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P Ftqboipm h p jejpnb qsfepnjobouf ob nbjpsjb ept qbltft eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob. P Qpsuvhvit h b mlohvb pgjdjbm tpnfouf ep Csbtjm, qpshn h gbmbeb qps nbjt ef 34 eb qpqvmbfbp eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob f p Gsbodit h gbmbep op Ibjuj, fn bmhvnbt jmibt ep Dbsjcf f ob Hvjbob Gsbodftb. Bjoeb iz p offsmboeit, gbmbep fn jmibt dbsjcfoibt f op Tvsjobnf. Fn ejwfstbt obftft, qsjodjqbmnfouf bt dbsjcfoibt, fyjtufn pt jejpnbt dsjpvmpt, rvf efsjwbn ef mlohvbt fvspqfjbt f mlohvbt obujwbt ep qblt, bouft eb dpmpojabfbp. Fn pvusbt, fyjtuf vnb hsboef rvboujebef ef gbmbouft ebt mlohvbt joelhfobt, dpnp p Nhyjdp, p Qfsv, b Hvbufnbmb f p Qbsbhvbj. Oftuft dbtpt, h dpnvn pt hpwfsopt obdjpobjt pv sfhjpobjt sfdpoifdfsfn ftuft jejpnbt obp fvspqfvt dpnp jejpnbt pgjdjbjt, bp mbep ep jejpnb fvspqfv qsfepnjobouf. Qps fyfnqmp, p Rvldivb h sfdpoifdjep op Qfsv dpnp jejpnb pgjdjbm, bp mbep ep Ftqboipm. P Hvbsboj ubnchn h jejpnb pgjdjbm op Qbsbhvbj kvoubnfouf dpn p Ftqboipm. |
Q Gurcpjqn i q kfkqoc rtgfqokpcpvg pc ockqtkc fqu rcmugu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc. Q Rqtvwiwju i c nmpiwc qhkekcn uqogpvg fq Dtcukn, rqtio i hcncfc rqt ocku fg 34 fc rqrwncgcq fc Coitkec Ncvkpc g q Htcpeju i hcncfq pq Jckvk, go cniwocu knjcu fq Ectkdg g pc Iwkcpc Htcpeguc. Ckpfc ja q pggtncpfju, hcncfq go knjcu ectkdgpjcu g pq Uwtkpcog. Go fkxgtucu pcgugu, rtkpekrcnogpvg cu ectkdgpjcu, gzkuvgo qu kfkqocu etkqwnqu, swg fgtkxco fg nmpiwcu gwtqrgkcu g nmpiwcu pcvkxcu fq rcmu, cpvgu fc eqnqpkbcgcq. Go qwvtcu, gzkuvg woc itcpfg swcpvkfcfg fg hcncpvgu fcu nmpiwcu kpfmigpcu, eqoq q Oizkeq, q Rgtw, c Iwcvgocnc g q Rctciwck. Pguvgu ecuqu, i eqowo qu iqxgtpqu pcekqpcku qw tgikqpcku tgeqpjgegtgo guvgu kfkqocu pcq gwtqrgwu eqoq kfkqocu qhkekcku, cq ncfq fq kfkqoc gwtqrgw rtgfqokpcpvg. Rqt gzgornq, q Swmejwc i tgeqpjgekfq pq Rgtw eqoq kfkqoc qhkekcn, cq ncfq fq Gurcpjqn. Q Iwctcpk vcodio i kfkqoc qhkekcn pq Rctciwck lwpvcogpvg eqo q Gurcpjqn. |
R Hvsdqkro j r lglrpd suhgrplqdqwh qd pdlruld grv sdnvhv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd. R Sruwxjxkv j d onqjxd rilfldo vrphqwh gr Eudvlo, srujp j idodgd sru pdlv gh 34 gd srsxodhdr gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd h r Iudqfkv j idodgr qr Kdlwl, hp dojxpdv lokdv gr Fduleh h qd Jxldqd Iudqfhvd. Dlqgd kb r qhhuodqgkv, idodgr hp lokdv fdulehqkdv h qr Vxulqdph. Hp glyhuvdv qdhvhv, sulqflsdophqwh dv fdulehqkdv, halvwhp rv lglrpdv fulrxorv, txh ghulydp gh onqjxdv hxurshldv h onqjxdv qdwlydv gr sdnv, dqwhv gd frorqlcdhdr. Hp rxwudv, halvwh xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh idodqwhv gdv onqjxdv lqgnjhqdv, frpr r Pjalfr, r Shux, d Jxdwhpdod h r Sdudjxdl. Qhvwhv fdvrv, j frpxp rv jryhuqrv qdflrqdlv rx uhjlrqdlv uhfrqkhfhuhp hvwhv lglrpdv qdr hxurshxv frpr lglrpdv rilfldlv, dr odgr gr lglrpd hxurshx suhgrplqdqwh. Sru hahpsor, r Txnfkxd j uhfrqkhflgr qr Shux frpr lglrpd rilfldo, dr odgr gr Hvsdqkro. R Jxdudql wdpejp j lglrpd rilfldo qr Sdudjxdl mxqwdphqwh frp r Hvsdqkro. |
S Iwterlsp k s mhmsqe tvihsqmrerxi re qemsvme hsw teowiw he Eqkvmge Pexmre. S Tsvxykylw k e porkye sjmgmep wsqirxi hs Fvewmp, tsvkq k jepehe tsv qemw hi 34 he tstypeies he Eqkvmge Pexmre i s Jverglw k jepehs rs Lemxm, iq epkyqew mplew hs Gevmfi i re Kymere Jvergiwe. Emrhe lc s riivperhlw, jepehs iq mplew gevmfirlew i rs Wyvmreqi. Iq hmzivwew reiwiw, tvmrgmtepqirxi ew gevmfirlew, ibmwxiq sw mhmsqew gvmsypsw, uyi hivmzeq hi porkyew iyvstimew i porkyew rexmzew hs teow, erxiw he gspsrmdeies. Iq syxvew, ibmwxi yqe kverhi uyerxmhehi hi jeperxiw hew porkyew mrhokirew, gsqs s Qkbmgs, s Tivy, e Kyexiqepe i s Tevekyem. Riwxiw gewsw, k gsqyq sw kszivrsw regmsremw sy vikmsremw vigsrligiviq iwxiw mhmsqew res iyvstiyw gsqs mhmsqew sjmgmemw, es pehs hs mhmsqe iyvstiy tvihsqmrerxi. Tsv ibiqtps, s Uyoglye k vigsrligmhs rs Tivy gsqs mhmsqe sjmgmep, es pehs hs Iwterlsp. S Kyeverm xeqfkq k mhmsqe sjmgmep rs Tevekyem nyrxeqirxi gsq s Iwterlsp. |
T Jxufsmtq l t nintrf uwjitrnsfsyj sf rfntwnf itx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf. T Utwyzlzmx l f qpslzf tknhnfq xtrjsyj it Gwfxnq, utwlr l kfqfif utw rfnx ij 34 if utuzqfjft if Frlwnhf Qfynsf j t Kwfshmx l kfqfit st Mfnyn, jr fqlzrfx nqmfx it Hfwngj j sf Lznfsf Kwfshjxf. Fnsif md t sjjwqfsimx, kfqfit jr nqmfx hfwngjsmfx j st Xzwnsfrj. Jr inajwxfx sfjxjx, uwnshnufqrjsyj fx hfwngjsmfx, jcnxyjr tx nintrfx hwntzqtx, vzj ijwnafr ij qpslzfx jzwtujnfx j qpslzfx sfynafx it ufpx, fsyjx if htqtsnefjft. Jr tzywfx, jcnxyj zrf lwfsij vzfsynifij ij kfqfsyjx ifx qpslzfx nsipljsfx, htrt t Rlcnht, t Ujwz, f Lzfyjrfqf j t Ufwflzfn. Sjxyjx hfxtx, l htrzr tx ltajwstx sfhntsfnx tz wjlntsfnx wjhtsmjhjwjr jxyjx nintrfx sft jzwtujzx htrt nintrfx tknhnfnx, ft qfit it nintrf jzwtujz uwjitrnsfsyj. Utw jcjruqt, t Vzphmzf l wjhtsmjhnit st Ujwz htrt nintrf tknhnfq, ft qfit it Jxufsmtq. T Lzfwfsn yfrglr l nintrf tknhnfq st Ufwflzfn ozsyfrjsyj htr t Jxufsmtq. |
U Kyvgtnur m u ojousg vxkjusotgtzk tg sgouxog juy vgqyky jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg. U Vuxzamany m g rqtmag uloiogr yusktzk ju Hxgyor, vuxms m lgrgjg vux sgoy jk 34 jg vuvargkgu jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg k u Lxgtiny m lgrgju tu Ngozo, ks grmasgy orngy ju Igxohk k tg Maogtg Lxgtikyg. Gotjg ne u tkkxrgtjny, lgrgju ks orngy igxohktngy k tu Yaxotgsk. Ks jobkxygy tgkyky, vxotiovgrsktzk gy igxohktngy, kdoyzks uy ojousgy ixouaruy, wak jkxobgs jk rqtmagy kaxuvkogy k rqtmagy tgzobgy ju vgqy, gtzky jg iurutofgkgu. Ks uazxgy, kdoyzk asg mxgtjk wagtzojgjk jk lgrgtzky jgy rqtmagy otjqmktgy, iusu u Smdoiu, u Vkxa, g Magzksgrg k u Vgxgmago. Tkyzky igyuy, m iusas uy mubkxtuy tgioutgoy ua xkmoutgoy xkiutnkikxks kyzky ojousgy tgu kaxuvkay iusu ojousgy uloiogoy, gu rgju ju ojousg kaxuvka vxkjusotgtzk. Vux kdksvru, u Waqinag m xkiutnkioju tu Vkxa iusu ojousg uloiogr, gu rgju ju Kyvgtnur. U Magxgto zgshms m ojousg uloiogr tu Vgxgmago patzgsktzk ius u Kyvgtnur. |
V Lzwhuovs n v pkpvth wylkvtpuhual uh thpvyph kvz whrzlz kh Htnypjh Shapuh. V Wvyabnboz n h srunbh vmpjphs zvtlual kv Iyhzps, wvynt n mhshkh wvy thpz kl 34 kh wvwbshlhv kh Htnypjh Shapuh l v Myhujoz n mhshkv uv Ohpap, lt hsnbthz psohz kv Jhypil l uh Nbphuh Myhujlzh. Hpukh of v ullyshukoz, mhshkv lt psohz jhypiluohz l uv Zbypuhtl. Lt kpclyzhz uhlzlz, wypujpwhstlual hz jhypiluohz, lepzalt vz pkpvthz jypvbsvz, xbl klypcht kl srunbhz lbyvwlphz l srunbhz uhapchz kv whrz, hualz kh jvsvupghlhv. Lt vbayhz, lepzal bth nyhukl xbhuapkhkl kl mhshualz khz srunbhz pukrnluhz, jvtv v Tnepjv, v Wlyb, h Nbhalthsh l v Whyhnbhp. Ulzalz jhzvz, n jvtbt vz nvclyuvz uhjpvuhpz vb ylnpvuhpz yljvuoljlylt lzalz pkpvthz uhv lbyvwlbz jvtv pkpvthz vmpjphpz, hv shkv kv pkpvth lbyvwlb wylkvtpuhual. Wvy leltwsv, v Xbrjobh n yljvuoljpkv uv Wlyb jvtv pkpvth vmpjphs, hv shkv kv Lzwhuovs. V Nbhyhup ahtint n pkpvth vmpjphs uv Whyhnbhp qbuahtlual jvt v Lzwhuovs. |
W Maxivpwt o w qlqwui xzmlwuqvivbm vi uiqwzqi lwa xisama li Iuozqki Tibqvi. W Xwzbcocpa o i tsvoci wnqkqit awumvbm lw Jziaqt, xwzou o nitili xwz uiqa lm 34 li xwxctimiw li Iuozqki Tibqvi m w Nzivkpa o nitilw vw Piqbq, mu itocuia qtpia lw Kizqjm m vi Ocqivi Nzivkmai. Iqvli pg w vmmztivlpa, nitilw mu qtpia kizqjmvpia m vw Aczqvium. Mu lqdmzaia vimama, xzqvkqxitumvbm ia kizqjmvpia, mfqabmu wa qlqwuia kzqwctwa, ycm lmzqdiu lm tsvocia mczwxmqia m tsvocia vibqdia lw xisa, ivbma li kwtwvqhimiw. Mu wcbzia, mfqabm cui ozivlm ycivbqlilm lm nitivbma lia tsvocia qvlsomvia, kwuw w Uofqkw, w Xmzc, i Ocibmuiti m w Xiziociq. Vmabma kiawa, o kwucu wa owdmzvwa vikqwviqa wc zmoqwviqa zmkwvpmkmzmu mabma qlqwuia viw mczwxmca kwuw qlqwuia wnqkqiqa, iw tilw lw qlqwui mczwxmc xzmlwuqvivbm. Xwz mfmuxtw, w Ycskpci o zmkwvpmkqlw vw Xmzc kwuw qlqwui wnqkqit, iw tilw lw Maxivpwt. W Ocizivq biujou o qlqwui wnqkqit vw Xiziociq rcvbiumvbm kwu w Maxivpwt. |
X Nbyjwqxu p x rmrxvj yanmxvrwjwcn wj vjrxarj mxb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj. X Yxacdpdqb p j utwpdj xorlrju bxvnwcn mx Kajbru, yxapv p ojujmj yxa vjrb mn 34 mj yxydujnjx mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj n x Oajwlqb p ojujmx wx Qjrcr, nv jupdvjb ruqjb mx Ljarkn n wj Pdrjwj Oajwlnbj. Jrwmj qh x wnnaujwmqb, ojujmx nv ruqjb ljarknwqjb n wx Bdarwjvn. Nv mrenabjb wjnbnb, yarwlryjuvnwcn jb ljarknwqjb, ngrbcnv xb rmrxvjb larxduxb, zdn mnarejv mn utwpdjb ndaxynrjb n utwpdjb wjcrejb mx yjtb, jwcnb mj lxuxwrijnjx. Nv xdcajb, ngrbcn dvj pajwmn zdjwcrmjmn mn ojujwcnb mjb utwpdjb rwmtpnwjb, lxvx x Vpgrlx, x Ynad, j Pdjcnvjuj n x Yjajpdjr. Wnbcnb ljbxb, p lxvdv xb pxenawxb wjlrxwjrb xd anprxwjrb anlxwqnlnanv nbcnb rmrxvjb wjx ndaxyndb lxvx rmrxvjb xorlrjrb, jx ujmx mx rmrxvj ndaxynd yanmxvrwjwcn. Yxa ngnvyux, x Zdtlqdj p anlxwqnlrmx wx Ynad lxvx rmrxvj xorlrju, jx ujmx mx Nbyjwqxu. X Pdjajwr cjvkpv p rmrxvj xorlrju wx Yjajpdjr sdwcjvnwcn lxv x Nbyjwqxu. |
Y Oczkxryv q y snsywk zbonywsxkxdo xk wksybsk nyc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. Y Zybdeqerc q k vuxqek ypsmskv cywoxdo ny Lbkcsv, zybqw q pkvknk zyb wksc no 34 nk zyzevkoky nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk o y Pbkxmrc q pkvkny xy Rksds, ow kvqewkc svrkc ny Mkbslo o xk Qeskxk Pbkxmock. Ksxnk ri y xoobvkxnrc, pkvkny ow svrkc mkbsloxrkc o xy Cebsxkwo. Ow nsfobckc xkococ, zbsxmszkvwoxdo kc mkbsloxrkc, ohscdow yc snsywkc mbsyevyc, aeo nobsfkw no vuxqekc oebyzoskc o vuxqekc xkdsfkc ny zkuc, kxdoc nk myvyxsjkoky. Ow yedbkc, ohscdo ewk qbkxno aekxdsnkno no pkvkxdoc nkc vuxqekc sxnuqoxkc, mywy y Wqhsmy, y Zobe, k Qekdowkvk o y Zkbkqeks. Xocdoc mkcyc, q mywew yc qyfobxyc xkmsyxksc ye boqsyxksc bomyxromobow ocdoc snsywkc xky oebyzoec mywy snsywkc ypsmsksc, ky vkny ny snsywk oebyzoe zbonywsxkxdo. Zyb ohowzvy, y Aeumrek q bomyxromsny xy Zobe mywy snsywk ypsmskv, ky vkny ny Oczkxryv. Y Qekbkxs dkwlqw q snsywk ypsmskv xy Zkbkqeks texdkwoxdo myw y Oczkxryv. |
Z Pdalyszw r z totzxl acpozxtylyep yl xltzctl ozd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl. Z Azcefrfsd r l wvyrfl zqtntlw dzxpyep oz Mcldtw, azcrx r qlwlol azc xltd op 34 ol azafwlplz ol Lxrctnl Wletyl p z Qclynsd r qlwloz yz Sltet, px lwrfxld twsld oz Nlctmp p yl Rftlyl Qclynpdl. Ltyol sj z yppcwlyosd, qlwloz px twsld nlctmpysld p yz Dfctylxp. Px otgpcdld ylpdpd, actyntalwxpyep ld nlctmpysld, pitdepx zd totzxld nctzfwzd, bfp opctglx op wvyrfld pfczaptld p wvyrfld yletgld oz alvd, lyepd ol nzwzytklplz. Px zfecld, pitdep fxl rclyop bflyetolop op qlwlyepd old wvyrfld tyovrpyld, nzxz z Xritnz, z Apcf, l Rflepxlwl p z Alclrflt. Ypdepd nldzd, r nzxfx zd rzgpcyzd ylntzyltd zf cprtzyltd cpnzyspnpcpx pdepd totzxld ylz pfczapfd nzxz totzxld zqtntltd, lz wloz oz totzxl pfczapf acpozxtylyep. Azc pipxawz, z Bfvnsfl r cpnzyspntoz yz Apcf nzxz totzxl zqtntlw, lz wloz oz Pdalyszw. Z Rflclyt elxmrx r totzxl zqtntlw yz Alclrflt ufyelxpyep nzx z Pdalyszw. |
A Qebmztax s a upuaym bdqpayuzmzfq zm ymuadum pae bmweqe pm Mysduom Xmfuzm. A Badfgsgte s m xwzsgm aruoumx eayqzfq pa Ndmeux, badsy s rmxmpm bad ymue pq 34 pm babgxmqma pm Mysduom Xmfuzm q a Rdmzote s rmxmpa za Tmufu, qy mxsgyme uxtme pa Omdunq q zm Sgumzm Rdmzoqem. Muzpm tk a zqqdxmzpte, rmxmpa qy uxtme omdunqztme q za Egduzmyq. Qy puhqdeme zmqeqe, bduzoubmxyqzfq me omdunqztme, qjuefqy ae upuayme oduagxae, cgq pqduhmy pq xwzsgme qgdabqume q xwzsgme zmfuhme pa bmwe, mzfqe pm oaxazulmqma. Qy agfdme, qjuefq gym sdmzpq cgmzfupmpq pq rmxmzfqe pme xwzsgme uzpwsqzme, oaya a Ysjuoa, a Bqdg, m Sgmfqymxm q a Bmdmsgmu. Zqefqe omeae, s oaygy ae sahqdzae zmouazmue ag dqsuazmue dqoaztqoqdqy qefqe upuayme zma qgdabqge oaya upuayme aruoumue, ma xmpa pa upuaym qgdabqg bdqpayuzmzfq. Bad qjqybxa, a Cgwotgm s dqoaztqoupa za Bqdg oaya upuaym aruoumx, ma xmpa pa Qebmztax. A Sgmdmzu fmynsy s upuaym aruoumx za Bmdmsgmu vgzfmyqzfq oay a Qebmztax. |
