyer in 2008 , and the High Roller ( Las Vegas ) in 2014 . Supported by an A-frame on one side only , unlike the taller Nanchang and Singapore wheels , the Eye is described by its operators as `` the world 's tallest cantilevered observation wheel '' . \n \n It is Europe 's tallest Ferris wheel , and offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was superseded by the observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard , which opened to the public on 1 February 2013 . It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over 3.75 million visitors annually , and has made many appearances in popular culture . \n \n The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens ( previously the site of the former Dome of Discovery ) , on the South Bank of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge , in the London Borough of Lambeth . \n \n History \n \n Predecessor \n \n A predecessor to the London Eye , the Great Wheel , was built for the Empire of India Exhibition at Earls Court and opened to the public on 17 July 1895 . Modelled on the original Chicago Ferris Wheel , it was tall and in diameter . It stayed in service until 1906 , by which time its 40 cars ( each with a capacity of 40 persons ) had carried over 2.5 million passengers . The Great Wheel was demolished in 1907 following its last use at the Imperial Austrian Exhibition . \n \n Design and construction \n \n The London Eye was designed by architects Frank Anatole , Nic Bailey , Steve Chilton , Malcolm Cook , Mark Sparrowhawk , and the husband-and-wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks . \n \n Mace was responsible for construction management , with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor . Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works . \n \n Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the wall on the South Bank of the Thames . They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section 106 agreement attached to the original contract , and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraction , which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention . \n \n The rim of the Eye is supported by tensioned steel cables and resembles a huge spoked bicycle wheel . The lighting was redone with LED lighting from Color Kinetics in December 2006 to allow digital control of the lights as opposed to the manual replacement of gels over fluorescent tubes . \n \n The wheel was constructed in sections which were floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in the river . Once the wheel was complete it was lifted into an upright position by a strand jack system made by Enerpac . It was first raised at 2 degrees per hour until it reached 65 degrees , then left in that position for a week while engineers prepared for the second phase of the lift . The project was European with major components coming from six countries : the steel was supplied from the UK and fabricated in The Netherlands by the Dutch company Hollandia , the cables came from Italy , the bearings came from Germany ( FAG/Schaeffler Group ) , the spindle and hub were cast in the Czech Republic , the capsules were made by Poma in France ( and the glass for these came from Italy ) , and the electrical components from the UK . \n \n Opening \n \n The London Eye was formally opened by then Prime Minister Tony Blair on 31 December 1999 ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_25755--London_Eye.txt", "qid": "sfq_25755", "question": "How many viewing capsules are there on the London Eye?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Agar ( pronounced , , `` '' ) or agar-agar ( , , `` '' ) is a jelly-like substance , obtained from algae . It was discovered in the late 1650s or early 1660s by Mino Tarōzaemon in Japan , where it is called kanten . \n \n Agar is derived from the polysaccharide agarose , which forms the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae , and which is released on boiling . These algae are known as agarophytes and belong to the Rhodophyta ( red algae ) phylum . Agar is actually the resulting mixture of two components : the linear polysaccharide agarose , and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called agaropectin . \n \n Throughout history into modern times , agar has been chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia and also as a solid substrate to contain culture media for microbiological work . Agar can be used as a laxative , an appetite suppressant , a vegetarian substitute for gelatin , a thickener for soups , in fruit preserves , ice cream , and other desserts , as a clarifying agent in brewing , and for sizing paper and fabrics . \n \n The gelling agent in agar is an unbranched polysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae , primarily from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria . For commercial purposes , it is derived primarily from Gelidium amansii . In chemical terms , agar is a polymer made up of subunits of the sugar galactose . \n \n Background \n \n Agar was discovered around 1658 in Japan ( where it is called kanten , coined from the phrase kan-zarashi tokoroten or “ cold-exposed agar ” ) by Mino Tarōzaemon , an innkeeper who was said to have discarded some surplus seaweed soup and noticed that it gelled later after a winter night 's freezing . \n \n Agar was first used in microbiology in 1882 by the German microbiologist Walther Hesse , an assistant working in Robert Koch 's laboratory , on the suggestion of his wife Angelina Fannie Eilshemius Hesse . He discovered that it was more useful as a solidifying agent than gelatin , due to its better solidifying temperature . \n \n Agar was first subjected to chemical analysis in 1859 by the French chemist Anselme Payen , who had obtained agar from the marine algae Gelidium corneum . \n \n Agar consists of a mixture of agarose and agaropectin . Agarose , the predominant component of agar , is a linear polymer , made up of the repeating monomeric unit of agarobiose . Agarobiose is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose . Agaropectin is a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules that occur in lesser amounts , and is made up of alternating units of D-galactose and L-galactose heavily modified with acidic side-groups , such as sulfate and pyruvate . \n \n Agar exhibits hysteresis , melting at 85 °C ( 358 K , 185 °F ) and solidifying from 32–40 °C ( 305–313 K , 90–104 °F ) . This property lends a suitable balance between easy melting and good gel stability at relatively high temperatures . Since many scientific applications require incubation at temperatures close to human body temperature ( 37 °C ) , agar is more appropriate than other solidifying agents that melt at this temperature , such as gelatin . \n \n The word `` agar '' comes from agar-agar , the Malay/Indonesian name for red algae ( Gigartina , Gracilaria ) from which the jelly is produced. , and is also an ingredient in traditional Malay and Japanese desserts . It is also known as Kanten , Japanese isinglass , Ceylon moss or Jaffna moss . Gracilaria lichenoides is specifically referred to as agal-agal or Ceylon agar . \n \n Uses \n \n Microbiology \n \n An agar plate or Petri dish is used to provide a growth medium using a mix of agar and other nutrients in which microorganisms , including bacteria and fungi , can be cultured and observed under the microscope . Agar is indigestible for many organisms so that microbial growth does not affect the gel used and it remains stable . Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium . Other ingredients are added to the agar to meet the nutritional needs of the microbes . Many specific formulations are available , because some microbes prefer certain environmental conditions over others . Agar is often dispensed using a sterile media dispenser . \n \n Motility assays \n \n As a gel , an agar or agarose medium is porous and", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 928, "text": "gelatin" } ], "id": "wh_1878--Agar.txt", "qid": "wh_1878", "question": "In cooking, to what ingredient is AGAR AGAR a vegetarian alternative ?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom , ( Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore ; later Princess Henry of Battenberg ; ( 14 April 1857 – 26 October 1944 ) was the fifth daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . King Felipe VI of Spain , is her great-great-grandson . Beatrice was the last of Queen Victoria 's children to die , 66 years after the first , her sister Alice . \n \n Beatrice 's childhood coincided with Queen Victoria 's grief following the death of her husband Albert , Prince Consort on 14 December 1861 . As her elder sisters married and left their mother , Queen Victoria came to rely on the company of her youngest daughter , whom she called `` Baby '' for most of her childhood . Beatrice was brought up to stay with her mother always and she soon resigned herself to her fate . Queen Victoria was so set against her youngest daughter marrying that she refused to discuss the possibility . Nevertheless , many suitors were put forward , including Louis Napoléon , Prince Imperial , the son of the exiled Emperor Napoleon III of France , and Louis IV , Grand Duke of Hesse , the widower of Beatrice 's older sister Alice . She was attracted to the Prince Imperial and there was talk of a possible marriage , but he was killed in the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879 . \n \n Beatrice fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg , the son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia von Hauke and brother-in-law of her niece Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine . After a year of persuasion , Queen Victoria agreed to the marriage , which took place at Whippingham on the Isle of Wight on 23 July 1885 . Queen Victoria consented on condition that Beatrice and Henry make their home with her and that Beatrice continue her duties as the Queen 's unofficial secretary . The Prince and Princess had four children , but 10 years into their marriage , on 20 January 1896 , Prince Henry died of malaria while fighting in the Anglo-Asante War . Beatrice remained at her mother 's side until Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901 . Beatrice devoted the next 30 years to editing Queen Victoria 's journals as her designated literary executor and continued to make public appearances . She died at 87 , outliving all her siblings , two of her children , and several nieces and nephews including George V and Wilhelm II . \n \n Early life \n \n Beatrice was born at Buckingham Palace . She was the fifth daughter and youngest of the nine children of the reigning British monarch , Queen Victoria , and her husband , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( later The Prince Consort ) . The birth caused controversy when it was announced that Queen Victoria would seek relief from the pains of delivery through the use of chloroform administered by Dr John Snow . Chloroform was considered dangerous to mother and child and was frowned upon by the Church of England and the medical authorities . Queen Victoria was undeterred and used `` that blessed chloroform '' for her last pregnancy . A fortnight later , Queen Victoria reported in her journal , `` I was amply rewarded and forgot all I had gone through when I heard dearest Albert say 'It 's a fine child , and a girl ! ' '' Albert and Queen Victoria chose the names Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore : Mary after Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester , the last surviving child of King George III of the United Kingdom ; Victoria after the Queen ; and Feodore after Feodora , Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg , the Queen 's older half-sister . She was christened in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace on 16 June 1857 . Her godparents were the Duchess of Kent ( maternal grandmother ) ; the Princess Royal ( eldest sister ) ; and the Prince Frederick of Prussia ( her future brother-in-law ) . \n \n From birth , Beatrice became a favoured child.Dennison , p. 13 The elder favourite daughter of Prince Albert , the Princess Royal , was about to take up residence in Germany with her new husband , Frederick ( `` Fritz '' ) of Prussia . At the same time , the newly arrived Beatrice showed promise . Albert wrote to Augusta , Fritz 's mother , that `` Baby practises her scales like a good prima donna before a performance and has a good voice ! '' Although Queen Victoria was known to dislike most babies , she liked Beatrice , whom", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 248, "text": "spain" } ], "id": "odql_2526--Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom.txt", "qid": "odql_2526", "question": "Victoria Eugenie the daughter of Princess Beatrice married the King of which European country in 1906?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Punk rock ( or simply punk ) is a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States , United Kingdom , and Australia . Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music , punk rock bands rejected perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock . Punk bands typically use short or fast-paced songs , with hard-edged melodies and singing styles , stripped-down instrumentation , and often political , anti-establishment lyrics . Punk embraces a DIY ethic ; many bands self-produced recordings and distributed them through informal channels . \n \n The term `` punk '' was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s , to describe garage bands and their devotees . By late 1976 , bands such as Television and the Ramones in New York City , and the Sex Pistols , the Clash , and the Damned in London were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement . The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world , and it became a major cultural phenomenon in the United Kingdom . For the most part , punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream . An associated punk subculture emerged , expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment ( ranging from deliberately offensive T-shirts , leather jackets , spike bands and other studded or spiked jewelry to bondage and S & M clothes ) and a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies . \n \n By the beginning of the 1980s , faster , more aggressive styles such as hardcore ( e.g . Dead Kennedys ) and street punk ( e.g . The Exploited ) had become the predominant mode of punk rock . Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a broad range of other variations , giving rise to post-punk and the alternative rock movement . At the end of the 20th century , punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream , as pop punk and punk rock bands such as Green Day , the Offspring and Blink-182 brought the genre widespread popularity . \n \n Characteristics \n \n Philosophy \n \n The first wave of punk rock was aggressively modern , distancing itself from the bombast and sentimentality of early 1970s rock . According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone , `` In its initial form , a lot of [ 1960s ] stuff was innovative and exciting . Unfortunately , what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away . Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere . By 1973 , I knew that what was needed was some pure , stripped down , no bullshit rock 'n ' roll . '' John Holmstrom , founding editor of Punk magazine , recalls feeling `` punk rock had to come along because the rock scene had become so tame that [ acts ] like Billy Joel and Simon and Garfunkel were being called rock and roll , when to me and other fans , rock and roll meant this wild and rebellious music . '' In critic Robert Christgau 's description , `` It was also a subculture that scornfully rejected the political idealism and Californian flower-power silliness of hippie myth . '' \n \n Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock . In the early days of punk rock , this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands . Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion . According to Holmstrom , punk rock was `` rock and roll by people who did n't have very much skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music '' . In December 1976 , the English fanzine Sideburns published a now-famous illustration of three chords , captioned `` This is a chord , this is another , this is a third . Now form a band '' . The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators , `` Loud Fast Rules ! '' inscribed a catchphrase for punk 's basic musical approach . \n \n Some of British punk rock 's leading figures made a show of rejecting not only contemporary mainstream rock and the broader culture it was associated with , but their own most celebrated music predecessors : `` No Elvis , Beatles or the Rolling Stones in 1977 '' , declared the Clash song `` 1977 '' . The previous year , when the punk rock revolution began in", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 863, "text": "damned" } ], "id": "odql_12647--Punk_rock.txt", "qid": "odql_12647", "question": "Dave Vanian, Brian James and Rat Scabies were three of the original four members of which punk band?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Thirty Years ' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 . It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history , resulting in millions of casualties . \n \n Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire , it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers . These states employed relatively large mercenary armies , and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence . In the 17th century , religious beliefs and practices were a much larger influence on an average European . In the era , almost everyone was vested on one side of the dispute or another . \n \n The war began when the newly elected Holy Roman Emperor , Ferdinand II , tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains , forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples . The northern Protestant states , angered by the violation of their rights to choose granted in the Peace of Augsburg , banded together to form the Protestant Union . Ferdinand II was a devout Roman Catholic and relatively intolerant when compared to his predecessor , Rudolf II . His policies were considered heavily pro-Catholic . \n \n These events caused widespread fears throughout northern and central Europe , and triggered the Protestant Bohemians living in the dominion of Habsburg Austria to revolt against their nominal ruler , Ferdinand II . They ousted the Habsburgs and instead elected Frederick V , Elector of Palatinate as their monarch . Frederick took the offer without the support of the union . The southern states , mainly Roman Catholic , were angered by this . Led by Bavaria , these states formed the Catholic League to expel Frederick in support of the Emperor . The Empire soon crushed this perceived rebellion in the Battle of White Mountain , but reactions of the Protestant world condemned the Emperor 's action . \n \n After the atrocities committed in Bohemia , Saxony finally gave its support to the union and decided to fight back . Sweden , a major military power in the day , soon intervened in 1630 under the great general Gustavus Adolphus and started the full-scale great war on the continent . Spain , wishing to finally crush the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands and the Dutch Republic , intervened under the pretext of helping their dynastic Habsburg ally , Austria . No longer able to tolerate the encirclement of two major Habsburg powers on its borders , Catholic France entered the coalition on the side of the Protestants to counter the Habsburgs . \n \n The Thirty Years ' War devastated entire regions , with famine and disease significantly decreasing the populations of the German and Italian states , the Crown of Bohemia , and the Southern Netherlands . Both mercenaries and soldiers in fighting armies were expected to fund themselves by looting or extorting tribute , which imposed severe hardships on the inhabitants of occupied territories . The war also bankrupted most of the combatant powers . Contrasting this was the Dutch Republic , which also ended its revolt against Spain in 1648 and subsequently enjoyed a time of great prosperity and development in which it became one of the world 's foremost economic and naval powers . The Thirty Years ' War ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , part of the wider Peace of Westphalia . The war altered the previous political order of European powers . The rise of Bourbon France , the curtailing of Habsburg ambition , and the ascendancy of Sweden as a great power created a new balance of power on the continent , with France emerging from the war strengthened and increasingly dominant in the latter part of the 17th century . \n \n Origins of the war \n \n The Peace of Augsburg ( 1555 ) , signed by Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , confirmed the result of the Diet of Speyer ( 1526 ) , ending the war between German Lutherans and Catholics , and establishing that : \n * Rulers of the 224 German states could choose the religion ( Lutheranism or Catholicism ) of their realms according to their consciences , and compel their subjects to follow that faith ( the principle of cuius regio , eius religio ) . \n * Lutherans living in a prince-bishopric ( a state ruled by a Catholic bishop ) could continue to practice their faith . \n * Lutherans could keep the territory they had taken from the Catholic Church since the Peace of Passau in 1552 . \n * Those", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2280, "text": "spain" } ], "id": "sfq_1248--Thirty_Years'_War.txt", "qid": "sfq_1248", "question": "The Thirty Years War was a conflict between France, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands on one side against Austria, who were supported by which other country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Seabirds ( also known as marine birds ) are birds that are adapted to life within the marine environment . While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle , behaviour and physiology , they often exhibit striking convergent evolution , as the same environmental problems and feeding niches have resulted in similar adaptations . The first seabirds evolved in the Cretaceous period , and modern seabird families emerged in the Paleogene . \n \n In general , seabirds live longer , breed later and have fewer young than other birds do , but they invest a great deal of time in their young . Most species nest in colonies , which can vary in size from a few dozen birds to millions . Many species are famous for undertaking long annual migrations , crossing the equator or circumnavigating the Earth in some cases . They feed both at the ocean 's surface and below it , and even feed on each other . Seabirds can be highly pelagic , coastal , or in some cases spend a part of the year away from the sea entirely . \n \n Seabirds and humans have a long history together : they have provided food to hunters , guided fishermen to fishing stocks and led sailors to land . Many species are currently threatened by human activities , and conservation efforts are under way . \n \n Classification of seabirds \n \n There exists no single definition of which groups , families and species are seabirds , and most definitions are in some way arbitrary . In the words of two seabird scientists , `` The one common characteristic that all seabirds share is that they feed in saltwater ; but , as seems to be true with any statement in biology , some do not . `` Schreiber , Elizabeth A. and Burger , Joanne ( 2001 ) Biology of Marine Birds , Boca Raton : CRC Press , ISBN 0-8493-9882-7 However , by convention all of the Sphenisciformes and Procellariiformes , all of the Pelecaniformes except the darters , and some of the Charadriiformes ( the skuas , gulls , terns , auks and skimmers ) are classified as seabirds . The phalaropes are usually included as well , since although they are waders ( `` shorebirds '' in North America ) , two of the three species are oceanic for nine months of the year , crossing the equator to feed pelagically . \n \n Loons and grebes , which nest on lakes but winter at sea , are usually categorized as water birds , not seabirds . Although there are a number of sea ducks in the family Anatidae that are truly marine in the winter , by convention they are usually excluded from the seabird grouping . Many waders ( or shorebirds ) and herons are also highly marine , living on the sea 's edge ( coast ) , but are also not treated as seabirds . \n \n Evolution and fossil record \n \n Seabirds , by virtue of living in a geologically depositional environment ( that is , in the sea where sediments are readily laid down ) , are well represented in the fossil record . They are first known to occur in the Cretaceous period , the earliest being the Hesperornithiformes , like Hesperornis regalis , a flightless loon-like seabird that could dive in a fashion similar to grebes and loons ( using its feet to move underwater ) but had a beak filled with sharp teeth . \n \n While Hesperornis is not thought to have left descendants , the earliest modern seabirds also occurred in the Cretaceous , with a species called Tytthostonyx glauconiticus , which seems allied to the Procellariiformes and Pelecaniformes . In the Paleogene the seas were dominated by early Procellariidae , giant penguins and two extinct families , the Pelagornithidae and the Plotopteridae ( a group of large seabirds that looked like the penguins ) . Modern genera began their wide radiation in the Miocene , although the genus Puffinus ( which includes today 's Manx shearwater and sooty shearwater ) might date back to the Oligocene . The highest diversity of seabirds apparently existed during the Late Miocene and the Pliocene . At the end of the latter , the oceanic food web had undergone a period of upheaval due to extinction of considerable numbers of marine species ; subsequently , the spread of marine mammals seems to have prevented seabirds from reaching their erstwhile diversity . \n \n Characteristics \n \n Adaptations to life at sea \n \n Seabirds have made numerous adaptations to living on and feeding in the sea . Wing morphology has been shaped by the niche an individual species or family has evolved", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_2578--Seabird.txt", "qid": "odql_2578", "question": "Which huge seabird of the 'Tropics' is also known as the 'man-o-war bird'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Indian Independence Movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule ( 1757–1858 ) and the British Raj ( 1858–1947 ) in the Indian subcontinent . The Movement spanned a total of 190 years ( 1757-1947 ) . \n \n The very first organised militant movements were in Bengal , but they later took movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations , as well as more rights , economic in nature , for the people of the soil . The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self-rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal , Bal , Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh . The last stages of the self-rule struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance , Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India , and several other campaigns . Activists Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh preached armed revolution to achieve self-rule . Poets and writers such as Rabindranath Tagore , Subramaniya Bharathi , Allama Iqbal , Josh Malihabadi , Mohammad Ali Jouhar , Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Kazi Nazrul Islam used literature , poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness . Feminists such as Sarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics . Babasaheb Ambedkar championed the cause of the disadvantaged sections of Indian society within the larger self-rule movement . The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Army movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose . \n \n The Indian self-rule movement was a mass-based movement that encompassed various sections of society . It also underwent a process of constant ideological evolution . Although the basic ideology of the movement was anti-colonial , it was supported by a vision of independent capitalist economic development coupled with a secular , democratic , republican , and civil-libertarian political structure . After the 1930s , the movement took on a strong socialist orientation , due to the increasing influence of left-wing elements in the Congress as well as the rise and growth of the Communist Party of India . The All-India Muslim League was formed in 1906 as a separate Muslim party which later in 1940 called for separate state of Pakistan . The work of these various movements led ultimately to the Indian Independence Act 1947 , which ended the suzerainty in India and the creation of Pakistan . India remained a Dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950 , when the Constitution of India came into force , establishing the Republic of India ; Pakistan was a dominion until 1956 , when it adopted its first republican constitution . In 1971 , East Pakistan declared independence as the People 's Republic of Bangladesh . \n \n Background ( 1757–1883 ) \n \n Early British colonialism in India \n \n European traders first reached Indian shores with the arrival of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 AD at the port of Calicut , in search of the lucrative spice trade . Just over a century later , the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the subcontinent , with the first English trading post set up at Surat in 1617 . Over the course of the 17th and early 19th centuries , the British defeated the Portuguese and Dutch militarily , but remained in conflict with the French , who had by then sought to establish themselves in the subcontinent . The decline of the Mughal empire in the first half of the 18th century provided the British with the opportunity to seize a firm foothold in Indian politics . After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 AD , during which the East India Company 's Indian army under Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daula , the Nawab of Bengal , the Company established itself as a major player in Indian affairs , and soon afterwards gained administrative rights over the regions of Bengal , Bihar and Midnapur part of Orissa , following the Battle of Buxar in 1764 . After the defeat of Tipu Sultan , most of South India came either under the Company 's direct rule , or under its indirect political control as part a princely state in a subsidiary alliance . The Company subsequently gained control of regions ruled by the Maratha Empire , after defeating them in a series of wars . Punjab was annexed in 1849 , after the defeat of the Sikh armies", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "tc_2584--Indian_independence_movement.txt", "qid": "tc_2584", "question": "In which Indian city did British troops open fire without warning on a crowd of 10,000 in 1919?