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[ "", "Zygaena osterodensis on Vicia cracca", "" ]

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[ "Zygaena osterodensis is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.", "Z. o. osterodensis\nZ. o. curvata Burgeff, 1926\nZ. o. eupyrenaea Burgeff, 1926\nZ. o. koricnensis Reiss, 1922\nZ. o. mentzeri G. & H. Reiss, 1972\nZ. o. osterodensis Reiss, 1921\nZ. o. saccarella Balletto & Toso, 1978 \nZ. o. schultei Dujardin, 1956\nZ. o. trimacula Le Charles, 1957\nZ. o. valida Burgeff, 1926\nZ. o. validior (Burgeff, 1926)", "This species can be found in continental Europe, Russia included, except the south of the Iberian Peninsula and southern Italy, Greece and Great Britain, Denmark and northern Scandinavia. It reaches Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Lake Baikal.", "These moths live in the lowlands and in mountainous areas in sunny forest paths and in deciduous forests, at an elevation of 200–1,300 metres (660–4,270 ft) above sea level.", "The wingspan is about 35 mm. The color of body and forewings is black, with red patches almost always confluent into each other forming two parallel stripes. Moroeover in the apex of the forewings is pointed.\nThe caterpillars are about 20 millimeters long. They have a light gray-turquoise ground color, with large black spots.\nThis species is very similar to Zygaena romeo.", "The caterpillars are found from August and after hibernation until May of the following year. They mainly feed on the leaves of Vicia cracca and Lathyrus vernus. Adults are on wing in June and July. They fly during the day.", "Michael Chinery, Insectes de France et d'Europe occidentale, Paris, Flammarion, août 2012, 320 p. (ISBN 978-2-0812-8823-2), p. 134-135", "Funet\nFauna Europaea\nNatura Mediterraneo\nPyrgus.de", "Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa\nLepiforum.de" ]

[ "Zygaena osterodensis", "Subspecies", "Distribution", "Habitat", "Description", "Biology", "Bibliography", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygaena oxytropis is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in mainland Italy and on Sicily.\nThe larvae feed on Lotus corniculatus, Onobrychis montana and Onobrychis viciifolia.", "Zygaena oxytropis oxytropis\nZygaena oxytropis acticola Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena oxytropis quercii Verity, 1920", "Fauna Europaea\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena oxytropis", "Subspecies", "References" ]

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[ "Zygaena punctum is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Slovenia, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey.", "Z. punctum O. Represents the preceding African insect [ Zygaena favonia Frr.] in the South of Europe. Position of the red spots as in Zygaena sarpedon, but the apical spot enlarged, appearing washed out, being deeper red centrally and pale at the edges. Red abdominal belt always absent. Name-typical punctum occurs at the north-east coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, as far as Armenia; small, the markings of forewing more or less confluent, the hindmargin remaining broadly black. — In dystrepta Fisch.-Wald. [ now Zygaena punctum dystrepta Fischer de Waldheim, 1832], from S. E. Europe and Asia Minor, the hindmargin is only very narrowly shaded with black, the forewing being otherwise all blood-red except distal margin; this colour replaced by miniate [red lead or vermilion] in a specimen from Asia Minor received from Messrs. Staudinger and Bang-Haas under the name of malatina — italica Stgr.-Reb. [italica Stgr.-Reb. now a synonym of punctum] is a more densely scaled and therefore brighter coloured form from South and Central Italy, the apical patch being distinctly separated from the basal area by a narrow black interspace, while in the much larger contamineoides Stgr. (= contaminei Zell, dalmatina H.-Sch.) [ now Z. punctum ssp. ledereri Rambur, 1858 ], from Spain, Italy, and Sicily, a broad interspace isolates the apical spot completely. — Larva greenish, with white dorsal line and subdorsal rows of black dots, below which there are larger yellow spots. Head and thoracical legs black, abdominal legs yellow; in May and June on Eryngium. The imago in July at very limited localities, but rather common, flying low. \nThe wingspan is 25–30 mm.", "Adults are on wing from the end of May to July.\nThe larvae feed on Eryngium species. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Full-grown larvae can be found in May.", "Zygaena punctum punctum\nZygaena punctum dalmatina Boisduval, 1834\nZygaena punctum dystrepta Fischer de Waldheim, 1832\nZygaena punctum itala Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena punctum kalavrytica Reiss, 1962\nZygaena punctum kefersteinii Herrich-Schaffer, 1846\nZygaena punctum ledereri Rambur, 1858\nZygaena punctum malatina Dziurzynski, 1903", "Fauna Europaea\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22., The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nSchmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie" ]

[ "Zygaena punctum", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Biology", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361212, 5361213 ]

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[ "", "", "Zygaena purpuralis. Illustration from Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge, Plate IX (c. 1895)", "Figs. Figs. 4a Anthrocera minos var. nubigena = Zygaena purpuralis (Brünnich, 1763) larvae before last moult 4 larvae after last moult", "" ]

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[ "Zygaena purpuralis, the transparent burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.", "Zygaena purpuralis is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan reaching 30–34 millimetres (1.2–1.3 in). Usually the forewings show three bright red longitudinal streaks quite variable in shape, with almost transparent greyish-bluish edges. Hindwings are more extensively or almost completely bright red. Head and thorax are black, while the abdomen is dark blue. Larva are yellow, with some lines of small black spots.", "Z. purpuralis Brunnich (= pilosellae Esp.; minos Fuessl.). In this species the hindmargin of the forewing (base included) is all black, while the red wedge-spots situated before it may be shaped entirely as in erythrus Hbn. An aberration with light yellow instead of red markings, already recorded by Ochsenheimer, has more lately been named by Ruhl ab. grossmanni (= lutescens Tutt). It is said to have been observed as a constant or at least prevalent form in certain very limited localities. In ab. obscura Tutt the entire wings, inclusive of the red colour, is darkened. — sareptensis Stgr.-Reb. [ now Zygaena minos ssp. sareptensis Rebel, 1901 ] is a large, somewhat paler, lighter red form from South Russia. — diaphana Stgr.[now Zygaena minos ssp. diaphana Staudinger, 1887 ] , from Tauria, has thinly scaled, strongly transparent wings, the central wedge-spot being distally strongly widened. — nubigena Led. [ subspecies ] is also a very thinly scaled form from the high mountains of Europe and Asia, having moreover (like many mountain-forms) a very shaggy body, like Zygaena exulans, with which it occurs occasionally together. — In the rather large form smirnovi Christ.[ now Zygaena minos ssp. smirnovi Christoph, 1884 ], from Turkestan, the distal wedge-spot is constricted before its dilated apex. — pluto O. (= pythia Hbn.) [synonym of Z.purpuralis] has a black apex to the hindwing and the central streak of forewing is entirely of even width, not in the least being dilated distally; in South Europe, as far north as Austria. — In polygalae Esp. [now Zygaena filipendulae ssp. polygalae Esper, 1783 ] the black interspaces between the red streaks have entirely disappeared the red being so extended (especially in females) that the forewing is only edged with black, differing from Zygaena rubicundus in the hindmargin of forewing being black (though sometimes only narrowly); in the South, especially Northern Italy. — In heringi Zell.[ synonym of purpuralis ], from North Germany, the antenna is thinner and the central wedge-spot of the somewhat broader forewing extends to near the distal edge. — In ab. interrupta Stgr. [synonym for Zygaena minos ssp. pimpinellae ] the central streak is broadly interrupted and the posterior one often constricted in middle; more in the North of the area, among the name-typical form. — If all three streaks are interrupted, the red is separated into 6 spots, recalling the pattern of other Zygaenas; this form is ab. sexmaculata Burgeff. — Finally, there occur also specimens which have a red abdominal belt: ab. cingulata Burgeff — Larva bluish white or light yellow; a subdorsal row of heavy black dots; head, pectoral legs and stigmata black.", "Adult moths are on wing from late May until August, depending on location. They fly during the day, especially with warm and sunny weather, feeding on nectar of various flowers.\nThe larva feed on wild thyme (Thymus polytrichus, Thymus serpyllum, etc.). They occur from August to May and overwinter once or twice.", "This species can be is found in most of western, central and southern Europe, from Ireland to France through to Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Russia and across the Palearctic to the Altai Mountains.", "Zygaena purpuralis prefers sunny and grassy slopes, under cliffs and dry grassland.", "There are several distinct sub-species:\nZygaena purpuralis purpuralis\nZygaena purpuralis austronubigena Verity 1946\nZygaena purpuralis caledonensis Reiss, 1931 (Hebridean islands of Skye, Lismore, Kerrera, Mull, Ulva, Eigg, Canna, and Rùm and in a few localities on the Scottish mainland in Kintyre and parts of western Argyllshire)\nZygaena purpuralis dojranica Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena purpuralis fiorii Costantini, 1916\nZygaena purpuralis isarca Verity, 1922\nZygaena purpuralis lathyri Boisduval, 1828\nZygaena purpuralis magnalpina Verity, 1922\nZygaena purpuralis mirabilis Verity, 1922\nZygaena purpuralis nubigena Lederer, 1853\nZygaena purpuralis sabulosa Tremewan, 1976 (western Ireland in the Burren, Counties Galway and Mayo and on Inishmore, in the Aran Islands)\nZygaena purpuralis segontii Tremewan, 1958 (occurred on sea-cliffs of the Llŷn Peninsula, Caernarvonshire. It has not been reported since 1962 and might be extinct)", "Seitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.", "Data related to Zygaena purpuralis at Wikispecies\n Media related to Zygaena purpuralis at Wikimedia Commons\nTransparent burnet on UKmoths\nButterfly Conservation\nFauna Europaea\nLepiforum.de\nSchmetterling-raupe.de" ]

[ "Zygaena purpuralis", "Description", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Biology", "Distribution", "Habitat", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygaena rhadamanthus is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.\nThe larvae feed on Onobrychis, Dorycnium pentaphyllum and Lotus species. The species overwinters in the larval stage.", "Z. rhadamanthus Esp. (6g). Forewing strongly transparent, glossy grey, with 6 red spots, the 2., 3., 4. and 5. being edged with black at the proximal and distal sides. Riviera and Catalonia. — cingulata Led. (6h) [ ab. of rhadamanthus] has a red belt. This is a normal form in Spain, while in Liguria only single individuals of it are found among typical specimens. —kiesenwetteri H.-Sch. [Z. rhadamanthus ssp. kiesenwetteri Herrich-Schäffer, 1852] (6h) has quite a different aspect on account of the deep black ground-colour of the forewing and the black hindwing, resembling lavandulae or stoechadis, but the black edges of the spots of the forewing are easily visible on the black ground. — algarbiensis Christ. [Z. rhadamanthus ssp. algarbiensis Christ, 1889] (= roederi Stgr.) (6h), from South Portugal, is similar, but the 6. spot of\nthe forewing is entirely obsolete or only slightly vestigial. — Larva variegated, grey, black, longitudinally striped with white and yellow, with red collar; in April full-grown on Dorycnium. Pupa in a white oval cocoon. The moths in spring till May, frequently sitting on stalks of grass.", "Zygaena rhadamanthus rhadamanthus\nZygaena rhadamanthus alfacarensis Reiss, 1922\nZygaena rhadamanthus algarbiensis Christ, 1889\nZygaena rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, 1961 (Spain: provinces of Cuenca and Teruel)\nZygaena rhadamanthus aurargentea Mazel, 1979 (France: Pyrénées-Orientales, Spain: Barcelona and Girona)\nZygaena rhadamanthus azurea Burgeff, 1914 (France: départements of Var and Alpes-Maritimes)\nZygaena rhadamanthus caroniana Reiss, 1965\nZygaena rhadamanthus gredosica Reiss, 1936\nZygaena rhadamanthus grisea Oberthur, 1909 (south-eastern and southern-central France: from Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes to Isère, Drôme, Ardèche, Vaucluse, Aveyron, Lot and Lozère)\nZygaena rhadamanthus guichardi Tremewan, 1991\nZygaena rhadamanthus isabelae Gonzalo Fidel, 1980\nZygaena rhadamanthus kiesenwetteri Herrich-Schaffer, 1852\nZygaena rhadamanthus rasura Agenjo, 1948\nZygaena rhadamanthus stygia Burgeff, 1914 (east of the River Var in Alpes-Maritimes in France to Imperia in Italy)", "Fauna Europaea\nSchmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena rhadamanthus", "Technical description and variation", "Subspecies", "References" ]

[ 5361218, 5361219 ]

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[ "Zygaena romeo is a moth of the Zygaenidae family.", "Z. r. romeo\nZ. r. adumbrata Burgeff, 1926\nZ. r. calcanei Rauch, 1975\nZ. r. freyeri Lederer, 1853\nZ. r. lozerica Holik, 1944\nZ. r. megorion Burgeiff, 1926\nZ. r. neapolitana Calberla, 1895\nZ. r. orion Herrich-Schaffer, 1843\nZ. r. parvorion Holik, 1944\nZ. r. planeixi Dujardin, 1971", "This species can bes found in south and southwest Alpine areas, in southern France, in the eastern Pyrenees and in most of Italy.", "These moths live on bushy forest edge with poor grassland, at an elevation of 500–1,500 metres (1,600–4,900 ft) above sea level.", "The wingspan is about 35 millimetres (1.4 in). The basic color of the forewings is dark blue, with various red markings. The 4th marking is drop-shaped and so big that often joins the 2nd marking. In case it does not join the 2nd, the 4th is very larger than the 3rd. Moreover the apex of the front wings is rounded.\nThis species is very similar to Zygaena osterodensis, but in the latter the five red spots are almost always confluent into each other forming two parallel stripes. Moroeover in Z. osterodensis the apex of the forewings is pointed.", "The larvae feed on Vicia and Lathyrus. They are fully grown between late April and early June, depending on altitude. Adults are on the wing in June and July. They fly during the day.", "Funet\nBiolib\nFauna europaea\nLepidoptera and their ecology\nNatura Mediterraneo", "Les Carnets du Lépidoptériste Français\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena romeo", "Subspecies", "Distribution", "Habitat", "Description", "Biology", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361220, 5361221, 5361222 ]

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[ "Zygaena rubicundus is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Italy.\nSeitz describes it - All the wings red, also the hindmargin, only the\napex and distal margin of forewing bearing a black edge, which is a little more than 1 mm wide. — In Central and South Italy. Very local.\nThe larvae feed on Eryngium species.", "Fauna Europaea\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena rubicundus", "References" ]

[ 5361223, 5361224 ]

[ 27242683 ]

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[ "Zygaena sarpedon is a moth of the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Italy and on the Iberian Peninsula.", "Z. sarpedon. This species is the first of a group of red-banded Burnets from the Mediterranean coasts which have only 3 red spots on the forewing: the anterior and the posterior wedge-spots and a small, rounded, drop-like spot corresponding to the distal portion of the central streak. — In the name-typical form, the small sarpedon Hbn., the colour is pale, but distinctly red; hindwing with a vitreous streak from the base to the middle. Spain; South France. — trimaculata Esp. is a little larger; the wings are entirely limpid, the red spots of the forewing being only feebly marked, while the hindwing is almost entirely transparent; Balearic Is., perhaps occasionally also among the previous. — balearica Boisd. (= sarpedon H. Sch.) is considerably larger and more densely scaled than the 2 previous; hindwing beautifully red, narrowly edged with black. Spain, South France, and Piemont. — vernetensis Oberth.[ junior synonym of sarpedon ssp. carmencita Oberthür, 1910 ], from the Pyrenees, has the forewing as in balearica, but the hindwing is black, with two red streaks, one each in and below cell. — Besides these (partly) geographical forms two aberrations have received names, the light yellow one: ab. flava Oberth., and the one with confluent spots: ab. confluens Dziurz. — Larva much variegated, green, with brown subdorsal and lateral lines, a subdorsal row of black dots, black stigmata, and black head edged with reddish; till June on Eryngium. Pupa in a brown cocoon. Imago flying in July and August on stubble and sunny fallow fields. The wingspan is 24–28 mm.", "Adults are on wing from May to August depending on the location. There is one generation per year.\nThe larvae feed on Eryngium species, including Eryngium campestre, Eryngium bourgatti and Eryngium maritimum. Larvae can be found from April to May in Italy. Pupation takes place in a blackish-brown pupa in a whitish cocoon spun on the underside of the host plant, under rocks or in low vegetation.", "Zygaena sarpedon sarpedon\nZygaena sarpedon algecirensis Reiss, 1927\nZygaena sarpedon balearica Boisduval, [1828]\nZygaena sarpedon hispanica Rambur, 1866\nZygaena sarpedon carmencita Oberthur, 1910\nZygaena sarpedon confluenta Reiss, 1927\nZygaena sarpedon hispanica Rambur, 1866\nZygaena sarpedon leuzensis Dujardin, 1956\nZygaena sarpedon lusitanica Reiss, 1936\nZygaena sarpedon pictonorum Bernardi & Viette 1959\nZygaena sarpedon variabilis Burgeff 1926\nZygaena sarpedon xerophila Dujardin 1956", "Fauna Europaea\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\npyrgus.de\nLot Moths and Butterflies" ]

[ "Zygaena sarpedon", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Biology", "Subspecies", "External links" ]

[ 5361225, 5361226 ]

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[ "Zygaena tamara is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Zangazur və Daralayaz .", "In Seitz it is described - Z. tamara Christ. (7b) . One of the finest Zygaenae. All the wings bright yellow, with a delicate rosy tint, the distal margin being black; forewing divided by 2 black transverse bands into 3 areas of nearly equal size. Antenna exceedingly long and strong, the abdomen being broadly belted with red. — ab. rubra Bang-Haas i. l. (7b) the hindwing is rosy red instead of yellow, while in the form daemon Christ. (7 b) the fore- and hindwing are red. All 3 forms occur together in Armenia, but are found only in limited districts.", "The larval foodplants are Eryngium billardieri , Eryngium giganteum, Prangos sp. and Ferula haussknechtii", "Z. t. tamara\nZ. t. mahabadica Reiss, 1978\nZ. t. kerendica Reiss, 1978\nZ. t. bijarica (Reiss, 1978)", "Efetov K. A., 2005 The Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the Crimea and other regions of Eurasia. – Simferopol: CSMU Press, 2005. – 420 pp.\nA. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf \nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nÖzkol, H., Kayci L. and Pinar S., 2009 Notes on the biology of Zygaena (Mesembrynus) tamara placida A.Bang-Haas, 1913 (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae).\nCesa News Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara pdf", "Images representing Zygaena tamara at Bold" ]

[ "Zygaena tamara", "Description", "Biology", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygaena transalpina is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.", "Subspecies include:\nZygaena transalpina transalpina\nZygaena transalpina alpina Boisduval, 1834\nZygaena transalpina altitudinaria Turati, 1910\nZygaena transalpina annae Aistleitner, 1979\nZygaena transalpina astragali (Borkhausen, 1793)\nZygaena transalpina bavarica Burgeff, 1922\nZygaena transalpina centralis Oberthur, 1907\nZygaena transalpina centricataloniae Burgeff, 1926 \nZygaena transalpina centripyrenaea Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena transalpina collina Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena transalpina curtisi Tremewan, 1961\nZygaena transalpina dufayi Dujardin, 1965\nZygaena transalpina emendata Verity, 1916 \nZygaena transalpina gulsensis Daniel, 1954\nZygaena transalpina helvetica Bethune-Baker & Rothschild, 1921\nZygaena transalpina hilfi Reiss, 1922\nZygaena transalpina hippocrepidis Hübner, 1799\nZygaena transalpina intermedia Rocci, 1914\nZygaena transalpina jugi Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena transalpina latina Verity, 1920\nZygaena transalpina maritima Oberthur, 1898\nZygaena transalpina marujae Tremewan & Manley, 1965\nZygaena transalpina miltosa Candeze, 1883\nZygaena transalpina philippsi Romei, 1927\nZygaena transalpina provincialis Oberthur, 1907\nZygaena transalpina pseudoalpina Turati, 1910\nZygaena transalpina rupicola Rocci, 1936\nZygaena transalpina sorrentinaeformis Rocci, 1938\nZygaena transalpina splugena Burgeff, 1926 \nZygaena transalpina subalticola Rocci, 1918\nZygaena transalpina tenuissima Burgeff, 1914\nZygaena transalpina tilaventa Holik, 1935\nZygaena transalpina xanthographa Germar, 1836", "This species can be found from Germany to Croatia and Italy and from Spain to Austria and Slovenia. It is more frequent at more than 2000 meters of altitude in the Alps, especially in the Italian Alps and in Italy, with the exception of Sicily and the Adriatic coast.", "This moth occurs in warm, dry climates, particularly on dry meadows, but also on flowering grasslands at higher elevations. Though the form astragali extends beyond the 50. degree of latitude, being still common near Mombach (Mainz), Darmstadt, etc.. South Europe, especially Italy, must be considered the principal locality of the species, the forms here flying occurring from May to July in really surprising numbers; maritima flies in great abundance even in dull weather and till night -fall on the southern slopes of the Riviera, near Genoa, Pegli, Savona, etc., transalpina being likewise very common in the southern valleys of the Alps of Ticino, extending into the North Italian plains.", "The wingspan o Zygaena transalpina can reach about 29–35 millimetres (1.1–1.4 in). The forewings are of a shining bluish green, or of a blue black, with three pairs of carmine-red spots for each wing (in some individuals of both sexes, the spots are only five ). The two spots on the base are oval. The hind wings are carmine red, with a black blue border and a slightly darker fringe. The underside of the forewings is light black blue, usually with the same spots as the top.", "Z. transalpina Esp. (= medicaginis O.; charon, angelicae Boisd.) Very highly coloured: metallic black-blue or -green, with 6 small, widely separated, somewhat black-edged spots. The very bright red hindwing is broadly margined with black. On the underside of forewing all the red spots are merged in the name-typical form. – ab. flava Dziurz. is the (accidental) light-yellow aberration. – ab. ferulae Led. [synonym of transalpina ], which occurs in the southern Alps and extends sporadically into Southern Germany, is red and has still smaller spots on the forewing than name-typical transalpina , but is hardly separable from it as a distinct form. – In ab. nigricans Oberth. (= brunnea Dziurz.) the red has changed into coffee colour, as in ab. chrysanthemi of filipendulae. – boisduvali Costa (= xanthographa Germ.) has yellow spots on the forewing (5 or 6), and a yellow streak or heart-shaped spot on the otherwise black hindwing; South Italy. – ab. zickerti Hofm. [ synonym of ssp. xanthographa Germar, [1836] ] is similar to boisduvali, but the hindwing is all black, being without the yellow central spot. Flying sparingly among the preceding. – astragali Bkh. (= hippocrepidis Hbn.; angelicae Boisd.) [now subspecies] is of a magnificent vermilion colour, with 6 large spots on the forewing and a narrow marginal band to the hindwing. The forewing below is uniformly vermilion (without separation into spots), with black margin. This is the northern form, which occurs in France, South and Central Germany, and Belgium, being said (probably erroneously) to extend as far as Sweden. – Specimens of this form with an abdominal belt are named by Hirschke astragali. ab. cingulata. – ab. miltosa Cand.[now subspecies] is founded on a small specimen from La Rochelle in which the spots of the upperside are also confluent. – sorrentina Stgr. [ synonym of ssp. xanthographa Germar, [1836] ] resembles boisduvali, but the spots are red, and the spot of the hindwing is often very small; Southern Central Italy (Naples). – calabrica Calb. (= spicae Stgr.) [synonym of ssp. xanthographa Germar, [1836] ] is quite black, with very small red spots, the spot of the hindwing being only vestigial, the insect therefore resembling stoechadis; South Italy. – maritima Oberth. [ now subspecies] is, like the name-typical form, very bright red, but the black margin of the hindwing is wider and more sinuate; the (6) spots of the forewing below are not confluent; Riviera. – italica Dziurz. [ synonym of ssp. collina Burgeff, 1926 ] the same, but has only 5 spots; Northern Italy. – Larva green, with black dorsal stripe, and yellow lateral line, above which there are triangular black spots. Pupa black, abdomen greenish white; in a light-yellow cocoon.\nThis species is very similar to Zygaena filipendulae. They can be distinguished by the color of the apex of the antennae (whitish and are more sharp in Z. transalpina, black in Z. filipendulae). Moreover, in Z. transalpina, the spot 6, when present, is clearly separated from stain 5 and even the spot 3 and 4 are more distant than in Z. filipendulae.", "Adults are on wing from the end of May to August in one generation per year. The imagines are lively and active insects, taking perhaps quickest to the wing of all the Burnets. They likewise simulate death when suddenly touched, but revive soon and whiz quickly away, the flight being fast.\nIt is an aposematic species because its warning colors signal it as toxic to predators such as birds and lizards. In case of attack it emits a liquid containing cyanide.\nThe larvae feed on the leaves of Hippocrepis comosa and sometimes Coronilla varia and Lotus corniculatus. Larvae can be found from August, after overwintering, to June of the following year.", "", "Biolib\nFauna Europaea\nFunet\nDr Björn M. von Reumont Phylogeography\nLOT Moths and butterflies\nJordan, 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22., The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nLepinet\nNatura Mediterraneo", "www.lepiforum.de\nschmetterling-raupe.de\nHeiner Ziegler: Schmetterlinge am Calanda\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa" ]

[ "Zygaena transalpina", "Subspecies", "Distribution", "Habitat", "Description", "Technical description and variation (Seitz)", "Biology", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361229, 5361230, 5361231, 5361232 ]

[ 27242695, 27242696, 27242697, 27242698, 27242699, 27242700, 27242701, 27242702, 27242703, 27242704, 27242705, 27242706, 27242707, 27242708 ]

[ "", "Larva", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Five-spot_burnet_moth_%28Zygaena_trifolii%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Zygaena_trifolii_larva.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena trifolii, the five-spot burnet, is a moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found from North Africa, through the western Mediterranean, Great Britain and central Europe to Ukraine. It is not found in Scandinavia.\nThe wingspan is 28–33 mm. Adults are on wing from the mid-June to the beginning of August in one generation per year.\nThe larvae feed on the leaves of Lotus uliginosus and Lotus corniculatus. The species overwinters in the larval stage and may overwinter twice.", "Zygaena trifolii trifolii\nZygaena trifolii barcelonensis Reiss, 1922\nZygaena trifolii caerulescens Oberthur, 1910\nZygaena trifolii decreta Verity, 1925\nZygaena trifolii duponcheliana Oberthur, 1910 \nZygaena trifolii espunnica Reiss, 1936\nZygaena trifolii hibera Verity, 1925\nZygaena trifolii lusitaniaemixta Verity, 1930\nZygaena trifolii olbiana Oberthur, 1910\nZygaena trifolii palustrella Verity, 1925\nZygaena trifolii palustris Oberthur, 1896\nZygaena trifolii pusilla Oberthur, 1910\nZygaena trifolii subsyracusia Verity, 1925\nZygaena trifolii syracusia Zeller, 1847 (the Channel Islands and the coastal regions of north-western France from Loire-Atlantique to Côtes-d’Armor and Ille-et-Vilaine)", "Fauna Europaea", "Five-spot burnet on UKmoths (Ian Kimber: Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland)\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa\nLepiforum.de\nschmetterling-raupe" ]

[ "Zygaena trifolii", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361233, 5361234, 5361235 ]

[ 27242709 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Diegrossschmette02seit_0021.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena truchmena is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Central Asia.\nAccording to Seitz - the prettiest and most variegated form, in short one of the finest Burnets, is truchmena Evrsm. (7g). It has a broad rosy- red collar, and the abdomen is bright red, except the apex : the median pair of spots of forewing, however, is white and the basal half of the hindwing transparent: Turkestan.", "Keil T Widderchen Mittelasiens (Biologie und Verbreitung) Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae. 19. Beiheft der Entomologischen Nachrichten und Berichte 1-84 pdf]\nA. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.", "Images representing Zygaena truchmena at Bold" ]

[ "Zygaena truchmena", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361236, 5361237 ]

[ 27242710, 27242711 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Zygaena_viciae_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zygaena_transalpina_MHNT_CUT_2011_0_437_Huez_dos.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena viciae, the New Forest burnet, is a member of the Zygaenidae family. It is found in southern and central Europe, west to Scotland. It is also found in southern Scandinavia. In the east, the range extends to Lake Baikal.\nThe wingspan is 22–32 mm. Adults are on wing in July.\nThe larvae feed on the leaves of Lotus corniculatus and Lathyrus pratensis.", "Zygaena viciae viciae\nZygaena viciae argyllensis Tremewan, 1967\nZygaena viciae bosniensis Reiss, 1922\nZygaena viciae charon Hübner, 1796\nZygaena viciae dacica Burgeff, 1914\nZygaena viciae ehnbergii Reuter, 1893\nZygaena viciae fernandezi Gomez Bustillo & Fernandez-Rubio, 1976\nZygaena viciae hulda Reiss & Reiss, 1972\nZygaena viciae italica Caradja, 1895\nZygaena viciae nigrescens Reiss, 1921\nZygaena viciae nobilis Navas, 1924\nZygaena viciae rhaetica Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena viciae sicula Calberla, 1895\nZygaena viciae silbernageli Reiss, 1943\nZygaena viciae silenus Burgeff, 1926\nZygaena viciae stentzii Freyer, 1839\nZygaena viciae subglocknerica Reiss, 1943\nZygaena viciae ytenensis Briggs, 1888", "Fauna Europaea", "Lepiforum e. V.\nschmetterling-raupe\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa\nIan Kimber: Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland" ]

[ "Zygaena viciae", "Subspecies", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361238, 5361239 ]

[ 27242712 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Diegrossschmette02seit_0015_Zygaena_zuleima.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Diegrossschmette02seit_0015.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaena zuleima is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in the Atlas Mountains (in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia).\nIn Seitz (1913):\nZ. zuleima Pier. (=ludicra Luc) (4d). A small, delicate insect with an almost naked body. The wedge-spots are narrow, being separated by broad black interspaces; the external streak angulate, hooklike, being extended close to distal margin. — In Algiers, on meadows, in spring till early .May not rarely on Umbelliferae, for instance near Oran, on the parade-grounds of Constantine, etc.", "Pierret, 1837 Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 6: 22, pl. 1, f. 8 \nA. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119–131 pdf\nSeitz, A., 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22.,The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain." ]

[ "Zygaena zuleima", "References" ]

[ 5361240, 5361241 ]

[ 27242713, 27242714 ]

[ "", "Larva showing warning colours, flattening", "Zygaena carniolica", "Satin-green forester (Pollanisus viridipulverulenta) found in most of Australia (including temperate Tasmania)" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Zygaena_filipendulae_-_Sechsfleck_Widderchen_-_Raupe_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Esparsetten_widderchen01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Pollanisus_viridipulverulentus.jpg" ]

[ "The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, often qualified by the number of spots, although other families also have 'foresters'. They are also sometimes called smoky moths.\nAll 43 species of Australian zygaenids are commonly known as foresters and belong to the tribe Artonini. The only nonendemic species in Australia is Palmartona catoxantha, a Southeast Asian pest species which is believed to be already present in Australia or likely to arrive soon.", "", "Larvae are stout and may be flattened. A fleshy extension of the thorax covers the head. Most feed on herbaceous plants, but some are tree feeders. Larvae in two subfamilies, Chalcosiinae and Zygaeninae, have cavities in which they store the cyanide, and can excrete it as defensive droplets.", "Zygaenid moths are typically day flying with a slow, fluttering flight, and with rather clubbed antennae. They generally have a metallic sheen and often prominent spots of red or yellow. \nThe bright colours are a warning to predators that the moths are distasteful - they contain hydrogen cyanide (HCN) throughout all stages of their life cycle. Unlike most insects with such toxins, they obtain glucosides from the plants they utilize so that HCN can be used as a defence. However, they are capable of making HCN themselves, and when in an environment poor in cyanide-producing plants, synthesize it themselves. They form mimicry complexes based on these toxins.\nHowever, while the overall picture is of genuine aposematism – the insects are both conspicuously coloured and toxic, containing cyanogenic glucosides – a study by Emmanuelle Briolat and colleagues including Martin Stevens found no evidence of a quantitative relationship between the visual signals of different species of Zygaenidae and their toxicity.", "The fossil species Neurosymploca? oligocenica, belonging to the subfamily Zygaeninae, is known from Lower Stampian (Early Oligocene) deposits in Céreste, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. Lepidopterans with preserved structural coloration from the Eocene (~47 Ma) shales of the Messel Pit, Germany, are suggested to be zygaenids, and more specifically procridines due to wing venation patterns.", "The grapeleaf skeletonizer can be a problem in vineyards, feeding on foliage and can also be found feeding on Virginia creeper.", "Genera incertae sedis include:\nAcoloithus\nHarrisina\nPyromorpha\nReissita\nSeryda\nTetraclonia\nTriprocris\nPest species include:\nAlmond-tree leaf skeletonizer moth (Aglaope infausta)\nVine bud moth (Theresimima ampellophaga)\nGrapeleaf skeletonizer (Harrisina americana)\nSouth European species:\nZygaena fausta\nUK species:\nScarce forester (Jordanita globulariae)\nCistus forester (Adscita geryon)\nGreen forester (Adscita statices)\nScotch burnet (Zygaena exulans)\nSlender Scotch burnet (Zygaena loti)\nNew Forest burnet (Zygaena viciae)\nSix-spot burnet (Zygaena filipendulae)\nFive-spot burnet (Zygaena trifolii)\nNarrow-bordered five-spot burnet (Zygaena lonicerae)\nTransparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis)\nAfrican species:\nFire grid burnet (Arniocera erythopyga)\nExtinct species:\nNeurosymploca? oligocenica Fernández-Rubio & Nel, 2000 (Lower Stampian, Céreste, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France)", "List of zygaenid genera", "Tarmann, G.M. \"Zygaenid moths of Australia. A revision of the Australian Zygaenidae\".\nNiehuis, O., Yen, S.H., Naumann, C.M. & Misof, B. (2006). \"Higher phylogeny of zygaenid moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data and the evolution of larval cuticular cavities for chemical defence.\" Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(3): 812-829.\nThe Lepidoptera: Form, function and diversity. Oxford Univ. Press.\n\"Plants And Predators Pick Same Poison - Science News\". www.sciencenews.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-15. \nNaumann, C.M., Tarmann, G.M. & Tremewan, W.G. (1999). The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae. Apollo Books.\nBriolat, Emmanuelle S.; Zagrobelny, Mika; Olsen, Carl E.; Blount, Jonathan D.; Stevens, Martin (2 Nov 2018). \"No evidence of quantitative signal honesty across species of aposematic burnet moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)\". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley. 32 (1): 31–48. doi:10.1111/jeb.13389. ISSN 1010-061X. PMC 6378400. PMID 30317689.\nFernández-Rubio, F.; Nel, A. (2000). \"Neurosymploca? oligocenica a new fossil species of Lepidoptera Zygaenoidea of the Oligocene of Céreste (Lubéron, France)\" (PDF). Boletín de la S.E.A. 27: 7–16.\nMcNamara, Maria E.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Wedmann, Sonja; Noh, Heeso; Cao, Hui (2011-11-15). Benton, Michael J. (ed.). \"Fossilized Biophotonic Nanostructures Reveal the Original Colors of 47-Million-Year-Old Moths\". PLOS Biology. 9 (11): e1001200. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001200. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 3217029. PMID 22110404.", "List of Zygaenidae Types, p. 8-11 (Museum Witt München).\nMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa - Zygaenidae - many pictures of species\n\"Family Zygaenidae\". Insecta.pro. Retrieved February 7, 2020.\nScience News: Zygaenidae \"make cyanide using the exact same cellular machinery as their host plants\"\nImages of Zygaenidae species in New Zealand" ]

[ "Zygaenidae", "Description", "Larvae", "Aposematism in adults", "Evolution", "Economic importance", "Selected taxa", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361242, 5361243, 5361244 ]

[ 27242715, 27242716, 27242717, 27242718, 27242719, 27242720, 27242721, 27242722, 27242723, 27242724 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Zygaena.filipendulae.7018.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/20050611-004-moth.jpg" ]

[ "The Zygaenoidea comprise the superfamily of moths that includes burnet moths, forester moths, and relatives.\nThe families are:\nAididae\nAnomoeotidae\nCyclotornidae\nDalceridae\nEpipyropidae\nHeterogynidae\nHimantopteridae\nLacturidae\nLimacodidae\nMegalopygidae\nPhaudidae\nSomabrachyidae\nZygaenidae", "Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002\nTree of Life: Zygaenoidea\nData related to Zygaenoidea at Wikispecies" ]

[ "Zygaenoidea", "References" ]

[ 5361245, 5361246 ]

[ 27242725 ]

[ "A Zygalski sheet", "Demonstration of two perforated sheets at Bletchley Park Museum" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/P%C5%82achta_Zygalskiego_-_decrypting_Enigma.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Zygalski_sheets_%28perforated_sheets%29.jpg" ]

[ "The method of Zygalski sheets was a cryptologic technique used by the Polish Cipher Bureau before and during World War II, and during the war also by British cryptologists at Bletchley Park, to decrypt messages enciphered on German Enigma machines.\nThe Zygalski-sheet apparatus takes its name from Polish Cipher Bureau mathematician–cryptologist Henryk Zygalski, who invented it about October 1938.", "Zygalski's device comprised a set of 26 perforated sheets for each of the, initially, six possible sequences for inserting the three rotors into the Enigma machine's scrambler. Each sheet related to the starting position of the left (slowest-moving) rotor.\nThe 26 × 26 matrix represented the 676 possible starting positions of the middle and right rotors and was duplicated horizontally and vertically: a–z, a–y. The sheets were punched with holes in the positions that would allow a \"female\" to occur.\nPolish mathematician–cryptologist Marian Rejewski writes about how the perforated-sheets device was operated:\nWhen the sheets were superposed and moved in the proper sequence and the proper manner with respect to each other, in accordance with a strictly defined program, the number of visible apertures gradually decreased. And, if a sufficient quantity of data was available, there finally remained a single aperture, probably corresponding to the right case, that is, to the solution. From the position of the aperture one could calculate the order of the rotors, the setting of their rings, and, by comparing the letters of the cipher keys with the letters in the machine, likewise permutation S; in other words, the entire cipher key.\nLike Rejewski's \"card-catalog\" method, developed using his \"cyclometer,\" the Zygalski-sheet procedure was independent of the number of plugboard plug connections in the Enigma machine.", "The Cipher Bureau's manual manufacture of the sheets, which for security reasons was done by the mathematician-cryptologists themselves, using razor blades, was very time-consuming. By 15 December 1938 only a third of the job had been finished.\nOn that date, the Germans introduced rotors IV and V, thus increasing the labor of making the sheets tenfold, since ten times as many sheets were now needed (for the now 60 possible combinations of sequences, in an Enigma machine, of 3 rotors selected from among the now 5). \nOn 25 July 1939, five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau disclosed to their French and British allies, at Warsaw, their cryptologic achievements in breaking Enigma ciphers. Part of the disclosures involved Zygalski's \"perforated-sheet\" method.\nThe British, at Bletchley Park, near London, England, undertook the production of two complete sets of perforated sheets. The work was done, with the aid of perforators, by a section headed by John R.F. Jeffreys. The sheets were known at Bletchley as Netz (from Netzverfahren, \"net method\"), though they were later remembered by Gordon Welchman as \"Jeffreys sheets\"; the latter term, however, referred to another catalog produced by Jeffreys' section.\nThe first set was completed in late December 1939. On 28 December part of the second set was delivered to the Polish cryptologists, who had by then escaped from German-overrun Poland to PC Bruno outside Paris, France. The remaining sheets were completed on 7 January 1940, and were couriered by Alan Turing to France shortly thereafter. \"With their help,\" writes Rejewski, \"we continued solving Enigma daily keys.\" The sheets were used by the Poles to make the first wartime decryption of an Enigma message, on 17 January 1940.\nIn May 1940, the Germans once again completely changed the procedure for enciphering message keys (with the exception of a Norwegian network). As a result, Zygalski's sheets were of no use, though the Herivel tip could still be used.", "Cryptanalysis of the Enigma\nBomba (\"cryptologic bomb\"): machine designed about October 1938 by Marian Rejewski to facilitate the retrieval of Enigma keys\nBombe: a machine, inspired by Rejewski's \"cryptologic bomb,\" that was used by British and American cryptologists during World War II\nGrille (cryptography)\nPunched card\nJacquard loom", "On 15 December 1938 the Germans increased the number of rotors from three to five. Only three were still used in the machine at a time, but the number of possible rotor arrangements now jumped from 6 to 60. As a result, 60 sets of perforated sheets would now be needed. Marian Rejewski, \"Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...\", Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 242–43.\nMarian Rejewski, \"The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher,\" Appendix E to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 289.\nMarian Rejewski, \"Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...\", Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 243.\nMarian Rejewski, \"Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F.H. Hinsley,\" p. 82.\nWładysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 59.\nRalph Erskine, \"The Poles Reveal their Secrets: Alastair Denniston's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry,\" Cryptologia 30 (4), December 2006, pp. 294–305.\nRalph Erskine, \"Breaking Air Force and Army Enigma,\" in Action this Day, edited by Ralph Erskine and Michael Smith, 2001, p. 53.\nHerivel 2008, p. 7\nWładysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 84, 94 (note 8).\nMarian Rejewski, \"Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...\", Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 243, 245.", "Herivel, John (2008), Herivelismus and the German Military Enigma, Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire: M & M Baldwin, ISBN 978-0947712464\nKozaczuk, Władysław (1984), Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher was Broken, and how it was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek (2 ed.), Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America, ISBN 978-0890935477 A revised and augmented translation of W kręgu enigmy, Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 1979, supplemented with appendices by Marian Rejewski and others.\nRejewski, Marian (1982), \"Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F.H. Hinsley,\" translated by Christopher Kasparek\", Cryptologia (published January 1982), 6 (1), pp. 75–83, doi:10.1080/0161-118291856867\nRejewski, Marian (1984), Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods: Appendix C of Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 241–245\nRejewski, Marian (1984), The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher: Appendix E of Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 272–291", "Javascript demonstration of Zygalski sheets\n\"Polish Enigma Double\"\nAbout the Enigma (National Security Agency)\n\"The Enigma Code Breach\" by Jan Bury\nThe \"Enigma\" and the Intelligence\n\"Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II\" By Bill Momsen \nA Brief History of Computing Technology, 1930 to 1939\nCasselman, Bill, Marian Rejewski and the First Break into Enigma, Feature Column, American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2014-11-15\nCasselman, Bill, The Polish Attack on Enigma II: Zygalski sheets, Feature Column, American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2014-11-15\nThe Daily Telegraph obituary of Mavis Batey https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/10447712/Mavis-Batey-obituary.html" ]

[ "Zygalski sheets", "Method", "Manufacture", "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361247, 5361248 ]

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[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Zygaspis_quadrifrons00.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaspis is a genus of amphisbaenians in the family Amphisbaenidae. Species in the genus are commonly known as purple round-headed worm lizards, and are native to equatorial and southern Africa.", "The genus contains eight species:\nZygaspis dolichomenta de Witte & Laurent, 1942\nZygaspis ferox D. Broadley & S. Broadley, 1997\nZygaspis kafuensis D. Broadley & S. Broadley, 1997\nZygaspis maraisi D. Broadley & Measey, 2016\nZygaspis nigra D. Broadley & Gans, 1969\nZygaspis quadrifrons (W. Peters, 1862) – Kalahari round-snouted worm lizard, Kalahari dwarf worm lizard\nZygaspis vandami (V. Fitzsimons, 1930) – Van Dam's dwarf worm lizard\nZygaspis violacea (W. Peters, 1854)\nNota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Zygaspis.", "Branch, Bill (1998). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa (3 ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 122–124. ISBN 9781868720408.\n\"Genus: Zygaspis \". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 26 November 2014.", "Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. ISBN 0-88359-042-5. (Zygaspis, genus, p. 122; species accounts, pp. 122–124).\nCope ED (1885). \"Twelfth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America\". Proc. American Philosophical Soc. Philadelphia 22: 167-194. (Zygaspis, new genus, p. 188)." ]

[ "Zygaspis", "Species", "References", "Further reading" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Zygaspis_kafuensis_distribution.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Tortoise_%28PSF%29.png" ]

[ "Zygaspis kafuensis is a worm lizard species in the family Amphisbaenidae. It is endemic to Zambia. Its type locality is located in the Kafue National Park.", "Tolley, K.A. & Alexander, G.J. 2021. Zygaspis kafuensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T176247A120630740. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/176247/120630740. Downloaded on 19 October 2021.\nZygaspis kafuensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 25 May 2021." ]

[ "Zygaspis kafuensis", "References" ]

[ 5361250, 5361251 ]

[ 27242748 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Zygaspis_nigra_distribution.png" ]

[ "Zygaspis nigra is a worm lizard species in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is endemic to southern Africa.", "Z. nigra is found in Angola, Botswana, the Caprivi strip, and Zambia.", "The preferred habitat of Z. nigra is woodland on sandy soil.", "A large worm lizard, Z. nigra may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 28 cm (11 in). It is colored black and white, with a speckled or marbled appearance. It is more blackish dorsally, and is more whitish ventrally. The snout is rounded.", "Z. nigra is oviparous.", "Ceríaco, L.M.P.; Bauer, A.M.; Baptista, N.; Becker, F.; Conradie, W. (2020). \"Zygaspis nigra\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T176248A120630895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T176248A120630895.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.\nZygaspis nigra at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 24 February 2019.\nBranch, Bill. (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Sanibel Island Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 PP. ISBN 0-88359-042-5. (Zygaspis nigra, p. 124 + plate 42).", "Broadley DG, Gans C (1969). \"A new species of Zygaspis (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia) from Zambia and Angola\". Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 4 (25): 1-4. (Zygaspis niger, new species).\nBroadley, Donald G.; Broadley, Sheila (1997). \"A revision of the African genus Zygaspis Cope (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia)\". Syntarsus 4: 1-24. (Zygaspis nigra, corrected gender of specific name).\nMeasy, G. John; Tolley, Krystal A. (2013). \"A molecular phylogeny for sub-Saharan amphisbaenians\". African Journal of Herpetology 62 (2): 100-108." ]

[ "Zygaspis nigra", "Geographic range", "Habitat", "Description", "Reproduction", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361252 ]

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[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Zygaspis_quadrifrons00.jpg" ]

[ "Zygaspis quadrifrons, also known as the Kalahari dwarf worm lizard or Kalahari round-snouted worm lizard, is a worm lizard species in the family Amphisbaenidae. It is found in southern Africa.", "Zygaspis quadrifrons at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 24 February 2019." ]

[ "Zygaspis quadrifrons", "References" ]

[ 5361253 ]

[ 27242753 ]

[ "", "Lateral aspect of a silverfish typical of the Zygentoma", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 9, 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Thermobia_domestica1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Silverfish_2007-2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Insect_collage.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" ]