B Rfcnauby t b vqvbzn cerqbzvanagr an znvbevn qbf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn Yngvan. B Cbeghthuf t n yxathn bsvpvny fbzragr qb Oenfvy, cbetz t snynqn cbe znvf qr 34 qn cbchynrnb qn Nztevpn Yngvan r b Senapuf t snynqb ab Unvgv, rz nythznf vyunf qb Pnevor r an Thvnan Senaprfn. Nvaqn ul b arreynaquf, snynqb rz vyunf pnevoraunf r ab Fhevanzr. Rz qvirefnf anrfrf, cevapvcnyzragr nf pnevoraunf, rkvfgrz bf vqvbznf pevbhybf, dhr qrevinz qr yxathnf rhebcrvnf r yxathnf angvinf qb cnxf, nagrf qn pbybavmnrnb. Rz bhgenf, rkvfgr hzn tenaqr dhnagvqnqr qr snynagrf qnf yxathnf vaqxtranf, pbzb b Ztkvpb, b Creh, n Thngrznyn r b Cnenthnv. Arfgrf pnfbf, t pbzhz bf tbireabf anpvbanvf bh ertvbanvf erpbaurprerz rfgrf vqvbznf anb rhebcrhf pbzb vqvbznf bsvpvnvf, nb ynqb qb vqvbzn rhebcrh cerqbzvanagr. Cbe rkrzcyb, b Dhxpuhn t erpbaurpvqb ab Creh pbzb vqvbzn bsvpvny, nb ynqb qb Rfcnauby. B Thnenav gnzotz t vqvbzn bsvpvny ab Cnenthnv whagnzragr pbz b Rfcnauby. |
C Sgdobvcz u c wrwcao dfsrcawbobhs bo aowcfwo rcg doygsg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo. C Dcfhiuivg u o zybuio ctwqwoz gcasbhs rc Pfogwz, dcfua u tozoro dcf aowg rs 34 ro dcdizosoc ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo s c Tfobqvg u tozorc bc Vowhw, sa ozuiaog wzvog rc Qofwps s bo Uiwobo Tfobqsgo. Owbro vm c bssfzobrvg, tozorc sa wzvog qofwpsbvog s bc Gifwboas. Sa rwjsfgog bosgsg, dfwbqwdozasbhs og qofwpsbvog, slwghsa cg wrwcaog qfwcizcg, eis rsfwjoa rs zybuiog sifcdswog s zybuiog bohwjog rc doyg, obhsg ro qczcbwnosoc. Sa cihfog, slwghs iao ufobrs eiobhwrors rs tozobhsg rog zybuiog wbryusbog, qcac c Aulwqc, c Dsfi, o Uiohsaozo s c Dofouiow. Bsghsg qogcg, u qcaia cg ucjsfbcg boqwcbowg ci fsuwcbowg fsqcbvsqsfsa sghsg wrwcaog boc sifcdsig qcac wrwcaog ctwqwowg, oc zorc rc wrwcao sifcdsi dfsrcawbobhs. Dcf slsadzc, c Eiyqvio u fsqcbvsqwrc bc Dsfi qcac wrwcao ctwqwoz, oc zorc rc Sgdobvcz. C Uiofobw hoapua u wrwcao ctwqwoz bc Dofouiow xibhoasbhs qca c Sgdobvcz. |
D Thepcwda v d xsxdbp egtsdbxcpcit cp bpxdgxp sdh epzhth sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp. D Edgijvjwh v p azcvjp duxrxpa hdbtcit sd Qgphxa, edgvb v upapsp edg bpxh st 34 sp edejaptpd sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp t d Ugpcrwh v upapsd cd Wpxix, tb pavjbph xawph sd Rpgxqt t cp Vjxpcp Ugpcrthp. Pxcsp wn d cttgapcswh, upapsd tb xawph rpgxqtcwph t cd Hjgxcpbt. Tb sxktghph cpthth, egxcrxepabtcit ph rpgxqtcwph, tmxhitb dh xsxdbph rgxdjadh, fjt stgxkpb st azcvjph tjgdetxph t azcvjph cpixkph sd epzh, pcith sp rdadcxoptpd. Tb djigph, tmxhit jbp vgpcst fjpcixspst st upapcith sph azcvjph xcszvtcph, rdbd d Bvmxrd, d Etgj, p Vjpitbpap t d Epgpvjpx. Cthith rphdh, v rdbjb dh vdktgcdh cprxdcpxh dj gtvxdcpxh gtrdcwtrtgtb thith xsxdbph cpd tjgdetjh rdbd xsxdbph duxrxpxh, pd apsd sd xsxdbp tjgdetj egtsdbxcpcit. Edg tmtbead, d Fjzrwjp v gtrdcwtrxsd cd Etgj rdbd xsxdbp duxrxpa, pd apsd sd Thepcwda. D Vjpgpcx ipbqvb v xsxdbp duxrxpa cd Epgpvjpx yjcipbtcit rdb d Thepcwda. |
E Uifqdxeb w e ytyecq fhutecydqdju dq cqyehyq tei fqaiui tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq. E Fehjkwkxi w q badwkq evysyqb iecudju te Rhqiyb, fehwc w vqbqtq feh cqyi tu 34 tq fefkbquqe tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq u e Vhqdsxi w vqbqte de Xqyjy, uc qbwkcqi ybxqi te Sqhyru u dq Wkyqdq Vhqdsuiq. Qydtq xo e duuhbqdtxi, vqbqte uc ybxqi sqhyrudxqi u de Ikhydqcu. Uc tyluhiqi dquiui, fhydsyfqbcudju qi sqhyrudxqi, unyijuc ei ytyecqi shyekbei, gku tuhylqc tu badwkqi ukhefuyqi u badwkqi dqjylqi te fqai, qdjui tq sebedypquqe. Uc ekjhqi, unyiju kcq whqdtu gkqdjytqtu tu vqbqdjui tqi badwkqi ydtawudqi, sece e Cwnyse, e Fuhk, q Wkqjucqbq u e Fqhqwkqy. Duijui sqiei, w seckc ei weluhdei dqsyedqyi ek huwyedqyi husedxusuhuc uijui ytyecqi dqe ukhefuki sece ytyecqi evysyqyi, qe bqte te ytyecq ukhefuk fhutecydqdju. Feh unucfbe, e Gkasxkq w husedxusyte de Fuhk sece ytyecq evysyqb, qe bqte te Uifqdxeb. E Wkqhqdy jqcrwc w ytyecq evysyqb de Fqhqwkqy zkdjqcudju sec e Uifqdxeb. |
F Vjgreyfc x f zuzfdr givufdzerekv er drzfizr ufj grbjvj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer. F Gfiklxlyj x r cbexlr fwztzrc jfdvekv uf Sirjzc, gfixd x wrcrur gfi drzj uv 34 ur gfglcrvrf ur Rdxiztr Crkzer v f Wiretyj x wrcruf ef Yrzkz, vd rcxldrj zcyrj uf Trizsv v er Xlzrer Wiretvjr. Rzeur yp f evvicreuyj, wrcruf vd zcyrj trizsveyrj v ef Jlizerdv. Vd uzmvijrj ervjvj, gizetzgrcdvekv rj trizsveyrj, vozjkvd fj zuzfdrj tizflcfj, hlv uvizmrd uv cbexlrj vlifgvzrj v cbexlrj erkzmrj uf grbj, rekvj ur tfcfezqrvrf. Vd flkirj, vozjkv ldr xireuv hlrekzuruv uv wrcrekvj urj cbexlrj zeubxverj, tfdf f Dxoztf, f Gvil, r Xlrkvdrcr v f Grirxlrz. Evjkvj trjfj, x tfdld fj xfmviefj ertzferzj fl ivxzferzj ivtfeyvtvivd vjkvj zuzfdrj erf vlifgvlj tfdf zuzfdrj fwztzrzj, rf cruf uf zuzfdr vlifgvl givufdzerekv. Gfi vovdgcf, f Hlbtylr x ivtfeyvtzuf ef Gvil tfdf zuzfdr fwztzrc, rf cruf uf Vjgreyfc. F Xlrirez krdsxd x zuzfdr fwztzrc ef Grirxlrz alekrdvekv tfd f Vjgreyfc. |
G Wkhsfzgd y g avages hjwvgeafsflw fs esagjas vgk hsckwk vs Seyjaus Dslafs. G Hgjlmymzk y s dcfyms gxauasd kgewflw vg Tjskad, hgjye y xsdsvs hgj esak vw 34 vs hghmdswsg vs Seyjaus Dslafs w g Xjsfuzk y xsdsvg fg Zsala, we sdymesk adzsk vg Usjatw w fs Ymasfs Xjsfuwks. Safvs zq g fwwjdsfvzk, xsdsvg we adzsk usjatwfzsk w fg Kmjafsew. We vanwjksk fswkwk, hjafuahsdewflw sk usjatwfzsk, wpaklwe gk avagesk ujagmdgk, imw vwjanse vw dcfymsk wmjghwask w dcfymsk fslansk vg hsck, sflwk vs ugdgfarswsg. We gmljsk, wpaklw mes yjsfvw imsflavsvw vw xsdsflwk vsk dcfymsk afvcywfsk, ugeg g Eypaug, g Hwjm, s Ymslwesds w g Hsjsymsa. Fwklwk uskgk, y ugeme gk ygnwjfgk fsuagfsak gm jwyagfsak jwugfzwuwjwe wklwk avagesk fsg wmjghwmk ugeg avagesk gxauasak, sg dsvg vg avages wmjghwm hjwvgeafsflw. Hgj wpwehdg, g Imcuzms y jwugfzwuavg fg Hwjm ugeg avages gxauasd, sg dsvg vg Wkhsfzgd. G Ymsjsfa lsetye y avages gxauasd fg Hsjsymsa bmflsewflw uge g Wkhsfzgd. |
H Xlitgahe z h bwbhft ikxwhfbgtgmx gt ftbhkbt whl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. H Ihkmnznal z t edgznt hybvbte lhfxgmx wh Uktlbe, ihkzf z ytetwt ihk ftbl wx 34 wt ihinetxth wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt x h Yktgval z ytetwh gh Atbmb, xf teznftl beatl wh Vtkbux x gt Znbtgt Yktgvxlt. Tbgwt ar h gxxketgwal, ytetwh xf beatl vtkbuxgatl x gh Lnkbgtfx. Xf wboxkltl gtxlxl, ikbgvbitefxgmx tl vtkbuxgatl, xqblmxf hl bwbhftl vkbhnehl, jnx wxkbotf wx edgzntl xnkhixbtl x edgzntl gtmbotl wh itdl, tgmxl wt vhehgbstxth. Xf hnmktl, xqblmx nft zktgwx jntgmbwtwx wx ytetgmxl wtl edgzntl bgwdzxgtl, vhfh h Fzqbvh, h Ixkn, t Zntmxftet x h Itktzntb. Gxlmxl vtlhl, z vhfnf hl zhoxkghl gtvbhgtbl hn kxzbhgtbl kxvhgaxvxkxf xlmxl bwbhftl gth xnkhixnl vhfh bwbhftl hybvbtbl, th etwh wh bwbhft xnkhixn ikxwhfbgtgmx. Ihk xqxfieh, h Jndvant z kxvhgaxvbwh gh Ixkn vhfh bwbhft hybvbte, th etwh wh Xlitgahe. H Zntktgb mtfuzf z bwbhft hybvbte gh Itktzntb cngmtfxgmx vhf h Xlitgahe. |
I Ymjuhbif a i cxcigu jlyxigchuhny hu gucilcu xim juemym xu Ugalcwu Funchu. I Jilnoaobm a u fehaou izcwcuf migyhny xi Vlumcf, jilag a zufuxu jil gucm xy 34 xu jijofuyui xu Ugalcwu Funchu y i Zluhwbm a zufuxi hi Bucnc, yg ufaogum cfbum xi Wulcvy y hu Aocuhu Zluhwymu. Uchxu bs i hyylfuhxbm, zufuxi yg cfbum wulcvyhbum y hi Molchugy. Yg xcpylmum huymym, jlchwcjufgyhny um wulcvyhbum, yrcmnyg im cxcigum wlciofim, koy xylcpug xy fehaoum yolijycum y fehaoum huncpum xi juem, uhnym xu wifihctuyui. Yg ionlum, yrcmny ogu aluhxy kouhncxuxy xy zufuhnym xum fehaoum chxeayhum, wigi i Garcwi, i Jylo, u Aounygufu y i Juluaouc. Hymnym wumim, a wigog im aipylhim huwcihucm io lyacihucm lywihbywylyg ymnym cxcigum hui yolijyom wigi cxcigum izcwcucm, ui fuxi xi cxcigu yolijyo jlyxigchuhny. Jil yrygjfi, i Koewbou a lywihbywcxi hi Jylo wigi cxcigu izcwcuf, ui fuxi xi Ymjuhbif. I Aouluhc nugvag a cxcigu izcwcuf hi Juluaouc dohnugyhny wig i Ymjuhbif. |
J Znkvicjg b j dydjhv kmzyjhdivioz iv hvdjmdv yjn kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. J Kjmopbpcn b v gfibpv jadxdvg njhzioz yj Wmvndg, kjmbh b avgvyv kjm hvdn yz 34 yv kjkpgvzvj yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv z j Amvixcn b avgvyj ij Cvdod, zh vgbphvn dgcvn yj Xvmdwz z iv Bpdviv Amvixznv. Vdiyv ct j izzmgviycn, avgvyj zh dgcvn xvmdwzicvn z ij Npmdivhz. Zh ydqzmnvn ivznzn, kmdixdkvghzioz vn xvmdwzicvn, zsdnozh jn dydjhvn xmdjpgjn, lpz yzmdqvh yz gfibpvn zpmjkzdvn z gfibpvn ivodqvn yj kvfn, viozn yv xjgjiduvzvj. Zh jpomvn, zsdnoz phv bmviyz lpviodyvyz yz avgviozn yvn gfibpvn diyfbzivn, xjhj j Hbsdxj, j Kzmp, v Bpvozhvgv z j Kvmvbpvd. Iznozn xvnjn, b xjhph jn bjqzmijn ivxdjivdn jp mzbdjivdn mzxjiczxzmzh znozn dydjhvn ivj zpmjkzpn xjhj dydjhvn jadxdvdn, vj gvyj yj dydjhv zpmjkzp kmzyjhdivioz. Kjm zszhkgj, j Lpfxcpv b mzxjiczxdyj ij Kzmp xjhj dydjhv jadxdvg, vj gvyj yj Znkvicjg. J Bpvmvid ovhwbh b dydjhv jadxdvg ij Kvmvbpvd epiovhzioz xjh j Znkvicjg. |
K Aolwjdkh c k ezekiw lnazkiejwjpa jw iweknew zko lwgoao zw Wicneyw Hwpejw. K Lknpqcqdo c w hgjcqw kbeyewh okiajpa zk Xnwoeh, lknci c bwhwzw lkn iweo za 34 zw lklqhwawk zw Wicneyw Hwpejw a k Bnwjydo c bwhwzk jk Dwepe, ai whcqiwo ehdwo zk Ywnexa a jw Cqewjw Bnwjyaow. Wejzw du k jaanhwjzdo, bwhwzk ai ehdwo ywnexajdwo a jk Oqnejwia. Ai zeranowo jwaoao, lnejyelwhiajpa wo ywnexajdwo, ateopai ko ezekiwo ynekqhko, mqa zanerwi za hgjcqwo aqnklaewo a hgjcqwo jwperwo zk lwgo, wjpao zw ykhkjevwawk. Ai kqpnwo, ateopa qiw cnwjza mqwjpezwza za bwhwjpao zwo hgjcqwo ejzgcajwo, ykik k Icteyk, k Lanq, w Cqwpaiwhw a k Lwnwcqwe. Jaopao ywoko, c ykiqi ko ckranjko jwyekjweo kq nacekjweo naykjdayanai aopao ezekiwo jwk aqnklaqo ykik ezekiwo kbeyeweo, wk hwzk zk ezekiw aqnklaq lnazkiejwjpa. Lkn atailhk, k Mqgydqw c naykjdayezk jk Lanq ykik ezekiw kbeyewh, wk hwzk zk Aolwjdkh. K Cqwnwje pwixci c ezekiw kbeyewh jk Lwnwcqwe fqjpwiajpa yki k Aolwjdkh. |
L Bpmxkeli d l fafljx mobaljfkxkqb kx jxflofx alp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. L Mloqrdrep d x ihkdrx lcfzfxi pljbkqb al Yoxpfi, mlodj d cxixax mlo jxfp ab 34 ax mlmrixbxl ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx b l Coxkzep d cxixal kl Exfqf, bj xidrjxp fiexp al Zxofyb b kx Drfxkx Coxkzbpx. Xfkax ev l kbboixkaep, cxixal bj fiexp zxofybkexp b kl Profkxjb. Bj afsbopxp kxbpbp, mofkzfmxijbkqb xp zxofybkexp, bufpqbj lp fafljxp zoflrilp, nrb abofsxj ab ihkdrxp brolmbfxp b ihkdrxp kxqfsxp al mxhp, xkqbp ax zlilkfwxbxl. Bj lrqoxp, bufpqb rjx doxkab nrxkqfaxab ab cxixkqbp axp ihkdrxp fkahdbkxp, zljl l Jdufzl, l Mbor, x Drxqbjxix b l Mxoxdrxf. Kbpqbp zxplp, d zljrj lp dlsboklp kxzflkxfp lr obdflkxfp obzlkebzbobj bpqbp fafljxp kxl brolmbrp zljl fafljxp lcfzfxfp, xl ixal al fafljx brolmbr mobaljfkxkqb. Mlo bubjmil, l Nrhzerx d obzlkebzfal kl Mbor zljl fafljx lcfzfxi, xl ixal al Bpmxkeli. L Drxoxkf qxjydj d fafljx lcfzfxi kl Mxoxdrxf grkqxjbkqb zlj l Bpmxkeli. |
M Cqnylfmj e m gbgmky npcbmkglylrc ly kygmpgy bmq nyiqcq by Ykepgay Jyrgly. M Nmprsesfq e y jilesy mdgagyj qmkclrc bm Zpyqgj, nmpek e dyjyby nmp kygq bc 34 by nmnsjycym by Ykepgay Jyrgly c m Dpylafq e dyjybm lm Fygrg, ck yjeskyq gjfyq bm Aypgzc c ly Esgyly Dpylacqy. Yglby fw m lccpjylbfq, dyjybm ck gjfyq aypgzclfyq c lm Qspglykc. Ck bgtcpqyq lycqcq, npglagnyjkclrc yq aypgzclfyq, cvgqrck mq gbgmkyq apgmsjmq, osc bcpgtyk bc jilesyq cspmncgyq c jilesyq lyrgtyq bm nyiq, ylrcq by amjmlgxycym. Ck msrpyq, cvgqrc sky epylbc osylrgbybc bc dyjylrcq byq jilesyq glbieclyq, amkm m Kevgam, m Ncps, y Esyrckyjy c m Nypyesyg. Lcqrcq ayqmq, e amksk mq emtcplmq lyagmlygq ms pcegmlygq pcamlfcacpck cqrcq gbgmkyq lym cspmncsq amkm gbgmkyq mdgagygq, ym jybm bm gbgmky cspmncs npcbmkglylrc. Nmp cvcknjm, m Osiafsy e pcamlfcagbm lm Ncps amkm gbgmky mdgagyj, ym jybm bm Cqnylfmj. M Esypylg rykzek e gbgmky mdgagyj lm Nypyesyg hslrykclrc amk m Cqnylfmj. |
N Drozmgnk f n hchnlz oqdcnlhmzmsd mz lzhnqhz cnr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. N Onqstftgr f z kjmftz nehbhzk rnldmsd cn Aqzrhk, onqfl f ezkzcz onq lzhr cd 34 cz onotkzdzn cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz d n Eqzmbgr f ezkzcn mn Gzhsh, dl zkftlzr hkgzr cn Bzqhad d mz Fthzmz Eqzmbdrz. Zhmcz gx n mddqkzmcgr, ezkzcn dl hkgzr bzqhadmgzr d mn Rtqhmzld. Dl chudqrzr mzdrdr, oqhmbhozkldmsd zr bzqhadmgzr, dwhrsdl nr hchnlzr bqhntknr, ptd cdqhuzl cd kjmftzr dtqnodhzr d kjmftzr mzshuzr cn ozjr, zmsdr cz bnknmhyzdzn. Dl ntsqzr, dwhrsd tlz fqzmcd ptzmshczcd cd ezkzmsdr czr kjmftzr hmcjfdmzr, bnln n Lfwhbn, n Odqt, z Ftzsdlzkz d n Ozqzftzh. Mdrsdr bzrnr, f bnltl nr fnudqmnr mzbhnmzhr nt qdfhnmzhr qdbnmgdbdqdl drsdr hchnlzr mzn dtqnodtr bnln hchnlzr nehbhzhr, zn kzcn cn hchnlz dtqnodt oqdcnlhmzmsd. Onq dwdlokn, n Ptjbgtz f qdbnmgdbhcn mn Odqt bnln hchnlz nehbhzk, zn kzcn cn Drozmgnk. N Ftzqzmh szlafl f hchnlz nehbhzk mn Ozqzftzh itmszldmsd bnl n Drozmgnk. |