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Australia ( , , ) , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . Neighbouring countries include Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east ; and New Zealand to the south-east . \n \n For about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century , Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians , \n who spoke languages grouped into roughly 250 language groups . After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades ; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies were established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Since federation , Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories . The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated in the eastern states and on the coast . \n \n Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world , with the world 's 12th-largest economy . In 2014 Australia had the world 's fifth-highest per capita income . Australia 's military expenditure is the world 's 13th-largest . With the second-highest human development index globally , Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance , such as quality of life , health , education , economic freedom , and the protection of civil liberties and political rights . Australia is a member of the United Nations , G20 , Commonwealth of Nations , ANZUS , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , and the Pacific Islands Forum . \n \n Name \n \n The name Australia ( pronounced in Australian English ) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis ( `` southern land '' ) a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times . The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in `` A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo , written by Sir Richard Hakluyt '' , published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus , a corruption of the original Spanish name `` Austrialia del Espíritu Santo '' ( Southern Land of the Holy Spirit ) for an island in Vanuatu . The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia ( Jakarta ) in 1638 , to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south . \n The first time that the name Australia appears to have been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst of 4 April 1817 in which Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledges the receipt of Matthew Flinders ' charts of Australia . On 12 December 1817 , Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted . In 1824 , the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia . \n \n History \n \n Prehistory \n \n Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago , possibly with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now Southeast Asia . These first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians . At the time of European settlement in the late 18th century , most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers , with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime . The Torres Strait Islanders , ethnically Melanesian , were originally horticulturists and hunter-gatherers . The northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia . \n \n European arrival \n \n The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland , and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent , are attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon . He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606 , and made landfall on 26 February at the Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York.Davison , Hirst and Macintyre , p. 233 . The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent `` New Holland '' during the 17th", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qb_2477--Australia.txt", "qid": "qb_2477", "question": "Who was the first British reigning monarch to visit Australia?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "`` Trash '' is the debut single by American hard rock band the New York Dolls . It was recorded for their 1973 self-titled album and released as a double A-side with the song `` Personality Crisis '' in July 1973 . `` Trash '' did not chart upon its release , but has since been hailed by music critics as an anthemic glam rock and protopunk song . \n \n Composition \n \n `` Trash '' begins immediately with its chorus , in which lead vocalist David Johansen sings dramatically and implores the song 's subject— '' my sweet baby '' —to not throw her `` life away . '' Journalist and author Phil Strongman interpreted the singer 's appeal to his subject as being in the context of a socially deviant New York City : `` in under four minutes , it tells a bittersweet'n'sour low-life love story – how does the girl call her lover-boy ? 'Trash ! ' – in majestic trash-Glam style . These people might be hookers , rent boys , junkies , sneak thieves – or so the lyrics imply – but they 're still human beings and their subject matter is still tragedy . '' Johansen quotes the lyric `` how do you call your lover boy '' from Mickey & Sylvia 's 1956 song `` Love Is Strange '' . \n \n According to music critic Robert Christgau , Johansen used ambiguity as a lyrical mode on the song , particularly when the lyric `` please do n't you ask me if I love you '' is followed by `` if you do n't know what I do '' , and later by `` 'Cause I do n't know why I do '' . He replaces the phrase `` life '' in `` Do n't take my life away '' with `` knife '' , `` night '' , and `` lights '' when singing the lyric at different times throughout the song . Both Strongman and rock photographer Bob Gruen felt that the other chorus about needing to `` pick up '' trash gave the song an ecological theme : `` Trash , pick it up , do n't throw my life away . '' \n \n `` Trash '' concludes with a double-beat ending that producer Todd Rundgren embellished with high-pitched background vocals , which were inspired by The Herd 's 1968 song `` From the Underworld '' . According to Strongman , `` The song 's soaring finale suggests that all these problems – chemical , emotional , environmental – might just be overcome by the sheer power of love'n'lust – young rock'n'roll romance , by the passion of young people . '' \n \n Release and reception \n \n `` Trash '' was released by Mercury Records as a double A-side with the song `` Personality Crisis '' in July 1973 . The single did not chart . In her review for The New Yorker at the time , music critic Ellen Willis wrote that the song is a `` transcendent '' highlight on an album full of `` instant classics '' . She interpreted the single 's second A-side , `` Personality Crisis '' , as `` a statement about the band — about clashing cultures and the dilemma of preserving one 's uniqueness while reaching out to others . '' In a retrospective review , Jon Matsumoto of the Los Angeles Times praised Johansen 's `` bratty vocalizing '' on `` Trash '' , which he called a `` punky pop-rock anthem . '' Music writer and broadcaster Jon Savage named it the 13th best glam rock song of all time in a 2013 list for The Guardian , in which he wrote : \n \n According to Strongman , `` Trash '' may have been the most `` passionate '' of all the New York Dolls ' songs . Music journalist Tony Fletcher later said that , as with `` Personality Crisis '' and `` Jet Boy '' , the addition of background vocals and piano helped make `` Trash '' into an anthemic glitter rock song , while Kirk Lake cited it as a protopunk classic in The Rough Guide to Rock ( 2003 ) . \n \n Personnel \n \n Credits are adapted from the liner notes for New York Dolls . \n \n * David Johansen – vocals \n * Arthur Kane – bass guitar \n * Jerry Nolan – drums \n * Todd Rundgren – additional piano , producer \n * Sylvain Sylvain – piano , rhythm guitar , vocals \n * Johnny Thunders – lead guitar , vocals", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 63, "text": "new york dolls" } ], "id": "qw_15784--Trash_(New_York_Dolls_song).txt", "qid": "qw_15784", "question": "\"Which group from New York City released an eponymous album in 1973 with the personnel of David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain, Arthur \"\"Killer\"\" Kane, Jerry Nolan and Johnny Thunders?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Catherine Zeta-Jones , ( ; born 25 September 1969 ) is a Welsh actress . Born and raised in Swansea , Zeta-Jones aspired to a theatrical career from an early age . In her early teens , she played roles in the West End productions of the musicals Annie and Bugsy Malone . She studied musical theatre at the Arts Educational Schools , London , and made her adult stage breakthrough with a leading role in a 1987 production of 42nd Street . Her screen debut came in the unsuccessful French-Italian film 1001 Nights ( 1990 ) , and she found greater success as a regular in the British television series The Darling Buds of May ( 1991–93 ) . Dismayed at being typecast as the token pretty girl in British films , Zeta-Jones relocated to Los Angeles . \n \n Zeta-Jones established herself in Hollywood with roles in the action film The Mask of Zorro ( 1998 ) and the heist film Entrapment ( 1999 ) . Critics praised her portrayal of a vengeful pregnant woman in Traffic ( 2000 ) and a murderous singer in the musical film Chicago ( 2002 ) . The latter won her Academy and BAFTA Awards for Best Supporting Actress , among other accolades . She starred in high-profile films for much of the decade , including the black comedy Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) , the heist film Ocean 's Twelve ( 2004 ) , the comedy The Terminal ( 2004 ) , and the romantic comedy No Reservations ( 2007 ) . Parts in smaller-scale features were followed by a decrease in workload , during which she returned to stage and portrayed an ageing actress in A Little Night Music ( 2009 ) , winning a Tony Award . Zeta-Jones continued to work intermittently in the 2010s , starring in the psychological thriller Side Effects ( 2013 ) and the action film Red 2 ( 2013 ) . \n \n Zeta-Jones has received such accolades as an Academy Award , a British Academy Film Award and a Tony Award , and in 2010 she was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) for her film and humanitarian endeavours . She supports various charities and causes , and is a prominent celebrity endorser of brands . Her struggle with depression and bipolar II disorder has been well-documented by the media . She is married to the actor Michael Douglas with whom she has two children . \n \n Early life and initial stage career \n \n Zeta-Jones was born in Swansea , Wales , on 25 September 1969 to David Jones , the owner of a sweet factory , and his wife Patricia ( ' Fair ) , a seamstress . Her father is Welsh and her mother is of Irish Catholic descent . She was named after her grandmothers , Zeta Jones and Catherine Fair . She has an older brother , David , and a younger brother , Lyndon , who worked as a sales representative before venturing into film production . Zeta-Jones was raised in the suburban area of Mumbles . Because Zeta-Jones was a hyperactive child , her mother sent her to the Hazel Johnson School of Dance when she was four years old . She was educated at the Dumbarton House School , a private school in Swansea . The family came from a modest background , but their fortunes improved when they won £100,000 in a bingo competition , allowing them to pay for Zeta-Jones 's dance and ballet lessons . \n \n Zeta-Jones participated in school stage shows from a young age and gained local media attention when her rendition of a Shirley Bassey song won a Junior Star Trail talent competition . As part of a dance troupe , she routinely took trips to London , where she auditioned for roles in the theatre . At the age of nine she was selected to play one of the orphan girls in a West End production of the musical Annie , and at the age of 11 she became a national tap-dancing champion . In 1981 she played the lead role of Annie in a production of the musical at the Swansea Grand Theatre . Two years later she played the lead role of Tallulah in a West End production of Bugsy Malone . When she was 15 Zeta-Jones dropped out of school without obtaining O-levels and decided to live in London to pursue a full-time acting career ; she was engaged to perform in a touring production of The Pajama Game . Describing her teenage years in London , Zeta-Jones said , `` I would queue up for auditions and then change my costume or put on a different", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_6733--Catherine_Zeta-Jones.txt", "qid": "odql_6733", "question": "Catherine Zeta Jones has a million pound per year contract with which cosmetics company?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In the sport of cricket , batting is the act or skill of hitting the cricket ball with a cricket bat to score runs or prevent the loss of one 's wicket . A player who is currently batting is denoted as a batsman , while the act of hitting the ball is called a shot or stroke . The term specialist batsman is also used generically to describe players who specialise in batting ( as opposed to e.g . bowlers who specialise in bowling ) , and the term bowler is also used in this context . The latter term can , however , refer to any player during their turn at bat . In women 's cricket , the term batswoman is sometimes encountered , as is batter , but the `` male '' form is widely used in both men 's and women 's cricket . \n \n During an innings two members of the batting side are on the pitch at any time : the one facing the current delivery from the bowler is denoted the striker , while the other is the non-striker . When a batsman is out , he is replaced by a teammate . This continues until the end of the innings or until 10 of the team members are out , whereupon the other team gets a turn to bat . \n \n Batting tactics and strategy vary depending on the type of match being played as well as the current state of play . The main concerns for the batsmen are not to lose their wicket and to score as many runs as quickly as possible . These objectives generally conflict – to score quickly , risky shots must be played , increasing the chance that the batsman will be dismissed , while the batsman 's safest choice with a careful wicket-guarding stroke may be not to attempt any runs at all . Depending on the situation , batsmen may forgo attempts at run-scoring in an effort to preserve their wicket , or may attempt to score runs as quickly as possible with scant concern for the possibility of being dismissed . \n \n As with all other cricket statistics , batting statistics and records are given much attention and provide a measure of a player 's effectiveness . The main statistic for batting is a player 's batting average . This is calculated by dividing the number of runs he has scored , not by the innings he has played , but by the number of times he has been dismissed . In limited overs cricket an additional important statistic is the strike rate , the rate at which a batsman scores his runs ( number of runs scored divided by number of balls faced ) . \n \n Sir Donald Bradman set many batting records , some as far back as the 1930s and still unbeaten , and he is widely regarded as the greatest batsman of all time . \n \n Orthodox technique and strokeplay \n \n Over time a standard batting technique has been developed which is used by most batsmen . Technique refers to the batsman 's stance before the ball is bowled as well as the movement of the hands , feet , head and body in the execution of a cricket stroke . Good technique is characterised by quickly getting into the correct position to play the shot , especially getting one 's head and body in line with the ball , one 's feet placed next to where the ball would bounce and then swinging the bat at the ball to make contact at the precise moment required for the particular stroke being played . \n \n The movement of the batsman for a particular delivery depends on the shot being attempted . Front-foot shots are played with the weight on the front foot ( left foot for a right-hander ) and are usually played when the ball is pitched up to the batsman , while back-foot shots are played putting the weight onto the back foot , usually to bowling that is pitched short . Shots may also be described as vertical bat shots , in which the bat is swung vertically at the ball ( e.g . when playing a drive or leg glance ) , or horizontal or cross-bat shots , in which the bat is swung horizontally at the ball ( e.g . when playing the pull or cut shot ) . \n \n While a batsman is not limited in where or how he may hit the ball , the development of good technique has gone hand in hand with the development of standard or orthodox cricket shots played to specific types of deliveries . These ``", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1033, "text": "10" } ], "id": "qb_9689--Batting_(cricket).txt", "qid": "qb_9689", "question": "How many ways are there for a batsman to get out in the game of cricket?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics existing in its shared universe . The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko , and first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( Aug. 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . Lee and Ditko conceived the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben , and as a teenager , having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence in addition to those of a costumed crime-fighter . Spider-Man 's creators gave him super strength and agility , the ability to cling to most surfaces , shoot spider-webs using wrist-mounted devices of his own invention , which he calls `` web-shooters '' , and react to danger quickly with his `` spider-sense '' , enabling him to combat his foes . And later in his life founded his own company call Parker Industries . \n \n When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , the high school student behind Spider-Man 's secret identity and with whose `` self-obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness '' young readers could relate . While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that `` with great power there must also come great responsibility '' —a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben . \n \n Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series , the first and longest-lasting of which is titled The Amazing Spider-Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character has developed from shy , nerdy high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team . Spider-Man 's nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012–2014 , following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die . Separately , Marvel has also published books featuring alternate versions of Spider-Man , including Spider-Man 2099 , which features the adventures of Miguel O'Hara , the Spider-Man of the future ; Ultimate Spider-Man , which features the adventures of a teenaged Peter Parker in an alternate universe ; and Ultimate Comics Spider-Man , which depicts the teenager Miles Morales , who takes up the mantle of Spider-Man after Ultimate Peter Parker 's supposed death . \n \n Spider-Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes . As Marvel 's flagship character and company mascot , he has appeared in countless forms of media , including several animated and live-action television series , syndicated newspaper comic strips , and in a series of films . The character was first portrayed in live action by Nicholas Hammond in the 1977 television movie Spider-Man . In films , Spider-Man has been portrayed by actors Tobey Maguire ( 2002–2007 ) and Andrew Garfield ( 2012–2014 ) , while Tom Holland portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , first appearing in Captain America : Civil War in 2016 . Reeve Carney starred as Spider-Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider-Man : Turn Off the Dark . Spider-Man has been well received as a superhero and comic book character and is usually ranked as one of the greatest comic book characters of all time alongside DC Comics characters such as Superman and Batman . \n \n Publication history \n \n Creation and development \n \n In 1962 , with the success of the Fantastic Four , Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee was casting about for a new superhero idea . He said the idea for Spider-Man arose from a surge in teenage demand for comic books , and the desire to create a character with whom teens could identify . In his autobiography , Lee cites the non-superhuman pulp magazine crime fighter the Spider ( see also The Spider 's Web and The Spider Returns ) as a great influence , and in a multitude of print and video interviews , Lee stated he was further inspired by seeing a spider climb up a wall—adding in his autobiography that he has told that story so often he has become unsure", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1131, "text": "peter parker" } ], "id": "wh_1284--Spider-Man.txt", "qid": "wh_1284", "question": "Peter Parker was the secret identity of which super-hero of TV and big-screen?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Prime Suspect is a British police procedural television drama series . It stars Helen Mirren as Jane Tennison , one of the first female Detective Chief Inspectors in Greater London 's Metropolitan Police Service , as she rises to rank of Detective Superintendent whilst confronting the institutionalised sexism that exists within her job . \n \n Plot \n \n The series focuses on a no-nonsense female Detective Chief Inspector ( DCI ) , Jane Tennison ( played by Helen Mirren ) , who is attached to the Metropolitan Police , initially at the fictional Southampton Row police station . The series shows how she survives and negotiates in a male-dominated profession determined to see her fail with the support of her boss , Detective Chief Superintendent Mike Kernan and loyal Sgt . Richard Haskons . In later series , Tennison is reassigned to rotating duties , including a Vice Squad in Soho , and a Gang squad in Manchester . She is promoted to Detective Superintendent shortly thereafter . \n \n Concept and development \n \n Themes \n \n The first series features sexism in the workplace as a significant subplot and a barrier to the investigation . Sequels have tended to downplay this theme , relying on straight procedure or on other subplots , such as institutional racism in Prime Suspect 2 and paedophilia , child abuse , and prostitution in Prime Suspect 3 , but continued to demonstrate the determination of male peers and the police upper echelon to see her fail . Tennison 's difficulty in achieving a balance between her work and her life outside the job and her difficulty in maintaining stable relationships are a recurring theme within the series . Toward the end of Prime Suspect 3 she arranges to have her pregnancy terminated . As the series progresses , she increasingly relies upon alcohol to help her cope ; this culminates in the final episode of the series in her attending meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous , where she finally acknowledges and confronts her addiction . \n \n Setting \n \n It is set mostly in London and the outer areas , with series 5 being set in Manchester . \n \n Production \n \n Prime Suspects format is multiple episodes . Each number ( 1 , 2 , 3 , etc . ) represents a case , which runs around 3½ hours ( excluding commercials ) , usually aired in two parts or four parts . Prime Suspect 4 was an exception at slightly over 5 hours with three separate cases . The first five series were produced at a steady pace of one roughly every eighteen months until Mirren left the role , supposedly to avoid typecasting ( according to a PBS interview ) . She returned to the character after a seven-year gap . Prime Suspect was produced by Granada Television for the ITV network between 7 April 1991 and 22 October 2006 . Prime Suspect 4 through 7 were co-produced by WGBH Boston for its Masterpiece Mystery anthology series . \n \n Music \n \n The music score for the first five series was done by Academy Award-winning composer Stephen Warbeck , who was nominated for a BAFTA for Prime Suspect series one . \n \n Reception \n \n The teleplays for the first and third serials , along with the story for the second , were written by Lynda La Plante , who received an Edgar Award in 1993 from the Mystery Writers of America in the category of Best TV Feature or Miniseries for her work . The following year , Allan Cubitt 's teleplay for Prime Suspect 2 brought the series a second Edgar ( in the same category ) . Prime Suspect 3 was awarded a Peabody Award in 1993 for its realistic scenes and dialogue . \n \n Prime Suspect was voted 68th in the list of 100 Greatest British Television Programmes as compiled by a poll given by the British Film Institute , and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME . '' The series garnered multiple BAFTA Awards , Emmy Awards , Golden Globe Awards and a Peabody Award . \n \n Cast \n \n Main cast \n \n Helen Mirren as Jane Tennison , a Detective Chief Inspector , and later a Detective Superintendent . \n Tennison is the series protagonist , and the audience follow her career as she investigates cases in both London and Manchester . She is a skilled Detective , battling to prove herself in the male-dominated world of policing . Mirren described Tennison as `` extremely directed , ambitious , talented and very uncompromising , '' she is , as a result , `` deeply frustrated", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3148, "text": "lynda la plante" } ], "id": "bt_1775--Prime_Suspect.txt", "qid": "bt_1775", "question": "Who created the female detective Jane Tennison" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , just to the west of the Palace of Westminster . It is one of the United Kingdom 's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and , later , British monarchs . Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral . Since 1560 , however , the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral , having instead the status of a Church of England `` Royal Peculiar '' —a church responsible directly to the sovereign . The building itself is the original abbey church . \n \n According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site ( then known as Thorn Ey ( Thorn Island ) ) in the 7th century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London . Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III . \n \n Since 1066 , when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned , the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there . [ http : //www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations Westminster-abbey.org ] There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100 . Two were of reigning monarchs ( Henry I and Richard II ) , although , before 1919 , there had been none for some 500 years . \n \n History \n \n The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site . This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years . In the present era , the Fishmonger 's Company still gives a salmon every year . The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s , Saint Dunstan , assisted by King Edgar , installed a community of Benedictine monks here . \n \n 1042 : Edward the Confessor starts rebuilding St Peter 's Abbey \n \n Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter 's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church . It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style . The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065 , only a week before Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 . A week later he was buried in the church , and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him . His successor , Harold II , was probably crowned in the abbey , although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year . \n \n The only extant depiction of Edward 's abbey , together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster , is in the Bayeux Tapestry . Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory , an extension of the South Transept , survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School , including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey . Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan 's original foundation , up to a maximum about eighty monks , although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery 's extensive property and activities . \n \n Construction of the present church \n \n Construction of the present church was begun in 1245 by Henry III who selected the site for his burial . \n \n The abbot and monks , in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster , the seat of government from the later 12th century , became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest . The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right . Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership , which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century , and occupied with the administration of great landed properties , some of which lay far from Westminster , `` the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times , and particularly with upper-class life '' , Barbara Harvey concludes , to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages . \n \n The proximity of", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bt_2332--Westminster_Abbey.txt", "qid": "bt_2332", "question": "Who was the first person to be buried in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In a number of countries , plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas . Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem ; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions . Different processes have been used to adopt these symbols – some are conferred by government bodies , whereas others are the result of informal public polls . The term floral emblem , which refers to flowers specifically , is primarily used in Australia and Canada . In the United States , the term state flower is more often used . \n \n National flowers \n \n Africa \n \n Asia \n \n Bangladesh \n \n The national flower and floral emblem of Bangladesh is the shapla ( ) , or Nymphaea nouchali ) See also : National Emblem of Bangladesh . \n \n Bhutan \n \n * Bhutan – Blue poppy ( Meconopsis grandis ) \n \n Brunei \n \n * Brunei – Simpoh Ayer ( Dillenia suffruticosa ) \n \n Cambodia \n \n Cambodia formally adopted the romduol ( ) as its national flower in the year 2005 by a royal decree . The royal decree designates the taxon as Mitrella mesnyi , however this is a taxonomically illegitimate synonym for Sphaerocoryne affinis Ridley . \n \n India \n \n The flower of India is also the lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) , a symbol of purity that remains immaculate despite growing from mud and water . \n \n Kerala 's state floral emblem is the tree Cassia fistula . Tamil Nadu 's floral emblem is Glory lily . Water-lily is the state flower of Andhra Pradesh . Bihar 's floral emblem is kachnaar and that of Uttarakhand is the rhododendron ( locally buransh ) . \n \n Indonesia \n \n There are three types of floral emblems that symbolize Indonesia : \n * the puspa bangsa ( national flower ) of Indonesia is melati ( Jasminum sambac ) \n * the puspa pesona ( flower of charm ) is anggrek bulan ( Moon Orchid , Phalaenopsis amabilis ) \n * the puspa langka ( rare flower ) is padma raksasa rafflesia ( Rafflesia arnoldii ) . \n \n All three were chosen on World Environment Day in 1990. and enforced by law through Presidential Decree ( Keputusan Presiden ) No . 4 1993 , On the other occasion Bunga Bangkai ( Titan arum ) was also added as puspa langka together with Rafflesia . \n \n Melati ( jasminum sambac ) , a small white flower with sweet fragrance , has long been considered as a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition , as it symbolizes purity , sacredness , graceful simplicity and sincerity . For example , on her wedding day , a traditional Indonesian bride 's hair is often adorned with arrangements of jasmine , while the groom 's kris is often adorned with a lock of jasmine . However , jasmine is also often used as floral offering for spirits and deities , and also often present during funerals which gave it its mystical and sacred properties . Moon Orchid was chosen for its beauty , while the other two rare flowers , Rafflesia arnoldii and Titan arum were chosen to demonstrate uniqueness and Indonesian rich biodiversity . \n \n Each of the 33 provinces of Indonesia also has a native plant as its provincial flower . \n \n Iran \n \n * Iran – red rose , tulip , Nymphaea , Cupressus sempervirens \n \n Iraq \n \n * Iraq – Rose \n \n Israel \n \n The Israeli national flower is the poppy anemone ( Anemone coronaria ; calanit metzuya in Hebrew ) , chosen in 2013 to replace Cyclamen persicum . \n \n Jordan \n \n * Jordan – Black iris ( Iris nigricans ) \n \n Kuwait \n \n * Kuwait – Rhanterium epapposum \n \n Laos \n \n The national flower is the plumeria ( champa ) , despite it being no longer endemic . \n \n Malaysia \n \n The national flower of Malaysia is the bunga raya ( Chinese Hibiscus , Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ) . \n \n The flower of the eastern Malaysian state of Sarawak is the orchid Phalaenopsis bellina , while that of the state of Kedah is the pokok padi . \n \n Malacca 's state flower is the bread-flower , Vallaris glabra ( local name bunga kesidang ) . \n \n Maldives \n \n * Maldives – pink polyantha rose ( fiyaathoshi finifenmaa ) \n \n Myanmar \n \n * Myanmar – Pterocarpus indicus ( paduak ) \n \n Nepal \n \n * Nepal – Rhododendron \n \n North Korea \n \n * Magnolia ( Magnolia sieboldii ) ( Korean : 목란/ mongnan ) \n \n Pakistan \n \n Plant symbols", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_5765--Floral_emblem.txt", "qid": "odql_5765", "question": "The national flower of Sweden is Convollaria. What is its common name?