[ "Zygentoma are an order in the class Insecta, and consist of about 550 known species. The Zygentoma include the so-called silverfish or fishmoths, and the firebrats. A conspicuous feature of the order are the three long caudal filaments. The two lateral filaments are cerci, and the medial one is an epiproct or appendix dorsalis. In this they resemble the Archaeognatha, although the cerci of Zygentoma, unlike in the latter order, are nearly as long as the epiproct.\nUntil the late twentieth century the Zygentoma were regarded as a suborder of the Thysanura, until it was recognized that the order Thysanura was paraphyletic, thus raising the two suborders to the status of independent monophyletic orders, with Archaeognatha as sister group to the Dicondylia, including the Zygentoma.", "The name \"Zygentoma\" is derived from the Greek ζυγόν (zygón), in context meaning \"yoke\" or \"bridge\"; and ἔντομα (entoma), \"insects\", literally \"cut into\" because of the segmented anatomy of typical insects. The idea behind the name was that the taxon formed a notional link between the Pterygota and the Apterygota. This view is now totally obsolete, but the phylogeny of the Insecta was in its infancy in the late 19th and early 20th century, and the name was firmly established by the time that more sophisticated views were developed.", "Silverfish are so-called because of the silvery glitter of the scales covering the bodies of the most conspicuous species (family Lepismatidae). Their movement has been described as \"fish-like\" as if they were swimming. Most extant species have a body length less than 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long, though Carboniferous fossils about 6 cm long are known.\nZygentoma have dorsiventrally flattened bodies, generally elongated or oval in outline. Their antennae are slender and mobile. The compound eyes tend to be small and some troglobitic species, such as many Nicoletiidae, lack eyes entirely. Ocelli are absent in all species except for Tricholepidion gertschi in the family Lepidotrichidae. The mandibles are short, and the mouthparts unspecialised. Many species also have a number of short appendages on their abdominal segments, but the most distinctive feature of the group is the presence of three long, tail-like filaments extending from their last segment. These three generally subequal, except in some members of the family Nicoletiidae, in which they are short, and the cerci are hard to detect. The two lateral filaments are the abdominal cerci and the medial one is the epiproct.\nSilverfish may be found in moist, humid environments or dry conditions, both as free-living organisms or nest-associates. In domestic settings, they feed on cereals, paste, paper, starch in clothes, rayon fabrics and dried meats. In nature, they will feed on organic detritus. Silverfish can sometimes be found in bathtubs or sinks at night, because they have difficulty moving on smooth surfaces and so become trapped if they fall in.\nWild species often are found in dark, moist habitats such as caves or under rocks, and some are commensals living in association with ant colonies, e.g., Trichatelura manni and Allotrichotriura saevissima, which lives inside nests of fire ants in Brazil.\nThere are no current species formally considered to be at conservation risk, though several are troglobites limited to one or a few caves or cave systems, and these species run an exceptionally high risk of extinction.", "In the past, a contact pheromone was assumed to be responsible for the aggregation and arrestment behaviour observed in Zygentoma. It was later found out that the aggregation behaviour is not triggered by pheromones, but by an endosymbiotic fungus, Mycotypha microspora (Mycotyphaceae), and an endosymbiotic bacterium, Enterobacter cloacae (Enterobacteriaceae), both present in the faeces of the firebrat, Thermobia domestica. It was also shown that firebrats detect the presence of E. cloacae based on its external glycocalyx of polysaccharides, most likely based on its D-glucose component. Mycotypha microspora is only detected by firebrats in the presence of cellulose, suggesting that metabolites of the enzymatic cellulose digestion by M. microspora (such as D-glucose) serve as the aggregation/arrestment cue. A follow-up study showed that gray silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudatum, also respond with arrestment to Mycotypha microspora, but not so the common silverfish Lepisma saccharinum.\nFurthermore, direct current-powered low-level electromagnetic coils with static electromagnetic fields were found to induce attraction or arrestment behaviour in Lepisma saccharinum and Thermobia domestica. This behavioural trait has potential application in traps for Zygentoma, and a respective patent has been issued.", "Order Zygentoma Börner 1904\nSuborder Archizygentoma Engel 2006\nFamily Tricholepidiidae Engel 2006\nSuborder Neozygentoma Engel 2006\nInfraorder †Parazygentoma Engel 2006\nFamily †Lepidotrichidae Silvestri 1913\nInfraorder Euzygentoma Grimaldi & Engel 2005\nFamily Maindroniidae Escherich 1905\nFamily Lepismatidae Latreille 1802\nFamily Protrinemuridae Mendes 1988\nFamily Nicoletiidae Escherich 1905\nThe Tricholepidiidae are represented by Tricholepidion gertschi from forests of northern California.\nThe Lepidotrichidae are represented by the extinct Lepidotrix pilifera, known from Baltic amber.\nThe Lepismatidae is the largest family and they include the physically largest specimens. The family is cosmopolitan with more than 200 species. Many are anthropophilic, living in human habitations. Some species are inquilines in ant colonies.\nThe Nicoletiidae tend to be smaller, pale in colour, and often live in soil litter, humus, under stones, in caves (with reduced eyes) or as inquilines in ant or termite colonies. The family is subdivided into five subfamilies.\nThe Maindroniidae comprise three species, found in the Middle East and in Chile.\nThe Protrinemuridae comprise four genera. Like Nicoletiidae species living in caves, they lack eyes.", "Silverfish have an elaborate courtship ritual to ensure the transfer of sperm. The male spins a silken thread between the substrate and a vertical object. He deposits a sperm packet (spermatophore) beneath this thread and then coaxes a female to walk under the thread. When her cerci contact the silk thread, she picks up the spermatophore with her genital opening. Sperm are released into her reproductive system, after which she ejects the empty spermatophore and eats it.\nAs ametabolous insects, silverfish continue to moult throughout their lives, with several sexually mature instars, unlike the pterygote insects. They are relatively slow growing, and lifespans of four to up to eight years have been recorded.", "Since silverfish consume lignocellulose found in wood, they are one type of insect (along with termites, wood-feeding roaches, wood wasps, and others) currently being researched for use in the production of biofuel. The guts of these insects act as natural bioreactors in which chemical processes break down cellulose. They have been studied in the hope of developing commercially cost-effective biofuel production processes.", "Daly, Howell V.; Doyen, John T.; Purcell, Alexander H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–680. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.\nElven, H; Aarvik, Leif (2018). \"Børstehaler Zygentoma\". Artsdatabanken (in Norwegian). Naturhistorisk museum, University of Oslo. Retrieved 2020-01-07.\nGibb, Timothy J. (2014). Contemporary Insect Diagnostics: The Art and Science of Practical Entomology. Academic Press. pp. 1–345. ISBN 978-0-12-404692-4. Retrieved 2014-10-27.\nRichards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977). Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-412-61390-5.\nBlanke, Alexander; Koch, Markus; Wipfler, Benjamin; Wilde, Fabian; Misof, Bernhard (2014). \"Head morphology of Tricholepidion gertschi indicates monophyletic Zygentoma\". Frontiers in Zoology. 11 (16): 1–19. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-11-16. PMC 3975249. PMID 24625269.\nGullan, Penny J.; Cranston, Peter S. (2014-11-03). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–624. ISBN 978-1-118-84615-5.\nH. G. Liddell (1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon: Based on the 7th Ed of Liddell & Scott's Lexicon. page 488\nBörner, Carl Julius Bernhard (1904). \"Zur Systematik der Hexapoden\". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 27: 511–533.\nEntomology\nMendes, Luis F.; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Solis, Daniel R.; Bueno, Odair C. (2009). \"New Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma: Insecta) from Brazil living in fire-ant (Hymenoptera: Insecta) nests\" (PDF). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (34): 467–475. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009003400001. ISSN 1807-0205.\nSilverfish\n\"Thysanura - Silverfishes, Firebrats, Common bristletails, Zygentoma, Silverfish\". Discover Life. Retrieved 2022-08-03.\nTorgerson, Richard L.; Akre, Roger D. (1969). \"Reproductive morphology and behavior of a thysanuran, Trichatelura manni, associated with army ants\". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 62 (6): 1367–1374. doi:10.1093/aesa/62.6.1367.\nWoodbury, Nathan; Gries, Gerhard (2007). \"Pheromone-based arrestment behavior in the common silverfish, Lepisma saccharina, and giant silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudata\". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 33 (7): 1351–1358. doi:10.1007/s10886-007-9303-4. PMID 17508133. S2CID 10137980.\nWoodbury, Nathan; Gries, Gerhard (2013a). \"Firebrats, Thermobia domestica, aggregate in response to the microbes Enterobacter cloacae and Mycotypha microspora\". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 147 (2): 154–159. doi:10.1111/eea.12054. S2CID 83503591.\nWoodbury, Nathan; Gries, Gerhard (2013c). \"How firebrats (Thysanura: Lepismatidae) detect and nutritionally benefit from their microbial symbionts Enterobacter cloacae and Mycotypha microspora\". Environmental Entomology. 42 (5): 860–867. doi:10.1603/EN13104. PMID 24331598.\nWoodbury, Nathan; Gries, Gerhard (2013b). \"Fungal symbiont of firebrats (Thysanura) induces arrestment behaviour of firebrats and giant silverfish but not common silverfish\". Canadian Entomologist. 145 (5): 543–546. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.35. S2CID 87068303.\nWijenberg, Rosanna; Takács, Stephen; Lam, Kevin; Gries, Gerhard (2013). \"Behavioural responses of diverse insect groups to electric stimuli\". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 147 (2): 132–140. doi:10.1111/eea.12053. S2CID 84192707.\nWijenberg, Rosanna; Hayden, Michael E.; Takács, Stephen; Gries, Gerhard (2006-11-06). US Patent Application for Application #20070107297: Use of electromagnetic fields to affect insect movement (Report).\n\"Order Zygentoma (silverfish)\". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\nMendes, Luis F.; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Solis, Daniel R.; Bueno, Odair C. (2009). \"New Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma: Insecta) from Brazil living in fire-ant (Hymenoptera: Insecta) nests\". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (34): 467–475. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009003400001. ISSN 1807-0205.\nMendes, Luis F. (2002). \"New species and new data on Protrinemuridae and Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma) from Eastern Asia and Pacific islands\". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Nouvelle Série. 38 (4): 399–433. doi:10.1080/00379271.2002.10697352.\nKahrarian, Morteza; Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2015). \"The first report of the family Protrinemuridae and Neoasterolepisma priesneri (Stach, 1946) (Insecta: Zygentoma) for Iran\". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 39: 956–957. doi:10.3906/zoo-1408-55. S2CID 83576335.\nLindsay, Eder (1940). \"The biology of the silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudata Esch. with particular reference to its feeding habits\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. New Series. 40: 35–83.\nSun, Jian-Zhong; Scharf, Michael (2010). \"Exploring and integrating cellulolytic systems of insects to advance biofuel technology\". Insect Science. 17 (3): 163–165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.8756. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01348.x. S2CID 53073329.", "Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M.S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5.\nCharles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson, Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition (Thomas Brooks/Cole, 2005), pp. 177–180\nFirefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002", "Thysanura – Tree of Life Web Project\nVirginia Extension Service Article" ]

[ "Zygentoma", "Etymology", "Description and ecology", "Aggregation behaviour", "Taxonomy", "Reproduction", "Research for biofuel production", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5361254, 5361255, 5361256 ]

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[ "Zygfryd Kuchta (born 5 January 1944 in Diepholz, Germany) is a former Polish handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics.\nIn 1972 he was part of the Polish team which finished tenth. He played all five matches and scored seven goals.\nFour years later he won the bronze medal with the Polish team. He played all five matches and scored five goals.", "profile (in Polish)" ]

[ "Zygfryd Kuchta", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Zygfryd_Szo%C5%82tysik.jpg" ]

[ "Zygrfryd Ludwik Szołtysik (born October 24, 1942, in the village Sucha Góra near what is present Radzionków) is a Polish former football (midfielder) playing most of his career in Górnik Zabrze. He carried the nickname 'Zyga' or 'Mały' (contributed by a small posture, 162 cm of height and 60 kg).\nSzołtysik emerged as football player in a Polish club Zryw Chorzów notorious, at that time, for an excellent work with young players. He was soon visited by representatives of Górnik Zabrze and contracted to the club, in 1962. Having spent 16 years in Zabrze, the time interrupted merely for a season in Valenciennes FC, he accounted for 395 matches in Polish league, which makes him the club leader of that classification. The total number of games for Górnik's colors exceeds 500 matches. He was a member of a team which claimed seven titles in the Polish Ekstraklasa (1963–1967, 1971, 1972), six victories in the Polish Cup, and the only European final ever achieved by a Polish football club (1970). He boasts of 124 goals for Górnik Zabrze including 91 in the league.\nHe made his debut to the national team in 1963 in the play against Norway (along with Włodzimierz Lubański), won 9–0, which had proved to be the highest victory of Poland for almost half century. He belongs to the very narrow group that scored two goals in the first match for Poland. Two years before he had won second place in the European Youth Championships. But the greatest achievements were yet to come. The Polish football team qualified to Olympic Games in 1972. In a day following the tragic events of Munich massacre, Poland played a decisive match against Soviet Union. While the Soviet team was prevailing over Poland, the team coach, Kazimierz Górski decided upon bringing Szołtysik to the game. He quickly turned the tide into the favor of Poland, scoring the decisive goal that gave Poland victory 2:1. After defeating Hungary in the final, Poland (and Szołtysik as member of the team) secured the gold medal. He ended up international career the same year with the final standings of 46 games and 10 goals.\nHe was awarded the prize \"Złote Buty\" (Gold Shoes) by newspaper 'Sport' in 1969. He left Poland for Canada in 1978, he returned and played in Górnik Knurów for six years, and eventually moved to Germany where he ended football career in 1990.", "Zygfryd Szołtysik at 90minut.pl (in Polish)" ]

[ "Zygfryd Szołtysik", "External links" ]

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[ 27242782 ]

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[ "Zygia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.", "Zygia cataractae (Kunth) L.Rico\nZygia claviflora (Spruce ex Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes\nZygia cognata (Schltdl.) Britton & Rose (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras)\nZygia collina (Sandwith) Barneby & J.W.Grimes\nZygia dinizii (Ducke) D.A.Neill et al.\nZygia inaequalis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Pittier\nZygia juruana (Harms) L.Rico\nZygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle\nZygia lehmannii (Harms) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Killip (Colombia)\nZygia oriunda (J.F.Macbr.) L.Rico (Peru)\nZygia pithecolobioides (Kuntze) Barneby & J.W.Grimes – Granadillo de Río (Argentina, Paraguay)\nZygia racemosa (Ducke) Barneby & J.W.Grimes\nZygia selloi (Benth.) L.Rico\nZygia steyermarkii (Schery) Barneby & J.W.Grimes (Ecuador)", "Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight (as Z. fastigiata E.Mey.)\nAlbizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. (as Z. petersiana Bolle)\nAlbizia zygia (DC.) J. F. Macbr. (as Z. brownei Walp.)\nEbenopsis ebano (Berland.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes (as Z. flexicaulis (Benth.) Sudw.)\nHavardia pallens (Benth.) Britton & Rose (as Z. brevifolia (Benth.) Sudw.)\nPithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth. (as Z. unguis-cati (L.) Sudw.)", "\"Genus: Zygia P. Browne\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-03-05. Retrieved 2013-04-26.\nThe Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). \"A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny\". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3.\n\"GRIN Species Records of Zygia\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-04-26.\nMedia related to Zygia at Wikimedia Commons\nData related to Zygia at Wikispecies" ]

[ "Zygia", "Selected species", "Formerly placed here", "References" ]

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[ "Zygiella is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1902. In 2015, Parazygiella was determined to be a taxonomic synonym of Zygiella, and its species were moved to Zygiella.", "Zygiella species are distinguished by the structure of the web, which has a missing sector containing a signaling thread leading to a retreat. Zygiella x-notata, a species in the Zygiella genus, is well-researched for its missing-sector web construction behaviors.", "As of April 2019 it contains eleven species:\nZygiella atrica (C. L. Koch, 1845) (type) – Europe. Introduced to USA, Canada\nZygiella calyptrata (Workman & Workman, 1894) – China, Myanmar, Malaysia\nZygiella carpenteri Archer, 1951 – USA\nZygiella dispar (Kulczyński, 1885) – North America, Russia (Far East), Japan\nZygiella hiramatsui Tanikawa, 2017 – Japan\nZygiella keyserlingi (Ausserer, 1871) – Southern Europe, Ukraine, Turkey\nZygiella kirgisica Bakhvalov, 1974 – Kyrgyzstan\nZygiella minima Schmidt, 1968 – Canary Is., Madeira\nZygiella montana (C. L. Koch, 1834) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Uzbekistan\nZygiella nearctica Gertsch, 1964 – Canada, USA\nZygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran? Introduced to North America, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, China, Japan, Réunion", "\"Gen. Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902\". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-15.\nPickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1902). \"A revision of the genera of Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species\". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (7): 5–20.\nGregorič, Matjaž; Agnarsson, Ingi; Blackledge, Todd A.; Kuntner, Matjaž (2015). \"Phylogenetic position and composition of Zygiellinae and Caerostris, with new insight into orb-web evolution and gigantism\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (2): 225–243. doi:10.1111/zoj.12281.\nRoberts, Michael J. (1995). \"Genus Zygiella\". Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. London: HarperCollins. pp. 333ff. ISBN 978-0-00-219981-0.\nVenner, Samuel; Pasquet, Alain; Leborgne, Raymond. \"Web-building behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata: influence of experience\". Animal Behaviour. 59 (3): 603–611. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1327. ISSN 0003-3472." ]

[ "Zygiella", "Identification", "Species", "References" ]

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[ "", "", "A typical web of a Zygiella spider.", "" ]

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[ "Zygiella atrica is a species of spider.\nLike other Zygiella species, it builds an orb web with two missing sectors, and a signalling thread in the center of those, leading to its hideout, whereas young spiders build a complete web.\nUnlike Z. x-notata, this spider is found away from houses, on bushes and rocky sites away from human habitation. It is also more brown. Its eggs are lethal to mice.", "Schmidt, Justin O.; Vetter, Richard S.; Howe, Amanda K. (August 2017). \"Egg toxicity in diverse spider taxa\". The Journal of Arachnology. 45 (2): 209–212. doi:10.1636/JoA-17-009.1. ISSN 0161-8202. Retrieved 4 June 2022." ]

[ "Zygiella atrica", "References" ]

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[ "", "", "Zygiella x-notata dorsal view. The leaf-like mark on the opisthosoma is clearly seen in this image.", "Zygiella x-notata female seen in the hub of her web in her preferential web-building habitat on a window frame. Her forelegs rest on the orb-web's signal thread that runs through the missing sector. She has caught a fly.", "The orb webs of Zygiella spiders usually have missing sectors.", "Orb web with missing sector", "Zygiella x-notata spiderling, 1mm", "An adult female reaches about 6mm", "Mating Z. x-notata. The sexual dimorphism displayed is shown, as the male is significantly smaller than the female." ]

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[ "Zygiella x-notata, sometimes known as the missing sector orb weaver or the silver-sided sector spider, is a spider species in the family Araneidae. They are solitary spiders, residing in daily-spun orb webs. Z. x-notata is a member of the genus Zygiella, the orb-weaving spiders. The adult female is easily recognized by the characteristic leaf-like mark on her posterior opisthosoma, caudal to the yellow-brown cephalothorax.\nThe webs of Zygiella x-notata spiders are known for their characteristic missing sector, lending to the common name of spider as the \"missing sector orb weaver.\" This species is distributed widely around the world, primarily inhabiting areas of human occupancy in northern Europe.\nCommon prey include flying insects and other small insects. These get caught in the sticky spiral hub of the spider's orb web. Capture of prey occurs as the foreleg of Z. x-notata detects vibrations on the signal strand that connects the spider's retreat to the prey-capturing hub of the web. Webs are rebuilt daily by juvenile Zygiella x-notata and are renewed as needed by adult females. After sexual maturity, males discontinue web production in search of fecund females. After reproduction during the summer months, males die. Females produce an egg sac in late autumn and juveniles emerge in late spring. After several moults, juvenile females are ready to reproduce.", "The adult female Zygiella x-notata has a body size of 5-11mm in length, while adult males have a body size up to 7mm. In adult females, the carapace width is 1.5 mm. The dorsal tibia of the walking legs and pedipalps contain a group of trichobothria. There is only one sensillum on the leg metatarsus. The prosoma is yellow-brown, with a leaf-like mark on the opisthosoma. The abdomen has a silvery sheen due to guanine crystals below the skin. Adult females are recognizable from their grey banded legs and pattern of dark grey waves on their dorsal side. Adult males are smaller than adult females, and display a dark dorsal exterior with dark brown legs and cephalothorax. The male abdomen is smaller and less marked with a shiny cream color than the female abdomen. In moderate climate, adults appear from July to October, sometimes even into December. In warmer regions, Z. x-notata is active all year.\nThe specific name x-notata is Latin for \"x-shaped mark\".", "The common name missing sector orb weaver comes from the distinctive structure of Z. x-notata's web. Characteristically, this species is known to build a web with a missing sector containing solely a signal thread in the top half. The species has also been referred to commonly as the silver-sided sector spider.", "Zygiella x-notata was named by Clerck in 1757. The taxonomic status of the species is still considered valid.\nZygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) — Holarctic, Neotropical", "", "Zygiella x-notata is common in areas inhabited by humans, including on boats and docks. They are also found on urban vegetation like bushes or shrubs. Females construct an orb-web preferentially near human settlements, and this is where they live out their adult lives.\nZygiella x-notata has been discovered on cliffs and bushes in Britain and across Europe.", "This species of orb-weaving spider natively inhabits areas of Europe, and is invasive in some coastal areas of the Americas. They can also be found in some other locations around the world. Zygiella x-notata is abundant in the west Palearctic region, and is also distributed across the Holarctic. Primarily, Z. x-notata is widespread across much of Britain, as well as Western and Central Europe.", "As urban colonizers, Zygiella x-notata often aggregate around human settlements. Ideal locations for web building include constructions such as walls, fences, and window frames, as these provide sufficient anchors for urban web development. Because these spaces are in high demand as optimal web building sites, they are often inhabited by multiple individual Zygiella x-notata spiders, where each individual builds and resided in their own web in close proximity with other individuals. Despite their characterization as solitary spiders, the species aggregate up to 25 individual spiders per square meter near human constructions.", "", "Juvenile zygiella x-notata characteristically build a new web each day until they read adulthood. Adult Zygiella x-notata spin orb-webs which are used to capture and incapacitate prey. Rather than building a new web every day as juveniles do, adult female Z. x-notata build an initial web and renew it nearly every day as needed. The female spider will sit in her retreat on the web, which is attached to a signal strand in the characteristic missing orb-web sector. When prey are caught in the web, the female can thus detect its presence through vibrations in the signal strand. As these vibrations are detected, she climbs down the silken signal thread to the hub of the web where the prey has been trapped. Prey type is dependent on the spider's native habitat and geographical location, but usually consists of flying prey such as Diptera. Male Zygiella x-notata feed similarly to females as juveniles, but once they reach adulthood they no longer build webs in order to capture prey, rather focusing on successful reproduction.", "There are four stages of predatory behavior in Zygiella x-notata as described by Venner et al.: first, the \"waiting phase\" occurs first, in which the spider is immobile in its retreat in the top corner of the web. A foreleg rests on the signal thread that spans from the spider's retreat to the hub of the web. Second is a \"detection phase\", where after prey has come into contact with the web, the spider moves toward it down the signal thread. Third is a \"capture phase\" in which the prey is incapacitated by the spider and subsequently moved back toward the retreat. Zygiella x-notata has been observed to bite and wrap its prey with silk during this phase as a means of incapacitation, prior to transportation to the retreat. Finally, there is an \"ingestion phase\" where the spider eats the prey in its retreat and removes the prey's remains from the web.", "Zygiella x-notata spiders have the capacity to detect vibratory signals in both the air and via web vibrations. When building an orb-web to initiate the prey-capture behavior, female Zygiella x-notata can detect the presence of potential prey through air-borne vibrations. This stimulates web-spinning behaviors, even prior to prey capture. Once vibratory signals are detected, female spiders engage in one of several potential behavioral response patterns: 1) at least one leg is slightly moved; 2) the spider's front legs are repeatedly lifted off the signal thread; or 3) the spider walks out of its retreat and scurries down the signal thread to the hub of the web. In a characteristic and repeatable series of events, the spider exits the hub, rushing in the direction of the source of the initial vibratory signal. Once the spider has found the source of the vibration, it touches the prey with its first pair of legs. The spider then grabs the prey using its first three pairs of legs, and bites it. Consequently, if no further vibrations (either threadborne or airborne) are detected once the spider has entered the hub of the web, Z. x-notata will actively vibrate the web to detect motionless dead prey or dirt particles hanging in the web. This \"web-jerking\" procedure, occurring through flexes in the spider's forelegs in contact with the web radii, is repeated until the spider finds a prey item in the web by following the anomalous vibration.", "", "Zygiella x-notata spiders build an orb web in areas frequently occupied by humans. The orb web has a spiral-like appearance with radii converging to a central hub. During the early construction of the web, a nonsticky spiral is formed to later be replaced with a sticky spiral. Characteristic of the species, a \"missing sector\" is often present in the top half of the web that is crossed by a signal thread connecting the hub of the web to the spider's retreat. The signal thread is variable in length, reaching anywhere from 4 cm to 50 cm long.", "The predatory feeding behavior of the missing sector orb weaver influences changes in web construction. Web building was found to be stimulated by the presence of prey, resulting in spiders in the presence of prey to spin their webs earlier than spiders in the absence of prey. However, web building duration decreased in the presence of prey and thus web sizes were found to be smaller across the sample population. These characteristically smaller webs are spun with narrower web meshing, aiding in the quick capture of prey. Although these webs were smaller than webs built in the absence of prey, they provided a quick method to trap prey. This exemplifies Zygiella x-notata's capacity to sense changes in local prey availability. A similar study conducted by Venner et al. found that this species of orb weaving spiders changes its web building behavior in response to new information detected during prey capture. When the spiders experienced the act of capturing and consuming prey, they adapted their web construction and energy expenditure in anticipation of the next capture.", "Web construction occurs through an observable and repeatable process that becomes more organized with increasingly identical webs as the adult female spider ages. According to Anotaux et al. there are four steps to the process of web construction. First, the spider constructs an outer frame and radial threads. Second, she produces an auxiliary spiral. Third, she builds a sticky capture spiral meant to trap local prey. Finally, she remodels the center of the web – the hub – which connects to the signal thread as a prey detection device for the spider which lay in wait in her retreat.", "Juvenile Z. x-notata spiders have been found to rebuild their webs daily in order to catch prey. Web renewal typically occur at the end of the night for both juvenile and adult spiders. Generally, the longevity of Zygiella x-notata webs is approximately one day.", "Multiple studies have shown that the composition and construction frequency of Zygiella x-notata orb webs change with increasing age and experience in the resident female. Anotaux et al. determined that older Z. x-notata spiders invest less silk in the production of their webs as compared to younger spiders in both short- and long-lived varieties. Older adult female spiders were also found to have greater variation in their orb webs than younger adult females, reflecting a decline in locomotor functioning correlated with increased web irregularity in older age. Venner et al. established a correlation between prey capture and ingestion, and web rebuilding practices among adult female Z. x-notata. Spiders who engaged in the four stages of predatory behavior and subsequently rebuilt their webs were found to invest less in the capture area of their newly built web.", "Spiders of the species Zygiella x-notata consider previous elements of web construction in the building of future webs. This is an imperfect process, susceptible to web building errors. Anomalies in web structure among this species have been found to result from positional modification of a spider on the radial strands of the web. When the spider's fourth leg is oriented peripherally to the web during web building, opposite the hub of the web, anomalies in web construction are common. In this position, the spider cannot detect the correct attachment position of the inner spiral to the next radial thread. Web anomalies are detrimental to spider success, as they can alter the performance of the web, including both prey capture ability and predation avoidance.", "Zygiella x-notata is known for its flexibility in web building with the missed sector orb webs that are woven by this species. Even though the web construction behaviors are innate, there is a characteristic flexibility in these spiders when they alter their webs according to their advantage and safety. Based on its knowledge of its retreat, Zygiella species typically leave a missing sector especially when creating webs on a door or window frame. Sometimes after building the complete webs, spiders will go back through and fill in the missing sector or they will not fill in a certain sector as per circumstances. The process of creating the missing sector involves switching direction in that region during the spiral or biting through threads to remove spirals in that section after building the full web.", "", "Zygiella x-notata has an annual life cycle. Female spiders lay eggs in autumn, predominantly during the months of September and October. While males die soon after mating, surviving females protect the egg sacs over winter from Hymenopteran parasites. Egg sacs hatch in spring, and spiderlings subsequently disperse. Spiderlings reach their adult instar in August, when mating begins again, and the cycle starts anew. Once in the adult stage, female Zygiella x-notata has a life span of approximately 5–7 months.", "Egg sacs are used in arachnid species, providing protection to developing spiderlings against both predators and parasites. The egg sac provides spiderlings with a sufficient and sustainable embryological microclimate suited to development. Egg sacs also provide spiderlings with sufficient nutrients to survive through hatching.\nZygiella x-notata is an iteroparous species, with individual spiders engaging in multiple reproductive events throughout the course of their adult lifetime. Females of the species Zygiella x-notata produce egg sacs in late autumn. Spiderlings emerge in mid-to-late spring of the following year.", "The egg sacs of the species Zygiella x-notata are elliptical in structure. They range from a white color to a yellow-brown color. The eggs are protected by a series of complex airy structures constructed from sequential layers of silk meshing. These layers of silk enclose and protect the eggs from predators, parasites, and the risks of premature hatching.\nThe structural composition of Zygiella egg sacs is similar with that of most other species belonging to the same family of orb-weaving spiders, Araneidae. The egg sacs are uniform in shape and structure, consisting of an inner basic layer, an intermediary double insulation layer, and an outer layer. These layers are in place to provide the developing spiderlings with protection from harmful external ecosystems and predators.", "Zygiella x-notata engage in a variety of mating behaviors, including male choosiness, mate guarding, and vibrational courtship. Female Zygiella x-notata store male sperm after mating, subsequently producing one egg sac during late autumn. Females that survive through winter sometimes produce additional egg sacs in the spring with their previous mate's stored sperm.", "Adult male Zygiella x-notata spiders have been found to be choosy for female mates in high competition environments. Bel-Venner et al. show that under conditions of weak intrasexual competition, males pair opportunistically with females, whereas in highly competitive environments, males selectively guard females according to their own competitive ability. This demonstrated a particular size assortative mating behavior in the differential mating preferences of Z. x-notata males, where large males frequently chose to mate with larger, more fecund females, and smaller males chose to mate with smaller females.", "Premoult females are a vital resource in the reproductive success of male Zygiella x-notata. Prior to copulation, male spiders try to guard a female before her final moult, when she becomes sexually receptive. By guarding the female, a male expects to be his guarded female's first copulation after becoming sexually receptive. This provides a significant reproductive benefit to the male, as mate guarding tends to lead to reproductive success.\nBel-Venner & Venner studied the precopulatory mate guarding behavior of Zygiella x-notata. They found mate guarding to be a widespread phenomenon among their population of interest, and observed strong competition between males to guard females with the frequent action of male takeover. As predicted by sexual selection theory, larger males were found to be more successful at guarding females and evicting smaller males from their guarding positions. Although there is an energetic cost to mate-guarding, males who engage in this behavior incur differential reproductive success on the basis of increased body size and competitive ability.", "The orb webs of female Zygiella x-notata spiders hang vertically under high tension conditions as two-dimensional sheets of silk. Male spiders of this species have been found to utilize the high tension of the web's silk threads to send vibrational courtship signals to the resident female. A study conducted by Tarsitano & Kirchner analyzed the vibratory patterns associated with this courtship ritual. Male Z. x-notata spiders were found to produce three types of vibrational courtship signals on the female's web. A periodic \"pulling\" signal, a \"plucking\" signal, and a \"burping\" signal were identified. The \"pulling\" and \"plucking\" signals are both performed by the male immediately prior to copulation as a means of arousing the resident female. These signals involve the male using his forelegs to \"pull\" or \"pluck\" a segment of silk he previously threaded into the signal strand on the female's web. The third, \"burping\" signal is produced by the male as he approaches the female in her retreat, and is likely used to warn the female that he is a potential mate, and not prey. This \"burping\" practice prevents the female from attacking the male as he begins engaging in the \"pulling\" and \"plucking\" pre-courtship signaling. The temporal patterning of these vibrational courtship signals enable the female to distinguish between a potential mate and potential prey items in her web.", "Zygiella x-notata is a species of solitary orb-weaving spiders. Apart from mating and spiderling kin-related sociality prior to dispersal, adult Z. x-notata do not interact socially with other individuals of the same species. However, the close proximity in which webs are built in their natural environments (i.e. near or on human constructions) may lead to aggressive, territorial behavior between individuals.", "With a growing human population, many Zygiella x-notata have adapted to living on or near human constructions in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Urban environments provide orb web building spiders, such as Zygiella x-notata, with sufficient locations in which to build their webs. However, high quality web building sites are coveted by many individuals of both the Zygiella species and other web-spinning species. In an urbanized environment, Zygiella x-notata exhibit high within-species aggression. This is in part due to the favorability of diverse, but stable, aggressiveness types in urban dwelling spiders. Aggressiveness may facilitate high density aggregations of spiders. Aggregations have been observed to consist of up to 25 individual spiders per square meter. However, high aggression rates within a population could prove costly. Increased aggression results in higher incidences of injury and death due to greater inter-individual fighting. Consequently, this aggressive typology is constrained to urban dwelling Zygiella found in web aggregations near preferential habitual spaces, indicating evolving behavioral plasticity in the species.", "", "Wasps are active predators of spiders, particularly engaging in predation behaviors during the spiders' reproductive period. Wasp attacks by the species Vespula germanica are common in Zygiella x-notata. Male spiders and smaller females are at greater risk of predation by wasps.", "Males are located for predation by wasps more frequently than females. There are multiple reasons why this occurs. First, adult male Zygiella x-notata do not produce orb webs and thus reside on window frames or other human structures. This leaves males at a disadvantage, as they can be more easily identified by wasps. Second, the dorsal side of the male, as well as the male's legs and cephalothorax, appear significantly darker than that of the female. When placed in contrast with their residence on human settlements, the dark color of the male is easily visible and thus preferentially located by wasps. Third, male spiders engage in mate guarding behaviors. While guarding their potential female mates, males are typically located on the female's web, outside of her retreat. Here, the male is vulnerable to predation due to his increased visibility.", "Due to the significant threat of predation by wasps, Zygiella x-notata has developed defensive behaviors to avoid predation threats. One tactic used by Zygiella x-notata to escape predation by wasps is jumping from webs or off human constructions. In males particularly, this survival behavior consists of jumping down the frame of a window, where he can no longer be located by the wasp. In female spiders, predation avoidance involves a tactic known as \"web cleaning\". Females' web cleaning behavior involves throwing prey remains out of the web after eating. If either prey or an inanimate object remain stuck on the web, the females will remove the section of web containing the prey or object, and rebuild the section of web. This behavior decreases the predation risk to females by lowering the wasp's visibility threshold. Additionally, web cleaning behaviors often occur at night to reduce the risk of potential predation. During the day, the female remains in her retreat to reduce visibility to wasps, thereby reducing predation risk.", "Consequences of predation by wasps include decreased reproductive success of an individual Zygiella x-notata as a result of capture by the wasp, displacement of the spider upon jumping from the web or other structures, and prey theft by the wasp. These all pose physiological and energetic costs to the spider, occasionally resulting in physical impairment or death.", "Zygiella x-notata is considered an invasive species in California, however they are not harmful to humans and they are not known to bite either. The only obstruction they seem to cause is disrupting garden work with their large webs.", "", "\"Spider News: Messy Webs and Tarantula Hearts\". Science 2.0. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2012.\nFactsheet 6: Missing-sector Orbweaver (Zygiella x-notata), British Arachnological Society, 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016\nSmith, Taylor. \"Discovering the daily activity pattern of Zygiella x-notata and its relationship to light\" (PDF).\nAnotaux, Mylène; Toscani, Camille; Leborgne, Raymond; Châline, Nicolas; Pasquet, Alain (1 September 2014). \"Aging and foraging efficiency in an orb-web spider\". Journal of Ethology. 32 (3): 155–163. doi:10.1007/s10164-014-0404-6. ISSN 1439-5444. S2CID 8770727.\nKlärner, Diemut; Barth, Friedrich G. (1 December 1982). \"Vibratory signals and prey capture in orb-weaving spiders (Zygiella x-notata, Nephila clavipes; Araneidae)\". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 148 (4): 445–455. doi:10.1007/BF00619783. ISSN 1432-1351. S2CID 13005409.\nPasquet, Alain; Cardot, Julien; Leborgne, Raymond (16 August 2007). \"Wasp Attacks and Spider Defence in the Orb Weaving Species Zygiella x-notata\". Journal of Insect Behavior. 20 (6): 553–564. doi:10.1007/s10905-007-9098-8. ISSN 0892-7553. S2CID 24532070.\nAnotaux, M.; Marchal, J.; Châline, N.; Desquilbet, L.; Leborgne, R.; Gilbert, C.; Pasquet, A. (1 November 2012). \"Ageing alters spider orb-web construction\". Animal Behaviour. 84 (5): 1113–1121. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.017. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53184814.\n\"ITIS Standard Report Page: Zygiella x-notata\". itis.gov. Retrieved 17 January 2021.\nLeborgne, Raymond; Pasquet, Alain (1 March 1987). \"Influences of aggregative behaviour on space occupation in the spider Zygiella x-notata (Clerck)\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 20 (3): 203–208. doi:10.1007/BF00299734. ISSN 1432-0762. S2CID 33462527.\n\"Summary for Zygiella x-notata (Araneae)\". srs.britishspiders.org.uk. Retrieved 14 December 2020.\nKralj-Fišer, Simona; Hebets, Eileen A.; Kuntner, Matjaž (25 July 2017). \"Different patterns of behavioral variation across and within species of spiders with differing degrees of urbanization\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 71 (8). doi:10.1007/s00265-017-2353-x. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 23043867.\nToscani, Camille; Leborgne, Raymond; Pasquet, Alain (31 July 2012). \"Behavioural analysis of web building anomalies in the orb-weaving spiderZygiella x-notata(Araneae, Araneidae)\". Arachnologische Mitteilungen. 43: 79–83. doi:10.5431/aramit4309. ISSN 1018-4171.\n\"Missing sector orb web spider | Natural History Museum\". nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 December 2020.\nVenner, Samuel; Pasquet, Alain; Leborgne, Raymond (1 March 2000). \"Web-building behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata: influence of experience\". Animal Behaviour. 59 (3): 603–611. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1327. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 10715183. S2CID 41339367.\nTarsitano, Michael; Kirchner, Wolfgang (2001). \"Vibrational courtship signals of Zygiella x-notata\" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 12: 26–32.\nBel-Venner, M. C.; Venner, S. (1 June 2006). \"Mate-guarding strategies and male competitive ability in an orb-weaving spider: results from a field study\". Animal Behaviour. 71 (6): 1315–1322. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.08.010. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53195526.\nPasquet, Alain; Ridwan, Ahmad; Leborgne, Raymond (1994). \"Presence of potential prey affects web-building in an orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata\". Animal Behaviour. 47 (2): 477–480. doi:10.1006/anbe.1994.1066. S2CID 53157471.\nThévenard, Laurent; Leborgne, Raymond; Pasquet, Alain (1 January 2004). \"Web-building management in an orb-weaving spider, Zygiella x-notata: influence of prey and conspecifics\". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 327 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2003.11.006. ISSN 1631-0691. PMID 15015758.\n\"Missing Sector Orb Spinner, Zygiella x-notata\". britishspiders.org.uk. British Arachnological Society. Retrieved 5 November 2020.\nWherry, T.; Elwood, R. W. (2009). \"Relocation, reproduction and remaining alive in the orb-web spider\". Journal of Zoology. 279 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00590.x. ISSN 0952-8369.\nMayntz, David; Toft, Søren; Vollrath, Fritz (6 May 2003). \"Effects of prey quality and availability on the life history of a trap-building predator\". Oikos. 101 (3): 631–638. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12408.x. ISSN 0030-1299.\nAnotaux, Mylène; Toscani, Camille; Leborgne, Raymond; Chaline, Nicolas; Pasquet, Alain (3 March 2016). \"Time till death affects spider mobility and web-building behavior during web construction in an orb-web spider\". Current Zoology. 62 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1093/cz/zow001. ISSN 1674-5507. PMC 5804224. PMID 29491899.\nGheysens, T.; Beladjal, L.; Gellynck, K.; Nimmen, E. Van; Langenhove, L. Van; Mertens, J. (August 2005). \"Egg Sac Structure of Zygiellax-Notata (Arachnida, Araneidae)\". The Journal of Arachnology. 33 (2): 549–557. doi:10.1636/CS05-12.1. hdl:1854/LU-333268. ISSN 0161-8202. S2CID 55406175.\nBel-Venner, M.c; Dray, S; Allainé, D; Menu, F; Venner, S (7 January 2008). \"Unexpected male choosiness for mates in a spider\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1630): 77–82. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1278. PMC 2562406. PMID 17956845.\nSkene, Jennifer (18 October 2010). \"Spider Invaders\". KQED. Retrieved 5 November 2020.\nLe Guelte, Louis. 1966. Structure de la toile de Zygiella x-notata Cl. (Araignées, Argiopidae) et facteurs qui régissent le comportement de l'Araignée pendant la construction de la toile. Thèse, Université de Nancy.\nLevi, Herbert Walter: \"The orb-weaver genus Zygiella (Araneae, Araneidae).\" in Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 146, no. 5, p. 267-290, Cambridge 1974. ISSN 0027-4100\nWeissmann, Monika: Web-building and prey-capture in two orb-weavers. 1987.", "Video showing Zygiella x-notata" ]

[ "Zygiella x-notata", "Description", "Common names", "Taxonomy", "Habitat and distribution", "Habitat", "Distribution", "Web aggregations", "Diet", "Feeding", "Predatory feeding behavior", "Vibratory signals in prey capture", "Web", "Web type", "Effects of prey on web-building", "Web construction", "Web longevity", "Influence of aging and experience on web construction", "Web anomalies", "Characteristic missing web sector", "Reproduction and life cycle", "Life cycle", "Egg sacs", "Structure", "Mating", "Male choosiness", "Mate guarding", "Vibrational courtship", "Social behavior", "Within species aggression", "Predators", "Wasps", "Male preference", "Predation avoidance", "Consequences of predation", "Invasive species", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361269, 5361270, 5361271, 5361272 ]

[ 27242795, 27242796, 27242797, 27242798, 27242799, 27242800, 27242801, 27242802, 27242803, 27242804, 27242805, 27242806, 27242807, 27242808, 27242809, 27242810, 27242811, 27242812, 27242813, 27242814, 27242815, 27242816, 27242817, 27242818, 27242819, 27242820, 27242821, 27242822, 27242823, 27242824, 27242825, 27242826, 27242827, 27242828, 27242829, 27242830, 27242831, 27242832, 27242833, 27242834, 27242835, 27242836, 27242837, 27242838, 27242839, 27242840, 27242841, 27242842, 27242843, 27242844, 27242845, 27242846, 27242847, 27242848, 27242849, 27242850, 27242851, 27242852, 27242853, 27242854, 27242855 ]

[ "Historical Map of the Byzantine Empire by Gustav Droysen, showing the Zygii on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Droysen_-_Ostr%C3%B6misches_Reich.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/CircassianArrows.png" ]

[ "The Zygii (Greek: Ζυγοί, Zygoí) or Zygians were described by Strabo as a nation to the north of Colchis. He wrote:\nAnd on the sea lies the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, or the Syndic territory. After this latter, one comes to the Achaei and the Zygii and the Heniochi, and also the Cercetae and the Macropogones. And above these are situated the narrow passes of the Phtheirophagi (Phthirophagi); and after the Heniochi the Colchian country, which lies at the foot of the Caucasian, or Moschian, Mountains. (Strabo, Geographica 11.2)\nWilliam Smith observes that \"they were partly nomad shepherds, partly brigands and pirates, for which latter vocation they had ships specially adapted\". They inhabited the region known as Zyx, which is on the northern slopes of the Western Caucasus. To the east were the Avars. To the north was Sarmatian territory, and to the south lay the part of Colchis inhabited by the Svans (Soanes of Strabo and Pliny the Elder).\nInitially, Zyx (Italian: Sychia, Georgian: ჯიქეთი, Jiqeti) in Greek literature referred to a people inhabiting the area between Gagra and Tuapse, who later expanded up to the estuary of the Kuban and the neighbouring region of historical Tmutarakan. This tribe also features in several ancient and medieval works, notably in Pliny (Zichoi), Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, medieval Georgian chroniclers (Georgian: ჯიქები, Jikebi), Marco Polo, and Johannes de Galonifontibus, who, in his Libellus de notitia orbis, speaks of \"Zikia or Circassia\" and their language, perhaps the earliest reference to the Northwest Caucasian languages.\nResearchers assume that the Zygii spoke a Northwest Caucasian language. Northwest Caucasian hydro- and toponyms, traditional names of rulers and also the seamless transition from the Zygii and the Cercetae, whose designations were subsequently replaced with the names of several Circassian tribes, confirm this.", "Zichia\nKassogians\nCircassia", "William Smith, LLD. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London. Walton and Maberly, Upper Gower Street and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row; John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1854.\nKadir I. Natho S. 59\nGlanville Price (1998), Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, p. 60. Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-22039-9." ]

[ "Zygii", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361273 ]

[ 27242856 ]

[ "", "Cross of Valour." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Zygmunt_%C5%81ozi%C5%84ski.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Krzyz_Walecznych_Ribbon.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Łoziński (5 June 1870 – 26 March 1932) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop who served as the head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev that later was aggregated to the Diocese of Pinsk. Soviet authorities arrested him on two occasions during his episcopate.\nThe title of Venerable was conferred upon him on 2 April 1993 after Pope John Paul II acknowledged his heroic virtue.", "Zygmunt Łoziński was born on 5 June 1870 in a village of Baratin in the Novogrudsky Uyezd of the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Karelichy District, Belarus.\nHe studied in Warsaw and in Saint Petersburg where graduated from the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy before he started his studies for the priesthood; he was ordained to the priesthood on 23 June 1895. Russian authorities sentenced him on 17 November 1898 to three years of seclusion in a convent in Latvia. Łoziński became the vicar of Smolensk in 1901 as well as being reassigned to Tula in 1902 and Riga in 1904. Łoziński became the rector of the Minsk Cathedral in 1905. In 1906 he returned to Saint Petersburg where he taught Hebrew and biblical studies. He accompanied the Bishop of Mogilev to visit the parishes of the Russian Empire from 1909 until 1911. In 1912 he started to commence further education in the German Empire and in Rome.\nPope Benedict XV appointed him as the Bishop of Minsk on 2 November 1917 and as such he received his episcopal consecration on 28 July 1918 in Warsaw from Cardinal Aleksander Kakowski - the co-consecrators were Stanisław Kazimierz and Blessed Antoni Julian Nowowiejski. Soviet authorities arrested him on 1 August 1920 on the charges of \"counter-revolution\" but the pressure of local Christians saw him released on the following 11 August. He was arrested again on 4 September 1920 while the Polish government secured his release eleven months later in 1921 from Butyrka Prison; he weighed 95 pounds upon his release. Pope Pius XI appointed him on 28 October 1925 as the Bishop of Pińsk after his previous diocese was aggregated to the latter.\nHe filed a total of 755 lawsuits as part of the recovery of Orthodox Churches in Poland. In 1929 he invited the Blessed Martyrs of Nowogródek of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth to Navahrudak in 1929. Łoziński was awarded with both the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) and the Cross of Valour (Poland).\nŁoziński died on 26 March 1932 - Holy Saturday - and was buried in the cathedral of his diocese.", "The beatification process commenced on two fronts in both Pinsk and Vatican. The informative process opened in 1957 and concluded its business of collating testimonies and documentation in 1962. This occurred despite the fact that the title of Servant of God - the first official stage in the process - was not conferred to him until 4 December 1980 after which point an apostolic process was held. After this the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the previous processes.\nThe C.C.S. received the Positio in 1990 at which point theologians approved the cause on 10 December 1992 while the C.C.S. also approved it on 9 March 1993. He was declared to be Venerable on 2 April 1993 after Pope John Paul II approved that the late bishop lived a life of heroic virtue.", "\"Zygmunt Konstanty Antoni Łoziński\". Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved 12 June 2016.\n\"Biography of Servant of God, Bishop Zygmunt Łoziński\". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 12 June 2016.\n\"Rev. Zygmunt Łoziński\". Find a Grave. 29 January 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2016.", "Hagiography Circle\nCatholic Hierarchy" ]

[ "Zygmunt Łoziński", "Life", "Beatification process", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361274 ]

[ 27242857, 27242858, 27242859, 27242860, 27242861, 27242862, 27242863 ]

[ "Kulig", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Ajdukiewicz (22 January 1861 – 29 April 1917) was a Polish realist painter of the late 19th century specializing in portraits, genre and historical painting. Ajdukiewicz, was born and raised in the Austrian sector of Partitioned Poland, settled in the imperial capital upon the completion of his studies, but maintained a close connection with his homeland. While in Vienna, he illustrated the epic novel The Deluge (Potop) by Polish Nobel Prize-winning novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz.", "Ajdukiewicz was born in Witkowice near Tarnobrzeg in south-eastern Poland. He studied painting at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts originally. From 1880 to 1882, he studied at the Academy of Vienna and, from 1883 at the Munich Academy under Johann Herterich, associated with the Munich School of naturalism. He settled permanently in Vienna in 1885 as popular painter of the Austrian court where he was also referred to as Zygismund or Sigismund von Ajdukiewicz. In 1893 he went to Paris. Back in Vienna, he worked on a long series of original artwork for the 24-volume encyclopedia initiated and sponsored by Prince Rudolf as evidence of his imperial achievements (Kronprinzenwerk). It was a major publishing project printed in German and Hungarian between 1886 and 1902 under the title Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Word and Picture. Subsequent volumes were published long after Rudolf's death which took place in January 1889. Ajdukiewicz painted panels for the encyclopedia depicting various nationalities, ethnic groups and minorities represented in Austria-Hungary. He also produced a series of 12 paintings about the life of Tadeusz Kościuszko published in 1892 as an art-album by F. Bondy. He made a life-size standing portrait of Archduke Franz Ferdinand as a hunter (1913).", "Ajdukiewicz exhibited in Kraków, Warsaw, Lwów, Vienna, Berlin, Munich and Prague. His paintings received top awards at international art exhibitions including Gold Medal in Vienna and Gold Medal Second Class in Berlin in 1891, as well as the 1898 Gold Medal Second Class in Vienna and Silver Medal at the 1894 competition in Lwów (Lemberg). His works can be found in numerous museums and national art galleries across Poland such as the National Museum in Warsaw, Kraków, Wrocław, state collections at the royal Wawel and, Museum of Upper Silesia in Bytom, but also at the Viennese Historical Museum. Ajdukiewicz was the first cousin of Polish fin de siècle painter Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz who was nine years older than him. He died in Vienna in 1917.", "List of Polish painters", "\"Zygmunt Ajdukiewicz\". Bio and selected painting (in Polish and English). Artyzm.com. Retrieved December 10, 2012.\n\"Ajdukiewicz Zygmunt (1861 - 1917)\". Agra Art Auction House. 2000–2001. Retrieved December 10, 2012.\n\"A Ruthenian Lyrist\". Ajdukiewicz, Sigismond von (1861-1917). Austrian National Library, Picture Archives Department. March 7, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012.\nTheodor Brückler (2009). Ajdukiewicz, Zygmunt. Thronfolger Franz Ferdinand als Denkmalpfleger: die \"Kunstakten\" der Militärkanzlei im Österreichischen Staatsarchiv (Kriegsarchiv). Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 554. ISBN 978-3205783060. Retrieved December 12, 2012.\n\"Ajdukiewicz, Zygmunt (Poland)\". Agra Art Auction House. Retrieved December 10, 2012.\nPaul Pfisterer (1995). Monogram: Ajdukiewicz, Zygismund (ZA 66, ZA 67). Monogrammlexikon 2: internationales Verzeichnis der Monogramme bildender Künstler des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Walter de Gruyter. p. 862. ISBN 9783110143003. Retrieved December 12, 2012." ]

[ "Zygmunt Ajdukiewicz", "Biography", "Recognition", "See also", "Notes and references" ]

[ 5361275, 5361276, 5361277, 5361278, 5361279, 5361280, 5361281 ]

[ 27242864, 27242865, 27242866, 27242867, 27242868, 27242869, 27242870 ]

[ "Zygmunt Aleksander Wnęk", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Polski_cmentarz_wojenny_Langannerie_Normandia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Krzyz_Walecznych_Ribbon.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Aleksander Wnęk (1918–1944) was a Polish soldier and military officer. During World War II he served in the rank of 2nd Lieutenant (podporucznik) on the Western Front with the 1st Armoured Regiment of the 1st Armoured Division. Killed in action during the Battle of Falaise, he was posthumously awarded the Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military decoration.", "Zygmunt Aleksander Wnęk was born 17 July 1918 in Kołomyja, then a city in Austro-Hungarian Galicia. His father, Piotr Wnęk, held the position of Commisar in the State Police and as an active participant in the Polish Legions in World War I was awarded Cross of Defence of Lwów and Honorary Award \"Eaglets of Lwów\". Zygmunt Wnęk graduated from the State Secondary School in Kołomyja, named \"Król Kazimierz Jagiellończyk\". Early on in his education he pursued an active role in developing sports culture in Poland. He was awarded the State Certificate in Sport, becoming team leader of the Polish Gymnastics Society \"Sokół\" in Kołomyja.\nFollowing the advance of the Russian Army into Poland in August 1939, he departed from Poland ending up in France. In 1940 he took part in the French Campaign during which he distinguished himself with his bravery and courage. His commanding officer, Major Roman Proszek, considered him an officer of high military expertise and great courage. On 27 August 1943 Zygmunt Wnęk was awarded the Cross of Valour. Following the occupation of France, Zygmunt Wnęk found himself in the Polish 1st Armored Division formed in February 1942, under General Stanislaw Maczek in Duns, Scotland.\nZygmunt Wnęk was patrol leader in the Reconnaissance Platoon of the 1st Armoured Regiment (Poland). During the Battle for Falaise on 15-August 1944, Zygmunt Wnęk lost his life whilst undertaking action across the river Dives between Jort and Vandeuvre, on the left flank of the Polish First Armoured Division.\nHe is buried in the Polish War Cemetery Langannerie in Normandy and was posthumously awarded the Virtuti Militari V class (Silver Cross).", "Directive of Commanding Officer General Sosnkowski in Personal Diary No:4, London, dated 29 September 1944 \"in recognition of extraordinary acts of combat and his personal courage, exhibited during the second phase of action of First Armoured Division to the west of the river Dives, during the month of August 1944\" - Polish Institute & General Sikorski Museum, London.\nList of decorated soldiers. Compiled by Colonel Antoni Grudziński according to personal diaries of Commanding Officer and Minister for National Defence and Daily Orders of the First Armoured Division. Published by The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London.", "Evan McGilvray: \"Man of Steel and Honour: General Stanislaw Maczek: Soldier of Poland, Commander of the 1st Polish Armoured Division in North-West Europe 1944-45\" Published by Helion & Company 2012 Helion Studies in Military History No.18\nEvan McGilvray: \"The Black Devils March - A Doomed Odyssey. The 1st Polish Armoured Division 1939-1945\" Published by Helion & Company; 1st edition 2004\nJohn Keegan: „Six Armies in Normandy, from D-Day to the liberation of Paris”. Published by Penguin Books 1983\nKrzysztof Barbarski and Terry Hadler: \"Polish Armour 1939-45 (Vanguard 30)\". Published by Ospray Publishing 1982\nhttp://www.polishwargraves.nl/langri/2615.htm\nhttp://www.landmarkscout.com/the-only-polish-cemetery-in-france-near-grainville-langgannerie-urville/\nDatabase of War graves http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/arkotheque/client/mdh/sepultures_guerre/detail_fiche.php?ref=1955224&debut=0", "Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari (Poland)\n Cross of Valour (Poland)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Aleksander Wnęk", "Biography", "References", "Bibliography", "Honours and awards" ]