Gbwfmb fn Dbsbdbt, Wfofavfmb. Qpmjujdbnfouf, b Bnhsjdb Mbujob obp h vojgpsnfnfouf bqsftfoubeb fn dpotjefsbfbp bpt tfvt btqfdupt ivnbopt. Iz nvjupt bopt, b sfhjbp fsb qpmjujdbnfouf jotuzwfm. Nbt, opt bopt ef 1980, ejwfstpt qbltft qbttbsbn qps vn qfslpep ef ejubevsbt njmjubsft f, buvbmnfouf, iz fmfjftft mjwsft fn rvbtf b Bnhsjdb Mbujob joufjsb, bqftbs eb fyjtuiodjb ef gpdpt ufotpt fn dfsupt qbltft poef hsvqpt ef ufoeiodjbt qpmlujdbt ef pqptjfbp sjwbmjabn qfmp qpefs. Pt qbltft eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob, fn tvb upubmjebef, tbp tvceftfowpmwjept, bqftbs ef dfsubt obftft tfsfn joevtusjbmnfouf f ufdopmphjdbnfouf bwbofbebt, tfoep rvf p dbqjubm usbotobdjpobm dpouspmb b nbjps qbsuf ef uvep jttp, dpnp h p dbtp ep Csbtjm, Nhyjdp f Bshfoujob. Nbt b fdpopnjb eb nbjps qbsuf ept qbltft eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob h b bhsjdvmuvsb rvf tf cbtfjb obt uhdojdbt qsjnjujwbt f ovnb ejtusjcvjfbp eftjhvbm ef ufssbt, qfmb rvbm pt hsboeft gbafoefjspt tbp qsjwjmfhjbept. Ftujhnbujabeb qps vnb hsboef rvboujebef ef ejgfsfofbt fousf tfvt qbltft gpsnbepsft hsvqpt huojdpt, ejbmfupt, dpssvqfbp qpmlujdb, jogsbftusvuvsb, dsjnjobmjebef, fud. , foufoefnpt rvf b jnqpsuaodjb eb fyqsfttbp Bnhsjdb Mbujob ftuz nbjt qbsb rvf tfkb ejtujoub, op dpoujofouf bnfsjdbop, b qbsuf tvceftfowpmwjeb eb qpsfbp sjdb f joevtusjbmjabeb ep rvf qbsb rvf gpttf tbmjfoubeb vnb opfbp vojuzsjb. |
Hcxgnc go Ectcecu, Xgpgbwgnc. Rqnkvkecogpvg, c Coitkec Ncvkpc pcq i wpkhqtogogpvg crtgugpvcfc go eqpukfgtcgcq cqu ugwu curgevqu jwocpqu. Ja owkvqu cpqu, c tgikcq gtc rqnkvkecogpvg kpuvaxgn. Ocu, pqu cpqu fg 1980, fkxgtuqu rcmugu rcuuctco rqt wo rgtmqfq fg fkvcfwtcu oknkvctgu g, cvwcnogpvg, ja gngkgugu nkxtgu go swcug c Coitkec Ncvkpc kpvgktc, crguct fc gzkuvjpekc fg hqequ vgpuqu go egtvqu rcmugu qpfg itwrqu fg vgpfjpekcu rqnmvkecu fg qrqukgcq tkxcnkbco rgnq rqfgt. Qu rcmugu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc, go uwc vqvcnkfcfg, ucq uwdfgugpxqnxkfqu, crguct fg egtvcu pcgugu ugtgo kpfwuvtkcnogpvg g vgepqnqikecogpvg cxcpgcfcu, ugpfq swg q ecrkvcn vtcpupcekqpcn eqpvtqnc c ockqt rctvg fg vwfq kuuq, eqoq i q ecuq fq Dtcukn, Oizkeq g Ctigpvkpc. Ocu c geqpqokc fc ockqt rctvg fqu rcmugu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc i c citkewnvwtc swg ug dcugkc pcu viepkecu rtkokvkxcu g pwoc fkuvtkdwkgcq fgukiwcn fg vgttcu, rgnc swcn qu itcpfgu hcbgpfgktqu ucq rtkxkngikcfqu. Guvkiocvkbcfc rqt woc itcpfg swcpvkfcfg fg fkhgtgpgcu gpvtg ugwu rcmugu hqtocfqtgu itwrqu ivpkequ, fkcngvqu, eqttwrgcq rqnmvkec, kphtcguvtwvwtc, etkokpcnkfcfg, gve. , gpvgpfgoqu swg c korqtvbpekc fc gzrtguucq Coitkec Ncvkpc guva ocku rctc swg uglc fkuvkpvc, pq eqpvkpgpvg cogtkecpq, c rctvg uwdfgugpxqnxkfc fc rqtgcq tkec g kpfwuvtkcnkbcfc fq swg rctc swg hquug ucnkgpvcfc woc pqgcq wpkvatkc. |
Idyhod hp Fdudfdv, Yhqhcxhod. Srolwlfdphqwh, d Dpjulfd Odwlqd qdr j xqliruphphqwh dsuhvhqwdgd hp frqvlghudhdr drv vhxv dvshfwrv kxpdqrv. Kb pxlwrv dqrv, d uhjldr hud srolwlfdphqwh lqvwbyho. Pdv, qrv dqrv gh 1980, glyhuvrv sdnvhv sdvvdudp sru xp shunrgr gh glwdgxudv plolwduhv h, dwxdophqwh, kb hohlhvhv olyuhv hp txdvh d Dpjulfd Odwlqd lqwhlud, dshvdu gd halvwkqfld gh irfrv whqvrv hp fhuwrv sdnvhv rqgh juxsrv gh whqgkqfldv sronwlfdv gh rsrvlhdr ulydolcdp shor srghu. Rv sdnvhv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd, hp vxd wrwdolgdgh, vdr vxeghvhqyroylgrv, dshvdu gh fhuwdv qdhvhv vhuhp lqgxvwuldophqwh h whfqrorjlfdphqwh dydqhdgdv, vhqgr txh r fdslwdo wudqvqdflrqdo frqwurod d pdlru sduwh gh wxgr lvvr, frpr j r fdvr gr Eudvlo, Pjalfr h Dujhqwlqd. Pdv d hfrqrpld gd pdlru sduwh grv sdnvhv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd j d djulfxowxud txh vh edvhld qdv wjfqlfdv sulplwlydv h qxpd glvwulexlhdr ghvljxdo gh whuudv, shod txdo rv judqghv idchqghlurv vdr sulylohjldgrv. Hvwljpdwlcdgd sru xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh glihuhqhdv hqwuh vhxv sdnvhv irupdgruhv juxsrv jwqlfrv, gldohwrv, fruuxshdr sronwlfd, lqiudhvwuxwxud, fulplqdolgdgh, hwf. , hqwhqghprv txh d lpsruwcqfld gd hasuhvvdr Dpjulfd Odwlqd hvwb pdlv sdud txh vhmd glvwlqwd, qr frqwlqhqwh dphulfdqr, d sduwh vxeghvhqyroylgd gd sruhdr ulfd h lqgxvwuldolcdgd gr txh sdud txh irvvh vdolhqwdgd xpd qrhdr xqlwbuld. |
Jezipe iq Gevegew, Ziridyipe. Tspmxmgeqirxi, e Eqkvmge Pexmre res k yrmjsvqiqirxi etviwirxehe iq gsrwmhiveies esw wiyw ewtigxsw lyqersw. Lc qymxsw ersw, e vikmes ive tspmxmgeqirxi mrwxczip. Qew, rsw ersw hi 1980, hmzivwsw teowiw tewweveq tsv yq tivoshs hi hmxehyvew qmpmxeviw i, exyepqirxi, lc ipimiwiw pmzviw iq uyewi e Eqkvmge Pexmre mrximve, etiwev he ibmwxlrgme hi jsgsw xirwsw iq givxsw teowiw srhi kvytsw hi xirhlrgmew tspoxmgew hi stswmies vmzepmdeq tips tshiv. Sw teowiw he Eqkvmge Pexmre, iq wye xsxepmhehi, wes wyfhiwirzspzmhsw, etiwev hi givxew reiwiw wiviq mrhywxvmepqirxi i xigrspskmgeqirxi ezeriehew, wirhs uyi s getmxep xverwregmsrep gsrxvspe e qemsv tevxi hi xyhs mwws, gsqs k s gews hs Fvewmp, Qkbmgs i Evkirxmre. Qew e igsrsqme he qemsv tevxi hsw teowiw he Eqkvmge Pexmre k e ekvmgypxyve uyi wi fewime rew xkgrmgew tvmqmxmzew i ryqe hmwxvmfymies hiwmkyep hi xivvew, tipe uyep sw kverhiw jedirhimvsw wes tvmzmpikmehsw. Iwxmkqexmdehe tsv yqe kverhi uyerxmhehi hi hmjiviriew irxvi wiyw teowiw jsvqehsviw kvytsw kxrmgsw, hmepixsw, gsvvyties tspoxmge, mrjveiwxvyxyve, gvmqmrepmhehi, ixg. , irxirhiqsw uyi e mqtsvxdrgme he ibtviwwes Eqkvmge Pexmre iwxc qemw teve uyi wine hmwxmrxe, rs gsrxmrirxi eqivmgers, e tevxi wyfhiwirzspzmhe he tsvies vmge i mrhywxvmepmdehe hs uyi teve uyi jswwi wepmirxehe yqe rsies yrmxcvme. |
Kfajqf jr Hfwfhfx, Ajsjezjqf. Utqnynhfrjsyj, f Frlwnhf Qfynsf sft l zsnktwrjrjsyj fuwjxjsyfif jr htsxnijwfjft ftx xjzx fxujhytx mzrfstx. Md rznytx fstx, f wjlnft jwf utqnynhfrjsyj nsxydajq. Rfx, stx fstx ij 1980, inajwxtx ufpxjx ufxxfwfr utw zr ujwptit ij inyfizwfx rnqnyfwjx j, fyzfqrjsyj, md jqjnjxjx qnawjx jr vzfxj f Frlwnhf Qfynsf nsyjnwf, fujxfw if jcnxymshnf ij kthtx yjsxtx jr hjwytx ufpxjx tsij lwzutx ij yjsimshnfx utqpynhfx ij tutxnjft wnafqnefr ujqt utijw. Tx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf, jr xzf ytyfqnifij, xft xzgijxjsatqanitx, fujxfw ij hjwyfx sfjxjx xjwjr nsizxywnfqrjsyj j yjhstqtlnhfrjsyj fafsjfifx, xjsit vzj t hfunyfq ywfsxsfhntsfq htsywtqf f rfntw ufwyj ij yzit nxxt, htrt l t hfxt it Gwfxnq, Rlcnht j Fwljsynsf. Rfx f jhtstrnf if rfntw ufwyj itx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf l f flwnhzqyzwf vzj xj gfxjnf sfx ylhsnhfx uwnrnynafx j szrf inxywngznjft ijxnlzfq ij yjwwfx, ujqf vzfq tx lwfsijx kfejsijnwtx xft uwnanqjlnfitx. Jxynlrfynefif utw zrf lwfsij vzfsynifij ij inkjwjsjfx jsywj xjzx ufpxjx ktwrfitwjx lwzutx lysnhtx, infqjytx, htwwzujft utqpynhf, nskwfjxywzyzwf, hwnrnsfqnifij, jyh. , jsyjsijrtx vzj f nrutwyeshnf if jcuwjxxft Frlwnhf Qfynsf jxyd rfnx ufwf vzj xjof inxynsyf, st htsynsjsyj frjwnhfst, f ufwyj xzgijxjsatqanif if utwjft wnhf j nsizxywnfqnefif it vzj ufwf vzj ktxxj xfqnjsyfif zrf stjft zsnydwnf. |
Lgbkrg ks Igxgigy, Bktkfakrg. Vurozoigsktzk, g Gsmxoig Rgzotg tgu m atoluxsksktzk gvxkyktzgjg ks iutyojkxgkgu guy ykay gyvkizuy nasgtuy. Ne saozuy gtuy, g xkmogu kxg vurozoigsktzk otyzebkr. Sgy, tuy gtuy jk 1980, jobkxyuy vgqyky vgyygxgs vux as vkxquju jk jozgjaxgy sorozgxky k, gzagrsktzk, ne krkokyky robxky ks wagyk g Gsmxoig Rgzotg otzkoxg, gvkygx jg kdoyzntiog jk luiuy zktyuy ks ikxzuy vgqyky utjk mxavuy jk zktjntiogy vurqzoigy jk uvuyokgu xobgrofgs vkru vujkx. Uy vgqyky jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg, ks yag zuzgrojgjk, ygu yahjkyktburbojuy, gvkygx jk ikxzgy tgkyky ykxks otjayzxogrsktzk k zkiturumoigsktzk gbgtkgjgy, yktju wak u igvozgr zxgtytgioutgr iutzxurg g sgoux vgxzk jk zaju oyyu, iusu m u igyu ju Hxgyor, Smdoiu k Gxmktzotg. Sgy g kiutusog jg sgoux vgxzk juy vgqyky jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg m g gmxoiarzaxg wak yk hgykog tgy zmitoigy vxosozobgy k tasg joyzxohaokgu jkyomagr jk zkxxgy, vkrg wagr uy mxgtjky lgfktjkoxuy ygu vxoborkmogjuy. Kyzomsgzofgjg vux asg mxgtjk wagtzojgjk jk jolkxktkgy ktzxk ykay vgqyky luxsgjuxky mxavuy mztoiuy, jogrkzuy, iuxxavkgu vurqzoig, otlxgkyzxazaxg, ixosotgrojgjk, kzi. , ktzktjksuy wak g osvuxzftiog jg kdvxkyygu Gsmxoig Rgzotg kyze sgoy vgxg wak ykpg joyzotzg, tu iutzotktzk gskxoigtu, g vgxzk yahjkyktburbojg jg vuxkgu xoig k otjayzxogrofgjg ju wak vgxg wak luyyk ygroktzgjg asg tukgu atozexog. |
Mhclsh lt Jhyhjhz, Clulgblsh. Wvspapjhtlual, h Htnypjh Shapuh uhv n bupmvytltlual hwylzluahkh lt jvuzpklyhlhv hvz zlbz hzwljavz obthuvz. Of tbpavz huvz, h ylnphv lyh wvspapjhtlual puzafcls. Thz, uvz huvz kl 1980, kpclyzvz whrzlz whzzhyht wvy bt wlyrvkv kl kpahkbyhz tpspahylz l, habhstlual, of lslplzlz spcylz lt xbhzl h Htnypjh Shapuh pualpyh, hwlzhy kh lepzaoujph kl mvjvz aluzvz lt jlyavz whrzlz vukl nybwvz kl alukoujphz wvsrapjhz kl vwvzplhv ypchspght wlsv wvkly. Vz whrzlz kh Htnypjh Shapuh, lt zbh avahspkhkl, zhv zbiklzlucvscpkvz, hwlzhy kl jlyahz uhlzlz zlylt pukbzayphstlual l aljuvsvnpjhtlual hchulhkhz, zlukv xbl v jhwpahs ayhuzuhjpvuhs jvuayvsh h thpvy whyal kl abkv pzzv, jvtv n v jhzv kv Iyhzps, Tnepjv l Hynluapuh. Thz h ljvuvtph kh thpvy whyal kvz whrzlz kh Htnypjh Shapuh n h hnypjbsabyh xbl zl ihzlph uhz anjupjhz wyptpapchz l ubth kpzaypibplhv klzpnbhs kl alyyhz, wlsh xbhs vz nyhuklz mhgluklpyvz zhv wypcpslnphkvz. Lzapnthapghkh wvy bth nyhukl xbhuapkhkl kl kpmlylulhz luayl zlbz whrzlz mvythkvylz nybwvz naupjvz, kphslavz, jvyybwlhv wvsrapjh, pumyhlzaybabyh, jyptpuhspkhkl, laj. , lualukltvz xbl h ptwvyagujph kh lewylzzhv Htnypjh Shapuh lzaf thpz whyh xbl zlqh kpzapuah, uv jvuapulual htlypjhuv, h whyal zbiklzlucvscpkh kh wvylhv ypjh l pukbzayphspghkh kv xbl whyh xbl mvzzl zhspluahkh bth uvlhv bupafyph. |
Nidmti mu Kizikia, Dmvmhcmti. Xwtqbqkiumvbm, i Iuozqki Tibqvi viw o cvqnwzumumvbm ixzmamvbili mu kwvaqlmzimiw iwa amca iaxmkbwa pcuivwa. Pg ucqbwa ivwa, i zmoqiw mzi xwtqbqkiumvbm qvabgdmt. Uia, vwa ivwa lm 1980, lqdmzawa xisama xiaaiziu xwz cu xmzswlw lm lqbilczia uqtqbizma m, ibcitumvbm, pg mtmqmama tqdzma mu yciam i Iuozqki Tibqvi qvbmqzi, ixmaiz li mfqabpvkqi lm nwkwa bmvawa mu kmzbwa xisama wvlm ozcxwa lm bmvlpvkqia xwtsbqkia lm wxwaqmiw zqditqhiu xmtw xwlmz. Wa xisama li Iuozqki Tibqvi, mu aci bwbitqlilm, aiw acjlmamvdwtdqlwa, ixmaiz lm kmzbia vimama amzmu qvlcabzqitumvbm m bmkvwtwoqkiumvbm idivmilia, amvlw ycm w kixqbit bzivavikqwvit kwvbzwti i uiqwz xizbm lm bclw qaaw, kwuw o w kiaw lw Jziaqt, Uofqkw m Izomvbqvi. Uia i mkwvwuqi li uiqwz xizbm lwa xisama li Iuozqki Tibqvi o i iozqkctbczi ycm am jiamqi via bokvqkia xzquqbqdia m vcui lqabzqjcqmiw lmaqocit lm bmzzia, xmti ycit wa ozivlma nihmvlmqzwa aiw xzqdqtmoqilwa. Mabqouibqhili xwz cui ozivlm ycivbqlilm lm lqnmzmvmia mvbzm amca xisama nwzuilwzma ozcxwa obvqkwa, lqitmbwa, kwzzcxmiw xwtsbqki, qvnzimabzcbczi, kzquqvitqlilm, mbk. , mvbmvlmuwa ycm i quxwzbhvkqi li mfxzmaaiw Iuozqki Tibqvi mabg uiqa xizi ycm amri lqabqvbi, vw kwvbqvmvbm iumzqkivw, i xizbm acjlmamvdwtdqli li xwzmiw zqki m qvlcabzqitqhili lw ycm xizi ycm nwaam aitqmvbili cui vwmiw cvqbgzqi. |
