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00000451.xml | — 479 II. La grenade. Che-lieou l'ra- C'est un jeu de mots qui a fait la fortune de la grenade, et l’a fait prendre pour symbole d’une nombreuse postérité. Le mot enfant, en chinois est Tse -jr, le mot graine est le même caractère Tse = f-. La grenade renferme des graines nombreuses, rouges ou rosées; donc offrir ce fruit à quelqu’un, c’est lui souhaiter d’avoir beaucoup d'enfants, et une nombreuse descendance. C’est pour ce motif qu’on peut voir sur les images, exposées dans les demeu res, de belles grenades, bien mûres, dont la pulpe entrebâillée, laisse apercevoir les nombreuses graines. Du symbole lui-même à une sorte d’influence mystérieuse qu’il pourrait bien exercer comme porte-bonheur, il n’y a qu’un pas. On fait ce présent au temps du mariage et des fiançailles, c’est un cadeau faste. | [
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00000344.xml | — 424 — qu’ils sèment ci clix reprises differentes, en formulant leurs sou haits de félicité. Premièrement, nous semons de l’or! — Bien! Secondement, nous semons de l’argent! — Bien! Troisièmement, nous semons le lotus, cassette magique (1)! — Bien ! Quatrièmement, nous semons ta bonne fortune pour les 4 saisons ! — Bien ! Cinquièmement, nous semons cinq fils tous gradués! —Bien! Sixièmement, nous semons la prospérité universelle! —Bien! Septièmement, nous semons sept épouses ! — Bien ! Huitièmement, nous semons huit gros chevaux! — Bien! Neuvièmement, nous semons une vieillesse vigoureuse ! — Bien ! Dixièmement, nous semons la fortune qui entrera par toutes les portes! — Bien! La porte d’entrée franchie, que tous tes pas ne quittent plus les larges allées ! — Bien ! Que tes deux pieds ne foulent qu’un beau dallage! — Bien ! Que sur ces larges dalles soient gravés sept mots! — Bien! “Fils et petits-fils, que tous deviennent mandarins” ! — Bien ! jff & M SF & K M M $r $r fî * m Ht m f» <k m M m % u m m eb ,!- m m m m h ffi i t f i m T H SX 38 ^ fi Tlfllt s n m - m m - % x - ^ ( l) Le Tsiu-pcio-pen est une cassette qui engendre l’or et l’argent. | [
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00000277.xml | " 4 : t:'^ ?f .^t $ «£^«1- 'Slf4'%-^%:f^414é tfrlWÿ^.t •si^^Üf,^ ’p ;f ^ 5, «MT ^4? *Wf$( Wf •► ^ ^ •H 4- tir ^ ® Supplique employée pendant la cérémonie de “l'encens de la paîx’\ | [
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00000371.xml | CHAPITRE X. MINERAUX, ANIMAUX ET VÉGÉTAUX DOUÉS D’UN POUVOIR MERVEILLEUX. Parmi les animaux, quatre surtout passent pour donner des présages. Le Li-ki jjft gû, livre des rites, nous donne leur nom et appuie sur la propriété transcendante dont ils sont doués- (1) Quels sont les quatre animaux qui donnent des présages? Ce sont: la licorne, le phénix, la tortue et le dragon. (2) Nous avons parlé précédemment de la tortue, à l'article : Ecaille de tortue; nous n’y reviendrons pas ici, nous renvoyons à cet article, au Chapitre : Divination. Parmi le peuple, il s’est glissé peu à peu des croyances erronées sur divers autres animaux ou oiseaux, surtout sur le coq, le renard, le tigre, la grue, nous en dirons un mot à titre d’indi cation; pour être moins officielles, si j’ose ainsi m’exprimer, elles n’en sont pas pour cela moins enracinées- L’achillée (Ptarmica sibirical vulgô Che tscio ® ïjï, est la plante employée officiellement pour la divination. (1 ) Cf. Chap VII. Li yun g jg. (2) {rT jf H 8! Ml JE I® Il Ira 7t 0 SÉ. | [
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00000284.xml | — 374 — le danger, mais quand il s’en est tiré, c’est fini; la reconnaissance ne germe pas sur le terrain du paganisme. Pour brûler ces paquets parfumés, ils se servent de la chaîne attachée à l’ancre du bateau: un des bateliers l’enroule en spirale sur l’avant du bateau, ména geant au milieu un petit trou circulaire, dans lequel il plante le pied du paquet d’encens. Pendant qu'il brûle, le tam-tam résonne, et on joint d’ordinaire une poignée de ‘‘ Tche-ma ” Wj pour rehausser la cérémonie (voir Tche-ma ). e). ^.B. —Les chinois brûlent quelquefois de l’encens en l’honneur des mandarins supérieurs, pour les honorer. J’ai vu, dans la ville de Houo-tclieou ifP jlj, un Intendant traversant les rues de la ville, et dans son palanquin on avait placé de l’encens tout fumant. 4°. Circonstances principales où on bride l’encens. Innombrables sont les circonstances où on fait usage de l’encens. Souvent cet usage est presque quotidien dans certaines familles, ou plus aisées, ou plus superstitieuses. S’agit-il de demander un bienfait, une guérison, une protection quelconque, ou d’honorer n’importe quelle divinité, partout et toujours on brûle ces gerbes de baguettes parfumées : c’est la forme très populaire du culte aux faux dieux, d’autant plus universelle, qu’elle est plus ingénieuse et moins dispendieuse. Pour quelques sapèques on peut se procurer un paquet d’encens et satisfaire à sa dévotion. Il est cependant des circonstances particulières où tous, riches et pauvres, doivent brûler l'encens, du moins dans nos pays : Ou-hou Si , Fan-t‘cliang % H, T'ai-p‘ing ic Houo-tcheou Han-chan ^ (il du Ngctn-hoei ftç et dans presque toutes les villes du Bas-Kiang. Au Nord du fleuve Hoai, et dans le Siu-tcheou fou jlj , on fait un usage beaucoup plus restreint de cette denrée cultuelle: à l’époque de la nouvelle année, et aux jours fériés; le 5 de la Y 0 lune; le 15 de la VIII 0 lune; les jours de la fête des nombreux dieux populaires, — les jours de pèlerinages et de processions, —pour demander la pluie | [
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00000036.xml | — 228 — Si on regarde superficiellement la figure des hommes, tous, à peu près, se ressemblent; mais si on examine plus attentivement, on trouve que tous sont différents; ces dissemblances nous servent à les discerner les uns des autres. Mais les physiognomonistes ne s’arrêtent pas là; pour eux ces caractéristiques deviennent autant de présages, à l’aide desquels ils prédisent le bonheur ou l’infortune, la santé ou la mort. On a toujours reconnu, il est vrai, que les dispositions intérieures se reflètent plus on moins à l’extérieur, et qu’en examinant le maintien d’un homme, ses mouvements extérieurs, sa manière de parler, on peut en quelque manière conjecturer le caractère énergique ou faible, franc ou dissimule: car le visage est le miroir de l’âme. Cependant, il ne faut pas oublier que l’homme n’agit pas nécessairement, mais Librement, et qu il est toujours en son pou voir de résister à ses inclinations naturelles . on ne pourra donc jamais juger d une façon certaine, d après les apparences extérieu res. .Bien plus grande encore est 1 erreui de ces magiciens, qui enseignent que la bonne ou la mauvaise fortuné, est comme liée a telle ou telle forme de visage, à telle ou telle particularité du corps humain. Les auteurs chinois ont réuni une foule de laits qui contre disent ces fables. En voici quelques-uns, cites pai le meme écri vain Siun-lzing ÏJ 0, dans son ouvrage précité. 1°. Hiang-yu J|î natif de P‘i-tcheon jH-|, au Kiang-sou £h (JJia-siang bien T d’alors) et meurtrier de Eul-che hoang-ti ZL iü: 3 = Ifi’ (209-206 av. J.C.), avait double prunelle comme l’empereur Clioen iap ; 1 un fut un assassin, l’autre fut un homme de bien : quelle différence entre ces deux, hommes ! 2°. Yang-houu [S§ 1=? et Confucius se ressemblaient en ap parence. Yang-houo [iH jjs, chef de rebelles dans le royaume de Lou meurtrier de Ki Hoan-tse âp fl F et de toute sa famille, terrorisait le pays de K‘oang IM? au Ho-nan jpj f£j, à trente ly de Soei-tcheou jlgi flj. Confucius vint à passer par là: les habitants le prirent pour Yang-houo \% m, le cernèrent, et ce ne fut qu’au | [
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00000373.xml | — 439 — Le Li-ki Ü |£ nous donne plusieurs preuves de la divination au moyen de l’écaille de tortue à l’époque des Tcheou Juj, et des Han ï§|. 1°. Le Chapitre X Nei-tsé MU- “A la naissance d’un enfant d’un prince feudataire, pour designer 1 officier qui tiendrait 1 en fant dans ses bras.” (à la porte des appartements particuliers.) (1) 2°. Le Chapitre IV Yué-ling M ■ “Au premier mois de l’hiver, le grand secrétaire recevait l’ordre de frotter avec le sang d’une victime les carapaces des tortues, et les brins d’aclnllée, de considérer les signes donnes par les toitucs, d examiner les symboles formés par les brins d’achillée, et d’en tirer des présages heureux ou néfastes. ” (2) 3°. Le Chapitre XVIII Tsa ki $Ê f£. Pour le choix d’un em placement favorable à l’occasion d’un enterrement. “Lorsqu’on interrogeait la tortue sur le lieu de la sépulture et sur le jour (favorable) pour l’enterrement d’un grand préfet, le ministre officiant portait le vêtement de toile blanche etc...” (3) L'histoire nous montre que la croyance à la tortue était en vogue au temps des Tang Jjf. “Un gouverneur du midi pour faire sa cour au nouvel empereur Hien tsong % ne trouva rien de mieux à lui envoyer qu’une tortue poilue, c’est-à-dire que la carapace était couverte de mousses ou d’algues. C’était un pré sage de longévité des plus fastes. (4) 2°. Tortue succube. — Les contes chinois font mention d’esprits se promenant dans les fleuves sous la forme de tortues; des tortues, même en pierre sculptée, forment la base de stèles, qui se changent en jeunes filles et sollicitent les jeunes gens au mal. (5) (d a b ut ? 4 ,b p syh vx a ïi-t m m b v ± m p ( 2 ) iË,«r «• (3) -Je a hsëHP H, ÏT m K 2c, 3?, H * M, » Jt, th % P) M êü 11 ^ fi- (5) C.f. Folk-Lore Wieger. N°. 104. N°. 196. | [
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00000138.xml | — 298 — ARTICLE VII. |-|\S(l«U*ÏTO\- 11 Kiang Tse-ya est ici, il n y ci rien ci craindre . Kiang T‘cii-kong tsai t‘se, p é-on-kin-ki jifa Ü" La coutume actuelle est de coller une bande de papier rouge sur le linteau de la porte, et d’écrire sur ce papier: “Kiang Tse- ya est ici, il n’y a rien à redouter”. Une autre formule similaire se trouve à la fin du présent article. D’où vient cette pratique? Suivant les uns, Kiang Tse-ya Ü ^ 5F ne s’entendait pas à diriger les soldats, mais excellait dans le commandement des grands chefs. Il aimait aussi à se servir du condiment chinois appelé Tsictng-yeou $ » pour ses sauces culinaires, et au temps des “Han’' -§| on le surnomma le “Maréchal aux cent sauces”, ou encore : “le Maréchal qui dirige les cent saveurs.” Puisqu’il était habile à manier les grands chefs, Tsiang Tsiang ?|f en chinois, il doit aussi exceller à préparer le THang-yeou # Mb condiment chinois. C’est, comme on le voit, un jeu de mots entre le caractère Tsiang M de Maréchal et “ Tsiang ” « de “ Tsiang -y eow” Mi, condiment chinois. Pour ce motif, les familles qui préparent le condiment de pois nommé Tsiang-yeou # », ne manquent jamais d’écrire sur les pots: |g ? ’W & jlfc “Kiang Tse-ya est là”, afin d’empê cher les mauvais esprits de nuire par leurs maléfices. (1) Quant à ceux qui collent au-dessus de la porte cette même inscription, c’est parce que Kiang Tai-kong % ± 3V excellait dans le commandement des hauts chefs militaires, et est regardé comme le généralissime des armées infernales. D’aucuns di sent que lorsqu’il prêtait secours à la dynastie nouvelle des “ Tcheou ” m, pour anéantir celle des “ Chang ” fà, les Esprits de (1) Cf. Soei yuen so ci pi i||ï. * & * * 8$ fC,ïfB # ffî 'M, S Si E m ffl 7 t w, §11# e| m M ± ut-, am «h w & ® fil* ^ w ^ ^ * k aç a ?i!c a m m. m $ m jis m m M m £ | [
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00000074.xml | — 254 — Pour les gens vertueux, le malheur même se tourne en félicité, tandis que pour les méchants, le bonheur devient un malheur: tout dépend delà conduite bonne ou mauvaise de chacun. Ceux qui ignorent que l’homme est arbitre de son sort en pareille matière, mettent sur le compte du jour la moindre mésaventure qui leur arrive. A-t-on jamais cru sérieusement qu’il suffit de choisir un jour favorable pour qu’un général incapable remporte une victoire? Le choix du jour des semailles donnera-t-il une abondante récolte au cultivateur qui aura négligé de labourer son champ, ou qui y aura jeté une mauvaise semence? Enfin, le choix d un jour favorable a-t-il jamais converti le fer en or, ou la pierre brute en pierre précieuse ? Que vient donc faire le choix des jours ? Parmi les souverains, les uns se sont imposés aux peuples par leurs vertus; les autres sont parvenus au trône grâce à la droiture de leur politique; enfin, parmi tant de généraux célèbres, quel est celui qui ne doit pas sa gloire soit à sa prudence, soit à son courage?” (1) Le tableau que l’on voit ici sert à trouver le jour favorable pour un mariage. Voici comment on procède. Si le mariage doit avoir lieu pendant un mois lunaire de trente jours, on commence à compter les jours ainsi qu’il suit. Sur le caractère Fou on compte 1, sur le caractère Kou jfe on compte 2, et ainsi de suite, jusqu’on jour fixé pour le mariage. On compte dans le sens inverse à partir du caractère Fou ^ s'il s’agit d’un mois lunaire de 29 jours. Si la date fixée tombe sur un des quatre caractères (1) Cf. Che wen Ici tsiu 3JC A îffi §£■ 2 f|S 7t. tU- fit ^ ff E Ül, ?! EU tfe È 64 £ -a iÈS fi n A, F A Vi M A M Üîlié A ± ÏÏr n m b *,« il æ £ *n e a a üî, m - * % m m n * h & i. a * k * * ± ±æ m \>x h m f m ± ± x m ix # b mm -pyj y fq g a % qb &. @ 2/fï fg IX fl i® # % S-g'XtÈ iË,II H M A fil m 3? ± fs LUi St, W fil t?. * q n,« #**)»** v m ut as « R *,**;*« «s as æ# # ië. | [
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00000348.xml | null | [] | 646426230 | null | null | Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique | Chang-hai | 1912 | Les pratiques superstitieuses | Doré, Henri |