[ 5361282 ]

[ 27242871, 27242872, 27242873, 27242874, 27242875, 27242876 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Anczok_Zygmunt.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Józef Anczok (born 14 March 1946 in Lubliniec) is a former Polish footballer who played as a left-sided defender, who was an Olympic champion for Poland in the 1972 Summer Olympics.\nHis biggest success came in 1972 when he won the Polish cup as well as appearing in several Polish international matches. His international career began in 1965 when he played against Scotland. At the time of his arrival in the national game, a player of such speed and agility was practically unheard of in Poland, and he frequently was substituted into games to bring to his teams extra power in not just defense, but attack.\nAnczok was given an opportunity in 1966 to go on a tour of South America, where he more than held his own against players such as Pelé. Numerous minor injuries gave him problems throughout the years to come, including in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He continued to play in Norway in the late seventies, before retiring as a player in 1979 and heading into management. He originally managed in Poland before health problems forced him into relinquishing his duties.", "\"Zygmunt Anczok Biography and Statistics\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2009." ]

[ "Zygmunt Anczok", "References" ]

[ 5361283 ]

[ 27242877 ]

[ "Self-portrait (date unknown)", "The Dying Artist" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Zygmunt_Andrychiewicz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Zygmunt_Andrychiewicz_%C5%9Amier%C4%87_artysty_%E2%80%94_Ostatni_przyjaciel.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Andrychiewicz (27 May 1861, Justynów – 1943, Warta or Małków) was a Polish painter of portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes.", "He began his studies at the Warsaw School of Drawing while working as a decorative painter. From 1884 to 1886, thanks to a scholarship from the \"Towarzystwo Zachęty Sztuk Pięknych\" (Society for Encouragement of the Fine Arts), he was able to continue his studies at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts with Władysław Łuszczkiewicz and Izydor Jabłoński. \nFrom 1887 to 1892, another scholarship enabled him to go to Paris, where he attended the Académie Colarossi and the Académie Julian, under the direction of William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Tony Robert-Fleury and shared a studio with Władysław Ślewiński. He had major showings at the Exposition Universelle (1889) and the Exposition Universelle (1900), as well as in Poland at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in 1886.\nFrom 1899 to 1918, he divided his time between Poland and France and made several visits to Italy. After 1918, he settled in Warsaw, where he became a drawing teacher at a girls' school and gave private lessons in his studio. \nAfter his retirement, he bought a house in the village of Małków, near his birthplace, and continued to paint landscapes. In 1929, he had a major showing at the \"General National Exhibition\" in Poznań; celebrating ten years of Polish independence.", "Biographical notes @ Agra Art.", "Media related to Zygmunt Andrychiewicz at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zygmunt Andrychiewicz", "Biography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361284 ]

[ 27242878, 27242879, 27242880, 27242881 ]

[ "Andrzej Heinrich (left), Kazimierz Olech and Andrzej Czok attempting to climb Mount Everest in 1980", "Andrzej Heinrich with Pasang Norbu Sherpa on Mount Everest", "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich (21 July 1937 in Łbowo, central Poland – 27 May 1989 in Mount Everest) was a Polish mountaineer. He died in an avalanche on the northwest slopes of Mount Everest in 1989.", "", "Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich undertook many serious climbs including difficult new routes and first winter ascents. Among Polish climbers the team Heinrich-Chrobak was held in high prestige and Eugeniusz Chrobak is still considered one of the best Polish Himalayan climbers of all time. The Heinrich-Chrobak team was very much the Polish equivalent of the Bonington-Whillans team in Britain.", "1971 – Kunyang Chhish (7852 m) – first ascent to the summit (along with Andrzej Zawada, Jan Stryczyński and Ryszard Szafirski).\n1974 – Lhotse (8250 m) in winter with Andrzej Zawada, the first time anyone had gone above 8000 m in winter.\n1978 – Kanchenjunga Central (8482 m), first ascent – together with Wojciech Brański, Kazimierz Olech.\n1979 – Lhotse (8516 m), 4 October, ascent together with Andrzej Czok, Jerzy Kukuczka and Janusz Skorek.\n1980 – Mount Everest, participation in the winter expedition, leading the way by the Ice Fall, participated in setting up higher camps.\n1981 – Masherbrum, SW Peak (7806 m), first ascent, with Marek Malatyński and Przemysław Nowacki.\n1985 – Cho Oyu (8201 m), winter expedition, new route via SE Pillar, ascent with Jerzy Kukuczka (15 February, three days after the first winter ascent by the team of the same expedition, Maciej Berbeka and Maciej Pawlikowski).\n1985 – Nanga Parbat (8126 m), first ascent of the NE buttress, on summit together with Jerzy Kukuczka, Carlos Carsolio and Sławomir Łobodziński.", "Józef Nyka: Masherbrum Southwest, Ascent and Tragedy. American Alpine Journal, 1982, pp. 271–272\nAndrzej Zawada: \"Winter at 8250 m: Polish Expedition to Lhotse 1974\", Alpine Journal, 1974, pp. 28–35.\nAndrzej Zawada: Cho Oyu's Three-Kilometer-High Face. American Alpine Journal, 1986, pp. 6–13 (with 2 photographs with lines depicted)\nAAJ 1986, p. 290 (note on Nanga Parbat)", "AAJ, Searchable online access\nStrona poświęcona pamięci himalaisty Andrzeja Heinricha (in Polish)\nportrait on www.nyka.home.pl (in Polish)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich", "Achievements", "Tatra Mts and Alps", "Great Ranges", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Balicki (30 December 1858 in Lublin – 12 September 1916 in Saint Petersburg) was a Polish sociologist, publicist and one of the first leading thinkers of the modern Polish nationalism in the late 19th century under the foreign Partitions of Poland. Balicki developed his original political thought inspired by the ideals of Aleksander Świętochowski from the movement of Positivism which was marked by the attempts at trying to stop the wholesale Russification and Germanization of the Poles ever since the Polish language was banned in reprisal for the January Uprising. Balicki was a key protagonist in the National Democratic campaign of antisemitic agitation.", "Zygmunt Balicki was born on 30 December 1858 in Lublin. His father was Seweryn Tomasz Balicki, and his mother was Karolina Balicka, née Gruszczyńska. The Balickis (Ostoja coat of arms) were an impoverished family of landowners who cultivated patriotic traditions. Zygmunt's grandfather, Józef Balicki, was a cavalryman in the Napoleonic guard. Seweryn Balicki was a clerk in the Lublin governorate administration.\nIn 1876, with his matriculation examination, Zygmunt graduated from the Male Middle School in Lublin, which was a typical example of the Russification policy of the partitioning government.\nAfter his matriculation examination, Zygmunt took up law studies at St. Petersburg University. At the same time, he attended classes at the St. Petersburg Academy of Painting. Already then, his extraordinary drawing skills became apparent.\nDuring his studies in St. Petersburg, he established contacts with Russian and Polish revolutionary circles. In the case of the former, they were people connected with \"Narodnoya Volya\". The latter was the \"Community of Polish Socialists\" in St. Petersburg, which Zygmunt joined with his brother Tadeusz in 1879.\nIn 1880, after completing his studies in the Russian capital Zygmunt. returned to Warsaw, where he took up a position of a court trainee at the local District Court. There was also a second purpose for his stay in Warsaw. He was commissioned by the Petersburg authorities of the Commune of Polish Socialists to create its structures in the Polish capital.\nAlready during his studies Balicki became known as a talented organiser. \"He was a man of extensive knowledge, great talents and a good speaker, as well as being very handsome and shapely. He also enjoyed the great confidence of his colleagues and was widely liked by his female colleagues. (Hłasko).\nThere was a discussion within the Polish Socialist Commune on the fundamental issue of whether it was possible to reconcile the programme of the fight for Poland's independence with socialist postulates. Balicki was an ardent advocate of the \"independence programme\", i.e. focusing the efforts to regain national sovereignty on the broadest possible social base (not excluding the \"class of the owners\"), and postponing the implementation of the social programme until after the reconstruction of the Polish state.\nIn February 1881, the tsarist police broke up the Warsaw organization of the Polish Socialist Commune. Zygmunt managed to avoid arrest. He found refuge in Lwów and he continued his political activity in Galicia. He started to cooperate with socialist sympathizers among students of the Lwów universities (University and Polytechnic) as well as the Agricultural Academy in Dublany. He published his first political articles in the socialist biweekly \"Praca\" [Work] published in the capital of Galicia.\nHis activity in this field was so dynamic that already in 1882 he was called \"one of the leaders of Lwów socialism\". (Ignacy Daszyński). This did not escape the attention of the Austrian police, who at the end of 1882 carried out numerous arrests of Lwów socialist activists.\nOn 10 May 1883 Balicki was sentenced to four months' imprisonment in a trial brought before the National Criminal Court in Lwów against the entire Galician socialist organisation. After serving his sentence, he - formally a subject of the Russian Tsar - was threatened with extradition to the Russian authorities. He awaited his fate in police custody in Lwów. His escape abroad, that was being organised by local socialists, did not succeed.\nEventually, however, the governor of Galicia, Count Alfred Potocki, decided not to extradite Balicki. The decision was replaced by deportation from the Austrian partition and the entire Austro-Hungarian monarchy. By the end of 1883, Balicki left Galicia for Switzerland.\nThis thirteen-year-long stay in the Helvetian country (initially in Zurich, and later in Geneva) was a time of Balicki's intense political and scientific activity.\nHe came to Switzerland as a socialist. In Geneva, he became acquainted with the doyen of Polish (\"independence\") socialism, Bolesław Limanowski. This is how he became active in the Socialist Association \"Polish Folk\" [Lud Polski], founded in 1881 by Limanowski in Paris.\nParallel to this, Balicki developed his scientific interests in Switzerland. At that time he was focused on completely new fields of knowledge of the era: sociology and social psychology.\nIn 1896, on the basis of his dissertation \"L'Etat, comme organisation coercitive de la societe politique (The State as a coercive organisation of the political society), Balicki obtained a doctorate in law at the University of Geneva. Even before his doctorate, he published treatises on sociology of politics in the international scientific press. In 1895 the \"Revue internationale de sociologie\" [International Journal of Sociology] published his article \"L'organisation spontanee de la societe civile\" [Spontaneous organisation of civil society].\nA measure of Balicki's recognition as a scientist was his appointment as a correspondent member of the Institut International de Sociologie (International Sociological Institute) in Paris after completing his doctoral degree.\nAt the beginning of his stay in Switzerland, the question of his membership in freemasonry was widely discussed among his friends and political associates. B. did not deny his membership in one of the Geneva freemasonry lodges. He treated it - as Władysław Jabłonowski reported later - purely pro forma, as a condition for faster acquisition of Swiss citizenship. This in turn was a prerequisite for carrying out scientific activity crowned with a doctorate.\nBalicki obtained Swiss citizenship in 1891. At the beginning of this year, on 3 January 1891, he married the thirteen years younger Gabriela Ivanovska, who was studying botany at the Geneva University.\nBalicki's material existence in Switzerland was difficult. In this respect it was no different from his \"Polish years\". He had no permanent employment and earned his living as a casual labourer. His talent as a draughtsman allowed him to earn money, for example, as the author of illustrations for the well-known \"Atlas of normal human anatomy\", published in 1891 by Professor Zygmunt Laskowski, dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the local university.\nThe beginning of a political breakthrough in his life was the acquaintance in Switzerland in 1886 with Colonel Zygmunt Miłkowski (literary pseudonym Teodor Tomasz Jeż), a veteran of the January Uprising associated with the democratic wing of Polish emigration. Balicki fully accepted Miłkowski's programme presented in his 1887 booklet \"On Active Defence and the National Treasury\", around which the Polish League led by Miłkowski was established.\nBy 1888 at the latest, Balicki was already a member of this organisation. In August 1888, he took part in the convention of the Polish League members in Hilfikon near Zurich, where he co-authored the statute of the organisation. It was thanks to him that Balicki Limanowski joined the Polish League at that time.\nHis stay in Switzerland did not mean that Balicki broke off his contacts with Poland. In 1886, on the instructions of Miłkowski, he went to Cracow and Warsaw, where he studied the possibilities of political organization of Polish academic youth. During these meetings, Balicki proposed the idea of creating a unified secret organization for all Polish students, both those studying at universities in the divided Poland and those studying outside the Polish territory.\nThis idea materialized on 14 January 1887 with the establishment of the secret Union of Polish Youth (\"Zet\") in Krakow. Balicki.'s participation in the establishment of \"Zet\" was one of his greatest achievements as a political activist. A year after the establishment of the organization, Balicki, as a representative of the Polish League Centralization, led to the formal association of \"Zet\" with the League.\nAlthough the Union of Polish Youth was \"an agglomerate of the most contradictory elements\". (Stefan Żeromski), it can be treated as a real forge of cadres of the national-democratic camp. The most important points of \"Zet's\" political programme were \"the independence of Poland and the liberation and nationalisation of the people\". (Kozicki).\nThe organisational structure of \"Zet\" based on three degrees of initiation (\"colleagues\", \"comrades\", \"brothers\") was the work of Balicki Considering the fact that he joined freemasonry, it was assumed that the structure of secrecy present in Masonic lodges was the prototype.\nThe strengthening of Balicki's ties with the Polish League and his involvement in the establishment and expansion of \"Zet\" went hand in hand with his political activity in other fields. In December 1891, he was one of the founders of the Union of Polish Exiles, which referred to the tradition of the Polish Democratic Society in exile.\nIn 1892 Balicki joined the Foreign Union of Polish Socialists (ZZSP), the parent organisation of the Polish Socialist Party. In the ZZSP, he held the post of treasurer. When in 1894 the convention of the ZZSP decided that it was impossible for its members to belong to other political organisations, Balicki decided to leave its ranks. He thus severed his last organisational links with the socialist movement.\nHowever, this was not only a matter of form. In 1895, in a farewell article published in the socialist \"Przedświt\", Balicki explained that the reason for his parting with socialism was ideological. He addressed his polemic to the pro-independence direction represented by the PPS, which was dominant in the Polish socialist movement. He accused it of underestimating the significance of the \"right to parallelism\", which - as he stressed - meant the necessity to combine the struggle for social goals with the struggle for socialism. - meant the necessity to combine the struggle for social and national goals. Balicki also found unacceptable the view fixed in the PPS about the natural leadership of workers in the fight for national liberation.\nAt the same time, Balicki rejected the thesis formulated by Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz - the main creator of the political thought of the independence trend in Polish socialism - that the struggle for independence favoured socialism, as the yoke of the partitioning power made it impossible to quickly achieve a socialist system. \"What if it did? If a foreign government ensured all political freedoms except national ones, would it cease to be a yoke, would the author [Kelles - Krauz] then sell the personal and public dignity of the proletariat and the independence of Poland for thirty pieces of silver with a party stamp?\".\nWhen Balicki wrote these words he already belonged to the National League, which was established in 1893 on the initiative of Roman Dmowski, who made domestic activists connected with Miłkowski's organisation independent from the Swiss centralisation of the Polish League. Dmowski's right hand in this undertaking was Balicki himself.\nA detailed project of the \"Polish League reform\" was worked out by Balicki and submitted to Dmowski in Switzerland in the summer of 1892. All the rules of conspiracy were observed. The plan of action regarding the establishment of a new organisation was written down by Balicki in \"chemical ink on the reverse side of the album with views of Versailles that Dmowski took home\". (Kozicki).\nThe National League was founded on 1 April 1893 in Warsaw, and during its first years of existence it operated on the basis of a statute authored by Balicki He did not join the highest authorities of the National League until August 1897. The second Congress of the National League General Council held in Budapest elected him a member of the Central Committee of the organization.\nSince the establishment of the National League, which coincided with his severance of ties with the socialist movement, Balicki became increasingly involved in the organisational and programmatic development of the nascent All-Polish movement.\nAn expression of this activity was his participation as a representative of the National League in the 11th session of the Polish National Alliance (ZNP), the largest Polish organization in the United States, held in Cleveland in September 1895. The result of the ZNP deliberations was the establishment of cooperation between the National Treasury in Rapperswil and the National Treasury in Milwaukee. On the initiative of Balicki on 19 September 1895, the \"Act of Incorporation of the National League in the United States\" was signed in Chicago.\nIn March 1896, Balicki and his wife settled in Munich. From there he led the reconstruction of the \"Zet\" structures, which were broken up in 1894 after the arrests by the Tsarist police in connection with the organisation of demonstrations by its members on the centenary of the Kościuszko Uprising.\nThanks to the efforts of Balicki \"Zet\" resumed its activities in 1898. This so-called second \"Zet\" also included Polish students at domestic and foreign universities, and in its programme it definitely reflected the All-Polish programme. People with socialist sympathies were no longer accepted into its ranks.\nThe stay of Balicki in Munich lasted less than two years. At the beginning of 1898, he returned to Poland. He settled in Krakow, hoping to continue his scientific career there. In 1903 he was offered a chair (as associate professor) of sociology at the Jagiellonian University. However, the offer was linked to the condition that Balicki ceased his political activity. However, he did not want to agree to this. \"He postponed the thought of a chair for calmer times, when the duties of national work would be lifted from his shoulders. He did not live to see this chair\". (Mosdorf).\nBalicki's attempt to find employment at the Jagiellonian Library was also unsuccessful. As explained by its director Karol Estreicher, the applicant did not meet the formal requirements (he did not have a doctoral degree from any Austrian university), and what was worse, \"he had the opinion of a socialist\". It is worth noting, however, that for Polish conservatives, the nascent national-democratic movement also belonged to \"extreme parties\".\nIn this situation, his main source of income were the fees received for his journalistic activity.\nAfter arriving in Kraków, Balicki took up his duties as a commissioner of the National League in Galicia. \"The Balickis' apartment in Kraków, in the Debniki district, was really a vestibule to the National Democracy temple, and its charm was such that it was impossible to turn back halfway. [...] No-one active in the movement could avoid the hospitable house. Here he met and got to know everyone he needed to know'. (Plutyński).\nAfter returning to Galicia, Balicki not only worked on developing the structures of the national democratic movement in this part of divided Poland. He was also active as a journalist, for example in the \"All-Polish Review\", which was published in Lwów from 1895 onwards. - the main press organ of the forming camp.\nIt was at that time that he was specifying the reasons for his parting with socialism. In 1898, in the pages of the theoretical magazine of the National League published in Lwów, \"Kwartalnik Naukowo - Polityczny i Społecznego\" (\"Scientific, Political and Social Quarterly\"), he published an article entitled \"Critical remarks on contemporary socialism\". Balicki rejected socialist egalitarianism, i.e. \"striving for the greatest possible equality between people\" and \"equal distribution of wealth\". As he pointed out \"equality in social relations by itself does not yet mean a high level of culture and high social forms, which is best proved by primitive societies\".\nBalicki also saw serious dangers in the \"legal compulsion of a rational state\", i.e. statism, which would be a natural consequence of the implementation of the socialist programme. He did not accept ascribing to the omnipotent state the role of the basic tool for introducing \"progressive\" social reforms. According to Balicki, \"state power and the legal coercion which follows it, play an often complementary role in social life [...] there is a lack of spontaneous initiative, cooperation and organisation of society, a lack of connection in collective activities and solidarity and cohesion among its members\".\nAccording to Balicki, the consequence of the realisation of the socialist postulate of the nationalisation of the \"means of production\" would not be the liberation of workers, but the creation of \"a host of state bureaucracy, endowed with enormous power\". This \"new privileged class\" would rule over \"a mass of state mercenaries deprived of their own organisation, linked to each other only by central institutions and their branches\".\nFinally, socialism was incompatible with the programme of national solidarity. In his article, Balicki noted that \"no one sows greater class and partisan antagonisms, greater internal hatreds than those who appear under the slogan of abolishing antagonisms and national hatreds. Wishing to organise international solidarity, they begin by disorganising their own nation\".\nIn the same text from 1898, Balicki stressed that his parting with socialism did not mean abandoning democratic traditions, which were the basis of the \"All-Polish\" movement: \"After all, history is not only a class struggle, it is also a process of progressive socialisation; democratism, which is an expression of this historical current, aims at ever greater social solidarity, and at the same time fulfils a thoroughly national role\".\nIn 1902, Balicki's thesis was published. \"National egoism towards ethics\". Next to Roman Dmowski's \"Thoughts of a Modern Pole\", published a year later, and Jan Ludwik Popławski's journalism, it had the greatest influence on the formulation of the basic elements of the political thought of the \"All-Polishers\".\nThe main thesis of the book consists in opposing the \"ideal ethics\" - i.e. striving to achieve individual moral perfection, affirming general humanism, and finally political altruism - the \"ethics of ideas\". The latter was defined by Balicki as \"the real good of the concrete society to which a given individual belongs\". This is how he saw the transition to the principle of national egoism. Its adoption is necessary because, as Balicki argued. - \"the right to an independent existence is vested only in nations with a strong individuality, able to fight and win for this existence, able to oppose force with force, to avenge the wrongs suffered and to ensure that justice prevails\".\nThe \"national ethic\" thus outlined by Balicki was based on the fundamental conviction that the nation \"encompasses the whole of man's comprehensive life\". Consequently, the conduct of a human citizen is to be \"always and everywhere subject to one, universal and absolute law of social ethics [ethics of ideas]\". This included the injunction to subordinate man's actions in society to \"self-determined national egoism\".\nHowever, this did not mean that Balicki transferred the principles of Darwinism (\"struggle for existence\") without any restrictions to the social matter or international relations. Admittedly - as Balicki wrote - \"a nation, as a living organism, has a moral right to grow not only at the cost of passive, thoughtless and socially formless elements, but even at the cost of other nations\", he added at once, however, with a reservation: \"so long as this growth is natural and not based on brute force, coercion and exceptional laws\".\nBalicki emphasised in his treatise that \"raised to the dignity of an ethical banner, the nation does not thereby become an end, capable of all means of sanctification; it constitutes only the conscience of the human citizen\". The fundamental aim of the policy of \"national egoism\" was to strive for the greatness of the nation. However, this aim – he emphasised - did not sanctify the means, for it was above all the spiritual dimension of freedom that was at stake: \"A nation that is spiritually great, great in the power of self-determined egoism, will not humble itself to abuses and violations, because it highly values its dignity, has respect for its own culture and reverence for its banner, which as a soldier it will not tarnish with murder or stealthy murder\".\nHis words resound with the heritage of the political thought of Polish Romanticism. One can see in them what another activist of the national-democratic movement called \"a synthesis of romantic and positivist thought\". From Romanticism, the movement's thought took \"the definition of further goals\" and \"the concept of the nation and the cult of national feeling\", and from positivism \"close consideration of the conditions of time and place\". (Kozicki).\nThe combination of these two traditions of thinking about politics can also be seen in B.'s description of the \"soldier-citizen\" in \"Egoizm narodowym wobec etyki\" [\"National egoism vs Ethics\"]. Here, as Balicki stressed, it was not a matter of stimulating the \"militaristic spirit\", but rather of appealing to the \"chivalrous spirit\": \"the craft [of war] lies not in killing, but in the readiness to go to death, to give one's life in the service of society\".\nIn his concept, the soldier-citizen raised in the \"national ethic\" was to be guided \"not by the advantage of force, but by the advantage of justice\". The role models here were - as Balicki stressed - the participants of all the Polish national uprisings. - participants of all the Polish national uprisings. Their ethos reflected what was most important for every soldier-citizen, namely, the primacy of spirit: \"He is not a soldier who wears a uniform and a baton, but he who has a soldier character and a soldier spirit. These qualities can be combined with any profession, any position and any kind of work [...]. In this sense, a soldier is the best politician in a nation that has been declared a life-and-death struggle\".\n\"National Egoism vs Ethics\" was the most famous publication of Balicki. Not only because the ideas it contained found approval and continuators in the All-Polish camp itself. In 1905, Roman Dmowski in his Fundamentals of National Policy referred to the distinction made by Balicki between individual and collective ethics. Balicki's dissertation became notorious also due to polemicists from conservative and Catholic circles, who criticised this distinction between two ethical orders as \"the purest chauvinism, permeated by hackatism\" (conservatives) or neo-populism (neo-Catholics). (conservatives) or a neo-pagan, idolatrous cult of the nation (Catholic publicists).\nThe stay of Balicki in Krakow lasted until 1905. During this time, he led the development of the structures of the National League in the Austrian partition, but also in the Prussian district (in Great Poland and Upper Silesia). This also included the development of \"Zet\" structures, as well as involvement in political educational activities among the Polish people. This was the nature of the establishment of peasants' Falcon nests by Balicki, as well as the activity of the People's School Society. This organization, which was founded in Krakow in 1891, was taken over by the National League at the beginning of the 20th century. Balicki's contribution to this undertaking could not be overestimated.\nBalicki was also a patron of other initiatives aiming to extend the influence of the national democratic movement. In this context, we should mention the National Aid Union founded in Kraków in 1902, a charitable organisation related to the National League, providing material aid to political refugees from the two other partitions.\nIn 1903, on his initiative, the Society for the Nurturing of Social Sciences was founded in Kraków. Its main aim was to provide education in political and social issues, but it was also intended to serve as a place for the exchange of ideas between the still strongly conflicted \"All-Polishers\" and Kraków conservatives.\nThe political breakthrough of 1905 caused by Russia's defeat in the war with Japan and the outbreak of revolution in the Romanov Empire, as well as the fact that the most developed structures of the national democratic movement existed in the Kingdom of Poland, made its leadership move its main activity to the Russian partition. This was the background to Balicki's decision to move (together with his wife) to Warsaw.\nAfter 1905, the leadership of the day-to-day activities of the National Democratic Party rested in the hands of Roman Dmowski. As a member of the governing bodies of both the Party and the National League until the outbreak of World War I, Balicki focused primarily on journalistic and writing activity.\nIn January 1908, on the initiative of Balicki, Przegląd Narodowy (National Review) was established in Warsaw, which took over from Przegląd Wszechpolski (All-Polish Review), closed down in 1905, as the most important press organ of the national democratic movement. Balicki became the chief editor of the new monthly. As Zygmunt Wasilewski recalled years later: \"a monthly as a central laboratory of guiding thought for such an exuberantly expanding movement was indispensable. Balicki was a perfect manager for such a job: a sociologist, psychologist, excellent publicist, organiser gifted with an extraordinary imagination for the machinery of life, and at the same time, as an artist, gifted with an aesthetic sense, so necessary in every job\".\nAs editor of the National Review, Balicki gathered an extraordinary group of authors around the magazine. Even though the profile of this periodical was decidedly political, it was published by people who were not associated with current political activity, such as Ignacy Chrzanowski, Jan Karol Kochanowski, Jan Kucharzewski, Władysław Konopczyński or Adam Szelągowski.\nBetween 1908 and 1910, Balicki also cooperated with national democratic newspapers published in Warsaw: These were \"Głos Warszawski\" (Voice of Warsaw) and \"Gazeta Warszawska\" (Warsaw Daily). In the latter, he took over the management of the socio-political section, which was key to the newspaper's profile.\nHis journalism from the years 1905-1914 reflected the main threads of political disputes in which the national democratic movement was engaged in the last years before the outbreak of the First World War. In this case, it was a matter of defining relations with conservatism and socialism, as well as a debate that had far-reaching consequences for the organisational cohesion of the All-Polish camp, as to who would be the main enemy and potential ally of the Polish cause during the upcoming clash of great powers.\nThe latter issue aroused most political emotions, and the anti-German option described by Dmowski in \"Niemiec, Rosji i kwestii polskiej\"(Germany, Russia and the Polish Question). The anti-German option described by Dmowski in \"Germany, Russia and the Polish Question\" (1908) (which meant \"orientation towards the Entente\", whose representative in our part of Europe was Russia) became the reason for a number of secessions within the national-democratic movement in 1907–1911. The most painful for Balicki was the departure of \"Zet\" and the Galician branch of the Democratic and National Party, i.e. organisations which he co-founded and led for some time.\nSecessionists accused the \"Dmowski line\" of being pro-Russian. In this orientation dispute, Balicki consistently took a position supporting the leader of the National Democratic Party. Like Dmowski, he separated his personal antipathy towards the Russians and their culture from the political benefits for the Polish cause that may be derived from joining the Entente against the German expansionism.\nAs early as in the pages of the All-Polish Review in 1896, Balicki wrote: \"We belong to the West by history, tradition and culture, so the decaying influence of the eastern wind threatens us twice: our national and civilizational future\". According to Balicki, the basic mistake that the conservative loyalists made towards Russia after 1864 was to overestimate the significance for the Polish cause of the internal differences in political attitudes among the Russians. \"The differences of outlook concern only the means of moral conquest and the sauce in which we are to be eaten. There is actually no difference,\" stressed Balicki - between Russians unreservedly devoted to the idea of building a 'Tsaroslav' empire and Russian revolutionaries: \"all of them, as to one thing, are Russificationists on our ground and never treat us as an equal nation\".\nHowever, the turn of 1905 - the weakening of Russia, the entry of the tsarist empire on the path of building a constitutional monarchy combined with the increasing expansion of Germany - created a new political situation.\nIn 1908, in Przegląd Narodowy, Balicki argued that \"Russia has been weakened internally and externally, and has ceased to play the role of the axis around which international politics revolved a few years ago\". In the same article (\"In view of the new situation\"), he pointed out that \"in Russia, after the recent events, all the old plans for the renationalisation of the Poles have finally gone bankrupt. Germany is ready to further expand its Polish possessions, while Russia cannot cope with the old ones\".\nAgainst the background of a weakening Russia, the increasing expansionary power of the German Reich was all the more apparent, manifested, according to Balicki, in German \"racial instincts, excessive militarism on land and sea, overpopulation looking for an outlet, the economic situation requiring ever new markets, domestic political considerations\" and \"the personal qualities of the monarch [German Emperor and King Wilhelm II of Prussia]\". The conclusion that Balicki drew from this conjecture in 1908 was: \"The Hohenzollern state is preparing for a new [blood] spilling and that towards the whole line of the east and south-east from the Baltic to Constantinople\"\nIn the last years before the outbreak of the Great War, Balicki continued his \"reckoning\" with socialism. This time he referred to his interests in social psychology, stating in 1912 in the pages of the National Review that socialism should be regarded as \"a symptom of social pathology and psychopathy\" with two dominant types of behaviour: \"revolutionary - spy\" and \"revolutionary - bandit\".\nThree years earlier, in the pages of a monthly he edited, Balicki had written about \"socialist training\", which \"breaks characters and people in us, degenerates them, makes them unfit for fruitful civic work\". Equally harmful was the socialist \"idea of reform in the family, marriage and sex life\".\nIn his political writings, like those of other leading representatives of the national democratic movement, there was no lack of sharp attacks on the representatives of Polish conservatism at the beginning of the 20th century. He accused them of abandoning the cause of Poland's independence, social egoism and \"passively sticking to the past\".\nHowever, if one reads his journalism from 1905 to 1914, it is clear that it is more about attacks on conservatives than on conservatism. The political thought of Balicki (just like Dmowski at the same time) revealed many points of contact with conservative thought.\nThis is how the term \"national conservatism\" used by Balicki should be perceived. The definition of the nation presented by him, devoid of ethnic connotations, and emphasizing instead the cultural motif, was also close to conservatism. In the aforementioned polemic with Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz: \"national unity is not a tactic of any kind, it is not even a programme or a political indication, but a simple sociological fact, which may not be understood, but which does not cease to be a fact because of this. It is not any synthesis of conflicting class interests, but a separate sphere of life incommensurable with them, embracing language (not always, anyway), literature, art, customs, national character. In a word, culture in the broadest sense\".\nFrom this point of view, the nation was no different from the \"organic entities\" so accented in conservative thought, which were the result of long-term development. The prospect of a rapprochement with conservative thought was also opened by Balicki's statement from 1909 that \"the state arose earlier than the nation\".\nIt can be said that, in this way, Balicki was in line with the view on the relationship between the state and the nation dominant in the national-democratic movement. A similar approach to this issue was adopted by Dmowski in Fundamentals of Polish Politics (1905), writing that \"the nation is a product of state existence\". In the political thought of the All-Polish camp, the categories of \"nation\" and \"state\" were not perceived as contradictory, but as complementary to each other. Without its own strong state, the nation will never be able to achieve its full development.\nThe rejection of socialist egalitarianism and Balicki's recognition of the existence of natural hierarchies within the nation was another element in common with conservative thought. In 1908 he wrote about the necessity of an \"aristocracy of competence\" in the nation. On the other hand, the \"leading layer\" was described by the Kraków \"stańczycy\". (Szujski). Balicki pointed out that the most important task of this national elite was to lead \"the citizenship of the people\". At the same time, he stressed that \"any notion of democracy, not based on the principle of competence and talents of those who exert influence and hold power, is a simple misuse of the term\".\nIn 1905 Balicki emphasised that the Polish nation, deprived of the state, \"deported, destroyed, disorganised, and even outright exterminated mechanically and spiritually\" naturally \"had to be conservative\". At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, the point - emphasised Balicki - that this conservatism should be \"creative\". In this context, he pointed to the need for a synthesis of conservativeness and \"real progress\", because \"conservativeness and creativity in the life of a nation are most closely linked, they permeate each other in such a way that they cannot be separated without significant damage to its very vitality\".\nLike Dmowski at the time, Balicki also pointed to two models to follow: England and Japan. The former \"throughout its history has never broken either its organisation or the principles of its political system, but has continued to develop them organically, without imitating anyone\". The latter, on the other hand, was able to combine modernisation in the sphere of material civilisation with \"an unshakeable traditional national organisation, beliefs, customs and the core of its forms of existence\".\nHis pointing to culture as the fundamental binder and determinant of belonging to the Polish national community meant, in his opinion, that there was no chance for the Jewish population to assimilate into the Polish nation. Jews - as Balicki wrote in 1912 in National Review - are a community \"closed tightly in their own spirituality, too crystallized by centuries of one-sided and exclusive living\".\nBalicki's anti-Semitism, like that of other creators of his camp's political thought, was of a cultural and economic rather than biological nature. The word \"race\" used in his public writings did not have a biological connotation, but a sociological and cultural one (similarly to the term \"British race\" used in Britain at the same time).\nBalicki defined his attitude to Jews as a result of \"objective\" factors and not as a result of succumbing to \"dark anti-Semitism\" or \"racial hatred\". In addition to the above-mentioned observation of the lack of chances for assimilation of Jews into Polish culture (he even pointed to the danger of a reverse process), there was also a factor in the form of cooperation of the Jewish population with the partitioning authorities and the economic activity of Jews, which was an obstacle to the development of Polish economic life.\nIn 1912, in National Review, at the time of the boycott of Jewish trade announced by National Democracy, Balicki wrote about the need to \"support your own national production, buying only from your own people, buying land and not selling it to foreigners, defending the national language and customs, counteracting foreign influences in opinion\".\nHis publicism, which did not avoid sharp and polemical clashes, did not bring him repression from the partitioning authorities. However, they were caused by an article he published in 1908 in the pages of National Review entitled \"Szymon Konarski's programme\", which referred to an emissary of the Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polski (Polish Democratic Society) and the founder of an underground network in the \"partitioned territories\" in the 1830s.\nFor this publication, Balicki was sentenced by a Russian court to a year in prison. He started serving his sentence in February 1910 in Włocławek. Ultimately, he did not serve even half of the sentence. He left prison at the end of June of the same year. The conditions of solitary confinement were not too severe. As he wrote shortly after his release to Zygmunt Wasilewski: \"In my body, because good hygiene with daily wood chopping, gymnastics, rhythmical breathing etc. made me feel as if I had left a sanatorium; in my mind, because I wrote half of a decent scientific dissertation entitled \"Social psychology of cognition. On my mind, because I have written half of a decent scientific dissertation entitled \"Social psychology of cognition. A theory of utility and value\". This dissertation appeared in print in 1912 as \"Social Psychology. Acts of Cognition\".\nIn October 1913, Balicki left for Petersburg as a correspondent of the \"Warsaw Newspaper\". He arrived in the Russian capital alone. At that time he was already separated from his wife, Gabriela Balicka (a member of \"Zet\" and \"National League\"). He came to the city at the Neva River with impaired health. Despite his physical activity (Balicki was, among other things, a member of the Warsaw Rowing Society), his exhaustion with political activity and coronary heart disease were becoming increasingly evident.\nThe outbreak of the Great War found Balicki by the Neva. On 25 November 1914, he became a member of the Polish National Committee (KNP) established in Warsaw and then transferred to Petrograd under the leadership of Roman Dmowski. He published in the pages of \"Sprawa Polska\" (\"Polish Issue\") - a weekly founded by Dmowski, the press organ of the KNP.\nThe last political initiative in which Balicki got involved was his idea to create Polish military formations attached to the Russian army. Dmowski was much more sceptical in this matter, doubting the independence of such units (should they be created), and therefore seeing little political benefit for the Polish cause in this undertaking.\nUltimately, however, the KNP favoured Balicki's concept. In January 1915, the Organizing Committee of the Polish Legions was set up under the auspices of the KNP. Balicki joined it as head of the recruitment section. It was assumed that between 200,000 and 300,000 volunteers would join the ranks of the Legions. Less than a thousand joined (the so-called Puławski Legion, consisting of 900 soldiers). Not only was there a lack of enthusiasm for the idea among Poles, but also the actual sabotaging of the entire campaign by the Russian authorities played its (negative) role. This failure was certainly a great blow to Balicki as the author of the whole concept and head of the recruitment section at the Polish Legions' Organising Committee. It also contributed to a weakening of his position in the national democratic camp itself.\nAfter Dmowski's departure from Russia in November 1915, Balicki - as it might have seemed - was the natural leader of National Democracy in Russia. However, this did not happen.\nAt the beginning of 1916, Balicki's closest associates noticed his deteriorating mood and apathy, which manifested itself in his shying away from political activity. This was undoubtedly caused by the combination of several factors: problems in his personal life (separation from his wife), growing coronary heart disease and the failure of the idea of forming Polish Legions in Russia.\nBalicki died in Petrograd on 12 September 1916. Three days later he was buried in the crypt of the Catholic Church of the Ascension, which stood in one of the town's Catholic cemeteries. In 1920, the Bolshevik authorities ordered that all coffins be removed from the church to be destroyed, and the bodies buried in them were placed (or rather dumped) in a mass grave in the Uspensky Orthodox cemetery.", "Hedonizm jako punkt wyjścia etyki (1900)\nEgoizm narodowy wobec etyki (National Egoism and Ethics) (1903)\nMetody nauk społecznych i ich rozwój w XIX stuleciu (1903)\nParlamentaryzm : zarys socylologiczny Vol 1–2 (1900, 1906)\nPsychologia społeczna : czynności poznawania (1912)\nZ doby przełomu myśli narodowej (1916)", "Grzegorz Czajka (2010). Zygmunt Balicki jako ideolog polskiej myśli narodowej (PDF) (Thesis) (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagiellonski. pp. 8–15/104.\nNorman Davies (24 February 2005). Rossiya (Google books preview). God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-19-925340-1. Retrieved 19 August 2014.\nWyrwa, Ulrich. \"Anti-semitism in Europe (1879–1914): Lines of inquiry, conception and objectives of the research seminar at the center for anti-semitism research.\" Annals of the University of Bucharest/Political science series 13.1 (2011): 3–17.\nKucharczyk, Grzegorz (2020). Kawęcki, Krzysztof (ed.). Zygmunt Balicki. Słownik biograficzny polskiego obozu narodowego. ISBN 978-83-959899. \nPorter 1992, 640.\nCreese, Mary R. S. (2015). Ladies in the Laboratory IV: Imperial Russia's Women in Science, 1800–1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9781442247420. Retrieved 20 August 2018.", "Bullen, Roger J.; von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge; Polonsky, A. B., eds. (1984). Ideas into Politics: Aspects of European History, 1880–1950. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-7099-0696-X.\nPorter, Brian A. (Winter 1992). \"Who is a Pole and Where is Poland? Territory and Nation in the Rhetoric of Polish National Democracy before 1905\". Slavic Review. 51 (4): 639–53. doi:10.2307/2500129. JSTOR 2500129.\nDawidowicz, Aneta (2006). Zygmunt Balicki (1858-1916): Działacz i teoretyk polskiego nacjonalizm. Kraków: Nomos. ISBN 83-60490-12-0.\nGrott, Bogumił (1995). Zygmunt Balicki - ideolog Narodowej Demokracji. Kraków: Arcana. ISBN 83-86225-90-4." ]

[ "Zygmunt Balicki", "Life", "Works", "Notes", "References" ]