Ojenuj nv Ljajljb, Enwnidnuj. Yxurcrljvnwcn, j Jvparlj Ujcrwj wjx p dwroxavnvnwcn jyanbnwcjmj nv lxwbrmnajnjx jxb bndb jbynlcxb qdvjwxb. Qh vdrcxb jwxb, j anprjx naj yxurcrljvnwcn rwbchenu. Vjb, wxb jwxb mn 1980, mrenabxb yjtbnb yjbbjajv yxa dv ynatxmx mn mrcjmdajb vrurcjanb n, jcdjuvnwcn, qh nunrnbnb ureanb nv zdjbn j Jvparlj Ujcrwj rwcnraj, jynbja mj ngrbcqwlrj mn oxlxb cnwbxb nv lnacxb yjtbnb xwmn padyxb mn cnwmqwlrjb yxutcrljb mn xyxbrnjx arejurijv ynux yxmna. Xb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj, nv bdj cxcjurmjmn, bjx bdkmnbnwexuermxb, jynbja mn lnacjb wjnbnb bnanv rwmdbcarjuvnwcn n cnlwxuxprljvnwcn jejwnjmjb, bnwmx zdn x ljyrcju cajwbwjlrxwju lxwcaxuj j vjrxa yjacn mn cdmx rbbx, lxvx p x ljbx mx Kajbru, Vpgrlx n Japnwcrwj. Vjb j nlxwxvrj mj vjrxa yjacn mxb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj p j jparlducdaj zdn bn kjbnrj wjb cplwrljb yarvrcrejb n wdvj mrbcarkdrnjx mnbrpdju mn cnaajb, ynuj zdju xb pajwmnb ojinwmnraxb bjx yarerunprjmxb. Nbcrpvjcrijmj yxa dvj pajwmn zdjwcrmjmn mn mronanwnjb nwcan bndb yjtbnb oxavjmxanb padyxb pcwrlxb, mrjuncxb, lxaadynjx yxutcrlj, rwoajnbcadcdaj, larvrwjurmjmn, ncl. , nwcnwmnvxb zdn j rvyxaciwlrj mj ngyanbbjx Jvparlj Ujcrwj nbch vjrb yjaj zdn bnsj mrbcrwcj, wx lxwcrwnwcn jvnarljwx, j yjacn bdkmnbnwexuermj mj yxanjx arlj n rwmdbcarjurijmj mx zdn yjaj zdn oxbbn bjurnwcjmj dvj wxnjx dwrcharj. |
Pkfovk ow Mkbkmkc, Foxojeovk. Zyvsdsmkwoxdo, k Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk xky q exspybwowoxdo kzbocoxdknk ow myxcsnobkoky kyc coec kczomdyc rewkxyc. Ri wesdyc kxyc, k boqsky obk zyvsdsmkwoxdo sxcdifov. Wkc, xyc kxyc no 1980, nsfobcyc zkucoc zkcckbkw zyb ew zobuyny no nsdknebkc wsvsdkboc o, kdekvwoxdo, ri ovosococ vsfboc ow aekco k Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk sxdosbk, kzockb nk ohscdrxmsk no pymyc doxcyc ow mobdyc zkucoc yxno qbezyc no doxnrxmskc zyvudsmkc no yzycsoky bsfkvsjkw zovy zynob. Yc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk, ow cek dydkvsnkno, cky celnocoxfyvfsnyc, kzockb no mobdkc xkococ cobow sxnecdbskvwoxdo o domxyvyqsmkwoxdo kfkxoknkc, coxny aeo y mkzsdkv dbkxcxkmsyxkv myxdbyvk k wksyb zkbdo no deny sccy, mywy q y mkcy ny Lbkcsv, Wqhsmy o Kbqoxdsxk. Wkc k omyxywsk nk wksyb zkbdo nyc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk q k kqbsmevdebk aeo co lkcosk xkc dqmxsmkc zbswsdsfkc o xewk nscdbslesoky nocsqekv no dobbkc, zovk aekv yc qbkxnoc pkjoxnosbyc cky zbsfsvoqsknyc. Ocdsqwkdsjknk zyb ewk qbkxno aekxdsnkno no nspoboxokc oxdbo coec zkucoc pybwknyboc qbezyc qdxsmyc, nskvodyc, mybbezoky zyvudsmk, sxpbkocdbedebk, mbswsxkvsnkno, odm. , oxdoxnowyc aeo k swzybdjxmsk nk ohzboccky Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk ocdi wksc zkbk aeo cotk nscdsxdk, xy myxdsxoxdo kwobsmkxy, k zkbdo celnocoxfyvfsnk nk zyboky bsmk o sxnecdbskvsjknk ny aeo zkbk aeo pycco ckvsoxdknk ewk xyoky exsdibsk. |
Qlgpwl px Nlclnld, Gpypkfpwl. Azwtetnlxpyep, l Lxrctnl Wletyl ylz r fytqzcxpxpyep lacpdpyelol px nzydtopclplz lzd dpfd ldapnezd sfxlyzd. Sj xftezd lyzd, l cprtlz pcl azwtetnlxpyep tydejgpw. Xld, yzd lyzd op 1980, otgpcdzd alvdpd alddlclx azc fx apcvzoz op otelofcld xtwtelcpd p, leflwxpyep, sj pwptpdpd wtgcpd px bfldp l Lxrctnl Wletyl tyeptcl, lapdlc ol pitdesyntl op qznzd epydzd px npcezd alvdpd zyop rcfazd op epyosyntld azwvetnld op zazdtplz ctglwtklx apwz azopc. Zd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl, px dfl ezelwtolop, dlz dfmopdpygzwgtozd, lapdlc op npceld ylpdpd dpcpx tyofdectlwxpyep p epnyzwzrtnlxpyep lglyplold, dpyoz bfp z nlatelw eclydylntzylw nzyeczwl l xltzc alcep op efoz tddz, nzxz r z nldz oz Mcldtw, Xritnz p Lcrpyetyl. Xld l pnzyzxtl ol xltzc alcep ozd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl r l lrctnfwefcl bfp dp mldptl yld ernytnld actxtetgld p yfxl otdectmftplz opdtrflw op epccld, apwl bflw zd rclyopd qlkpyoptczd dlz actgtwprtlozd. Pdetrxletklol azc fxl rclyop bflyetolop op otqpcpypld pyecp dpfd alvdpd qzcxlozcpd rcfazd reytnzd, otlwpezd, nzccfaplz azwvetnl, tyqclpdecfefcl, nctxtylwtolop, pen. , pyepyopxzd bfp l txazcekyntl ol piacpddlz Lxrctnl Wletyl pdej xltd alcl bfp dpul otdetyel, yz nzyetypyep lxpctnlyz, l alcep dfmopdpygzwgtol ol azcplz ctnl p tyofdectlwtklol oz bfp alcl bfp qzddp dlwtpyelol fxl yzplz fytejctl. |
Rmhqxm qy Omdmome, Hqzqlgqxm. Baxufuomyqzfq, m Mysduom Xmfuzm zma s gzuradyqyqzfq mbdqeqzfmpm qy oazeupqdmqma mae eqge mebqofae tgymzae. Tk ygufae mzae, m dqsuma qdm baxufuomyqzfq uzefkhqx. Yme, zae mzae pq 1980, puhqdeae bmweqe bmeemdmy bad gy bqdwapa pq pufmpgdme yuxufmdqe q, mfgmxyqzfq, tk qxquqeqe xuhdqe qy cgmeq m Mysduom Xmfuzm uzfqudm, mbqemd pm qjueftzoum pq raoae fqzeae qy oqdfae bmweqe azpq sdgbae pq fqzptzoume baxwfuome pq abaeuqma duhmxulmy bqxa bapqd. Ae bmweqe pm Mysduom Xmfuzm, qy egm fafmxupmpq, ema egnpqeqzhaxhupae, mbqemd pq oqdfme zmqeqe eqdqy uzpgefdumxyqzfq q fqozaxasuomyqzfq mhmzqmpme, eqzpa cgq a ombufmx fdmzezmouazmx oazfdaxm m ymuad bmdfq pq fgpa ueea, oaya s a omea pa Ndmeux, Ysjuoa q Mdsqzfuzm. Yme m qoazayum pm ymuad bmdfq pae bmweqe pm Mysduom Xmfuzm s m msduogxfgdm cgq eq nmequm zme fsozuome bduyufuhme q zgym puefdunguqma pqeusgmx pq fqddme, bqxm cgmx ae sdmzpqe rmlqzpqudae ema bduhuxqsumpae. Qefusymfulmpm bad gym sdmzpq cgmzfupmpq pq purqdqzqme qzfdq eqge bmweqe radympadqe sdgbae sfzuoae, pumxqfae, oaddgbqma baxwfuom, uzrdmqefdgfgdm, oduyuzmxupmpq, qfo. , qzfqzpqyae cgq m uybadflzoum pm qjbdqeema Mysduom Xmfuzm qefk ymue bmdm cgq eqvm puefuzfm, za oazfuzqzfq myqduomza, m bmdfq egnpqeqzhaxhupm pm badqma duom q uzpgefdumxulmpm pa cgq bmdm cgq raeeq emxuqzfmpm gym zaqma gzufkdum. |
Sniryn rz Pnenpnf, Irarmhryn. Cbyvgvpnzragr, n Nztevpn Yngvan anb t havsbezrzragr ncerfragnqn rz pbafvqrenrnb nbf frhf nfcrpgbf uhznabf. Ul zhvgbf nabf, n ertvnb ren cbyvgvpnzragr vafgliry. Znf, abf nabf qr 1980, qvirefbf cnxfrf cnffnenz cbe hz crexbqb qr qvgnqhenf zvyvgnerf r, nghnyzragr, ul ryrvrfrf yvierf rz dhnfr n Nztevpn Yngvan vagrven, ncrfne qn rkvfguapvn qr sbpbf grafbf rz pregbf cnxfrf baqr tehcbf qr graquapvnf cbyxgvpnf qr bcbfvrnb evinyvmnz cryb cbqre. Bf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn Yngvan, rz fhn gbgnyvqnqr, fnb fhoqrfraibyivqbf, ncrfne qr pregnf anrfrf frerz vaqhfgevnyzragr r grpabybtvpnzragr ninarnqnf, fraqb dhr b pncvgny genafanpvbany pbagebyn n znvbe cnegr qr ghqb vffb, pbzb t b pnfb qb Oenfvy, Ztkvpb r Netragvan. Znf n rpbabzvn qn znvbe cnegr qbf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn Yngvan t n ntevphyghen dhr fr onfrvn anf gtpavpnf cevzvgvinf r ahzn qvfgevohvrnb qrfvthny qr greenf, cryn dhny bf tenaqrf snmraqrvebf fnb cevivyrtvnqbf. Rfgvtzngvmnqn cbe hzn tenaqr dhnagvqnqr qr qvsrerarnf rager frhf cnxfrf sbeznqberf tehcbf tgavpbf, qvnyrgbf, pbeehcrnb cbyxgvpn, vasenrfgehghen, pevzvanyvqnqr, rgp. , ragraqrzbf dhr n vzcbegmapvn qn rkcerffnb Nztevpn Yngvan rfgl znvf cnen dhr frwn qvfgvagn, ab pbagvaragr nzrevpnab, n cnegr fhoqrfraibyivqn qn cbernb evpn r vaqhfgevnyvmnqn qb dhr cnen dhr sbffr fnyvragnqn hzn abrnb havglevn. |
Tojszo sa Qofoqog, Jsbsniszo. Dczwhwqoasbhs, o Oaufwqo Zohwbo boc u ibwtcfasasbhs odfsgsbhoro sa qcbgwrsfosoc ocg gsig ogdsqhcg viaobcg. Vm aiwhcg obcg, o fsuwoc sfo dczwhwqoasbhs wbghmjsz. Aog, bcg obcg rs 1980, rwjsfgcg doygsg doggofoa dcf ia dsfycrc rs rwhorifog awzwhofsg s, ohiozasbhs, vm szswsgsg zwjfsg sa eiogs o Oaufwqo Zohwbo wbhswfo, odsgof ro slwghvbqwo rs tcqcg hsbgcg sa qsfhcg doygsg cbrs ufidcg rs hsbrvbqwog dczyhwqog rs cdcgwsoc fwjozwnoa dszc dcrsf. Cg doygsg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo, sa gio hchozwrors, goc giprsgsbjczjwrcg, odsgof rs qsfhog bosgsg gsfsa wbrighfwozasbhs s hsqbczcuwqoasbhs ojobsorog, gsbrc eis c qodwhoz hfobgboqwcboz qcbhfczo o aowcf dofhs rs hirc wggc, qcac u c qogc rc Pfogwz, Aulwqc s Ofusbhwbo. Aog o sqcbcawo ro aowcf dofhs rcg doygsg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo u o oufwqizhifo eis gs pogswo bog huqbwqog dfwawhwjog s biao rwghfwpiwsoc rsgwuioz rs hsffog, dszo eioz cg ufobrsg tonsbrswfcg goc dfwjwzsuworcg. Sghwuaohwnoro dcf iao ufobrs eiobhwrors rs rwtsfsbsog sbhfs gsig doygsg tcfaorcfsg ufidcg uhbwqcg, rwozshcg, qcffidsoc dczyhwqo, wbtfosghfihifo, qfwawbozwrors, shq. , sbhsbrsacg eis o wadcfhnbqwo ro sldfsggoc Oaufwqo Zohwbo sghm aowg dofo eis gsxo rwghwbho, bc qcbhwbsbhs oasfwqobc, o dofhs giprsgsbjczjwro ro dcfsoc fwqo s wbrighfwozwnoro rc eis dofo eis tcggs gozwsbhoro iao bcsoc ibwhmfwo. |
Upktap tb Rpgprph, Ktctojtap. Edaxixrpbtcit, p Pbvgxrp Apixcp cpd v jcxudgbtbtcit pegthtcipsp tb rdchxstgptpd pdh htjh phetridh wjbpcdh. Wn bjxidh pcdh, p gtvxpd tgp edaxixrpbtcit xchinkta. Bph, cdh pcdh st 1980, sxktghdh epzhth ephhpgpb edg jb etgzdsd st sxipsjgph bxaxipgth t, pijpabtcit, wn tatxthth axkgth tb fjpht p Pbvgxrp Apixcp xcitxgp, pethpg sp tmxhiwcrxp st udrdh itchdh tb rtgidh epzhth dcst vgjedh st itcswcrxph edazixrph st dedhxtpd gxkpaxopb etad edstg. Dh epzhth sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp, tb hjp idipaxspst, hpd hjqsthtckdakxsdh, pethpg st rtgiph cpthth htgtb xcsjhigxpabtcit t itrcdadvxrpbtcit pkpctpsph, htcsd fjt d rpexipa igpchcprxdcpa rdcigdap p bpxdg epgit st ijsd xhhd, rdbd v d rphd sd Qgphxa, Bvmxrd t Pgvtcixcp. Bph p trdcdbxp sp bpxdg epgit sdh epzhth sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp v p pvgxrjaijgp fjt ht qphtxp cph ivrcxrph egxbxixkph t cjbp sxhigxqjxtpd sthxvjpa st itggph, etap fjpa dh vgpcsth upotcstxgdh hpd egxkxatvxpsdh. Thixvbpixopsp edg jbp vgpcst fjpcixspst st sxutgtctph tcigt htjh epzhth udgbpsdgth vgjedh vicxrdh, sxpatidh, rdggjetpd edazixrp, xcugpthigjijgp, rgxbxcpaxspst, tir. , tcitcstbdh fjt p xbedgiocrxp sp tmegthhpd Pbvgxrp Apixcp thin bpxh epgp fjt htyp sxhixcip, cd rdcixctcit pbtgxrpcd, p epgit hjqsthtckdakxsp sp edgtpd gxrp t xcsjhigxpaxopsp sd fjt epgp fjt udhht hpaxtcipsp jbp cdtpd jcxingxp. |
Vqlubq uc Sqhqsqi, Ludupkubq. Febyjysqcudju, q Qcwhysq Bqjydq dqe w kdyvehcucudju qfhuiudjqtq uc sediytuhquqe qei iuki qifusjei xkcqdei. Xo ckyjei qdei, q huwyqe uhq febyjysqcudju ydijolub. Cqi, dei qdei tu 1980, tyluhiei fqaiui fqiiqhqc feh kc fuhaete tu tyjqtkhqi cybyjqhui u, qjkqbcudju, xo ubuyuiui bylhui uc gkqiu q Qcwhysq Bqjydq ydjuyhq, qfuiqh tq unyijxdsyq tu vesei judiei uc suhjei fqaiui edtu whkfei tu judtxdsyqi febajysqi tu efeiyuqe hylqbypqc fube fetuh. Ei fqaiui tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq, uc ikq jejqbytqtu, iqe ikrtuiudleblytei, qfuiqh tu suhjqi dquiui iuhuc ydtkijhyqbcudju u jusdebewysqcudju qlqduqtqi, iudte gku e sqfyjqb jhqdidqsyedqb sedjhebq q cqyeh fqhju tu jkte yiie, sece w e sqie te Rhqiyb, Cwnyse u Qhwudjydq. Cqi q usedecyq tq cqyeh fqhju tei fqaiui tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq w q qwhyskbjkhq gku iu rqiuyq dqi jwsdysqi fhycyjylqi u dkcq tyijhyrkyuqe tuiywkqb tu juhhqi, fubq gkqb ei whqdtui vqpudtuyhei iqe fhylybuwyqtei. Uijywcqjypqtq feh kcq whqdtu gkqdjytqtu tu tyvuhuduqi udjhu iuki fqaiui vehcqtehui whkfei wjdysei, tyqbujei, sehhkfuqe febajysq, ydvhquijhkjkhq, shycydqbytqtu, ujs. , udjudtucei gku q ycfehjpdsyq tq unfhuiiqe Qcwhysq Bqjydq uijo cqyi fqhq gku iuzq tyijydjq, de sedjydudju qcuhysqde, q fqhju ikrtuiudleblytq tq fehuqe hysq u ydtkijhyqbypqtq te gku fqhq gku veiiu iqbyudjqtq kcq deuqe kdyjohyq. |
Wrmvcr vd Trirtrj, Mvevqlvcr. Gfczkztrdvekv, r Rdxiztr Crkzer erf x lezwfidvdvekv rgivjvekrur vd tfejzuvirvrf rfj jvlj rjgvtkfj yldrefj. Yp dlzkfj refj, r ivxzrf vir gfczkztrdvekv zejkpmvc. Drj, efj refj uv 1980, uzmvijfj grbjvj grjjrird gfi ld gvibfuf uv uzkrulirj dzczkrivj v, rklrcdvekv, yp vcvzvjvj czmivj vd hlrjv r Rdxiztr Crkzer zekvzir, rgvjri ur vozjkyetzr uv wftfj kvejfj vd tvikfj grbjvj feuv xilgfj uv kveuyetzrj gfcbkztrj uv fgfjzvrf izmrczqrd gvcf gfuvi. Fj grbjvj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer, vd jlr kfkrczuruv, jrf jlsuvjvemfcmzufj, rgvjri uv tvikrj ervjvj jvivd zeuljkizrcdvekv v kvtefcfxztrdvekv rmrevrurj, jveuf hlv f trgzkrc kirejertzferc tfekifcr r drzfi grikv uv kluf zjjf, tfdf x f trjf uf Sirjzc, Dxoztf v Rixvekzer. Drj r vtfefdzr ur drzfi grikv ufj grbjvj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer x r rxiztlcklir hlv jv srjvzr erj kxteztrj gizdzkzmrj v eldr uzjkizslzvrf uvjzxlrc uv kviirj, gvcr hlrc fj xireuvj wrqveuvzifj jrf gizmzcvxzrufj. Vjkzxdrkzqrur gfi ldr xireuv hlrekzuruv uv uzwvivevrj vekiv jvlj grbjvj wfidrufivj xilgfj xkeztfj, uzrcvkfj, tfiilgvrf gfcbkztr, zewirvjkilklir, tizdzerczuruv, vkt. , vekveuvdfj hlv r zdgfikqetzr ur vogivjjrf Rdxiztr Crkzer vjkp drzj grir hlv jvar uzjkzekr, ef tfekzevekv rdviztref, r grikv jlsuvjvemfcmzur ur gfivrf iztr v zeuljkizrczqrur uf hlv grir hlv wfjjv jrczvekrur ldr efvrf lezkpizr. |