00000023.xml | CHAPITRE VIL PRATIQUES DIVINATOIRES, ARTICLE I. LA BONNE AVENTURE. Soan-ming ^ •fft. Note préliminaire — Les diseurs de bonne aventure se servent beaucoup d’un ouvrage en deux volumes, intitulé : Siuen-t‘ché pei-yao jg ^ ff . Dans cet ouvrage on peut trouver la plupart des recettes employées par ces charlatans, dans les pays du Ngan-hoei A ÜC- On trouve aussi, dans ces volumes, plusieurs modes de divina tion usités dans les campagnes, en se servant simplement des cinq doigts de la main. Les diverses positions des Esprits de la joie et des influences terrestres ou astrales, bonnes ou mauvaises, y sont aussi soigneusement mentionnées, avec les règles à suivre pour les reconnaître. il | [
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00000132.xml | null | [] | 646426230 | null | null | Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique | Chang-hai | 1912 | Les pratiques superstitieuses | Doré, Henri |
00000439.xml | Fig. 222 Le Cerf, symbole de la dignité officielle. La Chauve-souris, symbole de bonheur. | [
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00000434.xml | — 472 — ARTICLE IX. LE CHAT. T‘san-mcio <fjïf. I. Le chat protecteur des vers ci soie. Tout le monde sait que les rats sont très friands de vers à soie, et les maisons chinoises sont d’ordinaire peuplées de ces rongeurs; aussi, pour protéger les vers à soie contre leur rapacité, les éleveurs doivent acheter des chats, et les attacher pendant la nuit, dans les appartements destinés à cette industrie. Des marchands de chats parcourent les villes et les campagnes, au moment où on commence à nourrir ces intéressants vers, et les industriels achètent tous des minets. Mais, pensa-t-on, puisque le chat par sa seule présence suffit à tenir à distance rats et souris, peut-être que son image aurait aussi le même résultat, ce serait plus simple, et moins cher surtout. On prit donc peu à peu l’habitude de coller sur les murs, l’image de chats gardiens des vers à soie; et c’est ainsi que pas à pas l’image de Raminagrobis passa pour ling Jf transcendante, et on arriva au chat gardien du ver à soie T‘san-mao S îffif (Voir ; gravure ci-jointe). On suivit la même marche que pour les Esprits protecteurs des portes, qui ne sont, comme on le verra, que l’image des deux célèbres généraux qui gardèrent la porte de T'cing T‘cii-tsong JJ- us- Leur portrait devint ‘‘ling fj”, celui du chat-gardien est devenu “ling |J” fin aussi. II. Le chat talisman. Outre le 2 san-mcio g J ïi, chat gardien des vers à soie, il y a des images du chat cju on affiche dans les maisons en guise de talismans contre les lutins, et les influences pernicieuses. Le seul fait de voir, pendant les ténèbres de la nuit, a suffi pour le faire soupçonner d’avoir quelques accointances avec les Esprits qui sont censés errer sur terre pendant l’obscurité des nuits. | [
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00000288.xml | — 378 — ARTICLE XXX. Tsou tché-tse fjjjft ® -f. Pour se rendre bien compte en quoi consiste cette pratique superstitieuse, il est nécessaire de connaître le procédé employé par la plupart des cultivateurs chinois, pour conserver leurs grains après le battage. Dans une chambre ils disposent de grands paniers ronds, d’un mètre et demi de diamètre, et même plus, qu’ils remplissent de grains jusqu’aux trois quarts; ensuite à l’aide de longues nattes, tressées avec des roseaux et enroulées en spirales, ils entassent des amas de céréales de cinq ou six pieds de hauteur, et de forme ronde, comme le grand panier d’osier qui sert de base. Ces amas des grains s’appellent : Tché- tse Jjt- -J*. Ces dépôts constituent par conséquent la meilleure partie des revenus des agriculteurs, c’est leur fortune. Le deuxième jour de la seconde lune chinoise, anniversaire de la naissance de l’Esprit de la terre, les paysans ont imaginé une pratique naïve de lui demander une bonne récolte. Ils prennent une pelletée de cendres, s’en vont dans leurs aires, et, en pivotant sur eux-mêmes, ils sèment la cendre en forme de circonférence. Au centre du cercle, ils creusent un trou dans lequel ils déposent une poignée de blé qu’ils recouvrent de terre, et protègent quel quefois avec un morceau de pot cassé, pour que les poules ne viennent pas le manger. Ils tracent ainsi successivement quatre ou cinq ronds, l’un pour le sorgho, l’autre pour le maïs, un autre pour les pois etc... Au centre de chacun d’eux ils enfouissent une poignée de ces divers grains, qu’ils recouvrent de terre comme précédemment. C'est là ce qu’ils appellent Tsou tché-tse ^, Faire des dépôts de grains. L’allusion est obvie: ils prient l’Esprit de la terre de leur accorder pour la présente année de nombreux dépôts de grains, c’est-à-dire une moisson abondante. Ces cir conférences tracées avec de la cendre, et contenant du grain à leur centre, figurent ces grands dépôts de céréales disposés dans les greniers après la moisson. Manquer à cette pratique serait compromettre l’avenir des moissons. | [
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00000441.xml | 223 Fou Koei yeou yu. Riche à rouler sur l’or. | [
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00000239.xml | Fig. 189 Personnage figurant dans les processions diaboliques et | [
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00000029.xml | Fig. 154. Les douze animaux du cycle opposés l’un à l’autre. | [
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00000340.xml | — 420 — Ciel et de la Terre, les hommes vont, à la suite du maître de la maison, faire trois adorations profondes devant ces dieux pro tecteurs, et devant les tablettes des ancêtres, siège de l’àme de ces défunts vénérés. De chaque côté sont allumées des bougies, le brûle-encens fume devant ces images, ou statues protectrices. 4°. Hommages au dieu du foyer P ai tsao-kiun ^ j± M ■ Le dieu de 1 atre Tsao-kiun j± S, est celui qui a la charge de tenir un compte exact des fautes et des mérites de tous les membres de la famille, et qui devra, au bout de l’an, en informer l’Etre Souverain- Ce dieu du fourneau ne saurait donc manquer de recevoir, lui aussi, les honneurs dus à sa haute position. Tous vont à la suite du père de famille se prosterner trois fois devant son image illuminée avec des bougies, et respirant la suave odeur de l’encens. Une poignée de Tche-ma $£ est brûlée en son honneur. 5°; Vaporiser le vinaigre Fa-hiang-tan df Î6?- Les femmes, on le sait, ne prennent pas part officiellement à l’adoration du Ciel et de la Terre, des dieux de la famille et du foyer; si elles le font, c’est par dévotion particulière, d’après l’étiquette, elles ne comptent pas. La cérémonie du Fa-hiang- tan H § ftS, ou de la vaporisation du vinaigre, pour expulser les pernicieuses influences, et attirer le sourire de la richesse, est une pratique qui est de leur ressort, et bien peu y manquent dans nos pays. (Voir Fa-hiang-tan Ht fiff {Slf, Chap. VIII. art. XVI). 6°. Les visites aux pagodes Pai-miao J®f. Dès l’aurore, souvent même avant l’aube du jour, les pères de: famille, une lanterne à la main, et munis d’un panier rempli de “tche-ma" de bougies et de bâtonnets d’encens, s’en vont dans toutes les pagodes de la ville adorer les dieux : Icheng- hoang M Wèn-t‘chang H, Koan-ti ü 'ri?, Koan-yn p‘ou-sûh |R -g- # H etc... | [
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00000375.xml | 45 — 441 — tée en détail, v.g. Social of the chinese. By. R. Justus Doolittle vol. 2 p. 20. ■—• Wieger Rudiments vol. 4 p. 666. Un bœuf en papier est préparé pour la veille du jour où commence le printemps. On colle du papier de cinq couleurs sur une ossature en bambou, la couleur jaune est quelquefois préférée. D'ordinaire on juge de l’année qui va commencer par l’agencement des couleurs du bœuf du printemps. On sait en effet que les cinq couleurs : rouge, noir, blanc, vert et jaune, correspondent aux cinq éléments de la nature: métal, bois, eau, feu et terre. Aussi consulte-t-on un devin pour savoir quelle couleur doit prédominer; d’autrefois on a vu ce choix confié à un aveugle, qui choisit au hasard le papier qui doit être collé. Ce bœuf de papier est porté en procession, ou simplement déposé dans un pavillon hors la porte de l’Est, c’est là que les manda rins viennent recevoir le printemps Tsié-t l choen ^ ^fp. Ils font des prostrations devant le bœuf du printemps, lui offrent des mets, brûlent de l’encens, et font des libations. Le rit accompli, ils retournent dans leurs tribunaux. Le lendemain, des satellites du tribunal reviennent armés de fouets et mettent en pièces le bœuf en papier : cette cérémo nie s’appelle Ta t‘choen fl" Frapper le printemps. Le peuple qui se réunit toujours en foule à cette occasion, ne manque pas d’examiner attentivement les couleurs des divers membres du bœuf, et en tire des prédictions pour la pluie, la sécheresse, le froid ou la chaleur de l’année qui commence. | [
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00000173.xml | — 311 qu’on nourrisse tous ies animaux, tous les volatiles, tous les poissons, jusqu’à ce qu’ils meurent de leur belle mort- Leur viande est une nourriture, leur sang sert à oindre les cloches ; leurs plumes, leurs poils, leur peau, leurs dents, leurs cornes, leurs os sont employés dans l’industrie pour confectionner les habits, les souliers et les ustensiles. Si tout le monde suivait l’exemple des Bouddhistes qui veulent forcément soustraire à la mort oiseaux, poissons, animaux de tout genre, ne serait-ce pas inutiliser toutes ces resources industrielles ? Examinons maintenant la conduite des Sages de l’antiquité à propos du sujet qui nous occupe. Fou-hi ffî , le premier roi chinois, fit des cordes pour confectionner des filets, et enseigna à ses sujets l’art de la pêche et de la chasse. L’empereur T‘ang-yao ^ (2357 av. J.C.) conseillait aux populations voisines des eaux, de se livrer à la pêche, pour sub venir à leur subsistance. L’empereur Yu-choen Jj| se livrait à la pêche à Lei-tché Hf £lfl ( Chan-si ÜJ W, P‘ou-tcheou fou y|ij ;Mj au bas de la montagne Cheou-yang "if" |ÎJ§). Wen-iocnig jÿj 3* chassait à Wei-yang îpj |ij§ ( Chen-si XÇEj, Pao-ki hien jÇ J$jl, sur les bords de la rivière Wei-choei (n 7jc). Dans l’ancien temps, l’Empereur et tous les vassaux se rendaient aux chasses annuelles; ils exhortaient les paysans à chasser pendant l’hiver, pour se former aux exercices militaires. Il y avait les grandes chasses des quatre saisons, Printemps, Eté Automne et Hiver. Les Annales historiques nous montrent l’Empereur T‘cheng- t‘cmg H, fondateur de la dynastie Chcing (1766 av. J.C.), chassant avec des filets. (1) Confucius préférait la pêche à la ligne à la pêche au filet; il ne tirait les oiseaux qu’au vol, et jamais au repos. Le passage (1) Cf. Tcheou tclien pien w.ang f$| ]f| 35c- p. 66. où on trouvera tous ces textes cités. | [
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00000263.xml | — 363 — Nous donnons ici le modèle d’une tablette en l’honneur du Soleil, et de la Lune, comme on peut en voir dans les maisons des jeûneurs bouddhistes. Ici nous joignons simplement la traduction de la prière à la lune, composée par Bouddha. Prière ci la Lune, composée par Bouddha. ‘Déesse la Lune, qui montez de l’Est pour illuminer le paradis, l’enfer et les neuf cieux; les quatre-vingt-quatre mille Bouddhas et les huit King-hcing sont rangés sur deux lignes, quand vous vous montrez majestueuse, le front ceint d’un dia dème d’or, d’argent et de pierreries. La terre se couvre de fleurs de lotus dès que vos yeux s’abaissent vers notre misérable exil, et que les nuées du Ciel servent d’escabeau à vos pieds. Tout bon jeune homme ou et toute bonne jeune tille qui récitera sept fois cette prière, aura autaut de mérites que s'il récitait un livre entier du King-kang-king ; (1) il décuplera le bonheur et la longévité de ses parents vivants; de plus, il hâtera la réincarnation de ses parents défunts. Nan-ou-fou ! Nan-ou-fa ! Nan-ou-seng !” Ces dernières expressions sont des sons indous figurés par des sons chinois à peu près correspondants. Le culte du soleil et de la lune. Le culte du soleil et de la lune remonte très haut dans l’an tiquité. Nous trouvons dans le Li-ki H HE, Chap. XX Tsi-fci qu’il était d’usage, à l’époque des Tchéou jo), d’enterrer une brebis et un porc, en l’honneur du soleil, sur le tertre appelé “Palais royal”; les mêmes victimes étaient offertes en sacrifice à la lune, sur le tertre appelé “Clarté des nuits”. 3E g' H H •&. (1) Recueil de prières bouddhiques, qui composent un petit volume. | [
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00000320.xml | 20 . 21 . — 404 — Naissance du patriarche Pou-ngan ^ ^ jffl. fil]) 1È pj®. Nais sance de T 1 ang-Pcheng-kiun _h % ^ ft fflt M S iü (tP ^ Si) 22. Naissance de l’Esprit accumulateur du bonheur et des ri chesses jf| |S M If S vM- 23. Naissance du premier ministre du pivot du Ciel (c’est Tcliou Ko-liang ffj 4Ü| ^5, connu sous le nom de Tchon K‘ong- ming ’-fL PB, le fameux ministre de Lieou-p‘ei PJ ffjj. IM ± m m m n n- (ip #t it ® 24. Naissance duP‘o((-sfl/î Long-chou-wang SI Ht 3E Ü H f®- 25. Anniversaire de la mort de Joei-tsong ^ 26. Jour néfaste. 27. Bonne journée pour envoyer un enfant à l’école. 28. On peut prendre un domestique en cette journée. 29. Un mandarin peut entrer en charge ce jour là. 30. Naissance de Ti-t'sang-wang p‘ou-sah H 3; j$Ü M jfŒ. C’est le souverain moderne du royaume des enfers. Il est connu sous le titre de Yeou-ming kiao-tchou Ti- t‘sang-wcing p‘ou-sah IÜ- Le mois des morts finit par la fête du Roi des demeures infernales. Huitième mois. Naissance de Hiu-t'cheng-kiun jpf ÿj? M H ^ M ifl- (in fF M ig) 2. Il est permis d’épousseter les appartements. 3. Naissance de Tsao-kiun (dieu du foyer) f|| ’S M ffl- Le 3 e et le 27 e jour, l’étoile polaire descend sur terre (le génie de l’étoile polaire) abstinence vî 11' U H 4fc A' T 4. On peut faire des sacrifices, et aller aux bains R ^ |E 0fc 5. Naissance du Maître du tonnerre ff p rî? H IJ®- 6. Bon jour pour les mariages et les enterrements S 5? :£c 7. Défense de déménager et de cultiver la terre Jp IP) dé- 8. Jour néfaste. 9. ,, >> | [