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Richard Doddridge Blackmore ( 7 June 1825 – 20 January 1900 ) , known as R. D. Blackmore , was one of the most famous English novelists of the second half of the nineteenth century . He won acclaim for vivid descriptions and personification of the countryside , sharing with Thomas Hardy a Western England background and a strong sense of regional setting in his works . \n \n Blackmore , often referred to as the `` Last Victorian '' , was a pioneer of the movement in fiction that continued with Robert Louis Stevenson and others . He has been described as `` proud , shy , reticent , strong-willed , sweet-tempered , and self-centred . '' Apart from his novel Lorna Doone , which has enjoyed continuing popularity , his work has gone out of print . \n \n Biography \n \n Richard Doddridge Blackmore was born on 7 June 1825 at Longworth in Berkshire ( now Oxfordshire ) , one year after his elder brother Henry ( 1824–1875 ) , where his father , John Blackmore , was Curate-in-charge of the parish . His mother died a few months after his birth – the victim of an outbreak of typhus which had occurred in the village . After this loss John Blackmore moved to Bushey , Herts , then to his native Devon , first to Kings Nympton , then Culmstock , Tor Mohun and later to Ashford , in the same county . Richard , however , was taken by his aunt , Mary Frances Knight , and after her marriage to the Rev . Richard Gordon , moved with her to Elsfield rectory , near Oxford . His father married again in 1831 , whereupon Richard returned to live with him . Having spent much of his childhood in the lush and pastoral `` Doone Country '' of Exmoor , and along the Badgworthy Water ( where there is now a memorial stone in Blackmore 's honour ) , Blackmore came to love the very countryside he immortalised in Lorna Doone . \n \n Scholarly career \n \n In 1837 , Blackmore entered Blundell 's School in Tiverton . He excelled in classical studies , and later won a scholarship to Exeter College , Oxford , where he took his degree in 1847 . \n During a university vacation he made his first attempt at writing a novel . This was the beginning of The Maid of Sker – not , in fact , completed until many years later , and eventually published in 1872 - which he himself would come to consider his finest novel . \n \n After leaving Oxford and spending some time as a private tutor , Blackmore decided on a career in law . He entered the Middle Temple in 1849 and was called to the Bar in 1852 . Ill-health , however , prevented him from continuing legal work as a full-time occupation and in 1854 , he took the post of classics master at Wellesley House Grammar School , Hampton Road , Twickenham . In later years this became the Metropolitan and City of London Police Orphanage and then Fortescue House School . Soon after accepting this position , he moved from London to No . 25 Lower Teddington Road , Hampton Wick – where he lived until he moved to his new home in Teddington . \n \n Marriage \n \n Blackmore was married on 8 November 1853 at Trinity Church , Holborn to Lucy Maguire . She was 26 , a Roman Catholic and somewhat delicate , which is assumed to be the reason that they never had any children . They were both fond of her sister Agnes ' four children and often had them to stay . As well as helping with their education , the Blackmores seem to have adopted Eva when she was 7 . Theirs was described by Blackmore 's sister as a `` happy marriage . '' \n \n Move to the country \n \n In September 1857 , Blackmore 's uncle , the Rev . H.H . Knight , Rector of Neath , died and left his nephew a sum of money which enabled him to realise a long-held ambition of possessing a house in the country encompassed by a large garden . Blackmore 's father encouraged him in the scheme and helped him to carry it into effect . \n \n Fruit-growing business \n \n The land selected was a 16 acre plot at Teddington which Blackmore had seen and admired for some time . Here he built his new house – completed in 1860 – in which he lived for the rest of his life . He called it Gomer House after one of his favourite dogs", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "richard doddridge" } ], "id": "qb_878--R._D._Blackmore.txt", "qid": "qb_878", "question": "What were the first names of English novelist R.D.Blackmore?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Republican Party , also commonly called the GOP ( for `` Grand Old Party '' ) , is one of the world 's oldest extant political parties . It is the second oldest existing political party in the United States after its primary rival , the Democratic Party . It emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas–Nebraska Act , which threatened to extend slavery into the territories , and to promote more vigorous modernization of the economy . The Party had almost no presence in the South , but by 1858 in the North it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state . \n \n With its election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 , and its success in guiding the Union to victory and abolishing slavery , the party came to dominate the national political scene until 1932 . The Republican Party was based on northern white Protestants , businessmen , small business owners , professionals , factory workers , farmers , and African-Americans . It was pro-business , supporting banks , the gold standard , railroads , and high tariffs to protect factory workers and grow industry faster . Under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt , it emphasized an expansive foreign policy . \n \n The GOP lost its majorities during the Great Depression ( 1929–40 ) . Instead , the Democrats under Franklin D. Roosevelt formed a winning `` New Deal '' coalition , which was dominant from 1932 through 1964 . That coalition collapsed in the mid-1960s , partly because of white Southern Democrats ' disaffection with passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Republicans resurged , winning five of the six presidential elections 1968 to 1988 , with Ronald Reagan as the party 's iconic conservative hero . In recent times though , from 1992 to 2012 , the Republican candidate has been elected to the White House in only two of the six presidential elections—and only in one out of those six elections , in 2004 , did he win the popular vote . \n \n The GOP expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party once U.S. courts declared the Democratic White Primary elections unconstitutional , the region began more taking on the two-party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all GOP leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al . argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' \n \n Ideological beginnings \n \n The Republican party began as a coalition of anti-slavery `` Conscience Whigs '' and Free Soil Democrats opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act , submitted to Congress by Stephen Douglas in January 1854 . The Act opened Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory to slavery and future admission as slave states , thus implicitly repealing the prohibition on slavery in territory north of 36° 30′ latitude , which had been part of the Missouri Compromise . This change was viewed by Free Soil and Abolitionist Northerners as an aggressive , expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South . \n \n The Act was supported by all Southerners , by Northern `` Doughface '' ( pro-Southern ) Democrats and by other Northern Democrats persuaded by Douglas ' doctrine of `` popular sovereignty '' . In the North the old Whig Party was almost defunct . The opponents were intensely motivated and began forming a new party . \n \n The new party went well beyond the issue of slavery in the territories . It envisioned modernizing the United States—emphasizing giving free western land to farmers ( `` free soil '' ) as opposed to letting slave owners buy up the best lands , expanded banking , more railroads , and factories . They vigorously argued that free market labor was superior to slavery and the very foundation of civic virtue and true republicanism—this was the `` Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men '' ideology . \n \n The Republicans absorbed the previous traditions of its members , most of whom had been Whigs ; others had been Democrats or members of third parties ( especially the Free Soil Party", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qg_3974--History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party.txt", "qid": "qg_3974", "question": "In one of the greatest upsets in presidential election history, Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman bested what New York Governor for the 1948 presidential election?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Born Free is a 1966 British drama film starring Virginia McKenna and Bill Travers as Joy and George Adamson , a real-life couple who raised Elsa the Lioness , an orphaned lion cub , to adulthood , and released her into the wilderness of Kenya . The movie was produced by Open Road Films Ltd. and Columbia Pictures . The screenplay , written by blacklisted Hollywood writer Lester Cole ( under the pseudonym `` Gerald L.C . Copley '' ) , was based upon Joy Adamson 's 1960 non-fiction book Born Free . The film was directed by James Hill and produced by Sam Jaffe and Paul Radin . Born Free , and its musical score by John Barry , won numerous awards . \n \n Plot \n \n When George Adamson is forced to kill a lion , after the lion scares a native villager , and then George kills a lioness out of self-defense , he brings home the three orphaned cubs she had been trying to protect . The Adamsons tend to the three orphaned lion cubs to young lionhood , and , when the time comes , the two largest are sent to the Rotterdam Zoo , while Elsa the Lioness ( the smallest of the litter ) remains with Joy . When Elsa is held responsible for stampeding a herd of elephants through a village , John Kendall , Adamson 's boss gives the couple three months to either rehabilitate Elsa to the wild , or send her to a zoo . Joy opposes sending Elsa to a zoo , and spends much time attempting to re-introduce Elsa to the life of a wild lion in a distant reserve . At last , Joy succeeds , and with mixed feelings and a breaking heart , she returns her friend to the wild . The Adamsons then depart for their home in England ; a year later , they return to Kenya for a week , hoping to find Elsa . They do , and happily discover she has n't forgotten them , and is the mother of three cubs . The Adamsons , made an agreement not to handle the cubs , as they did for Elsa . \n \n Cast \n \n * Virginia McKenna as Joy Adamson \n * Bill Travers as George Adamson \n * Geoffrey Keen as John Kendall \n * Peter Lukoye as Nuru \n * Surya Patel as the Doctor \n * Geoffrey Best as Watson , a big game hunter \n * Bill Godden as Sam \n \n The film also credits lions and lionesses Boy , Girl , Henrietta , Mara , Ugas , and `` the Cubs '' . \n \n Production \n \n George Adamson served as chief technical advisor on the film and discusses his involvement in his first autobiography , Bwana Game ( UK title , 1968 ) , known in the US as A Lifetime with Lions . [ http : //www.fatheroflions.org/Bibliography.html Bibliography – BooksFilmsMovies ] \n \n According to Ben Mankiewicz , who introduces the film on Turner Classic Movies , they used mostly wild lions and interviewed over 3000 . \n \n The making of the film was a life-changing experience for actors Virginia McKenna and her husband Bill Travers , who became animal rights activists and were instrumental in creating the Born Free Foundation . \n \n One of the lions in the film was played by a former mascot of the Scots Guards , who had to leave him behind when they left Kenya . \n The producers also acknowledged the help received from Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Game Department of Uganda . \n \n Reception \n \n The film was one of the most popular movies at the British box office in 1966 . \n \n Critical response \n \n Born Free received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 92 % of 12 film critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 7 out of 10 . \n \n Vincent Canby waxed enthusiastic about the film , writing in The New York Times , `` Almost from the opening shot – a vast expanse of corn-colored African plain where lions feed on the carcass of a freshly killed zebra – one knows that Joy Adamson 's best-selling book Born Free has been entrusted to honest , intelligent filmmakers . Without minimizing the facts of animal life or overly sentimentalizing them , this film casts an enchantment that is just about irresistible . '' Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader wrote , `` John Barry 's schmaltzy title song is still haunting the elevators and supermarkets , but this is really a nicely restrained children 's", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 140, "text": "elsa" } ], "id": "qz_1873--Born_Free.txt", "qid": "qz_1873", "question": "What was the name of the lioness raised by George and Joy Adamson in the book Born Free?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom . Growing out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the nineteenth century , the Labour Party has been described as a `` broad church '' , encompassing a diversity of ideological trends from strongly socialist to moderately social democratic . \n \n Founded in 1900 , the Labour Party overtook the Liberal Party as the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s , forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and from 1929 to 1931 . Labour later served in the wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945 , after which it formed a majority government under Clement Attlee . Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979 , first under Wilson and then James Callaghan . \n \n The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown , beginning with a landslide majority of 179 , reduced to 167 in 2001 and 66 in 2005 . Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election , the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . \n \n Labour is the largest party in the Welsh Assembly , the third largest party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament , sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group . The party also organises in Northern Ireland , but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly . The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance , and holds observer status in the Socialist International . In September 2015 , Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party . \n \n History \n \n Founding \n \n The Labour Party 's origins lie in the late 19th century , when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat , a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise . Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field , and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885 , the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates . The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870 . In addition , several small socialist groups had formed around this time , with the intention of linking the movement to political policies . Among these were the Independent Labour Party , the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society , the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party . \n \n In the 1895 general election , the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates but won only 44,325 votes . Keir Hardie , the leader of the party , believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections , it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups . Hardie 's roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party which led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that `` Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx '' . \n \n Labour Representation Committee \n \n In 1899 , a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants , Thomas R. Steels , proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates . The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC , and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900 . The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates . \n \n After a debate , the 129 delegates passed Hardie 's motion to establish `` a distinct Labour group in Parliament , who shall have their own whips , and agree upon their policy , which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour . '' This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee ( LRC ) , meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population . It had no single leader , and in the absence of one , the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary . He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 803, "text": "james callaghan" } ], "id": "qb_9500--Labour_Party_(UK).txt", "qid": "qb_9500", "question": "Who was the last UK Labour Prime Minister before Tony Blair?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Alfredo James `` Al '' Pacino ( ; born April 25 , 1940 ) is an American actor of stage and screen , filmmaker , and screenwriter . Pacino has had a career spanning fifty years , during which time he has received numerous accolades and honors both competitive and honorary , among them an Academy Award , two Tony Awards , two Primetime Emmy Awards , a British Academy Film Award , four Golden Globe Awards , the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute , the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the National Medal of Arts . He is also one of few performers to have won a competitive Oscar , an Emmy and a Tony Award for acting , dubbed the `` Triple Crown of Acting '' . \n \n A method actor and former student of the Herbert Berghof Studio and the Actors Studio in New York City , where he was taught by Charlie Laughton and Lee Strasberg , Pacino made his feature film debut with a minor role in Me , Natalie ( 1969 ) and gained favourable notices for his lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park ( 1971 ) . He achieved international acclaim and recognition for his breakthrough role as Michael Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather ( 1972 ) . He received his first Oscar nomination and would reprise the role in sequels Part II ( 1974 ) and Part III ( 1990 ) . Pacino 's performance as Corleone is now regarded as one of the greatest screen performances in film history . \n \n Pacino received his first Best Actor Oscar nomination for Serpico ( 1973 ) ; he was also nominated for The Godfather Part II , Dog Day Afternoon ( 1975 ) and ... And Justice for All ( 1979 ) and won the award in 1993 for his performance as a blind Lieutenant Colonel in Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) . For his performances in The Godfather , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) and Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) , Pacino was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Other notable roles include Tony Montana in Scarface ( 1983 ) , Carlito Brigante in Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) , Lieutenant Vincent Hanna in Heat ( 1995 ) , Benjamin Ruggiero in Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) , Lowell Bergman in The Insider ( 1999 ) and Detective Will Dormer in Insomnia ( 2002 ) . In television , Pacino has acted in several productions for HBO including the miniseries Angels in America ( 2003 ) and the Jack Kevorkian biopic You Do n't Know Jack ( 2010 ) , both of which won him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . \n \n In addition to his work in film , Pacino has had an extensive career on stage and is a two-time Tony Award winner , in 1969 and 1977 , for his performances in Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie ? and The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel respectively . A lifelong fan of Shakespeare , Pacino directed and starred in Looking for Richard ( 1996 ) , a documentary film about the play Richard III , a role which Pacino had earlier portrayed on-stage in 1977 . He has also acted as Shylock in a 2004 feature film adaptation and a 2010 production of The Merchant of Venice . Having made his filmmaking debut with Looking for Richard , Pacino has also directed and starred in the independent film Chinese Coffee ( 2000 ) and the films Wilde Salomé ( 2011 ) and Salomé ( 2013 ) , about the play Salomé by Oscar Wilde . Since 1994 , Pacino has been the joint president of the Actors Studio with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel . \n \n Early life and education \n \n Pacino was born in New York City ( East Harlem ) , to Sicilian-American parents Salvatore Pacino and Rose , who divorced when he was two years old . His mother moved near the Bronx Zoo to live with her parents , Kate and James Gerardi , who , coincidentally , had come from a town in Sicily named Corleone . His father , who was from San Fratello in the Province of Messina , moved to Covina , California , and worked as an insurance salesman and restaurateur . \n \n In his teen years `` Sonny '' , as he was known to his friends , aimed to become a baseball player , and was also nicknamed `` The Actor '' . Pacino dropped out of many classes ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "tc_1111--Al_Pacino.txt", "qid": "tc_1111", "question": "In which 90s movie did Al Pacino play retired Colonel Frank Slade?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "1000 or one thousand is the natural number following 999 and preceding 1001 . In most English-speaking countries , it is often written with a comma separating the thousands unit : 1,000 . \n \n It may also be described as the short thousand in historical discussion of medieval contexts where it might be confused with the Germanic concept of the `` long thousand '' ( 1200 ) . \n \n In mathematics \n \n * The decimal representation for one thousand is \n * * 1,000—a one followed by three zeros , in the general notation ; \n * * 1 × 103—in engineering notation , which for this number coincides with : \n * * 1 × 103 exactly—in scientific normalized exponential notation ; \n * * 1 E+3 exactly—in scientific E notation . \n * The SI prefix for a thousand is kilo- , with the official symbol k—for instance , prefixed to `` metre '' or its symbol `` m '' , kilometre or km signifies a thousand metres . As such , people occasionally represent the number in a non-standard notation by replacing the last three zeros of the general numeral with `` K '' : for instance , 30K for 30,000 . \n * By the SI writing style , a space can be used as a thousands separator , i.e. , to separate the digits of a number at every power of 1000 . \n * The sum of Euler 's totient function over the first 57 integers is 1000 . \n * [ http : //primes.utm.edu/curios/page.php/1000.html Prime Curios ! ] mentions that 1000 is the smallest number that generates three primes in the fastest way possible by concatenation of decremented numbers ( 1000999 , 1000999998997 , and 1000999998997996995994993 are prime ) . The criterion excludes counting the number itself . \n * 1000 is a Harshad number in base 10 . \n \n In time \n \n * A millennium is 1000 years . The year 1000 was the last year of the 1st millennium . \n \n In popular culture \n \n * A grand is a slang term for one thousand units of a given currency , usually dollars or pounds . Several grand can be shortened to Gs . \n * The symbol K is sometimes used for a thousand ; for example , in referring to units of salary or in reference to the Y2K computer bug . \n * Especially in the United States , the gambling community often refers to denominations of $ 1000 as dimes . \n * The idiom `` a picture is worth a thousand words '' . \n * According to an ancient Japanese legend , anyone who folds a thousand origami cranes will be granted a wish by a crane . \n \n Miscellaneous \n \n * Thousand Oaks , California \n * Metal Mining SIC Code \n * Thousand Island dressing \n * 1000 Families : das Familienalbum des Planeten Erde , a picture book by Uwe Ommer \n \n Music \n \n * Thousand Foot Krutch , an alternative rock band \n * I Feel It/Thousand , a 1993 techno single by Moby \n * A Thousand Suns , a 2010 album by Linkin Park \n * A Thousand Years , a 2011 song by Christina Perri \n * A Thousand Miles , a 2002 song by Vanessa Carlton \n * A Thousand Answers , a 2012 song by The Hives \n \n Selected numbers in the thousands ( 1001–1999 ) \n \n 1001–1249 \n \n 1001 – sphenic number ( 7 × 11 × 13 ) , pentagonal number , pentatope number \n 1002 – sphenic number , Mertens function zero , abundant number \n 1005 – Mertens function zero ; first number written in English containing all five vowels a e i o u . \n 1008 – divisible by the number of primes below it \n 1009 – smallest four-digit prime , palindromic in bases 11 , 15 , 19 , 24 and 28 : ( 83811 , 47415 , 2F219 , 1I124 , 18128 ) \n 1010 – Mertens function zero \n 1013 – Sophie Germain prime , centered square number , Mertens function zero \n 1014 – Mertens function zero \n 1015 – square pyramidal number \n 1016 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence \n 1017 – Brick Squad \n 1018 – Mertens function zero \n 1019 – Sophie Germain prime , safe prime \n 1020 – polydivisible number \n 1023 – the highest number one can count to on one 's fingers using binary ; also the magic number used in Global Positioning System signals \n 1024 – 210 , the number of bytes in a kilobyte ( in 1999 , the IEC", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 8, "text": "one thousand" } ], "id": "qb_9786--1000_(number).txt", "qid": "qb_9786", "question": "A Chiliad is a term for which number?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Colonel Nicholas Joseph `` Nick '' Fury is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer/artist Jack Kirby and writer Stan Lee , Fury first appeared in Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 1 ( May 1963 ) , a World War II combat series that portrayed the cigar-chomping Fury as leader of an elite U.S. Army unit . A popular character over a number of decades , in 2011 , Fury was ranked 33rd in IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes , and 32nd in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . He has sometimes been considered an antihero . \n \n The modern-day Fury , initially a CIA agent , debuted a few months later in Fantastic Four # 21 ( Dec. 1963 ) . In Strange Tales # 135 ( Aug. 1965 ) , the character was transformed into a spy like James Bond and leading agent of the fictional espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D . The character makes frequent appearances in Marvel books as the former head of S.H.I.E.L.D . and as an intermediary between the U.S. government or the United Nations and various superheroes . It is eventually revealed that Fury takes a special medication called the Infinity Formula that halted his aging and allows him to be active despite being nearly a century old . \n \n Nick Fury appears in several Marvel series set in alternate universes , as well as multiple animated films , television shows , and video games based on the comics . The character was first portrayed in live action by David Hasselhoff in the 1998 television movie Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D . Samuel L. Jackson later signed a nine-picture deal to portray the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise , first appearing in the 2008 film Iron Man . Jackson also cameos in multiple episodes of the related Marvel television show Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . A version of the character appearing in Marvel 's Ultimate Marvel imprint was based on Jackson 's appearance and screen persona , well before he was cast in the role . The recognizability of the character portrayed by Jackson in the films later led Marvel to retire the original character , replacing him with his African American son Nick Fury , Jr. , who like the Ultimate Marvel version is patterned on Jackson . \n \n Publication history \n \n Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos \n \n Fury initially appeared in the World War II combat series Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos , as the cigar-chomping NCO who led a racially and ethnically integrated elite unit . The series ran 167 issues ( May 1963 – Dec. 1981 ) , though only in reprints after issue # 120 ( July 1974 ) . Following several issues by creators Lee and Kirby , penciller Dick Ayers began his long stint on what would be his signature series ; John Severin later joined as inker , forming a long-running , critically acclaimed team . Roy Thomas succeeded Lee as writer , followed by Gary Friedrich , for whom this became a signature series as well . Annuals featured the `` Howlers '' called back to fight in the Korean War and Vietnam War . \n \n The Howling Commandos encountered Office of Strategic Services agent Reed Richards ( later Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four ) in # 3 ( Sept. 1963 ) , and fought alongside Captain America and Bucky in # 13 ( Dec. 1964 ) . \n \n Strange Tales and solo series \n \n In Strange Tales # 135 ( Aug. 1965 ) , Fury , now a colonel , became a James Bond-esque Cold War spy , with Marvel introducing the covert organization S.H.I.E.L.D . ( Supreme Headquarters International Espionage Law-enforcement Division ) and its nemesis Hydra . \n \n The 12-page feature was initially by Lee and Kirby , with the latter supplying such inventive and enduring gadgets and hardware as the Helicarrier — an airborne aircraft carrier — as well as human-replicant LMDs ( Life Model Decoys ) , and even automobile airbags . Lee recalled in 2005 , \n \n Writer-penciller-colorist Jim Steranko began on the feature in Strange Tales # 151 ( Dec. 1966 ) , initially over Kirby layouts . He quickly became one of comic books ' most acclaimed and influential artists . In some of the creative zeniths of the Silver Age , Steranko established the feature as one of comic books ' most groundbreaking and innovative . He introduced or popularized in comic books such art movements of the day as psychedelia and op art ; built on Kirby 's longstanding work in", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1465, "text": "hasselhoff" } ], "id": "qz_2563--Nick_Fury.txt", "qid": "qz_2563", "question": "Who played Nick Fury in the made for TV movie of the same name?