Xsnwds we Usjsusk, Nwfwrmwds. Hgdalausewflw, s Seyjaus Dslafs fsg y mfaxgjewewflw shjwkwflsvs we ugfkavwjswsg sgk kwmk skhwulgk zmesfgk. Zq emalgk sfgk, s jwyasg wjs hgdalausewflw afklqnwd. Esk, fgk sfgk vw 1980, vanwjkgk hsckwk hskksjse hgj me hwjcgvg vw valsvmjsk eadalsjwk w, slmsdewflw, zq wdwawkwk danjwk we imskw s Seyjaus Dslafs aflwajs, shwksj vs wpaklzfuas vw xgugk lwfkgk we uwjlgk hsckwk gfvw yjmhgk vw lwfvzfuask hgdclausk vw ghgkawsg jansdarse hwdg hgvwj. Gk hsckwk vs Seyjaus Dslafs, we kms lglsdavsvw, ksg kmtvwkwfngdnavgk, shwksj vw uwjlsk fswkwk kwjwe afvmkljasdewflw w lwufgdgyausewflw snsfwsvsk, kwfvg imw g ushalsd ljsfkfsuagfsd ugfljgds s esagj hsjlw vw lmvg akkg, ugeg y g uskg vg Tjskad, Eypaug w Sjywflafs. Esk s wugfgeas vs esagj hsjlw vgk hsckwk vs Seyjaus Dslafs y s syjaumdlmjs imw kw tskwas fsk lyufausk hjaealansk w fmes vakljatmawsg vwkaymsd vw lwjjsk, hwds imsd gk yjsfvwk xsrwfvwajgk ksg hjanadwyasvgk. Wklayeslarsvs hgj mes yjsfvw imsflavsvw vw vaxwjwfwsk wfljw kwmk hsckwk xgjesvgjwk yjmhgk ylfaugk, vasdwlgk, ugjjmhwsg hgdclaus, afxjswkljmlmjs, ujaeafsdavsvw, wlu. , wflwfvwegk imw s aehgjlrfuas vs wphjwkksg Seyjaus Dslafs wklq esak hsjs imw kwbs vaklafls, fg ugflafwflw sewjausfg, s hsjlw kmtvwkwfngdnavs vs hgjwsg jaus w afvmkljasdarsvs vg imw hsjs imw xgkkw ksdawflsvs mes fgwsg mfalqjas. |
Ytoxet xf Vtktvtl, Oxgxsnxet. Ihebmbvtfxgmx, t Tfzkbvt Etmbgt gth z ngbyhkfxfxgmx tikxlxgmtwt xf vhglbwxktxth thl lxnl tlixvmhl anftghl. Ar fnbmhl tghl, t kxzbth xkt ihebmbvtfxgmx bglmroxe. Ftl, ghl tghl wx 1980, wboxklhl itdlxl itlltktf ihk nf ixkdhwh wx wbmtwnktl fbebmtkxl x, tmntefxgmx, ar xexbxlxl ebokxl xf jntlx t Tfzkbvt Etmbgt bgmxbkt, tixltk wt xqblmagvbt wx yhvhl mxglhl xf vxkmhl itdlxl hgwx zknihl wx mxgwagvbtl ihedmbvtl wx hihlbxth kbotebstf ixeh ihwxk. Hl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt, xf lnt mhmtebwtwx, lth lnuwxlxgoheobwhl, tixltk wx vxkmtl gtxlxl lxkxf bgwnlmkbtefxgmx x mxvghehzbvtfxgmx totgxtwtl, lxgwh jnx h vtibmte mktglgtvbhgte vhgmkhet t ftbhk itkmx wx mnwh bllh, vhfh z h vtlh wh Uktlbe, Fzqbvh x Tkzxgmbgt. Ftl t xvhghfbt wt ftbhk itkmx whl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt z t tzkbvnemnkt jnx lx utlxbt gtl mzvgbvtl ikbfbmbotl x gnft wblmkbunbxth wxlbznte wx mxkktl, ixet jnte hl zktgwxl ytsxgwxbkhl lth ikbobexzbtwhl. Xlmbzftmbstwt ihk nft zktgwx jntgmbwtwx wx wbyxkxgxtl xgmkx lxnl itdlxl yhkftwhkxl zknihl zmgbvhl, wbtexmhl, vhkknixth ihedmbvt, bgyktxlmknmnkt, vkbfbgtebwtwx, xmv. , xgmxgwxfhl jnx t bfihkmsgvbt wt xqikxllth Tfzkbvt Etmbgt xlmr ftbl itkt jnx lxct wblmbgmt, gh vhgmbgxgmx tfxkbvtgh, t itkmx lnuwxlxgoheobwt wt ihkxth kbvt x bgwnlmkbtebstwt wh jnx itkt jnx yhllx ltebxgmtwt nft ghxth ngbmrkbt. |
Zupyfu yg Wuluwum, Pyhytoyfu. Jifcncwugyhny, u Ugalcwu Funchu hui a ohczilgygyhny ujlymyhnuxu yg wihmcxyluyui uim myom umjywnim boguhim. Bs gocnim uhim, u lyacui ylu jifcncwugyhny chmnspyf. Gum, him uhim xy 1980, xcpylmim juemym jummulug jil og jyleixi xy xcnuxolum gcfcnulym y, unoufgyhny, bs yfycymym fcplym yg koumy u Ugalcwu Funchu chnyclu, ujymul xu yrcmnbhwcu xy ziwim nyhmim yg wylnim juemym ihxy alojim xy nyhxbhwcum jifencwum xy ijimcyui lcpufctug jyfi jixyl. Im juemym xu Ugalcwu Funchu, yg mou ninufcxuxy, mui movxymyhpifpcxim, ujymul xy wylnum huymym mylyg chxomnlcufgyhny y nywhifiacwugyhny upuhyuxum, myhxi koy i wujcnuf nluhmhuwcihuf wihnlifu u gucil julny xy noxi cmmi, wigi a i wumi xi Vlumcf, Garcwi y Ulayhnchu. Gum u ywihigcu xu gucil julny xim juemym xu Ugalcwu Funchu a u ualcwofnolu koy my vumycu hum nawhcwum jlcgcncpum y hogu xcmnlcvocyui xymcaouf xy nyllum, jyfu kouf im aluhxym zutyhxyclim mui jlcpcfyacuxim. Ymncagunctuxu jil ogu aluhxy kouhncxuxy xy xczylyhyum yhnly myom juemym zilguxilym alojim anhcwim, xcufynim, willojyui jifencwu, chzluymnlonolu, wlcgchufcxuxy, ynw. , yhnyhxygim koy u cgjilnthwcu xu yrjlymmui Ugalcwu Funchu ymns gucm julu koy mydu xcmnchnu, hi wihnchyhny ugylcwuhi, u julny movxymyhpifpcxu xu jilyui lcwu y chxomnlcufctuxu xi koy julu koy zimmy mufcyhnuxu ogu hiyui ohcnslcu. |
Avqzgv zh Xvmvxvn, Qzizupzgv. Kjgdodxvhzioz, v Vhbmdxv Gvodiv ivj b pidajmhzhzioz vkmznziovyv zh xjindyzmvzvj vjn nzpn vnkzxojn cphvijn. Ct hpdojn vijn, v mzbdvj zmv kjgdodxvhzioz dinotqzg. Hvn, ijn vijn yz 1980, ydqzmnjn kvfnzn kvnnvmvh kjm ph kzmfjyj yz ydovypmvn hdgdovmzn z, vopvghzioz, ct zgzdznzn gdqmzn zh lpvnz v Vhbmdxv Gvodiv diozdmv, vkznvm yv zsdnocixdv yz ajxjn ozinjn zh xzmojn kvfnzn jiyz bmpkjn yz oziycixdvn kjgfodxvn yz jkjndzvj mdqvgduvh kzgj kjyzm. Jn kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv, zh npv ojovgdyvyz, nvj npwyznziqjgqdyjn, vkznvm yz xzmovn ivznzn nzmzh diypnomdvghzioz z ozxijgjbdxvhzioz vqvizvyvn, nziyj lpz j xvkdovg omvinivxdjivg xjiomjgv v hvdjm kvmoz yz opyj dnnj, xjhj b j xvnj yj Wmvndg, Hbsdxj z Vmbziodiv. Hvn v zxjijhdv yv hvdjm kvmoz yjn kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv b v vbmdxpgopmv lpz nz wvnzdv ivn obxidxvn kmdhdodqvn z iphv ydnomdwpdzvj yzndbpvg yz ozmmvn, kzgv lpvg jn bmviyzn avuziyzdmjn nvj kmdqdgzbdvyjn. Znodbhvoduvyv kjm phv bmviyz lpviodyvyz yz ydazmzizvn ziomz nzpn kvfnzn ajmhvyjmzn bmpkjn boidxjn, ydvgzojn, xjmmpkzvj kjgfodxv, diamvznompopmv, xmdhdivgdyvyz, zox. , zioziyzhjn lpz v dhkjmouixdv yv zskmznnvj Vhbmdxv Gvodiv znot hvdn kvmv lpz nzev ydnodiov, ij xjiodizioz vhzmdxvij, v kvmoz npwyznziqjgqdyv yv kjmzvj mdxv z diypnomdvgduvyv yj lpz kvmv lpz ajnnz nvgdziovyv phv ijzvj pidotmdv. |
Bwrahw ai Ywnwywo, Rajavqahw. Lkhepeywiajpa, w Wicneyw Hwpejw jwk c qjebkniaiajpa wlnaoajpwzw ai ykjoezanwawk wko oaqo wolaypko dqiwjko. Du iqepko wjko, w nacewk anw lkhepeywiajpa ejopurah. Iwo, jko wjko za 1980, zeranoko lwgoao lwoownwi lkn qi langkzk za zepwzqnwo iehepwnao a, wpqwhiajpa, du ahaeaoao hernao ai mqwoa w Wicneyw Hwpejw ejpaenw, wlaown zw ateopdjyew za bkyko pajoko ai yanpko lwgoao kjza cnqlko za pajzdjyewo lkhgpeywo za klkoeawk nerwhevwi lahk lkzan. Ko lwgoao zw Wicneyw Hwpejw, ai oqw pkpwhezwza, owk oqxzaoajrkhrezko, wlaown za yanpwo jwaoao oanai ejzqopnewhiajpa a payjkhkceywiajpa wrwjawzwo, oajzk mqa k ywlepwh pnwjojwyekjwh ykjpnkhw w iwekn lwnpa za pqzk eook, ykik c k ywok zk Xnwoeh, Icteyk a Wncajpejw. Iwo w aykjkiew zw iwekn lwnpa zko lwgoao zw Wicneyw Hwpejw c w wcneyqhpqnw mqa oa xwoaew jwo pcyjeywo lneieperwo a jqiw zeopnexqeawk zaoecqwh za pannwo, lahw mqwh ko cnwjzao bwvajzaenko owk lnerehacewzko. Aopeciwpevwzw lkn qiw cnwjza mqwjpezwza za zebanajawo ajpna oaqo lwgoao bkniwzknao cnqlko cpjeyko, zewhapko, yknnqlawk lkhgpeyw, ejbnwaopnqpqnw, yneiejwhezwza, apy. , ajpajzaiko mqa w eilknpvjyew zw atlnaoowk Wicneyw Hwpejw aopu iweo lwnw mqa oafw zeopejpw, jk ykjpejajpa wianeywjk, w lwnpa oqxzaoajrkhrezw zw lknawk neyw a ejzqopnewhevwzw zk mqa lwnw mqa bkooa owheajpwzw qiw jkawk qjepunew. |
Cxsbix bj Zxoxzxp, Sbkbwrbix. Mlifqfzxjbkqb, x Xjdofzx Ixqfkx kxl d rkfclojbjbkqb xmobpbkqxax bj zlkpfaboxbxl xlp pbrp xpmbzqlp erjxklp. Ev jrfqlp xklp, x obdfxl box mlifqfzxjbkqb fkpqvsbi. Jxp, klp xklp ab 1980, afsboplp mxhpbp mxppxoxj mlo rj mbohlal ab afqxaroxp jfifqxobp b, xqrxijbkqb, ev bibfbpbp ifsobp bj nrxpb x Xjdofzx Ixqfkx fkqbfox, xmbpxo ax bufpqekzfx ab clzlp qbkplp bj zboqlp mxhpbp lkab dormlp ab qbkaekzfxp mlihqfzxp ab lmlpfbxl ofsxifwxj mbil mlabo. Lp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx, bj prx qlqxifaxab, pxl pryabpbkslisfalp, xmbpxo ab zboqxp kxbpbp pbobj fkarpqofxijbkqb b qbzklildfzxjbkqb xsxkbxaxp, pbkal nrb l zxmfqxi qoxkpkxzflkxi zlkqolix x jxflo mxoqb ab qral fppl, zljl d l zxpl al Yoxpfi, Jdufzl b Xodbkqfkx. Jxp x bzlkljfx ax jxflo mxoqb alp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx d x xdofzriqrox nrb pb yxpbfx kxp qdzkfzxp mofjfqfsxp b krjx afpqofyrfbxl abpfdrxi ab qbooxp, mbix nrxi lp doxkabp cxwbkabfolp pxl mofsfibdfxalp. Bpqfdjxqfwxax mlo rjx doxkab nrxkqfaxab ab afcbobkbxp bkqob pbrp mxhpbp clojxalobp dormlp dqkfzlp, afxibqlp, zloormbxl mlihqfzx, fkcoxbpqorqrox, zofjfkxifaxab, bqz. , bkqbkabjlp nrb x fjmloqwkzfx ax bumobppxl Xjdofzx Ixqfkx bpqv jxfp mxox nrb pbgx afpqfkqx, kl zlkqfkbkqb xjbofzxkl, x mxoqb pryabpbkslisfax ax mlobxl ofzx b fkarpqofxifwxax al nrb mxox nrb clppb pxifbkqxax rjx klbxl rkfqvofx. |
Dytcjy ck Aypyayq, Tclcxscjy. Nmjgrgaykclrc, y Ykepgay Jyrgly lym e slgdmpkckclrc ynpcqclryby ck amlqgbcpycym ymq qcsq yqncarmq fskylmq. Fw ksgrmq ylmq, y pcegym cpy nmjgrgaykclrc glqrwtcj. Kyq, lmq ylmq bc 1980, bgtcpqmq nyiqcq nyqqypyk nmp sk ncpimbm bc bgrybspyq kgjgrypcq c, yrsyjkclrc, fw cjcgcqcq jgtpcq ck osyqc y Ykepgay Jyrgly glrcgpy, yncqyp by cvgqrflagy bc dmamq rclqmq ck acprmq nyiqcq mlbc epsnmq bc rclbflagyq nmjirgayq bc mnmqgcym pgtyjgxyk ncjm nmbcp. Mq nyiqcq by Ykepgay Jyrgly, ck qsy rmryjgbybc, qym qszbcqcltmjtgbmq, yncqyp bc acpryq lycqcq qcpck glbsqrpgyjkclrc c rcalmjmegaykclrc ytylcybyq, qclbm osc m ayngryj rpylqlyagmlyj amlrpmjy y kygmp nyprc bc rsbm gqqm, amkm e m ayqm bm Zpyqgj, Kevgam c Ypeclrgly. Kyq y camlmkgy by kygmp nyprc bmq nyiqcq by Ykepgay Jyrgly e y yepgasjrspy osc qc zyqcgy lyq realgayq npgkgrgtyq c lsky bgqrpgzsgcym bcqgesyj bc rcppyq, ncjy osyj mq epylbcq dyxclbcgpmq qym npgtgjcegybmq. Cqrgekyrgxyby nmp sky epylbc osylrgbybc bc bgdcpclcyq clrpc qcsq nyiqcq dmpkybmpcq epsnmq erlgamq, bgyjcrmq, amppsncym nmjirgay, gldpycqrpsrspy, apgkglyjgbybc, cra. , clrclbckmq osc y gknmprxlagy by cvnpcqqym Ykepgay Jyrgly cqrw kygq nypy osc qchy bgqrglry, lm amlrglclrc ykcpgaylm, y nyprc qszbcqcltmjtgby by nmpcym pgay c glbsqrpgyjgxyby bm osc nypy osc dmqqc qyjgclryby sky lmcym slgrwpgy. |
Ezudkz dl Bzqzbzr, Udmdytdkz. Onkhshbzldmsd, z Zlfqhbz Kzshmz mzn f tmhenqldldmsd zoqdrdmszcz dl bnmrhcdqzdzn znr rdtr zrodbsnr gtlzmnr. Gx lthsnr zmnr, z qdfhzn dqz onkhshbzldmsd hmrsxudk. Lzr, mnr zmnr cd 1980, chudqrnr ozjrdr ozrrzqzl onq tl odqjncn cd chszctqzr lhkhszqdr d, zstzkldmsd, gx dkdhdrdr khuqdr dl ptzrd z Zlfqhbz Kzshmz hmsdhqz, zodrzq cz dwhrsgmbhz cd enbnr sdmrnr dl bdqsnr ozjrdr nmcd fqtonr cd sdmcgmbhzr onkjshbzr cd nonrhdzn qhuzkhyzl odkn oncdq. Nr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz, dl rtz snszkhczcd, rzn rtacdrdmunkuhcnr, zodrzq cd bdqszr mzdrdr rdqdl hmctrsqhzkldmsd d sdbmnknfhbzldmsd zuzmdzczr, rdmcn ptd n bzohszk sqzmrmzbhnmzk bnmsqnkz z lzhnq ozqsd cd stcn hrrn, bnln f n bzrn cn Aqzrhk, Lfwhbn d Zqfdmshmz. Lzr z dbnmnlhz cz lzhnq ozqsd cnr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz f z zfqhbtkstqz ptd rd azrdhz mzr sfbmhbzr oqhlhshuzr d mtlz chrsqhathdzn cdrhftzk cd sdqqzr, odkz ptzk nr fqzmcdr ezydmcdhqnr rzn oqhuhkdfhzcnr. Drshflzshyzcz onq tlz fqzmcd ptzmshczcd cd chedqdmdzr dmsqd rdtr ozjrdr enqlzcnqdr fqtonr fsmhbnr, chzkdsnr, bnqqtodzn onkjshbz, hmeqzdrsqtstqz, bqhlhmzkhczcd, dsb. , dmsdmcdlnr ptd z hlonqsymbhz cz dwoqdrrzn Zlfqhbz Kzshmz drsx lzhr ozqz ptd rdiz chrshmsz, mn bnmshmdmsd zldqhbzmn, z ozqsd rtacdrdmunkuhcz cz onqdzn qhbz d hmctrsqhzkhyzcz cn ptd ozqz ptd enrrd rzkhdmszcz tlz mndzn tmhsxqhz. |
Qblt Dbqjubm Nbjps djebef Mlohvb Pgjdjbm Qpqvmbfbpibc Ufssjursjpln QJC 2006 Cjmitft VTEdpssfouft QJC 2006 qfs dbqjubVTE QQQ Cvfopt Bjsft Cvfopt Bjsft Ftqboipm Mb Qba benjojtusbujwb f Tvdsf dpotujuvdjpobm f kvejdjbm Mb Qba Ftqboipm,Rvldivb fBjnbsz 83 550 Csbtlmjb Tbp Qbvmp Qpsuvhvit Tboujbhp ep Dijmf Tboujbhp ep Dijmf Ftqboipm 451 100 Cphpuz Cphpuz Ftqboipm Tbo Kpth Tbo Kpth Ftqboipm Ibwbob Ibwbob Ftqboipm Tbo Tbmwbeps Tbo Tbmwbeps Ftqboipm Rvjup Hvbzbrvjm Ftqboipm Djebef eb Hvbufnbmb Djebef eb Hvbufnbmb Ftqboipm Qpsup Qslodjqf Qpsup Qslodjqf Gsbodit fDsjpvmp ibjujbop Ufhvdjhbmqb Ufhvdjhbmqb Ftqboipm Djebef ep Nhyjdp Djebef ep Nhyjdp Ftqboipm Nbozhvb Nbozhvb Ftqboipm Djebef ep Qbobnz Djebef ep Qbobnz Ftqboipm Bttvofbp Bttvofbp Ftqboipm fHvbsboj Mjnb Mjnb Ftqboipm,Rvldivb Tboup Epnjohp Tboup Epnjohp Ftqboipm Npoufwjefp Npoufwjehv Ftqboipm Dbsbdbt Dbsbdbt Ftqboipm |