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00000429.xml | Fig. 219 Coq bianc transcendant. | [
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00000054.xml | 240 — ARTICLE V. FICHES DIVINATOIRES. T sien-pou §§£ h • On prépare cent fiches de bambou, bien unies, qu’on numé rote en écrivant dessus les caractères du cycle décimal: Kici-kia IfJ EjJ. Kia-i Ej3 Zj, Kia-ping Ej3 fa. c’est-à-dire: 1, 2, 3, etc..., jusqu’à Koei-koei §-|, 100. On écrit en outre, sur chaque fiche, des pionostics, comme il suit: “Grande félicité, bonheur extrême, chance moyenne, très bien, assez bien, très mal,” etc... Il y a de plus un cahier séparé, compose de cent feuilles numérotées, sur lesquelles, on a écrit les mêmes caiactères que sur les fiches correspondantes: une des fiches conespond a une clés feuilles. Sur chacune de ces feuilles est écrit un vers de sept caractères, décrivant la prospérité, le malheur, les honneurs ou la pauvreté, et suivi d’un commentaire. Le tireur de fiches les place toutes dans un tube qu’il agite en le tenant à deux mains, jusqu à ce qu une fiche vienne à tom ber par terre. Alors on prend cette fiche, on cheiche la feuille couespon- clante dans les livres : c’est là qu’on trouve le vers indicateur du bonheur ou du malheur. Si on tire les fiches pour une maladie, sur cette même feuille se trouve indiqué le médicament qui doit guérir le malade. A la place de ces fiches en bambou, on se sert quelquefois de sapèques. On en met dix dans le tube, 1 une des dix est teinte en rouge : alors on agite à deux mains le tube en bambou jusqu’à ce que la sapèque rouge tombe par terre, on répète deux fois la même opération. Si la sapèque rouge vient à tomber la première aux deux lois, c’est alors l’équivalent de la première fiche, ou Kia-kia Ep . Si la sapèque rouge sort la seconde au premier tour, et la | [
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00000470.xml | Fig. 231 Liu Tong-ping (l’Immortel et le patron des lettrés.) en contemplation devant une pivoine. Le titre est “Liu Tong-ping Hi mou tan.” | [
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00000220.xml | 340 — ARTICLE XVIII. CONSTRUCTION D’UNE MAISON. Multiples sont les cérémonies superstitieuses accomplies lors de la construction d’une nouvelle maison: offrandes, encens, in scriptions superstitieuses, insertion d’une perle dans la filière, morceau d’argent enfoui dans les fondations, ou sous le seuil de la porte d’entrée-.., tout cela s’accomplit dans le but d’obtenir la fortune, les richesses ; ce sont des présages heureux. Ailleurs, on honore Lou-pan-che-fou # (5|> jf, dieu des menuisiers, et la maîtresse-poutre de la charpente, Tong.-lictng jg Lou-pan-che-fou H ïJi Bli) {f, patron des menuisiers, était fils de Lou Tchao-kong ig Rg de la principauté de Lou # (Chan- tong 1.U ^). Il se rendit célèbre par ses inventions mécaniques. La tradition s'est perpétuée qu’il avait construit pour sa vieille mère Ou & JS des brouettes automobiles. Aussi les menui siers l’honorent-ils comme le dieu de leur métier. Les Chinois ont aussi une cérémonie qui ressemble assez à la pose de la première pierre, dans nos édifices publics. A Han- chcin -g- (1], nous avons trouvé, dans un angle des fondations d’une construction mandarinale, une belle pierre carrée, parfaitement taillée, sur laquelle on avait gravé le nom de la montagne sacrée de l’Est, Tai-chan 0 [II, avec des souhaits de prospérité: “Cette construction repose sur la montagne sacrée T‘ai-clian, rien ne pourra la détruire.” Les Rebelles aux Longs Cheveux n’ont eu aucun respect pour elle cependant, et de nos jours il n’en reste pas pierre sur pierre. Sur le dessin ci-après, on peut voir, suspendus à la poutre, un crible et un petit miroir en cuivre : ce sont deux talismans ou démonifuges destinés à écarter toute mauvaise influence, tout diable malfaisant, “ Pi-sié ”, comme disent les païens. Moyen nant cette précaution, s’il arrive que quelqu’un dise une parole de mauvais augure, parle d’incendie ou de mort, en entrant dans | [
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00000098.xml | — 268 — chou ÿ: g# #x; ce fut l'origine de toutes les croyances erronées que nous déplorons. L'auteur Yuen-t‘ong TC surnommé Pao Tchouo-tse $j ï 1 , du district de T‘chang-ngan ^ au Chen-si Ig , collec tionna en quatre volumes l’ouvrage Cheov-che-chou U üÿ tff. Ce travail, fait sous la dynastie des Yuen 7 C 1 lut présenté par son auteur à l’empereur T‘ai-tsou tÏC HL fondateur des Ming [1)], en 1385, la 17 e année de son règne. Cet ouvrage a pour titre Ta- t‘ong-li M M- L’idée primordiale d’un pareil ouvrage eut pour but de fixer les idées du vulgaire, mais ces directions officielles n’out pas empêché le peuple de croire au 1 ong-chou jfi If. Nombreux sont les ouvrages intitulés “T 1 ong-chou fl|”; plus nombreux encore sont les ouvrages des particuliers qui tiaitent de ces matières. En vain ira-t-on'en démontrer la fausseté; impos sible d’arrêter le cours de ces erreurs qui aveuglent le peuple. Si on pouvait détruire toutes ces collections superstitieuses et les remplacer par des prescriptions utiles et pratiques, par des notions intéressantes sur les travaux d’horticulture, sur les moissons dans les diverses contrées, ne serait-ce pas ramener les temps pros pères de Ycio ijg, de Yu-wang JH 3L et des trois premières dynas ties? (1) Note pour l'intelligence clés termes usités clans le calendrier “Hoang-li Je JM”. 1°. Les Jours. — Dans le calendrier actuel, on a consigné pour chaque jour ce qu’on doit faire ou éviter, aux jours fastes et néfastes. Douze caractères indiquent le caractère du jour en question; nous allons les juxtaposer dans le petit tableau suivant, en indiquant en deux mots le sens qu on y attache. ( 1 ) 4-itÊ — f) fj H. R la Jt ®Sc wr Si £ f(| 2 ft MM fil 4 13 * 1* ». | [
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00000328.xml | — 412 — Foyer, qui monte au Ciel. Ce sont les premières offrandes au Tsao-kiun % f; . 24. jour où le dieu du Foyer, Tsao-kiun, monte au Ciel, pré senter son rapport à Yu-lxoang 3î J§, sur les péchés et les mérites des humains. Tempête des balayures. On balaye les maisons. Offrandes pour chasser les diables de la peste. 25. On brûle des “ Tche-ma" pour recevoir Yu-hoang , qui descend sur terre examiner les péchés et les mérites des hommes- Offrandes placées aux portes. Aujourd’hui on mange la bouillie de pois rouges, contre les épidémies. 26. Jour très faste pour toutes les entreprises. 27. Faste pour la chasse et les sacrifices. 28. Néfaste pour un déménagement. 29. Naissance de Hoa yen p‘ou^sah If! )Sc e? Ht SI fl- 30. Tous les bouddhas descendent sur terre pour faire une enquête sur les fautes et les mérites des humains. Il faut jeûner, offrir de l’encens, faire des sacrifices et s’exciter au bien. Fermeture des puits |ij' •Jf. L’étoile polaire descend sur terre les 8. 14. 15- 23. 29 de chaque mois. Ces jours là, toute prière ou invocation à Boud dha, tout jeune etc-... ont un mérite extraordinaire. | [
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00000477.xml | ■* | [
0.2450000048
] | 646426230 | en | 0.169462 | Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique | Chang-hai | 1912 | Les pratiques superstitieuses | Doré, Henri |
00000379.xml | — 443 — “Houo-koang fj -jt avait été un lettré, remarque l’historien, il n’eût pas fait cela (1). 2° En l’an 73 av. J. C., une bande de phénix entra de nou veau dans le Chan-tong lll JjC, sans doute pour fêter l’avénement de Siuen-ti ‘b. Houo-koang fj jfô s’empressa de leur faire offrir des sacrifices (2) et l’empereur accorda une amnistie dans tout l’empire, pour manifester toute la joie que lui avait causée cette apparition. Trois années après, les mystérieux oiseaux apparurent de rechef dans le pays de Lou et une nouvelle amnistie était accordée. L’empereur se trompa misérablement, ajoute laconiquement l’historien. Ce culte du phénix, cette manie des apparitions de l’oiseau esprit, furent la dévotion du rusé maréchal Houo-koang g il avait trouvé là une délicate invention pour flatter l’orgueil de ses puissants souverains, et il en retirait un surcroît de crédit et d’influence auprès d’eux. L’apparition du Fong-hoang H jg est devenue comme un lieu commun dans l'histoire chinoise. Eprouve-t-on le besoin de flatter un empereur, de glorifier un règne pacifique; le phénix fait son apparition! Cette manière de parler est une formule de flatterie, et un rouage gouvernemental. La dernière apparition du phénix paraît être celle qui est censée avoir eu lieu à Fong-yang fou jKi % jtF, au Ngan-lioei ; ÜC quand il s’agit de faire passer le pouvoir impérial dans les mains de Hong-ou jfÇ, le fondateur de la dynastie chinoise des Ming PJ]. Le phénix, dit la légende, apparut sur le tombeau du père de Hong-ou gf et de son pied se mit à gratter la terre du tumulus. Un peu de merveilleux ne nuit jamais au succès d’une grande entreprise! Depuis cette époque, la ville de (1) Cf. Tse-tche-t‘ong-kien-kang-rriou fj£ fg Jjg -jgg j;} . (règne de Tchao-ii). t m- m. si a MM m m. m m a, s. « * % -ta. (2) Cf. même ouvrage. (règne de Siuen-ti). fjl.® Jg gf M.M % W 8 a a ÎC-.4- m a m m. m % m. tu. ¥ % m. h. * * #. 3$ at a ut m *.* M-ft t. t $c s & | [
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00000130.xml | — 294 — ARTICLE V. SOLDER LES IMPOTS DU CIEL. Kiai t‘ien-liiang fffî- WD- C’est le gardien de la pagode qui s occupe de la solde des impôts du Ciel; lui même dépose dans des armoires les lingots et le papier-monnaie vulgairement nommés: 1 impôt du Ciel. Les gens du peuple donnent un, dix ou quelques dizaines de lingots; toujours ils doivent ajouter quelques sapèques à ce papier-monnaie, soi-disant pour les frais de versement. Si quel qu’un tarde trop à payer cette redevance, alors on envoie clés percepteurs frapper du tam-tam par les lues, pour urger le paie ment de l’impôt qui se divise en première, seconde et troisième échéance. Après le terme fixé pour la perception de cet impôt, on réunit en monceaux tout le papier-monnaie recueilli, et on le brûle devant la pagode dans le but de demander du bonheur pour tout le peuple. Voilà ce qu’on nomme: payer les impôts du Ciel. (1) La solde est une somme destinée aux approvisionnements militaires. Le Ciel n’utilise pas de soldats pour sa police locale: à qui la distribuera-t-il donc? — Les bonzes répondent que ces collectes sont destinées aussi aux approvisionnements de l’armée des diables de l’enfer. Mais alors, il ne faudrait pas lui donner le nom de solde des impôts du Ciel. Puis a quoi pourrait bien servir aux diables de l’enfer cette cendre de papier? Comme on le voit, c’est un pur expédient du gardien de la pagode, qui prétexte que l’intendant des enfers recueille l’impôt de l’autre (l) Cf. T" s inrj-hia-loiL <£( jsjt, A ff;J VV) 'h 0 V A À fi? 35 -L nk ffi m m w m 7c ». # if âm.JBR4$F m m - m + su. » + a# * % - m. & «5 u si 0 m ®. m sa a.iw aï a m m * nuèiii % scrhi« g.i® ® 7t h m m 44 n ^ æ ». ® m. ^ a m u.m SI g K ®r m.& 0 m fti | [
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00000039.xml | - 231 ' — ressortants, et pouvant voir les oreilles; avec cela, peu-'d’intel ligence, et plongé dans les plaisirs et la débauche, indifférent au gouvernement du royaume. L’empereur Tchocing-tsong des T‘cing /g£ (923-926. ap. J.C.) envoya une armée pour le com battre; vaincu et prisonnier, il fut mis à mort. 2°. Lieuu yuen-tsin ÿj rJC il, natif de Yu-hang fit ^ au Tché-kiang avait les mains longues d’un pied, et retombant au-dessous des genoux. Augurant bien de cette singularité, il se mit à la tête des brigands, des risque-tout du pays, s’empara de la préfecture Ou Jj|, et se proposa comme empereur? Soei-ycing- ti Ifj ^ (6U5-618 ap. J.C.) lui fit livrer bataille, et Yuen-tsin TC üi périt dans la mêlée. (1) Ces faits historiques ne prouvent-ils pas à l'évidence la fausseté de ces palpeurs d’os et de jointures? S’il arrive que ces devins tombent juste une fois sur cent mille, en pronostiquant le bonheur ou le malheur, c’est tout-à-fait par hasard. Si un homme sans s’être exercé à tirer l’arc, loge une ou deux flèches dans la cible comme par hasard, il ne s’ensuit pas que ce soit un archer habile. Confucius dit: S’il avait fallu s’en fier aux apparences, nous aurions perdu Tse-yu -fl- 1$ ( Tan-t‘cd Mié-ming jjft H fjf!). D après l’ouvrage: Se-chou jen-ou-k'cio ES U A ^ Tse-yu ^ m disciple de Confucius, avait un visage difforme, mais c’était un sage. Pour ce motif, Confucius nous exhorte à ne pas nous fier au visage, mais à nous enquérir de la capacité et de la vertu des hommes, conseil très judicieux. IV. Applications pratiques. L’application pratique de la théorie de la physiognomonie moderne, se trouve exposée et figurée dans un ouvrage intitulé: ( 1 ) cr. sum-ue m. ht w * m a ü, % 31 % m ± Mi m,&mm® æ m se m. nos m m Fu lï K ts Wt- | [