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[ "Bauman in 2013", "Bauman in the uniform of major of Internal Security Corps (1953)", "Bauman in Wrocław, 2011", "Bauman in Berlin, 2015" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Zygmunt_Bauman_Teatro_Dal_Verme.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Zygmunt_Bauman.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Zygmunt_Bauman%2C_fot._M._Oliva_Soto_%286144135392%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Re-publica_2015_-_Tag_3_%2817404674595%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Bauman (/ˈbaʊmən/; 19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish sociologist and philosopher. He was driven out of the Polish People's Republic during the 1968 Polish political crisis and forced to give up his Polish citizenship. He emigrated to Israel; three years later he moved to the United Kingdom. He resided in England from 1971, where he studied at the London School of Economics and became Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds, later Emeritus. Bauman was a social theorist, writing on issues as diverse as modernity and the Holocaust, postmodern consumerism and liquid modernity.", "Bauman was born to non-observant Polish Jewish family in Poznań, Second Polish Republic, in 1925. In 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, his family escaped eastwards into the USSR.", "In the 1940s Bauman enlisted in the Soviet-controlled First Polish Army, working as a political instructor. He took part in the Battle of Kolberg (1945) and the Battle of Berlin. In May 1945, he was awarded the Military Cross of Valour. After World War II he became one of the Polish Army's youngest majors.\nAccording to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, from 1945 to 1953 Bauman was a political officer in the Internal Security Corps (KBW), a military intelligence formed to combat the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the remnants of the Polish Home Army. From 1945 to 1948 Bauman worked for military intelligence. However, the nature and extent of his collaboration remain unknown, as well as the exact circumstances under which it was terminated.\nIn an interview with The Guardian, Bauman confirmed he had been a committed communist during and after World War II and had never made a secret of it. He admitted that joining the military intelligence service at age 19 was a mistake although he had a \"dull\" desk-job and did not remember informing on anyone. While serving in the Internal Security Corps, Bauman first studied sociology at the Warsaw Academy of Political and Social Science. In 1953, Bauman, already in the rank of major, was suddenly dishonourably discharged, after his father had approached the Israeli embassy in Warsaw with a view to emigrating to Israel. As Bauman did not share his father's Zionist tendencies and was indeed strongly anti-Zionist, his dismissal caused a severe, though temporary estrangement from his father. During the period of unemployment that followed, he completed his M.A. and in 1954 became a lecturer at the University of Warsaw, where he remained until 1968.\nWhile at the London School of Economics, where his supervisor was Robert McKenzie, he prepared a comprehensive study on the British socialist movement, his first major book. Published originally in Polish in 1959, a revised edition appeared in English in 1972. Bauman went on to publish other books, including Socjologia na co dzień (\"Everyday Sociology\", 1964), which reached a large popular audience in Poland and later formed the foundation for the English-language text-book Thinking Sociologically (1990). Initially, Bauman remained close to orthodox Marxist doctrine, but, influenced by Georg Simmel and Antonio Gramsci, he became increasingly critical of Poland's Communist government. Owing to this he was never awarded a professorship even after he completed his habilitation but, after his former teacher, Julian Hochfeld, was made vice-director of UNESCO's Department for Social Sciences in Paris in 1962, Bauman did in fact inherit Hochfeld's chair.\nFaced with increasing political pressure connected with a political purge led by Mieczysław Moczar, the Chief of the Polish Communist Security Police, Bauman renounced his membership of the governing Polish United Workers' Party in January 1968. The March 1968 events culminated in a purge that drove many remaining Communist Poles of Jewish descent out of the country, including those intellectuals who had fallen from grace with the communist government. Bauman, who had lost his chair at the University of Warsaw, was among them. He had to give up Polish citizenship to be allowed to leave the country.\nFrom 1968- 1970 he went to Israel to teach at Tel Aviv University. Thereafter he accepted the chair of sociology at the University of Leeds, where he intermittently also served as head of the department. After his appointment, he published almost exclusively in English, his third language, and his reputation grew.\nFrom the late 1990s, Bauman exerted a considerable influence on the anti- or alter-globalization movement.\nIn a 2011 interview in the Polish weekly, \"Polityka\", Bauman criticised Zionism and Israel, saying Israel was not interested in peace and that it was \"taking advantage of the Holocaust to legitimize unconscionable acts\". He compared the Israeli West Bank barrier to the walls of the Warsaw Ghetto where hundreds of thousands of Jews died in the Holocaust. The Israeli ambassador to Warsaw, Zvi Bar, called Bauman's comments \"half truths\" and \"groundless generalizations.\"\nBauman was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.", "Bauman was married to writer Janina Bauman, née Lewinson; 18 August 1926 – 29 December 2009. They had three daughters, painter Lydia Bauman, architect Irena Bauman, and professor Anna Sfard, a leading theorist of education at the University of Haifa. His grandson Michael Sfard is a prominent civil rights lawyer and author in Israel. Zygmunt Bauman died in Leeds on 9 January 2017.", "Bauman's published work extends to 57 books and well over a hundred articles. Most of these address a number of common themes, among which are globalisation, modernity and postmodernity, consumerism, and morality.", "Bauman's earliest publication in English is a study of the British labour movement and its relationship to class and social stratification, originally published in Poland in 1960. He continued to publish on the subject of class and social conflict until the early 1980s. His last book was on the subject of Memories of Class. Whilst his later books do not address issues of class directly, he continued to describe himself as a socialist, and he never rejected Marxism entirely. The Neo-Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci in particular remained one of his most profound influences, along with Neo-Kantian sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel.", "In the late 1980s and early 1990s Bauman published a number of books that dealt with the relationship between modernity, bureaucracy, rationality and social exclusion. Bauman, following Freud, came to view European modernity as a trade off: European society, he argued, had agreed to forego a level of freedom to receive the benefits of increased individual security. Bauman argued that modernity, in what he later came to term its 'solid' form, involved removing unknowns and uncertainties. It involved control over nature, hierarchical bureaucracy, rules and regulations, control and categorisation — all of which attempted to remove gradually personal insecurities, making the chaotic aspects of human life appear well-ordered and familiar.\nLater in a number of books Bauman began to develop the position that such order-making never manages to achieve the desired results. \nWhen life becomes organised into familiar and manageable categories, he argued, there are always social groups who cannot be administered, who cannot be separated out and controlled. In his book Modernity and Ambivalence Bauman began to theorise about such indeterminate persons in terms of an allegorical figure he called, 'the stranger.' Drawing upon Georg Simmel's sociology and the philosophy of Jacques Derrida, Bauman came to write of the stranger as the person who is present yet unfamiliar, society's undecidable. In Modernity and Ambivalence Bauman attempted to give an account of the different approaches modern society adopts toward the stranger. He argued that, on the one hand, in a consumer-oriented economy the strange and the unfamiliar is always enticing; in different styles of food, different fashions and in tourism it is possible to experience the allure of what is unfamiliar. Yet this strange-ness also has a more negative side. The stranger, because he cannot be controlled or ordered, is always the object of fear; he is the potential mugger, the person outside of society's borders who is a constant threat.\nBauman's most famous book, Modernity and the Holocaust, is an attempt to give a full account of the dangers of those kinds of fears. Drawing upon Hannah Arendt and Theodor Adorno's books on totalitarianism and the Enlightenment, Bauman developed the argument that the Holocaust should not simply be considered to be an event in Jewish history, nor a regression to pre-modern barbarism. Rather, he argued, the Holocaust should be seen as deeply connected to modernity and its order-making efforts. Procedural rationality, the division of labour into smaller and smaller tasks, the taxonomic categorisation of different species, and the tendency to view obedience to rules as morally good, all played their role in the Holocaust coming to pass. He argued that for this reason modern societies have not fully grasped the lessons of the Holocaust; it tends to be viewed—to use Bauman's metaphor—like a picture hanging on the wall, offering few lessons. In Bauman's analysis the Jews became 'strangers' par excellence in Europe. The Final Solution was pictured by him as an extreme example of the attempt made by society to excise the uncomfortable and indeterminate elements that exist within it. Bauman, like the philosopher Giorgio Agamben, contended that the same processes of exclusion that were at work in the Holocaust could, and to an extent do, still come into play today.", "In the mid-to-late 1990s, Bauman began to explore postmodernity and consumerism. He posited that a shift had taken place in modern society in the latter half of the 20th century. It had changed from a society of producers into a society of consumers. According to Bauman, this change reversed Freud's \"modern\" tradeoff—i.e., security was given up in exchange for more freedom, freedom to purchase, consume, and enjoy life. In his books in the 1990s Bauman wrote of this as being a shift from \"modernity\" to \"post-modernity\".\nSince the turn of the millennium, his books have tried to avoid the confusion surrounding the term \"postmodernity\" by using the metaphors of \"liquid\" and \"solid\" modernity. In his books on modern consumerism, Bauman still writes of the same uncertainties that he portrayed in his writings on \"solid\" modernity; but in these books he writes of fears becoming more diffuse and harder to pin down. Indeed, they are, to use the title of one of his books, \"liquid fears\" – fears about paedophilia, for instance, which are amorphous and have no easily identifiable reference.\nBauman is credited with coining the term allosemitism to encompass both philo-Semitic and anti-Semitic attitudes towards Jews as the other. Bauman reportedly predicted the negative political effect that social media have on voter's choice by denouncing them as 'trap' where people only \"see reflections of their own face\".", "One of Bauman works focuses on the concept of art as influenced by the liquidity of appreciation. The author puts forward the idea that \"we desire and seek a realization that usually consists of a constant becoming, in a permanent disposition of becoming\". In essence, our aim is not the object of our longing but the action of longing itself, and the worst peril is reaching complete satisfaction.\nIn this framework, Bauman explores how art can position itself in a world where the fleeting is the dominant paradigm. Art is substantially something that contributes to giving immortality to virtually anything: hence the philosopher wonders, \"can art transform the ephemeral into an eternal matter?\". Bauman concludes that the current reality is characterized by individuals who do not have time nor space to relate with the everlasting, with absolute and established values. Art and the relation of people with them, both in creating it and in participating in it, is dramatically changing. Citing Hannah Arendt, he asserts that \"an object is cultural if it persists; its temporary aspect, its permanence, is opposite to the functional [...] culture sees itself threatened when all the objects in the world, those produced today and those of the past, are exclusively considered from the point of view of utility for the social process of survival\". Withal, the concept of culture and art can only find a sense in the liquid society if it abandons its traditional understanding and adopts the deconstructive approach.", "Bauman was awarded the European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences in 1992 and the Theodor W. Adorno Award of the city of Frankfurt in 1998. He was awarded in 2010, jointly with Alain Touraine, the Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and the Humanities.\nThe University of Leeds established 'The Bauman Institute' within its School of Sociology and Social Policy in his honour in September 2010. The University of Lower Silesia, a small private higher education institution in Lower Silesia, Poland, planned to award Bauman an honorary doctorate in October 2013. However, as a reaction to a major anti-communist and what Bauman supporters allege \"anti-semitic\" uproar against him, he eventually rejected the award.\nIn 2015 the University of Salento awarded Bauman an honorary degree in Modern Languages, Literature and Literary Translation.", "In 2014, Peter Walsh, a PhD candidate at the University of Cambridge, accused Bauman of plagiarism from several websites, including Wikipedia, in his book Does the Richness of the Few Benefit Us All? (2013). In this book Bauman is said to have copied verbatim paragraphs from Wikipedia articles on Slow Food and steady-state economy, along with their bibliography, without attributing sources, authors or the fact that they were copied from Wikipedia. He did use a paragraph from the article on the golden handshake, but this citation was properly attributed to Wikipedia.\nIn a response, Bauman suggested that \"obedience\" to \"technical\" rules was unnecessary, and that he \"never once failed to acknowledge the authorship of the ideas or concepts that I deployed, or that inspired the ones I coined\". In a detailed critique of Walsh and co-author David Lehmann, cultural critics Brad Evans and Henry A. Giroux concluded: \"This charge against Bauman is truly despicable. It's a reactionary ideological critique dressed up as the celebration of method and a back-door defence of sterile empiricism and culture of positivism. This is a discourse that enshrines data, correlations, and performance, while eschewing matters of substance, social problems, and power.\"", "", "1957: Zagadnienia centralizmu demokratycznego w pracach Lenina [Questions of Democratic Centralism in Lenin's Works]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.\n1959: Socjalizm brytyjski: Źródła, filozofia, doktryna polityczna [British Socialism: Sources, Philosophy, Political Doctrine]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.\n1960: Klasa, ruch, elita: Studium socjologiczne dziejów angielskiego ruchu robotniczego [Class, Movement, Elite: A Sociological Study on the History of the British Labour Movement]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.\n1960: Z dziejów demokratycznego ideału [From the History of the Democratic Ideal]. Warszawa: Iskry.\n1960: Kariera: cztery szkice socjologiczne [Career: Four Sociological Sketches]. Warszawa: Iskry.\n1961: Z zagadnień współczesnej socjologii amerykańskiej [Questions of Modern American Sociology]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.\n1962 (with Szymon Chodak, Juliusz Strojnowski, Jakub Banaszkiewicz): Systemy partyjne współczesnego kapitalizmu [The Party Systems of Modern Capitalism]. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.\n1962: Spoleczeństwo, w ktorym żyjemy [The Society we inhabit]. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.\n1962: Zarys socjologii. Zagadnienia i pojęcia [Outline of Sociology. Questions and Concepts]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.\n1963: Idee, ideały, ideologie [Ideas, Ideals, Ideologies]. Warszawa: Iskry.\n1964: Zarys marksistowskiej teorii spoleczeństwa [ An Outline of the Marxist Theory of Society]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.\n1964: Socjologia na co dzień [Everyday Sociology]. Warszawa: Iskry.\n1965: Wizje ludzkiego świata. Studia nad społeczną genezą i funkcją socjologii [Visions of a Human World: Studies on the genesis of society and the function of sociology]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.\n1966: Kultura i społeczeństwo. Preliminaria [Culture and Society, Preliminaries]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.\n2017: Szkice z teorii kultury [Essays in cultural theory]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. ISBN 978-83-7383-878-9 [First edition of a manuscript originally completed in 1967]", "1972: Between Class and Elite. The Evolution of the British Labour Movement. A Sociological Study. Manchester: Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-0502-7 (Polish original 1960)\n1973: Culture as Praxis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7619-5989-0\n1976: Socialism: The Active Utopia. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers. ISBN 0-8419-0240-2\n1976: Towards a Critical Sociology: An Essay on Common-Sense and Emancipation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-8306-8\n1978: Hermeneutics and Social Science: Approaches to Understanding. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-132531-5\n1982: Memories of Class: The Pre-History and After-Life of Class. London/Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-9196-6\nc. 1985 Stalin and the Peasant Revolution: A Case Study in the Dialectics of Master and Slave. Leeds: University of Leeds Department of Sociology. ISBN 0-907427-18-9\n1987: Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Post-Modernity, Intellectuals. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2104-7\n1988: Freedom. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15592-8\n1989: Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 1989. ISBN 0-8014-2397-X\n1990: Paradoxes of Assimilation. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.\n1990: Thinking Sociologically. An Introduction for Everyone. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16361-1\n1991: Modernity and Ambivalence. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2603-0\n1992: Intimations of Postmodernity. London, New York: Routhledge. ISBN 0-415-06750-2\n1992: Mortality, Immortality and Other Life Strategies. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-1016-1\n1993: Postmodern Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18693-X\n1994: Dwa szkice o moralności ponowoczesnej [Two sketches on postmodern morality]. Warszawa: IK.\n1995: Life in Fragments. Essays in Postmodern Morality. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19267-0\n1996: Alone Again – Ethics After Certainty. London: Demos. ISBN 1-898309-40-X\n1997: Postmodernity and its Discontents. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-7456-1791-3\n1995: Ciało i przemoc w obliczu ponowoczesności [Body and Violence in the Face of Postmodernity]. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. ISBN 83-231-0654-1\n1997: (with Roman Kubicki, Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska) Humanista w ponowoczesnym świecie – rozmowy o sztuce życia, nauce, życiu sztuki i innych sprawach [A Humanist in the Postmodern World – Conversations on the Art of Life, Science, the Life of Art and Other Matters]. Warszawa: Zysk i S-ka. ISBN 83-7150-313-X\n1998: Work, Consumerism and the New Poor. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-20155-5\n1998: Globalization: The Human Consequences. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-7456-2012-4\n1999: In Search of Politics. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2172-4\n2000: Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity ISBN 0-7456-2409-X\n(2000 [ed. by Peter Beilharz]: The Bauman Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21492-5)\n2001: Community. Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2634-3\n2001: The Individualized Society. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2506-1\n2001 (with Keith Tester): Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2664-5\n2001 (with Tim May): Thinking Sociologically, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21929-3\n2002: Society Under Siege. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2984-9\n2003: Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds, Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2489-8\n2003: City of Fears, City of Hopes. London: Goldsmiths College. ISBN 1-904158-37-4\n2004: Wasted Lives. Modernity and its Outcasts. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3164-9\n2004: Europe: An Unfinished Adventure. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3403-6\n2004: Identity: Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3308-0\n2005: Liquid Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3514-8\n2006: Liquid Fear. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3680-2\n2006: Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3987-9\n2006: Moralność w niestabilnym świecie [Morality in an instable World]. Poznań: Księgarnia św. Wojciecha. ISBN 83-7015-863-3\n2007: Consuming Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-4002-8\n2008: Does Ethics Have a Chance in a World of Consumers? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02780-9\n2008: The Art of Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-4326-4\n2009: Living on Borrowed Time: Conversations with Citlali Rovirosa-Madrazo. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-4738-8\n2009: (with Roman Kubicki, Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska) Życie w kontekstach. Rozmowy o tym, co za nami i o tym, co przed nami. [Life in contexts. Conversations about what lies behind us and what lies ahead of us.] Warszawa: WAiP. ISBN 978-83-61408-77-2\n2010: 44 Letters from the Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5056-2\n2011: Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5294-8\n2011: Culture in a Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5355-6\n2012: This is Not a Diary. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5570-3\n2012: (with David Lyon) Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-6282-4\n2013: (with Leonidas Donskis) Moral Blindness: The Loss of Sensitivity in Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-6274-9\n2013: (with Stanisław Obirek) O bogu i człowieku. Rozmowy. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 978-83-08-05089-7\ntranslated as Of God and Man. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-9568-6\n2013: (with Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Keith Tester) What use is sociology? Conversations with Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Keith Tester. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-7124-6\n2013: Does the Richness of the Few Benefit Us All? Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-7109-3\n2014: (with Carlo Bordoni) State of Crisis. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-8095-8\n2015: (with Rein Raud) Practices of Selfhood. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-9017-9\n2015: (with Irena Bauman, Jerzy Kociatkiewicz, and Monika Kostera) Management in a Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-0222-6\n2015: (with Stanisław Obirek) Of God and Man, Cambridge: Polity Press.ISBN 978-0-7456-9568-6.\n2015: (with Stanisław Obirek) On the World and Ourselves, Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-8711-7.\n2016: (with Leonidas Donskis) Liquid Evil. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-0812-9\n2016: (with Ezio Mauro) Babel. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-0760-3\n2016: Strangers at Our Door. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-1217-1\n2017: Retrotopia. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-1531-8\n2017: (with Thomas Leoncini) Nati Liquidi. Sperling & Kupfler. ISBN 978-88-200-6266-8\n2017: Zygmunt Bauman. Das Vertraute unvertraut machen. Ein Gespräch mit Peter Haffner, Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-455-00153-2\n2017: A Chronicle of Crisis: 2011–2016. Social Europe Editions. ISBN 1-9997151-0-1", "Leszek Kołakowski", "Zygmunt, B. (2000). Liquid modernity. Polity, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-7456-2409-9\n\"Zygmunt Bauman\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\n\"Zmarł filozof Zygmunt Bauman. Miał 91 lat\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\n\"Czy Bauman rzeczywiście dostał Krzyż Walecznych za zwalczanie żołnierzy wyklętych? Historyk IPN oskarża, ale prawda może wyglądać zupełnie inaczej\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\n\"Kim naprawdę jest Zygmunt Bauman? Przeczytaj tajny dokument bezpieki i tłumaczenia socjologa dla brytyjskiej prasy\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\nPiotr Gontarczyk: Towarzysz \"Semjon\". Nieznany życiorys Zygmunta Baumana Archived 29 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine \"Biuletyn IPN\", 6/2006. S. 74–83\nAida Edemariam, \"Professor with a past\", The Guardian, 28 April 2007.\nThe Guardian piece erroneously claimed that the Brickhouse article, to which it referred, was written by Bogdan Musiał, a conservative Polish historian working in Germany. In fact, it was written by the Institute of National Remembrance employee, Piotr Gontarczyk; Musiał had simply repeated Gontarczyk's findings in the German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.\n\"Wszystkie życia Zygmunta Baumana\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\n\"The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman before 1968: from the \"Mechanistic\" to the \"Activistic\" Version of Marxism\". JSTOR 24919798.\n\"Hidden Paths in Zygmunt Bauman's Sociology: Editorial Introduction\". doi:10.1177/0263276418767568.\nFrister, Roman (1 September 2011). \"Polish-Jewish sociologist compares West Bank separation fence to Warsaw Ghetto walls\". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 January 2020.\n\"Overview\". Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 9 October 2017.\nJanina Bauman nie żyje, Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 10 January 2017.(in Polish)\n\"Zygmunt Bauman, sociologist who wrote identity in the modern world, dies at 91\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Renowned sociologist Zygmunt Bauman dies in Leeds\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\n\"Zygmunt Bauman obituary\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\n\"Academic Staff \" Sociology and Social Policy \" University of Leeds\". University of Leeds. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.\n\"Introduction to Zygmunt Bauman\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\nPalese, E. (2013). \"Zygmunt Bauman. Individual and society in the liquid modernity\". SpringerPlus. Vol. 2, no. 1. p. 191. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-191. PMC 3786078. PMID 24083097.\n\"The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman. Challenges and Critique\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\nBetween Class and Élite. The Evolution of the British Labour Movement: A Sociological Study. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1972.\nMemories of Class: The Pre-History and After-Life of Class. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul\nMadeleine Bunting, \"Passion and pessimism\". The Guardian, 5 April 2003.\nBauman, Zygmunt; Tester, Keith (31 May 2013). Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7456-5713-4.\nSee in particular Modernity and Ambivalence, Cambridge: Polity, 1991, and Modernity and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Polity/Blackwell, 1990.\nGerlach, Alf; Hooke, Maria Teresa Savio; Varvin, Sverre (27 April 2018). \"Psychoanalysis in Asia\". ISBN 978-0-429-91781-3. Retrieved 24 April 2020.\nJunkers, Gabriele (2013). \"The Empty Couch: The Taboo of Ageing and Retirement in Psychoanalysis\". ISBN 978-0-415-59861-3. Retrieved 24 April 2020.\nJunkers, Gabriele (2013). \"The Empty Couch: The Taboo of Ageing and Retirement in Psychoanalysis\". ISBN 978-0-415-59861-3. Retrieved 24 April 2020.\nModernity and the Holocaust, p. 53.\n\"Modernity and the Mechanisms of Moral Neutralisation\". Retrieved 24 April 2020.\nWork, Consumerism and the New Poor, Open University, 1998.\nSee In Search of Politics, Polity, 1999.\nWeinstein, Valerie. \"Dissolving Boundaries: Assimilation and Allosemitism in E. A. Dupont's \"Das Alte Gesetz\" (1923) and Veit Harlan's \"Jud Süss\" (1940)\", The German Quarterly 78.4 (2005): 496–516.\nBriefel, Aviva. \"Allosemitic Modernism\", Novel: A Forum on Fiction 43, no. 2 (2010): 361–63, Jstor.org. Retrieved 9 January 2017.\nDe Querol, Ricardo (25 January 2016). \"Zygmunt Bauman: \"Social media are a trap\". El Pais.\nArte, ¿líquido?. Bauman, Zygmunt, 1925-2017., Ochoa de Michelena, Francisco. Madrid: Sequitur. 2007. ISBN 978-84-95363-36-7. OCLC 434421494.\n\"The Princess of Asturias Foundation\". www.fpa.es. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010.\n\"The Bauman Institute\". University of Leeds. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2017.\nGnauck, Gerhard (23 August 2013). \"Ehrendoktor mit Hindernissen\". Die Welt.\n\"Leeds professor rejects Polish award over antisemitic slurs\", The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 9 January 2017.\n\"Prof. Bauman rezygnuje z honorowego doktoratu ('Prof. Bauman resigns honorary doctorate')\". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 19 August 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2014.\n\"Laurea honoris causa a Zygmunt Bauman: materiali (Honorary degree to Zygmunt Bauman: resources)\" (in Italian). 17 April 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2017.\n\"KOMPROMITACJE: Zygmunt Bauman przepisuje z Wikipedii albo wielka nauka i małe machlojki\". kompromitacje.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2015.\nJump, Paul (3 April 2014). \"Zygmunt Bauman rebuffs plagiarism accusation\". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 3 April 2014.\nBrad Evans and Henry A. Giroux, \"Self-Plagiarism and the Politics of Character Assassination: the Case of Zygmunt Bauman\", CounterPunch, 27 August 2015.\n\"Szkice z teorii kultury\". scholar.com.pl. Retrieved 3 January 2017.\n\"Gb1-08.qxd\" (PDF). Demos.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2017.", "1995: Richard Kilminster, Ian Varcoe (eds.), Culture, Modernity and Revolution: Essays in Honour of Zygmunt Bauman. London: Routledge; ISBN 0-415-08266-8\n2000: Peter Beilharz, Zygmunt Bauman: Dialectic of Modernity. London: Sage; ISBN 0-7619-6735-4\n2000: Dennis Smith, Zygmunt Bauman: Prophet of Postmodernity (Key Contemporary Thinkers). Cambridge: Polity; ISBN 0-7456-1899-5\n2004: Keith Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman. Palgrave MacMillan; ISBN 1-4039-1271-8\n2005: Tony Blackshaw, Zygmunt Bauman (Key Sociologists). London/New York: Routledge; ISBN 0-415-35504-4\n2006: Keith Tester, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Bauman Before Postmodernity: Invitation, Conversations and Annotated Bibliography 1953–1989. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press; ISBN 87-7307-738-0\n2007: Keith Tester, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Sophia Marshman, Bauman Beyond Postmodernity: Conversations, Critiques and Annotated Bibliography 1989–2005. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press; ISBN 87-7307-783-6\n2007: Anthony Elliott (ed.), The Contemporary Bauman. London: Routledge; ISBN 0-415-40969-1\n2008: Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Poul Poder (eds.), The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman: Challenges and Critique. London: Ashgate; ISBN 0-7546-7060-0.\n2008: Mark Davis, Freedom and Consumerism: A Critique of Zygmunt Bauman's Sociology. Aldershot: Ashgate; ISBN 978-0-7546-7271-5.\n2010: Mark Davis, Keith Tester (eds), Bauman's Challenge: Sociological Issues for the 21st Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; ISBN 978-0-230-22134-5\n2013: Pierre-Antoine Chardel, Zygmunt Bauman. Les illusions perdues de la modernité. Paris: CNRS Editions; ISBN 978-2-271-07542-0\n2013: Shaun Best, Zygmunt Bauman: Why Good People Do Bad Things. Farnham: Ashgate; ISBN 978-1-4094-3588-4\n2013: Mark Davis (ed.), Liquid Sociology: Metaphor in Zygmunt Bauman's Analysis of Modernity. Farnham: Ashgate; ISBN 978-1-4094-3887-8\n2013: Paulo Fernando da Silva, Conceito de ética na contemporaneidade segundo Bauman. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica; ISBN 978-85-7983-427-1\n2016: Michael Hviid Jacobsen (Ed), \"Beyond Bauman: Critical Engagements and Creative Excursions\"? London: Routledge; ISBN 978-1-4724-7611-1 (hardback); 978-1-315-56917-8 (ebook)\n2016: Tony Blackshaw (Ed),\" The New Bauman Reader: Thinking Sociologically in Liquid Modern Times\", Manchester: Manchester University Press; ISBN 978-1-5261-0079-5 (hardback); 978-1-7849-9403-7 (paperback)\n2016: Carlo Bordoni (Ed), \"Zygmunt Bauman. With an original contribution\", in Revue Internationale de Philosophie, n. 3, vol. 70, ISBN 978-2-930560-28-1\n2017: Ali Rattansi, \"Bauman and Contemporary Sociology: A Critical Analysis\", Manchester: Manchester University Press (in press, to be published Spring 2017).\n2017: Sociedade, Linguagem e Modernidade Líquida. Interview By Leo Peruzzo; in Journal Diálogo Educacional, n. 6, vol. 47.\n2020: Shaun Best, Zygmunt Bauman on Education in Liquid Modernity, London, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138-54514-4\n2020: Shaun Best, The Emerald Guide to Zygmunt Bauman (Emerald Guides to Social Thought), Bingley, Emerald Publishing Limited {978-1839097416}\n2020: Izabela Wagner, Bauman: A Biography. Cambridge: Polity; ISBN 978-1-5095-2686-4\n2020: Sheila Fitzpatrick, \"Whatever Made Him\" (review of Izabela Wagner, Bauman: A Biography, Polity, June 2020, ISBN 978-1-5095-2686-4, 510 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 17 (10 September 2020), pp. 9–11. \"[This biography's] leitmotif is the dichotomy between Bauman's Polish and Jewish identities, the first being the one he chose, the second the one fixed on him by others, in particular other Poles. [p. 9.] [F]or all the difficulties and uprootings of his life, he not only stubbornly refused the role of victim but also managed to achieve the rare status – rare at least in interesting biographies – of being a happy man.\" (p. 11.)", "Sociologist Zygmunt Bauman dies, hotrecentnews.com\nInhumanity is part of human nature, salon.eu.sk\nFree full-text download of Alone Again – Ethics After Certainty (1996) from the official publisher Demos (PDF)\n\"The Global Factory of Wasted Humans\" – filmed conference of Z. Bauman (2003), archivesaudiovisuelles.fr\nBauman interview (2011), vimeo.com\nVideo: The Ambiance of Uncertainty – Interview on Reset – Dialogues on Civilizations, resetdoc.org\nZygmunt Bauman: Behind the World's 'crisis of humanity', youtube.com (23 July 2016)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Bauman", "Early life and education", "Career", "Family", "Work", "Early work", "Modernity and rationality", "Postmodernity and consumerism", "Art: a liquid element?", "Awards and honours", "Criticisms", "Bibliography", "Warsaw period", "Leeds period", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "General Zygmunt Berling \n(wearing the uniform of a colonel)", "1928 army document signed by Berling when he was a major - Krakow.", "General Berling in Warsaw, 1947", "Berling gravestone at Powązki Military Cemetery", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Zygmunt_Berling.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/1928_army_document_signed_by_Berling_when_he_was_a_major_-_Krakow.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Zygmunt_Berling_i_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Forbert_1947.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gr%C3%B3b_Zygmunta_Berlinga_na_cmentarzu_Wojskowym_na_Pow%C4%85zkach_2017.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Krzyz_Walecznych_Ribbon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Order_of_Lenin_ribbon_bar.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Order_of_Glory_Ribbon_Bar.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/20_years_of_victory_rib.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/30_years_of_victory_rib.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Order_friendship_of_peoples_rib.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Henryk Berling (27 April 1896 – 11 July 1980) was a Polish general and politician. He fought for the independence of Poland in the early 20th century. Berling was a co-founder and commander of the First Polish Army, which fought on the Eastern Front of World War II.", "Zygmunt Berling was born in Limanowa, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on 27 April 1896. He joined the Polish Legions of Józef Piłsudski in 1914, serving in the 2nd and 4th Legions Infantry Regiment (Pułk Piechoty Legionów). Between the \"oath crisis\" of June 1917 and October 1918 he served in the Austro-Hungarian Army. At the end of the World War I he joined the reborn Polish Army, becoming the commander of an infantry company in the 4th Infantry Regiment. During the Polish–Soviet War, he gained fame as an able commander during the Battle of Lwów and received the Virtuti Militari medal.\nAfter the war, he remained in the military and in 1923 he was promoted to the rank of major, first serving on staff of the 15th Infantry Division of V District Corps Command in Kraków. In 1930, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and started his service as a commanding officer, first in the 6th Infantry Regiment and then in the 4th Infantry Regiment. Berling retired from active duty in June 1939 because of divorce problems and conflicts with his superiors.", "Berling did not participate in the Polish defence effort during the Invasion of Poland in 1939. After the city of Vilnius was occupied by the Soviet Union under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Berling, along with many other Polish officers, was arrested by the Soviet secret police (NKVD). He remained in prison until 1940, first in Starobilsk and later Moscow, eventually agreeing to cooperate with the Soviets.\nAfter the Sikorski–Mayski agreement of 17 August 1941, Berling was nominated to be chief of staff of the recreated 5th Infantry Division, and later commander of the temporary camp for Polish soldiers in Krasnovodsk. Berling refused to leave the Soviet Union with the army led by Władysław Anders, of which Berling was formally a member. Along with two other officers, he was tried in absentia before an Anders' Army court which sentenced them to death. The sentence was vacated by General Kazimierz Sosnkowski, the Polish commander-in-chief of forces loyal to the London government in exile.\nFrom 1940, Berling had been involved in efforts to create a Polish division in the Soviet Union, at first within the Soviet Red Army. In September 1942 and during the following months, he and Wanda Wasilewska appealed to Joseph Stalin for permission to establish the Polish division. On 8 April 1943, Berling proposed the establishment of a new Polish army; permission was granted after the break in Soviet-Polish diplomatic relations.\nIn May 1943, the communist-led Polish People's Army was created in the Soviet Union. It was a new formation of Polish Armed Forces in the East. Berling was nominated to be the commander of its first unit, the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, and was promoted to general by Stalin. He became the overall deputy commander of the Polish Army on the Eastern Front on 22 July 1944.\nOn 1 August 1944, the underground Polish Home Army, loyal to the Polish government-in-exile in London, began the 63-day long Warsaw Uprising, an attempt to free the city from the occupying German forces before the arrival of the Red Army. On 15–23 September, when the uprising was in its later phase, with his First Polish Army on the east bank of the Vistula River and the Praga district of Warsaw already secured, Berling led a rescue effort that involved crossing the Vistula and establishing a bridgehead on the west bank. The failed operation, possibly not fully consulted with Berling's Soviet military superiors, resulted in heavy Polish Army casualties and may have caused Berling's dismissal from his post soon thereafter. He was transferred to the War Academy in Moscow, where he remained until his return to Poland in 1947. In Poland, Berling organized and directed the Academy of General Staff (Akademia Sztabu Generalnego). He retired from the military in 1953.", "Zygmunt Berling held a variety of government positions after 1953. Between 1953 and 1956, he was Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of National Agriculture Industries (Ministerstwo Państwowych Gospodarstw Rolnych), between 1956 and 1957 he was Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Agriculture (Ministerstwo Rolnictwa) and from 1957 to 1970 he was General Inspector of Hunting (Inspektor Generalny Łowiectwa) in the Ministry of Forestry (Ministerstwo Leśnictwa). In 1963, he joined the Polish United Workers' Party.\nHe is buried at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw.", " Polish People's Republic:\n Order of the Builders of People's Poland\n Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta\n Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta\n Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari\n Order of the Cross of Grunwald (1st class)\n Order of the Cross of Grunwald (3rd class)\n Order of the Banner of Work (1st class), twice\n Order of the Banner of Work (2nd class)\n Cross of Valour\n Cross of Valour, twice\n Gold Cross of Merit\n Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945\n Cross of Independence\n Soviet Union:\n Order of Lenin, twice\n Medal \"For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\"\n Jubilee Medal \"Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945\"\n Jubilee Medal \"Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\"\n Order of Friendship of Peoples", "Polish contribution to World War II", "Zygmunt Berling..\n\"The papers of Polish General Zygmunt Berling now available at the Hoover Institution\". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\nInformacja historyczna (2008). \"Zygmunt Berling (1896–1980)\". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. \nHalik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed, pp. 376–378.\nAndrew A. Michta (1990). Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics, 1944 - 1988. Hoover Press, Stanford University, California. ISBN 0817988637.", "Bargiełowski, Daniel (1996). Konterfekt renegata. Maciej Dybowski. ISBN 8386482214. OCLC 36400290.\nShort bio and photo of pre-war Jagiellonian University ID (in Polish)\nBiography at the Institute of National Remembrance (in Polish)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Berling", "Military career before World War II", "World War II", "Government career", "Awards and decorations", "See also", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 5361291, 5361292 ]

[ 27243069, 27243070, 27243071, 27243072, 27243073, 27243074, 27243075, 27243076, 27243077, 27243078, 27243079, 27243080, 27243081 ]

[ "Zygmunt Bialostocki" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Zygmunt-bialostocki.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Białostocki (15 August 1897 – c. 1942) was a Polish Jewish musician and composer. He composed many popular Polish pre-war songs, and worked as conductor and a première pianist in Warsaw between the World Wars.", "Białostocki was born in Białystok, Poland. Between 1925–1930 he worked as music director and conductor in the Municipal Theatre in Łódź. Later he moved to Warsaw, where he worked in “revue-theaters” and cabarets (within what is known in Yiddish as kleynkunst), including Perskie Oko, Morskie Oko, Nowy Momus, and Nowy Ananas.\nHe worked with the lyricist Zenon Friedwald (Zenon Frivald-Vardan). His song M’ken nisht tsvingen tsu keyn libe was popularized by the film actor and singer Eugeniusz Bodo in the Polish version called Nie można kogoś zmuszać do miłości. His tango Rebeka, built on Chasidic motifs and sung by Chasidic Jews as a zemer was popular in nightclubs, coffee houses and restaurants across Warsaw between the wars. The lyrics were written by Andrzej Włast; the song was first recorded by Zofia Terne (1932) and premiered at the Morskie Oko cabaret, performed by Dora Kalinówna.\nIn 1932 he was the music director and composer of the score for Biała trucizna (White Venom) movie. In 1933 he worked as accompanist in the Warsaw Nowy Momus and Oasis cabarets, in the Warsaw-Prague Perskie Oko cabaret and in the Warsaw Nowy Ananas theater. His musical comedy called Miłość i złoto (Love and gold), written with Józef Haftman, opened in December 1933 at the Teatr 8:30.\nApart from Rebeka, Białostocki's other szlagiery (hits) included:\nfoxtrots: Ach, te Rumunki, Katiusza, Andriusza, Ecie-pecie (lyrics by himself);\ntangos: Jesienne marzenia, Andrusowskie tango, Pomalutku, po cichutku (lyrics by Andrzej Włast), Szczęście trzeba rwać jak świeże wiśnie and Zoboth (lyrics by W. Jastrzębiec). and Choć goło lecz wesoło (lyrics by Alexander Jellin), Nasze kawalerskie, Noc jesienna (lyrics by Zbigniew Drabik Argus, 1936), Na dnie serca, Nie można zmuszać do miłości, Pieśń o matce (Song about mother) (lyrics by Tadeusz Zeromski and Jerzy Wrzos, sung by Stefan Witas, 1933),\nHis wife Sofia was also a composer.\nAfter the German invasion on Poland in 1939 and German occupation of Poland the Białostockis were forced to live in the ghetto in Warsaw. They are mentioned in Stanisław Adler’s Warsaw ghetto memoir.\nZygmunt Białostocki was murdered by Germans during the liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto, most probably in 1942.", "Music of Poland\nList of Poles", "http://www.altango.art.pl/postacie/zygmunt-bialostocki/ Wojciech Dabrowski biography at altango\nFater, Isaschar (1970). Jewish Music in Poland between the Two World Wars. pp. 255–256.\nhttps://www.imdb.com/title/tt0898089/fullcredits#writers IMDB\nhttp://www.filmweb.pl/film/Bia%C5%82a+trucizna-1932-35875 Filmweb\nhttp://www.bibliotekapiosenki.pl/Bialostocki_Zygmunt Biblioteka Piosenki\nhttp://www.spotkaniazpiosenka.org/ANTOLOGIA/00antologia2.pdf Anthology of Polish song", "\"Jewish Heritage Route project in Bialystok\".\nSongs and Songwriters at yivoencyclopedia.org\nAntalogia at spotkaniaziosenka.org\nBialostocki's song Szczęście trzeba rwać jak świeże wiśnie on YouTube\nScores by Zygmunt Białostocki in digital library Polona" ]

[ "Zygmunt Białostocki", "Life", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361293 ]

[ 27243082, 27243083, 27243084, 27243085, 27243086, 27243087, 27243088 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Gen_Bohusz-Szyszko.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Husarz.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Piotr Bohusz-Szyszko (1893 in Chełm – 1982 in London) was a Polish general. During World War I he served in the Imperial Russian army.\nIn 1940, he was Commanding Officer Polish Independent Highland Brigade (Samodzielna Brygada Strzelcow Podhalanskich) during the Battle of Narvik in the Norwegian campaign. The forces under his command succeeded in capturing the Ankenes peninsula during May 1940.", "-1931 Commanding Officer 58th Regiment\n1931-1934 Commanding Border Defence Regiment Głębokie\n1934-1938 Deputy General Officer Commanding Border Defence Corps\n1938-1939 Commanding Officer Infantry 1st Division\n1939 Commanding Officer Infantry 16th Division\n1939-1940 Commanding Officer 1st Mountain Brigade, Norway\n1941-1942 Head Polish Military Mission Moscow\n1941-1943 Chief of Staff Polish Forces in Soviet Union\n1942 General Officer Commanding 5th Division, Soviet Union\n1943-1945 Deputy General Officer Commanding II Polish Corps, Italy\n1945-1946 General Officer Commanding Army of the East\n1945-1946 General Officer Commanding II Polish Corps, Italy\n1976-1980 General Inspector of the Armed Forces", "Wound Decoration — six times\nGold Cross of the Virtuti Militari (also Silver Cross)\nOfficer's Cross of the Polonia Restituta\nCross of Valour — four times\nGold Cross of Merit with Swords — twice\nNorwegian War Cross", "Biography at Generals.dk", "The Poles at Narvik" ]

[ "Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko", "Career", "Awards and decorations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361294, 5361295 ]

[ 27243089 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Zygmunt_Chych%C5%82a.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Chychła (5 November 1926 – 26 September 2009) was a Polish boxer. He won the first post-World War II Olympic gold medal for Poland.\nIn 1939 he began training at the Polish boxing club Gedania. During the war he lost his Gdansk citizenship and was compulsorily conscripted into the Wehrmacht in 1944. In France he deserted and joined the 2nd Polish Army, led by general Władysław Anders, in Italy. He returned to Poland in 1946.\nIn 1947, he made his debut with the national boxing team of Poland, led by famous coach Feliks Stamm. He started at the 1948 London Olympic Games and reached the quarterfinal. In 1951 he won the European Amateur Boxing Championships in Milan. He was chosen the best Polish Sportspersonality of the Year in a Plebiscite of the Sport Review.\nChychła won the gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki beating in the final a representative of the Soviet Union, Sergei Scherbakov. On the way to the final, he won against Július Torma (Czechoslovakia), the Olympic Champion from London in 1948 and the European Champion from Oslo in 1949. In the same year he was again selected by the Plebiscite of the Sport Review.\nAfter the Olympic Games, he found out that he was ill with tuberculosis. He decided to resign from sports. However, not wanting to lack a competitor at the 1953 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Warsaw, the Polish sports authorities introduced him by mistake, claiming that the disease had backed off. He again won the gold medal there. However, due to lack of treatment, Chychła's tuberculosis worsened, causing a considerable pit in his lungs. Debilitated, he ended his sporting career in 1953. In the early 1970s, he emigrated to Germany.\nHe boxed 17 times for the national team of Poland (15 fights won and 2 lost). In his career, he fought 263 fights: 241 won, 10 tied, and 12 lost.\nHe was awarded the Honourable Citizen of City of Gdańsk title in 2003.\nZygmunt Chychła died on 26 September 2009 in Senior's House in Hamburg.", "Chychła won the welterweight gold medal at the 1952 Helsinki Olympic games.", "Defeated Pierre Wouters (Belgium) 3–0\nDefeated José Luis Dávalos Noriega (Mexico) 3–0\nDefeated Július Torma (Czechoslovakia) 2–1\nDefeated Günther Heidemann (West Germany) 2–1\nDefeated Sergei Scherbakov (Soviet Union) 3–0", "Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics", "Olympic DB" ]

[ "Zygmunt Chychła", "Amateur career", "Olympic results", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361296 ]

[ 27243090 ]

[ "Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski", "Inscription in Polish and Latin:\n\"In this building\nKarol Olszewski and\nZygmunt Wróblewski\nprofessors at Jagiellonian University\nin 1883\nfor the first time in the world liquefied\ncomponents of air\nthereby opening to science and industry\nnew fields of research and application\"" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Zygmunt_Wr%C3%B3blewski.PNG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Krakow_Olszewski_Wroblewski_plaque.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski (28 October 1845 – 16 April 1888) was a Polish physicist and chemist.", "Wróblewski was born in Grodno (Russian Empire, now in Belarus). He studied at Kiev University. After a six-year exile for participating in the January 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia, he studied in Berlin and Heidelberg. He defended his doctoral dissertation at Munich University in 1876 and became an assistant professor at Strasburg University. In 1880 he became a member of the Polish Academy of Learning.\nWróblewski was introduced to gas condensation in Paris by Professor Caillet at the École Normale Supérieure. When Wróblewski was offered a chair in physics at Jagiellonian University, he accepted it. At Kraków he began studying gases and soon established a collaboration with Karol Olszewski.\nWhile studying carbonic acid, Wróblewski discovered the CO₂ hydrate. He reported this finding in 1882.\nOn 29 March 1883 Wróblewski and Olszewski used a new method of condensing oxygen, and on 13 April the same year—nitrogen.\nKarol Olszewski continued the experiments, using an improved Pictet cascade apparatus, and carbon dioxide, boiling ethylene in vacuum, and boiling nitrogen and boiling air as cooling agents.\nHe died on 16 April 1888. While studying the physical properties of hydrogen, Wróblewski upset a kerosene lamp and was severely burned. He died soon after at a Kraków hospital and was buried at the Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków.\nIn 1976, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) passed a decision to give the name of Wróblewski to one of the craters of the Moon in honour of the chemist.", "Ueber die Diffusion der Gase durch absorbirende Substanzen (On the Diffusion of Gases through Absorbing Substances, 1874)", "House of Wróblewski (Lubicz)\nTimeline of low-temperature technology\nTimeline of hydrogen technologies\nList of Poles", "S. Wroblewski (1882 a), \"On the combination of carbonic acid and water\" (in French), Acad. Sci. Paris, Comptes rendus, 94, pp. 212–213.\nS. Wroblewski (1882 b), \"On the composition of the hydrate of carbonic acid\" (in French), Acad. Sci. Paris, ibid., pp. 954–958.\nS. Wroblewski (1882 c), \"On the laws of solubility of carbonic acid in water at high pressures\" (in French), Acad. Sci. Paris, ibid., pp. 1355–1357.\n\"A Tribute to Wróblewski and Olszewski\" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2020.\n\"Zygmunt Wróblewski - pierwszy skroplił tlen\". Retrieved 29 February 2020." ]

[ "Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski", "Biography", "Books", "See also", "Notes" ]

[ 5361297, 5361298 ]

[ 27243091, 27243092, 27243093, 27243094, 27243095, 27243096 ]

[ "Zygmunt Gloger" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Zygmunt_Gloger.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Gloger (3 November 1845 in Tybory-Kamianka – 16 August 1910 in Warsaw) was a Polish historian, archaeologist, geographer and ethnographer, bearer of the Wilczekosy coat of arms. Gloger founded the precursor of modern and widely popular Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society PTTK.", "Under the professional influence of historians and geographers Julian Bartoszewicz as well as Józef Ignacy Krasicki, and later Wincenty Pol and Oskar Kolberg, Gloger voyaged through Poland and Lithuania under the foreign Partitions, and corresponded with many European scholars.\nFounder of Towarzystwo Krajoznawcze (the Sightseeing Society, precursor of modern PTTK), in his will Gloger gave his impressive collection to that organization as well as to the Towarzystwo Ethnograficzne (the Ethnographic Society), Towarzystwo Bibliotek Publicznych w Warszawie (Public Libraries Society) and Museum of Industry and Agriculture.\nHis life's work was the Encyklopedia staropolska ilustrowana (1900-1903), still considered a useful and important book about culture of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. His other works include Obchody weselne (1869), Pieśni ludu (1892), Księga rzeczy polskich (1896), Rok polski w życiu, tradycji i pieśni (1900).", "Zygmunt Gloger (1900). Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski (in Polish). Kraków: Spółka Wydawnicza Polska. ISBN 83-214-0883-4.\n\"Encyklopedia staropolska\", Zygmunt Gloger, 1900-1903, online\n\"Dolinami rzek. Opisy podróży wzdłuż Niemna, Wisły, Bugu i Biebrzy\" Zygmunt Gloger, 1903, online", "List of Poles", "Zygmunt Gloger - Starożytnik z Jeżewa. Internet Archive. (in Polish)\nDr Marek Adamiec (2003), Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski by Zygmunt Gloger. Uniwersytet Gdański, Instytut Filologii Polskiej, Gdańsk.", "Józefowicz, Anna. 2019. “Zygmunt Gloger’s \"Baśnie I powieści\" (\"Fairy Tales and Stories\") – Composition, Characters, Axiology”. In: Bibliotekarz Podlaski 43 (2), 389-410. https://doi.org/10.36770/bp.27." ]

[ "Zygmunt Gloger", "Life", "Works", "See also", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361299 ]

[ 27243097, 27243098, 27243099, 27243100 ]

[ "Photograph.", "Tomb.", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 4 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Zygmunt_Gorazdowski_%281845-1920%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/GorazdowskiZ.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Gorazdowski (1 November 1845 – 1 January 1920) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Sisters of Saint Joseph. Gorazdowski suffered from tuberculosis during his childhood which impeded his studies for the priesthood in what required him to take time off in order to recover before he could be ordained. Once he was ordained he served in various parishes while setting up homes for orphans and single mothers as well as hospices and other establishments for a range of people; he was a prolific writer of catechism and other religious notes for the benefit of his flock.\nThe cause for his canonization opened on 1 June 1989 and he became titled as a Servant of God at the onset of the cause; the confirmation of his model life of heroic virtue allowed for him to be titled as Venerable while Pope John Paul II beatified him on his visit to Ukraine on 26 June 2001. Pope Benedict XVI later canonized him as a saint on 23 October 2005 in Saint Peter's Square.", "Zygmunt Gorazdowski was born on 1 November 1845 in Sanok to the politician Szczęsny Gorazdowski (c.1813-May 1903) and Aleksandra Łazowska; his parents had married in 1843 and his paternal grandparents were Szymon Gorazdowski and Maria Dobrzańskich. He was baptized on 9 November 1845 at a Franciscan church. In his childhood he suffered a lung ailment that became tuberculosis; this did not prevent him from considering the needs of others and offering his help wherever he could. He almost died in 1846 during the Galician slaughter that saw peasants revolt against serfdom and he managed to survive when his parents hid him under a mill's wheel. In 1863 he joined the uprising against the Russian occupation.\nOnce he completed his high school studies in Przemyśl in 1864 he enrolled in law in Lviv at the college. But he decided to cease his legal studies in 1865 and he decided to commence ecclesial studies for he felt a strong call to the priesthood; he began his studies for the priesthood in 1866 at the Latin Catholic Institute. His poor health (tuberculosis) became a hindrance to his studies and he had to undergo a prolonged period of intensive medical treatment from 1869 to 1871. But this did not impede his path to the priesthood for he was ordained as such on 21 July 1871 in the Lviv Cathedral. He celebrated his first Mass on 30 July in the church of the Benedictine Sisters at Przemyśl. Until 1877 he served as the parish vicar and the administrator at Wojniłów and Bukaczowce and then later at Gródek Jagielloński and Zydaczow. During a cholera outbreak in Wojniłów he tended to the sick and he also laid out the bodies of the dead despite the great risk of contagion.\nThroughout his priesthood he took great care to protect the spiritual health and growth of his parishioners for whom he wrote and published a catechism (1875) and other books to help parents and children. In 1877 he returned to Lviv and in 1878 was made the senior priest of the parish of Saint Nicholas; he was there for four decades while serving in schools and founding the \"Bonus Pastor Association\" for priests. He founded a home and a soup kitchen for the poor as well as a healthcare center for ill patients (the \"Affordable Public House\"); he set up an institute for poor seminarians as well as a home for single mothers and orphans (the \"House of the Child Jesus\") and the \"Saint Joseph's Polish-German Catholic School\". Gorazdowski also founded the Sisters of Saint Joseph on 17 February 1884.\nHe died in 1920. Those who knew him called him the \"Father of the poor and priest of the homeless\". In 2008 his order had 508 religious in 71 houses in places such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and France; it was aggregated to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin in 1922. It received the papal decree of praise from Pope Pius X on 1 April 1910 and full pontifical approval from Pope Pius XI on 3 August 1937.", "The canonization cause opened on 1 June 1989 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official \"nihil obstat\" and titled him as a Servant of God; the diocesan phase commenced in the Lviv archdiocese on 29 June 1989 and concluded sometime later before all documents were sent in boxes to the C.C.S. in Rome who validated the process on 26 November 1993. The Positio dossier was sent to the C.C.S. in 1993 for investigation with the theologians approving its contents on 8 June 1999 and the C.C.S. following suit on 15 November 1999. His life of heroic virtue received approval from Pope John Paul II who titled him as Venerable on 20 December 1999.\nOne miracle required approval for his beatification; one such case was investigated and then sent to the C.C.S. in Rome who validated the diocesan investigation on 25 February 2000; a medical board approved this case on 18 January 2001. Theologians likewise approved it on 27 March 2001 as did the C.C.S. on 23 April 2001. John Paul II approved this miracle on 24 April 2001 and beatified Gorazdowski at the Lviv Hippodrome on his visit to Ukraine on 26 June 2001. The second and definitive miracle for sainthood was investigated in a diocesan process that closed on 8 September 2003 and later received C.C.S. validation. Medical experts approved it on 24 June 2004 as did the theologians on 21 September 2004 and the C.C.S. on 16 November 2004. John Paul II approved this miracle on 20 December 2004; Cardinal Angelo Sodano formalized the date for sanctification in a consistory on 24 February 2005 on the behalf of the ill John Paul II. The pope died over a month later and his successor Pope Benedict XVI canonized Gorazdowski on 23 October 2005 in Saint Peter's Square.", "\"Saint Zygmunt Gorazdowski\". Saints SQPN. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2017.\n\"St. Zygmunt has a Cheap Eating House\". The Compass. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2017.\n\"Saint of the Month\". Spirituality for Today. June 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.\n\"San Sigismund Gorazdowski\". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 4 April 2017.\nCONCLUSION OF THE 11th ORDINARY GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE SYNOD OF BISHOPS AND YEAR OF THE EUCHARIST", "Hagiography Circle\nHoly See\nSisters of Saint Joseph" ]

[ "Zygmunt Gorazdowski", "Life", "Canonization", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361300, 5361301 ]

[ 27243101, 27243102, 27243103, 27243104, 27243105, 27243106, 27243107, 27243108, 27243109, 27243110, 27243111, 27243112 ]

[ "", "Grand Theatre in Lviv", "Side view of the original project", "Bad Oeynhausen: Bathhouse IV (now II), 1883-1885 by Zygmunt Gorgolewski", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Gorgolewski (February 14, 1845 in Solec – July 6, 1903 in Lviv) was a Polish architect, renowned for his construction of the Grand Theatre in Lviv.", "Gorgolewski was born in Solec (Schulitz), Grand Duchy of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia. Between 1866 and 1871 he studied in Berlin at the Royal Building Academy. During his studies, Gorgolewski also supervised the construction of Lehrte Train Station in Berlin. After graduating, for six years he worked as an assistant in his alma mater. After that he became an advisor at the Prussian Ministry of Public Works, official royal palace architect and architecture inspector (Königlicher Regierungsbaumeister) in Halle upon Saale. Gorgolewski was one of the most notable supporters of historicism in architecture in the Kingdom of Prussia and then the German Empire.\nAmong his projects were two versions of the future Reichstag building, which he proposed in 1872 and then in 1882. His projects were among merely 20 chosen by the committee out of more than 100. However, in the end his ideas for these projects were refused. At the same time, Gorgolewski was awarded with the construction of Kaiser Wilhelm's Bridge. Other, more successful, projects include the plans of refurbishment of royal palaces in Berlin and in Kiel, expansion of University Hospitals in Halle upon Saale and Bonn, the Bathhouse IV (1883-1885, now numbered II) of Bad Oeynhausen spa in Westphalia. In addition, he contributed plans for the projected new construction of the Berlin Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church, and worked on renovating Bellevue Palace, and created as main architect courthouses in Opole (Oppeln) and Olsztyn (Allenstein), as well as prisons in Świdnica (Schweidnitz) and Chorzów (Königshütte).\nIn the Greater Poland region, Gorgolewski conducted the construction of many notable palaces both in and around Poznań. His works include:\nrefurbishment of a church in Września\nrefurbishment of Działyński family palace in Gołuchów\nrefurbishment of Działyński family library in Kórnik\nconstruction of Twardowski family palace in Kobylniki\nenlargement of Kwilecki palace in Oporów\nRadziwiłł family romantic castle Bagatela near Ostrów Wielkopolski\nconstruction of a new church tower as well as a Czapski family chapel in Smogulec\nconstruction of the headquarters of the Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences (1874–79), as well as houses in Berlińska street in front of it.\nHe was also appointed as the main architect of the refurbishment of the palace of Ferdynand Radziwiłł in Ołyka, Volhynia. During his stay there, Gorgolewski for the first time visited Vilnius, Kraków, Kyiv and Lviv. The latter city enjoyed a period of fast expansion and in 1875 Gorgolewski took part in the contest for the project of the future Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria. His project was the most disputed and highly praised, but it was finally turned down, mostly due to financial reasons.\nIn 1879, Gorgolewski married Helena née Hulewicz. He was also an active member of many architectural juries across partitioned Poland. Among others, he was the member of the jury during the contest for the project of Kraków Old Theatre (1889), the bank in Czerniowce and Church of St. Elizabeth in Lviv. In 1893 he moved to Lviv, where he was chosen as the main architect of the Grand Theatre (1897–1900). To avoid being accused of using his well-established position in society, Gorgolewski prepared his winning project of the theatre in secret and then sent it under a false name from Leipzig. Other notable building of his authorship was the Industrial School in the same city. In 1894, he was a member of a team of architects supervising the construction of over 100 pavilions for the General National Exhibition in Lviv.\nGorgolewski died in Lviv and was buried in the Lychakiv Cemetery.", "", "History of Lviv\nTeodor Talowski", "(in Polish) Jakub Lewiński. Między tradycją, a nowoczesnością; Architektura Lwowa lat 1893-1918. Neriton. 2005. p. 145.\nMarkian Prokopovych. Habsburg Lemberg: architecture, public space, and politics in the Galician capital, 1772-1914. Purdue University Press. 2009. p. 177\n(in Polish) Piotr Marek Stański - Zygmunt Gorgolewski, twórca gmachu Lwowskiego Teatru Wielkiego\nCf. Badehaus II im Kurpark, Bad Oeynhausen, retrieved on 10 April 2020.\nKrystyna Siemiatycka. Polish Palaces. The History of the Palace in Kobylniki Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine\n„Preisangaben“, in: Deutsche Bauzeitung, No. 9 (30 January 1889), vol. XXIII, p. 60.\n\"STRYISKYI PARK\". Retrieved 22 December 2020." ]

[ "Zygmunt Gorgolewski", "Life and career", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361302, 5361303, 5361304, 5361305, 5361306, 5361307, 5361308 ]