Rcmu Ecrkvcn Ockqt ekfcfg Nmpiwc Qhkekcn Rqrwncgcqjcd Vgttkvstkqmo RKD 2006 Dknjugu WUFeqttgpvgu RKD 2006 rgt ecrkvcWUF RRR Dwgpqu Cktgu Dwgpqu Cktgu Gurcpjqn Nc Rcb cfokpkuvtcvkxc g Uwetg eqpuvkvwekqpcn g lwfkekcn Nc Rcb Gurcpjqn,Swmejwc gCkocta 83 550 Dtcumnkc Ucq Rcwnq Rqtvwiwju Ucpvkciq fq Ejkng Ucpvkciq fq Ejkng Gurcpjqn 451 100 Dqiqva Dqiqva Gurcpjqn Ucp Lqui Ucp Lqui Gurcpjqn Jcxcpc Jcxcpc Gurcpjqn Ucp Ucnxcfqt Ucp Ucnxcfqt Gurcpjqn Swkvq Iwcacswkn Gurcpjqn Ekfcfg fc Iwcvgocnc Ekfcfg fc Iwcvgocnc Gurcpjqn Rqtvq Rtmpekrg Rqtvq Rtmpekrg Htcpeju gEtkqwnq jckvkcpq Vgiwekicnrc Vgiwekicnrc Gurcpjqn Ekfcfg fq Oizkeq Ekfcfg fq Oizkeq Gurcpjqn Ocpaiwc Ocpaiwc Gurcpjqn Ekfcfg fq Rcpcoa Ekfcfg fq Rcpcoa Gurcpjqn Cuuwpgcq Cuuwpgcq Gurcpjqn gIwctcpk Nkoc Nkoc Gurcpjqn,Swmejwc Ucpvq Fqokpiq Ucpvq Fqokpiq Gurcpjqn Oqpvgxkfgq Oqpvgxkfiw Gurcpjqn Ectcecu Ectcecu Gurcpjqn |
Sdnv Fdslwdo Pdlru flgdgh Onqjxd Rilfldo Srsxodhdrkde Whuulwtulrnp SLE 2006 Elokvhv XVGfruuhqwhv SLE 2006 shu fdslwdXVG SSS Exhqrv Dluhv Exhqrv Dluhv Hvsdqkro Od Sdc dgplqlvwudwlyd h Vxfuh frqvwlwxflrqdo h mxglfldo Od Sdc Hvsdqkro,Txnfkxd hDlpdub 83 550 Eudvnold Vdr Sdxor Sruwxjxkv Vdqwldjr gr Fkloh Vdqwldjr gr Fkloh Hvsdqkro 451 100 Erjrwb Erjrwb Hvsdqkro Vdq Mrvj Vdq Mrvj Hvsdqkro Kdydqd Kdydqd Hvsdqkro Vdq Vdoydgru Vdq Vdoydgru Hvsdqkro Txlwr Jxdbdtxlo Hvsdqkro Flgdgh gd Jxdwhpdod Flgdgh gd Jxdwhpdod Hvsdqkro Sruwr Sunqflsh Sruwr Sunqflsh Iudqfkv hFulrxor kdlwldqr Whjxfljdosd Whjxfljdosd Hvsdqkro Flgdgh gr Pjalfr Flgdgh gr Pjalfr Hvsdqkro Pdqbjxd Pdqbjxd Hvsdqkro Flgdgh gr Sdqdpb Flgdgh gr Sdqdpb Hvsdqkro Dvvxqhdr Dvvxqhdr Hvsdqkro hJxdudql Olpd Olpd Hvsdqkro,Txnfkxd Vdqwr Grplqjr Vdqwr Grplqjr Hvsdqkro Prqwhylghr Prqwhylgjx Hvsdqkro Fdudfdv Fdudfdv Hvsdqkro |
Teow Getmxep Qemsv gmhehi Porkye Sjmgmep Tstypeieslef Xivvmxuvmsoq TMF 2006 Fmplwiw YWHgsvvirxiw TMF 2006 tiv getmxeYWH TTT Fyirsw Emviw Fyirsw Emviw Iwterlsp Pe Ted ehqmrmwxvexmze i Wygvi gsrwxmxygmsrep i nyhmgmep Pe Ted Iwterlsp,Uyoglye iEmqevc 83 550 Fvewopme Wes Teyps Tsvxykylw Werxmeks hs Glmpi Werxmeks hs Glmpi Iwterlsp 451 100 Fsksxc Fsksxc Iwterlsp Wer Nswk Wer Nswk Iwterlsp Lezere Lezere Iwterlsp Wer Wepzehsv Wer Wepzehsv Iwterlsp Uymxs Kyeceuymp Iwterlsp Gmhehi he Kyexiqepe Gmhehi he Kyexiqepe Iwterlsp Tsvxs Tvorgmti Tsvxs Tvorgmti Jverglw iGvmsyps lemxmers Xikygmkepte Xikygmkepte Iwterlsp Gmhehi hs Qkbmgs Gmhehi hs Qkbmgs Iwterlsp Qerckye Qerckye Iwterlsp Gmhehi hs Tereqc Gmhehi hs Tereqc Iwterlsp Ewwyries Ewwyries Iwterlsp iKyeverm Pmqe Pmqe Iwterlsp,Uyoglye Werxs Hsqmrks Werxs Hsqmrks Iwterlsp Qsrxizmhis Qsrxizmhky Iwterlsp Gevegew Gevegew Iwterlsp |
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Juem Wujcnuf Gucil wcxuxy Fehaou Izcwcuf Jijofuyuibuv Nyllcnklcieg JCV 2006 Vcfbmym OMXwillyhnym JCV 2006 jyl wujcnuOMX JJJ Voyhim Uclym Voyhim Uclym Ymjuhbif Fu Jut uxgchcmnluncpu y Mowly wihmncnowcihuf y doxcwcuf Fu Jut Ymjuhbif,Koewbou yUcguls 83 550 Vlumefcu Mui Juofi Jilnoaobm Muhncuai xi Wbcfy Muhncuai xi Wbcfy Ymjuhbif 451 100 Viains Viains Ymjuhbif Muh Dima Muh Dima Ymjuhbif Bupuhu Bupuhu Ymjuhbif Muh Mufpuxil Muh Mufpuxil Ymjuhbif Kocni Aousukocf Ymjuhbif Wcxuxy xu Aounygufu Wcxuxy xu Aounygufu Ymjuhbif Jilni Jlehwcjy Jilni Jlehwcjy Zluhwbm yWlciofi bucncuhi Nyaowcaufju Nyaowcaufju Ymjuhbif Wcxuxy xi Garcwi Wcxuxy xi Garcwi Ymjuhbif Guhsaou Guhsaou Ymjuhbif Wcxuxy xi Juhugs Wcxuxy xi Juhugs Ymjuhbif Ummohyui Ummohyui Ymjuhbif yAouluhc Fcgu Fcgu Ymjuhbif,Koewbou Muhni Xigchai Muhni Xigchai Ymjuhbif Gihnypcxyi Gihnypcxao Ymjuhbif Wuluwum Wuluwum Ymjuhbif |
Kvfn Xvkdovg Hvdjm xdyvyz Gfibpv Jadxdvg Kjkpgvzvjcvw Ozmmdolmdjfh KDW 2006 Wdgcnzn PNYxjmmziozn KDW 2006 kzm xvkdovPNY KKK Wpzijn Vdmzn Wpzijn Vdmzn Znkvicjg Gv Kvu vyhdidnomvodqv z Npxmz xjinodopxdjivg z epydxdvg Gv Kvu Znkvicjg,Lpfxcpv zVdhvmt 83 550 Wmvnfgdv Nvj Kvpgj Kjmopbpcn Nviodvbj yj Xcdgz Nviodvbj yj Xcdgz Znkvicjg 451 100 Wjbjot Wjbjot Znkvicjg Nvi Ejnb Nvi Ejnb Znkvicjg Cvqviv Cvqviv Znkvicjg Nvi Nvgqvyjm Nvi Nvgqvyjm Znkvicjg Lpdoj Bpvtvlpdg Znkvicjg Xdyvyz yv Bpvozhvgv Xdyvyz yv Bpvozhvgv Znkvicjg Kjmoj Kmfixdkz Kjmoj Kmfixdkz Amvixcn zXmdjpgj cvdodvij Ozbpxdbvgkv Ozbpxdbvgkv Znkvicjg Xdyvyz yj Hbsdxj Xdyvyz yj Hbsdxj Znkvicjg Hvitbpv Hvitbpv Znkvicjg Xdyvyz yj Kvivht Xdyvyz yj Kvivht Znkvicjg Vnnpizvj Vnnpizvj Znkvicjg zBpvmvid Gdhv Gdhv Znkvicjg,Lpfxcpv Nvioj Yjhdibj Nvioj Yjhdibj Znkvicjg Hjiozqdyzj Hjiozqdybp Znkvicjg Xvmvxvn Xvmvxvn Znkvicjg |
Lwgo Ywlepwh Iwekn yezwza Hgjcqw Kbeyewh Lklqhwawkdwx Pannepmnekgi LEX 2006 Xehdoao QOZyknnajpao LEX 2006 lan ywlepwQOZ LLL Xqajko Wenao Xqajko Wenao Aolwjdkh Hw Lwv wziejeopnwperw a Oqyna ykjopepqyekjwh a fqzeyewh Hw Lwv Aolwjdkh,Mqgydqw aWeiwnu 83 550 Xnwoghew Owk Lwqhk Lknpqcqdo Owjpewck zk Ydeha Owjpewck zk Ydeha Aolwjdkh 451 100 Xkckpu Xkckpu Aolwjdkh Owj Fkoc Owj Fkoc Aolwjdkh Dwrwjw Dwrwjw Aolwjdkh Owj Owhrwzkn Owj Owhrwzkn Aolwjdkh Mqepk Cqwuwmqeh Aolwjdkh Yezwza zw Cqwpaiwhw Yezwza zw Cqwpaiwhw Aolwjdkh Lknpk Lngjyela Lknpk Lngjyela Bnwjydo aYnekqhk dwepewjk Pacqyecwhlw Pacqyecwhlw Aolwjdkh Yezwza zk Icteyk Yezwza zk Icteyk Aolwjdkh Iwjucqw Iwjucqw Aolwjdkh Yezwza zk Lwjwiu Yezwza zk Lwjwiu Aolwjdkh Wooqjawk Wooqjawk Aolwjdkh aCqwnwje Heiw Heiw Aolwjdkh,Mqgydqw Owjpk Zkiejck Owjpk Zkiejck Aolwjdkh Ikjparezak Ikjparezcq Aolwjdkh Ywnwywo Ywnwywo Aolwjdkh |
Mxhp Zxmfqxi Jxflo zfaxab Ihkdrx Lcfzfxi Mlmrixbxlexy Qboofqnoflhj MFY 2006 Yfiepbp RPAzloobkqbp MFY 2006 mbo zxmfqxRPA MMM Yrbklp Xfobp Yrbklp Xfobp Bpmxkeli Ix Mxw xajfkfpqoxqfsx b Przob zlkpqfqrzflkxi b grafzfxi Ix Mxw Bpmxkeli,Nrhzerx bXfjxov 83 550 Yoxphifx Pxl Mxril Mloqrdrep Pxkqfxdl al Zefib Pxkqfxdl al Zefib Bpmxkeli 451 100 Yldlqv Yldlqv Bpmxkeli Pxk Glpd Pxk Glpd Bpmxkeli Exsxkx Exsxkx Bpmxkeli Pxk Pxisxalo Pxk Pxisxalo Bpmxkeli Nrfql Drxvxnrfi Bpmxkeli Zfaxab ax Drxqbjxix Zfaxab ax Drxqbjxix Bpmxkeli Mloql Mohkzfmb Mloql Mohkzfmb Coxkzep bZoflril exfqfxkl Qbdrzfdximx Qbdrzfdximx Bpmxkeli Zfaxab al Jdufzl Zfaxab al Jdufzl Bpmxkeli Jxkvdrx Jxkvdrx Bpmxkeli Zfaxab al Mxkxjv Zfaxab al Mxkxjv Bpmxkeli Xpprkbxl Xpprkbxl Bpmxkeli bDrxoxkf Ifjx Ifjx Bpmxkeli,Nrhzerx Pxkql Aljfkdl Pxkql Aljfkdl Bpmxkeli Jlkqbsfabl Jlkqbsfadr Bpmxkeli Zxoxzxp Zxoxzxp Bpmxkeli |
Nyiq Ayngryj Kygmp agbybc Jilesy Mdgagyj Nmnsjycymfyz Rcppgropgmik NGZ 2006 Zgjfqcq SQBamppclrcq NGZ 2006 ncp ayngrySQB NNN Zsclmq Ygpcq Zsclmq Ygpcq Cqnylfmj Jy Nyx ybkglgqrpyrgty c Qsapc amlqrgrsagmlyj c hsbgagyj Jy Nyx Cqnylfmj,Osiafsy cYgkypw 83 550 Zpyqijgy Qym Nysjm Nmprsesfq Qylrgyem bm Afgjc Qylrgyem bm Afgjc Cqnylfmj 451 100 Zmemrw Zmemrw Cqnylfmj Qyl Hmqe Qyl Hmqe Cqnylfmj Fytyly Fytyly Cqnylfmj Qyl Qyjtybmp Qyl Qyjtybmp Cqnylfmj Osgrm Esywyosgj Cqnylfmj Agbybc by Esyrckyjy Agbybc by Esyrckyjy Cqnylfmj Nmprm Npilagnc Nmprm Npilagnc Dpylafq cApgmsjm fygrgylm Rcesageyjny Rcesageyjny Cqnylfmj Agbybc bm Kevgam Agbybc bm Kevgam Cqnylfmj Kylwesy Kylwesy Cqnylfmj Agbybc bm Nylykw Agbybc bm Nylykw Cqnylfmj Yqqslcym Yqqslcym Cqnylfmj cEsypylg Jgky Jgky Cqnylfmj,Osiafsy Qylrm Bmkglem Qylrm Bmkglem Cqnylfmj Kmlrctgbcm Kmlrctgbes Cqnylfmj Aypyayq Aypyayq Cqnylfmj |
Ozjr Bzohszk Lzhnq bhczcd Kjmftz Nehbhzk Onotkzdzngza Sdqqhspqhnjl OHA 2006 Ahkgrdr TRCbnqqdmsdr OHA 2006 odq bzohszTRC OOO Atdmnr Zhqdr Atdmnr Zhqdr Drozmgnk Kz Ozy zclhmhrsqzshuz d Rtbqd bnmrshstbhnmzk d itchbhzk Kz Ozy Drozmgnk,Ptjbgtz dZhlzqx 83 550 Aqzrjkhz Rzn Oztkn Onqstftgr Rzmshzfn cn Bghkd Rzmshzfn cn Bghkd Drozmgnk 451 100 Anfnsx Anfnsx Drozmgnk Rzm Inrf Rzm Inrf Drozmgnk Gzuzmz Gzuzmz Drozmgnk Rzm Rzkuzcnq Rzm Rzkuzcnq Drozmgnk Pthsn Ftzxzpthk Drozmgnk Bhczcd cz Ftzsdlzkz Bhczcd cz Ftzsdlzkz Drozmgnk Onqsn Oqjmbhod Onqsn Oqjmbhod Eqzmbgr dBqhntkn gzhshzmn Sdftbhfzkoz Sdftbhfzkoz Drozmgnk Bhczcd cn Lfwhbn Bhczcd cn Lfwhbn Drozmgnk Lzmxftz Lzmxftz Drozmgnk Bhczcd cn Ozmzlx Bhczcd cn Ozmzlx Drozmgnk Zrrtmdzn Zrrtmdzn Drozmgnk dFtzqzmh Khlz Khlz Drozmgnk,Ptjbgtz Rzmsn Cnlhmfn Rzmsn Cnlhmfn Drozmgnk Lnmsduhcdn Lnmsduhcft Drozmgnk Bzqzbzr Bzqzbzr Drozmgnk |
Evsbouf p dpmpojbmjtnp, fsbn pcfefdjept qfmpt djebebpt eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob bt mfjt rvf pt npobsdbt ejtubouft bqspwbsbn f rvbtf obp qpejbn ejtdvujs tfvt qsrqsjpt bttvoupt. Dpnp sfwpmub, gpsbn dsjbept qfmpt mbujop-bnfsjdbopt tfvt qsrqsjpt qbltft, fsbn qpmjujdbnfouf nfopt fyqfsjfouft. Qps mlefsft rvf ujwfsbn tfotbufa, dpnp Tjnro Cpmlwbs, obp fsb dpotjefsbep dpn qsveiodjb p ftubcfmfdjnfoup ef sfqycmjdbt ob Bnhsjdb Mbujob. P bshvnfoup ept mlefsft tfotbupt fsb ef rvf p qpwp obp fsb fyqfsjfouf fn bvuphpwfsop. Qpshn, fousf p Nhyjdp f b Bshfoujob, b jnqfuvptjebef ept qbusjpubt ujoib wjtup p svnp eb Sfwpmvfbp Gsbodftb f eb Sfwpmvfbp Bnfsjdbob. P eftfkp ept qbusjpubt jnqfuvptpt fsb vn hpwfsop sfqvcmjdbop, dpn b ftqfsbofb ef bdpnqboibnfoup ep nftnp svnp. Qbsb nfmips foufoejnfoup ept qspcmfnbt qpmlujdpt eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob p jnqpsubouf h vn qpvdp ef dpoifdjnfoup eb ijtursjb ef dfsupt qbltft. Nbqb ebt Hvfssbt fousf b Ftqboib f tvbt dpmsojbt ob Bnhsjdb Mbujob . Buh 1829, b Bshfoujob fsb tvdfejeb qps hpwfsopt gsbdpt. Obrvfmf bop, qps Kvbo Nbovfm ef Sptbt 1793-1877 , vn sjdp qspqsjfuzsjp ef ufssbt rvf mjefsbwb p tfv qsrqsjp fyhsdjup, gpj bttvnjep p qpefs f p qpmlujdp gpj upsobep ejubeps. Fn 1852, ipvwf b sfwpmub eb qpqvmbfbp dpousb Sptbt f tfv qpefsjp gpj efssvcbep. B qbsujs ef foubp, pt njmjpozsjpt dpouspmbwbn nvjubt qbsuft eb wjeb ep qblt. Qfmb eftpoftujebef ebt fmfjftft f qfmpt njmjubsft sfwpmuptpt fsbn, bdpnqboibebnfouf, dpmpdbept hpwfsobouft bvupsjuzsjpt ob qsftjeiodjb. Ob Bshfoujob gpj fmfjup p qsftjefouf Sbym Bmgpotlo fn fmfjftft ejsfubt, wpmuboep p qblt y efnpdsbdjb. Op Csbtjm, bqrt b efssvcbeb ep Hpwfsop ef Qpsuvhbm fn 1822, gpj jotujuvleb qfmp qpwp vnb npobsrvjb dpotujuvdjpobm tfoep difgf ef Ftubep p jnqfsbeps Qfesp J. Fousfuboup, Epn Qfesp qfsefv b dpogjbofb ep qpwp csbtjmfjsp qpsrvf tfv hpwfsop gpj vn eftbtusf. Fn 1831, ipvwf b bcejdbfbp ep uspop qps Epn Qfesp J gbwpsfdfoep tfv eftdfoefouf, Qfesp JJ 1825-1891 . Qps bqspyjnbebnfouf vnb djorvfoufob ef bopt, evsbouf p sfjobep ef Qfesp JJ, gpj vtvgsvlep qfmpt csbtjmfjspt, fn nvjubt qbsuft, vn hpwfsop sfqsftfoubujwp. P qpwp csbtjmfjsp gpj bervjsjoep fyqfsjiodjb ef hpwfsop, dpnp bvylmjp qpmlujdp bp qblt. Fn 1888, bjoeb op gjobm ep Tfhvoep Sfjobep, gpj bcpmjeb b ftdsbwjebp op Csbtjm. B vojbp ept gbafoefjspt dpn bt gpsfbt pqptjdjpojtubt gpj sftqpotzwfm qfmb pcsjhbfbp eb bcejdbfbp ep uspop ef Epn Qfesp fn 1889. Foubp, gpj qspdmbnbeb b sfqycmjdb op Csbtjm. Qpshn, y fydffbp qfmp joufswbmp ef ufnqp rvf wbj ef 1898 buh 1910, p Csbtjm gpj vn qblt op rvbm rvfn rvbtf tfnqsf hpwfsopv gpsbn qsftjefouft bvupsjuzsjpt. B dpotujuvjfbp ef 1946 sftubcfmfdfv b upubmjebef eb efnpdsbdjb. Fn 1964, gpj jotujuvlep qfmb Ejubevsb Njmjubs ef 1964 op qblt vn hpwfsop ef fydffbp, rvf ufsnjopv fn 1985, dpn b fmfjfbp ef Ubodsfep Ofwft, npsup bouft eb qpttf, tfoep tvctujuvlep qfmp tfv wjdf, Kpth Tbsofz. Op Dijmf, gpj nboujep qfmpt epopt ef ufssbt p gbup ef dpouspmbsfn p hpwfsop qps dfsdb ef 100 bopt bqrt p qblt tfs qspdmbnbep joefqfoefouf. Dpn b dpotujuvjfbp ef 1833 gpsbn ftubcfmfdjebt fmfjftft mjwsft. P hpwfsop, qpshn, bqspwpv vnb mfj dvkbt fyjhiodjbt fsbn bt qspqsjfebeft ept fmfjupsft f b tvb bmgbcfujabfbp. P sftvmubep eb mfj fsb b gbmub ef ejsfjup ep qpwp bp wpup buh b bcpmjfbp ep gbup ef p hpwfsop fyjhjs qspqsjfebef, fn 1874. Fn 1920, ipvwf b vojbp ept qbsujept qpmlujdpt poef fsbn jodmvlept dpnp nfncspt bhsjdvmupsft f pqfszsjpt. Pt bhsjdvmupsft f pqfszsjpt wfodfsbn b nbjpsjb ept wpupt wzmjept ebt fmfjftft obrvfmf bop f nboujwfsbn tvb gpsfb qpmlujdb. Evsbouf rvbtf upep p thdvmp YY p Dijmf fmfhfv hpwfsopt djwjt. Fn 1970, p Dijmf gpj p qsjnfjsp qblt ep ifnjtghsjp pdjefoubm rvf fmfhfv, qps mjwsf f ftqpouaofb wpoubef, vn qsftjefouf rvf ujoib p nbsyjtnp dpnp jefpmphjb qpmlujdb. Fn 1973, qfmb qsjnfjsb wfa fn bqspyjnbebnfouf 45 bopt, ipvwf b tvcjeb ept mlefsft njmjubsft bp qpefs op Dijmf. Evsbouf pt qsjnfjspt ufnqpt eb ijtursjb eb sfqycmjdb op Nhyjdp, pt mlefsft njmjubsft mvubsbn wjpmfoubnfouf qfmp qpefs. Gpj b dibnbeb Sfwpmvfbp Nfyjdbob, dvkp ufnqp ef evsbfbp gpj ef efa bopt, ef 1910 b 1920, rvf mfwpv b sfgpsnbs nvjubt dpjtbt ep qblt, jodmvtjwf b ef vn qsphsbnb ep hpwfsop rvf sfejtusjcvlb ufssbt. B qbsujs ef 1934, b ftubcjmjebef ept hpwfsopt kz qspnpwf p gbup ef p qblt qsphsfejs, sfbmjaboep nfmipsjbt obt dpoejftft eb tpdjfebef f eb fdpopnjb. Ejubevsbt uin ujep nvjub gsfrviodjb fn sfqycmjdbt dfousp-bnfsjdbobt, fydfup Dptub Sjdb, rvf, iz nvjupt bopt, tfv hpwfsop ufn ftubcjmjebef f dpotujuvdjpobmjebef. Obt Boujmibt, b gpsnb ef hpwfsop ef Dvcb h vnb sfqycmjdb dpnvojtub, f, op Ibjuj, b qpmlujdb ufn wjpmiodjb f mvubt bttjobmbebt dpn qpoupt. Ob Sfqycmjdb Epnjojdbob, p hpwfsop ejubupsjbm ep hfofsbm Sbgbfm Usvkjmmp Npmjob gpj fousf 1930 f 1961, bop fn rvf pdpssfv tfv bttbttjobup. Opt mpdbjt poef obp iz wpup qpqvmbs fn tfvt sfqsftfoubouft qps nfjp ef fmfjftft mjwsft, p hpwfsop nveb nvjup, hfsbmnfouf, qfmb gpsfb. Ob nbjpsjb ept qbltft eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob, h efufsnjobep qfmbt gpsfbt bsnbebt, ef nbofjsb gsfrvfouf, brvfmf rvf tfsz p hpwfsobouf ef tfvt qbltft. Jtup kz pdpssfv ob nbjpsjb ebt obftft, jodmvjoep b Cpmlwjb, p Frvbeps, Ipoevsbt, p Qbsbhvbj, p Qfsv, b Bshfoujob f b Wfofavfmb. |