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00000163.xml | 28 305 — ARTICLE IX. PIERRES PRÉSERVATRICES. Che-kan-tang 1$C eh- Tout chemin ou pont qui vient aboutir perpendiculairement en face d’une habitation, constitue une menace de sécurité pour cette maison, croit le vulgaire; alors on plante devant la maison une pierre sur laquelle on écrit les trois caractères: Che-kan-tang 5 K “ Pierre osant s’opposer”, pour combattre la mauvaise influence. Elle a la vertu, dit-on, de maîtriser les diables et d’écarter tout malheur. (1) Si la route, le sentier, ou le pont longent la maison horizon talement, ils n’exercent aucune influence néfaste, et pas n’est besoin de planter une pierre protectrice. Argumentons un peu avec les tenants de cette opinion, et voyons le fond de leur pensée. Les rues, les routes, les ponts servent de passage aux voya geurs; ce sont des êtres inanimés, sans raison: qu’ils soient situés en face ou le long des maisons, c’est la même chose absolument. S’ils ne peuvent nuire quand ils longent horizonta lement l’habitation, comment pourraient-ils y porter préjudice quand ils sont dirigés en face? Prenons pour exemple un arc et des flèches, ou un canon: ce sont des armes qui peuvent porter la mort et la destruction. Si on se contente de placer un arc et des flèches en face d’un homme sans les décocher sur lui, si on braque un canon devant un objet, sans le tirer, y en eût-il des centaines, tous mis en position de tir, jamais ils ne blesseront un seul homme, et ne détruiront un seul objet. Les rues, les sentiers et les ponts, placés en face des demeu- ( I ) Cf. Che-ou-yuen-hoei ÿ Ifo JM Ht >1 1? Iffi M M, Ê Sî À Sî 1È ÏS 1*1 m % «.* ta * zi - m. b fïzîJÊfc&H t.® ïft if*i m st z «.ii w m w mm m 0t. | [
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00000406.xml | — 462 — homme, et exécutent Une foule d’extravagances par son entre mise. Ces possédés prétendent avoir le don de guérir toutes sortes de maladies. Enfin les familles riches prétendent devoir leur fortune au culte constant rendu aux Hou-li-tsing ® |r- On peut voir à la fin de cet article une gravure chinoise, représentant des diables renards, tout occupés â combler de richesses leur famille protégée. Citons quelques exemples vécus, de ces différentes sortes de culte qu’on leur rend. Dans la ville de Han-chan hien ^ tÜ If, sous-préfecture de Hûuo-tcheou ;M‘|, habite un riche marchand de tabac, il croit devoir sa fortune aux Hou-li-tsing ® ifjg A l’étage de sa maison, une pièce spéciale est destinée à leur culte. Là est exposée une tablette en leur honneur, et devant laquelle il brûle tous les jours de l’encens; il leur offre aussi très fréquemment des viandes et d’autres aliments en sacrifice, afin de se continuer leur protection. Cet homme est bachelier, et de nos amis. Dans la même ville, un autre bachelier, nommé Tchang , vit un soir une belette traverser la chambre où il tenait école- Dans un premier mouvement irréfléchi, il saisit sa longue pipe et frappe l’animal. A peine le coup fut-il porté qu’il se prît à réfléchir que c’était un diable renard, et, en expiation, il lui fit bâtir à ses frais un petit pagodin, où plusieurs années durant, il lui offrit de l’encens. Il espérait que tant de bons offices lui feraient pardonner son manque de respect, et lui attireraient la fortune; lassé d’attendre ses faveurs, et un peu honteux de son équipée, il cessa la pratique de son culte intéressé. Un richard de Liu-tcheou fou JJ jlj }{f. demeurant à vingt lys environ de la ville, croit, lui aussi, être redevable de sa for tune aux faveurs des esprits-renards, qui habitent, s’imagine-t-il, sous un tas de paille devant sa maison. Depuis vingt ans, il se garde bien de toucher à sa meule de paille, qu’il considère com me la demeure des renards protecteurs, et tous les ans il ajoute une couche de paille sur l’ancienne, soi-disant pour réparer le | [
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00000206.xml | — 332 — ARTICLE XV. T‘sicing-t‘ong-tse Jfj jü ^p. (T'sicing-ta-sien Jg Les T‘siang-t‘ong-tse Sf p 1 , appelés aussi T c sicmg-ici-sien tiÉ f|If, sont des magiciens qui font profession de prendre et de pourchasser les mauvais Esprits “Koei Jj|”. Ces chasseurs de diables sont appelés dans les familles pour saisir les diables qui nuisent à. leurs membres, engendrent les maladies, et attirent toutes sortes d’adversités. A l’arrivée de ce magicien de métier, on prépare dans l’ap partement une table sur laquelle brûlent l’encens et deux bougies. Le magicien se penche sur la table, la tête appuyée sur ses deux bras croisés, et reste dans cette position un quart d’heure, une demi-heure, jusqu’à ce qu’il soit saisi par un Esprit supérieur. Quand le diable tarde trop à venir s’emparer de lui,il demande qu’on brûle de l’encens en l’honneur de tel ou tel diable, ou qu’on fasse tel vœu à la pagode, ou qu’on promette tel pèlerinage, etc... Le moment vient où il est saisi par une puissance supérieure, croit-on, qui Je met hors de lui-même : ses yeux sont farouches, ses mouvements déréglés, il ressemble à un furieux cpii a perdu tout sens; alors il saisit un sabre ou un trident, bondit dans l’appartement, saute comme un forcené, monte sur les poutres, sort de la maison, s’élance sur les toits, frappe à tort à travers de prétendus monstres que lui seul est censé voir, bref, il finit par en attrapper un, puis deux, puis trois... qu’il met dans un petit vase en terre cuite “ koan-tse ” j|ff ^p. Après cela, il aspire de l’eau mêlée aux cendres d’encens brûlé en l’honneur des divi nités, et crache cette eau sur le diable qu'il vient d’enfermer dans le pot de terre; il ne pourra plus désormais se sauver. Pas n’est besoin de mettre un couvercle, une force mystérieuse le retient captif dans sa prison ! La chasse finie, et le dernier Esprit malfaisant ayant été déposé dans l’urne, le T‘sicing-t‘ong-tse f|| jt -p prend deux bandes | [
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00000006.xml | null | [] | 646426230 | null | null | Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique | Chang-hai | 1912 | Les pratiques superstitieuses | Doré, Henri |
00000419.xml | — 467 — Des images de tigres sont peintes à l’entrée des tribunaux, et quelquefois aussi au-dessus des portes des particuliers, dont ils sont constitués gardiens. Les griffes du tigre, et la cendre provenant de la combustion de ses poils, forment des talismans de haute réputation, et qui se paient fort cher. Ici nous ne parlons pas des os de tigre employés par la médecine chinoise, ce serait sortir du cadre des superstitions. (Voir: "Wieger Folk Lore N os 62. 63.) | [
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00000176.xml | Fig. 17? MT rn X £■ A 4t*g- •$§-.&$&, & $2 « f - % «. 1*1 ijf ^ ^ ^l JL ^ *W ZL *&' *9 T •— a «♦*> x* <H *L * 4^ « «• & « fj MI Jrt - ÜA - J * ~Jt £ K % ^ 1 T f ** âf f & » ?, S - ^ P â Hr &*** -zffê H) sS <0 # i. rf" 4 - iS . il? Feuilles vendues pour la protection des grenouilles | [
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00000260.xml | — 362 — ou telle faveur en récitant cette prière, puis c’est tout. Allez maintenant trouver, parmi peut-être un million d’hommes,, l’indi- vidu indiqué ! Dans préfecture de Kia-hing ^® ,un nommé 2 ‘sien âgé de soixante-sept ans, n’avait pas d’enfant. Pendant un rêve, un envoyé, vêtu d’une ample robe aux larges manches, le visage couvert d’une longue barbe, lui apparut et lui présenta un exem plaire de la prière au soleil, avec ordre de la réciter chaque matin à jeun. ■ A son réveil, il écrivit cette prière, et la récita fidèlement avec son épouse. Un an ne s’était pas encore écoulé que son épouse était enceinte, et l’année suivante, elle mettait au monde deux jumeaux. Un Chantonnais avait coutume de réciter cette priè re; il vécut sans infirmité jusqu’à l’âge de quatre-vingt-quinze ans, et s’éteignit doucement, sans ressentir les étreintes de la maladie. Un Hounannais, de la préfecture de T‘chang-cha ÿp, Tchao s’était plusieurs fois présenté aux examens sans succès. S’étant procuré la prière au Soleil, il se mit à la réciter, et prit la résolution d’en faire imprimer trois mille exemplaires pour la propagande : il n’en avait pas encore distribué deux mille, qu’il obtenait le premier rang parmi les licenciés. Un nommé T‘chen de la sous-préfecture de Kin-koei #U, âgé de 47 ans, vivait dans une extrême pauvreté. Un de ces amis lui conseilla de réciter la prière au soleil. Cet homme mit ses habits au mont-de-piété pour se procurer la somme nécessaire à l’impression de quelques milliers d’exemplaires de cette prière destinés à la propagande. L’année suivante, une de ses connais sances voulut bien lui prêter quelque argent; il se mit à faire un petit commerce de gousses d’ail, et réalisa un bon bénéfice qui le mit à l’aise. Les dévots à Phœbus ont imaginé le culte de la tablette du soleil. Ils se servent pour cela d’une bande de papier, taillé en forme de tablette, ou encore d’une planchette peinte et vernie,sur laquelle ils écrivent le nom du soleil; puis,devant ce siège de l’astre, ils allument des bougies et brûlent de l’encens, en faisant maintes révérences. | [
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00000067.xml | 247 — Sous le règne de Song Hoei-tsong Xf. ffj£ Sj?, 1101-1126, Sié-che m 5, aussi appelé Joen-fou ff Xi. , excellait dans cette science. N’importe quel caractère qu'on pouvait lui écrire* à l’instant il le décomposait et en tirait un présage heureux ou néfaste. T‘sien Yuen-souo 7C ^ avait tiré le caractère T‘sing !b, et d’après l’interprétation obvie du caractère, il devait obtenir une charge officielle. “Sera-ce celle de censeur impérial, dit-il en riant? — Non, lui répond Sié-che Hf ijn : le caractère T‘sing 1b ne renferme pas au complet les éléments constitutifs de Yen- tché ]|T qui signifie “censeur”. En effet, la seconde moitié de r T‘sing |r, c’est-à-dire pf, a moins de traits que Tché j!f. Sous l’Empereur T‘ang Kcio-tsong Jf j#î t|?, (650-684 ap. J.C.), vivait Tchang Kieou-wcin 51 il M, une célébrité dans cet art. T‘sin Hoei Jji ff? le fit venir dans son palais, et prenant au hasard un manche d’éventail, il écrivit sur la terre: I —* “un”, puis il demanda à son hôte de bien vouloir lui présager ce qui adviendrait. Kieou-wan il répondit: “Altesse, vous monterez en dignité”. “Que pourrait-jq bien obtenir de plus, je suis grand ministre, et j’ai le premier titre honorifique du royaume? — Kieou-wcin répliqua: “Un trait de plus sur T 1 ou U, la terre, qu’est-ce donc sinon Wang 3E, Roi?” (1) Qui voudra connaître tous les cas curieux du même genre, pourra consulter l’ouvrage intitulé : Hai-yu-t 1 sàng-k‘ao |ÎJ( ^ jjJ (1). Cf. Ilai-yu-èèong-léao & B & 13,ÎS SU Y X M’® U BU s m m 2. a m? a & m m, un ® tit m y- m 2 m mm * w y. a. bi #r #,îâ jt m, m ± m mm % m, ê *' m m a m $ iih nu,a a m as ih y, #; m îs * =? ~ y, s vx y m ± ai m m,% b# m a « y-m y s. * im, » & y m xtM u dp « # s M s - ^,ip m * y m *.w 1 tic de m ta - m y, vx b u- # % ta.at mmmst Y,m y w üi,e m uÿ m k m m m Y-m - s #î a w. - a, ® K El, m ® W !m HT B,If 0,è m ffi b S:»,1H fil un,it M El, ± ± - #, XY 3 ? lïïî Rite -it Jt m 2. Mj M te ÎK tr. | [
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00000118.xml | — 286 — et branches (c’est-à-dire leurs descendants) poussent a l’envi. — Bon nombre de lettrés-de l’époque des Sang imbus de ces idées du Fong-clioei jj£L zK, les mettent au-dessus du bon sens et des leçons journalières de la vie. Comment peuvent-ils en effet ignorer qu’une foule de pauvres sont nés de parents riches, et que des parents; tous morts dans une heureuse vieillesse, ont donné le jour à-des enfants morts en bas âge. Puisque ces ancêtres- souches n’ont pu, pendant leur vie, infuser une sève vivifiante dans les feuilles et les branches de leurs descendants, comment le pourraient-ils après leur mort ? (l) Dans ses déclamations, Tchou-hi ^ prétend donc que le Fong-clioei M 7jC peut enrayer l'œuvre des Esprits, suppléer à l’impuissance des forces de l’homme ; et T cheng 1-t cliocin GUH lui prête “la vertu de nourir les racines vitales de l’homme." La plupart des lettrés modernes croient au Fong-clioei; ils . s’autorisent de l’exemple des deux célébrés écrivains ci-dessus cités. Cela ne les empêche pas de se moquer des géomanciens, et de la géomancie à l’occasion. Si Kouo-po, disent-ils, ce célèbre maître en “Fong-choei” M zR, avait eu l’art d’attirer le bonheur en indiquant un choix heureux pour le lieu de sépulture des parents, n aurait-il pas commencé par le prendre pour son propre père, afin d’éviter le fer vengeur qui lui trancha la tête ? Ces grands -connaisseurs de “ Fong-choei ” M zfc ne sont pour la plupart que des gueux, et s ils savaient trouver l’antre trois fois béni où se loge le dragon, ils .y auraient certainement en terré leurs parents, afin de devenir riches eux-mêmes : charité bien ordonnée commence par soi-même. (1) Cf. Soei yuen soei pi U 0 1£ ¥• T'sing yen f song lou $ |g JB, T 2 « üf§,<K £ W m Z TC ni Jf a ® üt 1,101 A l3r, îffi A A ± PJr Z- Jk, H itb S ®ù © # 111 m m m a * & m é &, % m 3. ® & « ü m thi z m- a m sitAz«# «î,ïïn f m # « m ? m a ^ # 4 z u m «s s si, a m %. "p. | [
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00000181.xml | Fig. 1 78 “Œuvre bouddhique” Bonze tenant en main sa bêche T'chan tse dont il se sert pour enfouir les ossements trouvés sur sa route. | [