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[ "Zygmunt J. Haas is a professor and distinguished chair in computer science, University of Texas at Dallas (UTD) also the professor emeritus in electrical and computer engineering, Cornell University. His research interests include ad hoc networks, wireless networks, sensor networks, and zone routing protocols.", "Haas received his BSc in electrical engineering in 1979 and MSc in electrical engineering in 1985. He earned his PhD from Stanford University in 1988.", "In 1988, he joined AT&T Bell Labs in the Network Research Department. There he pursued research on wireless communications, mobility management, fast protocols, optical networks, and optical switching. From September 1994 to July 1995, Haas worked for the AT&T Wireless Center of Excellence, where he investigated various aspects of wireless and mobile networking, concentrating on TCP/IP networks. Since August 1995, he has been with the faculty of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University. Since August 2013, he joined the Computer Science Department at the University of Texas at Dallas, where he is now a Professor and Distinguished Chair. \n\nHaas is an active author in the fields of high-speed networking, wireless networks, and optical switching. He has organized several workshops, delivered numerous tutorials at major IEEE and ACM conferences, and has served as editor of several journals and magazines, including the IEEE Transactions on Networking, the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, the IEEE Communications Magazine, the Springer Wireless Networks journal, the Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks journal, the Journal of High Speed Networks, and the Wiley Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing journal. He has been a guest editor of IEEE JSAC issues on \"Gigabit Networks,\" \"Mobile Computing Networks,\" and \"Ad-Hoc Networks.\" Haas is an IEEE Fellow, an IET Fellow, and a Fellow of EAI. He has served in the past as a Chair of the IEEE Technical Committee on Technical Committee on Personal Communications (TCPC). His interests include mobile and wireless communication and networks, biologically-inspired networks, and modeling of complex systems.", "Haas has published over 300 technical papers, 21 patents and participated in the editing of 25 books or book chapters.", "Zhou, Lidong, and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Securing ad hoc networks.\" IEEE network 13.6 (1999): 24-30.\nPapadimitratos, Panagiotis, and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Secure routing for mobile ad hoc networks.\" Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation Conference (CNDS 2002).San Antonio, TX, January 27–31, 2002.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., \"The zone routing protocol (ZRP) for ad hoc networks.\" IETF Internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-01. txt (1998).\nHaas, Zygmunt J., and Pearlman, Marc R., \"The performance of query control schemes for the zone routing protocol.\" IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 9.4 (2001): 427-438.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., \"A new routing protocol for the reconfigurable wireless networks.\" Proceedings of ICUPC 97-6th International Conference on Universal Personal Communications. Vol. 2. IEEE, 1997.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., Halpern, Joseph Y., and Li, Li, \"Gossip-based ad hoc routing.\" Proceedings. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Vol. 3, pp. 1707–1716 IEEE, 2002.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., Halpern, Joseph Y., and Li, Li, \"Gossip-based ad hoc routing.\" IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 14.3 (2006): 479-491.\nLiang, Ben, and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Predictive distance-based mobility management for PCS networks.\" IEEE INFOCOM'99. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. The Future is Now (Cat. No. 99CH36320). Vol. 3, pp. 1377–1384, IEEE, 1999.\nSmall, Tara, and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"The shared wireless infostation model: a new ad hoc networking paradigm (or where there is a whale, there is a way).\" Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing.pp. 233–244, 2003.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., and Deng, Jing, \"Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)-a multiple access control scheme for ad hoc networks.\" IEEE transactions on communications 50.6 (2002): 975-985.\nPearlman, Marc R., and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Determining the optimal configuration for the zone routing protocol.\" IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 17.8 (1999): 1395-1414.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., \"Routing and mobility management protocols for ad-hoc networks.\" U.S. Patent No. 6,304,556. 16 Oct. 2001.\nDeng, Jing, and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA): A new medium access control for packet radio networks.\" ICUPC'98. IEEE 1998 International Conference on Universal Personal Communications. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No. 98TH8384). Vol. 2, pp. 973–977, IEEE, 1998.\nSmall, Tara, and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Resource and performance tradeoffs in delay-tolerant wireless networks.\" Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking. pp. 260–267, 2005.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., and Liang, Ben, \"Ad hoc mobility management with uniform quorum systems.\" IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking vol.7, no. 2, pp. 228–240, 1999.\nSamar, Prince, Pearlman, Marc R. and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Independent zone routing: an adaptive hybrid routing framework for ad hoc wireless networks.\" IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking vol.12, no.4, pp. 595–608, 2004.\nSmall, Tara, Haas, Zygmunt J, Purgue, Alejandro and Fristrup, Kurt, \"A sensor network for biological data acquisition.\" Handbook on Sensor Networks (2004).\nWei, Hung-Yu, Ganguly, Samrat, Izmailov, Rauf and Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Interference-aware IEEE 802.16 WiMax mesh networks.\" 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 5, pp. 3102–3106. IEEE, 2005.\nHaas, Zygmunt J., and Liang, Ben, \"Ad hoc mobility management with uniform quorum systems.\" IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking vol.7, no.2, pp. 228–240, 1999.", "Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, 2021\nFellow of the European Alliance for Innovation (EAI), May 2019\nFellow of the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET), March 2019\n2016 IEEE ComSoc AHSN Recognition Award (“for outstanding contributions to securing ad hoc and sensor networks\") presented at IEEE Globecom 2016, December 5, 2016, Washington DC (AHSN Recognition Award); Cornell’s faculty awards\n2012 IEEE ComSoc WTC Recognition Award (the award recognizes individuals for \"outstanding technical contributions in the field and for his service to the scientific and engineering communities\") presented at IEEE Globecom 2012, December 5, 2012, Anaheim, CA (WTC Recognition Awards)\nIEEE Distinguished Lecturer Tour, Scandinavian Countries, May 25 – June 5, 2009\nElevation to IEEE Fellow, January 2007, “for contribution to wireless and mobile ad hoc networks”\nDistinguish Lecturer, IEEE Communications Society, (two terms) 01/2004 – 12/2005, 01/2005 – 12/2007\nElected Chair of the IEEE Technical Committee on Personal Communications (TCPC), Jan. 2001 – Nov. 2002 (previously elected Vice Chair and Secretary)", "Zhou, Lidong; Haas, Zygmunt J. (1999), \"Securing Ad Hoc Networks\", IEEE Network, 13 (6): 24–30, doi:10.1109/65.806983\nHaas, Zygmunt J. (1997), \"A New Routing Protocol for the Reconfigurable Wireless Networks\", IEEE ICUPC'97, pp. 562–566, doi:10.1109/ICUPC.1997.627227, S2CID 15091312\nIlyas, Mohammad, and Mahgoub, Imad eds. Handbook of sensor networks: compact wireless and wired sensing systems. CRC press, 2004.\nHaas, Zygmunt J.; Pearlman, Marc R. (2001), \"Securing Ad Hoc Networks\", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 9 (4): 427–438, doi:10.1109/90.944341, S2CID 52853261\nCornell University ECE faculty list at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University\nUTD CS faculty list at Computer Science Department at the University of Texas at Dallas\n\"Two Professional Organizations Award Fellowships to Emeritus Professor Dr. Zygmunt Haas\". Cornell Engineering. September 12, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2020.\nPapadimitratos, Panagiotis; Haas, Zygmunt J. (27–31 January 2002). Secure routing for mobile ad hoc networks. Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation Conference. San Antonio.\nHaas, Zygmunt J. The zone routing protocol (ZRP) for ad hoc networks. IETF Internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-01. txt (1998).\nHaas, Zygmunt J.; Halpern, Joseph Y.; Li, Li (2002). Gossip-based ad hoc routing. Proceedings. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Vol. 3. pp. 1707–1716. arXiv:cs/0209011. doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2002.1019424.\nHaas, Zygmunt J.; Halpern, Joseph Y.; Li, Li (2006), \"Gossip-based ad hoc routing\", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 14 (3): 479–491, doi:10.1109/TNET.2006.876186, S2CID 5429161\nLiang, Ben; Haas, Zygmunt J. (1999). Predictive distance-based mobility management for PCS networks. IEEE INFOCOM'99. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Vol. 3. pp. 1377–1384. doi:10.1109/INFCOM.1999.752157.\nSmall, Tara; Haas, Zygmunt J. (2003). The shared wireless infostation model: a new ad hoc networking paradigm (or where there is a whale, there is a way). Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing. pp. 233–244. doi:10.1145/778415.778443.\nHaas, Zygmunt J.; Deng, Jing (2002), \"Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)-a multiple access control scheme for ad hoc networks\", IEEE Transactions on Communications, 50 (6): 975–985, doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2002.1010617\nPearlman, Marc R.; Haas, Zygmunt J. (1999), \"Determining the optimal configuration for the zone routing protocol\", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17 (8): 1395–1414, doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2002.1010617\nUS 6304556B1, Haas, Zygmunt J., \"Routing and mobility management protocols for ad-hoc networks\"\nDeng, Jing; Haas, Zygmunt J. (1998). Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA): A new medium access control for packet radio networks. ICUPC'98. IEEE 1998 International Conference on Universal Personal Communications. Vol. 2. pp. 973–977. doi:10.1109/ICUPC.1998.733652.\nSmall, Tara; Haas, Zygmunt J. (2005). Resource and performance tradeoffs in delay-tolerant wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking. pp. 260–267. doi:10.1145/1080139.1080144.\nHaas, Zygmunt J.; Liang, Ben (1999), \"Ad hoc mobility management with uniform quorum systems\", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 7 (2): 975–985, doi:10.1109/90.769770, S2CID 1687981\nSamar, Prince; Pearlman, Marc R.; Haas, Zygmunt J. (2004), \"Independent zone routing: an adaptive hybrid routing framework for ad hoc wireless networks\", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 12 (4): 595–608, doi:10.1109/TNET.2004.833153, S2CID 3139084\nWei, Hung-Yu; Ganguly, Samrat; Izmailov, Rauf; Haas, Zygmunt J. (2005). Interference-aware IEEE 802.16 WiMax mesh networks. 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference. Vol. 5. pp. 3102–3106. doi:10.1109/VETECS.2005.1543918.\nHaas, Zygmunt J.; Liang, Ben (1999), \"Ad hoc mobility management with uniform quorum systems\", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 7 (2): 228–240, doi:10.1109/90.769770, S2CID 1687981", "Zygmunt J. Haas’s personal website\nFaculty in computer science, University of Texas at Dallas\nFaculty in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University" ]

[ "Zygmunt Haas", "Education", "Career", "Research", "Selected publications", "Honors and awards", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361309 ]

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[ "Zygmunt Heljasz in 1932", "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Heljasz (21 September 1908 – 12 June 1963) was a Polish athlete. He competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics in the shot put and discus throw and finished in 7th and 13th place, respectively. He also placed 7th in the shot put at the 1934 European Athletics Championships. Heljasz was a multiple national champion in the shot put, discus throw and hammer throw.\nHeljasz first trained in boxing and finished second at the national heavyweight championships. He changed to athletics in 1926, and already in 1927 was included into the national team. He competed at the 1928 Olympics, but in 1936, due to a conflict with the Polish Athletic Federation was excluded from the Olympic team and banned from competitions for one year. He turned to coaching, first in Brussels, Belgium, and then in Katowice. During World War II he was imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen and Gross-Rosen concentration camps. After the war he continued coaching athletics in Szczecin.", "Zygmunt Heljasz. sports-reference.com\nZygmunt Heljasz. trackfield.brinkster.net\nHeljasz Zygmunt. Polish Olympic Committee" ]

[ "Zygmunt Heljasz", "References" ]

[ 5361310 ]

[ 27243147 ]

[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Zygmunt_Janiszewski.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Janiszewski (12 July 1888 – 3 January 1920) was a Polish mathematician.", "He was born to mother Julia Szulc-Chojnicka and father, Czeslaw Janiszewski who was a graduate of the University of Warsaw and served as the director of the Société du Crédit Municipal in Warsaw.\nJaniszewski left Poland to study mathematics in Zurich, Munich and Göttingen, where he was taught by some of the most prominent mathematicians of the time, such as Heinrich Burkhardt, David Hilbert, Hermann Minkowski and Ernst Zermelo. He then went to Paris and in 1911 received his doctorate in topology under the supervision of Henri Lebesgue. His thesis was titled Sur les continus irréductibles entre deux points (On the Irreducible Continuous Curves Between Two Points). In 1913, he published a seminal work in the field of topology of surface entitled On Cutting the Plane by Continua.", "Janiszewski taught at the University of Lwów and was professor at the University of Warsaw. At the outbreak of World War I he was a soldier in the Polish Legions of Józef Piłsudski, and took part in operations around Volyn. Along with other officers, he refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the Austrian government. He subsequently left the Legions and went into hiding under an assumed identity, Zygmunt Wicherkiewicz, in Boiska, near Zwoleń. From Boiska he moved on to Ewin, near Włoszczowa, where he directed a shelter for homeless children.\nIn 1917, he published an article O potrzebach matematyki w Polsce in the Nauka Polska journal, thus initiating the Polish School of Mathematics. He also founded the journal Fundamenta Mathematicae. Janiszewski proposed the name of the journal in 1919, though the first issue was published in 1920, after his death.\nJaniszewski devoted the family property that he had inherited from his father to charity and education. He also donated all the prize money that he received from mathematical awards and competitions to the education and development of young Polish students.", "His life was cut short by the influenza pandemic of 1918–19, which took his life at Lwów on 3 January 1920 at the age of 31. He willed his body for medical research, and his cranium for craniological study, desiring to be \"useful after his death\".\nSamuel Dickstein wrote a commemorative address after Janiszewski's death, honoring his humility, kindness and dedication to his work:\nEnthusiasm and strong will characterized Janiszewski not only in his scientific work, but in his life generally. His active participation in the Legions, his refusal to take an oath which was not compatible with his patriotic conscience, his work in the field of education, when at a most difficult time he entered that field as an enlightened and wise worker, free of any prejudice and partiality and ardently keen only to propagate light and truth - these facts prove that in the heart of a mathematician seemingly detached from active life there glowed the purest emotions of affection and self-denial. If we also mention that, having very moderate needs himself, he dispensed all the means at his disposal to educate young talents, and that he bequeathed the property that he had inherited from his parents for educational purposes, and in particular for the education of outstanding individuals, then we may indeed exclaim from the bottom of our hearts that the memory of that life, devoted to the cause and interrupted so early, lives on in its results and deeds and will remain treasured and living for us, the witnesses of his work, and for generations to come.\nWhile Janiszewski best remembered for his many contributions to topological mathematics in the early 20th century, for the founding of Fundamenta Mathematicae, and for his enthusiasm for teaching young minds, his loyalty to his homeland during World War I perhaps gives the greatest insight into his psyche. The orphans' shelter that he set up during the war doubtlessly saved many lives, and is perhaps his greatest contribution to the world.\nOn 3 January 2020, the 100th anniversary of his death, a researcher from Australia travelled to Lviv and met with the director of Lychakiv Cemetery. Restoration of the grave was arranged, and the stone was restored. Janiszewski is buried in field 58, plot 82 of Lychakiv Cemetery.", "Janiszewski's theorem\nBrouwer–Janiszewski–Knaster continuum", "\"Janiszewski Zygmunt\". Astro-Databank. Retrieved 13 November 2021.\n\"Zygmunt Janiszewski (1888 - 1920)\". mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-02-11.\nDomoradzki, Stanislaw; Stawiska, Malgorzata (6 April 2018). \"Polish mathematicians and mathematics in World War I. Part II. Russian Empire\". Studia Historiae Scientiarum (published 2019). 18: 55–92. arXiv:1804.02448. doi:10.4467/2543702XSHS.19.004.11010.\nIłowiecki, Maciej (1981). Dzieje nauki polskiej. Warsaw: Interpress. pp. 251–256.\n\"Placing World War I in the History of Mathematics\". HAL archives-ouvertes (Sorbonne). 8 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2020.\nKuratowski 1980, pp. 162–163", "Kuratowski, Kazimierz (1980), A Half Century of Polish Mathematics: Remembrances and Reflections, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 158–163, ISBN 0-08-023046-6 et passim.", "Zygmunt Janiszewski at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\nO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Zygmunt Janiszewski\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews" ]

[ "Zygmunt Janiszewski", "Early life and education", "Career", "Death", "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361311 ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Kęstowicz (24 January 1921 – 14 March 2007) was a Polish actor. He appeared in more than 25 films and television shows between 1954 and 1997.", "Shadow (1956)\nStawka większa niż życie (1967)\nKlan soap opera playing Władysław Lubicz", "\"Zygmunt Kęstowicz\". filmpolski. Retrieved 14 June 2013.", "Zygmunt Kęstowicz on IMDb" ]

[ "Zygmunt Kęstowicz", "Selected filmography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361312 ]

[ 27243159 ]

[ "Kalinowski in 2007" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Zygmunt_Kalinowski.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Kalinowski (born 2 May 1949 in Laski) is a former Polish professional football goalkeeper.\nAmong the clubs he played for included Legia Warsaw, Śląsk Wrocław and Motor Lublin. He earned 4 caps for the Poland national football team, and was a reserve goalkeeper in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, where Poland finished third.", "Zygmunt Kalinowski Stats at 90min\nZygmunt Kalinosky Stats at StatsCrew", "\"Zygmunt Kalinowski\".\nZygmunt Kalinowski – FIFA competition record (archived)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Kalinowski", "External links", "References" ]

[ 5361313 ]

[ 27243160 ]

[ "bp Zygmunt Kamiński" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Zygmunt_Kami%C5%84ski.JPG" ]

[ "Zygmunt Kamiński (22 February 1933 in Bełżyce – 1 May 2010 in Szczecin) was the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień, Poland.\nOrdained priest on 22 December 1956, Kamiński was named auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lublin on 28 October 1975 and was consecrated on 30 November 1975. He eventually became bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Płock and in 1999 was appointed archbishop of the Szczecin-Kamień Archdiocese, retiring on 21 February 2009.", "\"Archbishop Zygmunt Kamiński [Catholic-Hierarchy]\"." ]

[ "Zygmunt Kamiński", "Notes" ]

[ 5361314 ]

[ 27243161 ]

[ "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Karol Radziwiłł (Lithuanian: Zigmuntas Karolis Radvila) (1591-1642) was a Polish-Lithuanian noble, komorzy stolowicki from 1614, poznanski from 1625, krajczy of the queen from 1617, krajczy or Lithuania from 1633, podczaszy of Lithuania from 1638, voivode of Nowogródek from 1642, member of Knights Hospitaller (kawaler maltański), patron of Knight Hospitallers centers in Poznań and Stwołowce (in Lithuania).\nIn 1621 took part in the Battle of Chocim, commander of mercenaries Lisowczycy in 1622 during the period of their service in the Holy Roman Empire.\nAfter the death of his older brother, Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł, he inherited ordynacja of Nieśwież in 1636, but gave it up to his brother Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł.\nBorn on 4 December 1591 in Nieśwież, died on 5 November 1642 in Assisi. Son of Mikołaj Krzysztof \"Sierotka\" Radziwiłł and Halszka Eufemia Wiśniowiecka.", "picture" ]

[ "Zygmunt Karol Radziwiłł", "External links" ]

[ 5361315 ]

[ 27243162 ]

[ "Zygmunt Klemensiewicz", "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Aleksander Klemensiewicz (24 April 1886 – 25 March 1963) was a Polish physicist and physical chemist.\nEarly in his career (working for Fritz Haber in Karlsruhe), he made a pioneering contribution to the development of the glass electrode.", "Klemensiewicz was born in Kraków. His father, Robert, was a teacher of history and geography and a headmaster of a secondary school; his mother was a translator from Scandinavian languages into Polish. From 1892 the family lived in Lwów, where he finished Polish gymnasium. In the years 1904-1908, he studied chemistry, physics, and mathematics at the Lwów University, where his professors included Wacław Sierpiński, Marian Smoluchowski, Stanisław Tołłoczko, Kazimierz Twardowski and Leonard Bronisław Radziszewski. In years 1908 - 1909, under a scholarship, he worked with Fritz Haber in Karlsruhe, i.a., on the potential of the glass electrode. In 1912, he passed his habilitation degree at Lwów. In the years 1913 - 1914, he worked with Marie Skłodowska-Curie in Paris, i.a., on the electrochemical properties of radium-B and thorium-B. During the WWI, he worked at first as a professor at the Pasteur Institute, and then in a plant manufacturing Solvarsan. In 1920 - 1940, he was an ordinary professor of physics and electronics at the Lwów Polytechnic. In years 1940 to 1942, he was in Kazakhstan (deported), then Iran, Egypt, and Great Britain (1944 till 1956). From 1956, he was a professor at the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice.\nKlemensiewicz was also an accomplished mountaineer and skier, author of the first Polish-language manual on mountain climbing (1913), co-founder and vice-president (1922–1939) of Polish Skiing Association (pl:Polski Związek Narciarski). He died, aged 76, in Gliwice.", "Stanisław Brzozowski, Józef Szpilecki, Zygmunt Aleksander Klemensiewicz, in: Polski Słownik Biograficzny, volume XII, 1966-1967.\nF. Haber und Z. Klemensiewicz. Über elektrische Phasengrenzkräft. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. Leipzig. 1909 (Vorgetragen in der Sizung der Karlsruher chemischen am 28. Jan. 1909).\nZygmunt Bodnar, \"Zygmunt Klemensiewicz 1886 - 1963\". Postępy Fizyki, 15 (1), pp. 3-10, 1964. (pdf, in Polish)\nZ. Klemensiewicz, \"Sur les proprietes electrochimiques du Radium B et du Thorium B\", Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 158, 1899-1901, 1914.\nJózef Szpilecki, \"Wspomnienie o Prof. Dr Zygmuncie Aleksandrze Klemensiewiczu\", \"In memory of Z. Klemensiewicz\" Silesian Polytechnic, undated (pdf, in Polish).\nPage on Klemensiewicz in the Encyclopedia of Polish Center of Mountain Tourism of PTTK (in Polish)\nZ. Klemensiewicz, \"Zasady Taternictwa\", Publisher: Sekcja Turystyczna Towarzystwa Tatrzanskiego. Lwow, 1913. (www access, in Polish)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Klemensiewicz", "Life and career", "References" ]

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[ "Doctor Klukowski in his office" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Klukowski (23 January 1885 – 1959) was a Polish physician, historian, and bibliophile. Born in 1885 in Odessa, he spent much of his life in Szczebrzeszyn. During World War II, he served in occupied Poland as officer of the underground resistance organizations, including Związek Walki Zbrojnej, and Armia Krajowa.\nIn the interwar Poland Klukowski was the editor-in-chief of two magazines, Teka Zamojska and Kwartalnik Regionalny in Zamość. Following World War II, he wrote two nominal works about his experiences, the Journal from the Years of Occupation of Zamojszczyzna, 1939–44 (Polish: Dziennik z lat okupacji Zamojszczyzny 1939–1944), a detailed account of his experiences as medical doctor in the General Government territory of occupied Poland during World War II, as well as the Red Shadow: A Physician's Memoir of the Soviet Occupation of Eastern Poland, 1944–1956. These accounts were not published in English until 1993 and 1997 respectively. Only recently Klukowski has gained international recognition as an important primary witness and chronicler of the World War Two period in Polish historiography. His descriptions of life under the Nazis are cited extensively by Richard J. Evans in The Third Reich at War, among other historians.", "Organizacja pomocy lekarskiej dla włościan w Ordynacji Nieświeskiej książąt Radziwiłłów w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku, Poznań 1925.\nLekarze jako dowódcy oddziałów powstańczych w 1863 roku, Warsaw 1926.\nLekarze w powstaniu 1863 r. polegli w boju, zamordowani i straceni z wyroków sądu (Lecture, 15 July 1925, Warsaw, II Zjazd Historyków Medycyny), Poznań 1926.\nOpis dżumy w Lublinie w roku 1625, Poznań 1926.\nDawne Szkoły im. Zamoyskich w Szczebrzeszynie 1811–1852, Zamość 1927.\nInstrukcja dla lekarzy polowych w powstaniu 1863 roku, Warsaw 1937.\nDzieje Fundacji Szkolnej im. Zamoyskich w Zamościu i Szczebrzeszynie, „Teka Zamojska” z 1938 nr 3.\nPieśni oddziałów partyzanckich Zamojszczyzny (pen-name „Podwiński”), 1944.\nTerror niemiecki w Zamojszczyźnie 1939–1944, Zamość 1945.\nWysiedlenie Szczebrzeszyna i utworzenie gminy niemieckiej, Zamość 1945.\nNiemcy i Zamojszczyzna 1939–1944, Zamość 1946.\nZamojszczyzna w walce z Niemcami 1939–1944, Zamość 1946.\nDywersja w Zamojszczyźnie 1939–1944, Zamość 1947.\nThe evictions of Poles by the Germans from the Zamosc area. German Crimes in Poland, Warsaw 1947.\nDziennik z lat okupacji Zamojszczyzny 1939–1944, Lublin 1958, 1959.\nDziennik 1944–1955, Lublin 1990.\nWalki oddziałów ZWZ – AK i BCH Inspektoratu Zamojskiego w latach wojny 1939–1944, t. II (coauthors: A. Glińska i J. Jóźwiakowski), Lublin 1990.\nW przyfrontowym miasteczku, „Tygodnik Zamojski”, 1990 nr 41.\nZamojszczyzna I. 1918–1943, II. 1944–1953, Wydawnictwo KARTA, Warsaw 2007.", "Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany", "Official website. Zygmunt Klukowski. Introduction. Excerpts from The Journal: Szczebrzeszyn, September 1943. Internet Archive. Retrieved 25 August 2015.\nKlukowski, Zygmunt; Klukowski, Andrew; Klukowski, Helen May (1993). Diary from the Years of Occupation 1939–44. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01960-9.\nKlukowski, Zygmunt; Klukowski, Andrew (1997). Red Shadow: A Physician's Memoir of the Soviet Occupation of Eastern Poland, 1944–1956. McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0328-4." ]

[ "Zygmunt Klukowski", "Publications (1925–2007)", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361318 ]

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[ "Zygmunt Konieczny, Kraków, 27 October 2007" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Konieczny (born 3 January 1937) is a Polish composer of theatre and film music.\nZygmunt Konieczny spent his childhood in the village of Szczyrzyc. He debuted in the 1950s in the cabaret Piwnica pod Baranami in Kraków. Since then Konieczny composed many pieces for film, theater performances and singers such as Ewa Demarczyk and Joanna Słowińska. He lives in Kraków.\nHe won the 2003 Georges Delerue Award for his score of the film Pornografia.", "", "\"Gand : Les vainqueurs du Prix G.Delerue\". georges-delerue.com. 20 October 2007. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.", "Homepage (in Polish)\nZygmunt Konieczny at IMDb" ]

[ "Zygmunt Konieczny", "Famous songs", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361319 ]

[ 27243174 ]

[ "Portrait by Ary Scheffer", "", "Krasiński, aged 7, by Louis-René Letronne (1819)", "Joanna Bobrowa, one of Krasiński's romantic interests", "Krasiński, 1850", "Krasiński's wife Eliza and their children", "Posthumous photo, 1859", "Monument to Zygmunt Krasiński in Opiniogóra" ]

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[ "Napoleon Stanisław Adam Feliks Zygmunt Krasiński ([ˈzɨɡmunt kraˈɕiɲskʲi]; 19 February 1812 – 23 February 1859) was a Polish poet traditionally ranked after Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki as one of Poland's Three Bards – the Romantic poets who influenced national consciousness in the period of Partitions of Poland.\nKrasiński was the most famous member of the Krasiński family. He was born in Paris to Count Wincenty Krasiński and Maria Urszula Radziwiłł, and became the close companion of his father after his mother's early death from tuberculosis. He was educated by tutors prior to attending the Warsaw Lyceum, where he graduated in 1827. He then started to study law and administration at the Imperial University of Warsaw, but was expelled from the university in 1829.\nIn 1829 Krasiński left Poland to study in Geneva. He met Mickiewicz, who dazzled the young writer and played an important part in shaping his literary techniques. In Rome, Krasiński received news about the November Uprising and broke off his trip with the intention of returning to Poland to fight, but in the end, did not participate. In 1833 he travelled from Saint Petersburg to Italy, where he would stay until April 1834. This period saw the creation of probably his most famous work, the tragic drama Nie-Boska komedia (The Undivine Comedy). By 1850 his health had worsened, but that did not stop his constant travels around Europe. Through letters and audiences with European figures, including Napoleon III of France, he sought to gain support for the Polish cause. To avoid political repercussions, he published his works anonymously, which led to him being known as the Anonymous Poet of Poland.\nKrasiński's early works were influenced by Walter Scott and Lord Byron and extolled medieval chivalry. In 1845 he published Psalmy przyszłości (Psalms of the Future). He is best known for The Undivine Comedy as well as for the large body of well-received letters. His writings explore conservatism, Christianity, the necessity of sacrifice and suffering to moral progress, and providentialism. The Undivine Comedy and another major work, Irydion (1834), explore the concept of class struggle, contemplating social revolution, and predicting the destruction of the nobility. His later writings showed his opposition to romantic militant ventures. He wrote letters, poetry, and \"treatises in the philosophy of history\", such as Psalms of the Future and Przedświt (Predawn). The Undivine Comedy is perhaps the most important Polish drama of the Romantic period.", "", "Napoleon Stanisław Adam Feliks Zygmunt Krasiński was born in Paris on 19 February 1812 to Count Wincenty Krasiński, a Polish aristocrat and military commander, and Countess Maria Urszula Radziwiłł. He spent his first years in Chantilly, where Napoleon Bonaparte's Imperial Guard Regiment was stationed, and the Emperor attended his baptism. In 1814 his parents moved to Warsaw, then part of the Duchy of Warsaw, ruled by Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, as a client state of the First French Empire. Krasiński's cultivated and doting father employed prominent tutors, including Baroness Helena de la Haye, Józef Korzeniowski, and Piotr Chlebowski, to educate Zygmunt.\nFollowing the stabilization brought by the end of the Napoleonic Wars, which saw the end of the Duchy of Warsaw and the creation of Congress Poland, the Krasiński family spent most summer holidays on their estates in Podole and Opinogóra. On 12 April 1822 Zygmunt's mother died of tuberculosis, and the 10-year-old boy became a precocious close companion to the family head, who instilled in Zygmunt a reverence for chivalry and honor. Zygmunt's fascination with his father's personality, and their mutual hopes for a free Poland, led to an excessive, onerous mutual idealization. Over the years, their \"intimate and difficult\" relationship would be very influential on Zygmunt, whom Victor Erlich described as \"weak and hypersensitive\", compared to his \"affectionate but domineering\" father.\nIn September 1826 Zygmunt entered the Warsaw Lyceum (a secondary school which Chopin had attended in 1823–1826), graduating in autumn 1827. He began studies in law and administration at the Imperial University of Warsaw. On 9 March 1829 an incident occurred, stemming from Krasiński's attendance at classes instead of at a patriotic demonstration during the funeral of Marshal Piotr Bieliński. Krasiński had boycotted the funeral at the urging of his father, who the previous year had clashed politically with Bieliński, who was widely seen as a national hero. Krasiński was one of only two students to remain in class. On 14 March 1829 he was publicly criticized by a fellow student, Leon Łubieński; this led to an altercation serious enough to involve the university administration and to eventuate in Krasiński's expulsion.\nFrom late May to mid-June 1829 Krasiński, accompanying his father, took his first journey abroad, visiting Vienna, capital of the Austrian Empire. In October 1829 he left Poland again, this time to study abroad. Travelling through Prague, Plzen, Regensburg, Zürich, and Bern, 17-year-old Krasiński arrived on 3 November 1829 in Geneva.", "Much of Krasiński's time in Geneva was divided between attendance at university lectures, being tutored, and his social life. He soon became fluent in French.\nHis Geneva stay helped shape his personality. Soon after arrival in Geneva, at the beginning of November 1829, Krasiński met Henry Reeve, a physician's son who was in Switzerland to study philosophy and literature. The talented young Englishman, who composed overwrought romantic poetry, greatly inspired young Krasiński. They became fast friends and exchanged letters discussing their love of classical and romantic literature.\nAt the beginning of 1830, Krasiński developed romantic feelings for Henrietta Willan, the daughter of a wealthy English merchant and tradesman. This relationship inspired future works by Krasiński. On 11 August 1830 Krasiński met Adam Mickiewicz, a principal figure in Polish Romanticism, and Poland's greatest poet. Krasiński's wide-ranging conversations with Mickiewicz, who dazzled Krasiński with the breadth of his knowledge, were vital in inspiring Krasiński's to improve his literary techniques. From 14 August to 1 September 1830 they traveled together to the High Alps; Krasiński described this in his diary; being also a prolific written or letters, he also wrote of the trip in a letter to his father, dated 5 September 1830.\nAround early November 1830 Krasiński left Geneva and traveled to Italy, visiting Milan, Florence, and Rome. In Rome, receiving news about the outbreak of the November Uprising in Poland, he broke off his trip and returned to Geneva. He had been finishing a historical novel, Agaj-Han, recounting the story of Tsaritsa and warlord Marina Mniszech, considered his most significant work of that period. On the advice of his father, who opposed rebellion against the Russian Empire (he had become a Russian general), he did not go to Poland to participate in the Uprising – to his later everlasting regret. In May 1832 he set out for Poland, on the way again visiting Italy (Milan, Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Venice), then Innsbruck and Vienna, finally by mid-August 1832 arriving in Warsaw. During that trip, in Venice, he consulted with ophthalmologist Friedrich Jäger regarding his surfacing eye disease, which would continue over the years to come, becoming one of the reasons for his growing introspection.\nHaving reunited with his father shortly afterward, they traveled together to Saint Petersburg, where in October he received an audience with the Russian Tsar Nicholas I. The elder Krasiński tried to arrange a diplomatic career for his son with the Russian Empire, but Zygmunt was not interested and was content to travel abroad again. In March 1833 he left Saint Petersburg and, visiting Warsaw and Kraków, traveled once more to Italy, where he would stay until 19 April 1834. This period saw the creation of what is likely his most famous work, the drama The Undivine Comedy (Nie-Boska komedia), written probably between summer and fall 1834. \nIn Rome, Krasiński fell in love with Joanna Bobrowa. Though the relationship lasted for a few years, it did not result in marriage (in any case, Bobrowa was already married). With her and her husband Teodor, in the spring of 1834, Krasiński took another trip to Italy. That summer he met his father in Kissingen, then traveled to Wiesbaden and Ems. Autumn saw him visit Frankfurt and Milan, and by November he returned to Rome. In spring the following year he visited Naples, Pompeii, Sorrento, then Florence. In this period he finished another major work, the drama Irydion, which he had begun earlier, around 1832 or 1833.\nDeparting Florence in June 1835, he met Bobrowa in Kissingen, then traveled with her to Ischl and Trieste, and then on alone to Vienna, which he reached in January 1836. Then he went to Milan and Florence, and again to Rome. In Rome, in May that year, he would meet and befriend another major Polish literary figure, Juliusz Słowacki. In summer 1836 he returned to Kissingen and visited Gräfenberg, where he once more met his father. In November he returned to Vienna, where he stayed until June 1837. That summer he visited Kissingen and Frankfurt am Main, then returned by September to Vienna.\nWorsening health prevented him from resuming his travels until May 1838, when he traveled to Olomouc and Salzbrunn, then returned to Poland, in June visiting family estates in Opinogóra Górna. Shortly after, he traveled to Warsaw and then Gdańsk. September marked the end of his romance (which his father had opposed) with Joanna Bobrowa. On 1 September 1838, together with his father, he again departed for Italy (Venice, Florence, Rome, and Naples). In Rome he once again met Juliusz Słowacki.", "For over a decade, Krasiński's muse was Countess Delfina Potocka (likewise a friend of composer Frédéric Chopin), with whom he conducted a romance from 1838 to 1848. In the first half of 1839 he traveled to Sicily, meeting Potocka in Switzerland, and his father in Dresden. He spent much of that time traveling with Potocka and writing poems and other works dedicated to her. In July 1840 his father informed the 28-year-old of plans that he had made for Zygmunt to marry Countess Eliza Branicka (1820–1876). The marriage eventuated on 26 July 1843 in Dresden. The couple would have four children: sons Władysław and Zygmunt, and daughters Maria Beatrix and Elżbieta.\nAs usual, much of Krasiński's time was divided between traveling and writing. The year 1843 also saw the publication of his poem Przedświt (Predawn). In 1845 he published another major work, Psalmy przyszłości (Psalms of the Future). Tirelessly continuing his travels through Central Europe, in January 1848, in Rome, he met another Polish literary figure, the struggling poet Cyprian Norwid (sometimes considered a fourth Polish bard), whom he would aid financially. He also met Mickiewicz again and endorsed Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski's political faction. A conservative, Krasiński was critical of the revolutionary upheavals known as the Spring of Nations.\nIn 1850 his health worsened, but that did not stop his constant travels, including to France. Through letters and audiences with European figures, including Napoleon III, whom he met in 1857 and 1858, he sought to gain support for the Polish cause. In 1856, in Paris, he took part in the funeral of Adam Mickiewicz. On 24 November 1857, in a major blow to Krasiński, his father died.\nKrasiński died in Paris on 23 February 1859. His body, like his father's, was transported to Poland and laid to rest in the family crypt at Opinogóra. Today the former family estate of the Krasiński family is the home of a Museum of Romantism.", "", "Key themes in his writings include conservatism, Messianist Christianity, the necessity of sacrifice and suffering to moral progress, and providentialism. His relation to his father, who strongly influenced – indeed, controlled – many aspects of his life, is also seen as a major influence in his writings.\n\nSome of Krasiński's work contains antisemitic motifs. Political scientist Stephen Bronner argues that the Comedy is probably \"the first work in which a Jewish conspiracy against a Christian society figured as the prominent theme\". According to theatre critic Agata Adamiecka-Sitek, this aspect of the piece is still a sensitive topic in Poland, as the piece is \"both canonical and profoundly embarrassing for Polish culture, on par perhaps with The Merchant of Venice in the western theatre canon\".\nHe differed from his major peers, Mickiewicz and Słowacki, in his vision of the future. Accepting the likelihood of democratic social revolution, he was much less sanguine about it than they; and so were his works, when they touched on the future. All Three Bards agreed the future would see major, likely violent changes. For Krasiński, the future held little hope for a better, new world, though his later works suggested the possibility of salvation – and of restoration of Polish independence – through a return to conservative Christian values.", "Krasiński's early works, particularly his historical novels, such as Agaj-Han, were influenced by Walter Scott and Lord Byron and extolled medieval chivalry. They are also deeply pessimistic. This gloomy atmosphere is visible in Krasiński's best-known work, the drama Nie-boska komedia (The Undivine Comedy), which he wrote around 1835, when he was in his early twenties.\nIn the 19th century, a greater Polish Romantic poet, Adam Mickiewicz, discussed The Undivine Comedy in his Collège de France lectures, calling it \"the highest achievement of the Slavic theater\". A century later, another Polish poet and lecturer on the history of Polish literature, Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz, called The Undivine Comedy \"truly pioneering\" and \"undoubtedly a masterpiece not only of Polish but... of world literature\", and remarked how surprising it was that such a brilliant drama could have been created by an author barely out of his teens. The American academic Harold B. Segel noted that the play \"has steadily gained prestige in the twentieth century and is widely regarded in Poland as one of the greatest dramatic works to emerge from the Romantic period\", and that it had been staged outside Poland and was likely the most internationally known Polish romantic drama.\n\nThe Undivine Comedy discussed the concept of class struggle before Karl Marx had coined the phrase. The Undivine Comedy appears to have been inspired by the author's reflections on the Polish November 1830 Uprising and on the French July 1830 Revolution. It contemplated social revolution, predicted the destruction of the nobility, and commented on societal changes wrought by western Europe's burgeoning capitalism. The play was critical both of the aristocracy and of the revolutionaries, the former depicted as cowardly, and the latter, as destructive; neither morally superior. Also addressed were such themes as the poet's identity, the nature of poetry, and Romantic myths of perfect love, fame, and happiness.\nIn another prose drama, Irydion, Krasiński again took up the theme of societal decay. He condemned the excesses of revolutionary movements, arguing that motives such as retribution had no place in the Christian ethic; many contemporaries, however, saw the play as an endorsement of militant struggle for Poland's independence, while Krasiński's intent was to advocate for organic work as a means to society's advancement. His later writings more clearly showed his opposition to romantic militant ventures and his advocacy of peaceful, organic educational work; this was particularly so in his Psalms of the Future, which expressly criticized the concept of revolution. Krasiński began writing Irydion before The Undivine Comedy, but published it after the latter. Miłosz commented that, while Irydion is a work of considerable talent, especially in its insightful analysis of the decadence of Roman Empire, it is not on a par with The Undivine Comedy; and Segel wrote that Irydion \"attracts no great attention today\".\nKrasiński's later work includes a body of poetry, but his lyrical poetry is not particularly notable; indeed, he himself remarked that he was not a particularly gifted poet. More memorable are his \"treatises in the philosophy of history\", especially Predawn and Psalms of the Future, influenced by philosophers including Georg Hegel, Friedrich Schelling, August Cieszkowski, and Bronisław Trentowski. Krasiński's rejection of Romantic ideals and democratic slogans which he felt inspired futile bloody rebellions, brought a polemical reply from fellow poet Juliusz Słowacki in the form of the poem, Odpowiedź na Psalmy przyszłości (A reply to \"Psalms of the Future\").\nLastly, he was a prolific writer of well-received letters, some of which survived and were published posthumously. Polish literature scholars Maria Janion and Kazimierz Wyka wrote that the body of his letters is, next to his dramas, his other major literary achievement; similar praise was offered by literature critic Jan Zbigniew Słojewski who argued that those letters are one of the crowning achievements of Polish Romanticism. Theater critic Jan Kott referred to the series of letters written by Krasiński to Potocka as \"the greatest (yet unwritten) novel of the Polish Romantic period\".\nMost, if not all, of his works, were published anonymously or under pseudonyms, to protect his family – particularly his father, a politician and administrator in Russian-controlled Congress Poland – from retribution by the Russian Empire, as his works were often outspoken and contained thinly veiled references to the political situation of contemporary Europe (in particular, of the partitions of Poland). Due to his decision to publish anonymously, to the end of his life he was able to travel freely between his family manor in Russian-controlled lands and centers of Polish emigré life in Western Europe (the Great Emigration), while others, including Mickiewicz and Słowacki, were forced to remain in exile in the West, banned from returning to Polish lands by the occupying powers. This led to his being known as the Anonymous Poet of Poland (the title of English writer Monica Mary Gardner's 1919 monograph, The Anonymous Poet of Poland: Zygmunt Krasinski).", "Polish literary scholar Zbigniew Sudolski writes, in the Polish Biographical Dictionary, that Krasiński has traditionally been ranked with Mickiewicz and Słowacki as one of Poland's Three National Bards. Of the three, however, Krasiński is considered the least influential. Miłosz wrote that Krasiński, popular in the mid-19th century, remains an important figure in the history of Polish literature but is not on a par with Mickiewicz and Słowacki. \nModern scholars generally agree that while Krasiński was in his time admired for his poetry, these did not age well. Polish historian of literature, Mieczysław Giergielewicz, observes the contradiction regarding Krasiński's dramas and poems, the former which gained popularity with the critics, but not the public, while for the later, a reverse was true. He subsequently notes that over time, assessment of his dramas (and letters) overshadowed that of his poetry, which proved to be much less enduring. Segel likewise agreed that both Krasiński's poetry, as early as during the turn-of-the-century Young Poland period, came to be criticized as \"vehicles for [an] embarrassing messianism\" and as \"amateur and shallow Romantic philosophizing\". Krasiński's popularity further waned under the People's Republic of Poland, when his conservative religious themes met with disapproval by the communist authorities; new editions of his works were not published in the 1940s and 1950s. \nToday most of Krasiński's Romantic tales and poetry are still considered relatively weak. On the other hand, he has come to be recognized as \"a superb prose stylist and easily the outstanding epistolary artist of Polish romanticism\", and his Undivine Comedy remains one of the most important dramas, if not the most important Polish drama, of the Romantic period.", "History of philosophy in Poland\nList of Poles\nRomanticism in Poland", "Sudolski, Zbigniew (2016). \"Zygmunt Krasiński\". Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny (in Polish). Archived from the original on 12 August 2019.\nErlich, Victor (1962). \"The Conception of the Poet in Krasiński and the Romantic Myth of the Artist\". Studies in Romanticism. 1 (4): 193–208. doi:10.2307/25599560. JSTOR 25599560.\nMiłosz, Czesław (24 October 1983). The History of Polish Literature, Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-520-04477-7.\nWinkler, Markus (31 August 2018). Barbarian: Explorations of a Western Concept in Theory, Literature, and the Arts: Vol. I: From the Enlightenment to the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Springer. p. 203. ISBN 978-3-476-04485-3.\nMiłosz, Czesław (24 October 1983). The History of Polish Literature, Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-520-04477-7.\nFloryńska-Lalewicz, Halina (2004). \"Zygmunt Krasiński\". Culture.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 25 May 2020.\nSegel, Harold B. (8 April 2014). Polish Romantic Drama: Three Plays in English Translation. Routledge. pp. 25–31. ISBN 978-1-134-40042-3.\nLerski, Jerzy Jan; Lerski, Halina T. (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0.\nBronner, Stephen Eric (2019). \"The Tale of a Forgery: Inventing the Protocols\". A Rumor about the Jews. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 81. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95396-0_4. ISBN 978-3-319-95396-0.\nAdamiecka-Sitek, Agata (2016). \"Poles, Jews and Aesthetic Experience: On the Cancelled Theatre Production by Olivier Frljić\". Polish Theatre Journal. 1.\nHarris, Laurie Lanzen (July 1983). Nineteenth-century Literature Criticism. Gale Research Company. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-8103-5804-1.\nWalecki, Wacław (1997). A Short History of Polish Literature. Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow Branch. p. 29. ISBN 978-838672636-3.\nMiłosz, Czesław (24 October 1983). The History of Polish Literature, Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-520-04477-7.\nMiłosz, Czesław (24 October 1983). The History of Polish Literature, Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-520-04477-7.\nMiłosz, Czesław (24 October 1983). The History of Polish Literature, Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-520-04477-7.\nCysewski, Kazimierz (1994). \"Epistolografia jako literatura na przykładzie listów Zygmunta Krasińskiego\" (PDF). Prace Polonistyczne (in Polish). 49: 113–155.\nMaria Janion (1960). Zygmunt Krasiński w stulecie śmierci (in Polish). Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 260.\nStraszewska, Maria (1969). Romantyzm (in Polish). Państwowe Zakłady Wydawn. Szkolnych. p. 209.\nKott, Jan (1966). Sto listów do Delfiny (PDF) (in Polish). Czytelnik. p. 10.\nWacław Lednicki (1964). Zygmunt Krasiński, Romantic Universalist: An International Tribute, Edited by Wacław Lednicki. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. pp. 14–15.\nWacław Lednicki (1964). Zygmunt Krasiński, Romantic Universalist: An International Tribute, Edited by Wacław Lednicki. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. p. 190. Out of respect for the position of his father, a deserter from the national cause, Krasiński published all his works anonymously, most of them without even a pseudonym: during his lifetime he was the Anonymous Poet of Poland\nAgnieszka Gutthy (2009). Literature in Exile of East and Central Europe. Peter Lang. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4331-0490-9. Krasiński wrote most of his poetry anonymously\nMarkus Winkler (31 August 2018). Barbarian: Explorations of a Western Concept in Theory, Literature, and the Arts: Vol. I: From the Enlightenment to the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Springer. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-476-04485-3. Krasiński traveled freely between the centers of European and Polish emigre cultural life and his family manor in the Russian part of Poland. Still he was part of Polish emigre culture and published his works anonymously in order to avoid provoking the Russian authorities.\nWinkler, Markus (31 August 2018). Barbarian: Explorations of a Western Concept in Theory, Literature, and the Arts: Vol. I: From the Enlightenment to the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Springer. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-476-04485-3.\nGiergielewicz, Mieczysław; Wallace, Stanley H. (1959). \"Zygmunt Krasinski 1812–1859: A Biographical Sketch\". The Polish Review. 4 (3): 81–89. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25776258.", "Władysław Günther (1959). Krasiński żywy: książka zbiorowa wydana staraniem Związku Pisarzy Polskich na Obcźynie (in Polish). B. Świderski.\nGrażyna Halkiewicz-Sojak; Bogdan Burdziej (2001). Zygmunt Krasiński – nowe spojrzenia (in Polish). Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. ISBN 978-83-231-1293-8.\nMaria Janion (1962). Zygmunt Krasiński: debiut i dojrzałość (in Polish). Wiedza Powszechna.\nZygmunt Krasiński (2003). Wydalony z Parnasu: księga poświęcona pamięci Zygmunta Krasińskiego (in Polish). Wydawn. Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk. ISBN 978-83-7063-373-8.\nTadeusz Pini (1928). Krasiński: życie i twórczość (in Polish). Wegner.\nZbigniew Sudolski (1989). Zygmunt Krasiński przypominany i żywy (in Polish). Społeczny Komitet Budowy Pomnika Zygmunta Krasińskiego.\nStanisław Tarnowski (1893). Zygmunt Krasiński. Fundusz Nestora Rucewicza – via Internet Archive.: Volume 1, Volume 2)\nAndrzej Waśko (2001). Zygmunt Krasiński: oblicza poety (in Polish). Wydawn. Arcana. ISBN 978-83-86225-39-2.", "Media related to Zygmunt Krasiński at Wikimedia Commons\n Quotations related to Zygmunt Krasiński at Wikiquote\n(in Polish) Biography at poezja.org\n\"Krasinski, Sigismund\" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.\nWorks by Zygmunt Krasiński at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Zygmunt Krasiński at Internet Archive\nWorks by Zygmunt Krasiński at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Krasiński", "Life", "Childhood", "Literary travels", "Later life", "Works", "Themes", "Works", "Critical assessment", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5361320, 5361321, 5361322, 5361323, 5361324 ]

[ 27243175, 27243176, 27243177, 27243178, 27243179, 27243180, 27243181, 27243182, 27243183, 27243184, 27243185, 27243186, 27243187, 27243188, 27243189, 27243190, 27243191, 27243192, 27243193, 27243194, 27243195, 27243196, 27243197, 27243198, 27243199, 27243200, 27243201, 27243202, 27243203, 27243204, 27243205, 27243206, 27243207, 27243208, 27243209, 27243210, 27243211, 27243212, 27243213, 27243214, 27243215, 27243216, 27243217, 27243218, 27243219, 27243220, 27243221, 27243222, 27243223, 27243224, 27243225, 27243226, 27243227, 27243228, 27243229, 27243230, 27243231 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Zygmunt_Malanowicz.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Malanowicz (4 February 1938 – 4 April 2021) was a Polish film actor. He appeared in more than 30 films from 1962 to 2020.", "Knife in the Water (1962)\nNaked Among Wolves (1963)\nBarrier (1966)\nHunting Flies (1969)\nLandscape After the Battle (1970)\nZnaki na drodze (1970)\nJarosław Dąbrowski (1976)\nCserepek (1980)\nA Trap (1997)\nAll That I Love (2009)\nThe Lure (2015)\nUsta usta (2020)", "\"Zygmunt Malanowicz nie żyje. Aktor miał 83 lata\". polsatnews. Retrieved 5 April 2021.\nThe New York Times\nThe New York Times", "Zygmunt Malanowicz at IMDb\nZygmunt Malanowicz at Rotten Tomatoes" ]

[ "Zygmunt Malanowicz", "Selected filmography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361325 ]

[ 27243232, 27243233 ]

[ "Zygmunt Marek" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Zygmunt_Marek.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Stanisław Marek (born March 17, 1872 in Kraków, died 1931 in Kraków) was a Polish socialist politician.\nAfter graduating from gymnasium he studied law. He joined the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (PPSD) in 1890. Marek was a chief editor of the newspaper ‘'Więzien polityczny (Political prisoner) and Naprzód (Forward) during World War I. In 1919, after Poland regained independence after years of partitions, he joined the united Polish Socialist Party (PPS).\nElected Sejm member the same year, he became chairman of the PPS caucus, replacing Norbert Barlicki in 1926. On May 31, 1926 he nominated Józef Piłsudski for President. Piłsudski was elected by National Assembly for this post, but decided against taking office. As a result PPS drafted their own candidate in next election, held on June 1, and Marek became a nominee. He faced Piłsudski-backed chemistry professor Ignacy Mościcki and Poznań Voivode Adolf Bniński, who represented the right wing. In the first round he placed last with 56 votes (against 215 for Mościcki and 211 for Bniński). In the runoff he finished last again, with just one vote (Mościcki defeated Bniński 281 to 200).\nMarek served as a Sejm Vice-Marshal from 1928 to 1931. He was the father of Krystyna Marek, Polish-Swiss professor of public international law.", "1926 Polish presidential elections" ]

[ "Zygmunt Marek", "See also" ]

[ 5361326 ]

[ 27243234 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Teodor_Tomasz_Je%C5%BC_foto_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Miłkowski, pseudonym Teodor Tomasz Jeż (March 23, 1824 in Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire – January 11, 1915 in Lausanne, Switzerland) was Polish romantic writer and politician who struggled for independence of Poland as leader of Polish Union (Polish: Liga Polska). He became a member of the Serbian Learned Society in 1869, the society which preceded the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.", "", "Bunjak, Petar. \"Project Rastko - Poland E-library of Polish-Serbian Cultural Ties\". Godine 1869. Zigmunt Milkovski (T. T. Jež) izabran je za inostranog člana Srpskog učenog društva.", "Media related to Zygmunt Miłkowski at Wikimedia Commons\nBiography of Zygmunt Miłkowski" ]

[ "Zygmunt Miłkowski", "Selected works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361327 ]

[ 27243235 ]