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Standartenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was used in several Nazi organizations , such as the SA , SS , NSKK and the NSFK . First founded as a title in 1925 , in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was bestowed upon those SA and SS officers who commanded units known as Standarten which were regiment-sized formations of between three hundred and five hundred men . \n \n In 1933 , when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany , the rank of Standartenführer had been established as the greatest field-officer rank , lesser than that of Oberführer of the SS and SA . By the start of World War II , Standartenführer was widely spread as both an SS rank and a rank of the SA . In the Waffen-SS , the rank was considered the equivalent of an Oberst , a full colonel . \n \n The insignia for Standartenführer consisted of a single oak leaf displayed on both collars . Standartenführer was the first of the SS and SA ranks to display rank insignia on both collars , without the display of unit insignia . From 1938 , newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Oberst ( colonel ) in addition to the oak leaf collar patches . \n \n Fictional portrayals \n \n * Colonel Paul Kramer in the film Where Eagles Dare wears the uniform of an SS-Standartenführer . \n * Standartenführer Stierlitz , the alias of Soviet spy Colonel Isayev—a hero of popular Russian books and a famous miniseries , one of the most famous characters of Russian jokes . \n * In the Star Trek : The Original Series installment `` Patterns Of Force , '' McCoy 's `` Gestapo doctor '' disguise calls for him to be uniformed as an SS-Standartenführer , as reflected in James Kirk 's orders , `` Make him a colonel . '' \n * Ernst Vogel , SS-Standartenführer from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . He is shown to be an SS colonel by the collar patches on both his black and dove grey uniforms . \n * Hans Landa , aka `` The Jew-Hunter '' portrayed by Christoph Waltz in the film Inglourious Basterds , held the rank of Standartenführer in the SS . \n * Standartenführer Herzog , played by Ørjan Gamst , who occupied the area near Øksfjord , Norway in the film Dead Snow . After the citizens stage an uprising and ambush the Nazis , a few survivors , including Herzog , were chased into the mountains , where it was assumed that they all froze to death . Herzog later returns as a zombie in 2009 , along with several of his soldiers . \n * Oskar Huth , a top investigator under Heinrich Himmler 's direct supervision in Len Deighton 's alternative history novel SS-GB . \n * Felix Hoth , commander of the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and the main antagonist in Marching Through Georgia by S. M. Stirling . \n * Helga von Bulow , high-ranking member of the SS Paranormal Division , possesses the rank of Standartenführer in Return to Castle Wolfenstein . \n * During the third series of the BBC television series Secret Army , broadcast in 1979 , Ludwig Kessler , the fictional head of the Gestapo in Brussels played by Clifford Rose is promoted to Standartenführer . The character continued into the post-war era in Kessler , broadcast in 1981 . \n * In both Night of the Fox ( novel ) and the movie , the main character Harry Martineau impersonates Standartenfuhrer Max Vogel . \n * In the video game A Stroke of Fate ( video game ) , the protagonist is Gerhard Mayer , a Standartenfuhrer of the Gestapo . \n \n Insignia \n \n SS Standartenführer ( Oberführer ) der Infanterie.jpg|Shoulder mark ( Infantry ) \n SS Standartenführer ( Oberführer ) .png|SS-reconnaissance corps \n WSS Staf-Oberf-Medical.png|SS-Medical corps \n HH-SS-Standartenfuhrer-Collar.png|Gorget patches \n Oberst-standf.png|Military camouflage", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 796, "text": "colonel" } ], "id": "bt_546--Standartenführer.txt", "qid": "bt_546", "question": "What rank in the British Amy was the equivalent to a Standartenfuhrer in the S.S." } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "William `` Bud '' Abbott and Lou Costello were an American comedy duo whose work in vaudeville and on stage , radio , film and television made them the most popular comedy team during the 1940s and early 1950s . Their patter routine `` Who 's on First ? '' is one of the best-known comedy routines of all time and set the framework for many of their best-known comedy bits . \n \n Early years \n \n Bud Abbott ( 1897–1974 ) was a veteran burlesque entertainer from a show business family . He worked at Coney Island and ran his own burlesque touring companies . He first worked as a straight man with his wife Betty , then with veteran burlesque comedians like Harry Steppe and Harry Evanson . When he met his future partner in comedy , Abbott was performing in Minsky 's Burlesque shows , and had been working at least a decade before meeting Lou Costello . \n \n Lou Costello ( 1906–1959 ) had been a burlesque comic since 1930 , after failing to break into movie acting and working as a stunt double and film extra . He appears briefly in the 1927 Laurel and Hardy silent two-reeler , The Battle of the Century , seated at ringside during Stan Laurel 's ill-fated boxing match . ( As a teenager , Costello had been an amateur boxer in his hometown of Paterson , New Jersey . ) Costello was introduced to burlesque through the `` Ann Corio Show '' , in which he performed as a `` dancing juvenile , '' who came out before the top banana and warmed up the audience - only he would get the laughs . \n \n The two men first worked together in 1935 , at the Eltinge Burlesque Theater on 42nd StreetAbbott and Costello in Hollywood , ISBN 0-399-51605-0—now the lobby of the AMC Empire movie complex in New York City . This first performance together occurred due to Costello 's regular partner being ill . When AMC moved the old theater 168 ft further west on 42nd Street to its current location , giant balloons of Abbott and Costello were rigged to appear to pull it . \n \n Other performers in the show , including Abbott 's wife Betty , advised a permanent pairing . The duo built an act by refining and reworking numerous burlesque sketches into the long-familiar presence of Abbott as the devious straight man , and Costello as the stumbling , dimwitted laugh-getter . \n \n Movies and fame \n \n The team 's first known radio appearance was on The Kate Smith Hour in February 1938 . The similarities between their voices made it difficult for radio listeners ( as opposed to stage audiences ) to tell them apart during their rapid-fire repartee . To solve the problem , Costello began affecting a high-pitched , childish voice . `` Who 's on First ? '' was first performed for a national radio audience the following month . They performed on the program as regulars for two years , while also landing roles in a Broadway revue , The Streets of Paris , in 1939 . \n \n In 1940 , Universal Studios signed them for the film One Night in the Tropics . Cast in supporting roles , they stole the show with several classic routines , including the `` Who 's on First ? '' routine . The same year they were a summer replacement on radio for Fred Allen . Two years later , they had their own NBC program , The Abbott and Costello Show . Universal then signed them to a long-term contract , and their second film , Buck Privates , in 1941 made them box-office stars and saved Universal from imminent bankruptcy . \n \n In most of their films , the plot consisted of a framework for the two comics to reintroduce comedy routines they first performed on stage . Universal also added glitzy production numbers to capitalize on the popular musical-comedy film genre of the day , which featured such acts as Ted Lewis and his Orchestra , Ella Fitzgerald , Martha Raye , The Merry Macs , and Dick Foran , singing `` I 'll Remember April '' in Ride 'Em Cowboy . \n \n The most popular singing act in their films was that of The Andrews Sisters , and several of their films featured some of the Andrews Sisters ' most popular hits of World War Two , the Oscar-nominated `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' , as well as `` I 'll Be With You In Apple Blossom Time '' , both from Buck Privates . Bud & Lou 's sequel , In The Navy ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1588, "text": "abbott and costello" } ], "id": "sfq_16413--Abbott_and_Costello.txt", "qid": "sfq_16413", "question": "Which duo's films included Rio Rita' and The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The division of Korea between North and South Korea was the result of the Allied victory in World War II in 1945 , ending the Empire of Japan 's 35-year colonial rule of Korea by General Order No . 1 . The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to temporarily occupy the country with the zone of control along the 38th parallel . \n \n With the onset of the Cold War , negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent , unified Korea . In 1948 , UN-supervised elections were held in the US-occupied south only . This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea , which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in North Korea . The United States supported the South , and the Soviet Union supported the North , and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula . \n \n The Korean War ( 1950–53 ) left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone in the later part of the Cold War and beyond . The 21st century saw some improved relations between the two sides , overseen in the South by liberal governments , who were more amicable towards the North than previous governments had been . These changes were largely reversed under conservative South Korean president Lee Myung-bak who opposed the North 's continued development of nuclear weapons . \n \n Historical background \n \n Korea under Japanese rule ( 1910–1945 ) \n \n As the Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905 , Korea became a nominal protectorate , and was annexed in 1910 by Japan , and the Korean king Gojong was removed . In the following decades , nationalist and radical groups emerged , mostly in exile , to struggle for independence . Divergent in their outlooks and approaches , these groups failed to unite in one national movement . The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition . \n \n End of World War II \n \n In November 1943 , Franklin Roosevelt , Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan 's colonies , and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force . In the declaration after this conference , Korea was mentioned for the first time . The three powers declared that they were , `` mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea , ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent . ” \n \n For Korean nationalists who wanted immediate independence , the phrase `` in due course '' was cause for dismay . \n \n At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of victory in Europe . On August 8 , 1945 , after three months to the day , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan . Soviet troops advanced rapidly , and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea . On August 10 , 1945 two young officers – Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned to define an American occupation zone . Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared , they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel . They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control . No experts on Korea were consulted . The two men were unaware that forty years before , Japan and Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel . Rusk later said that had he known , he `` almost surely '' would have chosen a different line . The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone . To the surprise of the Americans , the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division . The agreement was incorporated into General Order No . 1 ( approved on 17 August 1945 ) for the surrender of Japan . \n \n Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north-east of the country , and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan . On August 24 , the Red Army reached Pyongyang . \n \n General Abe Nobuyuki , the last Japanese Governor-General of Korea , had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand-over of power . Throughout August , Koreans organized people 's committee branches", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2411, "text": "korea s" } ], "id": "jp_3956--Division_of_Korea.txt", "qid": "jp_3956", "question": "Which country was divided near the 38th parallel in 1953?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear . The stirrup-shaped small bone is on and transmits these to the oval window , medially . The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body , and is so-called because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( ) . \n \n Structure \n \n The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear . The stapes is a stirrup-shaped bone , and the smallest in the human body . It rests on the oval window , to which it is connected by an annular ligament . The stapes is described as having a base , resting on the oval window , as well as a head that articulates with the incus . These are connected by anterior and posterior limbs ( ) . The stapes articulates with the incus through the incudostapedial joint . The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body , and measures roughly 3 x 2.5mm , greater along the head-base span . \n \n Development \n \n The stapes develops from the second pharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week of embryological life . The central cavity of the stapedius is due to the presence embryologically of the stapedial artery , which later regresses . \n \n Animals \n \n The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals . In non-mammalian four-legged animals , the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella ; however , in reptiles , either term may be used . In fish , the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular , and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw , depending on the species . The equivalent term in amphibians is the ' . \n \n Variation \n \n The stapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups . In 0.01-0.02 % of people , the stapedial artery does not regress , and persists in the central foramen . In this case , a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear , or there may be no symptoms at all . Rarely , the stapes may be completely absent . \n \n Function \n \n Situated between the incus and the inner ear , the stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window , a membrane-covered opening to the inner ear . The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle , which is innervated by the facial nerve . \n \n Clinical relevance \n \n Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous-onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear . Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window , which impedes its ability to conduct sound , and is a cause of conductive hearing loss . Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1 % of people , although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss . Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups , and females . Two common treatments are stapedectomy , the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis , and stapedotomy , the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole . Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery , fibrosis-related damage to the base of the bone , or obliterative otosclerosis , resulting in obliteration of the base . \n \n History \n \n The stapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at the University of Naples , although this remains the nature of some controversy , as Ingrassia 's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary ' . Spanish anatomist Pedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description , in ' ( 1549 ) . The bone is so-named because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( ) , an example of a late Latin word , probably created in mediaeval times from `` to stand '' ( ) , as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin-speaking world .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 735, "text": "incus" } ], "id": "sfq_22129--Stapes.txt", "qid": "sfq_22129", "question": "Taking its name from the Latin for anvil, which is the smallest bone in the human body?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Wars of the Roses was a series of wars for control of the throne of England . They were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet , those of Lancaster and York . They were fought in several sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 , although there was related fighting before and after this period . The conflict resulted from social and financial troubles that followed the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI , which revived interest in Richard , Duke of York 's claim to the throne . \n \n The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heiress of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled England and Wales until 1603 . \n \n Name and symbols \n \n The name Wars of the Roses refers to the heraldic badges associated with the two royal houses , the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster . Wars of the Roses came into common use in the nineteenth century , after the publication in 1829 of Anne of Geierstein by Sir Walter Scott . Scott based the name on a scene in William Shakespeare 's play Henry VI Part 1 , set in the gardens of the Temple Church , where a number of noblemen and a lawyer pick red or white roses to show their loyalty to the Lancastrian or Yorkist faction respectively . \n \n The Yorkist faction used the symbol of the white rose from early in the conflict , but the Lancastrian red rose was apparently introduced only after the victory of Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth , when it was combined with the Yorkist white rose to form the Tudor rose , which symbolised the union of the two houses ; the origins of the Rose as a cognizance itself stem from Edward I 's use of a golden rose stalked proper . Often , owing to nobles holding multiple titles , more than one badge was used : Edward IV , for example , used both his Sun in splendour as Earl of March , but also his father 's Falcon and Fetterlock as Duke of York . Badges were not always distinct ; at the Battle of Barnet , Edward 's 'sun ' was very similar to the Earl of Oxford 's Vere star , which caused fateful confusion . \n \n Most , but not all , of the participants in the wars wore livery badges associated with their immediate lords or patrons under the prevailing system of bastard feudalism ; the wearing of livery was by now confined to those in 'continuous employ of a lord ' , thus excluding , for example , mercenaries . Another example : Henry Tudor 's forces at Bosworth fought under the banner of a red dragon , while the Yorkist army used Richard III 's personal device of a white boar . \n \n Although the names of the rival houses derive from the cities of York and Lancaster , the corresponding duchies had little to do with these cities . The lands and offices attached to the Duchy of Lancaster were mainly in Gloucestershire , North Wales and Cheshire , while the estates and castles that were part of the Duchy of York were spread throughout England and Wales , although many were in the Welsh Marches . \n \n Summary of events \n \n Henry of Bolingbroke had established the House of Lancaster on the throne in 1399 , when he deposed his cousin Richard II and was crowned as Henry IV . Bolingbroke 's son , Henry V , maintained the family 's hold on the crown ; but when Henry V died in 1422 , his heir was the infant , Henry VI . The Lancastrian claim to the throne descended from John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster , the third surviving son of Edward III . Henry VI 's right to the crown was challenged by Richard , Duke of York , who could claim descent from Edward 's second and fourth surviving sons , Lionel of Antwerp , 1st Duke of Clarence and Edmund of Langley , 1st Duke of York . Richard of York , who had held several important offices of state , quarrelled with prominent Lancastrians at court and with Henry VI 's queen , Margaret of", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 870, "text": "edward iv" } ], "id": "sfq_20614--Wars_of_the_Roses.txt", "qid": "sfq_20614", "question": "Who was the first king of the House of York?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The coulomb ( unit symbol : C ) is the International System of Units ( SI ) unit of electric charge . It is the charge ( symbol : Q or q ) transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second : \n 1 ~ \\text { C } = 1 ~ \\text { A } \\cdot 1 ~ \\text { s } \n \n Thus , it is also the amount of excess charge on a capacitor of one farad charged to a potential difference of one volt : \n 1 ~ \\text { C } = 1 ~ \\text { F } \\cdot 1 ~ \\text { V } \n \n It is equivalent to the charge of approximately ( mol ) protons , and −1 C is equivalent to the charge of approximately electrons . \n \n Name and notation \n \n \n \n Definition \n \n The SI system defines the coulomb in terms of the ampere and second : 1 C 1 A × 1 s. The second is defined in terms of a frequency naturally emitted by caesium atoms . The ampere is defined using Ampère 's force law ; the definition relies in part on the mass of the international prototype kilogram , a metal cylinder housed in France . In practice , the watt balance is used to measure amperes with the highest possible accuracy . \n \n Since the charge of one electron is known to be about − −1 C can also be considered the charge of roughly ( or +1 C the charge of that many positrons or protons ) , where the number is the reciprocal of . \n \n The proposed redefinition of the ampere and other SI base units would have the effect of fixing the numerical value of the fundamental charge to an explicit constant expressed in coulombs , and therefore it would implicitly fix the value of the coulomb when expressed as a multiple of the fundamental charge ( the numerical values of those quantities are the multiplicative inverses of each other ) . \n \n SI prefixes \n \n See also SI prefix . \n \n Conversions \n \n * One coulomb is the magnitude ( absolute value ) of electrical charge in protons or electrons . is the reciprocal of the 2010 CODATA recommended value for the elementary charge in coulomb . \n * The inverse of this number gives the elementary charge of \n * The magnitude of the electrical charge of one mole of elementary charges ( approximately 6.022 , or Avogadro 's number ) is known as a faraday unit of charge ( closely related to the Faraday constant ) . One faraday equals . In terms of Avogadro 's number ( NA ) , one coulomb is equal to approximately 1.036 × NA elementary charges . \n * One ampere-hour 3600 C , 1 mA⋅h \n 3.6 C . \n * One statcoulomb ( statC ) , the obsolete CGS electrostatic unit of charge ( esu ) , is approximately 3.3356 C or about one-third of a nanocoulomb . \n \n Relation to elementary charge \n \n The elementary charge , the charge of a proton ( equivalently , the negative of the charge of an electron ) , is approximately . In SI , the elementary charge in coulombs is an approximate value : no experiment can be infinitely accurate . However , in other unit systems , the elementary charge has an exact value by definition , and other charges are ultimately measured relative to the elementary charge . For example , in conventional electrical units , the values of the Josephson constant KJ and von Klitzing constant RK are exact defined values ( written KJ-90 and RK-90 ) , and it follows that the elementary charge is also an exact defined value in this unit system . Specifically , exactly . SI itself may someday change its definitions in a similar way . For example , one possible proposed redefinition is `` the ampere ... is [ defined ] such that the value of the elementary charge e ( charge on a proton ) is exactly `` , ( in which the numeric value is the 2006 CODATA recommended value , since superseded ) . This proposal is not yet accepted as part of the SI ; the SI definitions are unlikely to change until at least 2015 . \n \n In everyday terms \n \n * The charges in static electricity from rubbing materials together are typically a few microcoulombs . \n * The amount of charge that travels through a lightning bolt is typically around 15 C , although large bolts can be up to 350 C . \n *", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4, "text": "coulomb" } ], "id": "sfq_15727--Coulomb.txt", "qid": "sfq_15727", "question": "What is the SI unit of Electrical Charge?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Maurice Harold Macmillan , 1st Earl of Stockton , ( 10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986 ) was a British Conservative politician and statesman who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 January 1957 to 19 October 1963 . Nicknamed `` Supermac , '' he was known for his pragmatism , wit and unflappability . \n \n Macmillan served in the Grenadier Guards during the First World War . He was wounded three times , most severely in September 1916 during the Battle of the Somme . He spent the rest of the war in a military hospital unable to walk , and suffered pain and partial immobility for the rest of his life . After the war Macmillan joined his family business , then entered Parliament in the 1924 General Election , for the northern industrial constituency of Stockton-on-Tees . After losing his seat in 1929 , he regained it in 1931 , soon after which he spoke out against the high rate of unemployment in Stockton-On-Tees , and against appeasement . \n \n Rising to high office during the Second World War as a protégé of wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Macmillan then served as Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer under Churchill 's successor Sir Anthony Eden . When Eden resigned in 1957 after the Suez Crisis , Macmillan succeeded him as Prime Minister . \n \n As a One Nation Tory of the Disraelian tradition , haunted by memories of the Great Depression , he believed in the post-war settlement and the necessity of a mixed economy , championing a Keynesian strategy of public investment to maintain demand and pursuing corporatist policies to develop the domestic market as the engine of growth . Benefiting from favourable international conditions , he presided over an age of affluence , marked by low unemployment and high if uneven growth . In his Bedford speech in July 1957 he told the nation they had 'never had it so good ' , but warned of the dangers of inflation , summing up the fragile prosperity of the 1950s . The Conservatives were re-elected in 1959 with an increased majority on an electioneering budget . \n \n In international affairs , Macmillan rebuilt the special relationship with the United States from the wreckage of the Suez Crisis ( of which he had been one of the architects ) , and redrew the world map by decolonising sub-Saharan Africa . Reconfiguring the nation 's defences to meet the realities of the nuclear age , he ended National Service , strengthened the nuclear forces by acquiring Polaris , and pioneered the Nuclear Test Ban with the United States and the Soviet Union . Belatedly recognising the dangers of strategic dependence , he sought a new role for Britain in Europe , but his unwillingness to disclose United States nuclear secrets to France contributed to a French veto of the United Kingdom 's entry into the European Economic Community . \n \n Near the end of his premiership , his government was rocked by the Vassall and Profumo scandals , which seemed to symbolise for the rebellious youth of the 1960s the moral decay of the British establishment . After his resignation , Macmillan lived out a long retirement as an elder statesman . He was as trenchant a critic of his successors in his old age as he had been of his predecessors in his youth . \n \n Macmillan was the last British prime minister born in the reign of Queen Victoria , the last to have served in the First World War , the last to wear a moustache when in office , and the last to receive an hereditary peerage . \n \n Early life \n \n Family \n \n Macmillan was born at 52 Cadogan Place in Chelsea , London , to Maurice Crawford Macmillan ( 1853–1936 ) , a publisher , and his wife , the former Helen ( Nellie ) Artie Tarleton Belles ( 1856–1937 ) , an artist and socialite from Spencer , Indiana . He had two brothers , Daniel , eight years his senior , and Arthur , four years his senior . His paternal grandfather , Daniel MacMillan ( 1813–1857 ) , who founded Macmillan publishing , was the son of a Scottish crofter from Isle of Arran . \n \n Schooling \n \n Macmillan claimed to remember Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee , which occurred in 1897 , but his memory seems to his biographer suspiciously similar to Philip Guedalla 's account . He remembered Queen Victoria ’ s funeral , the Relief of Mafeking and the victory of the “ gallant little Japs ” against the Russians at Tsushima . \n \n Macmillan received an", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "maurice harold macmillan" } ], "id": "sfq_24625--Harold_Macmillan.txt", "qid": "sfq_24625", "question": "Which politician succeeded Anthony Eden as Foreign Secretary in April 1955, and then became Chancellor of the Exchequer in December of the same year?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Dismaland was a temporary art project organised by street artist Banksy , constructed in the seaside resort town of Weston-super-Mare in Somerset , England . Prepared in secret , the pop-up exhibition at the Tropicana , a disused lido , was `` a sinister twist on Disneyland '' that opened during the weekend of 21 August 2015 and closed permanently on September 27 , 2015 , 36 days later . Banksy described it as a `` family theme park unsuitable for children . '' \n \n Banksy created ten new works and funded the construction of the exhibition himself . The show featured 58 artists of the 60 Banksy originally invited to participate . 4,000 tickets were available for purchase per day , priced at £3 each . \n \n Development \n \n Local residents of Weston-super-Mare were told that a Hollywood company called Atlas Entertainment was using the location to film a crime thriller called Grey Fox . Signs proclaiming `` Grey Fox Productions '' were posted around entrances to the site . Pictures of its construction began surfacing online in early August 2015 , and included a `` fairy castle and massive sculptures '' . Holly Cushing , whose name appeared in the credits of a documentary about Banksy and who is often reported to be his manager , was sighted at the construction site before the opening , which contributed to the decline of its status as `` secret '' . \n \n Works \n \n Among the structures photographed prior to the opening were a large pinwheel by Banksy , Horse Scaffolding Sculpture by Ben Long , and a twisted truck sculpture , Big Rig Jig by artist Mike Ross which was previously shown at Burning Man in 2007 . Works by 58 artists , including Jenny Holzer , Damien Hirst , Jimmy Cauty and Bill Barminski were featured in the park . Banksy said he contacted the `` best artists I could imagine , '' to exhibit , with two artists turning him down . \n \n Art Historian Dr Gavin Grindon from the University of Essex curated Dismaland 's political exhibits , including a bus housing collection of dangerous and violent objects ( from homeless spikes to riot shields and rubber bullets ) under the banner of 'Cruel Designs ' . \n \n For one exhibit , the books of Jeffrey Archer , Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare , a British criminal , novelist and former politician , were burned each day in a fire pit . Every one of the estimated 150,000 visitors to the park entered through a fake cardboard security check point created by artist Bill Barminski . \n \n On Fridays there were scheduled performances by musicians including Run the Jewels , De La Soul , Damon Albarn , and Pussy Riot . \n \n Contributors \n \n * Shadi Alzaqzouq \n * The Astronaut 's Caravan \n * Tammam Azzam \n * Banksy \n * Ronit Baranga \n * Bill Barminski \n * Michael Beitz \n * Huda Beydoun \n * Block9 \n * Julie Burchill \n * Fares Cachoux \n * Dorcas Casey \n * Jimmy Cauty \n * Caitlin Cherry \n * Darren Cullen \n * Brock Davis \n * Tinsel Edwards \n * El Teneen \n * Escif \n * Espo \n * Zaria Foreman \n * Jeff Gillette \n * Ed Hall \n * Greg Haberny \n * Neta Harari Navon \n * Jessica Harrison \n * Damien Hirst \n * Jenny Holzer \n * Scott Hove \n * Andreas Hykade \n * Severija Inčirauskaitė-Kriaunevičienė \n * Paul Insect & BAST \n * James Joyce \n * Peter Kennard & Cat Phillips \n * Josh Keyes \n * Laura Lancaster \n * Maskull Lasserre \n * Jani Leinonen \n * Ben Long \n * Lush \n * Kate MacDowell \n * Lee Madgwick \n * Suliman Mansour \n * Caroline McCarthy \n * Polly Morgan \n * Leigh Mulley \n * Sami Musa \n * Mana Neyestani \n * Paco Pomet \n * Joanna Pollonais \n * Pure Evil \n * Mike Ross \n * Amir Schiby \n * Barry Reigate \n * David Shrigley \n * Axel Void \n * Nettie Wakefield \n * Wasted Rita \n * Dietrich Wegner \n * Villaraco \n \n – Source : \n \n Alzaqzouq later covered up his work with bed sheets in protest of the presence of Israeli artists . He was banned from the park but his covered work remained in Dismaland . Banksy later resolved the issue and the work was uncovered again . \n \n Reception \n \n High demand for tickets to the exhibition caused the Dismaland website to crash repeatedly . Some wondered whether or not this was deliberately contrived by Banksy", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 65, "text": "banksy" } ], "id": "bb_6281--Dismaland.txt", "qid": "bb_6281", "question": "'Dismaland' was the temporary theme park/exhibition of which famous 'anonymous' artist?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Nikollë Bojaxhiu ( – ) was an Albanian businessman , benefactor , politician and the father of the Roman Catholic nun Mother Teresa . His company constructed the first theater of Üsküb ( now Skopje ) and participated in the development of the railway line that connected Kosovo with Skopje – a project which he personally financed . \n \n An active Albanian rights activist , he was also the only Catholic to be elected to the city council of Skopje . Bojaxhiu died in 1919 in obscure circumstances , which led to reports that attributed his death to poisoning by Serbian agents . His children included Lazar , and Agnes Bojaxhiu ( Mother Teresa ) . \n \n Life \n \n \n Born in Prizren in Kosovo in 1874 , Bojaxhiu moved to Skopje in the Kosovo Vilayet ( present-day Macedonia ) after 1900 , where he first worked as a pharmacist and later became a partner in a construction company . He was a polyglot ; as well as Albanian he also spoke French , Italian , Macedonian , Serbo-Croat and Turkish . In the early 1900s , he married Dranafile Bernai with whom he had three children : Aga ( b . 1905 ) , Lazar ( b . 1908 ) and Agnes ( b . 1910 ) , with the latter becoming later better known as Mother Teresa . Nikollë Bojaxhiu 's company constructed the city 's first theater and part of the railway line that connected Skopje with the region of Kosovo . He was also the owner of a wholesale food company and the only Roman Catholic member of the city council of Skopje . \n \n On the day of the Albanian Declaration of Independence ( November 28 , 1912 ) he hosted a meeting that was attended by Bajram Curri and Hasan Prishtina among others . After the region 's incorporation into Serbia , Bojaxhiu joined various Albanian rights political organizations . He died in 1919 , a few hours after he returned from a political meeting in Belgrade . Several biographers have attributed his death to poisoning by Serbian agents . The location , purpose and participants of the meeting remain unknown . His son Lazar considered the theory of poisoning to be a certainty , while his daughter Agnes described it as unconfirmed . \n \n His funeral process was attended by large numbers of people and representative of all the religious communities . As a sign of respect , that day all school children were given dedicatory handkerchiefs and jewellers ' shops remained closed . After his death , his partner appropriated the entirety of their companies ' assets and left nothing to his widow and offspring . \n \n Ethnicity controversy \n \n In 2003 Albanian scholar Aurel Plasari argued that Nikollë Bojaxhiu could have been of Aromanian origin , mainly based on a document , found by Macedonian author Stojan Trencevski , which asserted that Mr. Bojaxhiu was , at some point , the representative of the Aromanian community of Skopje . However this hypothesis has been rejected by scholar Albert Ramaj , who , based on the testimony of a contemporary , Lalush Lalevski , argues that the representative of the Aromanian community at the time , whose last name was Boiadjijev , was another person , and entirely unrelated to Nikollë Bojaxhiu . Ramaj 's position was later endorsed by scholars Ukshini and Xhufi . \n \n Sources", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 613, "text": "agnes bojaxhiu" } ], "id": "bb_6369--Nikollë_Bojaxhiu.txt", "qid": "bb_6369", "question": "Of Albanian descent, by what name is 1979 Nobel Prizewinner Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu better known?