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00000217.xml | 32 — 337 les sorciers et les punir. Pour découvrir les maléfices, il se servit d’une vieille sorcière nommée Hou îÿj, qui était chargée de fouiller le sol et d’en retirer les diable malfaisants. Tout ce qu’on retirait de terre devenait suspect, et, sans pré liminaires, on tenaillait au fer rouge les malheureux suspects, qui, vaincus par les tourments, entraînaient d’autres prétendus complices dans leur infortune. Le nombre des victime monta à plusieurs dizaines de mille. Des fouilles furent organisées dans le harem... Peu à peu on en vint à fouiller le sol du palais de l’impératrice. Wei Hf, et de son fils Li Jj|, le prince héritier. Le sol fut si bien défoncé, qu’on ne pouvait plus y dresser même un lit. Après cela, il fit courir le bruit qu’on y avait trouvé quantité de figurines en bois, et de charmes dessinés sur soie, etc... (1) Cette équipée faillit amener une révolution dans l’empire, et le malheureux prince, après avoir lutté sans succès contre son père, finit par se pendre. Deux procédés remontent à la plus haute antiquité. Le premier consiste, comme nous l’avons vu, à représenter son en nemi sous la figure sensible d’une statue, puis à offrir des sacri fices aux Esprits malins, et à invoquer leur puissance de nuire, pour attirer toutes sortes de malheurs sur l’objet de sa haine. On se livre alors sur la statuette à tous les outrages et à tous les sévices que l’on souhaite à l’ennemi lui-même. Les Esprits vengeurs sont priés de faire eux-mêmes à son corps ce qu’on vient de faire à son image. (1) Cf. Tsc-tclie-t ( ong-hien kang-nou f jd /fji] g - K- 22 fol. 6. (Han Ou-ti). & if m m, # m 3ir 6ip,ap ^ 7 % ÜÀfiJS.WSl * A & fB £r ST, lit g ira ® ± m M, ± &m m fl A A E,?E # HAT US ht Ê W » »> f*A» T, f# « De m ±, ± s mm a te as m va h a e & m js m m, % ± # % a m & ± a M ffi #, ta m m m, m m $ m n m, a % a îü m,.... jtsggtfSA a e %m üfc m. ut ,a ïis«aiK s, & a e a a % | [
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00000301.xml | — 387 — avec un crâne; elles l’affublent d’un long voile en toile rouge ou bleue et simulent le moins mal possible une tète humaine, la queue de la cuiller sert de corps. La statue de Lieou-mou niang- niang terminée, deux femmes la prennent par le corps, la promènent par toute la maison, sur les sentiers voisins, et lui font chercher l’âme perdue. La sorcière, un grand couteau de cuisine à la main, suit le cortège en gesticulant; de temps en temps elle pose le tranchant du couteau sur la tête de la déesse, et lui crie: “ Si tu ne retrouves pas l’âme de l’enfant, je te tue.” Les deux femmes la conduisent ainsi, soit dans une pagode voisine, soit sur un tombeau. Là, on a eu soin d’apporter un boisseau et une balance ; après avoir pesé le boisseau vide, on secoue la déesse au-dessus du boisseau en lui ordonnant d’y déposer l’âme, puis on pèse à nouveau le boisseau. S’il se trouve peser un tant soit peu plus que lors du premier pesage, c’est signe que l’âme a été déposée dans ce récipient. Alors on couvre le boisseau avec un habit de l'enfant et on le porte sur le lit, afin de faire rentrer l’âme dans son corps. Troisième méthode. Le rappel de l’âme avec un crible. — Le crible, comme on l’a vu, est un chasse-diable réputé, il n'est donc pas étonnant qu’on en fasse usage dans cette occasion. Avant de commencer ses recherches, la sorcière brûle du papier monnaie sur le seuil de la porte de l’appartement du malade; la combustion achevée, elle prend une cuiller à pot, en bois de saule, et cherche dans l’air ambiant à repêcher l’âme égarée. Pour cela, elle frappe succes sivement le haut et le bas de la porte, puis le crible, en appelant l’âme. Après avoir bien crié, bien appelé, elle va porter le crible et la cuiller à côté de l’enfant, pour lui rendre son âme. 7°. Salaire des sorcières. Par le fait qu’elles se rendent dans une famille pour y brûler de l'encens, elles ont droit à deux cents sapèques de salaire, et à quelques copieux repas. Mais au cas où le malade vient à | [
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00000308.xml | — 392 — 13. Naissance du maréchal Lieou-mong , M Slll. Of frandes officielles au dieu de la guerre Koan-yu §| 14. ‘‘Les premières lanternes” T‘eou-teng jîjf liL ou prélude de la fête, du lendemain. Anniversaire de la grande illumina tion que fit exécuter Ming T‘ai-tsou IjU de ffi à Nan-king ’fô en 1372. Il fit placer 10.000 lanternes sur le canal; Bouddha descendit du ciel pour jouir du spectacle. 15. Naissance de T‘ ien-koan, ±7t ^ t IH jj§. Naissance des Esprits protecteurs des portes, PH zB )3 ffi nM- Nais sance de Yeou-cheng tchen-kiun, M H ïî M $1! (San mao 3 ^). Naissance de Tcheng-i tsing-yng tchen-kiun Naissance de Tchang Tao-ling, 51 îS 1? Il ®l. Naissance de Hoen-yuen, || x i f I "F # 1ë M Ü (J)u huit au quinze, il manifeste sa puissance contre les démons. Garder l’abstinence pendant ces huit jours est d’un grand mérite (1). |? A ^ + ï l| ^ llf M W M Jtb A B S W; M + H ^ flO 16. Offrandes aux âmes affamées Tsou ya fi$ (Elles se font les 2 et 6 de chaque mois). Les femmes vont brûler de l’encens sur les ponts, pour chasser la peste. 17. Anniversaire de l’entrée de l’air du nouveau printemps dans le palais de T‘ang Yuen-tsong jÜ TC us, 739 ap. J.C. Il laissa les portes ouvertes toute la nuit. 18. On brûle des navires en papier sur les canaux, pour couler la peste et les maladies contagieuses. 19. Naissance du héros Tchang T‘choen-li i f Ü A 1 20. Jour du Ciel affamé, T‘ien-ki je X lü B • Ou lui offre des gâteaux qu’on expose sur une table, après les avoir liés avec un fil rouge. 21. Jour marqué comme-néfaste, Pi pfj. 22. Anniversaire de la remise du titre honorifique de Duc, kong ^ , aux mers de Chine, par T‘ang Yuen-tsong 7C 747. (1) Voir les Fêtes de la première quinzaine qui suit le premier de l’an. Chap. IX. Art. III. | [
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00000116.xml | — 284 — stérilité ou de la fécondité du terrain, indépendamment de l’aspect extérieur: comment donc le pur aspect extérieur du terrain choisi comme lieu de sépulture pourrait-il avoir la vertu de différencier les énergies vitales d’os desséchés, déposés dans son sein? Comment enfin ces circonstances d’accidents de terrain, purement extérieurs, auraient-ils quelque influence sur la prospérité ou l’adversité des générations postérieures? Quels sont les pères et mères qui n’aiment pas leurs enfants? Si, après leur mort, ils pouvaient encore leur accorder des faveurs, fussent-ils ensevelis dans des trous ou des fosses, comme dans l’antiquité, certainement ils les protégeraient quand même; s’ils ne le peuvent pas, vainement déposerait-on leurs restes dans l’antre du Dragon, ce serait sans fruit pour l’avenir des leurs. Nous lisons dans l’histoire que Yu-choen JH @ fut un Empereur rempli de sagesse, tandis que son frère Siang jg£ fut orgueilleux et sans conduite. Lieou Hia-hoei j'PP F îfi est regardé comme un type de vertu et de bonté, tandis que son frère Tche SJÜ fut un brigand; Se-mci Nieou T>J ,!!;> fut un des disciples de Confucius, et son frère Hiang-t oei |b] Jg§, chef de révoltés, voulait massacrer Confucius. Si la sagesse ou l'in conduite des descendants dépend du lieu choisi pour la sépulture des parents, comment se fait-il alors que les propres frères, nés des mêmes parents, sont les uns sages et les autres débauchés? (1) Soei Wen-ti |5jf jSC “rfr (590-605 ap. J.C.) disait finement à ce sujet: “Je ne puis pas nier que l’emplacement de la sépulture de mon père soit favorable, sans quoi je ne serais pas monté sur le trône ; je ne puis pas non plus l’affirmer, car mon frère a péri dans un combat”. (2) On est convenu de répéter à satiété qu e Ho an g T‘chao jlr J) « # si 3? ë ü is-, ïï n & % m x ît,w t m © *n m,m -k m m,® m @ m, si n 4- © m pi % ï ,ss & a il,# m » îl jos s,® fir a \n m mœ. t. a e x #, æ & ■ * 4. (2) Cf. Sôei-chou |Sf [S§ £ if 0 , gj ^ 8 S i* n M ~X> ^ M Y. =F, £ eî, Mi % ‘S üs JE. | [
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00000197.xml | 325 — l’usurpateur Wang-mang 3E Yùen yc fut massacrée par les soldats révoltés. Dès que Kocmg-ou jjfc fut monté sur le trône, il la canonisa avec le titre posthume de “Vertueuse et intègre princesse de Sin-yé iff Sff.” Quand son mari vint à mourir, pendant l’époque Kien-ou JS St (25-56 ap. J.C.), un décret impérial lui conféra la dignité post hume de Kin-hong-lou-che k‘ing ^ ï!| jjj» njp 0 (Grand Sacrifica teur impérial), et ordre fut donné à tous les mandarins de ramener, avec tous les honneurs dûs à sa dignité, l’âme de la princesse à Sin-yé §Ff, et de l’ensevelir aux côtés de son mari. (1) A l’époque “ Yong-kict ” t}< Jaj (307-313 ap. J.C.), du règne de l’empereur Tsin Hoai-ti j'Ü 'rjf, le roi Yué iÈÈ, de la mer orientale, mourut; son tombeau fut livré aux flammes par Che- lé ijj jfifj ; sa concubine P‘ei fut enlevée de vive force, et rendue à un nommé Ou ^. Yuen-ti "iff, le fondateur des Han Orientaux m m (317-323 ap. J.C.), s’étant rendu maître du pays à l’Est du fleuve) voulait rappeler l’âme de Yué Jâ pour lui donner une sépulture honorable. Il convoqua tous les officiers; tous répondirent que ce “rappel de l’àme” était déraisonnable. L’empereur, après cette délibération, donna un édit pour proscrire cet usage. Yuen-lioai 1$l 3ü, censeur impérial à cette époque, écrivait: Les sages édictent toujours leurs ordres en se conformant au bon sens, c’est pourquoi ils adaptent le cercueil extérieur aux dimen sions du cercueil intérieur, et celui-ci est aussi adapté à la taille du défunt. S’il n’y a point de cadavre, le cercueil intérieur devient inutile, et s’il n’y a point de cercueil intérieur, à quoi bon faire un cercueil pour le recouvrir? Rappeler une âme pour 1 ensevelir, c’est ensevelir un esprit, et cette, pratique ne peut être tolérée. Le grand intendant Siun-tsou la j fit un rapport con forme à celui de ce censeur. “On alléguera, dit-il, l’exemple de (1 ) Cf. Annales des IJeou Han chou % fj£ AV. gf g|i If À.S % K 70 3 î 3 st. 7 c gu il &.% m a &.M m jt n m sf sr m & ® ±. m m y. r: + 31 *.m s q m w m m m.m m m s- &££ s £ ». | [
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00000192.xml | null | [] | 646426230 | null | null | Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique | Chang-hai | 1912 | Les pratiques superstitieuses | Doré, Henri |
00000230.xml | null | [] | 646426230 | null | null | Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique | Chang-hai | 1912 | Les pratiques superstitieuses | Doré, Henri |
00000353.xml | — 429 — ARTICLE IV. LE QUINZIÈME JOUR DE LA PREMIÈRE LUNE. Le petit nouvel an — Kono s iao-nien 4 ' if. Les Chinois appellent cette journée “Kono s iao-nien 'h if. le petit premier de l’an, parce que ce jour là tout le monde est en fête, c’est le dernier adieu aux fêtes du nouvel an. C’est le quinze de la première lune, au soir, qu’a lieu la fameuse fête des lanternes : Long-teng jj! $§. On promène par les rues illuminées un dragon en papier. Sur une ossature en bambou, simulant les divers tronçons d'un immense serpent, on colle du papier, on y ajoute une tête fan tastique, et une queue de reptile; la nuit venue, des lanternes allumées sont placées dans cette carcasse serpentine que plu sieurs hommes portent et tournoient dans leurs mains, en simu lant les replis sinueux d’un reptile. Pétards et tam-tam font rage, une multitude d’enfants suivent et précédent, portant à la main des lanternes de toutes figures, et de toutes couleurs, toutes les portes des maisons sont illuminées : bref, c’est fête générale. Les femmes mariées qui n’ont par encore mis d’enfant au monde, font échanger les bouts de bougie des lanternes placées dans le corps du dragon, contre des neuves, puis placent ces restes de bougie sur le bois du lit, pour implorer la faveur de mettre au monde un enfant mâle D’autres s’en vont arracher les yeux du dragon de papier, et les emportent précieusement : c’est une amulette très en renom pour favoriser la réussite des couvées de poulets ; grâce à ce secours inattendu, pas un des œufs de la couvée n’est perdu, tous donnent leur petit poulet. Voici, paraît-il, quelle serait l’origine de la fête des lanter* nés, d’après l’ouvrage : Se-ou-ki yu-yen. Sous l’empereur Tcliong-tsong rf 3 5Î? de la dynastie des T‘ang /^, de 710 à 713 ap. J.C., un nommé Pé-to , demanda la | [
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00000043.xml | — 233 — 49 ARTICLE III. I V DIVINATION DE V\(.. Wen-wang k‘o pC. 3E iHc- Dans la pratique actuelle, on se sert communément de sapè- ques pour cette divination, d’où son nom vulgaire, de J ‘sien-pou Hj h (Divination des sapèques). L’opérateur prend trois sapèques qu’iL met dans un tube de bambou, il agite le tube en jetant les sapèques par terre, puis il regarde pile ou face pour décréter le sort heureux ou défavorable. Le côté où sont écrits les caractères s’appelle face, et l’autre pile; le premier désigne le Yang |H, principe mâle, (le bonheur); le second désigne le Yn |ü, principe femelle, (le malheur). Voici les combinaisons possibles : 1°. Les trois sapèques face, c’est : Kiao ^ chance. 2°. ,, ,, ij pile, ,, : Tchong Ji malchance. 3°. Deux face et une pile, ,, : Tan ipL passable. 4°. Deux pile et une face, ,, : T‘ché ÿf presque mal. Quelques opérateurs prennent le contre-pied de cette méthode et nomment pile le côté de la sapèque où sont écrits les caractè res, tandis que l’autre côté est nommé face. (1) On jette les sapèques six fois, et chaque fois on examine les diverses combinaisons. Un coup passable ‘‘Tan’' est réputé Yang H|. Un coup presque mal “T‘ché" est réputé Yn [îtù Un coup de chance “Kiao" change le Yn en Yang |SJ|, Un coup de malchance “Tchong" change le Yang en ) n |!Jj. On figure chacune de ces données par un des trigrammes correspondant dans les symboles de Fou-hi i)v et suivant le caractère par lequel ces trigrammes sont désignés, le devin prédit le sort prospère ou défavorable (2). ( l) Cf. llai-yu-Vsong-k'ao \'% Yr. i(-i U- (ÿ) Cf. l'rigi-jvnùnes de Fou-hi Ht, dans l'ouvrage l-hiny -U & | [