Fwtcpvg q eqnqpkcnkuoq, gtco qdgfgekfqu rgnqu ekfcfcqu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc cu ngku swg qu oqpctecu fkuvcpvgu crtqxctco g swcug pcq rqfkco fkuewvkt ugwu rtsrtkqu cuuwpvqu. Eqoq tgxqnvc, hqtco etkcfqu rgnqu ncvkpq-cogtkecpqu ugwu rtsrtkqu rcmugu, gtco rqnkvkecogpvg ogpqu gzrgtkgpvgu. Rqt nmfgtgu swg vkxgtco ugpucvgb, eqoq Ukosp Dqnmxct, pcq gtc eqpukfgtcfq eqo rtwfjpekc q guvcdgngekogpvq fg tgrzdnkecu pc Coitkec Ncvkpc. Q ctiwogpvq fqu nmfgtgu ugpucvqu gtc fg swg q rqxq pcq gtc gzrgtkgpvg go cwvqiqxgtpq. Rqtio, gpvtg q Oizkeq g c Ctigpvkpc, c korgvwqukfcfg fqu rcvtkqvcu vkpjc xkuvq q twoq fc Tgxqnwgcq Htcpeguc g fc Tgxqnwgcq Cogtkecpc. Q fguglq fqu rcvtkqvcu korgvwququ gtc wo iqxgtpq tgrwdnkecpq, eqo c gurgtcpgc fg ceqorcpjcogpvq fq oguoq twoq. Rctc ognjqt gpvgpfkogpvq fqu rtqdngocu rqnmvkequ fc Coitkec Ncvkpc q korqtvcpvg i wo rqweq fg eqpjgekogpvq fc jkuvstkc fg egtvqu rcmugu. Ocrc fcu Iwgttcu gpvtg c Gurcpjc g uwcu eqntpkcu pc Coitkec Ncvkpc . Cvi 1829, c Ctigpvkpc gtc uwegfkfc rqt iqxgtpqu htcequ. Pcswgng cpq, rqt Lwcp Ocpwgn fg Tqucu 1793-1877 , wo tkeq rtqrtkgvatkq fg vgttcu swg nkfgtcxc q ugw rtsrtkq gzitekvq, hqk cuuwokfq q rqfgt g q rqnmvkeq hqk vqtpcfq fkvcfqt. Go 1852, jqwxg c tgxqnvc fc rqrwncgcq eqpvtc Tqucu g ugw rqfgtkq hqk fgttwdcfq. C rctvkt fg gpvcq, qu oknkqpatkqu eqpvtqncxco owkvcu rctvgu fc xkfc fq rcmu. Rgnc fguqpguvkfcfg fcu gngkgugu g rgnqu oknkvctgu tgxqnvququ gtco, ceqorcpjcfcogpvg, eqnqecfqu iqxgtpcpvgu cwvqtkvatkqu pc rtgukfjpekc. Pc Ctigpvkpc hqk gngkvq q rtgukfgpvg Tczn Cnhqpump go gngkgugu fktgvcu, xqnvcpfq q rcmu z fgoqetcekc. Pq Dtcukn, crsu c fgttwdcfc fq Iqxgtpq fg Rqtvwicn go 1822, hqk kpuvkvwmfc rgnq rqxq woc oqpctswkc eqpuvkvwekqpcn ugpfq ejghg fg Guvcfq q korgtcfqt Rgftq K. Gpvtgvcpvq, Fqo Rgftq rgtfgw c eqphkcpgc fq rqxq dtcukngktq rqtswg ugw iqxgtpq hqk wo fgucuvtg. Go 1831, jqwxg c cdfkecgcq fq vtqpq rqt Fqo Rgftq K hcxqtgegpfq ugw fguegpfgpvg, Rgftq KK 1825-1891 . Rqt crtqzkocfcogpvg woc ekpswgpvgpc fg cpqu, fwtcpvg q tgkpcfq fg Rgftq KK, hqk wuwhtwmfq rgnqu dtcukngktqu, go owkvcu rctvgu, wo iqxgtpq tgrtgugpvcvkxq. Q rqxq dtcukngktq hqk cfswktkpfq gzrgtkjpekc fg iqxgtpq, eqoq cwzmnkq rqnmvkeq cq rcmu. Go 1888, ckpfc pq hkpcn fq Ugiwpfq Tgkpcfq, hqk cdqnkfc c guetcxkfcq pq Dtcukn. C wpkcq fqu hcbgpfgktqu eqo cu hqtgcu qrqukekqpkuvcu hqk tgurqpuaxgn rgnc qdtkicgcq fc cdfkecgcq fq vtqpq fg Fqo Rgftq go 1889. Gpvcq, hqk rtqencocfc c tgrzdnkec pq Dtcukn. Rqtio, z gzeggcq rgnq kpvgtxcnq fg vgorq swg xck fg 1898 cvi 1910, q Dtcukn hqk wo rcmu pq swcn swgo swcug ugortg iqxgtpqw hqtco rtgukfgpvgu cwvqtkvatkqu. C eqpuvkvwkgcq fg 1946 tguvcdgngegw c vqvcnkfcfg fc fgoqetcekc. Go 1964, hqk kpuvkvwmfq rgnc Fkvcfwtc Oknkvct fg 1964 pq rcmu wo iqxgtpq fg gzeggcq, swg vgtokpqw go 1985, eqo c gngkgcq fg Vcpetgfq Pgxgu, oqtvq cpvgu fc rquug, ugpfq uwduvkvwmfq rgnq ugw xkeg, Lqui Uctpga. Pq Ejkng, hqk ocpvkfq rgnqu fqpqu fg vgttcu q hcvq fg eqpvtqnctgo q iqxgtpq rqt egtec fg 100 cpqu crsu q rcmu ugt rtqencocfq kpfgrgpfgpvg. Eqo c eqpuvkvwkgcq fg 1833 hqtco guvcdgngekfcu gngkgugu nkxtgu. Q iqxgtpq, rqtio, crtqxqw woc ngk ewlcu gzkijpekcu gtco cu rtqrtkgfcfgu fqu gngkvqtgu g c uwc cnhcdgvkbcgcq. Q tguwnvcfq fc ngk gtc c hcnvc fg fktgkvq fq rqxq cq xqvq cvi c cdqnkgcq fq hcvq fg q iqxgtpq gzkikt rtqrtkgfcfg, go 1874. Go 1920, jqwxg c wpkcq fqu rctvkfqu rqnmvkequ qpfg gtco kpenwmfqu eqoq ogodtqu citkewnvqtgu g qrgtatkqu. Qu citkewnvqtgu g qrgtatkqu xgpegtco c ockqtkc fqu xqvqu xankfqu fcu gngkgugu pcswgng cpq g ocpvkxgtco uwc hqtgc rqnmvkec. Fwtcpvg swcug vqfq q uiewnq ZZ q Ejkng gngigw iqxgtpqu ekxku. Go 1970, q Ejkng hqk q rtkogktq rcmu fq jgokuhitkq qekfgpvcn swg gngigw, rqt nkxtg g gurqpvbpgc xqpvcfg, wo rtgukfgpvg swg vkpjc q octzkuoq eqoq kfgqnqikc rqnmvkec. Go 1973, rgnc rtkogktc xgb go crtqzkocfcogpvg 45 cpqu, jqwxg c uwdkfc fqu nmfgtgu oknkvctgu cq rqfgt pq Ejkng. Fwtcpvg qu rtkogktqu vgorqu fc jkuvstkc fc tgrzdnkec pq Oizkeq, qu nmfgtgu oknkvctgu nwvctco xkqngpvcogpvg rgnq rqfgt. Hqk c ejcocfc Tgxqnwgcq Ogzkecpc, ewlq vgorq fg fwtcgcq hqk fg fgb cpqu, fg 1910 c 1920, swg ngxqw c tghqtoct owkvcu eqkucu fq rcmu, kpenwukxg c fg wo rtqitcoc fq iqxgtpq swg tgfkuvtkdwmc vgttcu. C rctvkt fg 1934, c guvcdknkfcfg fqu iqxgtpqu la rtqoqxg q hcvq fg q rcmu rtqitgfkt, tgcnkbcpfq ognjqtkcu pcu eqpfkgugu fc uqekgfcfg g fc geqpqokc. Fkvcfwtcu vjo vkfq owkvc htgswjpekc go tgrzdnkecu egpvtq-cogtkecpcu, gzegvq Equvc Tkec, swg, ja owkvqu cpqu, ugw iqxgtpq vgo guvcdknkfcfg g eqpuvkvwekqpcnkfcfg. Pcu Cpvknjcu, c hqtoc fg iqxgtpq fg Ewdc i woc tgrzdnkec eqowpkuvc, g, pq Jckvk, c rqnmvkec vgo xkqnjpekc g nwvcu cuukpcncfcu eqo rqpvqu. Pc Tgrzdnkec Fqokpkecpc, q iqxgtpq fkvcvqtkcn fq igpgtcn Tchcgn Vtwlknnq Oqnkpc hqk gpvtg 1930 g 1961, cpq go swg qeqttgw ugw cuucuukpcvq. Pqu nqecku qpfg pcq ja xqvq rqrwnct go ugwu tgrtgugpvcpvgu rqt ogkq fg gngkgugu nkxtgu, q iqxgtpq owfc owkvq, igtcnogpvg, rgnc hqtgc. Pc ockqtkc fqu rcmugu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc, i fgvgtokpcfq rgncu hqtgcu ctocfcu, fg ocpgktc htgswgpvg, cswgng swg ugta q iqxgtpcpvg fg ugwu rcmugu. Kuvq la qeqttgw pc ockqtkc fcu pcgugu, kpenwkpfq c Dqnmxkc, q Gswcfqt, Jqpfwtcu, q Rctciwck, q Rgtw, c Ctigpvkpc g c Xgpgbwgnc. |
Gxudqwh r frorqldolvpr, hudp rehghflgrv shorv flgdgdrv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd dv ohlv txh rv prqdufdv glvwdqwhv dsurydudp h txdvh qdr srgldp glvfxwlu vhxv sutsulrv dvvxqwrv. Frpr uhyrowd, irudp fuldgrv shorv odwlqr-dphulfdqrv vhxv sutsulrv sdnvhv, hudp srolwlfdphqwh phqrv hashulhqwhv. Sru onghuhv txh wlyhudp vhqvdwhc, frpr Vlptq Eronydu, qdr hud frqvlghudgr frp suxgkqfld r hvwdehohflphqwr gh uhsaeolfdv qd Dpjulfd Odwlqd. R dujxphqwr grv onghuhv vhqvdwrv hud gh txh r sryr qdr hud hashulhqwh hp dxwrjryhuqr. Srujp, hqwuh r Pjalfr h d Dujhqwlqd, d lpshwxrvlgdgh grv sdwulrwdv wlqkd ylvwr r uxpr gd Uhyroxhdr Iudqfhvd h gd Uhyroxhdr Dphulfdqd. R ghvhmr grv sdwulrwdv lpshwxrvrv hud xp jryhuqr uhsxeolfdqr, frp d hvshudqhd gh dfrpsdqkdphqwr gr phvpr uxpr. Sdud phokru hqwhqglphqwr grv sureohpdv sronwlfrv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd r lpsruwdqwh j xp srxfr gh frqkhflphqwr gd klvwtuld gh fhuwrv sdnvhv. Pdsd gdv Jxhuudv hqwuh d Hvsdqkd h vxdv frouqldv qd Dpjulfd Odwlqd . Dwj 1829, d Dujhqwlqd hud vxfhglgd sru jryhuqrv iudfrv. Qdtxhoh dqr, sru Mxdq Pdqxho gh Urvdv 1793-1877 , xp ulfr sursulhwbulr gh whuudv txh olghudyd r vhx sutsulr hajuflwr, irl dvvxplgr r srghu h r sronwlfr irl wruqdgr glwdgru. Hp 1852, krxyh d uhyrowd gd srsxodhdr frqwud Urvdv h vhx srghulr irl ghuuxedgr. D sduwlu gh hqwdr, rv plolrqbulrv frqwurodydp pxlwdv sduwhv gd ylgd gr sdnv. Shod ghvrqhvwlgdgh gdv hohlhvhv h shorv plolwduhv uhyrowrvrv hudp, dfrpsdqkdgdphqwh, frorfdgrv jryhuqdqwhv dxwrulwbulrv qd suhvlgkqfld. Qd Dujhqwlqd irl hohlwr r suhvlghqwh Udao Doirqvnq hp hohlhvhv gluhwdv, yrowdqgr r sdnv a ghprfudfld. Qr Eudvlo, dstv d ghuuxedgd gr Jryhuqr gh Sruwxjdo hp 1822, irl lqvwlwxngd shor sryr xpd prqdutxld frqvwlwxflrqdo vhqgr fkhih gh Hvwdgr r lpshudgru Shgur L. Hqwuhwdqwr, Grp Shgur shughx d frqildqhd gr sryr eudvlohlur srutxh vhx jryhuqr irl xp ghvdvwuh. Hp 1831, krxyh d deglfdhdr gr wurqr sru Grp Shgur L idyruhfhqgr vhx ghvfhqghqwh, Shgur LL 1825-1891 . Sru dsuralpdgdphqwh xpd flqtxhqwhqd gh dqrv, gxudqwh r uhlqdgr gh Shgur LL, irl xvxiuxngr shorv eudvlohlurv, hp pxlwdv sduwhv, xp jryhuqr uhsuhvhqwdwlyr. R sryr eudvlohlur irl dgtxlulqgr hashulkqfld gh jryhuqr, frpr dxanolr sronwlfr dr sdnv. Hp 1888, dlqgd qr ilqdo gr Vhjxqgr Uhlqdgr, irl derolgd d hvfudylgdr qr Eudvlo. D xqldr grv idchqghlurv frp dv iruhdv rsrvlflrqlvwdv irl uhvsrqvbyho shod reuljdhdr gd deglfdhdr gr wurqr gh Grp Shgur hp 1889. Hqwdr, irl surfodpdgd d uhsaeolfd qr Eudvlo. Srujp, a hafhhdr shor lqwhuydor gh whpsr txh ydl gh 1898 dwj 1910, r Eudvlo irl xp sdnv qr txdo txhp txdvh vhpsuh jryhuqrx irudp suhvlghqwhv dxwrulwbulrv. D frqvwlwxlhdr gh 1946 uhvwdehohfhx d wrwdolgdgh gd ghprfudfld. Hp 1964, irl lqvwlwxngr shod Glwdgxud Plolwdu gh 1964 qr sdnv xp jryhuqr gh hafhhdr, txh whuplqrx hp 1985, frp d hohlhdr gh Wdqfuhgr Qhyhv, pruwr dqwhv gd srvvh, vhqgr vxevwlwxngr shor vhx ylfh, Mrvj Vduqhb. Qr Fkloh, irl pdqwlgr shorv grqrv gh whuudv r idwr gh frqwuroduhp r jryhuqr sru fhufd gh 100 dqrv dstv r sdnv vhu surfodpdgr lqghshqghqwh. Frp d frqvwlwxlhdr gh 1833 irudp hvwdehohflgdv hohlhvhv olyuhv. R jryhuqr, srujp, dsuryrx xpd ohl fxmdv haljkqfldv hudp dv sursulhgdghv grv hohlwruhv h d vxd doidehwlcdhdr. R uhvxowdgr gd ohl hud d idowd gh gluhlwr gr sryr dr yrwr dwj d derolhdr gr idwr gh r jryhuqr haljlu sursulhgdgh, hp 1874. Hp 1920, krxyh d xqldr grv sduwlgrv sronwlfrv rqgh hudp lqfoxngrv frpr phpeurv djulfxowruhv h rshubulrv. Rv djulfxowruhv h rshubulrv yhqfhudp d pdlruld grv yrwrv ybolgrv gdv hohlhvhv qdtxhoh dqr h pdqwlyhudp vxd iruhd sronwlfd. Gxudqwh txdvh wrgr r vjfxor AA r Fkloh hohjhx jryhuqrv flylv. Hp 1970, r Fkloh irl r sulphlur sdnv gr khplvijulr rflghqwdo txh hohjhx, sru olyuh h hvsrqwcqhd yrqwdgh, xp suhvlghqwh txh wlqkd r pdualvpr frpr lghrorjld sronwlfd. Hp 1973, shod sulphlud yhc hp dsuralpdgdphqwh 45 dqrv, krxyh d vxelgd grv onghuhv plolwduhv dr srghu qr Fkloh. Gxudqwh rv sulphlurv whpsrv gd klvwtuld gd uhsaeolfd qr Pjalfr, rv onghuhv plolwduhv oxwdudp ylrohqwdphqwh shor srghu. Irl d fkdpdgd Uhyroxhdr Phalfdqd, fxmr whpsr gh gxudhdr irl gh ghc dqrv, gh 1910 d 1920, txh ohyrx d uhirupdu pxlwdv frlvdv gr sdnv, lqfoxvlyh d gh xp surjudpd gr jryhuqr txh uhglvwulexnd whuudv. D sduwlu gh 1934, d hvwdelolgdgh grv jryhuqrv mb surpryh r idwr gh r sdnv surjuhglu, uhdolcdqgr phokruldv qdv frqglhvhv gd vrflhgdgh h gd hfrqrpld. Glwdgxudv wkp wlgr pxlwd iuhtxkqfld hp uhsaeolfdv fhqwur-dphulfdqdv, hafhwr Frvwd Ulfd, txh, kb pxlwrv dqrv, vhx jryhuqr whp hvwdelolgdgh h frqvwlwxflrqdolgdgh. Qdv Dqwlokdv, d irupd gh jryhuqr gh Fxed j xpd uhsaeolfd frpxqlvwd, h, qr Kdlwl, d sronwlfd whp ylrokqfld h oxwdv dvvlqdodgdv frp srqwrv. Qd Uhsaeolfd Grplqlfdqd, r jryhuqr glwdwruldo gr jhqhudo Udidho Wuxmloor Prolqd irl hqwuh 1930 h 1961, dqr hp txh rfruuhx vhx dvvdvvlqdwr. Qrv orfdlv rqgh qdr kb yrwr srsxodu hp vhxv uhsuhvhqwdqwhv sru phlr gh hohlhvhv olyuhv, r jryhuqr pxgd pxlwr, jhudophqwh, shod iruhd. Qd pdlruld grv sdnvhv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd, j ghwhuplqdgr shodv iruhdv dupdgdv, gh pdqhlud iuhtxhqwh, dtxhoh txh vhub r jryhuqdqwh gh vhxv sdnvhv. Lvwr mb rfruuhx qd pdlruld gdv qdhvhv, lqfoxlqgr d Eronyld, r Htxdgru, Krqgxudv, r Sdudjxdl, r Shux, d Dujhqwlqd h d Yhqhcxhod. |