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "James Ramsay MacDonald , FRS ( 12 October 1866 - 9 November 1937 ) was a British statesman who was the first Labour Party Prime Minister , leading a Labour Government in 1924 , a Labour Government from 1929 to 1931 , and a National Government from 1931 to 1935 . His reputation has oscillated dramatically . He first established himself as the intellectual leader of the Labour Party before 1914 , but was widely denounced for his anti-war position during the First World War . Widespread disillusionment with the result of the war led to his rehabilitation in the 1920s , and he was widely applauded for his moderation as the first Labour Prime Minister . In his last role 1931-35 he broke from his party and led a primarily Conservative coalition ; Labourites bitterly denounced him as a traitor to their cause . Political activists attacked him for supporting appeasement of Hitler 's Germany . Since the late 1970s historians have rehabilitated his reputation , emphasising his role as a forerunner of the political realignments of the 1990s and 2000s . \n \n Historians credit MacDonald , along with Keir Hardie and Arthur Henderson , as one of the three principal founders of the Labour Party . His speeches , pamphlets and books made him an important theoretician , but he played an even more important role as Leader of the Labour Party . He entered Parliament in 1906 and was the Chairman of the Labour MPs from 1911 to 1914 . His opposition to the First World War made him unpopular , and he was defeated in 1918 . The antiwar mood of the 1920s made him a heroic figure and he returned to Parliament in 1922 , as his party replaced the Liberal Party as the second-largest party . \n \n His first government—formed with Liberal support—in 1924 lasted nine months , but was defeated at the 1924 General Election when the electorate punished Labour over mishandling the Campbell case . Nevertheless his short term demonstrated that the Labour party was sufficiently competent and well organised to run the government . \n \n MacDonald heavily emphasized foreign policy ; he initially put his faith in the League of Nations . However by the early 1930s he felt that the internal cohesion of the British Empire , a protective tariff , and an independent British defence programme would be the wisest policy . Nevertheless budget pressures , and a strong popular pacifist sentiment , forced a reduction in the military and naval budgets . Labour returned to power—this time as the largest party—in 1929 but was soon overwhelmed by the crisis of the Great Depression , in which the Labour government was split by demands for public spending cuts to preserve the Gold Standard . In 1931 , MacDonald formed a National Government in which only two of his Labour colleagues agreed to serve . His majority came from the Conservatives . He abandoned the gold standard and called a general election in 1931 seeking a `` doctor 's mandate '' to do whatever necessary to fix the economy . MacDonald 's National coalition won a smashing landslide and the Labour Party was reduced to a rump of around 50 seats in the House of Commons . MacDonald remained Prime Minister of the National Government from 1931 to 1935 ; during this time his health rapidly deteriorated and he became increasingly ineffective as a leader . He stood down as Prime Minister in 1935 , but stayed in the Cabinet as Lord President of the Council until retiring from the government in 1937 . \n \n Early life \n \n Lossiemouth \n \n MacDonald was born at Gregory Place , Lossiemouth , Morayshire , Scotland , the illegitimate son of John MacDonald , a farm labourer , and Anne Ramsay , a housemaid . Although registered at birth as James McDonald ( sic ) Ramsay , he was known as Jaimie MacDonald . Illegitimacy could be a serious handicap in 19th century Presbyterian Scotland , but in the north and northeast farming communities , this was less of a problem ; in 1868 a report of the Royal Commission on the Employment of Children , Young Persons and Women in Agriculture noted that the illegitimacy rate was around 15 % . His mother had worked as a domestic servant at Claydale farm , near Alves , where her future husband was also employed . They were to have been married , but the wedding never took place , either because the couple quarrelled and chose not to marry , or because Anne 's mother , Isabella Ramsay , stepped in to prevent her daughter from marrying a man she deemed unsuitable . \n \n Ramsay MacDonald received", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "wh_4230--Ramsay_MacDonald.txt", "qid": "wh_4230", "question": "Who was the first British Labour Prime Minister to serve for a full parliamentary term ?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Slovenia ( ; ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : , abbr . : RS ) , is a nation state in southern Central Europe , located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the south and southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . It covers 20273 km2 and has a population of 2.06 million . It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations , European Union , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . \n \n The territory is mostly mountainous with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral that has a sub-Mediterranean climate and the north-western area that has an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . \n \n The Slavic , Germanic , Romance , and Hungarian languages meet here . Although the population is not homogeneous , the majority is Slovene . Slovene is the official language throughout the country . Slovenia is a largely secularized country , but its culture and identity have been significantly influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism . The economy of Slovenia is small , open , and export-oriented and has been strongly influenced by international conditions . It has been severely hurt by the Eurozone crisis , started in the late 2000s . The main economic field is services , followed by industry and construction . \n \n Historically , the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations , including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , followed by the Habsburg Monarchy . In October 1918 , the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the internationally unrecognized State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . The Slovenians mostly wanted to be with Germany and Austria , but merged that December with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . During World War II , Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany , Italy , and Hungary , with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi puppet state . Afterward , it was a founding member of the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia , later renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , a communist state which was the only country in the Eastern Bloc never a part of the Warsaw Pact . In June 1991 , after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy , Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country . In 2004 , it entered NATO and the European Union ; in 2007 became the first former Communist country to join the Eurozone ; and in 2010 joined the OECD , a global association of high-income developed countries . \n \n History \n \n Prehistory to Slavic settlement \n \n History \n \n Present-day Slovenia has been inhabited since prehistoric times , and there is evidence of human habitation from around 250,000 years ago . A pierced cave bear bone , dating from 43100 ± 700 BP , found in 1995 in Divje Babe cave near Cerkno , is possibly the oldest musical instrument discovered in the world . In the 1920s and 1930s , artifacts belonging to the Cro-Magnon such as pierced bones , bone points , and needle were found by archaeologist Srečko Brodar in Potok Cave . \n \n In 2002 , remains of pile dwellings over 4,500 years old were discovered in the Ljubljana Marshes , now protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , along with the Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel , the oldest wooden wheel in the world . It shows that wooden wheels appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe . In the transition period between the Bronze age to the Iron age , the Urnfield culture flourished . Archaeological remains dating from the Hallstatt period have been found , particularly in southeastern Slovenia , among them a number of situlas in Novo Mesto , the `` Town of Situlas '' . In the Iron Age , present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Illyrian and Celtic tribes until the 1st century BC . \n \n Ancient Romans", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2355, "text": "yugo" } ], "id": "qg_1920--Slovenia.txt", "qid": "qg_1920", "question": "On June 25, 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence from what country?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Andy Warhol ( ; born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 – February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , celebrity culture , and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s . \n \n After a successful career as a commercial illustrator , Warhol became a renowned and sometimes controversial artist . His art used many types of media , including hand drawing , painting , printmaking , photography , silk screening , sculpture , film , and music . His studio , The Factory , was a well known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He managed and produced The Velvet Underground , a rock band which had a strong influence on the evolution of punk rock music . He founded Interview magazine and was the author of numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement , and he is credited with coining the widely used expression `` 15 minutes of fame '' . \n \n Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films . The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives , is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist . Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable . The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US $ 105 million for a 1963 canvas titled `` Silver Car Crash ( Double Disaster ) '' ; his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold . A 2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the `` bellwether of the art market '' . \n \n Early life and beginnings ( 1928–49 ) \n \n Warhol was born on August 6 , 1928 in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola ( Americanized as Andrew Warhola , Sr. , 1889–1942 ) and Julia ( née Zavacká , 1892–1972 ) , whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S . \n \n His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó ( now called Miková ) , located in today 's northeastern Slovakia , part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire . Warhol 's father emigrated to the United States in 1914 , and his mother joined him in 1921 , after the death of Warhol 's grandparents . Warhol 's father worked in a coal mine . The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh . The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church . Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol ( Paul ) , the oldest , was born before the family emigrated ; Ján was born in Pittsburgh . Pavol 's son , James Warhola , became a successful children 's book illustrator . \n \n In third grade , Warhol had Sydenham 's chorea ( also known as St. Vitus ' Dance ) , the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities , which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness . He became a hypochondriac , developing a fear of hospitals and doctors . Often bedridden as a child , he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother . At times when he was confined to bed , he drew , listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed . Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality , skill-set and preferences . When Warhol was 13 , his father died in an accident . \n \n As a teenager , Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945 . After graduating from high school , his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher , but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh , where he studied commercial art . During his time there , Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club and Beaux Arts Society . He also served as art director of the student art magazine , Cano , illustrating a cover in 1948 and a", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 161, "text": "pop" } ], "id": "qw_2331--Andy_Warhol.txt", "qid": "qw_2331", "question": "Andy Warhol is associated with what sort of art?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The mutiny on the Royal Navy vessel occurred in the south Pacific on 28 April 1789 . Disaffected crewmen , led by Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian , seized control of the ship from their captain Lieutenant William Bligh and set him and 18 loyalists adrift in the ship 's open launch . The mutineers variously settled on Tahiti or on Pitcairn Island . Bligh meanwhile completed a voyage of more than 3500 nmi in the launch to reach safety , and began the process of bringing the mutineers to justice . \n \n Bounty had left England in 1787 on a mission to collect and transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to the West Indies . A five-month layover in Tahiti , during which many of the men lived ashore and formed relationships with native Polynesians , proved harmful to discipline . Relations between Bligh and his crew deteriorated after he began handing out increasingly harsh punishments , criticism and abuse , Christian being a particular target . After three weeks back at sea , Christian and others forced Bligh from the ship . Twenty-five men remained on board afterwards , including loyalists held against their will and others for whom there was no room in the launch . \n \n Bligh reached England in April 1790 , whereupon the Admiralty despatched HMS Pandora to apprehend the mutineers . Fourteen were captured in Tahiti and imprisoned on board Pandora , which then searched without success for Christian 's party that had hidden on Pitcairn Island . After turning back toward England , Pandora ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef , with the loss of 31 crew and 4 prisoners from Bounty . The 10 surviving detainees reached England in June 1792 and were court martialled ; 4 were acquitted , 3 were pardoned , and 3 were hanged . \n \n Christian 's group remained undiscovered on Pitcairn until 1808 , by which time only one mutineer , John Adams , remained alive . Almost all his fellow mutineers , including Christian , had been killed , either by each other or by their Polynesian companions . No action was taken against Adams ; descendants of the mutineers and their Tahitian consorts live on Pitcairn into the 21st century . The generally accepted view of Bligh as an overbearing monster and Christian as a tragic victim of circumstances , as depicted in well-known film accounts , has been challenged by late 20th- and 21st-century historians from whom a more sympathetic picture of Bligh has emerged . \n \n Background \n \n Bounty and her mission \n \n His Majesty 's Armed Vessel ( HMAV ) Bounty , or HMS Bounty , was built in 1784 at the Blaydes shipyard in Hull , Yorkshire as a collier named Bethia . She was renamed after being purchased by the Royal Navy for £1,950 in May 1787 . She was three-masted , 91 ft long overall and 25 ft across at her widest point , and registered at 230 tons burthen . Her armament was four short four-pounder carriage guns and ten half-pounder swivel guns , supplemented by small arms such as muskets . As she was rated by the Admiralty as a cutter , the smallest category of warship , her commander would be a lieutenant rather than a post-captain and would be the only commissioned officer on board . Nor did a cutter warrant the usual detachment of Marines that naval commanders used to enforce their authority . \n \n Bounty had been acquired to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti ( then rendered `` Otaheite '' ) , a Polynesian island in the south Pacific , to the British colonies in the West Indies . The expedition was promoted by the Royal Society and organised by its president Sir Joseph Banks , who shared the view of Caribbean plantation owners that breadfruit might grow well there and provide cheap food for the slaves . Bounty was refitted under Banks 's supervision at Deptford Dockyard on the River Thames . The great cabin , normally the ship 's captain 's quarters , was converted into a greenhouse for over a thousand potted breadfruit plants , with glazed windows , skylights , and a lead-covered deck and drainage system to prevent the waste of fresh water . The space required for these arrangements in the small ship meant that the crew and officers would endure severe overcrowding for the duration of the long voyage . \n \n Bligh \n \n With Banks 's agreement , command of the expedition was given to Lieutenant William Bligh , whose experiences included Captain James Cook 's third and final voyage ( 1776–80 ) in which he had served as sailing master , or chief navigator ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qb_10057--Mutiny_on_the_Bounty.txt", "qid": "qb_10057", "question": "After the ‘Mutiny on the Bounty’ Captain Bligh and several of his crew were set afloat in a small boat in which they journeyed to which island?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The history of Morocco spans over twelve centuries – since the establishment of the first Moroccan state by the Idrisid dynasty , without taking classical antiquity into consideration . \n \n Archaeological evidence has shown that the area was inhabited by hominids at least 400,000 years ago . The recorded history of Morocco begins with the Phoenician colonization of the Moroccan coast between the 8th and 6th centuries BC , although the area was inhabited by indigenous Berbers for some two thousand years before that . In the 5th century BC , the city-state of Carthage extended its hegemony over the coastal areas . They remained there until the late 3rd century BC , while the hinterland was ruled by indigenous monarchs . Indigenous Berber monarchs ruled the territory from the 3rd century BC until 40 AD , when it was annexed to the Roman Empire . In the mid-5th century AD , it was overrun by Vandals , before being recovered by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century . \n \n The region was conquered by the Muslims in the early 8th century AD , but broke away from the Umayyad Caliphate after the Berber Revolt of 740 . Half a century later , the Moroccan state was established by the Idrisid dynasty . Under the Almoravid and the Almohad dynasties , Morocco dominated the Maghreb and Muslim Spain . The Saadi dynasty ruled the country from 1549 to 1659 , followed by the Alaouites from 1667 onwards , who have since been the ruling dynasty of Morocco . \n \n In 1912 , after the First Moroccan Crisis and the Agadir Crisis , the Treaty of Fez was signed , dividing Morocco into French and Spanish protectorates . In 1956 , after 44 years of French rule , Morocco regained independence from France , and shortly afterward regained most of the territories under Spanish control . \n \n Prehistoric Morocco \n \n Archaeological excavations have demonstrated the presence of people in Morocco that were ancestral to Homo sapiens , as well as the presence of early human species . The fossilized bones of a 400,000-year-old early human ancestor were discovered in Salé in 1971 . The bones of several very early Homo sapiens were discovered at Jebel Irhoud in 1991 , that were found to be at least 160,000 years old . In 2007 , small perforated seashell beads were discovered in Taforalt that are 82,000 years old , making them the earliest known evidence of personal adornment found anywhere in the world . \n \n In Mesolithic times , between 20,000 and 5000 years ago , the geography of Morocco resembled a savanna more than the present arid landscape . While little is known of settlements in Morocco during that period , excavations elsewhere in the Maghreb region have suggested an abundance of game and forests that would have been hospitable to Mesolithic hunters and gatherers , such as those of the Capsian culture . \n \n In the Neolithic period , which followed the Mesolithic , the savanna was occupied by hunters and herders . The culture of these Neolithic hunters and herders flourished until the region began to desiccate after 5000 BC as a result of climatic changes . The coastal regions of present-day Morocco in the early Neolithic shared in the Cardium Pottery culture that was common to the entire Mediterranean region . Archaeological excavations have suggested that the domestication of cattle and the cultivation of crops both occurred in the region during that period . In the Chalcolithic period , or the copper age , the Beaker culture reached the north coast of Morocco . \n \n Early history \n \n Phoenicians and Carthaginians ( c. 800 – c. 300 BC ) \n \n The arrival of Phoenicians on the Moroccan coast heralded many centuries of rule by foreign powers in the north of Morocco . Phoenician traders penetrated the western Mediterranean before the 8th century BC , and soon after set up depots for salt and ore along the coast and up the rivers of the territory of present-day Morocco . Major early settlements of the Phoenicians included those at Chellah , Lixus and Mogador . Mogador is known to have been a Phoenician colony by the early 6th century BC . \n \n By the 5th century BC , the state of Carthage had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa . Carthage developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes of the interior , and paid them an annual tribute to ensure their cooperation in the exploitation of raw materials . \n \n Roman and sub-Roman Morocco ( c. 300 BC – c. 430 AD ) \n \n Mauretania was an independent tribal Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1623, "text": "1956" } ], "id": "bb_440--History_of_Morocco.txt", "qid": "bb_440", "question": "In which year did Morocco gain its independence from France?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Universe is all of time and space and its contents . It includes planets , moons , minor planets , stars , galaxies , the contents of intergalactic space , and all matter and energy . The observable universe is about 28 e9pc in diameter . The size of the entire Universe is unknown , but there are many hypotheses about the composition and evolution of the Universe . \n \n The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric , placing the Earth at the center of the Universe . Over the centuries , more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473–1543 ) to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System . In developing the law of universal gravitation , Sir Isaac Newton ( NS : 1643–1727 ) built upon Copernicus 's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe ( 1546–1601 ) and Johannes Kepler 's ( 1571–1630 ) laws of planetary motion . Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy and is one of many solar systems and galaxies . It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions , meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center . Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate . The majority of mass in the Universe appears to exist in an unknown form called dark matter . \n \n The Big Bang theory , the prevailing cosmological model describing the development of the Universe , states that space and time were created in the Big Bang and were given a fixed amount of energy and matter that becomes less dense as space expands . After the initial expansion , the Universe cooled , allowing the first subatomic particles to form and then simple atoms . Giant clouds later merged through gravity to form stars . Assuming that the standard model of the Big Bang theory is correct , the age of the Universe is measured to be . \n \n There are many competing hypotheses about the ultimate fate of the Universe and about what , if anything , preceded the Big Bang , while other physicists and philosophers refuse to speculate , doubting that information about prior states will ever be accessible . Some physicists have suggested various multiverse hypotheses , in which the Universe might be one among many universes that likewise exist . \n \n Definition \n \n The Universe can be defined as everything that exists , everything that has existed , and everything that will exist . According to our current understanding , the Universe consists of spacetime , forms of energy ( including electromagnetic radiation and matter ) , and the physical laws that relate them . The Universe encompasses all of life , all of history , and some philosophers and scientists suggest that it even encompasses ideas such as mathematics and logic . \n \n Etymology \n \n The word universe derives from the Old French word univers , which in turn derives from the Latin word universum . The Latin word was used by Cicero and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern English word is used . \n \n Synonyms \n \n A term for `` universe '' among the ancient Greek philosophers from Pythagoras onwards was tò pân ( `` the all '' ) , defined as all matter and all space , and tò hólon ( `` all things '' ) , which did not necessarily include the void . Another synonym was ( meaning the world , the cosmos ) . Synonyms are also found in Latin authors ( totum , mundus , natura ) and survive in modern languages , e.g. , the German words Das All , Weltall , and Natur for Universe . The same synonyms are found in English , such as everything ( as in the theory of everything ) , the cosmos ( as in cosmology ) , the world ( as in the many-worlds interpretation ) , and nature ( as in natural laws or natural philosophy ) . \n \n Chronology and the Big Bang \n \n The prevailing model for the evolution of the Universe is the Big Bang theory . The Big Bang model states that the earliest state of the Universe was extremely hot and dense and that it subsequently expanded . The model is based on general relativity and on simplifying assumptions such as homogeneity and isotropy of space . A version of the model with", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1177, "text": "mly" } ], "id": "tc_3132--Universe.txt", "qid": "tc_3132", "question": "What units are used for measuring distances in the universe?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Goodbye , Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher , Mr. Chipping , written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934 . The novel has been adapted into two films and two television adaptations . \n \n History \n \n The story was originally issued in 1933 , as a supplement to the British Weekly , an evangelical newspaper ; but came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of The Atlantic . The success of the Atlantic Monthly publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little , Brown and Company , who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934 . The Great Depression had elevated business risks for most publishing houses , and Little , Brown were no exception . They cautiously released a small first print run . Public demand for more was immediate , and Little , Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month . Public demand remained strong , and Little , Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months , with at least two reprintings per month . \n \n The first British edition went to press in October 1934 . The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton , who had observed the success of the book in the United States , and they released a much larger first print run . But they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public 's demand for the book proved insatiable . With the huge success of this book , James Hilton became a best-selling author . \n \n Plot summary \n \n The novella tells the story of a beloved schoolteacher , Mr. Chipping , and his forty-three-year tenure at Brookfield Grammar School , a fictional second-rate British boys ’ public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield , in the Fenlands . Mr. Chips , as the boys call him , is conventional in his beliefs , and exercises firm discipline in the classroom . His views broaden and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine , a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District . Katherine charms the Brookfield faculty and headmaster and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield 's students . Despite Chipping 's mediocre credentials and his view that Greek and Latin ( his academic subjects ) are dead languages , he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by students and by the school 's governors . In his later years , he develops an arch sense of humor that pleases everyone . \n \n Although the book is unabashedly sentimental , it also depicts the sweeping social changes that Chips experiences throughout his life : he begins his tenure at Brookfield in September 1870 , at the age of 22 , as the Franco-Prussian War was breaking out ; he lies on his deathbed at the age of 85 in November 1933 , shortly after Adolf Hitler 's rise to power . \n \n Inspiration \n \n The setting for Goodbye Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School , Cambridge , where James Hilton was a pupil ( 1915–18 ) . Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist , Mr. Chips , came from many sources , including his father , who was the headmaster of Chapel End School . Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie , one of the masters at The Leys ( 1900–30 ) , who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly ( in which Hilton 's first short stories and essays were published ) . Over the years , old boys wrote to Geoffery Houghton , a master of The Leys for a number of years and a historian of the school , confirming the links between Chipping and Balgarnie , who eventually died at Porthmadog at the age of 82 . Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby . Like Mr. Chips , Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian , but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits . \n \n Hilton wrote upon Balgarnie 's death that `` Balgarnie was , I suppose , the chief model for my story . When I read so many other stories about public school life , I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did , and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie . '' The mutton chop side", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "james hilton" } ], "id": "wh_376--Goodbye,_Mr._Chips.txt", "qid": "wh_376", "question": "\"Which Lancashire novelist, who came from Leigh, wrote the novels \"\"Goodbye Mr Chips\"\", \"\"Random Harvest\"\" and \"\"Lost Horizon\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3 . It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite ( most notably as limestone ) and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms , snails , and eggs . Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale . It is medicinally used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid , but excessive consumption can be hazardous . \n \n Chemistry \n \n Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates . Notably , \n * it reacts with acids , releasing carbon dioxide : \n CaCO3 ( s ) + 2H+ ( aq ) → Ca2+ ( aq ) + CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) \n * it releases carbon dioxide upon heating , called a thermal decomposition reaction , or calcination , ( to above 840 °C in the case of CaCO3 ) , to form calcium oxide , commonly called quicklime , with reaction enthalpy 178 kJ / mole : \n CaCO3 ( s ) → CaO ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) \n \n Calcium carbonate will react with water that is saturated with carbon dioxide to form the soluble calcium bicarbonate . \n CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca ( HCO3 ) 2 \n \n This reaction is important in the erosion of carbonate rock , forming caverns , and leads to hard water in many regions . \n \n An unusual form of calcium carbonate is the hexahydrate , ikaite , CaCO3·6H2O . Ikaite is stable only below 6 °C . \n \n Preparation \n \n The vast majority of calcium carbonate used in industry is extracted by mining or quarrying . Pure calcium carbonate ( e.g . for food or pharmaceutical use ) , can be produced from a pure quarried source ( usually marble ) . \n \n Alternatively , calcium carbonate is prepared from calcium oxide . Water is added to give calcium hydroxide then carbon dioxide is passed through this solution to precipitate the desired calcium carbonate , referred to in the industry as precipitated calcium carbonate ( PCC ) : \n \n CaO + H2O → Ca ( OH ) 2 \n { Ca ( OH ) 2 } + CO2 - > CaCO3 ( v ) + H2O \n \n Structure \n \n The thermodynamically stable form of CaCO3 under normal conditions is hexagonal β-CaCO3 , ( the mineral calcite ) . Other forms can be prepared , the denser , ( 2.83 g/cc ) orthorhombic λ-CaCO3 ( the mineral aragonite ) and μ-CaCO3 , occurring as the mineral vaterite . The aragonite form can be prepared by precipitation at temperatures above 85 °C , the vaterite form can be prepared by precipitation at 60 °C . Calcite contains calcium atoms coordinated by 6 oxygen atoms , in aragonite they are coordinated by 9 oxygen atoms . The vaterite structure is not fully understood . Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 has the calcite structure , whereas strontium and barium carbonate ( SrCO3 and BaCO3 ) adopt the aragonite structure , reflecting their larger ionic radii . \n \n Occurrence \n \n Geological sources \n \n Calcite , aragonite and vaterite are pure calcium carbonate minerals . Industrially important source rocks which are predominantly calcium carbonate include limestone , chalk , marble and travertine . \n \n Biological sources \n \n Eggshells , snail shells and most seashells are predominantly calcium carbonate and can be used as industrial sources of that chemical . \n Oyster shells have enjoyed recent recognition as a source of dietary calcium , but are also a practical industrial source . While not practical as an industrial source , dark green vegetables such as broccoli and kale contain dietarily significant amounts of calcium carbonate . \n \n Extraterrestrial \n \n Beyond Earth , there is strong evidence that Calcium carbonate was detected on the planet Mars at more than one location ( notably at Gusev and Huygens craters ) , providing evidence for the past presence of liquid water . \n \n Geology \n \n Carbonate is found frequently in geologic settings and constitute an enormous carbon reservoir . Calcium carbonate occurs as aragonite , calcite and dolomite . The carbonate minerals form the rock types : limestone , chalk , marble , travertine , tufa , and others . \n \n In warm , clear tropical waters corals are more abundant than towards the poles where the waters are cold . Calcium carbonate contributors , including plankton ( such as coccoliths and planktic foraminifera ) , coralline algae , sponges", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3030, "text": "chalk" } ], "id": "qf_766--Calcium_carbonate.txt", "qid": "qf_766", "question": "Calcium carbonate is better known as what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Caribbean ( or ; ; ; Caribbean Hindustani : कैरिबियन ( Kairibiyana ) ; or more commonly Antilles ) is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) , and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . \n \n Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region comprises more than 700 islands , islets , reefs , and cays . ( See the list . ) These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea . The Caribbean islands , consisting of the Greater Antilles on the north and the Lesser Antilles on the south and east ( including the Leeward Antilles ) , are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping , which also includes the Lucayan Archipelago ( comprising The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) north of the Greater Antilles and Caribbean Sea . In a wider sense , the mainland countries of Belize , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana are also included . \n \n Geopolitically , the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . While from January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short-lived country called the Federation of the West Indies composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations . \n \n Etymology and pronunciation \n \n The region takes its name from that of the Caribs , an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest . \n \n The two most prevalent pronunciations of `` Caribbean '' are , with the primary accent on the third syllable , and , with the accent on the second . The former pronunciation is the older of the two , although the stressed-second-syllable variant has been established for over 75 years . It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer while North American speakers more typically use , although not all sources agree . Usage is split within Caribbean English itself . \n \n Definition \n \n The word `` Caribbean '' has multiple uses . Its principal ones are geographical and political . The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery , European colonisation , and the plantation system . \n * The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within The Americas . \n * Physiographically , the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea . To the north , the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico , the Straits of Florida , and the Northern Atlantic Ocean , which lies to the east and northeast . To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America . \n * Politically , the `` Caribbean '' may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region . For example , the bloc known as the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , the Republic of Suriname in South America , and Belize in Central America as full members . Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean , are associate members of the Caribbean Community . The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a full member of the Caribbean Community . \n * Alternatively , the organisation called the Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) consists of almost every nation in the surrounding regions that lie on the Caribbean , plus El Salvador , which lies solely on the Pacific Ocean . According to the ACS , the total population of its member states is 227 million people . \n \n Geography and geology \n \n The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies : Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin . These islands include Aruba ( possessing only minor volcanic features ) , Barbados , Bonaire , the Cayman", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_6812--Caribbean.txt", "qid": "sfq_6812", "question": "\"Complete the name of the Caribbean island group, \"\"Antigua and ...\"\"\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Andrew Lloyd Webber , Baron Lloyd-Webber ( born 22 March 1948 ) is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre . \n \n Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway . He has composed 13 musicals , a song cycle , a set of variations , two film scores , and a Latin Requiem Mass . Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals , notably `` The Music of the Night '' from The Phantom of the Opera , `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' from Jesus Christ Superstar , `` Do n't Cry for Me , Argentina '' and `` You Must Love Me '' from Evita , `` Any Dream Will Do '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and `` Memory '' from Cats . \n \n He has received a number of awards , including a knighthood in 1992 , followed by a peerage from Queen Elizabeth II for services to Music , seven Tonys , three Grammys ( as well as the Grammy Legend Award ) , an Academy Award , fourteen Ivor Novello Awards , seven Olivier Awards , a Golden Globe , a Brit Award , the 2006 Kennedy Center Honors , and the 2008 Classic Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . \n \n His company , the Really Useful Group , is one of the largest theatre operators in London . Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions , including national tours , of the Lloyd Webber musicals under licence from the Really Useful Group . Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools London , a performing arts school located in Chiswick , West London . He is involved in a number of charitable activities , including the Elton John AIDS Foundation , Nordoff Robbins , Prostate Cancer UK and War Child . In 1992 he set up the Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation which supports the arts , culture and heritage in the UK . \n \n Early life \n \n Andrew Lloyd Webber was born in Kensington , London , the elder son of William Lloyd Webber ( 1914–1982 ) , a composer and organist , and Jean Hermione Johnstone ( 1921–1993 ) , a violinist and pianist . His younger brother , Julian Lloyd Webber , is a renowned solo cellist . \n \n Lloyd Webber started writing his own music at a young age , a suite of six pieces at the age of nine . He also put on `` productions '' with Julian and his Aunt Viola in his toy theatre ( which he built at Viola 's suggestion ) . Later , he would be the owner of a number of West End theatres , including the Palace . His aunt Viola , an actress , took him to see many of her shows and through the stage door into the world of the theatre . He also had originally set music to Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats at the age of 15 . \n \n In 1965 , Lloyd Webber was a Queen 's Scholar at Westminster School and studied history for a term at Magdalen College , Oxford , although he abandoned the course in Winter 1965 to study at the Royal College of Music and pursue his interest in musical theatre . \n \n Professional career \n \n Early years \n \n Lloyd Webber 's first collaboration with lyricist Tim Rice was The Likes of Us , a musical based on the true story of Thomas John Barnardo . Although composed in 1965 , it was not publicly performed until 2005 , when a production was staged at Lloyd Webber 's Sydmonton Festival . In 2008 , amateur rights were released by the National Operatic and Dramatic Association ( NODA ) in association with the Really Useful Group . The first amateur performance was by a children 's theatre group in Cornwall called `` Kidz R Us '' . Stylistically , The Likes of Us is fashioned after the Broadway musical of the 1940s and 1950s ; it opens with a traditional overture comprising a medley of tunes from the show , and the score reflects some of Lloyd Webber 's early influences , particularly Richard Rodgers , Frederick Loewe , and Lionel Bart . In this respect , it is markedly different from the composer 's later", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_25930--Andrew_Lloyd_Webber.txt", "qid": "sfq_25930", "question": "Which 1989 Andrew Lloyd Weber musical is based on a 1955 novella by David Garnett?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Field of Dreams is a 1989 American fantasy-drama film directed by Phil Alden Robinson , who also wrote the screenplay , adapting W. P. Kinsella 's novel Shoeless Joe . It stars Kevin Costner , Amy Madigan , James Earl Jones , Ray Liotta and Burt Lancaster in his final role . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Original Score , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture . \n \n Plot \n \n Ray Kinsella is a novice Iowa farmer who lives with his wife Annie and daughter Karin . In the opening narration , Ray explains how he had a troubled relationship with his father , John Kinsella , who had been a devoted baseball fan . While walking through his cornfield one evening , Ray hears a voice whispering , `` If you build it , he will come . '' Ray continues hearing the voice before finally seeing a vision of a baseball diamond in his field . Annie is skeptical of his vision , but she allows Ray to plow the corn under in order to build a baseball field . As Ray builds the field , he tells Karin the story of baseball 's 1919 Black Sox Scandal . As months pass and nothing happens at the field , Ray 's family faces financial ruin until , one night , Karin spots a uniformed man in the field . Ray recognizes the man as Shoeless Joe Jackson , a deceased baseball player idolized by Ray 's father . Thrilled to be able to play baseball again , Joe asks to bring others to the field to play . He later returns with the seven other players banned as a result of the 1919 scandal . \n \n Ray 's brother-in-law , Mark , can not see the baseball players and warns Ray that he will go bankrupt unless he replants his crops . While in the field , Ray hears the voice again , this time urging him to `` ease his pain . '' \n \n Ray attends a PTA meeting at which the possible banning of books by radical author Terence Mann is discussed . Ray decides the voice was referring to Mann . Ray comes across a magazine interview dealing with Mann 's childhood dream of playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers . After Ray and Ann both dream about Ray and Mann attending a baseball game together at Fenway Park , Ray convinces his wife that he should seek out Mann . Ray heads to Boston and persuades a reluctant , embittered Mann to attend a game with him at Fenway . While at the ballpark , Ray again hears the voice ; this time urging him to `` go the distance . '' At the same time , the scoreboard `` shows '' statistics for a player named Archibald `` Moonlight '' Graham , who played one game for the New York Giants in 1922 , but never had a turn at bat . After leaving the game , Mann eventually admits that he , too , saw the scoreboard vision . \n \n Ray and Mann then travel to Chisholm , Minnesota where they learn that Graham had become a doctor and had died sixteen years earlier . During a late night walk , Ray finds himself back in 1972 and encounters the then-living `` Doc '' Graham , as he was known , who states that he had moved on from his baseball career . He also tells Ray that the greater disappointment would have been not having a medical career . Graham declines Ray 's invitation to fulfill his dream ; however , during the drive back to Iowa , Ray picks up a young hitchhiker who introduces himself as Archie Graham . While Archie sleeps , Ray reveals to Mann that his father , John , had wanted Ray to live out John 's dream of being a baseball star . Ray stopped playing catch with his father after reading one of Mann 's books at 14 . At 17 , Ray had denounced Shoeless Joe as a criminal to his father and that was the reason for the rift between father and son . Ray expresses regret that he did n't get a chance to make things right before his father died . When the three arrive back at Ray 's farm , they find that enough players have arrived to field two teams . A game is played and Archie finally gets his turn at bat . \n \n The next morning , Mark returns and demands that Ray sell the farm . Karin says that they will not need to sell because people will pay to watch the ball games", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1272, "text": "baseball player" } ], "id": "qw_6962--Field_of_Dreams.txt", "qid": "qw_6962", "question": "\"What sport is featured in the film \"\"Field of Dreams\"\" starring Kevin Costner?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The 2007 ICC World Twenty20 was the inaugural Twenty20 cricket world championship , contested in South Africa from 11 to 24 September 2007 . Twelve teams took part in the thirteen-day tournament—the ten Test-playing nations and the finalists of the 2007 WCL Division One tournament : Kenya and Scotland . India won the tournament , beating Pakistan in the final . \n \n Rules and regulations \n \n During the group stage and Super Eight , points were awarded to the teams as follows : \n \n In case of a tie ( i.e. , both teams score exactly the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings ) , a bowl-out decided the winner . This was applicable in all stages of the tournament . The bowl-out was used to determine the result of only one game in this tournament - the Group D game between India and Pakistan on 14 September ( scorecard ) . \n \n Within each group ( both group stage and Super Eight stage ) , teams were ranked against each other based on the following criteria : \n # Higher number of points \n # If equal , higher number of wins \n # If still equal , higher net run rate \n # If still equal , lower bowling strike rate \n # If still equal , result of head to head meeting . \n \n Qualification \n \n By finishing first and second in the 2007 WCL Division One , Kenya and Scotland qualified for the World Twenty20 . \n \n Squads \n \n Group Stages \n \n The 12 participant teams were divided into four groups of three teams each . The groups were determined based on the rankings of the teams in Twenty20 as of 1 March 2007 . The top two teams from each group went through to the second stage of the tournament . \n \n All times given are South African Standard Time ( UTC+02:00 ) \n \n Group A \n \n Group A saw the only exit of a seeded team when the West Indies were eliminated after losing both their matches . Their first loss came after Chris Gayle 's record 117 runs was not enough to prevent South Africa from winning . \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n Group B \n \n Group B started with World Champions Australia being defeated by Zimbabwe , Brendan Taylor scored 64 ( not out ) and saw the Africans home with one ball to spare . \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n Group C \n \n In the first match Kenya scored the lowest Twenty20 International total of 73 against New Zealand and went on to lose with 12.2 overs and 9 wickets to spare . Kenya 's fate was sealed when they allowed Sri Lanka to post a Twenty20 world record of 260 in the group 's second match . Kenya were then bowled out for 88 and lost by a record 172 runs . \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n Group D \n \n India and Pakistan played in the first ever World Twenty20 bowl-out . India 's bowlers defeated Pakistan 3-0 . \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n Super 8s \n \n This tournament 's Super Eight format was designed such that the top 2 seeds from each group was pre-decided at the start of the tournament . The actual performance of the team in the Group Stage played no role in determining if the team qualified into Super Eight Group E or F. For example , in Group C , though Sri Lanka finished with more points than New Zealand , for the purpose of the Super Eight groupings , New Zealand retained the group 's top seed position ( C1 ) while Sri Lanka retained the group 's second seed position ( C2 ) . \n \n In case a third-seeded team qualified ahead of the two top-seeded teams , it took on the seed of the eliminated team . This only happened in Group A , where Bangladesh ( original seed A3 ) qualified ahead of West Indies ( original seed A2 ) and therefore took on the A2 spot in Group F. The other seven top seeds qualified . \n \n The eight teams were divided into two groups of four teams each . The two top teams from each Super Eight group qualified for the semi-finals . \n \n Group E \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n Group F \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n -- -- \n \n --", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "india" } ], "id": "qw_11768--2007_ICC_World_Twenty20.txt", "qid": "qw_11768", "question": "Which team defeated Pakistan in the 2007 inaugural ICC World Twenty20 cricket tournament?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "House of Fraser is a British department store group with over 60 stores across the United Kingdom and Ireland . It was established in Glasgow , Scotland in 1849 as Arthur and Fraser . By 1891 , it was known as Fraser & Sons . The company grew steadily during the early 20th century , but after the Second World War , a large number of acquisitions would transform the company into a national chain . Between 1936 and 1985 over seventy companies , not including their subsidiaries , were acquired . In 1948 , the company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange , and eventually was included in the FTSE Index before the company was acquired by a consortium of investors including Baugur and Don McCarthy in 2006 . On 2 September 2014 , Don McCarthy , retiring Executive Chairman of House of Fraser , announced the completion of the sale of 100 % of the preferred ordinary shares and B ordinary shares and approximately 89 % of the A ordinary shares and preference shares of Highland Group Holdings Ltd , to Nanjing Xinjiekou Department Store Co , a leading chain of Chinese department stores , for an enterprise value of approximately £480 million . \n \n The company 's acquisitions have included numerous household names , some of which are no longer used as part of the company 's long-term strategy of re-branding its stores under the House of Fraser name . Over the years House of Fraser has purchased a number of famous stores , such as the Army & Navy Stores , Barkers of Kensington , Beatties , Dickins & Jones , Jenners , Howells , Kendals , Rackhams , Binns and Harrods of Knightsbridge ( which is now owned privately ) . D H Evans Oxford Street store in London was rebranded as House of Fraser in 2001 and became the chain 's flagship store . House of Fraser 's largest store is located in Birmingham . \n \n The group has been subject to many attempted takeovers by other companies , such as Boots and Lonrho , but it was the acquisition by Baugur Group in 2006 that brought the ownership of House of Fraser to the public 's attention , and the resulting changes in its ownership , including shareholding by Lloyds Banking Group . \n \n History \n \n The early years \n \n The Company was founded by Hugh Fraser and James Arthur in 1849 as a small drapery shop on the corner of Argyle Street and Buchanan Street in Glasgow , Scotland trading as Arthur and Fraser . \n \n Hugh Fraser had been apprenticed to Stewart & McDonald Ltd , a Glasgow drapery warehouse where he rose to the position of warehouse manager and from where he brought many of initial customers . \n \n James Arthur also owned a retail drapery business in Paisley , near Glasgow : he appointed a manager to oversee the Paisley business while he focused on his new business . \n \n The Company established a wholesale trade in adjoining premises in Argyle Street . In 1856 the wholesale business moved to a larger site in Miller Street , Glasgow and started to trade under the name Arthur & Co . The retail side of the business expanded into the vacant buildings left by the wholesale side . \n \n During the late 1850s and early 1860s the retail business was run by a professional manager – first Thomas Kirkpatrick and then Alexander McLaren . In 1865 the partnership between the partners was dissolved and Fraser assumed control of the retail business leaving Arthur with the wholesale business . In 1865 Alexander McLaren joined the retail business and the name was changed to Fraser & McLaren . \n \n Fraser & Sons \n \n When the first Hugh Fraser died in 1873 , his three eldest sons , James , John and Hugh , acquired stakes in the business . James and John Fraser were initially directors in the business and employed Alexander McLaren and later John Towers to manage it for them . In 1891 Hugh also joined the partnership which by then was called Fraser & Sons . \n \n In 1879 , the current flagship store on Oxford Street in London was opened by Dan Harries Evans , a 23-year-old from Whitemill in Carmarthenshire , Wales who had previously been apprenticed to a draper in Forest hamlet near Merthyr Tydfil , Wales . He moved to London in 1878 to set up his own business in Westminster Bridge Road . The store traded under the D H Evans name until 2001 . \n \n By 1900 , Hugh Fraser II was in charge : he incorporated the business", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1554, "text": "rackhams" } ], "id": "qz_6625--House_of_Fraser.txt", "qid": "qz_6625", "question": "Which company was founded in a draper's shop in Glasgow in 1849?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "High on the Hog is the ninth studio album by Canadian-American rock group the Band , released in 1996 . As with its predecessor , 1993 's Jericho , it relies heavily on cover versions ; only two tracks are original . Songs include Bob Dylan 's `` Forever Young '' ( which was intended as a tribute to Jerry Garcia ) , a live recording of Richard Manuel performing `` She Knows '' , and the closer `` Ramble Jungle '' ( which features vocals by Champion Jack Dupree ) . \n \n Track listing \n \n The European and Japanese pressings of the album included a bonus track , `` Young Blood '' , which only appeared in the US on a tribute album to Doc Pomus and which is the only release by the group to include vocals by multi-instrumentalist Garth Hudson . A 2006 CD release on the U.S. label Titan/Pyramid Records includes two bonus tracks , the first of which is `` Young Blood '' ; the other is the Sam Cooke cover `` Chain Gang '' , which was previously unreleased . \n \n Personnel \n \n * Rick Danko – acoustic and electric bass , acoustic guitar , vocals \n * Levon Helm – drums , bass guitar , harmonica , vocals \n * Garth Hudson – keyboards , soprano , alto , tenor , baritone and bass saxophone , accordion , organ , trumpet , vocals on bonus track `` Young Blood '' \n * Richard Manuel – piano and vocals on `` She Knows '' \n * Jim Weider – guitars , bass guitar \n * Randy Ciarlante – drums , percussion , vocals \n * Richard Bell – piano , keyboards , keyboard bass , horns \n \n ; Additional personnel \n * Tom Malone – trombone , trumpet and baritone saxophone on `` Stand Up '' , `` Free Your Mind '' and `` Ramble Jungle '' \n * Ron Finck – tenor saxophone and flute on `` Stand Up '' , `` Free Your Mind '' and `` Ramble Jungle '' \n * Howard Johnson – baritone saxophone on `` Stand Up '' and `` Free Your Mind '' \n * Blondie Chaplin – acoustic guitar and vocals on `` Crazy Mama '' and `` I Must Love You Too Much '' \n * Colin Linden – acoustic guitar on `` Forever Young '' \n * Larry Packer – violin and viola on `` She Knows '' \n * Frank Luther – string bass on `` She Knows '' \n * Jason Myles – harp emulation and programming on `` She Knows '' \n * Champion Jack Dupree – vocals on `` Ramble Jungle '' \n * Kenn Lending – guitar on `` Ramble Jungle '' \n * Rob Leon – bass guitar on `` Ramble Jungle '' \n * Maud Hudson – backing vocals on `` I Must Love You Too Much '' \n * Marie Spinosa – backing vocals on `` I Must Love You Too Much '' \n * Ian Kimmett – backing vocals on `` I Must Love You Too Much '' \n * Horns arranged by Garth Hudson , Richard Bell , Levon Helm , Aaron Hurwitz and Tom Malone \n * Co-produced and engineered by Aaron Professor Louie Hurwitz", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 78, "text": "band" } ], "id": "odql_11273--High_on_the_Hog_(The_Band_album).txt", "qid": "odql_11273", "question": "\"Which pop group recorded the 1996 album \"\"High on the Hog\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei ( i.e . the same atomic number , Z ) . There are 118 elements that have been identified , of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements . There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes , which decay over time into other elements . Iron is the most abundant element ( by mass ) making up Earth , while oxygen is the most common element in the crust of Earth . \n \n Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe . However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter is only approximately 15 % of the matter in the universe : the remainder is dark matter , the composition of which is unknown , but it is not composed of chemical elements . \n The two lightest elements , hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe . The next three elements ( lithium , beryllium and boron ) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation , and are thus more rare than those that follow . Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis . The high abundance of oxygen , silicon , and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars . Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae , which , when they explode , blast these elements far into space as supernova remnants , where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed . \n \n The term `` element '' is used for a kind of atoms with a given number of protons ( regardless of whether they are or they are not ionized or chemically bonded , e.g . hydrogen in water ) as well as for a pure chemical substance consisting of a single element ( e.g . hydrogen gas ) . For the second meaning , the terms `` elementary substance '' and `` simple substance '' have been suggested , but they have not gained much acceptance in the English-language chemical literature , whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used ( e.g . French corps simple , Russian простое вещество ) . One element can form multiple substances different by their structure ; they are called allotropes of the element . \n \n When different elements are chemically combined , with the atoms held together by chemical bonds , they form chemical compounds . Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals . Among the more common of such `` native elements '' are copper , silver , gold , carbon ( as coal , graphite , or diamonds ) , and sulfur . All but a few of the most inert elements , such as noble gases and noble metals , are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form , as chemical compounds . While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms , most of these occur as mixtures . For example , atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen , oxygen , and argon , and native solid elements occur in alloys , such as that of iron and nickel . \n \n The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon , sulfur , copper and gold . Later civilizations extracted elemental copper , tin , lead and iron from their ores by smelting , using charcoal . Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more , with almost all of the naturally-occurring elements becoming known by 1900 . \n \n The properties of the chemical elements are summarized on the periodic table , which organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ( `` periods '' ) in which the columns ( `` groups '' ) share recurring ( `` periodic '' ) physical and chemical properties . Save for unstable radioactive elements with short half-lives , all of the elements are available industrially , most of them in high degrees of purity . \n \n Description \n \n The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium , both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass ( or 12:1 by number of atoms ) , along with tiny traces of the next two elements , lithium and", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "wh_1326--Chemical_element.txt", "qid": "wh_1326", "question": "Listed at number 96 in the Periodic Table, which chemical element has the symbol Cm?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Weightlifting , also called Olympic-style weightlifting , or Olympic weightlifting , is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic programme in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . \n \n The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for women and men . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an `` incomplete '' entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . \n \n In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , Weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster—and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution—than other strength movements . Properly executed , the snatch and the clean and jerk are both dynamic and explosive while appearing graceful , especially when viewed from a recording at a slowed speed . \n \n While there are relatively few competitive Olympic weightlifters , the lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength . \n \n Competition \n \n The sport is controlled by the International Weightlifting Federation ( IWF ) . Based in Budapest , it was founded in 1905 . \n Weight classes \n \n Athletes compete in a division determined by their body mass . There are eight male divisions and seven female divisions since 1998 . \n \n Men 's weight classes : \n * 56 kg \n * 62 kg \n * 69 kg \n * 77 kg \n * 85 kg \n * 94 kg \n * 105 kg \n * 105 kg and over ( 231 lb+ ) \n Women 's weight classes : \n * 48 kg \n * 53 kg \n * 58 kg \n * 63 kg \n * 69 kg \n * 75 kg \n * 75 kg and over ( 165 lb+ ) \n \n Official procedure \n \n In each weight division , lifters compete in both the snatch and clean and jerk . Prizes are usually given for the heaviest weights lifted in each and in the overall—the maximum lifts of both combined . The order of the competition is up to the lifters—the competitor who chooses to attempt the lowest weight goes first . If they are unsuccessful at that weight , they have the option of reattempting at that weight or trying a heavier weight after any other competitors have made attempts at the previous weight or any other intermediate weights . The barbell is loaded incrementally and progresses to a heavier weight throughout the course of competition . Weights are set in 1 kilogram increments . When a tie occurs , the athlete with the lower bodyweight is declared the winner . If two athletes lift the same total weight and have the same bodyweight , the winner is the athlete who lifted the total weight first . \n \n During competition , the snatch event takes place first , followed by a short intermission , and then the clean and jerk event . There are two side judges and one head referee who together provide a `` successful '' or `` failed '' result for each attempt based on their observation of the lift within the governing body 's rules and regulations . Two successes are required for any attempt to pass . Usually , the judges ' and referee 's results are registered via a lighting system with a white light indicating a `` successful '' lift and a red light indicating a `` failed '' lift . This is done for the benefit of all in attendance be they athlete , coach , administrator or audience . In addition , one or two technical officials may be present to advise during a ruling . \n \n Local competition rules \n \n At local competitions , a `` Best Lifter '' title is commonly awarded . It is awarded to both the best men 's and women 's lifters . The award is based on a formula which employs the `` Sinclair Coefficient '' , a coefficient derived and approved by", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 305, "text": "clean and jerk" } ], "id": "qg_3437--Olympic_weightlifting.txt", "qid": "qg_3437", "question": "In what Olympic weightlifting event does the lifter explosively pulling the weight from the floor to a racked position and then, through a series of quick motions, pushes the bar above his head?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Hades ( ; or , Háidēs ) was the ancient Greek chthonic god of the underworld , which eventually took his name . \n \n In Greek mythology , Hades was regarded as the oldest son of Cronus and Rhea , although the last son regurgitated by his father . He and his brothers Zeus and Poseidon defeated their father 's generation of gods , the Titans , and claimed rulership over the cosmos . Hades received the underworld , Zeus the air , and Poseidon the sea , with the solid earth—long the province of Gaia—available to all three concurrently . Hades was often portrayed with his three-headed guard dog Cerberus and , in later mythological authors , associated with the Helm of Darkness and the bident . \n \n The Etruscan god Aita and Roman gods Dis Pater and Orcus were eventually taken as equivalent to the Greek Hades and merged as Pluto , a Latinization of his euphemistic Greek name Plouton . \n \n Name \n \n The origin of Hades ' name is uncertain , but has generally been seen as meaning `` The Unseen One '' since antiquity . An extensive section of Plato 's dialogue Cratylus is devoted to the etymology of the god 's name , in which Socrates is arguing for a folk etymology not from `` unseen '' but from `` his knowledge ( eidenai ) of all noble things '' . Modern linguists have proposed the Proto-Greek form * Awides ( `` unseen '' ) . The earliest attested form is Aḯdēs ( ) , which lacks the proposed digamma . West argues instead for an original meaning of `` the one who presides over meeting up '' from the universality of death . \n \n In Ionic and epic Greek , he was known as Áïdēs . Other poetic variations of the name include Aïdōneús ( ) and the inflected forms Áïdos ( , gen. ) , Áïdi ( , dat . ) , and Áïda ( , acc . ) , whose reconstructed nominative case * Áïs ( ) is , however , not attested . The name as it came to be known in classical times was Háidēs ( ) . Later the iota became silent , then a subscript marking ( ) , and finally omitted entirely ( ) . \n \n Perhaps from fear of pronouncing his name , around the 5th century BC , the Greeks started referring to Hades as Pluto ( , Ploútōn ) , with a root meaning `` wealthy '' , considering that from the abode below ( i.e. , the soil ) come riches ( e.g. , fertile crops , metals and so on ) . Plouton became the Roman god who both rules the underworld and distributed riches from below . This deity was a mixture of the Greek god Hades and the Eleusinian icon Ploutos , and from this he also received a priestess , which was not previously practiced in Greece . More elaborate names of the same genre were Ploutodótēs ( ) or Ploutodotḗr ( ) meaning `` giver of wealth '' . Epithets of Hades include Agesander ( ) and Agesilaos ( ) , both from ágō ( , `` lead '' , `` carry '' or `` fetch '' ) and anḗr ( , `` man '' ) or laos ( , `` men '' or `` people '' ) , describing Hades as the god who carries away all . Nicander uses the form Hegesilaus ( ) . He was also referred to as Zeus Katachthonios ( Ζευς καταχθονιος ) , meaning `` the Zeus of the Underworld '' , by those avoiding his actual name , as he had complete control over the Underworld . \n \n Greek god of the underworld \n \n In Greek mythology , Hades the god of the underworld , was a son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea . He had three sisters , Demeter , Hestia , and Hera , as well as two brothers , Zeus , the youngest of the three , and Poseidon . \n Upon reaching adulthood , Zeus managed to force his father to disgorge his siblings . After their release the six younger gods , along with allies they managed to gather , challenged the elder gods for power in the Titanomachy , a divine war . The war lasted for ten years and ended with the victory of the younger gods . Following their victory , according to a single famous passage in the Iliad ( xv.187–93 ) , Hades and his two brothers , Poseidon and Zeus , drew lots for realms to rule . Zeus received the sky , Poseidon received the seas , and", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 827, "text": "pluto" } ], "id": "qw_9045--Hades.txt", "qid": "qw_9045", "question": "Who was the Roman god of the underworld?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Mock turtle soup is an English soup that was created in the mid-18th century as a cheaper imitation of green turtle soup . It often uses brains and organ meats such as calf 's head or a calf 's foot to duplicate the texture and flavour of the original 's turtle meat . \n \n Mrs. Fowle 's Mock Turtle Soup : \n \n Take a large calf 's head . Scald off the hair . Boil it until the horn is tender , then cut it into slices about the size of your finger , with as little lean as possible . Have ready three pints of good mutton or veal broth , put in it half a pint of Madeira wine , half a teaspoonful of thyme , pepper , a large onion , and the peel of a lemon chop't very small . A ¼ of a pint of oysters chop't very small , and their liquor ; a little salt , the juice of two large onions , some sweet herbs , and the brains chop't . Stand all these together for about an hour , and send it up to the table with the forcemeat balls made small and the yolks of hard eggs . \n \n Germany \n \n In the Oldenburg and Ammerland regions of Germany , Mockturtlesuppe—the English designation `` mock turtle '' retained—is a traditional meal , dating from the time of the personal union between the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain . \n \n US \n \n The Campbell Soup Company once produced canned mock turtle soup made of calf 's head . In a 1962 interview with David Bourdon , Andy Warhol , commenting on Campbell 's discontinued soups , said that Mock Turtle had once been his favorite . An American version of the soup is popular in Cincinnati and canned under the name Worthmore 's Mock Turtle Soup . \n \n In popular culture \n \n Mock turtle soup is the basis for the character of the Mock Turtle in Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , the joke being that mock turtle soup is supposedly made from these creatures . \n \n In season 4 , episode 16 of Gilmore Girls , Richard Gilmore requests mock turtle soup while in mourning in the days after the death of his mother , the eldest Lorelai Gilmore , as it was `` something his mother used to have made for him when he was a little boy . '' \n \n In season 4 , episode 8 of American Horror Story , Ethel Darling ( Kathy Bates ) serves Mock Turtle Soup to Elsa Mars ( Jessica Lange ) .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 168, "text": "calf" } ], "id": "sfq_833--Mock_turtle_soup.txt", "qid": "sfq_833", "question": "Original Mock Turtle soup is made from the head of which animal?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A voice type is a particular human singing voice identified as having certain qualities or characteristics of vocal range , vocal weight , tessitura , vocal timbre , and vocal transition points ( passaggio ) , such as breaks and lifts within the voice . Other considerations are physical characteristics , speech level , scientific testing , and vocal register . A singer 's voice type is identified by a process known as voice classification , by which the human voice is evaluated and thereby designated into a particular voice type . The discipline of voice classification developed within European classical music and is not generally applicable to other forms of singing . Voice classification is often used within opera to associate possible roles with potential voices . Several different voice classification systems are available to identify voice types , including the German Fach system and the choral music system among many others ; no system is universally applied or accepted . \n \n Voice classification is a tool for singers , composers , venues , and listeners to categorize vocal properties and to associate roles with voices . While useful , voice classification systems have been used too rigidly , i.e . a house assigning a singer to a specific type and only casting him or her in roles they consider belonging to this category . \n While choral singers are classified into voice parts based on their vocal range , solo singers are classified into voice types based more on their tessitura – where their voice feels most comfortable for the majority of the time . \n \n A singer will choose a repertoire that suits his or her instrument . Some singers such as Enrico Caruso , Rosa Ponselle , Joan Sutherland , Maria Callas , Ewa Podleś , or Plácido Domingo have voices that allow them to sing roles from a wide variety of types ; some singers such as Shirley Verrett or Grace Bumbry change type and even voice part over their careers ; and some singers such as Leonie Rysanek have voices that lower with age , causing them to cycle through types over their careers . Some roles as well are hard to classify , having very unusual vocal requirements ; Mozart wrote many of his roles for specific singers who often had remarkable voices , and some of Verdi 's early works make extreme demands on his singers . \n \n Number of voice types \n \n Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in a variety of voice classification systems . Most of these types , however , are grouped into seven major voice categories that are , for the most part , acknowledged across the major voice classification systems . Women are typically divided into three groups : soprano , mezzo-soprano , and contralto . Men are usually divided into four groups : countertenor , tenor , baritone , and bass . Some women fall into the tenor or baritone groups , while men identified as countertenors can be grouped as contralto , mezzo-soprano , or soprano . When considering the pre-pubescent voice , an eighth term , treble , is applied . Within each of these major categories , subcategories identify specific vocal qualities such as coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices . \n The vocal range of classical performance covers about five octaves , from a low G1 ( in scientific pitch notation ) to a high G6 . Any individual 's voice can perform over a range of one and a half to more than two octaves . Vocal ranges are grouped into overlapping types that each span about two octaves . Many singers fall between groups and can perform some parts in either type . \n \n Female voices \n \n Soprano \n \n Soprano range : The soprano is the highest singing voice . The typical soprano voice lies between C4 ( middle C ) and C6 ( high C ) . The low extreme for sopranos is roughly A3 ( just below middle C ) . Most soprano roles do not extend above C6 although there are several standard soprano roles that call for D6 . At the highest extreme , some coloratura soprano roles may reach to F6 ( the F above high C ) . \n \n Soprano tessitura : The tessitura of the soprano voice lies higher than all the other voices except the sopranino . In particular , the coloratura soprano has the highest tessitura of all the soprano subtypes . \n \n Soprano subtypes : As with all voice types , sopranos are often divided into different subcategories based on range , vocal color or timbre , the weight of voice , and dexterity", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2781, "text": "baritone" } ], "id": "qg_3804--Voice_type.txt", "qid": "qg_3804", "question": "What male singing voice lies between bass and tenor?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ciudad Bolívar ( ; Spanish for `` Bolivar City '' ) , formerly known as Angostura , is the capital of Venezuela 's southeastern Bolívar State . It lies at the spot where the Orinoco River narrows to about 1 mi in width , is the site of the first bridge across the river , and is a major riverport for the eastern regions of Venezuela . \n \n Historic Angostura gave its name to the Congress of Angostura , to the Angostura tree , and to Angostura bitters . Modern Ciudad Bolívar has a well-preserved historic center ; a cathedral and other original colonial buildings surround the Plaza Bolívar . \n \n History \n \n The city was founded in 1764 as San Tomas de la Nueva Guayana or Santo Tomé de Guayana de Angostura del Orinoco , named in honor of its diocese and for its position at the first narrows of the Orinoco River . Ciudad Bolívar was the site of the Congress of Angostura from 1819 to 1821 . It was responsible for the creation of Gran Colombia in its first year of operation . Angostura bitters were invented in the city in 1824 , although the company which produced them later moved to Trinidad and Tobago . \n \n The city was renamed in honor of Simon Bolivar in 1846 . \n \n The Venezuelan artist Jesús Rafael Soto was a native of the city . The Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art , named in his honor and designed by Venezuelan architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva , was opened in 1973 . \n \n Law and government \n \n Ciudad Bolívar 's municipal government is led by the mayor . Its local legislature is the Municipal Council , made up of seven councillors . A municipal comptroller oversees the public finances , and the Local Public Planning Council manages the municipality 's development . \n \n Geography \n \n Vegetation \n \n Moriche palms and scrub oaks are found on the shores of the river . Species including the carob tree , the sarrapia , and the merecure are prevalent . Local fauna include capybaras , turtles , herons , parrots , limpets , and iguanas , and others . Fish in the area include Salminus hilarii ( a species of Salminus ) and Pygocentrus palometa . \n \n Climate \n \n Under the Köppen climate classification , Ciudad Bolívar has a tropical savanna climate ( Aw ) with distinctive dry and wet seasons . The average temperature is which remains fairly constant throughout the year , varying between in January to in October . The dry season , which runs from December to April has little precipitation during these months and temperatures tend to be cooler than the wet season but still hot , regularly reaching 32 °C during the day and dropping to 22 °C during the night . The wet season which runs from May to early November sees and increase in precipitation levels although days without any precipitation are common . Temperatures tend to be slightly warmer than the dry season . On average , Ciudad Bolívar receives 977 mm of precipitation per year and there are 89.3 days with measureable rainfall . The city is fairly sunny , averaging almost 2900 hours of bright sunshine or an average of 7.9 hours of sunshine per day , ranging from a high of 260.4 hours in October ( 8.4 hours of sunshine per day ) to a low of 201.0 hours in June ( or 6.7 hours of sunshine per day ) . \n \n Economy \n \n The Bolívar state economy is dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry , particularly cattle and pigs . Agricultural products of the area include maize , cassava , mango , yam , and watermelon . Tourism has become increasingly important to the area . \n \n Local mass media include the television stations Bolívar Visión and TV Río , and newspapers El Bolivarense , El Expreso , El Progreso , and El Luchador . \n \n Education \n \n Universities \n \n Universidad de Oriente \n \n Universidad de Oriente ( UDO ) Núcleo de Bolívar , is the main public institution located in Ciudad Bolivar and in other cities of eastern Venezuela . On 20 February 1960 , by resolution of the University Council , is created the Bolívar Nucleus , since that is become the most important university in the country South-Eastern . \n \n Today , this UDO nucleus has a Basic Courses School , Health Sciences School `` Dr. Francisco Battistini Casalta '' and Earth Sciences School , undergraduate degrees in Industrial Engineering , Geological Engineering , Civil Engineering , Mining Engineering , Geology , Medicine , Nursing and Bioanalysis .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 102, "text": "venezuela" } ], "id": "odql_1562--Ciudad_Bolívar.txt", "qid": "odql_1562", "question": "In which country would you find the Angostura Suspension Bridge?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals , which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system . Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients , and also assists in the removal of metabolic wastes . The heart is located in the middle compartment of the mediastinum in the chest . \n \n In humans , other mammals , and birds , the heart is divided into four chambers : upper left and right atria ; and lower left and right ventricles . Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart . Fish in contrast have two chambers , an atrium and a ventricle , while reptiles have three chambers . In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves , which prevent backflow . The heart is enclosed in a protective sac , the pericardium , which also contains a small amount of fluid . The wall of the heart is made up of three layers : epicardium , myocardium , and endocardium . \n \n The heart pumps blood through the body . Blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle . From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation , through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide . Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium , passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation−where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide . In addition the blood carries nutrients from the digestive tract to various organs of the body , while transporting waste to the liver and kidneys . Normally with each heartbeat the right ventricle pumps the same amount of blood into the lungs as the left ventricle pumps to the body . Veins transport blood to the heart and carry deoxygenated blood - except for the pulmonary and portal veins . Arteries transport blood away from the heart , and apart from the pulmonary artery hold oxygenated blood . Their increased distance from the heart cause veins to have lower pressures than arteries . The heart contracts at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute . Exercise temporarily increases the rate , but lowers resting heart rate in the long term , and is good for heart health . \n \n Cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008 , accounting for 30 % of deaths . Of these more than three quarters follow coronary artery disease and stroke . Risk factors include : smoking , being overweight , little exercise , high cholesterol , high blood pressure , and poorly controlled diabetes , among others . Diagnosis of CVD is often done by listening to the heart-sounds with a stethoscope , ECG or by ultrasound . Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists , although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment . \n \n Structure \n \n Location and shape \n \n The human heart is situated in the middle mediastinum , at the level of thoracic vertebrae T5-T8 . A double-membraned sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum . The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column , and the front surface sits behind to the sternum and rib cartilages . The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels - the venae cavae , aorta and pulmonary trunk . The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage . The lower tip of the heart , the apex , lies to the left of the sternum ( 8 to 9 cm from the midsternal line ) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages . \n \n The largest part of the heart is usually slightly offset to the left side of the chest ( though occasionally it may be offset to the right ) and is felt to be on the left because the left heart is stronger and larger , since it pumps to all body parts . Because the heart is between the lungs , the left lung is smaller than the right lung and has a cardiac notch in its border to accommodate the heart . \n The heart is cone-shaped , with its base positioned upwards and tapering down to the apex . An adult heart has a mass of 250–350 grams", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 491, "text": "atrium" } ], "id": "tc_2935--Heart.txt", "qid": "tc_2935", "question": "Which name is given to the heart chamber which receives blood?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "John Ford ( February 1 , 1894 – August 31 , 1973 ) was an Irish-American film director . He is renowned both for Westerns such as Stagecoach ( 1939 ) , The Searchers ( 1956 ) , and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) , as well as adaptations of classic 20th-century American novels such as the film The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) . His four Academy Awards for Best Director ( in 1935 , 1940 , 1941 , and 1952 ) remain a record . One of the films for which he won the award , How Green Was My Valley , also won Best Picture . \n \n In a career that spanned more than 50 years , Ford directed more than 140 films ( although most of his silent films are now lost ) and he is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential film-makers of his generation . Ford 's work was held in high regard by his colleagues , with Orson Welles and Ingmar Bergman among those who have named him one of the greatest directors of all time . \n \n Ford made frequent use of location shooting and long shots , in which his characters were framed against a vast , harsh and rugged natural terrain . \n \n Early life \n \n Ford was born John Martin `` Jack '' Feeney ( though he later often gave his given names as Sean Aloysius , sometimes with surname O'Feeny or O'Fearna ; an Irish language equivalent of Feeney ) in Cape Elizabeth , Maine to John Augustine Feeney and Barbara `` Abbey '' Curran , on February 1 , 1894 ( though he occasionally said 1895 and that date is erroneously inscribed on his tombstone ) . His father , John Augustine , was born in Spiddal , County Galway , Ireland in 1854 . Barbara Curran had been born in the Aran Islands , in the town of Kilronan on the island of Inishmore ( Inis Mór ) . John A. Feeney 's grandmother , Barbara Morris , was said to be a member of a local ( impoverished ) gentry family , the Morrises of Spiddal ( headed at present by Lord Killanin ) . \n \n John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and June 1872 . They married in 1875 and became American citizens five years later on September 11 , 1880 . They had eleven children : Mamie ( Mary Agnes ) , born 1876 ; Delia ( Edith ) , 1878–1881 ; Patrick ; Francis Ford , 1881–1953 ; Bridget , 1883–1884 ; Barbara , born and died 1888 ; Edward , born 1889 ; Josephine , born 1891 ; Hannah ( Joanna ) , born and died 1892 ; John Martin , 1894–1973 ; and Daniel , born and died 1896 ( or 1898 ) . John Augustine lived in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland , Maine with his family , and would try farming , fishing , working for the gas company , running a saloon , and being an alderman . \n \n Feeney attended Portland High School , Portland , Maine , where he was a successful fullback and defensive tackle . He earned the nickname `` Bull '' because of the way he would lower his helmet and charge the line . A Portland pub is named Bull Feeney 's in his honor . He later moved to California and in 1914 began working in film production as well as acting for his older brother Francis , adopting `` Jack Ford '' as a professional name . In addition to credited roles , he appeared uncredited as a Klansman in D. W. Griffith 's 1915 The Birth of a Nation , as the man who lifts up one side of his hood so he can see clearly . \n \n He married Mary McBride Smith on July 3 , 1920 , and they had two children . His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964 . The marriage between Ford and Smith lasted for life despite various issues , one of which could have proved problematic from the start , this being that John Ford was Catholic while she was a non-Catholic divorcée . What difficulty was caused by the two marrying is unclear as the level of John Ford 's commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed . A strain would have been Ford 's many extramarital relationships . \n \n Directing career \n \n John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914 . He followed in the footsteps of his multi-talented", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 198, "text": "liberty valance" } ], "id": "qz_2593--John_Ford.txt", "qid": "qz_2593", "question": "Together For The First Time - James Stewart - John Wayne - in the masterpiece of four-time Academy Award winner John Ford was the tag-line to what movie?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Lexus IS ( Japanese : レクサス・IS , Rekusasu IS ) is a series of entry-level luxury cars sold by Lexus since 1998 . The IS was introduced as an entry-level sport model slotted below the ES in the Lexus lineup ( and outside of North America , the Lexus GS ) . The IS was originally sold under the Toyota Altezza nameplate in Japan ( the word altezza is Italian for `` highness '' ) until the introduction of the Lexus brand and the second-generation Lexus IS design in 2006 . The Altezza name is still used at times to refer to chromed car taillights like those fitted to the first-generation model , known as 'Altezza lights ' \n \n The first-generation Altezza ( codename XE10 ) was launched in Japan in October 1998 , while the Lexus IS 200 ( GXE10 ) made its debut in Europe in 1999 and in North America as the IS 300 ( JCE10 ) in 2000 . The first-generation , inline-6-powered IS featured sedan and wagon variants . The second-generation IS ( codename XE20 ) was launched globally in 2005 with V6-powered IS 250 ( GSE20 ) and IS 350 ( GSE21 ) sedan models , followed by a high-performance V8 sedan version , the IS F , in 2007 , and hardtop convertible versions , the IS 250 C and IS 350 C , in 2008 . The third-generation Lexus IS premiered in January 2013 and includes the V6-powered IS 350 and IS 250 , hybrid IS 300h , and performance-tuned F Sport variants . The IS designation stands for Intelligent Sport . \n \n First generation ( XE10 ; 1998–2005 ) \n \n Produced as a direct competitor to the luxury sport sedans of the leading European luxury marques , the XE10 series Toyota Altezza and Lexus IS was designed with a greater performance emphasis than typically seen on prior Japanese luxury vehicles . The engineering work was led by Nobuaki Katayama from 1994 to 1998 , who was responsible for the AE86 project . Design work by Tomoyasu Nishi was frozen in 1996 and filed under patent number 1030135 on December 5 , 1996 at the Japan Patent Office . At its introduction to Japan , it was exclusive to Japanese dealerships called Toyota Vista Store , until Lexus was introduced to Japan in 2006 . The AS200 and AS300 Altezza sedans formed the basis for the Lexus IS 200 and IS 300 models sold in markets outside Japan , primarily North America , Australia and Europe . A hatchback-station wagon version was sold in Japan as the `` Altezza Gita '' , and in the US and Europe as the Lexus IS SportCross . Overall , the XE10 came in three variants : \n * AS200 ( sedan or wagon ) – 2.0-liter 1G-FE inline-six , 160 hp JIS ( 118 kW ) or 155 PS ( 114 kW ) , rear-wheel drive or 4WD ; sold by Lexus as the IS 200 \n * RS200 ( sedan ) – 2.0-liter Yamaha-tuned 3S-GE inline-4 , 200 hp JIS ( 148 kW ) , rear-wheel drive , not sold outside Japan by Lexus \n * AS300 ( Gita wagon ) – 3.0-liter 2JZ-GE inline-6 , 220 hp JIS ( 162 kW ) or 215 hp SAE ( 160 kW ) , rear-wheel drive or 4WD ; sold by Lexus ( sedan or wagon ) as the IS 300 \n \n 1998–2000 \n \n Introduced in 1998 with the AS200 ( chassis code GXE10 ) and RS200 ( chassis code SXE10 ) sedans , the compact vehicle was produced using a shortened , front-engine , rear-wheel drive midsize platform , allowing Japanese buyers to take advantage of tax savings imposed by Japanese government regulations concerning vehicle exterior dimensions and engine displacement , and adapted parts from the larger second-generation Aristo/GS . The 2.0-liter 1G-FE inline-six powered AS200 ( GXE10 , sedan ) featured a five-speed manual transmission as standard , while a four-speed automatic was optional . The 2.0-liter 3S-GE inline-four powered RS200 ( SXE10 , sedan ) featured a six-speed manual transmission , while a five-speed automatic was optional . \n \n The design received critical acclaim at its 1998 launch , and was awarded Japan 's `` Car of the Year '' honor for 1998–1999 . A few months later , Lexus began marketing the IS 200 equivalent models in Europe . The IS 200 in Europe was listed as producing 153 bhp , with a top speed of 216 km/h , and 0 to- acceleration in 9.3 seconds . The styling cues of the rear light clusters on the first-generation models were copied by a number of after-market accessory manufacturers for applications on other vehicles . This", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 296, "text": "toyota" } ], "id": "qg_836--Lexus_IS.txt", "qid": "qg_836", "question": "Lexus is the luxury vehicle division of what car maker?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "`` Pinball Wizard '' is a song written by Pete Townshend and performed by the English rock band The Who , and featured on their 1969 rock opera album Tommy . The original recording was released as a single in 1969 and reached No . 4 in the UK charts and No . 19 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 . \n \n The B-side of the `` Pinball Wizard '' single is an instrumental credited to Keith Moon , titled `` Dogs ( Part Two ) '' . Despite similar titles it has no musical connection to The Who 's 1968 UK single `` Dogs '' . \n \n Story \n \n The lyrics are written from the perspective of a pinball champion , called `` Local Lad '' in the Tommy libretto book , astounded by the skills of the opera 's eponymous main character , Tommy Walker : `` What makes him so good ? ; He ai n't got no distractions ; Ca n't hear those buzzers and bells ; Do n't see lights a flashin ' ; Plays by sense of smell . ; Always has a replay ; Never tilts at all ; That deaf dumb and blind kid ; Sure plays a mean pin ball . `` , and `` I thought I was the Bally table king , but I just handed my pinball crown to him '' . \n \n Townshend once called it `` the most clumsy piece of writing [ he 'd ] ever done '' . Nevertheless , the song was a commercial success and remains one of the most recognised tunes from the opera . It was a perpetual concert favourite for Who fans due to its pop sound and familiarity . \n \n Position on the album \n \n In late 1968 or early 1969 , when The Who played a rough assembly of their new album to critic Nik Cohn , Cohn gave a lukewarm reaction to it . Following this , Townshend , as Tommy 's principal composer , discussed the album with Cohn and concluded that , to lighten the load of the rock opera 's heavy spiritual overtones ( Townshend had recently become deeply interested in the teachings of Meher Baba ) , the title character , a `` deaf , dumb , and blind '' boy , should also be particularly good at a certain game . Knowing Cohn was an avid pinball fan , Townshend suggested that Tommy would play pinball , and Cohn immediately declared Tommy to be a masterpiece . The song `` Pinball Wizard '' was written and recorded almost immediately . The single version was slightly speeded up and runs to 2:57 , whilst the natural length album version runs to 3:01 . \n \n Live performances \n \n This song is one of the band 's most famous live songs , being played at almost every Who concert since its debut live performance on 2 May 1969 . The live performances rarely deviated from the album arrangement , save for an occasional jam at the end sometimes leading to another song . Bootleg recordings show that this song has been known to last as long as 8 minutes ( at a concert at the Rainbow Theatre in London on 3 February 1981 ) , although live versions lasting as long as that are extremely rare . \n \n Chart performance \n \n Weekly charts \n \n Year-end charts \n \n Elton John version \n \n The song was performed by Elton John in Ken Russell 's 1975 film adaptation of Tommy . This version was released in 1975 as a promotional single only in the US , and in 1976 in the UK , where it reached number 7 . John 's version uses a piano as the song 's centerpiece in place of the acoustic guitar in the original ( in the film , John 's character is shown playing his pinball machine via a small piano keyboard ) , and features additional lyrics specially written by Townshend for the movie version , as well as a subtle inclusion of musical phrases from The Who 's 1960s hit `` I Ca n't Explain '' during the outro ( similarly , The Who 's later cover of Elton John 's `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' included parts of `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ) . Unlike most of the soundtrack 's music , which featured various combinations of The Who and some of the era 's best session players , Elton John used his own band ( Dee Murray , Nigel Olsson , Davey Johnstone and Ray Cooper ) and producer Gus Dudgeon for the track . John has", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 100, "text": "who" } ], "id": "jp_1336--Pinball_Wizard.txt", "qid": "jp_1336", "question": "What band performed a song about a deaf, dumb, and blind kid who played a mean pin ball?