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00000374.xml | — 440 — C’est une des raisons pour lesquelles la tortue est prise comme symbole de l’impudicité. Dessiner une tortue sur la porte de quelqu’un, c’est lui dire qu’il a une mauvaise conduite. On pourra aussi remarquer qu’à certaines impasses, à certains coins de rues, à certains angles de murs, où les passants sont tentés de s’arrêter pour les petites nécessités, on a dessiné l’image d’une tortue, juste à l’endroit propice. Ou bien quelquefois on se contente d’écrire le nom de l’animal. Cela signifie tout sim plement: “A moins que vous ne soyiez éhonté, et de mœurs corrompues, comme cette tortue, vous vous garderez de souiller ce lieu ”, 3°. Tortue protectriee des digues. — La solidité de la cara pace de la tortue a été sans doute le point de départ d’une super stition encore très tenace de nos jours. Sous le règne de Koang- siu nous avons vu paraître un décret impérial ordonnant au célèbre Li Hong-tchcmg & M ^ de se rendre dans une pagode sur les bords du fleuve Jaune, et de remercier la tortue d’avoir consolidé les digues du fleuve. On la prend pour protection des travaux d’endiguement, et elle est vénérée à l’égal d’un génie, même de nos temps. Corollaire. Le bœuf Nieou La tortue protectrice des digues nous amène tout naturel lement à mentionner le bœuf protecteur des endiguements. Sa force de résistance, a fait penser à le prendre pour esprit conso- lidatif des travaux exécutés pour endiguer les fleuves ou les lacs. On peut voir encore de nos jours un bœuf en bronze de grandeur naturelle, qui fut fondu sous l’empereur K‘cing r hi Ü j®, et posté à un endroit menacé, sur l’immense digue du lac Hong-tclxe jft pp au Kiang-sou fL M- Cet esprit-bœuf se trouve près du bourg de Kao-ling-kan JA iï|i ïlü, à l’Est du lac, non loin du port. Le bœuf du printemps “T‘cheng ni eu ” ^ i \ rL . Cette cérémonie a été si souvent décrite que nous ne don nerons ici qu’un résumé, renvoyant aux auteurs cqui l’ont racon- | [
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00000389.xml | null | [] | 646426230 | null | null | Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique | Chang-hai | 1912 | Les pratiques superstitieuses | Doré, Henri |
00000364.xml | — 434 — Ici encore, il est intéressant de pousser à bout les amateurs de bouillie, et de voir comment après un moment d’hésitation ils se ressaisissent. Objection. — Mettez les légumes à part et les céréales à part, faites cuire chacune de ces deux parts dans une marmite spéciale, vous obtiendrez de la sorte un plat de bouillie et un plat de légumes. Si au contraire on fait cuire le tout ensemble, on obtient un composé de bouillie et de légumes, la seule différence c’est qu’on se sera servi d’une ou de deux marmites,les aliments cuits ne différent point. Pourquoi veut-on que ces aliments bouillis dans une seule marmite, et ceux-là seulement, possèdent la vertu d’éloigner les infortunes? Manger cette bouillie pendant la première ou la douzième lune, le premier ou le huitième jour de la lune, c’est toujours une même bouillie, qui descend dans l’estomac et rassasie; pourquoi faut-il la manger le 8 de la XII 0 lune pour l’effet à produire ? Chaque être produit un effet proportionné à sa nature, lui deman der un effet d’un ordre supérieur à sa vertu essentielle, c’est aller contre le bon sens. Or tout le monde avouera que la vertu d’éloigner les malheurs, les épidémies etc... est d’un ordre supé rieur à la vertu purement nutritive des aliments, qui composent cette bouillie. C’est donc lui demander un effet supérieur essen tiellement à sa propre nature. Le bonze pris à parti, pour lui demander la raison de cette extraordinaire efficacité de sa bouillie, sent d’abord le rouge lui monter au visage, il perd contenance et ne sait que répondre de sérieux. Cette coutume, ajoute-t-il ensuite, a pris une large extension; au Kiang-nan - /X jf), au Tciie-li ÜË ÿ|, dans toutes les provinces, à la ville et dans les campagnes, lettrés et plébéiens, même ceux qui ne mangent jamais de bouillie, en font ce jour là, et la mangent pour écarter les malheurs et s’attirer la félicité. Qui en mange n’a pas froid en hiver, comme cela arriva aux soldats de Tcliocing-wang $£ 3î- ta?-.? l æ.tf.æ.* ms.mmmnm;% 0 .w a k m ft m * a ü m m ± m-m «y g « >¥© -b m s. m w. | [
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00000435.xml | Fig. 221 Chats protecteur des vers à soie. Les Chats-Esprits sont censés éloigner les rats très friant de vers à soie, les fleurs sont de bonne augure et préserve les vers à soie des épidémies. | [
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00000291.xml | — 381 — nui jï ÿj ÿj, ou Tao-niu H| -jg. Il paraîtrait assez que ce serait comme une branche du Pé-lien-kicto g ïfc ou du Mi-mi-kiao % m «t Il ne faut cependant pas croire que toutes les Tao-ncti-nai MWW observent strictement l’abstinence bouddhique: beaucoup font gras; du reste, elles sont peu scrupuleuses, comme on le verra. Les Tcio-nai-nai M ffl) W) se subdivisent de nouveau en deux classes, suivant les procédés quelles emploient dans l’exercice de leur office; il y a les Tao-nai-nai aux trois prières, San-pou-king tao-niu .zi pf|3 ® ix, et les Tao-nai-nai aux cinq prières, Ou- pou-king tao-niu 3l M ^Ç- 2°. Genre de vie. Toutes font profession de guérir les malades, c’est leur gagne-pain. Le plus grand nombre de ces sorcières sont des femmes mariées, en quête d’un moyen d’existence, Elles se posent comme étant en relation avec les esprits, pour vivre aux dépens de la crédulité des simples: elles exploitent l’inépuisable mine de la bêtise humaine. Les pauvres paysans, privés de bons médecins et imbus depuis leur plus bas âge de toutes ces idées superstitieuses, éprouvent comme naturellement le besoin de recourir à ces guérisseuses dès qu un des membres de la famille vient à tomber sérieusement malade. Le peuple les croit en relations avec l’esprit des belettes, Hoang-lang tsing ]?t ; elles se disent possédées par l’esprit féminin Hoang jlr, Hoang-kou-niang ]|r ^, ou l’esprit féminin Hou ©J, Hou-kou-niang jjg. Dans leurs demeures, elles erigent une petite maisonnette, en forme de pagodin, construit avec des tiges de sorgho comme colonnes et charpente; sur cette ossature, on a collé du papier découpé et de diverses couleurs, pour figurer un petit temple coquet, élevé en l’honneur des Hoang-lang tsing ^ Ce pagodin familial se nomme Sien - leou-tse f[I) !j| î 1 , ou palais des esprits (belettes). On raconte les choses les plus invraisemblables, sur la prétendue familiarité | [
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00000041.xml | Fig. 155 .Sourcils de. Ibrtvineindécise. B&luSneroute. J -BrigiaincL. Mén-e vie à. Mmrt par les ^onürreux îrères. grandes guides. ckmms , Vie longue Sourcils <leviveiu*5, Vie cour le, fortune jirosjjere- IncoruLuite cjui j-iauvre. pas de mais ctisjvules xnlesltnes, mène a la~morl . frères, ôLisjuAÏe avec SÆ fem-me • ^feî de chèvre, j\fei de lion,, fortune. arrive aux dignités. En forme le raie, Kez aojuâlvn , Nez bossu, Mrz osseux, Riche u honoré, et de célibataire. sera réduit a sr dissolu, dans faire b O n ?. e . ses meurs.lïtîsérable, Pauvre kére, Sans le sou. JUckarcL, grande renommée . N\.qvY yrématuree., Oreille de tigre, Oreille ie rat.. Sans consolation. mauvaise concUtUe. Voleur et Rauvre . Ore.Uk d’âne, vagabond. Le Physiognomisme. | [
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00000017.xml | IX Pages. VIII. Le saule 483 IX. La châtaigne 484 Imag. 224 La pêche de l’immortalité. — 225 La grenade, symbole d’une nombreuse postérité. — 226 Nénuphar, cigogne et phénix, gage d’une nombreuse et heureuse postérité. — 227 Le cerf, le sapin, la cigogne. — 228 Aux jeunes mariés “Tsao chen tse”. — 229 “Tchoupao ping ngan”. Article XIJ. Plantes et fleurs. I. L’achillée Che t‘sao. — Divination par l’achillée Che ou Tché IL Le jonc et l’armoise.. III. L’immortelle chinoise. IV. La pivoine V. La citrouille Corollaire Imag. 230 Wan nien kia king mortel et le patron des lettrés). — 232 Citrouille trans cendante. .. 485 .. 487 .. 487 .. 487 .. 487 ... 488 231 Liu tong-ping (l’im- | [
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00000187.xml | 30 — 321 — “ Kia-lan M j$| !” dit le bonze en mettant dans le feu les mor ceaux de la statue de Kia-lan f[j|| jH- Ce qui voulait dire : En ajoutant (ce bois de chauffage')' j’aurai de la viande cuite à point. “Cuisons-la encore un peu” M JU- (1) Tous ces exemples montrent que les bonzes eux-mêmes n ont point gardé toujours l’abstinence des viandes. Nos bonzes modernes, qui se proclament fidèles disciples de Bouddha, font parade de ne jamais manger de viande en dehors de leurs pagodes, et s’il arrive par hasard que quelques menus morceaux d’oignons soient contenus dans un de ces petits pains cuits à la vapeur et qu’on vend sur les rues, de suite, ils le jet tent avec ostentation, de crainte qu’un aliment prohibe ne touche leurs lèvres. Ne sait-on pas que dans leurs pagodes, après en avoir bien fermé les portes, ils font bombance: viandes, poisson, vin, tout y abonde. Note. — Cette secte erronée repose sur les deux principes fondamentaux suivants: Ne pas tuer un être vivant, et ne pas manger sa chair, dans le but de s’attirer le bonheur, et d’éviter d’être changé en bête dans la vie postérieure, (abstinence et mé tempsycose). Le dessin de la page suivante représente une rondelle de papier jaune, sur laquelle est écrite une prière, figurée de l’indou à l’aide de caractères chinois. Tout mangeur d’herbes, pour qui on brûle ce papier immédiatement après sa mort, obtient du fait même un lingot en or dans l’autre monde. En dehors du moment de la mort, tout Bouddhiste en faveur duquel est brûlée cette rondelle de papier, reçoit huit cents sapè- ques dans l’autre vie; mais les jeûneurs perpétuels ou J chai kong’\ touchent mille sapèques. Voici l’ordre dans lequel doivent être lus les caractères écrits (l) Cf: Liang-pan-t‘sieou-yu-ngcin pg Jg Jfg. Tj fit 3 j ® St IfHt fol I# SJ© m T M MM St ïî M - 8 3£. | [
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00000274.xml | — 368 — ARTICLE XXVII. BRULER L’ENCENS DE I V PAIX. (C ïrém jiiie faite par les tao-clie.) Chao p l ing-ngan liiang ‘)0 : ff. L’offrande de l’encens de la paix est une cérémonie au cours de laquelle les ‘‘ tao-clie ” brûlent de l’encens aux divinités païen nes, pour obtenir la paix dans le pays et dans les familles, ou encore, suivant leur expression, pour attirer la rosée bienfaisante de la consolation dans les épreuves d’ici-bas. Tantôt elle se pratique à l’occasion d’un pèlerinage à une pagode de renom, tantôt ce sont des familles particulières qui la font exécuter chez elles. i°. Pèlerinages. — Dans le voisinage plus ou moins rap proché d’un lieu de pèlerinage célèbre, en l’honneur d’une divinité vénérée, plusieurs dizaines de familles se cotisent pour réunir les fonds nécessaires à l’organisation du pèlerinage. Les bonzes ou les tao-clie sont invités à les accompagner pendant le trajet aller et retour, à charge de prier et d’officier au nom des pèle rins. G’est ainsi que nous voyons, chaque année, deux ou trois cent mille hommes se rendre au grand pèlerinage de Kieou-hoa clian % m ül institué en l’honneur de Ti-t‘sang-wang au Ngan-hoei 5îc Au temps du pèlerinage, on peut voir des centaines de barques, chamarées de drapeaux et de lanternes, qui portent les pèlerins au rendez-vous. Sur chaque barque, un ou plusieurs bonzes sont chargés de prier pendant le voyage; ce sont eux qui allument les bâtons d’encens et les offrent aux dieux. Au retour, les bonzes et les tcio-che président aux proces sions organisées par les pèlerins, ou même quelquefois à la grande et solennelle cérémonie du passage du pont, “Kono sien- kicto ” filj Voir Chap. V. Art. XI. | [
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00000045.xml | ( 31 ) 11. I may add, that Mr. Grose has not himself constructed the dam, and that unless the extraordinary rain-fall we have experienced this month has sufficed for the cultivation, the people on the lower portion of the right bank tract will not have benefited as they did last year. The Fusl rice crop was, however, a good one, superior to any crop they have had for years. 12. It would seem that a law is required for the sale of water delivered at the fields where works have been constructed for the purpos of artificially raising its level and of distributing it. Mr. Grose had to make a private arrangement with the parties to whom he supplied and sold water. The conditions he made with the land-holders were, that one-fourth the amount was to be paid on the contract being signed, one-fourth when the water commenced to flow up the lands, and the remaining half when the water, had been received in full. The first-fourth was paid freely ; the second-fourth was paid at the convenience of the parties ; and to the payment of the last half, every one had some objection to make after a period of four months. Mr* Grose it appears closed his account, but with deductions in many cases, so that the total amount for which he had sold the water was consider ably reduced, and in his letter of the 22nd September 1858, Mr. Grose writes, that “ to me the land-holders and cultivators were beholden for the benefit they derived from the irrigation of their lands, and yet they felt not the smallest hesitation to deprive me of wllat I had fairly earned from them. 1 ' 13. On the Selye, Darkissore and Cossye rivers, it is the custom to make similar dams, but there is always more or less difficulty between the land-holders about the expenditure of money and distribution of water. If the operations were systematised, and the dams were con structed annually by the Officers of Government, the land-holders would in all probability pay, with pleasure, a fair rate for the water delivered upon their fields, and it is with a view to this matter being considered by the Revenue authorities that I have the honor of addressing you. | [