[ "Zygmunt Miłoszewski, 2019" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/RK1907_MG_6418_Zygmunt_Mi%C5%82oszewski.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Miłoszewski (born May 8, 1976 in Warsaw) is a Polish writer. Previously he was a journalist and editor for the Polish edition of Newsweek. He is an author of novels, features and short stories.", "Zygmunt Miłoszewski published his first novel Domofon (\"The Intercom\") in 2005. It is a horror/mystery story about a group of people trapped in a haunted block of flats. Film Studio Zebra and Juliusz Machulski bought the rights for a film adaptation of Domofon.\nHis second novel was The Adder Mountains (\"Góry Zmijowe\"), a fantasy for younger readers.\nHis third book, Entanglement (\"Uwikłanie\"), Miłoszewski's biggest success so far, is a crime novel for which Miłoszewski was awarded the High Calibre Prize for the Best Polish Crime Novel of the Year 2007 (\"Nagroda Wielkiego Kalibru dla najlepszej polskiej powieści kryminalnej i sensacyjnej roku 2007\"). Entanglement was published in the UK and US in 2010 by Bitter Lemon Press.\nThe next instalment of Entanglement's protagonist, prosecutor Teodor Szacki, A Grain of Truth (\"Ziarno Prawdy\"') was published on October 5, 2011 in Poland, and in 2012 in the UK and US by Bitter Lemon Press. The next part was announced to be published in 2013.\nAll of Miłoszewski's books have been translated into a number of languages, including English, French and German.\nA Grain of Truth (\"Ziarno Prawdy\") was awarded the High Calibre Prize for the Best Polish Crime Novel of the Year 2011 (\"Nagroda Wielkiego Kalibru dla najlepszej polskiej powieści kryminalnej i sensacyjnej roku 2011\").", "Publishers Weekly (June 28, 2010) wrote about Miłoszewski's novel Entanglement and gave it a starred review: \nMiloszewski takes an engaging look at modern Polish society in this stellar first in a new series starring Warsaw prosecutor Teodor Szacki. (...) Szacki, who's undergoing a midlife crisis and has ambivalent feelings about his wife, considers an affair with journalist hoping to get exclusive details on his inquiry. Readers will want to see more of the complex, sympathetic Szacki.\n\nFor \"A Grain of Truth\" Zygmunt Miloszewski got his next starred review in Publishers Weekly (11/19/2012): \nA smart plot, an engagingly acerbic lead, and a nuanced portrayal of 2009 Poland lift Miloszewski’s second mystery featuring Warsaw prosecutor Teodor Szacki (after \"Entanglement\").", "Studio Filmowe Zebra bought the rights to \"Domofon\", Miloszewski's first novel.\nThe third Miłoszewski novel, Entanglement was adapted for the big screen by film director Jacek Bromski (Love in the Year of the Tiger). It was released in Poland on June 3, 2011. Producers (Juliusz Machulski and Wojciech Danowski) assembled a cast including Polish film stars Maja Ostaszewska (Katyń), Marek Bukowski (Nad rzeką, której nie ma), Andrzej Seweryn (Schindler's List), Piotr Adamczyk (Karol: A Man Who Became Pope) and Olgierd Łukaszewicz (Generał Nil).\nEntanglement was produced by Studio Filmowe Zebra with the support of the Polish Film Institute. The film was shot by cinematographer Marcin Koszałka (Rewers).\n\"A Grain of Truth\" is in production, and will be directed by director Borys Lankosz.", "Entanglement, 2007, ISBN 978-1-904738-44-2. English edition: Bitter Lemon Press, London 2010 (trans. by Antonia Lloyd-Jones). First published in Polish as Uwikłanie by Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2007.\nA Grain of Truth, 2011, ISBN 978-1-908524-02-7. English edition: Bitter Lemon Press, London 2012 (trans. by Antonia Lloyd-Jones). First published in Polish as Ziarno prawdy by Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2011.\nRage, 2012, ISBN 978-1503935860, English edition: 2016 (translated by Antonia Lloyd-Jones). First published in Polish as Gniew by Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2012.\nPriceless, 2018, ISBN 978-1503941434, English edition: Amazon Crossing, Seattle 2018 (trans. Antonia Lloyd-Jones). First published in Polish as Bezcenny by Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2013.", "Zygmunt Miłoszewski at Culture.pl\nbitterlemonpress\nbitterlemonpress press_and_reviews\nwab.com\nPublishers Weekly Reviews\ncineuropa.org\nUwikłanie (Polish original title) at IMDb" ]

[ "Zygmunt Miłoszewski", "Novels", "Critical reception", "Film adaptations", "Bibliography", "Notes and references" ]

[ 5361328 ]

[ 27243236, 27243237, 27243238, 27243239, 27243240, 27243241, 27243242, 27243243, 27243244, 27243245 ]

[ "Zygmunt Mineyko" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/ZMineyko.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Mineyko (Greek: Ζίγκμουντ Μινέικο; 1840 – 27 December 1925) was a Polish nobleman, army officer, scientist and engineer who later became a naturalized Greek citizen and a public figure in Greece. His son-in-law Georgios Papandreou, his grandson Andreas Papandreou and his great-grandson George Papandreou all became Prime Ministers of Greece.", "Zygmunt was born into the family of Stanislaw Jerzy Mineyko and Cecilia Szukiewicz in Balvanishki, Russian Empire (nowadays — Zyalyony Bor, Ashmyany district, Grodno region, Belarus). The Mineykos belonged to the szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. One of Zygmunt’s ancestors was among the signatories of the Union of Horodło in 1413, and the family possessed many estates in what is now Poland and Belarus.", "In 1858 Mineyko graduated from a Vilna high school. His brother-in-law, Aleksander Tydman was a close relative of the Russian general Eduard Totleben (1818–1884). Totleben helped Zygmunt to enroll into the best Military Academy in Russia – the Nicholas General Staff Academy in Saint Petersburg. After the Russian Empire lost the Crimean war and was weakened economically and politically, an unrest started on the lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1861, Mineyko returned home to spread anti-Russian agitation among the Polish and Belarusian population. Being under the persecution of the Russian government he escaped to Italy, where he taught the war fortification at the Military School in Genoa. The school trained volunteers for a future anti-Russian uprising.\nWhen the January Uprising in the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Russian Empire bursted, Mineyko returned home. He organized and led a guerrilla brigade in the region of Ashmyany. After being defeated by Russian forces, Mineyko was arrested and sentenced to death. Only with the help of the bribes given to Russian officials and selling of family estates, he managed to escape the death penalty and was sent to a 12-year Katorga in Siberia.\nOn the way to exile, Zygmunt encountered French prisoners, also sentenced by Russians for their participation in the January Uprising. He memorized their names to pass the data to the French authorities one day.", "In 1865, Mineyko managed to escape from Siberian exile. He left the Russian Empire on English ship under the name of count von Meberthe. The revolutionary travelled to Europe. In Paris, he met Napoleon III to inform him about the French officers, participants of the January Uprising, whom he had met in Siberia. When Alexander II of Russia visited France in 1868, the Emperor of the French brought up the subject of the French prisoners in Siberia. The Russian monarch could not deny the list of specific names. Soon, these prisoners were released. The French government thanked Mineyko by granting him an opportunity to study at École Militaire in Paris. After graduation with a degree in civil engineering, Mineyko led construction of railways, bridges and channels in Bulgaria, Turkey and Greece. In 1870 he fought for France in the Franco-Prussian War.", "Mineyko then worked for 20 years in the service of the Ottoman Empire, building roads, railways and bridges in Bulgaria, Thrace, Thessaly and Epirus. He became chief engineer of Epirus and Thessaly provinces, then part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1878 he made a sensational archaeological discovery, when his expedition found traces of the major ancient sanctuary of Zeus in Dodona. The researcher created the ethnological map of Epirus, wrote numerous works on the Greece topography. During this time, he established closer links with circles of the Greek intelligentsia, and came to establish similarities between Polish and Greek histories and fights for freedom.", "In 1880 Mineyko married Persephone Manaris from Patras, the daughter of the renowned Greek mathematician Spyridon Manaris, principal of the famous Zosimaia School of Ioannina. Their family had a neoclassical mansion, now demolished, in Psilalonia square. In 1891 their family settled in Athens. Mineyko was appointed as a chief engineer of the Public Work Ministry of Greece. He also was a member of the executive committee for Crete in 1896, and in 1897 he was head of the topographic section of General Staff of the Greek Army.\nHe participated in the construction and restoration of the Olympic facilities, including the Panathinaiko Stadium which hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. During the Games, Mineyko wrote reports from the Olympic arena for the Polish newspaper \"Czas\". He wrote letters for Polish periodicals in Cracow and Lwow for many years, presenting the problems of Greek politics and ethnic questions from a pro-Hellenic point of view. \nMineyko took part in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897. During the First Balkan War, in 1913, his strategic plans became crucial in achieving the decisive Greek victory at the battle of Bizani, which led to the capture of Ioannina and Epirus by Greece. As an engineer and head of the cartographic service of the Greek General Staff, and with his prior knowledge of the region, he prepared a plan for the outflanking movement which led to the taking of the strongly fortified Turkish position of \"Bizani\", which sealed entry to the Ioannina Valley. In November 1919, the affair became famous when, during the trial of General Staff Officers, the Athenian journals \"Patris\" and \"Nea Ellas\" revealed Mineyko’s contribution. For this achievement, he then received the Golden Cross of the Redeemer.\nZygmunt worked as a chief engineer of the Public Work Ministry until August 1917 when he suffered a heart attack. His illness caused his resignation.\nIn 1911 and 1922, Mineyko was able to visit his homeland, the Second Polish Republic.\nZygmunt Mineyko died on December 27, 1925.", "Zygmunt Mineiko and Persephone Manaris raised two sons and five daughters. One of their daughters, Sophia, married Georgios Papandreou, the Governor of Chios who later served three terms as Prime Minister of Greece (1944–1945, 1963, 1964–1965). Sophia's son, Andreas Papandreou, was born in Chios in 1919. A Greek economist, a socialist politician, he served three terms as Prime Minister of Greece (1981–1989 (two consecutive), 1993–1996).\nIn 1984, Andreas Papandreou visited General Wojciech Jaruzelski in Poland. It is assumed, he concerned himself with the opportunity to explore his grandfather’s homeland village in Soviet Belarus. However he was told that Balvanishki had no longer existed. This was due to communists renamed the village into Zyalyony Bor during the Khrushchev era.\nThe son of Andreas Papandreou and the great-grandson of Zygmunt Mineyko, George Papandreou became the third member of the Papandreou family to serve as the country's prime minister (2009–2011). He has mentioned his background, telling about his maternal great-grandfather who came to live in Greece.", "Zygmunt Mineyko could speak Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, French, Turkish, and Greek, was an excellent horseman and hunter.\nMineyko was a prominent Freemason. A Lodge called Vox Ukrainia, belonging to the Grand Orient du Russie, initiated him. Later he became a member of the Grand Orient de France, of the Grand Orient of Italy and of the Loges Panhellenion and Pythagoras of the Grande Loge de Grece, where he was extremely active. He also belonged to the Supreme Council of Greece of the Masonic Old and Accepted Scottish Rites. When he died, thousands of Masons attended his funeral in Athens.\nThe Greek parliament acknowledged Mineyko by proclaiming him honorary citizen of Greece in 1910. After the end of the First Balkan War, he was also conferred upon the highest award of Greece, the Gold Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (1913).\nWhile travelling to the Second Polish Republic in 1922, Mineyko received Polish military awards, such as the Virtuti Militari Cross, the rank of veteran-colonel and Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Jan Kazimierz.\nMineyko deposited his memoirs and articles in the Library of Jagiellonian University, and donated his numismatic collection to Vilnius University. A book of his memoirs, Z tajgi pod Akropol: Wspomnienia z lat 1848-1868 (in Polish), was published in Warsaw in 1971.\nOne of the streets in the Belarusian town of Ashmyany named after Zygmunt Mineyko.", "Arlou, Uladzimier (3 Sep 2006). \"Зыгмунт Мінейка\" (in Belarusian). Радыё Свабода. Retrieved 23 April 2012.\nLashkevich, Kastus (4 Feb 2009). \"Ліцвінскі элін — герой Грэцыі\" (in Belarusian). TUT.BY. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 23 April 2012.\nVenclova, Tomas (2008). Vilnius: A Guide to Its Names and People. Vilnius: R.Paknio Leidykla. p. 168. ISBN 978-9955736226.\nZdrada, Jerzy (9 October 1999). \"Zygmunt Mineyko (1840 – 1925) and George Papandreou as family in Greece\". Retrieved 23 April 2012.\n\"Senator Ryszard Bender pyta premiera Grecji Jerzego Papandreou w Zgromadzeniu Parlamentarnym Rady Europy w Strasburgu 26 stycznia 2010 r. w sprawie krzyży\" (in English and Polish). Retrieved 23 April 2012.\nMineyko, Zygmunt. \"Memoirs by Zygmunt Mineyko. English translation by Krzysztof Mineyko\". Z tajgi pod Akropol: Wspomnienia z lat 1848-1868. Retrieved 23 April 2012.\n\"Andreas G. Papandreou Full Biography\". Andreas G. Papandreou Foundation. Retrieved 23 April 2012.\nLoulis, John (1984–85). \"Papandreou's Foreign Policy\". Foreign Affairs. 63 (Winter): 375–391. doi:10.2307/20042189. JSTOR 20042189.\nMaldzis, Adam (7 Jun 2007). \"Ошмянский инсургент, сибирский каторжник, почетный гражданин Греции\". Советская Белоруссия. Беларусь Сегодня (in Russian). Retrieved 23 April 2012.\n\"Senator Ryszard Bender pyta premiera Grecji Jerzego Papandreou w Zgromadzeniu Parlamentarnym Rady Europy w Strasburgu 26 stycznia 2010 r. w sprawie krzyży\" (in English and Polish). Retrieved 23 April 2012.\n\"Spotkanie premierów Polski i Grecji – 7 kwietnia 2011 r.\" YouTube (in Polish). Retrieved 23 April 2012.\nInformation about Members of the Family", "Information about Members of the Mineyko Family\nThe Mineyko Family Album" ]

[ "Zygmunt Mineyko", "Childhood and youth", "Anti-Russian uprising", "In France", "In the Ottoman Empire", "In Greece", "Papandreou dynasty", "Honours and legacy", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361329 ]

[ 27243246, 27243247, 27243248, 27243249, 27243250, 27243251, 27243252, 27243253, 27243254, 27243255, 27243256, 27243257, 27243258, 27243259, 27243260, 27243261, 27243262, 27243263, 27243264, 27243265, 27243266 ]

[ "Zygmunt Mycielski" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/ZygmuntMycielski.jpg" ]

[ "Count Zygmunt Mycielski (17 August 1907 – 5 August 1987) was a Polish composer and music critic. He was born in Przeworsk and completed his childhood education in Kraków, where he was taught by Bernardino Rizzi. In 1928, Mycielski moved to Paris, where he studied composition at École Normale de Musique with Paul Dukas and Nadia Boulanger. While there, he served as president of the Association of Young Polish Musicians in Paris from 1934 to 1936. In 1936, he moved back to Poland and began his music and writing career.\nMycielski served in the Polish military during World War II and became a prisoner of war after being captured by the German Army. For the rest of the war, he did compulsory work for a German farmer. After the war ended, he returned to Poland and served two terms as editor for Ruch Muzyczny (1946–1948 and 1957–1959) before becoming editor-in-chief from 1960 to 1968. His political views clashed with communist Polish authorities, however. His publications caused him to be ousted as editor-in-chief of Ruch Muzyczny; his writings were then subject to strict censorship and he was forbidden to leave the country.\nMycielski continued his political activism though. In 1975, he signed a group letter with other Polish intellectuals protesting proposed changes to the Polish constitution by the Communist party. In 1978, he founded the Academic Education Society, a student organisation that was deemed illegal and later banned.\nMycielski died in Warsaw and he was buried in Wiśniowa on the Wisłok River.", "\"Zygmunt Mycielski. Polish Music Information Centre. Retrieved on October 22, 2020.\nThomas, Adrian. \"Zygmunt Mycielski\". Grove Music Online (subscription required). ed. L. Macy. Retrieved on September 19, 2007." ]

[ "Zygmunt Mycielski", "References" ]

[ 5361330 ]

[ 27243267 ]

[ "Zygmunt Noskowski" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Zygmunt_Noskowski_%28cropped%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Noskowski (2 May 1846 – 23 July 1909) was a Polish composer, conductor, and teacher.", "Noskowski was born in Warsaw and was originally trained at the Warsaw Conservatory studying violin and composition with Stanisław Moniuszko, graduated with distinction in 1867. A scholarship enabled him to travel to Berlin where between 1872 and 1875, he studied with Friedrich Kiel, one of Europe’s leading teachers of composition. After holding several positions - kapellmeister and conductor of the Bodan Choral Society in Konstanz, Noskowski returned to Warsaw in 1880 where he remained for the rest of his life, professor of composition at the Warsaw Conservatory and conductor of Warsaw Society of Friends and the Warsaw Philharmonic (1905-1908).\nHe worked not only as a composer, but also became a famous teacher, a prominent conductor and a journalist. He was one of the leading figures in Polish music during the late 19th century and the first decade of the 20th. He taught virtually all of the important Polish composers of the next generation, including Karol Szymanowski and Grzegorz Fitelberg. See: List of music students by teacher: N to Q#Zygmunt Noskowski. He served as head of the Warsaw Music Society from 1880 to 1902 and was considered Poland’s leading composer during the last decade of his life. He died in Warsaw.\nWhile Noskowski is best known for his orchestral compositions, he composed opera, chamber music, instrumental sonatas and vocal works of importance. Discussing Nowkowski's chamber music, the famous critic and scholar Wilhelm Altmann wrote that it was \"very effective and deserving of public attention and performance.\" Judging from the piano quartet written in 1879, one can hear that Noskowski had assimilated the recent musical developments taking place in Central Europe but the music, other than structurally, shows little or no influence of any of the major composers of the time, such as Brahms, Liszt, or Wagner, who were then dominating the scene.", "Symphony No. 1 in A major (1874–75)\nString Quartet, Op. 9 (1875)\nMorskie Oko, Concert Overture for Orchestra, Op. 19 (1879)\nSymphony No. 2 in C minor, \"Elegiac\" (1875–79)\nFantasy for String Quartet (1879)\nPiano Quartet in D minor, Op. 8 (1880)\nPolonaise élegiaque in E minor, orchestra, Op. 22 No. 3 (1885)\nThe Steppe, symphonic poem, Op. 66 (1895)\nMarche funèbre, Op. 53, orchestra (1897)\nLivia Quintilla, opera (1898)\nSymphonic Variations on Chopin's Prelude in A, Op. 28/7, subtitled \"From the Life of a Nation\" (1901)\nSymphony No. 3 in F major, \"From Spring to Spring\" (1903)\nWyrok (The Judgment), opera (1906)\nZemsta za mur graniczny (Revenge for the Boundary Wall), opera based on a play by Aleksander Fredro (1902–08)", "2008 : Piano Works vol. 1 - Acte Préalable AP0188 - Valentina Seferinova: Impressions Op. 29; 3 Pieces Op. 35; Moments Melodiques Op. 36: Contes Op. 37; Feuille de Trefle Op. 44\n2015 : Piano Works vol. 2 - Acte Préalable AP0355 - Anna Mikolon : Craoviennes op. 2, Polnisches Wiegenlied op. 11, Les sentiments op. 14, Aquarelles op. 20, En pastel op. 30\n2017 : Piano Works vol. 3 - Acte Préalable AP0382 - Anna Mikolon: Images op. 27, Danses polonaises op. 23 a & 23 b, 3 Cracoviennes op. 5, 3 Morceaux op. 22, 3 Morceaux op. 26, 2 Morceaux op. 15\n2018 : Piano Works vol. 4 - Acte Préalable AP0415 - Anna Mikolon, Anna Liszewska: Cracoviennes op. 7, Danses masoviennes op. 38, Six Polonaises op. 42\n2009 : Chamber Works vol. 1 - Acte Préalable AP0234 - Four Strings Quartet: String Quartets Nos. 1 & 2\n2013 : Chamber Works vol. 2 - Acte Préalable AP0235 - Four Strings Quartet: String Quartet No. 3, Variations on a theme by Viotti, Humorous Quartet, Vis à vis for violin and cello\n2011 : Chamber Works vol. 3 - Acte Préalable AP0248 - *Jolanta Sosnowska: Violin sonata in A minor, Violin miniatures\n2018 : Complete Songs vol. 1 – Acte Préalable AP0421 - Bogumiła Tarasiewicz, mezzo-soprano; Karol Schmidt piano\n2018 : Complete Songs vol. 2 – Acte Préalable AP0422 - Bogumiła Tarasiewicz, mezzo-soprano; Karol Schmidt piano\n2018 : Complete Songs vol. 3 – Acte Préalable AP0423 - Bogumiła Tarasiewicz, mezzo-soprano; Karol Schmidt piano\nSymphonic poem \"Step\" Orchestre des Champs Élysées - Philippe Herreweghe (2012 Narodowy Instytut Frederika Chopina / The Frederyk Chopin Institute. \nSymphonic Works, Vol. 1: Symphony No. 1, Morskie Oka, and Pan Zolzikiewicz (Sterling 1083)\nSymphonic Works, Vol. 2: Symphony No. 2, Variations on an Original Theme, and Odglosy paniątkowe (Sterling 1093)\nSymphonic Works, Vol. 3: Symphony No. 3, From the Life of the Nation, Prelude to Act 2 of Livia Quintilla, and Elegiac Polonaise (Sterling 1101)", "\"Szymanowski Biography\". Polish Music Information Center. Retrieved 10 December 2007.\n\"Musique Classique Noskowski Page\" (in French). Retrieved 30 March 2009.\nWronski, Witold, Zygmunt Noskowski, Warsaw 1960\nSutkowski, A, Zygmunt Noskowski, Kraków, 1957\nAltmann, Wilhelm, Handbuch fûr Streichquartettspieler, Heinrichshofen, Amsterdam, 1972\nSome of the information on this page appears on the website of Edition Silvertrust but permission has been granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.", "Zygmunt Noskowski Piano Quartet, Op.8 sound-bites and a short biograph\nFree scores by Zygmunt Noskowski at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)\nConcert Pianist Valentina Seferinova\nGrand Piano presented by the Polish society to Noskowski at the 25th anniversary of his work (Krall&Seidler, Warsaw ca. 1890)\nScores and books by Zygmunt Noskowski in digital library Polona" ]

[ "Zygmunt Noskowski", "Biography", "Selected works", "Recordings", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361331 ]

[ 27243268, 27243269, 27243270, 27243271, 27243272, 27243273, 27243274, 27243275, 27243276, 27243277, 27243278, 27243279, 27243280, 27243281 ]

[ "Zygmund Padlewski", "Padlewski's capture" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Zygmunt_Padlewski.PNG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/J.%281864%29_Poln.Rev._p368_PADLEWSKI%27S_GEFAHR_UND_GEFANGENNAHME_BEI_SANDOMIERZ.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Padlewski (1836–1863) was a Polish insurgent who participated in the January Uprising. He was one of the leaders of the \"Red\" faction among the insurrectionists as a member of the Central National Committee (Komitet Centralny Narodowy) and the Provisional National Government (Tymczasowy Rząd Narodowy).", "Padlewski was born in a mansion in Czerniawka Mała, Russian-partitioned Poland (now Ukraine) on January 1, 1836. His father, Władysław, took part in the November Uprising. His parents assured that he had a good education and, as a youth, he learned to speak Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, and French. His formal education consisted of military training at the Corps of Cadets in Brest on the Bug River and at the Konstantynowskim Corps of Cadets in St. Petersburg, Russia. In St. Petersburg he was a member of the underground Polish officer organization, led by general Zygmunt Sierakowski. He was quickly promoted to lieutenant after service with the horse guards at Novgorod.", "In 1861 he emigrated to France to train anti-czarist Polish exiles. At the Paris Society of Polish Youth (Towarzystwa Młodzieży Polskiej) and at the Polish Military School (Polskiej Szkoły Wojskowej) he served as a military instructor and taught mathematics, strategy, tactics, artillery, and military history. He was a member of the radical democratic \"red\" left, and member of the Central National Committee. He was involved in negotiations with Russian revolutionaries, and a major planner of the future uprising. In 1862 he returned to Warsaw, Poland, and further helped plan the uprising set for spring of 1863. He also pushed for the abolition of serfdom.", "When the January Uprising was set into motion, Padlewski was appointed general and took command of Polish insurgents in Warsaw and in the Płock Governorate. He was a member of the Provisional National Government (Tymczasowy Rząd Narodowy). He led his troops into the Puszczy Zagajnica forest of Kurpie where they skirmished with czarist forces near Myszyniec (9 March) and Drążdżewo (12 March). It is in this area, near Radzanów, the commander of the insurgents hid Zygmunt Padlewski with his division after Padlewski’s defeat at Myszyniec. Russian czarist troops, on 21 March, then moved into the area, and a battle near Radzanów was fought which resulted in Padlewski losing the conflict with 50 of his insurgents killed in action or drowned while escaping.", "Padlewski was ordered to return to Warsaw after this defeat, and, while en route, on 21 April, he was stopped by a czarist Cossack sentry at the small village of Bożymin and ordered to show his passport. Unfortunately, he showed the sentry an incorrect document, which resulted in the sentry searching his carriage and finding incriminating documents, as well as his insurgent uniform.\nHe was promptly arrested and placed in jail in Płock. Padlewski, who was only 27 years old, was court marshaled by Russian authorities and sentenced to death by firing squad. On May 15, 1863, he was transported through the streets of Płock to the execution place. The Polish population who lined the street watched and “women threw bouquets of flowers from the windows, so that the whole road was strewn with roses and violets.”", "Various monuments in Poland commemorate Padlewski. A school in Płock has been named after him, as well as street in the city. There are several other schools and streets across Poland named in his honor.", "January Uprising\nJednorożec", "Goonetilleke, D.C.R.A. (2007). Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness: A Routledge Study Guide. Taylor & Francis. p. 4. ISBN 9780203003787. Retrieved 2014-10-18.\n\"Patron Gimnazjum NR 5: Zygmunt Padlewski\" (in Polish). Gimnazjum5plock.republika.pl. 2006. Retrieved 2010-11-24.\nKirály, Béla K. (1984). The Crucial decade: East Central European society and national defense, 1859-1870. Brooklyn College Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-88033-043-5. Retrieved 2010-11-24.\nLerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. ABC-Clio. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0. Retrieved 2010-11-24.\n\"Google Translate\". Retrieved 2010-11-24.\nKarbowski, W. (1969). \"Zygmunt Padlewski 1835-1863\". Warszawa: Zgapedia. Retrieved 2010-11-24.\nPolish Zygmunt Padlewski\n\"ul. Zygmunta Padlewskiego, Płock\". wMapa.pl. Retrieved 2010-11-24.\nKarbowski, W. (1969). Zygmunt Padlewski 1835-1863. Warszawa: Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. A biography (in Polish).\nDylewsi, Zenon (February 2007). \"Generał Zygmunt Padlewski, Naczelnik Wojskowy Woj.Płockiego w Powstaniu Styczniowym 1863r\" (PDF) (in Polish)." ]

[ "Zygmunt Padlewski", "Early years", "Planning an insurgency", "The January Uprising", "Capture and execution", "Remembrance", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361332, 5361333 ]

[ 27243282, 27243283, 27243284, 27243285, 27243286, 27243287, 27243288, 27243289, 27243290, 27243291 ]

[ "Zygmunt Podhorski" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Zygmunt_Podhorski.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Podhorski (nom de guerre Zaza; May 25, 1891 – September 12, 1960) was Brigadier General of the Polish Army. Born May 25, 1891, Podhorski fought in World War I (in the Russian Imperial Army), Polish–Soviet War and the Invasion of Poland. Altogether, he served in the military from 1914 until 1946. He died in 1960 in London.", "Podhorski was born in 1891 in the real estate of Popudnia, located in Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now: Ukraine), in a family of Polonized Russian knyazs, which had settled in Polish Kresy in the 16th century. In 1909, he graduated from a high school in Warsaw, and then spent his compulsory military service at 9th Uhlan Regiment at Bila Tserkva, where in 1911 was promoted to the rank of chorazy. In 1911–1914, Podhorski studied at Agricultural Department of the Jagiellonian University. Since he was a junior officer of the Russian Army, to avoid arrest Podhorski left Kraków in August 1914, shortly before the outbreak of the war.\nDuring World War I, Podhorski fought in Russian cavalry. In March 1915 he was promoted to podporucznik, and in October of that year was wounded during a skirmish with Austrian troops. He returned to active service in May 1916, and in February 1917 was transferred to 1st Uhlan Regiment, which consisted mostly of ethnic Poles. Podhorski distinguished himself in the Battle of Krechowce (July 24, 1917), for which he was awarded the Order of St. George, and promoted to poruchik (August 1917).\nIn September 1917, 1st Uhlan Regiment was merged into Polish I Corps in Russia under General Jozef Dowbor-Musnicki. In May 1918, after Polish Corps had been disarmed by German Ober Ost in Babruysk, Podhorski was transferred to Polish forces in Kuban, and later served as military attaché of Polish envoy in Kiev. On November 3, 1918, he returned to Poland, and became involved in creation of Polish cavalry forces. On November 11, 1918, ahead of a mounted squadron, he seized military barracks located on Koszykowa Street in Warsaw, disarming German soldiers stationed there. On December 6 he was promoted to rittmeister, and soon afterwards sent to southeastern Poland, to fight in the Polish-Ukrainian War.\nIn February 1920, Podhorski was commanded reserve squadron of 1st Uhlan Regiment stationed in Tarnów. In July he was promoted to major, and as commandant of 203th Volunteer Uhlan Regiment, he fought against the invading Red Army near Ciechanów. On September 9, 1920, Podhorski was named commandant of 1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, stationed in Augustów, remaining in this post until July 29, 1927. In the 1920s, he supported Polish Army veterans settlements in Kresy (see osadnik). In 1927, Podhorski was sent to a military officers school in France: upon his return, he was named commandant of Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz (1928–1935). In July 1935 he was transferred to 13th Cavalry Brigade in Płock, and in 1937 he was named commandant of Suwalska Cavalry Brigade. On March 19, 1938, Zygmunt Podhorski was promoted to General brygady.\nDuring the 1939 Invasion of Poland, Podhorski commanded Suwalska Cavalry Brigade, which was part of Independent Operational Group Narew (on September 9 – 10, when his brigade was engaged in heavy fighting near Zambrów, Podhorski temporarily commanded the Narew Group).\nOn September 11, Podhorski created the so-called Operational Cavalry Group, which consisted of remnants of Suwalska Cavalry Brigade and Podlaska Cavalry Brigade. With his forces, he broke through German encirclement into the Białowieża Forest, where on September 20, Operational Cavalry Group was renamed into Zaza Cavalry Division, named so after Podhorski's nom de guerre. The division marched southwards, to join Independent Operational Group Polesie in final days of September 1939. Podhorski fought in the Battle of Kock (1939), after which he was captured by the Wehrmacht.\nGeneral Zygmunt Podhorski was kept at Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, Oflag IV-A Hohnstein and Oflag VIII-E Johannisbrunn. In April 1942, he was transferred to Oflag VII-A Murnau, where he was kept until its liberation on April 5, 1945. A few weeks later, on June 19, he joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West. After demobilization, Podhorski settled with his family in London. He was an active member of Polish community there, supporting General Władysław Anders. He died September 12, 1960 in London, and was buried at Brompton Cemetery.", "Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari,\nSilver Cross of the Virtuti Militari,\nOfficers Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta,\nCross of Independence,\nCross of Valour (Poland) (twice),\n1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France),\nLegion of Honour,\nOrder of the White Eagle (Serbia),\nOrder of St. George.", "Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T.XXVII/I, Zeszyt 112, Ossolineum 1982\nCezary Leżeński / Lesław Kukawski: O kawalerii polskiej XX wieku. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1991. ISBN 83-04-03364-X.\nZbigniew Mierzwiński: Generałowie II Rzeczypospolitej. Warszawa 1990: Wydawnictwo Polonia. ISBN 83-7021-096-1.\nTadeusz Jurga: Obrona Polski 1939. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, 1990. ISBN 83-211-1096-7.", "List of Polish generals" ]

[ "Zygmunt Podhorski", "Biography", "Awards", "Sources", "See also" ]

[ 5361334 ]

[ 27243292, 27243293, 27243294, 27243295, 27243296, 27243297, 27243298, 27243299, 27243300, 27243301, 27243302 ]

[ "" ]

[ 2 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Husarz.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Przyjemski of Rawicz (died 3 June 1652) was a Polish military commander and a member of the administration of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. A general of artillery and, at the same time, the Field Writer of the Crown, he was taken captive by the Cossacks in the Battle of Batoh, in which he commanded the Polish infantry. He was executed soon afterwards with a few thousands other Polish prisoners taken in that battle.", "Kazimierz Lepszy (red.): Słownik biograficzny historii powszechnej do XVII stulecia. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1968.", "Górski, K. (1983, originally in 1902). Historya artyleryi polskiej. Warszawa: Wydawn. Artystyczne i Filmowe. pg. 142 (In Polish)\nMoraczewski, J. (1866). Dzieje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Volume 8. Poznań: N. Kamieński. Pg. 80 (In Polish)\n(1907). STANISŁAWA OŚWIĘCIMA DYARYUSZ: 1643-1651. Polska Akademia Umiejętności. Pg. 285. (In Polish)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Przyjemski", "Bibliography", "References" ]

[ 5361335 ]

[ 27243303, 27243304 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Zygmunt_Pulawski.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Puławski (October 24, 1901 – March 21, 1931) was a Polish aircraft designer and pilot. He invented a gull-wing aircraft design, also known as \"Puławski wing\" and designed a series of Polish PZL fighters.\nHe was born in Lublin. In the summer of 1920, during the Soviet offensive in the Polish-Soviet War, he volunteered for a Boy Scout battalion. In late 1920 he commenced studies at Warsaw University of Technology. He was a member of the Aviation Section of the Students' Mechanical Club, where he constructed some gliders. He distinguished himself as a thorough and able student. In 1925 he graduated from the University, receiving the Engineer title, and left for practice in the Breguet works in France. After his return, he served in the national service, completing military aviation school in Bydgoszcz and becoming a pilot. From 1927 he became a main designer of the Central Aviation Workshops (CWL) at Słupecka Street in Warsaw, soon reorganized into the PZL (Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze - State Aviation Works).\nTo meet a requirement of the Polish military department, in 1928 Puławski designed a modern all-metal high-wing fighter with an inline engine, PZL P.1. For the P.1, he invented a gull-wing design, giving the pilot an excellent view from his cockpit. The P.1 was flown in 1929 and met with great interest in the world. Its wing design became also known as \"Puławski wing\" or \"Polish wing\", and was later copied in some other designs in the world. The P.1 was not produced, in a favour of Puławski's next designs with a radial engine, preferred by the Polish Air Force. A development of the P/1 was the PZL P.6 with a radial engine, first flown in 1930. With a pilot Bolesław Orliński, it won a National Air Races in the USA. It was named the best fighter in the world by some of military press at that time. Its improved variant, PZL P.7, was produced for the Polish Air Force (150 made). In early 1931 Puławski designed another fighter development PZL P.8, returning to his favourite inline engine. In 1930, he was also ordered to start working upon the P.7 development, with a stronger engine and begun design work upon the PZL P.11 then.\nPuławski also flew aircraft in the Warsaw Aeroclub. He died on March 21, 1931 in a crash of his newest amphibious flying boat PZL.12 in Warsaw, at the age of 29 (the plane fell due to strong wind, after take-off). After his death, the PZL P.11 project was finished by Wsiewołod Jakimiuk, becoming the main Polish fighter during the Invasion of Poland 1939. Additionally, a faster export model PZL P.24, based entirely on Puławski's construction features, was developed and sold to some countries.\nPuławski was one of the most talented Polish designers. Partly due to his death, Puławski's fighters, most modern in the early 1930s, had not been replaced with modern successors before 1939, when they were already obsolete.", "", "Stanisław Wigura\nJerzy Drzewiecki\nJerzy Dąbrowski\nKazimierz Pułaski (not to confuse names)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Puławski", "A list of Puławski's designs", "See also" ]

[ 5361336 ]

[ 27243305 ]

[ "Rumel, nom de guerre \n'Mały', 'Krzysztof Poręba'" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Zygmunt_Rumel.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Jan Rumel (22 February 1915 – 10 July 1943) was a Polish poet and, during World War II, underground officer of the Bataliony Chłopskie partisans in the Wolhynia Region of the Second Polish Republic. Rumel's poetic talent was acknowledged by renowned Polish poet Leopold Staff and dramatist Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. One of his poems entitled \"Dwie matki\" (Two mothers) in which Rumel described his love of Poland and Ukraine, was published in a popular Płomyk magazine in 1935 (issue No. 28). He was killed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia in 1943.", "Rumel, whose talent was often compared to the one of Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, was born in Saint Petersburg during World War I, and grew up in Krzemieniec in the Wołyń Voivodeship province of the Second Polish Republic. The exact location of his birth has not been confirmed. He came from a military family, his father Władysław, an agricultural engineer, was also an officer of the Polish Army who fought in the Polish–Soviet War and was awarded the Cross of Virtuti Militari. Some time in the 1920s, the family settled in Volhynia as military osadniks.\nThe Rumels lived in the countryside near Kremenets, in a manor once belonging to the family of Juliusz Słowacki. His parents were avid readers and their son inherited it from them. At home, he read Polish classics of Słowacki and Adam Mickiewicz. Zygmunt graduated from a renowned Liceum Krzemienieckie and went to Warsaw to continue his education at the Warsaw University. Leopold Staff once said to his mother Janina (née Tyminska): Keep an eye on this boy, he will be a great poet one day.\nWhile living in Warsaw, in the second half of the 1930s he was actively involved in social life of Volhynian Poles. Rumel was a member of Volhynian Association of Village Youth, and cooperated with People's University in the village of Rozyn, where he probably met senator Kazimierz Banach (pl). He was a publicist of the Droga Pracy magazine, writing about history and society. Rumel supported the idea of multinational Poland, and cooperated with a bilingual (Polish and Ukrainian) magazine Młoda Wies – Molode Selo, which was published in Krzemieniec.", "In 1939, resulting from the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union, the province of Volhynia was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR in the atmosphere of terror. Rumel, an artillery colonel, took part in the September 1939 campaign. Captured by the Red Army, he presented himself as a private, and was released. Two years later, in June 1941 eastern Poland was overrun by Nazi Germany during Operation Barbarossa. Rumel remained in Volhynia, where in late 1939 he joined Polish underground organization formed by activists of the peasant movement. In January 1940, Rumel and Pius Zalewski were sent to the General Government territory under the German occupation, to get in touch with former voivode of Volhynia, Henryk Jozewski. They failed to cross the border, and returned to Lutsk, where they were met by envoys of the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ), Tadeusz Majewski and Jerzy Potapow, who came to Volhynia to build the organization.\nIn February and March 1940 Rumel twice travelled from Volhynia to Warsaw, as a courier of the ZWZ. At the same time, the NKVD managed to destroy the organization in his native province, arresting, among others, Rumel's brother, Bronislaw (murdered by the Soviets in 1941). Zygmunt survived because he remained in Warsaw, where he married Anna (née Wojciszkiewicz), and together with another brother, Stanisław, ran a hardware store in the Ochota district. All the time he actively participated in the Polish resistance movement, his nom de guerre was Krzysztof Poreba. In the spring of 1943 he returned to his native Volhynia and became a commandant of the Bataliony Chłopskie's VIII District covering the area.\nIn early summer 1943, when the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), together with local Ukrainian nationalists, began a campaign of massacres of Polish civilians in Volhynia, Rumel, who spoke Ukrainian fluently, was assigned to get in touch with leaders of the UPA and start talks, which would bring an end to the massacres. The order was issued by Kazimierz Banach, chief of staff of the Bataliony Chłopskie and a delegate of the Polish government-in-exile in Volhynia.\nOn 7 July 1943, Rumel, together with officer Krzysztof Markiewicz (aka Czort), both dressed in military uniforms, aided by guide Witold Dobrowolski, contacted the Ukrainians. They were officially representing the Polish government. However, instead of peace talks, a different fate awaited them. Both were brutally tortured for three days. Then, on Saturday 10 July, Rumel was tied to four horses and his body ripped apart. Markiewicz and Dobrowolski were killed in the same manner in the village of Kustycze, near the Volhynian town of Turzyska. The next day, Sunday 11 July 1943, was the bloodiest day yet of the Volhynian massacres, when armed Ukrainians attacked Polish settlements and churches, killing thousands of people, including infants, women and the elderly.\nJarosław Iwaszkiewicz, upon hearing of Rumel's death, wrote in his diary: \"He was one of our diamonds, with which we shot at the enemy. This diamond could have shone...\"", "First Rumel's poems were published in 1934 in a school bulletin. He kept most of his work to himself, and did not aspire to have them published. Manuscripts of his poems were kept by his wife, who was a nurse in the Warsaw Uprising and survived the war. First publication of selected works of Rumel, edited by Anna Kamienska, was issued in 1975, and was highly praised by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz who wrote: \"Rumel had a mind and talent on an original scale\".\nAccording to Polish literary critic Bozena Gorska, Rumel's poetry was strongly influenced by the works of Juliusz Słowacki and Cyprian Kamil Norwid. He rarely drew inspiration from the works of Polish avant garde poets, but in some of his poems influences of Leopold Staff and Boleslaw Lesmian can be found. Rumel felt close to the Volhynian folk culture, and frequently used Ukrainian and Russian words. He also wrote about Polish historical subjects, best exemplified in his poem \"The Year 1863\".", "In 2004, Polish film director Wincenty Ronisz produced a documentary Poeta nieznany (Unknown poet), which describes the life and death of Rumel. Rumel is also the patron of several clubs of young Polish poets. However, he remains little known to the majority of Polish people. On 10 February 2011, Public Library in Warsaw's borough of Praga-South was named after him. Also, there are streets named after him in Gdańsk and Legnica.", "Polish literature\nPolish culture during World War II\nList of Poles\nList of Polish-language poets", "Tomasz Wróblewski, Grzegorz Marcjasz (19 March 2011). \"Moje Kresy. Ludzie Łucka\" [People of Łuck]. Zygmunt Rumel. Magazyn Nowa Trybuna Opolska. See also: Tadeusz Szyma (2005), \"Dwie biografie – dwie drogi służby\". KINO, nr 04, pp. 12–13. Recenzja filmu (film review).\nBarbara Olak, \"Petruniu, ne ubywaj mene\", 29 July 2007. No. 30\n(in Polish) Antoni Serednicki, \"Wychowankowie Liceum Krzemienieckiego\".\nTadeusz Piotrowski (1 January 2000). Genocide and Rescue in Wołyń: Recollections of the Ukrainian Nationalist Ethnic Cleansing Campaign Against the Poles During World War II. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0773-6.\n(in Polish) Michał Klimecki, Zbigniew Palski, IPN Report at www.ipn.gov.pl Archived 29 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 13 May 2002.\nKs. Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski, \"Diament rozerwany końmi\", 13 May 2008. (in Polish)\nDr Lucyna Kulińska, \"Dlaczego Polacy tak mało wiedzą o Kresowych zbrodniach 1939–1947?\" Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)\nFeliks Budzisz, \"Przekażcie sobie znak pokoju\" (in Polish)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Rumel", "Life", "War years and death", "Works", "Legacy", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5361337 ]

[ 27243306, 27243307, 27243308, 27243309, 27243310, 27243311, 27243312, 27243313, 27243314, 27243315, 27243316, 27243317, 27243318, 27243319, 27243320, 27243321, 27243322 ]

[ "Siedlecki in 1932", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Zygmunt_Siedlecki.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Siedlecki (4 April 1907 – 28 August 1977) was a Polish athlete. He competed in the men's decathlon at the 1932 Summer Olympics.", "Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Zygmunt Siedlecki Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2018." ]

[ "Zygmunt Siedlecki", "References" ]

[ 5361338 ]

[ 27243323 ]

[ "Zygmunt Smalcerz in 2007", "Zygmunt Smalcerz on a 1972 UAE stamp", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Zygmunt_Smalcerz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Zygmunt_Smalcerz_1972_Umm_al-Quwain_stamp.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Antoni Smalcerz (born 8 June 1941) is a retired Polish weightlifter who won the gold medal in the flyweight class at the 1972 Olympics. He also competed at the 1976 Games but had to withdraw due to injury.\nIn 2002 he was elected member of the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame.\nHe was the head coach of the Polish weightlifting team for the run-up and including the 2008 Beijing Olympics.\nFrom 2010 through 2017, he was the resident weightlifting coach at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs.\nAs of 2020, he works as the Head Coach of the Norwegian Weightlifting Federation.", "Zygmunt Smalcerz. sports-reference\n\"Weightlifting Hall of Fame\". International Weightlifting Federation. Retrieved 7 August 2008.", "Zygmunt Smalcerz at Institute for Applied Training Science (IAT) (in German)\nZygmunt Smalcerz at Olympedia\nZygmunt Smalcerz at databaseOlympics.com (archived)\nZygmunt Smalcerz at the Polish Olympic Committee (in Polish)" ]

[ "Zygmunt Smalcerz", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361339, 5361340 ]

[ 27243324 ]

[ "Zygmunt Solorz-Żak (2013)", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Zygmunt_Solorz-%C5%BBak_%282013%29.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/EUR_5_obverse_%282002_issue%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Solorz-Żak (born Zygmunt Józef Krok, August 4, 1956 in Radom) is a Polish businessman. He is the second richest person in Poland and has repeatedly appeared on Forbes' ranking of the world's billionaires, with an estimated net worth around €5.77 billion. He ranked #688 on the Forbes 2016 with a net worth of US$2.5 billion.", "Solorz-Żak launched the free-to-air commercial TV channel Polsat in 1992, broadcast through satellite, and obtained a national commercial television license in 1993. Since the middle of the 1990s, Polsat has remained one of Poland's biggest television stations. His key assets also include the pay TV platform Cyfrowy Polsat.\nHe holds controlling stakes in the pension fund PTE Polsat, small life insurer Polisa and retail bank Invest Bank. After winning control over the distressed Elektrim conglomerate, Solorz-Żak obtained operating control over the lignite power plant PAK, ranked among the three largest electricity producers in Poland. He has owned the Śląsk Wrocław football club since 2008 and the Polish mobile phone company Polkomtel since 2011.", "Solorz bereits in den hundert reichsten Menschen der Welt\n\"Forbes Billionaires Profile: Zygmunt Solorz-Zak\". Forbes. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-26.\nPoland's Media Mogul: Zygmunt Solorz-Żak. | Trade & Development > Economic Development from AllBusiness.com" ]

[ "Zygmunt Solorz-Żak", "Businesses", "References" ]

[ 5361341, 5361342 ]

[ 27243325, 27243326, 27243327 ]

[ "Staszczyk during a T.Love concert in Rzeszów, 2006", "Staszczyk with T.Love, singing in Święto Łodzi 2011" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Muniek_Staszczyk_w_Rzeszowie.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Muniek_Staszczyk_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%81odzi_2011_085.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Marek \"Muniek\" Staszczyk (born November 5, 1963 in Częstochowa) is a Polish vocalist, founder, bandleader, and initially also bassist of T.Love. He was also one of two producers of I Hate Rock'n'Roll, the 2006 T.Love album. He cooperated with many Polish artists and bands such as Maanam, Kasia Nosowska, Pidzama Porno, and Habakuk.", "Born in Częstochowa, in Raków workers district.\nFinished the general education secondary school in Czestochowa (IV L.O. - he had written a song about this school)\nBefore he set up T.Love he was playing in Atak (the name was later changed to Opozycja). In later times he was singing in Paul Pavique Movement, Szwagierkolaska ane Rege Inna Polish Stylee.\nMuniek Staszczyk is married to Marta and has a son Jan (born 1990) and a daughter Maria (ur. 1993).", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Wywiad Z. Staszczyka dla Students.pl, 2008\nList of graduates\nStaszczyk's interview for \"Życie Warszawy\", 2008\n\"Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart\". OLiS. 2010-03-21. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\nhttp://muzyka.wp.pl/title,Muniek-ma-juz-Zlota-Plyte,wid,568837,wiadomosc.html\nhttp://olis.onyx.pl/plyty/index.asp?idplyty=2624\n\"Najmniejszy Koncert Świata by Muniek on iTunes\". Itunes.apple.com. 2010-09-09. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\"ZPAV :: Bestsellery i wyróżnienia - AirPlays - Top - Archiwum\". Bestsellery.zpav.pl. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\"Dzieje Grzechu - Single by Muniek on iTunes\". Itunes.apple.com. 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\"Nobody's Perfect - Single by Muniek on iTunes\". Itunes.apple.com. 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\"Najmniejszy koncert świata. Muniek - za 18,99 zł | Muzyka\" (in Polish). Empik.com. 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\"Muniek Staszczyk feat. Anna Maria Jopek - Dzieje Grzechu\". YouTube. 2010-07-06. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\"Muniek Staszczyk - Święty\". YouTube. 2010-02-26. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-23.", "Official site of T.Love" ]

[ "Muniek Staszczyk", "Biography", "Discography", "Studio albums", "Live albums", "Singles", "Video albums", "Music videos", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361343, 5361344 ]

[ 27243328, 27243329, 27243330, 27243331 ]

[ "Zygmunt Stojowski and Ernest Schelling in 1917", "Stojowski in 1916 at his piano.", "Signature as Sigismund Stojowski, 11 September 1945, New York" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

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[ "Zygmunt Denis Antoni Jordan de Stojowski (May 4, 1870 – November 5, 1946) was a Polish pianist and composer.", "He was born on May 4, 1870 near the city of Kielce. Stojowski began his musical training with his mother, and with Polish composer Władysław Żeleński. In Kraków, as a seventeen-year-old student, he made his debut as a concert pianist performing Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3 with the local orchestra.\nAt the age of eighteen he moved to Paris and studied piano with Louis Diémer and composition with Léo Delibes. Two years later at the Paris Conservatoire, he would win first prizes in piano performance, counterpoint and fugue. According to Stojowski, however, in a December 1901 interview that appeared in a Warsaw magazine, the teachers who had the most profound influence on him as a musician were the Polish violinist-composer Wladyslaw Gorski and pianist-composer Ignacy Jan Paderewski.\nStojowski's music was found worthy enough to be included in the first concert of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, on 5 November 1901. His Symphony in D minor, Op. 21, which was featured in that first concert conducted by Emil Młynarski, had won first prize (1000 rubles) in a Paderewski Music Competition in Leipzig on 9 July 1898. Besides having his symphony performed at that first prestigious concert, Stojowski appeared as a recitalist in December and again as the soloist in Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 4 in January 1902.\nIn October 1905, Stojowski sailed on the SS Moltke to the USA on the invitation of Frank Damrosch, founder and director of the newly formed Institute of Musical Art, to head the institute's piano department; he was recommended for the position by pianist Harold Bauer and cellist Pablo Casals. New York became his home for the rest of his life.\nThe institute would later merge in 1924 with the Juilliard Graduate School to form the Juilliard School, where Stojowski would also teach during the summers of 1932 and 1940-46. In New York, he was acclaimed as a great composer, pianist and pedagogue, and had the distinction of being the first Polish composer to have an entire concert devoted to his music performed by the New York Philharmonic.\nAfter six years of teaching at the Institute of Musical Art, Stojowski then headed the piano department at the Von Ende School of Music until 1917. Finally, due to the large number of students who wished to work with him, he opened his own 'Stojowski Studios' at his four-story brownstone home at 150 West 76th Street in Manhattan. Among Stojowski's pupils were Mischa Levitzki, Alfred Newman, Antonia Brico, Alice Marion Shaw, Arthur Loesser, and Oscar Levant.\nHere, together with his Peruvian-born wife, Luisa Morales-Macedo, the pianist-composer not only taught until the end of the 1930s, but also raised what he called his \"three best compositions\": his sons, Alfred (1919), Henry (1921), and Ignace (1923–1984).\nHe died on November 5, 1946 in New York City.", "", "Piano Concertos 2001 by Jonathan Plowright for Hyperion Records\nSolo Pieces 2003 by Jonathan Plowright for Hyperion Records", "\"Stojowski Is Dead. Polish Pianist, 76. Pupil of Paderewski Toured in Europe for Years Before Coming Here as Teacher in 1906\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-12-14. Sigismond Stojowski, distinguished Polish pianist and composer, who had lived in New York for the last forty years, died last night at his home, 16 East Ninety-sixth Street, after a long illness at the age of 76. ...", "Polish Music Centre https://polishmusic.usc.edu/research/publications/polish-music-journal/vol5no2/life-of-zygmunt-stojowski/\nJoseph Herter 'Stojowski Life and Music' https://www.figueroapress.com/product/zygmunt-stojowski-life-and-music/\nWorks by or about Zygmunt Stojowski at Internet Archive\nFree scores by Sigismond Stojowski at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)\nScores by Zygmunt Stojowski in digital library Polona" ]