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Mrs Brown , also theatrically released as Her Majesty , Mrs Brown , is a 1997 British drama film starring Judi Dench , Billy Connolly , Geoffrey Palmer , Antony Sher , and Gerard Butler in his film debut . It was written by Jeremy Brock and directed by John Madden . \n \n The film was produced by the BBC and Ecosse Films with the intention of being shown on BBC One and on WGBH 's Masterpiece Theatre . However , it was acquired by Miramax and released to unexpected success , going on to earn more than $ 13 million worldwide . \n \n The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival . Dench was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , but lost to Helen Hunt for her role in As Good as It Gets . \n \n Plot \n \n Several screens of text giving some background are shown before a bust is shown flying over a palace wall and shattering into countless pieces . The film shows the story of a bereaved Queen Victoria ( Judi Dench ) and her relationship with a Scottish servant , John Brown ( Billy Connolly ) , and the subsequent uproar it provoked . Brown had been a trusted servant of Victoria 's then deceased and beloved Prince Consort , Prince Albert ; Victoria 's chief servants thought Brown might help to ease an inconsolable Queen since the Prince Consort 's death in 1861 . In 1863 , hoping to subtly coax the Queen toward resuming public life after years of seclusion , Mr Brown is summoned to court . \n \n The plan succeeds a little too well for the servants ' liking , especially Victoria 's chief secretary Sir Henry Ponsonby ( Geoffrey Palmer ) and The Prince of Wales ( David Westhead ) as well as other members of the Royal family ; the public , press and politicians soon come to resent Brown 's perceived influence over the queen . Brown takes considerable liberties with court protocol , especially by addressing Her Majesty as `` woman '' . He also quickly takes control over the Queen 's daily activities , further aggravating the tensions between himself and the royal family and servants . \n \n The moniker `` Mrs Brown '' , used both at the time and in the film , implied an improper , and perhaps sexual , relationship . The film does not directly address the contemporary suspicions that the Queen and Brown had had a sexual relationship and perhaps had even secretly married ( see the article on Brown ) , though cartoons from the satirical magazine Punch are shown as being passed around in Parliament ( only one of the cartoons is revealed to the camera , showing an empty throne , with the sceptre lying unhanded across it ) . \n \n As a result of Victoria 's virtual recluse , especially at Balmoral Castle in Scotland ( something initially encouraged by Brown ) , her popularity begins failing and republican sentiment begins growing . Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli ( Antony Sher ) has a weakening hold over the House of Commons and a fear of rising anti-monarchical sentiment in the country . He persuades Brown to use his influence with the Queen to persuade her to return to the performance of her public duties , especially the speech from the throne at the impending opening of Parliament . \n \n Brown is reluctant to do so , rightly fearing that Victoria will take this as a personal betrayal . When Brown urges Victoria to return to London and fulfill her public duties , an argument ensues . Feeling betrayed by Brown , the Queen becomes enraged . When Brown once again refers to her as `` woman '' , she sharply rebukes him . Leaving the room , she turns to Ponsonby and Jenner requesting that they serve her needs , clearly reducing Mr Brown 's contact and influence over her . Their relationship was never to be the same again . \n \n The Queen 's eventual acquiescence and her decision to return to public life eventually leads to a revitalisation of her popularity and a resurgence in public support of the monarchy . \n \n Brown continues to serve Queen Victoria until his death in 1883 . In his final years , his duties become reduced to head of security . The palace staff has become weary of Brown 's dogmatic ways and they mock and rebuke his security efforts as paranoid delusions . Finally , during a public event , a gun-wielding assassin appears out of the crowd leaping toward the royal family . An", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 106, "text": "judi dench" } ], "id": "qb_3411--Mrs_Brown.txt", "qid": "qb_3411", "question": "Who played Queen Victoria in the 1997 film ‘Mrs Brown’?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Walt Disney Company , commonly known as Disney , is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It is the world 's second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue , after Comcast . Disney was founded on October 16 , 1923 , by Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , and established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production , television , and theme parks . The company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio , then Walt Disney Productions . Taking on its current name in 1986 , it expanded its existing operations and also started divisions focused upon theater , radio , music , publishing , and online media . \n \n In addition , Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to market more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands . The company is best known for the products of its film studio , Walt Disney Studios , which is today one of the largest and best-known studios in American cinema . Disney 's other three main divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , Disney Media Networks , and Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media . Disney also owns and operates the ABC broadcast television network ; cable television networks such as Disney Channel , ESPN , A+E Networks , and Freeform ; publishing , merchandising , music , and theatre divisions ; and owns and licenses 14 theme parks around the world . The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6 , 1991 . Mickey Mouse , an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company , is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney . \n \n Corporate history \n \n 1923–28 : The silent era \n \n In early 1923 , Kansas City , Missouri , animator Walt Disney created a short film entitled Alice 's Wonderland , which featured child actress Virginia Davis interacting with animated characters . After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm , Laugh-O-Gram Studios , Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother , Roy O. Disney . Film distributor Margaret J. Winkler of M.J. Winkler Productions contacted Disney with plans to distribute a whole series of Alice Comedies purchased for $ 1,500 per reel with Disney as a production partner . Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year . More animated films followed after Alice . In January 1926 , with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street , the Disney Brothers Studio 's name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio . \n \n After the demise of the Alice comedies , Disney developed an all-cartoon series starring his first original character , Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , which was distributed by Winkler Pictures through Universal Pictures . The distributor owned Oswald , so Disney only made a few hundred dollars . Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928 , due to a legal loophole , when Winkler 's husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company . After failing to take over the Disney Studio , Mintz hired away four of Disney 's primary animators ( the exception being Ub Iwerks ) to start his own animation studio , Snappy Comedies . \n \n 1928–34 : Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies \n \n In 1928 , to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , Disney came up with the idea of a mouse character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California , drawing up a few simple drawings . The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse ( Disney 's wife , Lillian , disliked the sound of 'Mortimer Mouse ' ) and starred in several Disney produced films . Ub Iwerks refined Disney 's initial design of Mickey Mouse . Disney 's first sound film Steamboat Willie , a cartoon starring Mickey , was released on November 18 , 1928 through Pat Powers ' distribution company . It was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released , but the third to be created , behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin ' Gaucho . Steamboat Willie was an immediate smash hit , and its initial success was attributed not just to Mickey 's appeal as a character , but to the fact that it was the first cartoon to feature synchronized sound . Disney used Pat Powers ' Cinephone system , created by Powers using Lee De Forest 's Phonofilm system . Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Moss 's Colony Theater in", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qz_1599--The_Walt_Disney_Company.txt", "qid": "qz_1599", "question": "Which Robert Louis Stevenson story became Disney's first non animated film in 1950?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder of seven men of the North Side Irish gang during the Prohibition Era . It resulted from the struggle between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone to take control of organized crime in Chicago . Former members of the Egan 's Rats gang were suspected of a significant role in the incident , assisting Capone . \n \n History \n \n At 10:30 a.m on February 14 , 1929 , seven men were murdered at the garage at 2122 North Clark Street , in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago 's North Side . They were shot by four men using weapons that included two Thompson submachine guns . Two of the shooters were dressed as uniformed policemen , while the others wore suits , ties , overcoats and hats . Witnesses saw the `` police '' leading the other men at gunpoint out of the garage after the shooting . \n \n The victims included five members of George `` Bugs '' Moran 's North Side Gang . Moran 's second-in-command , Albert Kachellek ( alias James Clark ) , was killed along with Adam Heyer , the gang 's bookkeeper and business manager , Albert Weinshank , who managed several cleaning and dyeing operations for Moran , and gang enforcers Frank Gusenberg and Peter Gusenberg . Two collaborators were also shot : Reinhardt H. Schwimmer , a former optician turned gambler and gang associate , and John May , an occasional mechanic for the Moran gang . \n \n When real Chicago police officers arrived at the scene , one of the victims , Frank Gusenberg was still alive . He was taken to the hospital , where doctors stabilized him for a short time . Police tried to question Gusenberg . Asked who shot him , Gusenberg , who had sustained fourteen bullet wounds , replied `` No one shot me . '' He died three hours later . \n \n The massacre was allegedly planned by the organization led by Al Capone to eliminate George `` Bugs '' Moran , the boss of the long-established North Side Gang . The former boss of the North Side Gang , Dion O'Banion , had been murdered by four gunmen in his flower shop on North State Street in 1924 . After the murder of O'Banion , each successive leader of the North Siders was also killed , allegedly by various members or associates of the Capone organization . \n \n Several factors contributed to the timing of the plan to kill George `` Bugs '' Moran . Earlier in the year , North Sider Frank Gusenberg and his brother Peter unsuccessfully attempted to murder Jack McGurn . The North Side Gang 's was complicit in the murders of Pasqualino `` Patsy '' Lolordo and Antonio `` The Scourge '' Lombardo . Both had been presidents of the Unione Siciliana , the local Mafia , and close associates of Capone . Moran and Capone had been vying for control of the lucrative Chicago bootlegging trade , and Bugs Moran had been moving in on several of Capone 's enterprises . Moran was muscling in on a Capone-run dog track in the Chicago suburbs and he had taken over several saloons that were run by Capone , insisting they were in his territory . \n \n The plan was to lure Bugs Moran to the SMC Cartage warehouse on North Clark Street on February 14 , 1929 . The intent was to kill Moran , and perhaps two or three of his lieutenants . It is usually assumed that the North Siders were lured to the garage with the promise of a stolen , cut-rate shipment of whiskey , supplied by Detroit 's Purple Gang , which was associated with Capone . The Gusenberg brothers were supposed to drive two empty trucks to Detroit that day to pick up two loads of stolen Canadian whiskey . All of the victims , with the exception of John May , were dressed in their best clothes , as was customary for the North Siders and other gangsters at the time . \n \n On St. Valentine 's Day , most of the Moran gang had already arrived at the warehouse by approximately 10:30 AM . Moran was not there , having left his Parkway Hotel apartment late . As Moran and one of his men , Ted Newberry , approached the rear of the warehouse from a side street , they saw a police car approach the building . They immediately turned and retraced their steps , going to a nearby coffee shop . They encountered another gang member ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2825, "text": "bugs moran" } ], "id": "sfq_17316--Saint_Valentine's_Day_Massacre.txt", "qid": "sfq_17316", "question": "Whose gang were the victims of the St Valentine's Day Massacre of 1929?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "La Gomera is one of Spain 's Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa . In area , it is the second-smallest of the seven main islands of this group . It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . Its capital is San Sebastián de La Gomera , where the headquarters of the Cabildo are located . With an area of 369.76 square kilometers , La Gomera is the sixth largest of the seven main islands . \n \n Political organisation \n \n La Gomera is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . It is divided into six municipalities : \n * Agulo \n * Alajeró \n * San Sebastián de la Gomera \n * Hermigua \n * Valle Gran Rey \n * Vallehermoso \n \n The island government ( cabildo insular ) is located in the capital , San Sebastián . \n \n Geography \n \n The island is of volcanic origin and roughly circular ; it is about 22 km in diameter . The island is very mountainous and steeply sloping and rises to 1487 m at the island 's highest peak , Alto de Garajonay . Its shape is rather like an orange that has been cut in half and then split into segments , which has left deep ravines or barrancos between them . \n \n Ecology \n \n The uppermost slopes of these barrancos , in turn , are covered by the laurisilva - or laurel rain forest , where up to 50 inches of precipitation fall each year . \n \n The upper reaches of this densely wooded region are almost permanently shrouded in clouds and mist , and as a result are covered in lush and diverse vegetation : they form the protected environment of Spain 's Garajonay National Park , which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 . The slopes are criss-crossed by paths that present varying levels of difficulty to visitors , and stunning views to seasoned hikers . \n \n The central mountains catch the moisture from the trade wind clouds and yield a dense jungle climate in the cooler air , which contrasts with the warmer , sun-baked cliffs near sea level . \n \n Between these extremes one finds a fascinating gamut of microclimates ; for centuries , the inhabitants of La Gomera have farmed the lower levels by channelling runoff water to irrigate their vineyards , orchards and banana groves . \n \n Culture \n \n The local wine is distinctive , and is often accompanied with a tapa ( snack ) of local cheese , roasted pork or goat meat . Other culinary specialities include almogrote , a cheese spread , and miel de palma , a syrup extracted from palm trees . \n \n The inhabitants of La Gomera have an ancient way of communicating across deep ravines by means of a whistled speech called Silbo Gomero which can be heard 2 miles away . This whistled language is indigenous to the island , and its existence has been documented since Roman times . Invented by the original inhabitants of the island , the Guanches , Silbo Gomero was adopted by the Spanish settlers in the 16th century and survived after the Guanches were entirely assimilated . When this means of communication was threatened with extinction at the dawn of the 21st century , the local government required all children to learn it in school . Marcial Morera , a linguist at the University of La Laguna has said that the study of silbo may help understand how languages are formed . \n \n In the mountains of La Gomera , its original inhabitants worshipped their god , whom they called Orahan ; the summit and centre of the island served as their grand sanctuary . Indeed , many of the natives took refuge in this sacred territory in 1489 , as they faced imminent defeat at the hands of the Spaniards , and it was here that the conquest of La Gomera was drawn to a close . Modern-day archaeologists have found several ceremonial stone constructions here which appear to represent sacrificial altar stones , slate hollows or cavities . It was here that the Guanches built pyres upon which to make offerings of goats and sheep to their god . This same god Orahan , was known on La Palma as Abora and on Tenerife and Gran Canaria as Arocan . The Guanches also interred their dead in caves.Today , saints , who are worshipped through village festivals , are principally connected with Christianity . But in some aspects , the Guanches ’ god-like idealising of Gomeran uniqueness plays a role as well besides their pre-Christian and pre-colonial", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 29, "text": "canary island" } ], "id": "sfq_25539--La_Gomera.txt", "qid": "sfq_25539", "question": "Fuerteventura and La Gomera are two islands in which archipelago?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Oregano ( or ; ; scientific name Origanum vulgare ) is a common species of Origanum , a genus of the mint family ( Lamiaceae ) . It is native to temperate western and southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region . \n \n Oregano is a perennial herb , growing from 20 – tall , with opposite leaves 1 – long . Oregano will grow in a pH range between 6.0 ( mildly acidic ) and 9.0 ( strongly alkaline ) , with a preferred range between 6.0 and 8.0 . The flowers are purple , 3 – long , produced in erect spikes . It is sometimes called wild marjoram , and its close relative O. majorana is known as sweet marjoram . \n \n Description and biology \n \n Oregano is related to the herb marjoram , sometimes being referred to as wild marjoram . Oregano has purple flowers and spade-shaped , olive-green leaves . It is a perennial , although it is grown as an annual in colder climates , as it often does not survive the winter . \n Oregano is planted in early spring , the plants being spaced 12 in apart in fairly dry soil , with full sun . It prefers a hot , relatively dry climate , but does well in other environments . \n \n Taxonomy \n \n Many subspecies and strains of oregano have been developed by humans over centuries for their unique flavors or other characteristics . Tastes range from spicy or astringent to more complicated and sweet . Simple oregano sold in garden stores as Origanum vulgare may have a bland taste and larger , less dense leaves , and is not considered the best for culinary uses , with a taste less remarkable and pungent . It can pollinate other more sophisticated strains , but the offspring are rarely better in quality . \n \n The related species , Origanum onites ( Greece , Turkey ) and O. syriacum ( West Asia ) , have similar flavors . A closely related plant is marjoram from Turkey , which differs significantly in taste , though , because phenolic compounds are missing from its essential oil . Some varieties show a flavor intermediate between oregano and marjoram . \n \n Subspecies \n \n Accepted subspecies : \n # O. v. subsp . glandulosum ( Desf . ) Ietsw . - Tunisia , Algeria \n # O. v. subsp . gracile ( K.Koch ) Ietsw . ( = O. tyttanthum ) has glossy green leaves and pink flowers . It grows well in pots or containers , and is more often grown for added ornamental value than other oregano . The flavor is pungent and spicy . - Central Asia , Iran , India , Turkey , Afghanistan , Pakistan . \n # O. v. subsp . hirtum ( Link ) Ietsw . - ( Italian oregano , Greek oregano ) is a common source of cultivars with a different aroma from those of O. v. gracile . Growth is vigorous and very hardy , with darker green , slightly hairy foliage . Generally , it is considered the best all-purpose culinary subspecies . - Greece , Balkans , Turkey , Cyprus \n # O. v. subsp . virens ( Hoffmanns . & Link ) Ietsw . - Morocco , Spain , Portugal , Balearic Islands , Canary Islands , Azores , Madeira \n # O. v. subsp . viridulum ( Martrin-Donos ) Nyman - widespread from Corsica to Nepal \n # O. v. subsp . vulgare - widespread across Europe + Asia from Ireland to China ; naturalized in North America + Venezuela \n \n Cultivars \n \n Example cultivars of oregano include : \n * 'Aureum ' – Golden foliage ( greener if grown in shade ) , mild taste : It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . \n * 'Greek Kaliteri ' – O. v. hirtum strains/landraces , small , hardy , dark , compact , thick , silvery-haired leaves , usually with purple undersides , excellent reputation for flavor and pungency , as well as medicinal uses , strong , archetypal oregano flavor ( Greek kaliteri : the best ) \n * 'Hot & Spicy ' – O. v. hirtum strain \n * 'Nana ' – dwarf cultivar \n \n Cultivars traded as Italian , Sicilian , etc . are usually hardy sweet marjoram ( O . ×majoricum ) , a hybrid between the southern Adriatic O. v. hirtum and sweet marjoram ( O. majorana ) . They have a reputation for sweet and spicy tones , with little bitterness , and are prized for their flavor and compatibility with various recipes and sauces . \n \n Uses \n \n Culinary", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2489, "text": "greek oregano" } ], "id": "wh_2621--Oregano.txt", "qid": "wh_2621", "question": "Which Mediterranean herb is also known as wild marjoram ?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Prime Minister of Canada ( ) is the primary minister of the Crown , chairman of the Cabinet , and thus head of government for Canada , charged with advising the Canadian monarch or federal viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution . Not outlined in any constitutional document , the office exists only as per long-established convention ( originating in Canada 's former colonial power , the United Kingdom ) that stipulates the monarch 's representative , the governor general , must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable ( ) , a privilege maintained for life . \n \n The current , and 23rd , Prime Minister of Canada is the Liberal Party 's Justin Trudeau , who was appointed on November 4 , 2015 , by Governor General David Johnston , following the general election that took place that year . \n \n Origin of the office \n \n The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in passing in the Constitution Act , 1982 , and the Letters Patent , 1947 issued by King George VI . The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the same office in the United Kingdom . \n \n Qualifications and selection \n \n The prime minister , along with the other ministers in cabinet , is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch . However , by the conventions of responsible government , designed to maintain administrative stability , the viceroy will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support , or confidence , of a majority of the directly-elected members of the House of Commons ; as a practical matter , this is often the leader of a party whose members form a majority , or a very large plurality , of Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself . \n \n While there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament , for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly . However , in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister . Two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate . Both , in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate , succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and John Sparrow David Thompson in 1894 . That convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario . \n \n Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment ( or who lose their seats while in office ) have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible . For example , William Lyon Mackenzie King , after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election ( that his party won ) , briefly `` governed from the hallway '' before winning a by-election a few weeks later . Similarly , John Turner replaced Pierre Trudeau as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons ; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power . Turner was the last sitting prime minister to not hold a commons seat . \n \n Should a sitting prime minister today lose his or her seat in the legislature , or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat , the typical process that follows is that a junior member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by-election . A safe seat is usually chosen ; while the Liberal and Conservative parties traditionally observed a convention of not running a candidate against another party 's new leader in the by-election , the New Democrats and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same convention . However , if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due , and that new leader is not a member of the legislature ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3373, "text": "pierre trudeau" } ], "id": "qb_2753--Prime_Minister_of_Canada.txt", "qid": "qb_2753", "question": "Who was the Prime Minister of Canada from 1980 to 1984?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The World Figure Skating Championships ( `` Worlds '' ) is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union . Medals are awarded in the categories of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . Generally held in March , the World Championships are considered the most prestigious of the ISU Championships , which also include the European Championships , the Four Continents Championships , and the World Junior Championships . With the exception of the Olympic title , a world title is considered to be the highest competitive achievement in figure skating . \n \n The corresponding competition for junior-level skaters is the World Junior Championships . The corresponding competition for senior-level synchronized skating is the World Synchronized Skating Championships and for junior level the World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships . \n \n History \n \n The Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung ( International Skating Union ) formed in 1892 to govern international competition in speed and figure skating . The first Championship , known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung , was held in Saint Petersburg in 1896 . The event had four competitors and was won by Gilbert Fuchs . \n \n The championships were presumed all-male since competitive skating was generally viewed as a male sport , however there were no specific rules regarding the gender of competitors . In 1902 Madge Syers entered the championships , and won the silver medal.Hines , p.88 The 1903 ISU Congress considered gender issues but passed no new rules . The 1905 Congress established a second class ( ISU Championships rather than World Championships ) ladies competition . Winners were to be known as ISU , not World Champions . Men 's and Ladies events were normally held separately . The first ladies competition was in 1906 and held in Davos , won by Syers . \n \n The first pairs competition was held in St. Petersburg in 1908 , even though in some countries pairs competition was illegal and considered indecent . One such country was Japan , which had applied for the Winter Olympics in 1940 . Early championships for both ladies and pairs , previously titled merely as the ISU Championships , were retroactively given World Championship status in 1924 . \n \n In the early years judges were invited by the host country and were often local . At the 1927 ladies ' event held in Oslo , three of the five judges were Norwegian . The three Norwegian judges gave first place to Norwegian competitor Sonja Henie , while the Austrian and German judges placed defending champion Herma Szabo first . The controversial result stood , giving Henie her first world title ; however following the controversy the ISU introduced a rule allowing no more than one judge per country on the panel . \n \n The 1930 championships in New York City combined all three competitions into one event for the first time , and was also the first championships to be held outside Europe . Ice dancing entered the program officially in 1952 , after having been an unofficial part of the championships since 1936 . \n \n Countries were able to have more than three competitors competing in one discipline through 1959 , e.g . six skaters represented the United Kingdom in ladies ' singles at the 1948 World Championships , while the United States had five skaters in each singles discipline at the 1951 World Championships . In 1960 , the number of participants per country was limited to a maximum of three per discipline . \n \n Compulsory figures were removed from the World Championships in 1991 . \n \n The 6.0 system was used for judging until the 2004 championships , and the ISU Judging System was used from the 2005 edition onwards . \n \n In the years of the Winter Olympics during the last few decades , when the World Championships are held around a month after the Olympic Games , there have been cases of the large proportion of Olympic medalists not attending . Reasons for forgoing the post-Olympics Worlds have included skaters needing rest for physical and mental exhaustion , and/or Olympic medalists wanting to go professional to cash in on their Games success . The ISU has begun discussing lengthening the time between the Games and the Worlds . \n \n Cancellations \n \n The World Figure Skating Championships have been cancelled 15 times in its history : from 1915–1921 due to World War I , from 1940–1946 due to World War II , and in 1961 as a result of the loss of the entire American team in the crash of Sabena Flight 548 . \n \n The 2011 Championships , originally slated to", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_11375--World_Figure_Skating_Championships.txt", "qid": "qw_11375", "question": "The qualifying age to compete in World Figure Skating Championships has been '15 years old by 1 July of the previous year', since when?" } ] } ] }