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00000071.xml | ( 15 ) No. II. From C. T. Buckland, Esq., Junior Secretary to the Government of Bengal, to the Superintendent of Tributary Mehals, in Cuttack,—(No. 3528, dated Fort William, the 18th November 1858.) Sir,—I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No. 118, of the 26th ultimo, submitting a Memorandum relative to the Mylagiri and Maghassani Hills in the Tributary Mehals, and offering certain suggestions for the examination of the latter Hill with regard to its capabilities as a Sanatarium, as well as of the country in the direc tion of Balasore, with a view to the construction of a road to it from that place. 2. In reply I am directed to inform you, that the Lieutenant- Governor is favorably inclined towards your proposals; hut, before giving his authority to them, His Honor is desirous, under the present restrictions on public expenditure, that some information should be placed before him as regards the probable cost of carrying them into effect. | [
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00000016.xml | ( 4 ) damming the Damoodah river, and irrigating a very extensive tract of country situated between the Damoodah and Roopnarain rivers. 2. Mr. Smith here admits (what I have stated in my letter, No. B, of 20th April 1858, to be the case), that the country on the right bank of the Damoodah (where the protective works have been demolished), is so inundated by the flood season (or during 4 or 5 months), that there are no crops, and that during the remainder of the year they derive, wherever water may be available, a scanty subsistence from spring crops. Mr. Smith refers to the map to show how admirably the tract on the right bank of the Damoodah is adapted by nature for irrigation, and I would invite your attention and that of His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor to the map, to prove how admirably most of the districts within this Superintendency are adapted to enjoy similar benefits, and how readily these might be conceded and at the same time a remunera tive water-rate assessed, if the Governor would permit such a system to be developed, as it already partially is, in the Midnapore Division. We should then see the country between February and June a sheet of green, instead of as now, dried up. 3. Having myself in 1854-55, executed a dam of sand, protected with matting, bamboos, straw, &c. across the low water current of the Mohanuddy river at Cuttack to divert the current into another channel (through sand,) previously opened to receive it, (a work which enjoyed during progress infinite ridicule,) I gave with much pleasure my approv al to Mr. Grose’s proposal, and am not therefore surprised that when money was provided, the dam was executed in the Damoodah, (the cause of last year’s failure having been explained in my predecessor’s „ letter, No. 0, of 6tli March 1857,) and it is only another instance of what would be the result if the districts were dotted over with many individuals possessing Mr Grose’s energy, clear-sightedness and means. 4. I deem it very important to point out the great advantage derived by the cultivators in having the intelligent European as land- owner. There Mr. Grose, after paying his expences and receiving a handsome profit, enabled 13 village lands, containing 15,000 beegahs, to be irrigated gratis ,- whereby an unexpected accession of 45,000 Rupees | [
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00000079.xml | ♦ ( 23 ) l out India, in order that the great sanitary problem may be solved in a conclusive manner, namely, the providing a place of resort for our Euro pean troops which shall be alike free from malarious fevers, and from disorders of the bowels. That such procurable localities are to be found in the east as they have been in the west, is my firm belief, and let them be perseveringly sought for. “ Let the solitary hills—those Islands on the plains be sought for and carefully examined; they give sanitary excellences peculiar to themselves.” | [
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00000018.xml | ( 6 ) 3. One of the most important of these auxiliaries is the Damoodah khal, which leaves the Damoodah opposite Raujbulhaut, and flows parallel to, and at a short distance from the river on the rio-ht bank O returning to it again at a point above Amptah. Numerous small khals branch from this in every direction, and as the general inclination of the country is westward towards the Eoopnarain, a glance at the map will show how admirably this district is adapted by nature for irrigation, provided the surface of the Damoodah can be raised to] such a level in' the dry season, as will enable its stream to run over the comparatively elevated bed of the mouth of the Damoodah khal. I have thought it necessary to mention these general features of the district, as it will help any one not personally acquainted with the locality, to obtain a better idea of the irrigation works which form the subject of this report. 4. Mr. Grose commenced operations in the latter end of January last, by forming a dam across the Damoodah, at the spot marked D on map, a short distance below the mouth of the Damoodah khal. The breadth of the river at this point is 1210 feet; its bed shoals in the centre with a channel close to each bank, that near the right bank being 3 feet deeper than the other. The bed of the river is composed of sand, and of this material the dam was made with a small mixture of alluvial earth called pully, in the part near right bank, supported in two places by bamboos and bundles of straw. This dam took six weeks to construct, and was finished on 7th March, at a cost of Rupees 2,000. When I saw it on 3rd instant, I was greatly surprised at finding such a barrier sufficient to divert the course of the water. The bed of river below the dam was dry, (except some pools of water scattered here and there), scarcely any leakage pro ceeded from the dam, and this was so trifling that at Amptah, several miles lower down, a streamlet 12 feet wide and 3 inches deep, represented the entire leakage. The dam ran straight across the river; its crest near left bank was 10 feet wide, diminishing to 8 feet in centre of river, and thence swelling out to a breadth of 15. feet near the right bank. Its height | [
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00000073.xml | \ G ( 17 ) No. IV. Prom C. T. Buckland, Esq., Junior Secretary to the Government of Bengal, to the Superintendent of Tributary Mehals, Cuttack,—(No. 28, dated the 5th January 1859.) Sir, — I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No. 139^, dated the 4th ultimo, and in reply to inform you, that the Lieutenant-Governor is pleased to sanction an expenditure not exceeding Rs. (500), five hundred, for the travelling and other expenses attendant on the proposed examination of the Maghassani Hill, by Dr. Kendall, and Mr. Mayne, the Executive Engineer, if he can be spared from his proper duties, with a view to ascertain its capabilities as a Sanatarium. 2. The bill may be passed by you, in communication with the Accountant to the Government of Bengal, up to the amount specified as a special case, and adjusted as that Officer may direct. | [
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00000053.xml | PART II. THE MAGHASSANI HUES, AS A SANATARIUM. | [
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00000083.xml | ( 27 ) No. IX. From Major H. L. Tiiuillier, Superintendent Mathematical Instrument Department, to C. T. Buckxand, Esq., Junior Secretary to the Govern ment of Bengal,—(No. 88, dated the 22nd March 1859.) Sir,— In full compliance with orders contained in your letter No. 833, dated the 14th instant, I have the honor to state, for the informa tion of Government, that the Instruments required for the use of Dr. Kendall, Civil Surgeon, Balasore, have been despatched to the address of that Officer by special Cossid bearer on the 16th idem. No. 1157. Copy of the above Letter forwarded for the information of the Commissioner of the Cuttack Division, in continuation of No. 834 of 14th instant. By Order ol the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. Fort William, | (Sd.) E. H. LUSIIINGTON, The 2 6th March 1859. j Offg. Jr. Secy., to the Govt, of Bengal. | [
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00000033.xml | ( 19 ) No. VI. From E. H. Lushingtox, Esq., Officiating Junior Secretary to the Govern ment of Bengal, to the Secretary to the Board of Eevenue, Lower Pro vinces,-[No. 81, dated on Board the Lieutenant Governor’s Yacht Ehotas, off Bhaugulpore, the 22nd August 1859.] Sir,-I am directed by the Lieutenant Governor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No. 330, of the 29th ultimo, and to request with reference to the opinion expressed in the 2nd paragraph thereof’ that the Board will have the goodness to favor His Honor with the heads of such an irrigation law for the Lower Provinces as they may consider suitable. J | [
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] | 669009512 | en | 1 | Bengal Military Orphan Press | Calcutta | 1861 | Papers relating to irrigation in Bengal, and the Maghassani Hills, as a sanatarium | null |
00000014.xml | ( 2 ) was, after bunding, it was 12 feet high. Under the left bank, where there was another water channel 4' 8" deep, it was 9' high, and in the centre, where there was a sandbank, dry under ordinary circum stances, it was 4 feet. When the water was at its full height above the dam, on the up stream side, the bund topped the water level by 4 feet at both ends and 2 feet in the middle. 5. At the right bank again, where the chief pressure of water was, the dam was made 15 feet thick, at the left bank 10, and in the middle 8 feet broad. 6. Just above this dam, on the right bank, was the irrigation channel or outlet which it was desired to supply with water. This is a natural channel of the Damoodah, of considerable dimensions, filled during floods. Its bed had been deepened by cutting at the mouth to assist the entrance of the water, and was thus reduced to 5 feet above the bed of the Damoodah itself ; and the water in that river, bavin at the same time been raised by the dam from 2 feet to a height or depth of 7^ feet, it followed, that a stream of water 2 \ feet in depth, was thrown into the side channel for irrigation purposes. The surface of this water was 5^ feet below the level of the country, and as before stated, 4 feet below the top of the dam. 7. The width of the irrigation channel was about 200 feet, depth 2 \. The velocity of the water in it about Do feet per second. Its discharge therefore 750 feet per second. 8. This amount of water was found to irrigate 17,500 beegahs, or say 6,000 acres, thus giving about 8 acres to the cubic foot of water discharged—a far lower amount than that usually taken by canal authorities, which is as much as 120 to 200 acres to the cubic foot in the North Western Provinces. The water was not however, of course, run on to the lands. Being some distance below the surface, it had to be baled up wherever required by manual labor. 9. There was very little leakage in the dam, and no accidents are reported to have occurred to it. Its cost was Rs. 2,000 as before stated. The revenue return has been calculated at 3 per beegah of rice cultivation, or Rs. 52,500 gain to the Zemindar. | [
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00000082.xml | ( 26 ) No. VIII. From E. H. Losiiington, Esq., Officiating Junior Secretary to the Government of Bengal, to the Superintendent of the Mathematical Instrument Maker’s Department,—(No. 833, dated the 14th March 1859.) Sir,—I am directed by the Lieutenant-Governor to request that you A good Thermometer. wil1 take measures to forward, with the A wet bulb Thermometer of least possible delay, to the Magistrate of corresponding scale. x J 7 o A self-registering maximum and Balasore direct, the Instruments specified minimum Thermometer. m the margin, required for the use of Dr. Kendall, who is about to revisit the Maghassini Hill towards the end of this month or early in April next. No. 834. Copy of the above Letter forwarded to the Commissioner of the Cuttack Division, with reference to his Letter, No. 215, dated the 7th Instant. | [
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00000090.xml | A Table showing the Mean Temperature of the air during the month of April, at Calcutta, .Bombay, Madras and Ootacamund on the Neilgherries, as given in “Smoult’s edition of , L,aiklc 8 Work, also the Mean Temperature of the air on the Maghassani from recent observations. ° ( 34 ) fc m XD 3 o < From observations taken by Assistant Surgeon Kendall, extending over a pe riod of 14 days. •o.m^modtnox trcoj\[ o> •oSirai Ap-cp ttcoj\t 85-OS •JoqouiOTOaoqj, Suuo^siSoj nos Aq ranuiraipj uboj\[ wo <o MO^OmOU3J9T|X Sinjo^stSoa jpg Aq ranuiixu]^; uuopj CO C-l 00 Ootacamund 7,416 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL. Mean average derived from observations taken by Dr. Baikie and Mr. Ross, ex tending over a period of 7 years. •ojnjuaodraox uboj\[ O CO •gSubj Ajrep treojt rfl 00 cb •tanairaij\[ uuoj\[ C-l go wo •ranuiix'Bjf unoj\r 99-89 Madras. From observations taken at the Observatory. ‘oxnju.iodraox treopjr Cl CO •Tunniimpf trcoj\[ *ranraxxt?j\[ unajc ci o Bombay. •ojn^moduiox treoj\r CO 00 •rantmmj\[ ubor i cf 00 •rammxBj\[ uboj\[ 4 p. m. 84. £ H D o hJ O •o.mjtuoduioj, trcoj\[ fe •umraraij^; unopi s ^ C3 CO 'rancaixBj\[ anojvi 2 T* >b s, O co Officiating Civil Assistant Surgeon, B alas ore. | [