[ "Zygmunt Stojowski", "Life", "Compositions", "Recordings", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361345, 5361346, 5361347 ]

[ 27243332, 27243333, 27243334, 27243335, 27243336, 27243337, 27243338, 27243339, 27243340 ]

[ "POL COA Farensbach.svg\nCoat of arms:\nFarensbach", "Commemorative plaque in Zhytomyr, where he attended the diocesan seminary", "Portrait of archbishop Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński", "Photograph and autograph of archbishop Feliński (between 1860 and 1895)", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 8 ]

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[ "Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński (1 November 1822 in Voiutyn, now Ukraine – 17 September 1895 in Kraków) was a professor of the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy, Archbishop of Warsaw in 1862-1883 (exiled by Tsar Alexander II to Yaroslavl for 20 years),and founder of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary. He was canonised on 11 October 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.", "His parents were Gerard Feliński and Eva Wenderoff. He was born in Voiutyn (pol. Wojutyn) in Volhynia (present-day Ukraine) when it was part of the Russian empire. He was the third of six children, of whom two died at an early age. His father died when he was eleven years old. Five years later in 1838 his mother was exiled to Siberia for a nationalist conspiracy (in which she tried to work to improve the social and economic conditions of the farmers), as a result he only got to see her again as a university student.\nAfter completing high school, he studied mathematics at the University of Moscow from 1840 to 1844. In 1847 he went to Paris where he studied French literature at the Sorbonne and the Collège de France. In Paris he spent time living with Polish exiles, and knew Adam Mickiewicz and was a friend of Juliusz Słowacki.\nIn 1848 he participated in the Polish uprising against Prussian rule in Poznań.\nFrom 1848 to 1850 he tutored the sons of Eliza and Zenon Brzozowski in Munich and Paris.", "In 1851 he returned to Poland and entered the diocesan seminary of Zhytomyr. He studied at the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy. He was ordained on 8 September 1855 by the Archbishop of Mohilev, Ignacy Holowiński. He was assigned to the Dominican Fathers' parish of St Catherine of Siena in St Petersburg until 1857, when he was appointed as spiritual director of the Ecclesiastical Academy and a professor of philosophy. In 1856 he founded the charitable organization \"Recovery for the poor\". In 1857 he founded the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary.", "He succeeded Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski to the Diocese of Warsaw in 1861. Archbishop Fijalkowski and the Polish hierarchy had emphasized the political obedience of Polish people to Russian rule (there had previously been the November Uprising against the Tsar in 1830 that the Pope had condemned in his encyclical Cum Primum in which he stressed the need to obey political rulers).\nDuring the interim between Fijałkowski's death and Feliński's appointment, there had been growing patriotic unrest in Warsaw. Opposition leaders held protests within churches both on grounds of security (as it was presumed the police would not enter the church) and to calm conservative fears that they were not communists. Russia declared martial law in Poland on 14 October 1861, and the following day nationalists staged demonstrations inside Warsaw churches, two of which were broken up by Warsaw police (which led to further scandal, as the public could not accept Russian soldiers in Polish Catholic churches). The Cathedral Vicar ordered all Warsaw churches be closed in protest.\nOn 6 January 1862, Feliński was appointed archbishop of Warsaw by Pope Pius IX, and he was consecrated in St Petersburg by Archbishop Zyliński. He left the Russian capital on 31 January and arrived in Warsaw on 9 February.\nWhen Feliński was appointed archbishop, he was greeted with suspicion in Warsaw because he was approved by the Russian government. Feliński ordered the re-opening of Warsaw churches on 16 February (he also reconsecrated Warsaw Cathedral and had all churches opened with a solemn 40-hour exposition of the Blessed Sacrament), thus fulfilling the worst fears of the nationalists; he also banned the singing of patriotic hymns, and forbade the use of church buildings for political functions.\n\nThe Polish underground press attacked him: an underground Catholic magazine called 'The Voice of the Polish Chaplain' wrote about him: \n under the scarlet robes and the mitre of Father Feliński hides one of those false prophets, against whom Christ told us to be on guard. . . . Every day brings us all sorts of new evidence that Father Feliński does not care for the country at all, that his heart is divided between Petersburg and Rome, and that he wants to make the clergy apathetic about the fate of the Fatherland, to turn it into an ultramontane caste that would have nothing in common with the nation.\"\nHe defended himself as a Polish patriot and used the label 'traitor' for anyone willing to surrender the dream of independence. He wrote:\n The right of nations to independent existence is so holy and undoubted, and the inborn love of the fatherland is so deeply embedded in the heart of every true citizen, that no sophistry can erase these things from the mass of the nation.... All true Poles not only want to be free and independent in their own country, but all are convinced that they have an inaliable right to this, and they do not doubt that sooner or later they will stand before their desires and once again be an independent nation. Whoever does not demand independence or doubts the possibility of its attainment is not a Polish patriot.\nDuring his time as archbishop there were almost daily clashes between the Russian occupiers and the nationalists. The Russian government promoted the image of the archbishop as being their collaborator, thus sowing distrust among people toward him.\nIn 1862, Pope Pius IX sent a letter to Feliński that criticized the existing civil laws in Russia as being opposed to the teachings, the rights and the freedoms of the Catholic Church, and he called on the archbishop to work for the freedom of those who had been imprisoned for the nationalist cause in Poland. He made every effort to free the imprisoned priests. Feliński worked for the elimination of Russian government control of the Polish Catholic church. He made regular visits to parishes and charitable organizations in the diocese, to better meet their needs. He reformed the programmes of study at the Ecclesiastical Academy of Warsaw and in diocesan seminaries, to give impetus to spiritual and intellectual development of the clergy. He encouraged priests to proclaim the gospel openly, to catechize their parishioners, to begin parochial schools and to take care that they raise a new virtuous generation.\nHe looked after the poor and orphans, and started an orphanage in Warsaw that he put in the care of the Sisters of the Family of Mary.\nIn January 1863 there was a major uprising in Poland against Russian rule that ended in failure, and was brutally repressed. Feliński protested against the repression by resigning from the Council of State. He protested against the hanging of Captain Fr. Agrypin Konarski.\nIn March 1863 Feliński wrote to Tsar Alexander II demanding that Poland be granted political autonomy and be restored to its pre-partition boundaries (including the territories that are now part of Lithuania, Belarus and the western Ukraine). The Tsar answered this letter by arresting Feliński and sending him into exile in the town of Yaroslavl on the Upper Volga (about 300 km to the NE of Moscow; where there were almost no Catholics). The Vatican supported Feliński's protest.\nFeliński nevertheless was opposed to the rebellion, as he later wrote in his memoirs:\nIn my opinion, the question of our behaviour in relation to the partitioning governments must not be resolved wholesale, but must be divided into at least three categories: the question of rights, the question of time, and the question of means. Regarding justice: neither Natural law, nor religion, nor international law, nor finally historical tradition forbids us from attaining with arms the independence that was taken from us by force. From a position of principle, then, no one can condemn us for rising up in arms, as something unjust by its very nature. The question of time and circumstances is only a question of prudence, and only from that perspective can it be resolved....The only area, then, in which it is permissible to judge the justice or injustice of an armed uprising aimed at regaining independence is the means of conducting the struggle, and in this regard our historians and publicists have not only the right, but the obligation to enlighten the national consciousness, so as to warn patriots against adventures that would be ruinous for the national soul.\nHis concerns were especially reflected in other conservative Catholic voices that opposed the 1830 insurrection and 1863 rebellion on grounds of the left-wing political radicalism that many of the rebels were associated with, including atheistic ideologies. Feliński claimed revolution attacked both religion and the established social order. The social order of those times, extending into antiquity, was the Polish nobility and Polish clergy believed they were genetically superior to peasants. Peasants were regarded as a lower species.\nHe called on people to place their trust in the governance of Providence in world affairs:\nWhoever manages to always see the finger of Providence in the course of historical events, and trusting in the justice of God, does not doubt that every nation will ultimately receive that which it has earned by its behavior, will recoil with disgust at the thought of committing a crime, even if that would be the only means of fighting an even greater injustice.", "He spent the next 20 years in exile in Yaroslavl. He was not allowed any contact with Warsaw.\nDuring his exile he organized works of mercy to help his fellow prisoners (especially the priests among them), and collected enough funds (despite police restrictions) to construct a Catholic church that would become a new parish. The local people were struck by his spiritual attitudes and referred to him as the 'holy Polish bishop'.\nDuring his exile he wrote several works that he later published after his release. Included among them were: Spiritual Conferences, Faith and Atheism in the search for happiness, Conferences on Vocations, Under the guidance of Providence, Social Commitments in View of Christian Wisdom and Atheism, and Memories.", "In 1883, following negotiations between the Holy See and Russia, he was released from exile and moved to Dzwiniaczka in southeastern Galicia (now Дзвинячка in Ukraine) among Ukrainian and Polish crop farmers. The Pope transferred him from Archbishop of Warsaw to Archbishop of the titular see of Tarsus. There he was chaplain of the manor house of Counts Keszycki and Koziebrodski, and he launched into intense pastoral activity. Out of his own money he built the first school and kindergarten in the village. He also built a church and convent for the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary.\nHe died in Kraków on 17 September 1895 and was buried on 20 September. On 10 October his body was moved to Dzwiniaczka, and his remains were removed again in 1920 to Warsaw, where on 14 April 1921 they were moved to the crypt of the Cathedral of Saint John, where they still are today.", "Feliński criticized Zygmunt Krasiński's claim that Poland was a Christ among nations. Feliński said:\nAlthough my nation was the victim of a cruel injustice,\" Feliński wrote, \"it did not proceed to martyrdom either willingly or without sin, as did our Savior and the martyrs following in His footsteps. Considering our national guilt and mistakes, it would be more appropriate to call Poland, as it pays for its sins, the Mary Magdalene of nations, not the Christ of nations.\nIn January 1863 he presented an interpretation of Poland's contemporary history as being a punishment from God for its sins:\n The mission of Poland is to develop Catholic thinking in internal life... . Poland was great as long as these virtues lived within it, as long as there were no examples in its history of egoism or rapaciousness... When these national virtues fell, when decadence and egoism set in,\nthen the flogging and the ruin arrived.\nThis followed from the views of other Catholic conservatives at the time who believed that God would never grant Poland independence until it repented of its sins. Feliński believed that God would redeem Poland of its sins, and thereby give it independence, but he criticized the independence movement for failing to believe in the role of Providence and (in his view) thinking as though the governance of the world was entirely up to human will. In the view of contemporary Catholic conservatives, in whom Feliński had an important voice, the independence movement, whether it be based on the communist or liberal ideologies that had been adopted by many Polish nationalists, was doomed to failure because of this.\nHe believed that every nation had a special role given to it by God:\n just as every member of the family has an assigned task corresponding to his or her natural abilities, so does every nation receive a mission in accordance with the features Providence deigned to grant it.\nFrom the fact that we lost independent existence, it does not at all follow that our mission has ended. The character of that mission is so spiritual, that not by the force of arms, but by the force of sacrifices will we accomplish that which love demands of us. If independence would become a condition necessary for fulfilling the task that has been laid upon us, then Providence itself would so manage the course of events that state existence would again be returned to us, so that we may sufficiently mature in spirit.", "Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński bio from Patron Saint Index\n\"Eucharistic Celebration for the Canonization of Five New Saints\". www.vatican.va. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2020.\n\"Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński (1822-1895)\". Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2009.\nBrian Porter. Thy Kingdom Come: Patriotism, Prophecy, and the Catholic Hierarchy in Nineteenth-Century Poland. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Apr., 2003), pp. 213-239\nKuligowski, Waldemar Tadeusz (2 February 2017). \"A History of Polish Serfdom. Theses and Antitheses\" (PDF). czaskultury.pl. Poznań: Czas Kultury. p. 116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020. To distance itself from the peasants, the nobility (and clergy) cultivated a belief in their genetic superiority over the peasants.\nKuligowski, Waldemar Tadeusz (2 February 2017). \"A History of Polish Serfdom. Theses and Antitheses\" (PDF). czaskultury.pl. Poznań: Czas Kultury. p. 118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020. ‘Nobility does not enter, or does so very unwillingly, into marriages with serfs, regarding them as a lower species.’", "Vatican official website: biography of Blessed Zygmunt Feliński\nVatican official website: portrait of Blessed Zygmunt Feliński" ]

[ "Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński", "Early life", "Priesthood", "Appointment", "Exile", "Kraków", "Views on Poland", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 5361348, 5361349, 5361350, 5361351, 5361352 ]

[ 27243341, 27243342, 27243343, 27243344, 27243345, 27243346, 27243347, 27243348, 27243349, 27243350, 27243351, 27243352, 27243353, 27243354, 27243355, 27243356, 27243357, 27243358, 27243359, 27243360, 27243361, 27243362, 27243363, 27243364, 27243365, 27243366, 27243367, 27243368, 27243369, 27243370, 27243371, 27243372, 27243373, 27243374 ]

[ "Zygmunt Szczotkowski in 1905", "Zygmunt Szczotkowski with his wife, 1936" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/ZSzczotkowski1905.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Maria%26ZygmuntSzczotkowscy.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Franciszek Szczotkowski (17 September 1877 in Warsaw – 9 February 1943 in Bieżanów) was a Polish mining engineer and the first Polish manager of the Janina Coal Mine in Libiąż.", "He was the son of Stefan Wincenty Andrzej (b. 1 February 1843) in the Stefanpole manor near Riebiņi, in a family of former Inflanty landowners of Łodzia coat of arms. Stefan was a railroad civil servant and a resident of the Stefanowo residence near Włocławek and Maria Filomena, born Kolbe, born 1849 in Włocławek, died 21 February 1931 in Libiąż. As a young man, Stefan Szczotkowski supported the cause of the January Uprising, for which the Szczotkowski family was punished with the loss of their property, and Stefan himself was forced to migrate into far East of Russia. He arrived in Warsaw in 1867 and got married there. Soon after, he became ill with tuberculosis and died when his son was two years old.\nZygmunt's mother moved to her family in Włocławek where young Zygmunt started his education. Later in his life his mother decided to move back to Warsaw where 18-year-old Zygmunt finished gymnasium. After finishing the secondary school he began studying in University of Leoben's mining faculty (Austria). He graduated it in 1900. After graduating he decided to take part in an expedition to the Ural Mountains but quickly changed his mind and decided to stay in Poland.", "In January 1901 he passed an examination before the Mining Board and in 1901-1906 he worked as a supervising engineer in one of the shafts of the Niwka coal mine near Sosnowiec. From July 1906 he supervised a coal mine Saturn in Czeladź. In 1913 he resigned his position and traveled to France and Belgium to learn the latest technologies in mine rescue. He planned to build a mine rescue station in Sosnowiec. He returned to Warsaw in 1914 where he became the manager of Biuro Stacyjne Sekcji Opałowej (Station Bureau, Fuel Section) until 1919. While in Warsaw he passed the examination for a public servant. In 1919 he directed mining operations near Zawiercie.\nOn 1 March 1920 he became the chief engineer of Compagnie Galicienne de Mines in Libiąż and on 18 December he was also nominated as the Polish president of the one of mines of the company – Janina Coal Mine. In the interwar period he took active part in the development of the Central Industrial Region; he also cooperated closely with the former Leopold Skulski government minister for industry and trade (1919-1920), Antoni Olszewski (in 1935-1937 he was a member of Olszewski's Committee for the Investigation of National Enterprises, the so-called Statism Committee) and with a former Minister of Transport in the governments of Kazimierz Bartel and Józef Piłsudski, later to become the manager of the Trzebinia Coal Mine, Paweł Romocki. For his merits for the Polish industry, on 11 November 1937, Szczotkowski was awarded the Knight's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta.\nAfter the break out of World War II, from 18 September 1939 until 3 June 1940 he continued working in the mine and he was employed by the Germans as an acting manager (Treuhänder). Around that time he was arrested by the Gestapo and accused of sabotage, he was released without any charges and continued to work in the mine. In summer or autumn of 1940 he left Libiąż and joined his family who since 1 September 1939 was living in Bieżanów. He died three years later after a long illness caused by cardiovascular disease.", "All dates in this article, unless specified otherwise, are written according to the New Style\nMost likely according to the Old Style dating\nZygmunt's grandfather Alfons Stefanowicz Szczotkowski (d. 1846) was an assessor, and his uncle – a nobleman from a Latgale powiat of Ludza, Jan Mateusz, a younger brother of Stefan Wincenty\nIn Latvian national archives which maintain copies of the Russian Empire census data from 1897, Ludza powiat datasheets in Vitebsk Governorate shows an entry on p. 527/669 related to Jan Mateusz Szczotkowski, living in Ludza with his wife, three daughters and a Belarusian servant\nAmong the Kolbe family members there was also a Bronisław Kolbe, born in Włocławek, later to become a mining engineer and a director in a few mining and processing plants in Silesia and Zagłebie Dąbrowskie\nAfter three years, he was allowed to travel to Congress Poland; the central national archives of Chuvashia (ЦГА ЧР.) in Cheboksary contain records of Stefan's compulsory stay in Tsivilsk (ЦГА ЧР. Ф.122. Оп.1.Д.7. Л.58; ЦГА ЧР. Ф.122. Оп.1.Д.9.Л.132; ЦГА ЧР. Ф.122. Оп.1.Д.28. Л.60; ЦГА ЧР. Ф.122. Оп.1.Д.2б. Л.46)", "\"Latvijas romas katolu draudžu metriku grāmatas, Rēzeknes-Lubānas Dekanāts\". Retrieved 5 March 2013. (Church books » Roman Catholic » Dekanāti » Rēzeknes-Lubānas » 1843-1843 Born), p. 76/113\nHe was the co-author, together with Michał Dunajecki, the then manager of Siersza Coal Mine and Ludwik Oelwein, the then manager of the Jaworzno-Bory Coal Mine, of a memorial, delivered to Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski in 1927, titled \"Sprawa Kopalń Zagłębia Krakowskiego\" (The Case of the Cracow Coalfield) in which the authors emphasized the dire need of providing support to support the growth of the five mines in the Cracow Coalfield area, especially in the face of the potentially coming dangers to the stability of Polish coal mining industry in Silesia.\nMonitor Polski 1937 nr 260 poz. 410, p. 3, col. 1", "L. Nieckula, Cmentarz Bieżanowski [in:] \"Gazeta Dzielnicowa Dwunastka\", ISSN 1426-3211, Kraków-Bieżanów, nr 6-7/2004, p. 6\nM. Leś-Runicka, Historia kopalni węgla kamiennego Janina w Libiążu, ed. Południowy Koncern Węglowy, ZG Janina, Libiąż 2008 (no ISBN)\nW. Kwinta, Paliwo dla energetyki [in:] \"Polska Energia\" – magazyn informacyjny pracowników Grupy Tauron (ISSN 1689-5304), ed. Tauron Polska Energia SA, Departament Komunikacji Rynkowej i PR, Katowice, nr 4(42)/2012, p. 26-27\nJ. Zieliński, Portret pioniera [in:] \"Nasze Forum\" – magazyn Grupy Tauron (without ISSN), ed. Południowy Koncern Węglowy, Jaworzno, part I in nr 11(35)/2012, p. 10-11; part II in nr 1(37)/2013, p. 12-13\nJ. Zieliński, Budował Janinę [in:] \"Przełom\" – Tygodnik Ziemi Chrzanowskiej, ISSN 1231-5664, nr 48(1069), 5 December 2012, p. 22\nJ. Z. Zieliński, K. W. Zieliński, Wpomnienie o Zygmuncie Franciszku Szczotkowskim (1877–1943) [in:] \"Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki\" (Quarterly Journal for the History of Science and Technology), ed. Instytut Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Nauk (Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences), ISSN 0023-589X, Vol. 58: 2013 nr 3, pp. 129–145" ]

[ "Zygmunt Szczotkowski", "Early life", "Professional career", "Notes", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361353, 5361354 ]

[ 27243375, 27243376, 27243377, 27243378, 27243379, 27243380, 27243381, 27243382, 27243383, 27243384, 27243385, 27243386, 27243387, 27243388, 27243389 ]

[ "Rotmistrz Szendzielarz before 1948", "", "", "The young Zygmunt Szendzielarz, before World War II", "Soldiers of the 5th Wilno Brigade. From left: ppor. Henryk Wieliczko (\"Lufa\"), por. Marian Pluciński (\"Mścisław\"), mjr Zygmunt Szendzielarz (\"Łupaszka\"), NN, por. Zdzisław Badocha (\"Żelazny\")", "Lidia Lwow and Zygmunt Szendzielarz in 1948", "Photo after arrest 1948" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_%28%C5%81upaszka%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Virtuti_Militari_Ribbon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Krzyz_Walecznych_Ribbon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/%C5%BBo%C5%82nierze_V_Wile%C5%84skiej_Brygady_AK.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Lidia_Lwow_i_Zygmunt_Szendzielarz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_MBP.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Szendzielarz (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), nom de guerre \"Łupaszka\". He fought against the Red Army after the end of the Second World War. Following the Soviet takeover of Poland at the end of World War II he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes and executed in the Mokotów Prison as one of the anti-communist cursed soldiers After the fall of communism, in 1993, Szendzielarz was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded Szendzielarz with the order of Polonia Restituta. His involvement in the Dubingiai massacre of 1944, however, remains controversial, and some historians and publicists consider him a war criminal.", "Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a biological-mathematical gymnasium in Lwów and then Stryj. After graduating, he volunteered for the Polish Army and completed Infantry Non-commissioned officer School in Ostrów Mazowiecka (1932), then Cavalry NCO School in Grudziądz. He was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Wilno, where he assumed command of a squadron in the 4th Uhlan Regiment.", "With his unit, he took part in the 1939 September Campaign. His unit was attached to the Wilno Cavalry Brigade under General Władysław Anders, part of the Prusy Army. After retreating from northern Poland, the forces of Gen. Anders fought their way towards the city of Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. However, in the area of Lublin Szendzielarz's unit was surrounded and suffered heavy losses. Soon afterwards Szendzielarz was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but he managed to escape to Lwów, where he lived for a short period under a false name. He tried to cross the Hungarian border to escape from Poland and reach the Polish Army being formed in France, but failed and finally moved with his family to Wilno.\nIn Wilno, Szendzielarz started working on various posts under false names. In mid-1943 he joined the Home Army under the nom de guerre Łupaszka, after Jerzy Dąbrowski, and in August he started organizing his own partisan group in the forests surrounding the city. Soon the unit was joined by local volunteers and the remnants of a unit of Antoni Burzyński (\"Kmicic\"), destroyed by Soviet Partisans and the Wehrmacht. By September, the unit was 700 men strong and was officially named the 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej).\nŁupaszko's unit fought against the German army and SS units in the area of southern Wilno Voivodeship, but was also frequently attacked by the Soviet Partisans paradropped in the area by the Red Army. In April 1944, Zygmunt Szendzielarz was arrested by the Lithuanian police and handed over to the Gestapo. Łupaszko was free in the same month under circumstances that remain unclear. In reprisal actions, his brigade captured several dozen German officials and sent several threatening letters to Gestapo but it remains unknown if and how these contributed to his release.", "On the 20 June 1944 a Lithuanian unit of the Schutzmannschaft murdered 39 Poles in Glinciszki, including women and children. Lithuanian collaborator units have also harassed civilian Polish population in Pawłów, Adamowszczyzna, and Sieńkowszczyzna. In reprisal, on 23 June 1944, Szendzielarz's 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade attacked the fortified village of Dubingiai, capturing a bunker defended by Lithuanian policemen. Dubingiai became the target of the attack due to many of the policemen, and their families, responsible for the Glinciszki crime living there. Having the list of people who collaborated with the occupier, the Poles began action to avenge the death of the residents of Glinciszki. According to historian Paweł Rokicki, the actions in Dubingiai are a war crime, and the deaths of the civilians were intentional. In Dubingiai between 21 and 27 inhabitants of the village died, including women and children.", "In August, the commander of all Home Army units in the Wilno area, Gen. Aleksander \"Wilk\" Krzyżanowski, ordered all six brigades under his command to prepare for Operation Tempest — a planned all-national rising against the German forces occupying Poland. In what became known as Operation Ostra Brama, Brigade V was to attack the Wilno suburb of Zwierzyniec in cooperation with advancing units of the 3rd Belorussian Front. However, Łupaszko, for fear of being arrested with his units by the NKVD and killed on the spot, disobeyed orders and moved his unit to central Poland. Wilno was liberated by Polish and Soviet forces, and the Polish commander was then arrested by the Soviets and the majority of his men were sent to Gulags and sites of detention in the Soviet Union.\nIt is uncertain why Szendzielarz was not court-martialed for desertion. Most likely it was in fact General \"Wilk\" himself who ordered Łupaszko's unit away from the Wilno area, due to Łupaszko long having been involved in fighting with Soviet partisans and Wilk not wanting to provoke the Red Army. Regardless, after crossing into the Podlasie and Białystok area in October, the brigade continued the struggle against withdrawing Germans in the ranks of the Białystok Home Army Area. Zygmunt Szendzielarz, the commander of the 5th Brigade, was responsible for the massacres in the area on several Lithuanian and Belarussian Villages. Łupaszko's unit remained in the forests and he decided to await the outcome of Russo-Polish talks held by the Polish Government in Exile. Meanwhile, the unit was reorganized and captured enough equipment to fully arm 600 men with machine guns and machine pistols.", "After the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States broke the pacts with Poland and accepted the communist \"Polish Committee of National Liberation\" as the provisional government of Poland, Łupaszka restarted hostilities—this time against the new oppressor, in the ranks of Wolność i Niezawisłość organization. However, after several successful actions against the NKVD units in the area of Białowieża Forest, it became apparent that such actions would result in the total destruction of his unit.\nIn February 1945 his wife died and the nurse Lidia Lwow-Eberle became his partner.\nIn September 1945, Zygmunt Szendzielarz moved with a large part of his unit to Gdańsk-Oliwa, where he remained underground while preparing his unit for a new partisan offensive against the Soviet-backed communist authorities of Poland. On April 14, 1946, Szendzielarz finally mobilized his unit and headed for the Tuchola Forest, where he started operations against the forces of the Internal Security Corps, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa and the communist authorities. Łupaszko was hoping that in the spring of 1946 the former Western Allies of Poland would start a new war against the Soviet Union and that the Polish underground units could prove useful in liberating Poland. However, when he realized that no such war was planned he decided to disband his unit. He saw the further fight as a waste of blood of his men and decided to retire from the open fight against the communists.\nAfter several years underground, he was arrested by the UB on 28 June 1948, in Osielec near Nowy Targ. After more than two years of brutal interrogation and torture in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison he was sentenced to death on 2 November 1950 by the Soviet-controlled court-martial in Warsaw. He was executed on February 8, 1951, together with several other Home Army soldiers. Szendzielarz was 40 years old. His body was buried in an undisclosed location. During a 2013 exhumation Szendzielarz's remains were recovered and identified as one of roughly 250 bodies buried in a mass grave at the Meadow at Warsaw's Powązki Military Cemetery.", "After Łupaszko's death, communist authorities accused him of many crimes, from the crimes against humanity to robbery and common theft. In 1988 Szendzielarz was posthumously promoted to rotmistrz and awarded the Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military decoration, by Kazimierz Sabbat, the President of Poland in exile.\nAfter the fall of communism, in 1993, Szendzielarz was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. His exection, like those of other \"cursed soldiers\" was overturned as a Communist judicial crime. On 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded Szendzielarz with the order of Polonia Restituta.", "The unit of Zygmunt Szendzielarz massacred civilians in 1944. The victims of the 5th AK Brigade were primarily women and children (about 75% of all those killed). They were shot as a result of the deliberate action of \"Lupaszka\". During the action in Dubinki, there was no fight, in particular with the Lithuanian police, which simply was not there. Findings from the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) leave no doubt that the retaliatory action of the 5th Home Army Brigade was a war crime on civilians.", "Virtuti Militari, V class; for participation in the September 1939 campaign\nCross of Valour (January 1944)\nGold Cross, Virtuti Militari (June 25, 1988) in recognition of outstanding deeds during the war\nGrand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, awarded by Polish President Lech Kaczynski, November 11, 2007", "Paweł Jasienica\nList of Poles\nDanuta Siedzikówna", "IPN (11 June 2003). \"Przeglad Mediow: Wystawa IPN w Białymstoku\". Białystok: Institute of National Remembrance. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.\nRokicki, Paweł (2015). \"ZBRODNIA DUBIŃSKA A MAJOR \"ŁUPASZKO\"\". pamiec.pl. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.\n\"Łupaszka – the cursed soldier\", Pangea Magazine, June 8, 2014\nWołkonowski, Jarosław (1996). Okręg Wileński Związku Walki Zbrojnej Armii Krajowej: w latach 1939-1945. p. 247.\nWołkonowski i Łukomski |page=256\nAndrzej Kaczyński (2 October 2004). \"Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej\" [Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland]. Rzeczpospolita. No. 232. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011.\nEmilian Waluchowski (8 June 2014). \"Łupaszka – the cursed soldier\". Major Zygmunt Szendzielarz. Pangea Magazine.\nRemembrance, Institute of National. \"We will bid our final farewell to Lidia Lwow-Eberle - a soldier of the Home Army, a legendary paramedic of the \"Łupaszka\" unit and the life companion of Maj. Zygmunt Szendzielarz - on 22 January at 1:00 p.m. at the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. Lidia Lwow-Eberle passed away on 5 January 2021\". Institute of National Remembrance (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-12-05.\nTomasz Leszkowicz (2013). \"IPN ujawnia wyniki identyfikacji kolejnych ofiar UB. Wśród nich m.in. \"Zapora\" i \"Łupaszka\"\". HistMag (in Polish) (2013–08–22).\n\"Prezydent odznaczył \"żołnierzy wyklętych\"\". Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007. 11.11.2007\n\"Archived copy\". pamiec.pl. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2022.", "Kozłowski, Patryk (2004). Jeden z wyklętych. Zygmunt Szendzielarz \"Łupaszko\" (in Polish). Warszawa: Rytm. ISBN 83-7399-073-9." ]

[ "Zygmunt Szendzielarz", "Life", "World War II", "Dubingiai massacre", "Operation Ostra Brama", "After World War II", "Posthumous history", "Crimes against Humanity", "Honours and awards", "See also", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361355, 5361356, 5361357, 5361358 ]

[ 27243390, 27243391, 27243392, 27243393, 27243394, 27243395, 27243396, 27243397, 27243398, 27243399, 27243400, 27243401, 27243402, 27243403, 27243404, 27243405, 27243406, 27243407, 27243408, 27243409, 27243410, 27243411, 27243412, 27243413 ]

[ "", "Zygmunt Vetulani, 2018" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Zygmunt_Vetulani_2018.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Zygmunt_Vetulani_2018_2.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Władysław Vetulani (born 12 September 1950) is a Polish mathematician and computer scientist who specializes in language engineering and artificial intelligence, professor of technical sciences and professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University where he is also Head of the Department of Information Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence.", "", "He was born in 1950 in Poznań and was the only son of Polish zoologist Tadeusz Vetulani and medical doctor and stomatologist Maria née Godlewska. He attended the prestigious Karol Marcinkowski High School, where he passed matura in 1968. In 1973 he graduated in mathematics from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. He received his PhD in 1977 at the University of Warsaw. In 1982 he obtained his second master's degree graduating in Roman philology from Adam Mickiewicz University. He was a scholarship holder of the French Government at the Université d'Aix-Marseille II (1984) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the Bielefeld University and the University of Paris VII (1987–1989).\nIn 1990 he received a habilitation degree at the Faculty of Modern Languages at the Adam Mickiewicz University in the field of humanities (computer linguistics). Since 1993, he has been Head of the Department of Information Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence at the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Adam Mickiewicz University. On May 30, 2006, he received the title of professor of technical sciences in the field of computer science.\nVetulani has published more than 100 research papers and six books which cover subjects such as computational linguistics, language engineering, artificial intelligence and mathematical logic. He created linguistic resources of databases for Polish language (POLEX, PolNex) and IT systems with language competence (POLINT, POLiNT-112-SMS). He is an organizer and chair of the program committee of the Language and Technology Conference (LTC) held every two years in Poznań since 2005.\nIn 1990 he was awarded the Minister of National Education Award, and in 2001 he was awarded the Adam Mickiewicz University Rector Prize.", "In his free time he is an amateur fencer and a sports activist. He is a member of the training staff and deputy head of the fencing section of KS Warta Poznań club. He co-organized numerous fencing events, among others European Fencing Festival. In 2009 he was the initiator and the creator of the fencing section of KU AZS UAM (University Club of the Academic Sports Association of the Adam Mickiewicz University). In 2014 and 2015, as a representative of Poland, he performed at the European Veterans Championship in fencing. Also in 2015 he won a bronze medal at the European Fencing Veterans' Games held in Nice.\nHe is interested in the history of his family. He arranged and donated to the Archive of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Poznań a large part of his father's legacy. He published a chapter about the Vetulani family in the book Sanok – nasza tożsamość (Sanok – our identity).\nHe is married to Grażyna Vetulani, Roman philologist and professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University. They have two daughters: Agnieszka (born 1981), a political and jurisprudence scientist, and Maria (born 1996), a fencer.", "1990: Corpus of consultative dialogues: experimentally collected source data for AI applications (Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM);\n1996: Język i technologia (with Grażyna Vetulani and Witold Abramowicz; Akademicka Oficyna Wydawnicza PLJ – in Polish);\n2004: Komunikacja człowieka z maszyną: komputerowe modelowanie kompetencji językowej (Akademicka Oficyna Wydawnicza EXIT – in Polish).", "", "\"Zygmunt Vetulani w bazie Ludzi nauki\" (in Polish). nauka-polska.pl. Retrieved 23 July 2018.\n\"Biographical note in the book Communication between man and machine\" (PDF) (in Polish). Retrieved 27 October 2017.\n\"Zygmunt Vetulani Curriculum Vitae\". Retrieved 31 March 2013.\n\"List of people awarded with the title of professor by the President of the Republic of Poland on May 30, 2006\" (in Polish). prezydent.pl. Retrieved 5 April 2013.\nSałwacka, Sylwia (18 September 2007). \"Dogadać się z maszyną\". Gazeta Wyborcza Poznań (in Polish): 2.\n\"Language & Technology Conference\". Retrieved 21 May 2018.\n\"Szermierka – Sztab szkoleniowy\" (in Polish). kswarta.pl. Retrieved 4 April 2012.\nBarabasz, Adam (December 2016). \"Szermiercza dominacja UAM\" (PDF). Życie Uniwersyteckie: 35.\n\"Zygmunt Vetulani wystąpił w Drużynowych Mistrzostwach Europy Weteranów\" (in Polish). Warta Poznań. 18 May 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.\n\"Mistrzostwa Europy Weteranów z udziałem prof. Zygmunta Vetulaniego\" (in Polish). Warta Poznań. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.\nNawrot, Radosław (6 October 2015). \"Niedawno skończył 65 lat. Właśnie zdobył brązowy medal igrzysk europejskich w szermierce\" (in Polish). sport.pl. Retrieved 6 October 2015.\nVetulani, Zygmunt (2014). \"Z ziemi włoskiej do Sanoka. Esej o rodzinie Vetulanich\". Sanok – nasza tożsamość. Historia, kultura, środowisko. Sanok: Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna im. Grzegorza z Sanoka. pp. 92–107.\n\"Grażyna Vetulani\" (in Polish). Institute of Romance Linguistics. Retrieved 17 August 2014." ]

[ "Zygmunt Vetulani (computer scientist)", "Biography", "Professional career", "Hobby activities and personal life", "Selected books", "Family tree", "References" ]

[ 5361359 ]

[ 27243414, 27243415, 27243416, 27243417, 27243418, 27243419, 27243420, 27243421, 27243422, 27243423, 27243424 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Zygmunt_Vetulani_w_biurze.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Michał Vetulani (1894–1942) was a Polish diplomat and economist. He was a general consul of Rzeczpospolita in Kaliningrad, Baghdad and Rio de Janeiro.", "He was the oldest son of Roman Vetulani and Elżbieta Kunachowicz. His brothers were Kazimierz, Tadeusz and Adam. He also had two sisters: Maria and Elżbieta. In 1912 he graduated Queen Sophia high school in Sanok.\nHe was married to Stanisława Leśniewska. They had a daughter, Wanda.", "", "\"Absolwenci\" (in Polish). 1losanok.pl. Retrieved 4 April 2012." ]

[ "Zygmunt Vetulani (diplomat)", "Biography", "Family tree", "References" ]

[ 5361360 ]

[ 27243425 ]

[ "Zygmunt Vogel; portrait by Jan Feliks Piwarski", "The East Gate in Wilno", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Zygmunt_Vogel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Ostra_brama.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Zygmunt_Vogel_Brama_Nizinna.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Wilno_Kosciol_Misjonarzy_Zygmunt_Vogel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Kazimierz_Dolny_akwarela_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Vogel_Cadets_Palace.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Vogel (15 June 1764, Wołczyn – 20 April 1826, Warsaw) was a Polish illustrator, educator, and painter in the classical style. He was sometimes called Ptaszek (Polish for \"Bird\"): a reference to his name (which means \"bird\" in German) and to the many years that he traveled almost continuously.", "His father was a chef for Prince Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski and died while Zygmunt was still a small child. After that, he and his mother came under the care of the Prince. When he was older, he was sent to Warsaw to study science with the aim of becoming an architect. At the age of sixteen, however, Stanisław Potocki (who had just returned from Rome and would later become a prominent art collector) introduced him to the works of Bernardo Bellotto. \nVogel decided that he would rather be a cityscape painter. He was admitted to the Royal School of Painting, under the direction of Marcello Bacciarelli. At first, he created works in Bellotto's style, on commission from Count Michał Jerzy Mniszech, but soon developed his own style to create scenes of Warsaw. Rather than using oils, he used watercolors, ink and pencil.\nIn 1787, he gained the patronage of King Stanisław II August. His first commission involved travelling to Krzeszowice, Alwernia, Olkusz, Rabsztyn, Pieskowa Skała and other locations to collect historical materials. Upon his return, he used his sketches to create an album of 63 drawings and watercolors, which were published in 1806 by Jan Zachariasz Frey (together with some of his own engravings, based on Vogel's drawings).\nAfter that, he was dispatched to Danzig (now Gdańsk) and spent two years there, although few of his paintings from that period survive. In the following years, he traveled throughout the country, painting castles, towns and estates. His first cycle of ten works was commissioned by his old acquaintance, Potocki, for a new summer residence near Olesin. Despite his wanderings, he participated in the King's Thursday Dinners whenever possible.\nAfter the King's abdication, Vogel was forced to seek regular employment. He began as a teacher at the Warsaw Lyceum. In 1817, he was named to the chair for perspective in the Department of Fine Arts at the University of Warsaw; a position he retained for the rest of his life. Among his best-known students were Aleksander Kokular and Franciszek Pfanhauser. In 1818, he was awarded the Order of Saint Stanislaus.", "", "Biographical notes @ Internetowa encyklopedia PWN.\nStanisław Łoza, Kawalerowie orderu św. Stanisława (1. XII. 1815-29. XI. 1830), Miesięcznik Heraldyczny, 1932, pg. 203.", "Krystyna Sroczyńska, Podróże malownicze Zygmunta Vogla (Picturesque travels), Oficyna Wydawnicza Auriga, 1980 ISBN 83-221-0073-6\nKrystyna Sroczyńska, Zygmunt Vogel. Rysownik gabinetowy Stanisława Augusta, Ossolineum, 1969", "Media related to Zygmunt Vogel at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zygmunt Vogel", "Biography", "Selected paintings", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5361361, 5361362, 5361363, 5361364, 5361365, 5361366 ]

[ 27243426, 27243427, 27243428, 27243429, 27243430, 27243431 ]

[ "Self-portrait in a Red Turban (1929)", "Statue of General Championnet (1926)", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Waliszewski-Autoportret_1929.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Waliszewski-Championet.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski%2C_Autoportret.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Waliszewski (1897–1936) was a Polish painter, a member of the Kapist movement.", "Waliszewski was born in Saint Petersburg to the Polish family of an engineer. In 1907 his parents moved to Tbilisi where Waliszewski spent his childhood. In Tbilisi began his studies at a prestigious art school. In 1908 he had his first exhibition and participated in the life of artistic avant-garde. During World War I he fought with the Russian army, returning to Tbilisi in 1917. He visited Moscow several times and became inspired by the Russian Futurists. He, later, became a member of a prolific Futurist group in Tbilisi. In the early 1920s, he departed for Poland, and settled in Kraków. Between 1921 and 1924 he studied at Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków in the studios of Wojciech Weiss and Józef Pankiewicz. In 1924 he went to Paris with his avant-garde group and continued his studies in painting there under the guidance of Pankiewicz. He was a participant in the Capists' plein-air painting workshops in Cagnes, Valence, Cap Martin, and Avignon. At the Louvre, he painted copies and travesties of the works of old masters like Titian, Veronese, Velázquez, Vermeer, Goya, and Delacroix. He was also fascinated by the art of Cézanne, van Gogh, and Matisse.\nIn 1931 he returned to Poland, residing in Warsaw, Krzeszowice, and Kraków. During this time Waliszewski designed scenery and posters, created book illustrations, drew and painted caricatures and grotesque scenes. In Kraków he befriended the Polish Formists. Waliszewski painted primarily portraits and figural compositions and landscapes of the rural countryside. He died suddenly in 1936.", "Maciej Masłowski: Zygmunt Waliszewski, Warsaw 1962, ed. \"Arkady\";\nFree Use Biography\n'" ]

[ "Zygmunt Waliszewski", "Biography", "Bibliography" ]

[ 5361367, 5361368, 5361369 ]

[ 27243432, 27243433, 27243434, 27243435 ]

[ "Wojciechowski believed that the territories of Poland under Boleslaw Krzywousty formed the \"motherland areas\" of Poland", "Zygmunt Wojciechowski - researcher of the Western Lands - plaque in the Imperial Castle in Poznań" ]

[ 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Polska_1102_-_1138.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Zygm.Wojciechowski.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Wojciechowski (27 April 1900 – 14 October 1955) was a Polish historian and nationalist politician. Born in 1900 in then-Austria, he obtained a doctorate from medieval history at Lviv University. In 1925 he moved to Poznań, where he became a full professor in 1929. In 1934-1939 he became politically involved with the nationalist party Endecja. During occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany he worked in Polish underground opposing German genocide of Poles by providing underground teaching, which was banned by German state and worked on future concept of Polish borders that would provide Poland with safety against any further German aggression. He supported an alliance with Soviet Union and after the war he continued to work as historian in People's Republic of Poland and headed Western Institute that studied former Polish territories recovered from Germany and history of Polish-German relations. He was a recipient of Commander's Cross and Officer's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta.", "Wojciechowski was born in Stryj near Lviv (Stryi, Ukraine), then Austro-Hungarian Galicia. In World War I he volunteered Piłsudski's Legion but was not deployed anymore.\nIn 1921, Wojciechowski began studying at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów, which had then just been re-incorporated in the re-created Polish state (now Lviv in Ukraine). In 1924, he obtained a doctorate in medieval history, social sciences, and economics, and became assistant professor at the Institute for Auxiliary Sciences of History. In 1924 he published his first concept of the \"motherland territories\" of Poland. His definition of \"Polish motherland\" was the areas as acquired by 10th-century Piast Poland in the era of Mieszko I and Boleslaw Krzywousty (Greater Poland, Silesia, Pomerania, Neumark, West Prussia). In 1925, he moved to Poznań, where he first was the deputy holder of the chair for the history of the political system and Ancient Polish law at Adam Mickiewicz University (UAM). The same year, he completed his habilitation with a thesis on the territorial administration of medieval settlements. He became extraordinary (non-tenured) professor in 1929, and full professor in January 1937. From 1939, he was the dean of the university's Department of Law and Economics.", "Since 1934, Wojciechowski, a friend of Roman Dmowski (leader of endecja), had been one of the main ideologists of the Camp of Great Poland (OWP). He was active in the right-wing All-Polish Youth and the Liga Narodowa. In 1934 he founded the \"League of Young Nationalists\" (Związek Młodych Narodowców), whose aim was the foundation of an authoritarian, homogenous Polish state, and became its chairman until 1937. From 1937 to 1939 he was the chairman of the \"Nation State Movement\" (Ruch Narodowo-Panstwowy) In 1937 he called for a strong national state that would be democratic During his political career he opposed Dmowski and the movement he belonged to sought integration with Józef Piłsudski's sanacja faction, hoping that both main political factions in Poland would unite led by interest in well being of Polish nation However, he considered Dmowski one of the most influential persons of his life.\nWojciechowski initially saw \"traces of a modern national thought\" in the National Socialism. He initially admired Hitler's anti-Jewish policy as a good example for Poland. He accepted the Anschluss of Austria and the Munich Agreement but became more critical of Hitler's politics in the course of time. According to Tomasz Kenar he was alarmed by Hitler's expansionism but accepted the \"Anschluss\" of Austria, hoping that it would put Italy against Nazi Germany and into the sphere of Polish alliance. Regarding Munich Agreement he saw Czechoslovakia as too closely allied Soviet Union; while Czechs were in his view natural allies of Poles, their close contacts with the Soviets made such alliance impossible. He remained opposed to German annexation of Czechoslovakia, worried that such event would make Polish military situation difficult. Wojciechowski envisioned a Polish-led block in Central Europe composed of Hungary, Romania, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and in close relationship with Italy, that would oppose both German expansionism and Soviet pressure on these states; he wrote that such alliance would \"rescue Christianity\" from the threat of \"Bolshevik communism\" and \"hitlerite paganism\". Later on he focused his attention towards Fascist Italy, due to his interest in a \"strong state\", \"depending on legal norms, in tradition of Roman law\". While nation was for Wojciechowski at time the \"greatest good\" he didn't exhibit racist ideas or anything that would be similar to German \"volkisch\" elements in his works. During Nazi German occupation of Poland he along with his family sheltered a Jewish woman and in a 1945 publication he condemned the mass murder of Jews by Nazi Germany during the war as \"monstrous\"\nWojciechowski is described as a co-initiator of the Polish \"Western thought\" (myśl zachodnia), a \"mirror image of the German Ostforschung with a pinch of pan-Slavic sentiment thrown in\". Unlike Ostforschung this movement was marginal in Poland, and limited only to Poznań University, while the Ostforschung was influential and remained (unlike the Poznań thinkers who were in conflict with state authorities both before and after World War II) in friendly relations with Berlin government.\nThe Polish researchers rejected the state model found in Germany, and preferred Francoist Spain or Salazar's Portugal, remaining distrustful of Hitler. They rejected such ideas as biological racism, eugenics and militarism and neo-pagan movement.", "", "While initially able to escape Germans, he was captured by them in October 1939 and held as hostage along with other Polish intellectuals, craftsmen, politicians and students. The group was held as part of German effort to crush Polish resistance, and they were threatened with murder in case of armed resistance. Every few days, Wojciechowski was allowed to visit home. If he wouldn't return, the others would be shot. Eventually he was released two months later, due to his pregnant wife's plea. Despite his release, the family faced further reprisals, as it had to flee Poznań as initial ethnic cleansing of Poles from the region was initiated by Nazi German authorities. Wojciechowski eventually found refugee at a friend's house in Kraków.", "During the occupation of Poland in World War II, he was involved with the Polish underground authorities, teaching at the Uniwersytet Ziem Zachodnich (\"University of the Western Territories\", a part of the necessary underground education system) necessary, as all Poles were forbidden basic schooling as part of German genocide regarding Polish nation. He continued his research, and supervised his students (Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk, Kazimierz Kolańczyk) who finished two dissertations. In 1944 he also headed the Government Delegation for Poland's Science Section in the Department of Information, and briefly, after the fall of the Warsaw Uprising, he was the deputy director of the Department. As part of conspiracy during Nazi German occupation he was one of the founding members of Ojczyzna-Omega, a conspiracy movement that gathered surviving (as Germans carried out systematic extermination of Polish educated classes) Polish intellectuals, priests, journalists, lawyers and teachers, who organised charity work, secret education and worked on concepts of post-war Poland; most of the members were Christian democrats and National Democrats. Ojczyzna-Omega envisioned a post-war Poland that would be a democratic, efficiently administrated state populated mainly by Polish majority alongside Jewish population and Slavic groups. The organisation believed that Nazi Germany (which attempted a genocide of Poles) was far more dangerous than Soviet Union and pushed for a compromise with Soviets.\nCommissioned by the Union of Armed Struggle, a forerunner of the Home Army, Wojciechowski created a concept of a post-war Polish–German border in 1941, which included an overview of the Polish and Polonizable part of the population in areas between the pre-war border and the Oder-Neisse line. In tune with and probably in charge of Wojciechowski the director of the library of Kórnik at that time prepared the takeover of archives, museums and libraries in the future Western territories. In his designs Wojciechowski wanted to avoid what he defined as the mistakes of the Versailles Treaty. The border at Oder and Lusatian Neisse was essential for him, as he considered it, the historical argument was not decisive here, the safest and most defensible one.\nOn 17 December 1944 Tomasz Arciszewski, the Polish Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile in London, declared in a Sunday Times interview, that a post-war Poland had no territorial claims towards Stettin (Szczecin) and Breslau (Wrocław) but considers Lviv and Wilna an integral part of the Polish state. This led to a vote of no confidence of the Ojczyzna-group against Arciszewski for this \"renunciation of the Polish war aims\" and finally to the breakup with the Polish government-in-exile in London. Also in December 1944 he resumed the consequences of the failed Warsaw Uprising that, from his view, had shown, that not the Home Army but only the Red Army was capable to liberate Warsaw.\nOn 13 February 1945 Wojciechowski met the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, Edward Osóbka-Morawski, and handed over a memorandum about the foundation and activities of the Western Institute in which he asked for the support of the institute. The memorandum was addressed to the “Polish government”, thus recognizing the Provisional Government, contrary to the London exile-government, as legitimate. \nConversely Wojciechowski's concept aided the governmental demand to legitimize the Polish acquirements in the West", "In 1945 his book \"Poland-Germany. Ten centuries of struggle\" (first edition 1933) was reissued. To Wojciechowski the history of Polish-German relations was coined by an eternal struggle against German aggression which was founded on a lack of the ability of Germans to cohabit peacefully with Slavs and their \"biological\" hatred of everything Slavic. Wojciechowski described his view of the post-war situation:\n\"There is a new epoch of Slavic march to the west that has replaced the German Drang nach Osten. Who doesn’t understand it, won’t understand the new era and won’t see properly the place of Poland in the new international reality”\nWojciechowski supported a new German-Polish border that would allocate the whole Oder Lagoon up to the river Peene to Poland.\nHe resumed teaching at UAM. He became a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) in 1945 and of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in 1952. In 1944, he established the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni), an institution dedicated to studying the Polish history of what would become the Recovered Territories. Initially in Warsaw, the institute's seat moved to Poznań in 1945. Wojciechowski remained its director until his death in 1955. In 1945, Wojciechowski founded the affiliated journal Przegląd Zachodni (\"Western Review\") and remained his editor-in-chief until his death in 1955. (An English-language version of the journal under the title Polish Western Affairs was published from 1960 to 1994). From 1948–52, he was also founder and editor-in-chief of the \"Journal of Law and History\" (Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne), which continues to exist to this day. In his prologue to the bookseries \"Old Polish lands\" (1948–1957) he explained the purpose of the volumes to the reader:\n\"Our publication ... is biased; in fact, it is consciously biased. ... We have not gone out of our way to write so-called objective history. Our task was to present the Polish history of those territories and to place the modern Polish reality of those territories within this historical context.\"\nIn 1950, as Poland underwent Stalinization, Wojciechowski was condemned for his \"anti-German chauvinism\" at a Polish historians conference. Hence the open synthesis of nationalist and communist historiography became less influential, though Polish Marxist publications maintained an anti-German undertone.\nZygmunt Wojciechowski died in Poznań, Poland, he was the father of historian Marian Wojciechowski (1927–2006).", "He was a recipient of Commander's Cross and Officer's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta.\nIn 1984 the Western Institute was eventually named in his honor. In Poland Zygmunt Wojciechowski is recognised today as exceptional historian, and one of people who formed Polish intellectual elites.", "Ustrój polityczny ziem polskich w czasach przedpiastowskich Lwów 1927\nPoczątki immunitetu w Polsce 1930\nPolska nad Wisłą i Odrą w X wieku. Studium nad genezą państwa Piastów i jego cywilizacji [Poland on the Vistula and Oder in the 10th century: A study on the genesis of the Piast state and its civilization], Warszawa: Nasza Księgarnia, 1939\nPaństwo polskie w wiekach średnich. Dzieje ustroju 1945\nPolska-Niemcy. Dziesięć wieków zmagania [Poland-Germany. Ten centuries of struggle]. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Zachodniego, 1945\nPolska-Czech. Dziesięć wieków sąsiedztwa Poland-Czechs. Ten centuries of neighbourhood. 1947 (with Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński, Kazimierz Piwiarski)\nPaństwo polskie w wiekach średnich. Dzieje ustroju [The Polish state in the Middle Ages: The history of its political system], Poznań: Poznań Księgarnia Akademicka, 1948\nZygmunt Stary (1506-1548) Sigismund the Old (1506–1548)], 1946, re-issue Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1979\n(as editor) Poland's Place in Europe. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Zachodniego, 1947", "Schneider, Axel; Woolf, Daniel (2011). The Oxford History of Historical Writing; 1945 to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-19-922599-6.\nBrier, Robert (2003). Der polnische \"Westgedanke\" nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (1944-1950) (PDF) (in German). University of Munich. p. 15.\nHackmann, Jörg (1996). Ostpreussen und Westpreussen in deutscher und polnischer Sicht (in German). Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau/Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie. p. 224. ISBN 3-447-03766-0.\nConnelly, John (2000). Captive University; the Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education 1945-1956. University of North Carolina. p. 158. ISBN 0-8078-4865-4.\nBrier, Robert: Der polnische „Westgedanke”; p. 15\nBrier, Robert: Der polnische „Westgedanke”; p. 16\nBorodziej, Włodzimierz (2005). Option Europa (in German). Vandenhoeck&Rupprecht. p. 507. ISBN 3-525-36287-0.\nDla swoich pobudką, dla wrogów przestrogą - portret Zygmunta Wojciechowskiego\n(cz.2) Magdalena Grochowska, Gazeta Wyborcza, 07-01-2005\nTomasz Kenar. „My mamy myśl, a Piłsudski siłę”. Myśl polityczna Związku Młodych Narodowców i Ruchu Narodowo-Państwowego. 1932-1939. Szczecin 2008, page 24-27, 80\nBrier, Robert: Der polnische „Westgedanke”; p. 86\nFahlbusch, Michael; Haar, Ingo (2005). German scholars and ethnic cleansing, 1919-1945. Berghahn Books. pp. 267, 268. ISBN 1-57181-435-3.\nTomasz Kenar „My mamy myśl, a Piłsudski siłę”. Myśl polityczna Związku Młodych Narodowców i Ruchu Narodowo-Państwowego. 1932-1939. Szczecin 2008, page 166-167\nTomasz Kenar. „My mamy myśl, a Piłsudski siłę”. Myśl polityczna Związku Młodych Narodowców i Ruchu Narodowo-Państwowego. 1932-1939. Szczecin 2008, page 164\nGerman scholars and ethnic cleansing, 1919-1945 Michael Fahlbusch, page 268\n\"Polska--Niemcy, dziesięć wieków zmagania\" Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Instytut Zachodni,page 258, 1945\nPrzegląd zachodni\n, Volume 50, Issues 3-4, Instytut Zachodni,page 99, 1994\nSchneider, Woolf: The Oxford History of Historical Writing; p.246\nGerman scholars and ethnic cleansing, 1919-1945, page 265, 267 Michael Fahlbusch, Berghahn Books 2004\nDla swoich pobudką, dla wrogów przestrogą - portret Zygmunta Wojciechowskiego (cz.2) Magdalena Grochowska, Gazeta Wyborcza, 07-01-2005\nJan Wikarjak (1972). Uniwersytet Ziem Zachodnich i tajne kursy uniwersyteckie, 1939-1945: pokłosie wspomnień. Wydawn. Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza. p. 74. Retrieved 21 May 2011.\nZygmunt Wojciechowski (1979). Zygmunt Stary (1506-1548). Państ. Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 23. ISBN 978-83-06-00105-1. Retrieved 21 May 2011.\n(in Polish) Waldemar Grabowski, Polskie Państwo Podziemne po upadku Powstania Warszawskiego Archived July 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\nJerzy Strzelczyk (1989). Wybitni historycy wielkopolscy: praca zbiorowa. UAM. p. 273. ISBN 978-83-232-0253-0. Retrieved 21 May 2011.\nPrzegląd zachodni, Volume 61, Issues 3-4 Instytut Zachodni, page 255, 2005\nPrzegląd zachodni, Tom 50,Wydania 3-4 Instytut Zachodni, page 118,148 1994\nSchlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (2007). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. pp. 233, 234 ff. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.\nSchlögel, Halicka: Oder – Odra; p. 235\nBrier, Robert (2003). Der polnische \"Westgedanke\" nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (1944-1950) (PDF) (in German). University of Munich. p. 23 ff.\nBrier, Robert: Der polnische „Westgedanke”; p. 22\nBrier, Robert: Der polnische „Westgedanke”; p. 25-27\nThe Polish Review. The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. 2008. p. 543.\nSchlögel, Halicka: Oder – Odra; p. 67\nThum, Gregor (2011). Uprooted: How Breslau became Wroclaw during the century of expulsions. Princeton University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-691-14024-7.\nSchneider, Woolf: The Oxford History of Historical Writing; p.247\n(in Polish) Tomasz Wołek, Czy endecja miała wybitnych pisarzy?, Gazeta Wyborcza, 2008-02-18", "Markus Krzoszka, Für ein Polen an Oder und Ostsee. Zygmunt Wojciechowski (1900-1955) als Historiker und Publizist, Osnabrück: fibre, 2003. ISBN 3-929759-49-7" ]