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00000044.xml | ( 30 ) struct this dam, but that he objects to the position of Modeepore, as in volving greater difficulty, and therefore a less certain success than the locality of the Damoodah khal lower down the river. 6. Mr. Smith, the Executive Engineer of the Damoodah, was most anxious this year to be allowed to construct the dam at the Damoodah khal. He stated that a grant of Kupees 3,000 would suffice; that he would first measure the areas of land to be irrigated, and draw up a contract Deed for each land proprietor, stating the amount to be paid for the water. If this Deed were signed within ten days from the completion of the dam, the rate to be 4 annas per beegah; if after ten days and before twenty days, 8 annas a beegah; and after this period of twenty days, 12 annas per beegah. 7. Mr. Smith was to have supervised the whole of the operation, and the only assistance the Executive Engineer asked for was, that of a qualified subordinate Officer of the Hooghly Collectorate to be attached to him, for the purpose of drawing up the contract Deeds, and of re covering the water-rate. 8. This Damoodah dam should be constructed in January, but notice of its intended construction should be given in November, as the sowings are made in December. The water should continue to flow inland for about a month, after which the dam is cut, and the obstruction thoroughly removed. 9. I examined the locality in November 1858, and found no trace of the previous dam. The bed of the river was of full depth, and more than usually free from sandbanks. 10. I shared in the Executive Engineer s anxious desire to con struct the work this year, and took advantage of my proceeding to inspect a portion of the 24-Pergunnahs embankments, to urge the matter person- ally, at an interview with His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, the result of which led to my directing the Executive Engineer to inform Mr. Grose, that the Government would not this year move in the matter of constructing this temporary work for irrigation. | [
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00000020.xml | ( 8 ) davs to form a dam, marked No. 4, across the khal below the mouth of the Dhalooa khal into which the water was then turned, and passing to tiie westward afforded irrigation to the lands of thirty villages specified in accompanying list. After ten days’ supply had been given in this direction, No. 4 dam was cut and the water was once more turned in the direction of Joy pore. 8. Finding that a sufficient supply had been given in both direc tions, I ordered the large dam in the Damoodah to be cut on the afternoon of 7th instant, previously sending notice to Amptah to pre vent accidents; this was accordingly done, and next morning the pent up water above the dam had fallen two feet. The total cost of these irrigation dams was Es. 2,300, of which, as already stated Es. 2,000 had been expended on the large dam across the Damoodah. In an Engi neering point of view nothing could be more successful than these operations. 9. The results which followed these operations were equally successful. Mr. Grose secured water for the irrigation of 2,500, beegahs in his own taloolc, without which cultivation would have been next to impossible ; and valuing the rice crop at the moderate rate of Es. 3 per Beegah, his return is above Es. 7,500, which will cover all expenses and leave a handsome margin for profit. 10. But in addition to Mr. Grose’s land, an area of 15,000 beegahs, in thirty villages, (specified in list) received irrigation for a similar crop by means of these works, and adopting the same valuation as in his case, the value of the crop will amount to Es. 45,000. It is not over-estimating the advantages afforded by the irrigation to state, that had it not been supplied, the crop would not be worth more than one- eighth its present value. 11. The foregoing information relative to these crops was fur nished by Mr. Grose’s Gomastlia, a very intelligent and experienced man, but deeming the subject of too much importance to rest upon the single testimony of any person, however intelligent, I made the Overseer | [
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00000012.xml | null | [] | 669009512 | null | null | Bengal Military Orphan Press | Calcutta | 1861 | Papers relating to irrigation in Bengal, and the Maghassani Hills, as a sanatarium | null |
00000049.xml | ( 35 ) than to organize a survey, and to obtain theoretical knowledge from figures and plans. In this particular kind of work, I believe it is best to make the obstruction, and to see what its effects are, and whether the results justify doing the work again next year with all the improve ments that experience and observation would enable a careful and practical Engineer to make. The result of such experimental work could not be an entire failure, for every foot that the water is brought nearer the surface of the land would be eagerly taken advantage of by the People, who now laboriously obtain the water by raising, wherever it is possible, with simple appli ances to do this and where the soil is worthy of the labor. In Ungool* the agriculturists cultivate with the aid of temporary dams for irrigation, and it appears that temporary dams formed like ropes of sand across the beds of rivers, are made for similar purposes on the Madras side called Courumboos. A description of these Works is given in the 80th and 81st pages of Captain (now Colonel) Arthur Cotton’s report on the Colleroon Annicuts, as published in the 1st volume of the Madras Engineer Papers ; but the experimental Works I advocate, are not ropes of sand, but sound and firm dams of clay and sand, strengthened with fascines as required, so that the work placed in nanow channels may support a considerable body of water. 7. I believe that a great deal of good might be done in this way, but there are difficulties and there might be failures, and a large discre tion, and a very liberal support should be given to an Executive Engineer carrying out experimental temporary works like dams, formed with earth and sand, in the beds of rivers, during the dry season to assist irrigation. * See Mr. Rayner’s report on the agricultural arrangements in Ungool—a visit undertaken and report written at the request of Mr. Samuells, when Commissioner and Superintendent of the Tribu tary Mehals. (Signed) J. P. Beadle, from Major W. Maxwell, Superintending Engineer, Behar Circle, Lower Provinces, to Lieutenant Colonel C. B. Young, Chief Engineer, Lower Provinces,—[No. 5682, dated the 17th April I860.] Sir,—With reference to your letter No. 6402, of 9th Febru- •Af last, asking me if any enquiries had been made by the Executive Engineers of the late 2nd Circle, regarding the practicability of employ- | [
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00000075.xml | ( i9 ; 7. I have not retained a copy of the Report, and beg that three may be sent me when printed, one for my own Office, and one for that of the Magistrate of Balasore, and a third in case of being required. Eeport by Dr. Bernard Kendall on the “Maghassani” Hill, situated in the Territory of the Eajah of Moharbhunj, in Latitude 21- 38' North and Longitude 86- 24- East. Height above the mean Sea level 3,821 feet as given by Major Strange, and distant from the Port of Balasore about 40 miles in a direct line. IsL For the first few miles after leaving Balasore there is a good kutcha road, but this ceases at the village of Rewnah (about eight miles from Balasore) and from thence to the foot of the Hills, there is only a tract or path practicable for bullocks or doolies only; this path leads through dense jungle, except at intervals where villages exist, and the ground for some distance around them is cultivated. The country is chiefly level or only slightly undulating, and along the path, I continually saw the ferruginous gravel used in this Station, and at Midnapore, for metalling roads, as well as beds of “ Hunker” or lime-stone. There are only one or two small streams to be crossed, and these at this season are nearly dry. 2nd. In ascending, we first crossed a low range and then again ascending, reached a large plateaux of many miles in extent, and crossing this for two or .three miles, we came to a stream of running water, and we encamped for the day in an open spot close by. I found afterwards that this stream joins a larger one to the east, a little below the place of our encampment. Early the next morning we again set out, and after traversing the plateaux to the foot of the Maghassani, (a distance of two or three miles) we again commenced ascending and had to wind around the Hill, so as to reach the summit from its north-western aspect, it being precipitous on its south-eastern side. 3rd. The summit of the Maghassani on which the platform is built is of small extent, very rocky and not well suited for building purposes, but it slopes gradually down to the valleys beneath on its north-western aspect, and on this slope there is plenty of room for building. | [
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00000066.xml | * “ Influence of Tropical Climates,” page 424. ( 10 ) 3. Then there has been enormous waste of the public funds on account of barracks and hospitals placed in Stations so unhealthy that they were subsequently abandoned. The buildings for the European troops at Berhampore, Bengal, abandoned since 1835, on account of its unhealthmess, are stated by the finance authorities of Calcutta to have cost since 1757, nearly £17,000,000 sterling.* Tennant declares that, up to this time, the sums expended by the East India Company for the accommodation of their European troops, “if laid out at the compound interest of the country, would at a determinate period not very remote, have equalled the national debt.” 4. Looking to these enormous sums, often absolutely worse than wasted of what account in the comparison has been the cost of the medical establishments of India? How truly saving of the public revenues must be a well-ordered and well-directed and a well-contented medical corps ! In truth, the importance of an efficient medical esta blishment is so great that we cannot put a money value on it. 5. As regards the preservation of European health in India, and indeed, in all tropical climates, the due selection of locality is the first consideration; and next in importance stands the structural arrange- ments in barracks and hospitals. 6. As to barracks, provided the site be of sufficient elevation well cleared, drained, and levelled, with a good water supply, the material need not, I think, be of a costly character—well-constructed huts for the accommodation of 10 or 12 men forming a good protection against the inclemencies of weather. Such simple and cheap structures will I believe, prove more conducive to the health of the European soldier in the mountain ranges of India than the most costly barrack ; and the same may be said of hospital-huts for the reception of the same number of men, viz., 10 or 12. In Stations on the arid hot plains of India the same structures would answer well; but if large brick-built barracks and hospitals be preferred, they should be very spacious, double roofed, and raised on arches. | [
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00000027.xml | ( 13 ) in some places with alluvial earth, and also strengthened in those parts where strength was most required, by many bundles of straw and by bamboos driven into the ground. The total cost of this was 2,000 Rupees. 6. The top of the bund was irregular in both its height and breadth. Under the right bank, where the deepest water of 7 A feet was after bunding it, was 12 feet high. Under the left bank, where there was another water channel 4' 8" deep, it was 9 feet high; and in the centre where there was a sand bank dry under ordinary circum stances, it was 4 feet. When the water was at its full height, above the dam on the up stream side, the bund topped the water level by 4 feet at both ends, and 2 feet in the middle. 7. At the right bank again where the chief pressure of water was, the dam was made 15 feet thick, at the left bank 10, and in the middle 8 feet broad. 8. Just above this dam, on the right bank, was the irrigation channel or outlet, which it was desired to supply with water. This is a natural channel of the Damoodah of considerable dimensions, filled durum floods. Its bed had been deepened by cutting at the mouth to assist the entrance of the water, and was thus reduced to 5 feet above the bed of the Damoodah itself; and the water in that river having at the same time been raised by the dam, from about 2 feet to a height or depth of 7A feet, it followed that a stream of water feet in depth was thrown into the side channel for irrigation purposes. The surface of this water was feet below the level of the country, and as before stated 4 feet below the top of the dam. 9. The width of the irrigation channel was about 200 feet; depth 2^-. The velocity of the water in it about T5 feet per second. Its discharge therefore, 750 feet per second. 10. This amount of water was found to irrigate 17,500 beegahs, or say 6,000 acres, thus giving about 8 acres to the cubic foot of water discharge, a far lower amount than that usually taken by canal authorities which is as much as 120 to 200 acres to the cubic foot in the North Western Provinces. | [
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] | 669009512 | en | 1 | Bengal Military Orphan Press | Calcutta | 1861 | Papers relating to irrigation in Bengal, and the Maghassani Hills, as a sanatarium | null |