[ "Zygmunt Wojciechowski", "Biography", "Political activity", "German occupation of Poland", "Fate during German occupation", "Underground activity", "Post-war", "Recognition", "Publications", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5361370, 5361371 ]

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[ "Zygmunt Lubicz-Zaleski, a photograph by Piotr Szumow from 1918", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Zygmunt_Lubicz_Zaleski.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Zaleski of Lubicz coat of arms (29 September 1882 in Kłonowiec-Koracz near the Kielce, Poland – 15 December 1967 in Paris, France), pseudonymes R. de Bron, R. Debron, was a Polish literature historian, literary critic, poet, publicist, and translator. Awarded the Légion d'honneur.\nZaleski was an editor of Polak, magazine of Polish Army in France (1918–1919). He was a co-editor of Collection Polonaise, a series of French language translations of Polish literature. Awarded the Golden Laurel of Polish Academy of Literature (Złoty Wawrzyn Polskiej Akademii Literatury; 1938). He was also an editor of Życie Sztuki (1935–1939).", "Zygmunt Krasiński. O dziełach i życiu poety w setną rocznicę urodzin (1912)\nDzieło i twórca. Studia i wrażenia literackie (1913)\nNa wąskiej miedzy snu i burzy (1914) – collection of poems\nO rzeczach błahych i wiecznych (Paris, 1929)\nAttitudes et destinées. Faces et profils d'écrivains polonais (Paris, 1932)\nGeniusz z urojenia (1932) – drama\nAkordy kamienne (Hannover, 1946) – poetic prose\nWiersze zebrane 1924–1967 (Aix en Provence, 1969) – collection of works published posthumously", "\"Zaleski Zygmunt\". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 2007-09-23.\n\"Zaleski Zygmunt Lubicz\". WIEM Encyclopedia (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-09-23." ]

[ "Zygmunt Zaleski", "Notable works", "References" ]

[ 5361372 ]

[ 27243479, 27243480 ]

[ "Zygmunt Zaremba as a witness during court proceedings (Brest trials) 1931" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Zygmunt_Zaremba_1931.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmunt Witalis Zaremba (born 1895, Piotrków, Poland – died 5 October 1967, Sceaux, France), pseudonyms Andrzej Czarski (Czerski), Wit Smrek, was a Polish socialist activist and publicist.", "Zaremba was a member of the Youth Association for Progress and Independence (Związek Młodzieży Postępowo-Niepodległościowej; 1911), Polish Socialist Party - Opposition (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Opozycja; 1912–1914), then was a member of the Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna) and its Central Executive Committee (Centralny Komitet Wykonawczy; 1917–1918).\nFrom 1918 onward, he stayed in Poland. Then, he became a member of Polish Socialist Party authorities – Supreme Council (Rada Naczelna; 1919–1939) and Central Executive Committee (1921–1924, 1926–1939). During the years of 1921–1924 he was a vice-president of its Supreme Council.\nFrom 1922–35, he was a deputy in the Sejm. During the invasion of Poland in 1939, he organised the Robotnicza Brygada Obrony Warszawy. Zaremba was a co-founder of conspiratory Polish Socialist Party - Freedom-Equality-Independence (PPS - Wolność-Równość-Niepodległość).\nFrom 1944–45, he was a representative of the Council of National Unity (Rada Jedności Narodowej). In 1946, he moved to Paris, where he became a president of the Central Committee (Rada Centralna) of the Polish Socialist Party. In 1949, he co-founded Political Council (Rada Polityczna) in London. He was a president and co-founder of the International Socialist Office and then, until 1964, president of the Central-East Socialist Europe Union.\nZaremba was a co-author of Program Polski Ludowej (1941). He edited Robotnik, Pobudka, and Związkowiec, as well as the journals Światło (1947–1959) and Droga (1959–1960).", "Czerski, Andrzej (1930). Od Borysowa do Rygi.\n—. (1932). Racjonalizacja - kryzys - proletariat.\n—. (1933). PPS w Polsce niepodległej (1918-1932).\n—. (1939). Obrona Warszawy.\n—. (1940). Obrona Warszawy. London.\n—. (1944). Powstanie sierpniowe.\n—. (1952). Les transformations sociales en Pologne. Paris.\n—. (1957). Wojna i konspiracja. London.\n—. (1965). Przemiany w ruchu komunistycznym. Paris.\n—. (1968). Wspomnienia. Pokolenie przełomu 1905-1919.", "\"Zaremba Zygmunt Witalis\". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 2007-11-26.\n\"Zaremba Zygmunt Witalis\". WIEM Encyklopedia (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-11-26.", "Zygmunt Zaremba at WorldCat" ]

[ "Zygmunt Zaremba", "Biography", "Notable works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361373 ]

[ 27243481, 27243482, 27243483, 27243484, 27243485, 27243486 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/ZygmuntZieli%C5%84ski.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Husarz.png" ]

[ "Zygmunt Zieliński (1 August 1858 – 11 April 1925) was a Polish general. He reached the rank of colonel in the Austro-Hungarian Army.\nIn 1914, he volunteered for the Polish Legions, where he commanded the 3rd Brigade, Polish Legions from 1915. From 1917 to 1918, he commanded the Polish Auxiliary Corps. After World War I ended, he participated in the Polish-Ukrainian War and the Polish-Soviet War, commanding the Polish 3rd Army. He retired in 1922.", "Order of the White Eagle (1921)\nCommander's Cross of the Virtuti Militari\nSilver Cross of the Virtuti Militari\nCross of Independence\nCross of Valor (four times)\nCommander's Cross of the Legion of Honour", "(in Polish)\nTadeusz Kryska-Karski, Stanisław Żurakowski: Generałowie Polski Niepodległej, Editions Spotkania, Warszawa 1991, pp. 27.\nPiotr Stawecki, Słownik biograficzny generałów Wojska Polskiego 1918-1939, Warszawa 1994, ISBN 83-11-08262-6, pp. 367–368.\nMarian Porwit, Spojrzenia poprzez moje życie, Czytelnik, Warszawa 1986, ISBN 83-07-01535-9, pp. 63, 66.\nPiotr Hapanowicz, Generał Zygmunt Zieliński (1858–1925), \"Gazeta Wyborcza\" Kraków, 14 February 2005.\nPiotr Hapanowicz, Żywot legionisty. Generał Zygmunt Zieliński, \"Kraków\", 9/2008, pp. 48–49." ]

[ "Zygmunt Zieliński (1858–1925)", "Awards", "Bibliography" ]

[ 5361374, 5361375 ]

[ 27243487, 27243488 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Ziembiński OPR (June 1, 1920 – May 19, 1996), usually cited as Z. Ziembinski, was a Polish legal philosopher, logician, and one of the most prominent theoreticians of law in Poland in the second half of the 20th century.\nHe was Professor of Jurisprudence at the Adam Mickiewicz University, where between 1981 and 1991 he chaired its Department of Legal Theory and Philosophy of Law. His most famous works are Practical Logic (Springer Netherlands, 1976) and Basic Problems of Jurisprudence (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, 1980).", "", "Ziembiński was born in 1920, as the son of Maria Romiszewska and Zygmunt Sr., in Poland's capital, Warsaw. His father had a doctorate in psychology and worked as Director of Libraries of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education; his mother was a painter. He was educated at the Stanislaus Kostka Gymansium in Warsaw (1938).\nDuring his second year of college, at the outset of the Second World War, Ziembiński enlisted in the Home Army resistance movement, then received a commission as podporucznik in the 27th Home Army Infantry Regiment. He saw much action, taking part in the Silent Unseen's Operation Freston (1945).", "In 1947, he graduated in law from University of Poznań's Faculty of Law and Administration, having written Master of Jurisprudence (M.Jur.) thesis under the supervision of Czesław Znamierowski, who introduced Ziembiński to the field of Legal Theory and convinced him to major in the subject. In 1949 he completed his Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) degree in sociology at the University of Poznań under the supervision of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. In 1949 he obtained a Doctor of Law (LL.D.) degree, writing a dissertation on the Defamation trials and social technology. He was awarded his docent position in 1955, and the professor ordinarius title in 1970. Additionally, in 1958, Ziembiński studied at the European University Centre, Nancy, France.\nZiembiński belongs to the Poznań school of legal theory and is known for developing a theory of law defined as a theory of legal phenomena, which covered both logical-linguistic as well as real aspects of law. The theory served as a base for the development of so-called normative concept of sources of law. Ziembiński defined law as a system of norms of conduct distinguishable from other social norms by determined formal features. Another ideas suggested by him were the differentiation between a legal norm and a legal provision, as well as the conception of two coupled norms and the notion of a norm of competence.\nHe was a member of the Polish Philosophical Society, Polish Sociological Association, Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, International Association for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR) and served as a vice president of the International Association of Legal Methodology.\nIn 1991, Ziembiński became a corresponding member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.", " : Home Army Cross (1975)\n : Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1994)\n: The City of Poznań Excellence in Science Award for his series of publications on basic issues of law and ethics (1996)", "Grabowski, Paweł (2009). \"Enactment, provision, norm: reflections on the normativeness of provisions regulating the process of legislation\". Investigationes Linguisticae. XVII: 129–140. doi:10.14746/il.2009.17.9.\nKordela, Marzena (July 15, 2018). \"Theory of Law by Zygmunt Ziembiński\". Filozofia Publiczna I Edukacja Demokratyczna. 4 (1): 230–249. doi:10.14746/fped.2015.4.1.12.\nZiembiński, Zygmunt (1976). Practical Logic. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-017-5589-4.\nGrabowski, Andrzej (June 24, 2013). Juristic Concept of the Validity of Statutory Law: A Critique of Contemporary Legal Nonpositivism. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 583. ISBN 978-3-642-27688-0.\n\"Zygmunt Ziembiński's Obituary (in Polish)\" (PDF). Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny – Journal of Law, Economics and Sociology. 2: 183–186. 1996.\nPattaro, Enrico; Roversi, Corrado (July 13, 2016). A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence: Volume 12 Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Civil Law World, Tome 1: Language Areas, Tome 2: Main Orientations and Topics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400714793.\nKordela, Marzena (June 23, 2020). \"Zygmunt Ziembiński and his Analytical Theory of Law: Formalization of Law as an Instrument to Protect its Minimal Moral Content\". Review of Central and East European Law. 45 (2–3): 268–280. doi:10.1163/15730352-bja10006. ISSN 1573-0352. S2CID 225651320.\nSmolak, Marek (2011). Handbook of Polish Law. Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-83-262-0987-1.\n\"Nagroda Naukowa 1996 – Poznan.pl\". www.poznan.pl (in Polish). Retrieved July 10, 2020." ]

[ "Zygmunt Ziembiński", "Biography", "Early life", "Academic career", "Honours and awards", "References" ]

[ 5361376, 5361377 ]

[ 27243489, 27243490, 27243491, 27243492, 27243493, 27243494, 27243495, 27243496, 27243497, 27243498 ]

[ "Archbishop Zimowski in 2010", "", "" ]

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[ "Zygmunt Zimowski (7 April 1949 – 13 July 2016) was a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbishop Zimowski had served until his death in July 2016 as President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers, having been head of that office since his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI on 18 April 2009. He previously served as bishop of Radom from 2002 until 2009.", "Zimowski was born in Kupienin, Poland, located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarnów. He was ordained a priest on 27 May 1973, and incardinated in Tarnów. He received a Licentiate in Dogmatic Theology from the Catholic University of Lublin. He continued his studies and subsequently received his Doctorate in Dogmatic Theology from the Faculty of Theology at the Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck. On 1 February 1983 he entered the service of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, where he remained until elevated to the episcopate. He was appointed Chaplain of His Holiness on 14 April 1988 and Prelate of Honour on 10 July 1999.\nHe was Postulator of some processes of beatification and canonization. He taught ecclesiology at the Catholic University of Lublin and at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw and is the author of 120 publications, 40 pastoral letters and some books and several articles.\nHe participated in the preparation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church and worked with the Polish section of Radio Vatican.\nOn 28 March 2002, Zimowski was appointed Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom, and was consecrated in the Cathedral of Radom on 25 May 2002 by the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Joseph Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI. In the Polish Bishops' Conference, he held the following positions: President of the Episcopal Commission for the Doctrine of the Faith, Member of the Permanent Council, Delegate for the Pastoral Care of Migrants Poles, Member of the Ecumenical Commission and the Group for Contacts with the Polish Ecumenical Council, Member of the group of Bishops for the Pastoral Care for Radio Maria, and Member of the Polish Society of Mariology.", "He remained Bishop of Radom until his appointment as the President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers in 2009. He was at the same time raised to the dignity of Archbishop ad personam. In addition to his native Polish, Archbishop Zimowski speaks Italian, German, English, French and Russian.\nIn January 2011 Archbishop Zimowski said that \"Leprosy, in fact, after the upgrading of effective pharmacological therapies, witnessed a notable reduction of the lethal infection, but continues to cause suffering, diminution and social exclusion. Flourishing around it are ignorance, inequality and discrimination that, in turn, fuel its diffusion\". He noted that from a statistical point of view, the countries that are most affected are in Asia, South America and Africa. India has the greatest number of affected people, followed by Brazil. Numerous cases are recorded also in Angola, Bangladesh, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal and Tanzania. He said that \"Hansen's disease is an 'ancient' illness, but, because of this, no less devastating physically and also morally,\" Archbishop Zimowski reflected. \"In all ages and civilizations, the fate of the leprosy sufferer is marginalization, being deprived of any type of social life, condemned to seeing his body disintegrate until death comes.\"\nOn 4 May 2011, Pope Benedict appointed him a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.\nOn 18 May 2011, in a speech to the annual assembly of the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, he said that the world seemed \"stalled in the status quo where the rich people have higher levels of coverage, while most of the poor people miss out, and [even] those who do have access often incur high, sometimes catastrophic costs in paying for services and medicine.\" He raised objections to needle-exchange programs and called for increased funding for poor nations.\nOn 2 April 2012, World Autism Awareness Day, Archbishop Zimowski said that \"The Church needs to address the alienation often surrounding those living with autism, especially children and young people, by coming to the aid of those affected\". He added: \"The church sees as impelling the task of placing herself at the side of these people – children and young people in particular – and their families, if not to break down these barriers of silence then at least to share in solidarity and prayer in their journey of suffering\".\nIn May 2012 Archbishop Zimowski, as head of the Holy See delegation to the 65th World Health Assembly, reaffirmed the Holy See's support for Resolution WHA64.9 on \"sustainable health financing structures and universal coverage,\" which urges member states to aim for affordable universal health care coverage and access for all citizens on the basis of equity and solidarity. Zimowski said \"more countries, especially those with emerging economies, are moving towards universal coverage,\" thanks also to \"good policies that promote equity. ... Therefore my delegation strongly believes that in the endeavor to promote universal coverage, fundamental values such as equity, human rights and social justice need to become explicit policy objectives\". The archbishop made an appeal for high-income countries to show greater solidarity toward poorer nations in order to overcome funding shortfalls in health.\nOn 28 July 2012, Archbishop Zimowski was named a Member of the Congregation for Bishops by Pope Benedict XVI.\nZimowski died in Poland on 13 July 2016, while convalescing following treatment for pancreatic cancer.", "\"Archbishop Zygmunt Zimowski\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 18 April 2009.\nVatican Official: Leprosy Still Needs Attention Archived 25 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine\nWooden, Cathy (18 May 2011). \"Vatican calls for solidarity to guarantee access to health care\". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 26 November 2014.\n\"Catholic News Service\". www.catholicnews.com. Retrieved 12 February 2018.\n\"Vatican committed to universal health care coverage\". National Catholic Reporter. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2018.\n\"THE CHURCH IS COMMITTED TO UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE COVERAGE\". VIS news - Holy See Press Office. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2018.\n\"press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/29522.php?index=29522 - Translator\". www.microsofttranslator.com. Retrieved 12 February 2018.\nGlatz, Carol (13 July 2016). \"Archbishop Zygmunt Zimowski, head of Vatican office for health care ministry, dies at 67\". National Catholic Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 13 July 2016." ]

[ "Zygmunt Zimowski", "Biography", "Curia service", "References" ]

[ 5361378, 5361379, 5361380 ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Hotel_Lesny_w_Zygmuntowie.jpg" ]

[ "Zygmuntowo [zɨɡmunˈtɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Glinojeck, within Ciechanów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zygmuntowo, Gmina Glinojeck", "References" ]

[ 5361381 ]

[ 27243514 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/20100417_005205_Zygnema.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/20110331_012556_Algae.jpg" ]

[ "Zygnema is a genus of freshwater filamentous thalloid alga comprising about 100 species. A terrestrial species, Z. terrestre, is known from India. Zygnema grows as a free-floating mass of filaments, although young plants may be found anchored to streambeds with a holdfast. The filaments form a yellow-green to bright green colored tangled mat, and are composed of elongate barrel-shaped cells, each with two star-shaped (stellate) chloroplasts arrayed along the axis of the cell.", "Some species include:\nZ. atrocoeruleum\nZ. binuclearioides\nZ. carinthiacum\nZ. carteri\nZ. circumcarinatum\nZ. coeruleum\nZ. conspicuum\nZ. cruciatum\nZ. cyanosphaeroidicum\nZ. cylindricum\nZ. cylindrospermum\nZ. fanicum\nZ. gorakhporense\nZ. insigne\nZ. kashmirense\nZ. kiangsiense\nZ. leiospermum\nZ. melanosporum\nZ. momoniense\nZ. normanii\nZ. oveidanum\nZ. pectinatum\nZ. peliosporum\nZ. quadrispirale\nZ. ralfsii\nZ. rivulare\nZ. ruviatum\nZ. schwabei\nZ. spontaneum\nZ. stagnale\nZ. stellinum\nZ. subtile\nZ. tenue\nZ. tenuissimum\nZ. terrestre\nZ. vaginatum\nZ. vaucherii\nZ. verrucosum", "Guiry, M.D. (2013). Taxonomy and nomenclature of the Conjugatophyceae (=Zygnematophyceae). Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Algae. An International Journal of Algal Research 28: 1-29.\n\"Algaebase, entry for Lucernaria\". Retrieved 20 February 2016.\n\"Algaebase, entry for Pleurodiscus\". Retrieved 9 September 2014.\nGuiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008). \"Zygnema\". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2009-02-21." ]

[ "Zygnema", "Species", "References" ]

[ 5361382, 5361383 ]

[ 27243515, 27243516 ]

[ "", "Spirogyra mats in a still pond.", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

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[ "The Zygnemataceae are a family of filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae. The filaments are septated and reproduction is by conjugation; Spirogyra is commonly used in schools to demonstrate this kind of reproduction. The family is notable for its diversely shaped chloroplasts, such as stellate in Zygnema, helical in Spirogyra, and flat in Mougeotia. The Zygnemataceae are cosmopolitan, but though all generally occur in the same types of habitats, Mougeotia, Spirogyra, and Zygnema are by far the most common; in one study across North America, 95% of the Zygnemataceae collected were in these three genera. Classification and identification is primarily by the morphology of the conjugation, which is somewhat rare to find in natural populations of permanent water bodies; when in the vegetative state, the rarer genera resemble the three most common, and are often mistaken for them and catalogued as such. Conjugation can be induced in low-nitrogen culture. While they occupy many habitats, in North America all are found solely in freshwater or subaerial habitats. Species typically exist as floating mats in stagnant water in ditches and ponds, but some also grow in moving water, attaching themselves to a substrate by rhizoid-like projections of the basal cells of the filament. The mat species rise to the surface in early spring, grow rapidly through the summer, disappearing by late summer. Members of the Zygnemataceae, such as Spirogyra, fall prey to parasites, especially chytrids. Most genera (all except Mesotanium and Spirotaenia) previously assigned to Mesotaeniaceae as well as the Desmidiales actually emerged in the Zygnematacae.", "Guiry, M.D. (2013). Taxonomy and nomenclature of the Conjugatophyceae (=Zygnematophyceae). Algae. An International Journal of Algal Research 28: 1-29.\nMcCourt et al., 1986, as reported in Wehr, 2003, pg. 363\nWehr, John D. and Sheath, Robert G. Freshwater Algae of North America, pg. 363.\nGitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Wong, Gane K.-S.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2018). \"Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history\". American Journal of Botany. 105 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1048. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 29603143." ]

[ "Zygnemataceae", "References" ]

[ 5361384, 5361385, 5361386 ]

[ 27243517, 27243518 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "The Zygnematales (Greek: ζυγός (zygós) and νῆμα (nḗma) (nom.), νήματος (nḗmatos) (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. The larger family Zygnemataceae, with well-known genera such as Zygnema and Spirogyra, includes members that grow as unbranched filaments, which grow longer through normal cell division. This group includes the desmids. Most members of both families live in freshwater, and form an important component of the algal scum that grows on or near plants, rocks, and various debris.\nSystematically they fall within the division Charophyta/Streptophyta, in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged.\nSexual reproduction in Zygnematales takes place through a process called conjugation. Here filaments of opposite gender line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across, or sometimes both cells crawl into the tube. The cells then meet and fuse to form a zygote, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new filaments. As in plants, only the female passes chloroplasts on to the offspring.\nOther conjugating algae are the Mesotaeniaceae, sister of the Zygnematales, and Spirotaenia, a basal green algae. Additionally, the Desmidiales appear to have emerged deep within the Zygnematales, and are also conjugating.", "", "Turmel M, Otis C, Lemieux C (2005). \"The complete chloroplast DNA sequences of the charophycean green algae Staurastrum and Zygnema reveal that the chloroplast genome underwent extensive changes during the evolution of the Zygnematales\". BMC Biol. 3: 22. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-3-22. PMC 1277820. PMID 16236178.\n\"Ancestors of land plants revealed | (E) Science News\".\nKapraun DF (April 2007). \"Nuclear DNA Content Estimates in Green Algal Lineages: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta\". Ann. Bot. 99 (4): 677–701. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl294. PMC 2802934. PMID 17272304.\nLemieux, Claude; Otis, Christian; Turmel, Monique (2016). \"Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analyses of Streptophyte Green Algae Uncover Major Structural Alterations in the Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae and Zygnematophyceae\". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 697. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00697. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4877394. PMID 27252715." ]

[ "Zygnematales", "Gallery", "References" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Spirogyra_3.jpg" ]

[ "Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the division Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains the order Zygnematales. The Desmidiales emerged within the Zygnematales. The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the Mesotaenium, together forming the sister clade of the land plants. The body plan of Zygnematophyceae is simple, and appear to have gone through a secondary loss of morphological complexity. They contain genes involved in protection from desiccation that appear to have been derived by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria; the genes are found in plants, Zygnematophyceae, bacteria, but no other organisms. The genes may have helped to enable plants to make the transition to life on land.\nSexual reproduction in the Zygnematophyceae takes place through a process called conjugation. Here cells or filaments of opposite gender line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across the female, or sometimes both cells crawl into the connecting tube. The cells then meet and fuse to form a zygote, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new cells or filaments. As in land plants, only the female passes its chloroplasts on to the offspring.", "Class Zygnematophyceae\nSubclass Spirogloeophycidae Melkonian, Gontcharov & Marin 2019\nOrder Spirogloeales Melkonian, Gontcharov & Marin 2019\nFamily Spirogloeaceae Melkonian, Gontcharov & Marin 2019\nSubclass Zygnematophycidae Melkonian, Gontcharov & Marin 2019\nFamily Spirogyraceae Palla 1894\nOrder Zygnematales Borge & Pascher 1931\nFamily Zygnemataceae (Meneghini) Kützing 1843\nFamily Mesotaeniaceae Oltmans 1904 (paraphyletic)\nOrder Desmidiales Krieger 1933\nFamily Gonatozygaceae Fritsch 1927\nFamily Closteriaceae Bessey 1907 ex Pritchard 1852\nFamily Peniaceae Haeckel 1894\nFamily Desmidiaceae Kiitzing 1833b ex Ralfs 1845\n\nPhylogeny", "Guiry, Michael D. (15 March 2013). \"Taxonomy and nomenclature of the Conjugatophyceae (= Zygnematophyceae)\". Algae. 28 (1): 1–29. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.1.001. hdl:10379/11755.\nGontcharov, A. A.; Marin, B; Melkonian, M (5 December 2003). \"Are Combined Analyses Better Than Single Gene Phylogenies? A Case Study Using SSU rDNA and rbcL Sequence Comparisons in the Zygnematophyceae (Streptophyta)\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (3): 612–624. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh052. PMID 14739253.\nPichrtová, Martina; Holzinger, Andreas; Kulichová, Jana; Ryšánek, David; Šoljaková, Tereza; Trumhová, Kateřina; Nemcova, Yvonne (8 October 2018). \"Molecular and morphological diversity of Zygnema and Zygnemopsis (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) from Svalbard (High Arctic)\". European Journal of Phycology. 53 (4): 492–508. doi:10.1080/09670262.2018.1476920. PMC 6235541. PMID 30487730.\nLemieux, Claude; Otis, Christian; Turmel, Monique (24 May 2016). \"Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analyses of Streptophyte Green Algae Uncover Major Structural Alterations in the Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae and Zygnematophyceae\". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 697. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00697. PMC 4877394. PMID 27252715.\nWickett, Norman J.; Mirarab, Siavash; Nguyen, Nam; Warnow, Tandy; Carpenter, Eric; Matasci, Naim; Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj; Barker, Michael S.; Burleigh, J. Gordon; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Wafula, Eric; Der, Joshua P.; Graham, Sean W.; Mathews, Sarah; Melkonian, Michael; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Miles, Nicholas W.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Pokorny, Lisa; Shaw, A. Jonathan; DeGironimo, Lisa; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Surek, Barbara; Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Roure, Béatrice; Philippe, Hervé; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Chen, Tao; Deyholos, Michael K.; Baucom, Regina S.; Kutchan, Toni M.; Augustin, Megan M.; Wang, Jun; Zhang, Yong; Tian, Zhijian; Yan, Zhixiang; Wu, Xiaolei; Sun, Xiao; Wong, Gane Ka-Shu; Leebens-Mack, James (11 November 2014). \"Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (45): E4859–E4868. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E4859W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323926111. PMC 4234587. PMID 25355905.\nde Vries, Jan; Stanton, Amanda; Archibald, John M.; Gould, Sven B. (June 2016). \"Streptophyte Terrestrialization in Light of Plastid Evolution\". Trends in Plant Science. 21 (6): 467–476. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.021. PMID 26895731.\nGitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Wong, Gane K.-S.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (March 2018). \"Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history\". American Journal of Botany. 105 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1048. PMID 29603143.\nNishiyama, Tomoaki; Sakayama, Hidetoshi; de Vries, Jan; Buschmann, Henrik; Saint-Marcoux, Denis; Ullrich, Kristian K.; Haas, Fabian B.; Vanderstraeten, Lisa; Becker, Dirk; Lang, Daniel; Vosolsobě, Stanislav; Rombauts, Stephane; Wilhelmsson, Per K.I.; Janitza, Philipp; Kern, Ramona; Heyl, Alexander; Rümpler, Florian; Villalobos, Luz Irina A. Calderón; Clay, John M.; Skokan, Roman; Toyoda, Atsushi; Suzuki, Yutaka; Kagoshima, Hiroshi; Schijlen, Elio; Tajeshwar, Navindra; Catarino, Bruno; Hetherington, Alexander J.; Saltykova, Assia; Bonnot, Clemence; Breuninger, Holger; Symeonidi, Aikaterini; Radhakrishnan, Guru V.; Van Nieuwerburgh, Filip; Deforce, Dieter; Chang, Caren; Karol, Kenneth G.; Hedrich, Rainer; Ulvskov, Peter; Glöckner, Gernot; Delwiche, Charles F.; Petrášek, Jan; Van de Peer, Yves; Friml, Jiri; Beilby, Mary; Dolan, Liam; Kohara, Yuji; Sugano, Sumio; Fujiyama, Asao; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Quint, Marcel; Theißen, Günter; Hagemann, Martin; Harholt, Jesper; Dunand, Christophe; Zachgo, Sabine; Langdale, Jane; Maumus, Florian; Van Der Straeten, Dominique; Gould, Sven B.; Rensing, Stefan A. (July 2018). \"The Chara Genome: Secondary Complexity and Implications for Plant Terrestrialization\". Cell. 174 (2): 448–464.e24. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.033. PMID 30007417. S2CID 206569169.\nZimmer, Carl (14 November 2019). \"How Did Plants Conquer Land? These Humble Algae Hold Clues\". The New York Times.\nCheng, Shifeng; Xian, Wenfei; Fu, Yuan; Marin, Birger; Keller, Jean; Wu, Tian; Sun, Wenjing; Li, Xiuli; Xu, Yan; Zhang, Yu; Wittek, Sebastian; Reder, Tanja; Günther, Gerd; Gontcharov, Andrey; Wang, Sibo; Li, Linzhou; Liu, Xin; Wang, Jian; Yang, Huanming; Xu, Xun; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Melkonian, Barbara; Wong, Gane Ka-Shu; Melkonian, Michael (2019). \"Genomes of Subaerial Zygnematophyceae Provide Insights into Land Plant Evolution\". Cell. 179 (5): 1057–1067.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.019. PMID 31730849.\nKapraun, D. F. (30 November 2006). \"Nuclear DNA Content Estimates in Green Algal Lineages: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta\". Annals of Botany. 99 (4): 677–701. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl294. PMC 2802934. PMID 17272304.\nStancheva, Rosalina; Hall, John D.; Herburger, Klaus; Lewis, Louise A.; Mccourt, Richard M.; Sheath, Robert; Holzinger, Andreas (July 2014). \"Phylogenetic position of Zygogonium ericetorum (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta) from a high alpine habitat and ultrastructural characterization of unusual aplanospores\". Journal of Phycology. 50 (5): 790–803. doi:10.1111/jpy.12229. PMC 4370237. PMID 25810560." ]

[ "Zygnematophyceae", "Taxonomy", "References" ]

[ 5361394 ]

[ 27243522, 27243523, 27243524, 27243525, 27243526, 27243527, 27243528, 27243529, 27243530, 27243531, 27243532, 27243533 ]

[ "", "Female Zygoballus rufipes jumping spider from Laurens County, South Carolina" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Kaldari_Zygoballus_rufipes_male_01.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Kaldari_Zygoballus_rufipes_female_02.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus is a genus of jumping spiders found in North and South America.", "The genus was first described in 1885 by American arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham based on the type species Zygoballus rufipes. The name derives from a combination of the Ancient Greek word ζυγόν (zygon), meaning \"yoke\", and the genus name Ballus. The etymology of Ballus is unknown, but may be related to the Greek word βαλλίζω (ballizo), meaning \"dance\" or \"jump about\".\nThe genus Messua, based on the type species Messua desidiosa, was synonymized with Zygoballus by Eugène Simon in 1903. Simon argued that Messua desidiosa was a transitional species which differed \"much less from typical Zygoballus than would seem to be indicated by [the Peckham's] description.\" This synonymy was reversed by Wayne Maddison in 1996, and Messua restored as a valid genus.\nThe genus Amerotritte, based on the type species Amerotritte lineata, was synonymized with Zygoballus in 1980 by María Elena Galiano. Galiano stated that the holotype of Amerotritte lineata was actually a very young Zygoballus specimen.\nZygoballus is currently classified in the subtribe Dendryphantina of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders).", "Spiders of the genus Zygoballus share a strong resemblance in appearance. The cephalothorax is high and roughly square when viewed from above. It is widest at the posterior eyes, with the ocular quadrangle occupying approximately three-fifths of the cephalothorax. The cephalothorax slopes steeply behind the posterior eyes and the sides of the cephalothorax are nearly vertical. The labium is as long or longer than it is wide. The anterior (first) pair of legs are the largest, with three pairs of spines on the ventral surface of the tibia. Males have obliquely oriented chelicerae with long fangs.\nMany species exhibit wide variation in color, size, and markings.", "Zygoballus is a genus from the New World, ranging from Argentina to Canada. Three species from India were originally placed in Zygoballus, but have been reassigned to other genera.", "As of July 2016, the World Spider Catalog accepted the species listed below. One species, Z. quaternus, was previously recognized (prior to 2008), but is now considered a nomen dubium. Several other species are known only from single specimens. In addition to the species listed below, a 2001 phylogenetic analysis suggested that Rhetenor texanus may also belong in Zygoballus, but this has not been accepted by the World Spider Catalog.\nZygoballus amrishi Makhan, 2005 — Suriname\nZygoballus aschnae Makhan, 2005 — Suriname\nZygoballus concolor Bryant, 1940 — Cuba\nZygoballus electus Chickering, 1946 — Panama\nZygoballus gracilipes Crane, 1945 — Guyana, Argentina\nZygoballus incertus (Banks, 1929) — Panama\nZygoballus iridescens Banks, 1895 — USA\nZygoballus lineatus (Mello-Leitão, 1944) — Argentina\nZygoballus maculatipes Petrunkevitch, 1925 — Panama\nZygoballus maculatus F. O. P-Cambridge, 1901 — Guatemala\nZygoballus melloleitaoi Galiano, 1980 — Argentina\nZygoballus minutus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 — Guatemala\nZygoballus nervosus (Peckham & Peckham, 1888) — USA, Canada\nZygoballus optatus Chickering, 1946 — Panama\nZygoballus remotus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 — Guatemala\nZygoballus rishwani Makhan, 2005 — Suriname\nZygoballus rufipes Peckham & Peckham, 1885 — Canada to Costa Rica\nZygoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz, 1845) — USA\nZygoballus suavis Peckham & Peckham, 1895 — Jamaica, Cuba\nZygoballus tibialis F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1901 — Guatemala to Panama", "\"Gen. Zygoballus Peckham & Peckham, 1900\", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-07-23\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1885). \"On some new genera and species of Attidae from the eastern part of Guatemala\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin: 62–86.\nUbick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 330. ISBN 0-9771439-0-2.\nSimon, Eugène (1903). Histoire Naturelle des Araignées (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris. p. 863.\nMaddison, Wayne P. (1996). \"Pelegrina Franganillo and other jumping spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University. 154: 215–368.\nGaliano, María Elena (1980). \"Catalogo de los especimenes tipicos de Salticidae (Araneae) descriptos por Candido F. de Mello-Leitão\". Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales. Buenos Aires. 39: 31–40.\nHedin, Marshal C.; Maddison, Wayne P. (March 2001). \"A Combined Molecular Approach to Phylogeny of the Jumping Spider Subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae)\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 18 (3): 386–403. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0883. PMID 11277632.\nMaddison, Wayne P. (November 2015). \"A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)\" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279. Retrieved 5 February 2017.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1895). \"Spiders of the Homalattus group of the family Attidae\" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin. 2 (3): 157–178.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). \"Revision of the Attidae of North America\" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 16: 355–646.\nUbick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 213. ISBN 0-9771439-0-2.\nKaston, Benjamin Julian (1981). Spiders of Connecticut (Revised ed.). State of Connecticut. p. 496.\nKaldari, Ryan (2010). \"Reassignment of the Indian species of Zygoballus to Bianor and Rhene (Araneae: Salticidae)\" (PDF). Peckhamia. 82 (1).\nRichman, David B. (2008). \"Revision of the jumping spider genus Sassacus (Araneae, Salticidae, Dendryphantinae) in North America\" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 36 (1): 28–48. doi:10.1636/H07-03.1. S2CID 83998396.", "Zygoballus at Bugguide.net\nZygoballus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus", "Taxonomy and history", "Description", "Distribution", "Species", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361395, 5361396 ]

[ 27243534, 27243535, 27243536, 27243537, 27243538, 27243539, 27243540, 27243541, 27243542, 27243543, 27243544, 27243545 ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Zygoballus_concolor_holotype_dorsal_with_scale.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Zygoballus_concolor_allotype_dorsal_with_scale.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Sandalodes_jumping_spider.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus concolor is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Cuba. It was first described by the arachnologist Elizabeth B. Bryant in 1940.\nThe male holotype was collected from Soledad, Consolación del Sur and the female allotype was collected from Havana. The type specimens are housed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in the United States.", "Platnick, Norman I. (2009). \"Salticidae Blackwall, 1841\". The World Spider Catalog, Version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2012-02-20.\nBryant, Elizabeth B. (June 1940). \"Cuban spiders in the Museum of Comparative Zoology\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 86: 247–554.\nPrószyński, Jerzy (December 24, 2011). \"Zygoballus concolor Bryant, 1940\". Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2012-02-20.", "Media related to Zygoballus concolor at Wikimedia Commons\nZygoballus concolor at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus concolor at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus concolor", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361397, 5361398 ]

[ 27243546, 27243547 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Zygoballus_electus_holotype_dorsal_with_scale.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Sandalodes_jumping_spider.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus electus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Panama. It was first described by the arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering in 1946. The type specimens are housed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in the United States.\nThe species has been collected from several areas of Panama including El Valle de Antón, Portobelo, and Barro Colorado Island (Canal Zone Biological Area).", "Platnick, Norman I. (2009). \"Salticidae Blackwall, 1841\". The World Spider Catalog, Version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2012-02-20.\nPrószyński, Jerzy (December 24, 2011). \"Zygoballus electus Chickering, 1946\". Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2012-02-20.\nChickering, Arthur M. (September 1946). \"The Salticidae (Spiders) of Panama\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 97: 405–410. hdl:2027/mdp.39015068348831.", "Media related to Zygoballus electus at Wikimedia Commons\nZygoballus electus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus electus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus electus", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361399 ]

[ 27243548, 27243549 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Zygoballus_gracilipes_Argentina_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Sandalodes_jumping_spider.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus gracilipes is a species of jumping spider which occurs in South America. It was first described by the biologist Jocelyn Crane in 1945. The type specimens are housed at The American Museum of Natural History in New York City.\nThe species has been collected from Kartabo, Guyana, and Bernardo de Irigoyen, Argentina.", "\"Zygoballus gracilipes Crane, 1945\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-03-20.\nCrane, Jocelyn (1945). \"Spiders of the family Salticidae from British Guiana and Venezuela\". Zoologica. New York. 30: 33–42.\nPrószyński, Jerzy (2006). \"Zygoballus Peckham et Peckham, 1885\". Catalogue of Salticidae (Araneae). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2019-03-20.\nRubio, Gonzalo D. (5 November 2014). \"Baseline richness of Salticidae (Araneae) from Misiones, Argentina\" (PDF). Peckhamia. 118 (1): 1–21.", "Media related to Zygoballus gracilipes at Wikimedia Commons\nZygoballus gracilipes at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus gracilipes at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus gracilipes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361400 ]

[ 27243550, 27243551 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Zygoballus_incertus_female_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Zygoballus_incertus_male_02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Sandalodes_jumping_spider.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus incertus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Panama.", "The species was first described from a female specimen by the entomologist Nathan Banks in 1929 as Atelurius incertus. Arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering described the species, including a male allotype, in his 1946 paper, \"The Salticidae (Spiders) of Panama\". Chickering expressed doubts about whether the species belonged to Atelurius: \"I am unable to come to any decision as to the correct placement of this species... I know nothing better to do with it for the present than to retain it here pending further knowledge.\" In 1987, arachnologist María Elena Galiano reassigned Chickering's male allotype to Sassacus. Regarding the female type specimen, she remarked that it was \"without a doubt fissidentate, and should be excluded from [Atelurius].\" Citing the fact that Chickering noted similarities with Zygoballus, Galiano transferred the species out of Atelurius and into Zygoballus. Characteristics of the male were described in 1996 by Wayne Maddison.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus incertus (Banks, 1929)\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\nBanks, Nathan (1929). \"Spiders from Panama\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 69 (3): 51–96.\nChickering, Arthur M. (September 1946). \"The Salticidae (Spiders) of Panama\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 97: 253–257. hdl:2027/mdp.39015068348831.\nGaliano, María Elena (1987). \"Revision de los generos del grupo Hurieae (Araneae, Salticidae)\" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology (in Spanish). 15 (3): 285–301.\nMaddison, Wayne P. (1996). \"Pelegrina Franganillo and other jumping spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University. 154: 215–368.", "Zygoballus incertus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus incertus at Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae)\nZygoballus incertus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library" ]

[ "Zygoballus incertus", "History and taxonomy", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361401, 5361402 ]

[ 27243552, 27243553, 27243554, 27243555 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Zygoballus_iridescens_holotype_dorsal_view.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus iridescens is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the United States. It is known only from a single female specimen collected in Franconia, New Hampshire by Annie Trumbull Slosson.\nSlosson's specimen was the basis for entomologist Nathan Banks' description of the species, which was published in Canadian Entomologist in 1895:\nZygoballus iridescens, nov. sp.\n\nLength, 4.1 mm.; ceph.,1.8 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide. Eye-region black, thoracic part reddish, both with whitish hairs and scales. Anterior femora black, black stripe above and on inner side of patella and tibia I., rest of legs pale yellowish, without any spots. Mandibles and mouth parts red-brown; sternum black. Abdomen black, clothed above and on sides with iridescent scales and long hairs; venter black, hairy, and with two indistinct rows of pale spots. Structure in general similar to Z. bettini, but the mandibles are not quite so large; and the sternum is much broader, not narrowed in front, so that the anterior coxae, which are not as long as in Z. bettini, are more widely separated. The region of the epigynum is red-brown, and is semicircular in outline; showing four pale spots, two in front close together, and one in each posterior corner. Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Annie T. Slosson).\nArachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham commented on the specimen in their 1909 work Revision of the Attidae of North America: \"Iridescens B., which Mr. Banks has kindly lent us for examination, is founded upon an example which is not quite mature, and we think it may be Bettini.\" (Zygoballus bettini is now a synonym of Zygoballus rufipes.)\nThe type specimen is housed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus iridescens Banks, 1895\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\nBanks, Nathan (1895). \"Some new Attidae\". Canadian Entomologist. 27 (4): 96–102. doi:10.4039/Ent2796-4.\nSlosson, Annie Trumbull (December 1898). \"List of Araneae Taken in Franconia, New Hampshire\". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 6 (4): 247–249.\nPeckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). \"Revision of the Attidae of North America\" (PDF). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 16: 578.\nProszynski, Jerzy (2006). \"Zygoballus Peckham et Peckham, 1885\". Catalogue of Salticidae (Araneae). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2009-11-24.", "Zygoballus iridescens at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus iridescens at Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae)" ]

[ "Zygoballus iridescens", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361403 ]

[ 27243556, 27243557, 27243558 ]

[ "Epigyne of Zygoballus maculatipes holotype (scale = 1 mm)", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Zygoballus_maculatipes_holotype_epigyne_with_scale.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Sandalodes_jumping_spider.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus maculatipes is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Panama. It is known only from two female specimens, one collected in Soná, and the other collected from the Wilcox camp on the San Lorenzo River (both in Veraguas Province). The species was first described in 1925 by the Russian arachnologist Alexander Petrunkevitch.", "The type specimens are housed at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus maculatipes Petrunkevitch, 1925\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2018-07-10.\nPetrunkevitch, Alexander (1925). \"Arachnida from Panama\". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 27: 226–228." ]

[ "Zygoballus maculatipes", "Type specimen", "References" ]

[ 5361404 ]

[ 27243559 ]

[ "", "Epigyne of Zygoballus maculatus holotype" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Zygoballus_maculatus_holotype_dorsal.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Zygoballus_maculatus_holotype_epigyne_ventral.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus maculatus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Guatemala. It is known only from a single female specimen held at the Natural History Museum, London. The species was first described in 1901 by the English arachnologist Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge:\nZygoballus maculatus, sp. n.\n\nType, female, in coll. Godman and Salvin. Total length 3 millim.\nHab. Guatemala (Sarg).\n\nThis species is black, with a few white dorsal and marginal spots on the abdomen, and the legs i. brown, and ii., iii., and iv. yellow, annulated with black. It is probably recognizable by the form of the vulva only, for the coloration in these spiders is very variable, the general pattern being common to many of them.", "\"Taxon details Zygoballus maculatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2018-11-13.\nPickard-Cambridge, Frederick Octavius (1901). Arachnida - Volume II: Araneidea and Opiliones. In Biologia Centrali-Americana. London: Dulau & Co. p. 292." ]

[ "Zygoballus maculatus", "References" ]

[ 5361405, 5361406 ]

[ 27243560 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Salt0847_-_Zygoballus_minutus.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Sandalodes_jumping_spider.jpg" ]

[ "Zygoballus minutus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Zygoballus which occurs in Guatemala. The species was originally described in 1896 by American arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham.", "\"Zygoballus minutus Peckham & Peckham, 1896\". World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 10 May 2018.", "Zygoballus minutus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders\nZygoballus minutus at Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae)" ]

[ "Zygoballus minutus", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5361407 ]

[ 27243561 ]