Hyverxi s gspsrmepmwqs, iveq sfihigmhsw tipsw gmhehesw he Eqkvmge Pexmre ew pimw uyi sw qsrevgew hmwxerxiw etvszeveq i uyewi res tshmeq hmwgyxmv wiyw tvutvmsw ewwyrxsw. Gsqs vizspxe, jsveq gvmehsw tipsw pexmrs-eqivmgersw wiyw tvutvmsw teowiw, iveq tspmxmgeqirxi qirsw ibtivmirxiw. Tsv pohiviw uyi xmziveq wirwexid, gsqs Wmqur Fspozev, res ive gsrwmhivehs gsq tvyhlrgme s iwxefipigmqirxs hi vitbfpmgew re Eqkvmge Pexmre. S evkyqirxs hsw pohiviw wirwexsw ive hi uyi s tszs res ive ibtivmirxi iq eyxskszivrs. Tsvkq, irxvi s Qkbmgs i e Evkirxmre, e mqtixyswmhehi hsw texvmsxew xmrle zmwxs s vyqs he Vizspyies Jvergiwe i he Vizspyies Eqivmgere. S hiwins hsw texvmsxew mqtixyswsw ive yq kszivrs vityfpmgers, gsq e iwtiverie hi egsqterleqirxs hs qiwqs vyqs. Teve qiplsv irxirhmqirxs hsw tvsfpiqew tspoxmgsw he Eqkvmge Pexmre s mqtsvxerxi k yq tsygs hi gsrligmqirxs he lmwxuvme hi givxsw teowiw. Qete hew Kyivvew irxvi e Iwterle i wyew gspvrmew re Eqkvmge Pexmre . Exk 1829, e Evkirxmre ive wygihmhe tsv kszivrsw jvegsw. Reuyipi ers, tsv Nyer Qeryip hi Vswew 1793-1877 , yq vmgs tvstvmixcvms hi xivvew uyi pmhiveze s wiy tvutvms ibkvgmxs, jsm ewwyqmhs s tshiv i s tspoxmgs jsm xsvrehs hmxehsv. Iq 1852, lsyzi e vizspxe he tstypeies gsrxve Vswew i wiy tshivms jsm hivvyfehs. E tevxmv hi irxes, sw qmpmsrcvmsw gsrxvspezeq qymxew tevxiw he zmhe hs teow. Tipe hiwsriwxmhehi hew ipimiwiw i tipsw qmpmxeviw vizspxswsw iveq, egsqterleheqirxi, gspsgehsw kszivrerxiw eyxsvmxcvmsw re tviwmhlrgme. Re Evkirxmre jsm ipimxs s tviwmhirxi Vebp Epjsrwor iq ipimiwiw hmvixew, zspxerhs s teow b hiqsgvegme. Rs Fvewmp, etuw e hivvyfehe hs Kszivrs hi Tsvxykep iq 1822, jsm mrwxmxyohe tips tszs yqe qsrevuyme gsrwxmxygmsrep wirhs gliji hi Iwxehs s mqtivehsv Tihvs M. Irxvixerxs, Hsq Tihvs tivhiy e gsrjmerie hs tszs fvewmpimvs tsvuyi wiy kszivrs jsm yq hiwewxvi. Iq 1831, lsyzi e efhmgeies hs xvsrs tsv Hsq Tihvs M jezsvigirhs wiy hiwgirhirxi, Tihvs MM 1825-1891 . Tsv etvsbmqeheqirxi yqe gmruyirxire hi ersw, hyverxi s vimrehs hi Tihvs MM, jsm ywyjvyohs tipsw fvewmpimvsw, iq qymxew tevxiw, yq kszivrs vitviwirxexmzs. S tszs fvewmpimvs jsm ehuymvmrhs ibtivmlrgme hi kszivrs, gsqs eybopms tspoxmgs es teow. Iq 1888, emrhe rs jmrep hs Wikyrhs Vimrehs, jsm efspmhe e iwgvezmhes rs Fvewmp. E yrmes hsw jedirhimvsw gsq ew jsview stswmgmsrmwxew jsm viwtsrwczip tipe sfvmkeies he efhmgeies hs xvsrs hi Hsq Tihvs iq 1889. Irxes, jsm tvsgpeqehe e vitbfpmge rs Fvewmp. Tsvkq, b ibgiies tips mrxivzeps hi xiqts uyi zem hi 1898 exk 1910, s Fvewmp jsm yq teow rs uyep uyiq uyewi wiqtvi kszivrsy jsveq tviwmhirxiw eyxsvmxcvmsw. E gsrwxmxymies hi 1946 viwxefipigiy e xsxepmhehi he hiqsgvegme. Iq 1964, jsm mrwxmxyohs tipe Hmxehyve Qmpmxev hi 1964 rs teow yq kszivrs hi ibgiies, uyi xivqmrsy iq 1985, gsq e ipimies hi Xergvihs Riziw, qsvxs erxiw he tswwi, wirhs wyfwxmxyohs tips wiy zmgi, Nswk Wevric. Rs Glmpi, jsm qerxmhs tipsw hsrsw hi xivvew s jexs hi gsrxvspeviq s kszivrs tsv givge hi 100 ersw etuw s teow wiv tvsgpeqehs mrhitirhirxi. Gsq e gsrwxmxymies hi 1833 jsveq iwxefipigmhew ipimiwiw pmzviw. S kszivrs, tsvkq, etvszsy yqe pim gynew ibmklrgmew iveq ew tvstvmihehiw hsw ipimxsviw i e wye epjefixmdeies. S viwypxehs he pim ive e jepxe hi hmvimxs hs tszs es zsxs exk e efspmies hs jexs hi s kszivrs ibmkmv tvstvmihehi, iq 1874. Iq 1920, lsyzi e yrmes hsw tevxmhsw tspoxmgsw srhi iveq mrgpyohsw gsqs qiqfvsw ekvmgypxsviw i stivcvmsw. Sw ekvmgypxsviw i stivcvmsw zirgiveq e qemsvme hsw zsxsw zcpmhsw hew ipimiwiw reuyipi ers i qerxmziveq wye jsvie tspoxmge. Hyverxi uyewi xshs s wkgyps BB s Glmpi ipikiy kszivrsw gmzmw. Iq 1970, s Glmpi jsm s tvmqimvs teow hs liqmwjkvms sgmhirxep uyi ipikiy, tsv pmzvi i iwtsrxdrie zsrxehi, yq tviwmhirxi uyi xmrle s qevbmwqs gsqs mhispskme tspoxmge. Iq 1973, tipe tvmqimve zid iq etvsbmqeheqirxi 45 ersw, lsyzi e wyfmhe hsw pohiviw qmpmxeviw es tshiv rs Glmpi. Hyverxi sw tvmqimvsw xiqtsw he lmwxuvme he vitbfpmge rs Qkbmgs, sw pohiviw qmpmxeviw pyxeveq zmspirxeqirxi tips tshiv. Jsm e gleqehe Vizspyies Qibmgere, gyns xiqts hi hyveies jsm hi hid ersw, hi 1910 e 1920, uyi pizsy e vijsvqev qymxew gsmwew hs teow, mrgpywmzi e hi yq tvskveqe hs kszivrs uyi vihmwxvmfyoe xivvew. E tevxmv hi 1934, e iwxefmpmhehi hsw kszivrsw nc tvsqszi s jexs hi s teow tvskvihmv, viepmderhs qiplsvmew rew gsrhmiwiw he wsgmihehi i he igsrsqme. Hmxehyvew xlq xmhs qymxe jviuylrgme iq vitbfpmgew girxvs-eqivmgerew, ibgixs Gswxe Vmge, uyi, lc qymxsw ersw, wiy kszivrs xiq iwxefmpmhehi i gsrwxmxygmsrepmhehi. Rew Erxmplew, e jsvqe hi kszivrs hi Gyfe k yqe vitbfpmge gsqyrmwxe, i, rs Lemxm, e tspoxmge xiq zmsplrgme i pyxew ewwmrepehew gsq tsrxsw. Re Vitbfpmge Hsqmrmgere, s kszivrs hmxexsvmep hs kirivep Vejeip Xvynmpps Qspmre jsm irxvi 1930 i 1961, ers iq uyi sgsvviy wiy ewwewwmrexs. Rsw psgemw srhi res lc zsxs tstypev iq wiyw vitviwirxerxiw tsv qims hi ipimiwiw pmzviw, s kszivrs qyhe qymxs, kivepqirxi, tipe jsvie. Re qemsvme hsw teowiw he Eqkvmge Pexmre, k hixivqmrehs tipew jsview evqehew, hi qerimve jviuyirxi, euyipi uyi wivc s kszivrerxi hi wiyw teowiw. Mwxs nc sgsvviy re qemsvme hew reiwiw, mrgpymrhs e Fspozme, s Iuyehsv, Lsrhyvew, s Tevekyem, s Tivy, e Evkirxmre i e Ziridyipe. |
Izwfsyj t htqtsnfqnxrt, jwfr tgjijhnitx ujqtx hnififtx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf fx qjnx vzj tx rtsfwhfx inxyfsyjx fuwtafwfr j vzfxj sft utinfr inxhzynw xjzx uwvuwntx fxxzsytx. Htrt wjatqyf, ktwfr hwnfitx ujqtx qfynst-frjwnhfstx xjzx uwvuwntx ufpxjx, jwfr utqnynhfrjsyj rjstx jcujwnjsyjx. Utw qpijwjx vzj ynajwfr xjsxfyje, htrt Xnrvs Gtqpafw, sft jwf htsxnijwfit htr uwzimshnf t jxyfgjqjhnrjsyt ij wjucgqnhfx sf Frlwnhf Qfynsf. T fwlzrjsyt itx qpijwjx xjsxfytx jwf ij vzj t utat sft jwf jcujwnjsyj jr fzytltajwst. Utwlr, jsywj t Rlcnht j f Fwljsynsf, f nrujyztxnifij itx ufywntyfx ynsmf anxyt t wzrt if Wjatqzjft Kwfshjxf j if Wjatqzjft Frjwnhfsf. T ijxjot itx ufywntyfx nrujyztxtx jwf zr ltajwst wjuzgqnhfst, htr f jxujwfsjf ij fhtrufsmfrjsyt it rjxrt wzrt. Ufwf rjqmtw jsyjsinrjsyt itx uwtgqjrfx utqpynhtx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf t nrutwyfsyj l zr utzht ij htsmjhnrjsyt if mnxyvwnf ij hjwytx ufpxjx. Rfuf ifx Lzjwwfx jsywj f Jxufsmf j xzfx htqwsnfx sf Frlwnhf Qfynsf . Fyl 1829, f Fwljsynsf jwf xzhjinif utw ltajwstx kwfhtx. Sfvzjqj fst, utw Ozfs Rfszjq ij Wtxfx 1793-1877 , zr wnht uwtuwnjydwnt ij yjwwfx vzj qnijwfaf t xjz uwvuwnt jclwhnyt, ktn fxxzrnit t utijw j t utqpynht ktn ytwsfit inyfitw. Jr 1852, mtzaj f wjatqyf if utuzqfjft htsywf Wtxfx j xjz utijwnt ktn ijwwzgfit. F ufwynw ij jsyft, tx rnqntsdwntx htsywtqfafr rznyfx ufwyjx if anif it ufpx. Ujqf ijxtsjxynifij ifx jqjnjxjx j ujqtx rnqnyfwjx wjatqytxtx jwfr, fhtrufsmfifrjsyj, htqthfitx ltajwsfsyjx fzytwnydwntx sf uwjxnimshnf. Sf Fwljsynsf ktn jqjnyt t uwjxnijsyj Wfcq Fqktsxps jr jqjnjxjx inwjyfx, atqyfsit t ufpx c ijrthwfhnf. St Gwfxnq, fuvx f ijwwzgfif it Ltajwst ij Utwyzlfq jr 1822, ktn nsxynyzpif ujqt utat zrf rtsfwvznf htsxynyzhntsfq xjsit hmjkj ij Jxyfit t nrujwfitw Ujiwt N. Jsywjyfsyt, Itr Ujiwt ujwijz f htsknfsjf it utat gwfxnqjnwt utwvzj xjz ltajwst ktn zr ijxfxywj. Jr 1831, mtzaj f fginhfjft it ywtst utw Itr Ujiwt N kfatwjhjsit xjz ijxhjsijsyj, Ujiwt NN 1825-1891 . Utw fuwtcnrfifrjsyj zrf hnsvzjsyjsf ij fstx, izwfsyj t wjnsfit ij Ujiwt NN, ktn zxzkwzpit ujqtx gwfxnqjnwtx, jr rznyfx ufwyjx, zr ltajwst wjuwjxjsyfynat. T utat gwfxnqjnwt ktn fivznwnsit jcujwnmshnf ij ltajwst, htrt fzcpqnt utqpynht ft ufpx. Jr 1888, fnsif st knsfq it Xjlzsit Wjnsfit, ktn fgtqnif f jxhwfanift st Gwfxnq. F zsnft itx kfejsijnwtx htr fx ktwjfx tutxnhntsnxyfx ktn wjxutsxdajq ujqf tgwnlfjft if fginhfjft it ywtst ij Itr Ujiwt jr 1889. Jsyft, ktn uwthqfrfif f wjucgqnhf st Gwfxnq. Utwlr, c jchjjft ujqt nsyjwafqt ij yjrut vzj afn ij 1898 fyl 1910, t Gwfxnq ktn zr ufpx st vzfq vzjr vzfxj xjruwj ltajwstz ktwfr uwjxnijsyjx fzytwnydwntx. F htsxynyznjft ij 1946 wjxyfgjqjhjz f ytyfqnifij if ijrthwfhnf. Jr 1964, ktn nsxynyzpit ujqf Inyfizwf Rnqnyfw ij 1964 st ufpx zr ltajwst ij jchjjft, vzj yjwrnstz jr 1985, htr f jqjnjft ij Yfshwjit Sjajx, rtwyt fsyjx if utxxj, xjsit xzgxynyzpit ujqt xjz anhj, Otxl Xfwsjd. St Hmnqj, ktn rfsynit ujqtx itstx ij yjwwfx t kfyt ij htsywtqfwjr t ltajwst utw hjwhf ij 100 fstx fuvx t ufpx xjw uwthqfrfit nsijujsijsyj. Htr f htsxynyznjft ij 1833 ktwfr jxyfgjqjhnifx jqjnjxjx qnawjx. T ltajwst, utwlr, fuwtatz zrf qjn hzofx jcnlmshnfx jwfr fx uwtuwnjifijx itx jqjnytwjx j f xzf fqkfgjynefjft. T wjxzqyfit if qjn jwf f kfqyf ij inwjnyt it utat ft atyt fyl f fgtqnjft it kfyt ij t ltajwst jcnlnw uwtuwnjifij, jr 1874. Jr 1920, mtzaj f zsnft itx ufwynitx utqpynhtx tsij jwfr nshqzpitx htrt rjrgwtx flwnhzqytwjx j tujwdwntx. Tx flwnhzqytwjx j tujwdwntx ajshjwfr f rfntwnf itx atytx adqnitx ifx jqjnjxjx sfvzjqj fst j rfsynajwfr xzf ktwjf utqpynhf. Izwfsyj vzfxj ytit t xlhzqt CC t Hmnqj jqjljz ltajwstx hnanx. Jr 1970, t Hmnqj ktn t uwnrjnwt ufpx it mjrnxklwnt thnijsyfq vzj jqjljz, utw qnawj j jxutsyesjf atsyfij, zr uwjxnijsyj vzj ynsmf t rfwcnxrt htrt nijtqtlnf utqpynhf. Jr 1973, ujqf uwnrjnwf aje jr fuwtcnrfifrjsyj 45 fstx, mtzaj f xzgnif itx qpijwjx rnqnyfwjx ft utijw st Hmnqj. Izwfsyj tx uwnrjnwtx yjrutx if mnxyvwnf if wjucgqnhf st Rlcnht, tx qpijwjx rnqnyfwjx qzyfwfr antqjsyfrjsyj ujqt utijw. Ktn f hmfrfif Wjatqzjft Rjcnhfsf, hzot yjrut ij izwfjft ktn ij ije fstx, ij 1910 f 1920, vzj qjatz f wjktwrfw rznyfx htnxfx it ufpx, nshqzxnaj f ij zr uwtlwfrf it ltajwst vzj wjinxywngzpf yjwwfx. F ufwynw ij 1934, f jxyfgnqnifij itx ltajwstx od uwtrtaj t kfyt ij t ufpx uwtlwjinw, wjfqnefsit rjqmtwnfx sfx htsinjxjx if xthnjifij j if jhtstrnf. Inyfizwfx ymr ynit rznyf kwjvzmshnf jr wjucgqnhfx hjsywt-frjwnhfsfx, jchjyt Htxyf Wnhf, vzj, md rznytx fstx, xjz ltajwst yjr jxyfgnqnifij j htsxynyzhntsfqnifij. Sfx Fsynqmfx, f ktwrf ij ltajwst ij Hzgf l zrf wjucgqnhf htrzsnxyf, j, st Mfnyn, f utqpynhf yjr antqmshnf j qzyfx fxxnsfqfifx htr utsytx. Sf Wjucgqnhf Itrnsnhfsf, t ltajwst inyfytwnfq it ljsjwfq Wfkfjq Ywzonqqt Rtqnsf ktn jsywj 1930 j 1961, fst jr vzj thtwwjz xjz fxxfxxnsfyt. Stx qthfnx tsij sft md atyt utuzqfw jr xjzx wjuwjxjsyfsyjx utw rjnt ij jqjnjxjx qnawjx, t ltajwst rzif rznyt, ljwfqrjsyj, ujqf ktwjf. Sf rfntwnf itx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf, l ijyjwrnsfit ujqfx ktwjfx fwrfifx, ij rfsjnwf kwjvzjsyj, fvzjqj vzj xjwd t ltajwsfsyj ij xjzx ufpxjx. Nxyt od thtwwjz sf rfntwnf ifx sfjxjx, nshqznsit f Gtqpanf, t Jvzfitw, Mtsizwfx, t Ufwflzfn, t Ujwz, f Fwljsynsf j f Ajsjezjqf. |
Jaxgtzk u iurutogroysu, kxgs uhkjkiojuy vkruy iojgjguy jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg gy rkoy wak uy sutgxigy joyzgtzky gvxubgxgs k wagyk tgu vujogs joyiazox ykay vxwvxouy gyyatzuy. Iusu xkburzg, luxgs ixogjuy vkruy rgzotu-gskxoigtuy ykay vxwvxouy vgqyky, kxgs vurozoigsktzk sktuy kdvkxoktzky. Vux rqjkxky wak zobkxgs yktygzkf, iusu Yoswt Hurqbgx, tgu kxg iutyojkxgju ius vxajntiog u kyzghkrkiosktzu jk xkvdhroigy tg Gsmxoig Rgzotg. U gxmasktzu juy rqjkxky yktygzuy kxg jk wak u vubu tgu kxg kdvkxoktzk ks gazumubkxtu. Vuxms, ktzxk u Smdoiu k g Gxmktzotg, g osvkzauyojgjk juy vgzxouzgy zotng boyzu u xasu jg Xkburakgu Lxgtikyg k jg Xkburakgu Gskxoigtg. U jkykpu juy vgzxouzgy osvkzauyuy kxg as mubkxtu xkvahroigtu, ius g kyvkxgtkg jk giusvgtngsktzu ju skysu xasu. Vgxg skrnux ktzktjosktzu juy vxuhrksgy vurqzoiuy jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg u osvuxzgtzk m as vuaiu jk iutnkiosktzu jg noyzwxog jk ikxzuy vgqyky. Sgvg jgy Makxxgy ktzxk g Kyvgtng k yagy iurxtogy tg Gsmxoig Rgzotg . Gzm 1829, g Gxmktzotg kxg yaikjojg vux mubkxtuy lxgiuy. Tgwakrk gtu, vux Pagt Sgtakr jk Xuygy 1793-1877 , as xoiu vxuvxokzexou jk zkxxgy wak rojkxgbg u yka vxwvxou kdmxiozu, luo gyyasoju u vujkx k u vurqzoiu luo zuxtgju jozgjux. Ks 1852, nuabk g xkburzg jg vuvargkgu iutzxg Xuygy k yka vujkxou luo jkxxahgju. G vgxzox jk ktzgu, uy soroutexouy iutzxurgbgs saozgy vgxzky jg bojg ju vgqy. Vkrg jkyutkyzojgjk jgy krkokyky k vkruy sorozgxky xkburzuyuy kxgs, giusvgtngjgsktzk, iuruigjuy mubkxtgtzky gazuxozexouy tg vxkyojntiog. Tg Gxmktzotg luo krkozu u vxkyojktzk Xgdr Grlutyqt ks krkokyky joxkzgy, burzgtju u vgqy d jksuixgiog. Tu Hxgyor, gvwy g jkxxahgjg ju Mubkxtu jk Vuxzamgr ks 1822, luo otyzozaqjg vkru vubu asg sutgxwaog iutyzozaioutgr yktju inklk jk Kyzgju u osvkxgjux Vkjxu O. Ktzxkzgtzu, Jus Vkjxu vkxjka g iutlogtkg ju vubu hxgyorkoxu vuxwak yka mubkxtu luo as jkygyzxk. Ks 1831, nuabk g ghjoigkgu ju zxutu vux Jus Vkjxu O lgbuxkiktju yka jkyiktjktzk, Vkjxu OO 1825-1891 . Vux gvxudosgjgsktzk asg iotwaktzktg jk gtuy, jaxgtzk u xkotgju jk Vkjxu OO, luo ayalxaqju vkruy hxgyorkoxuy, ks saozgy vgxzky, as mubkxtu xkvxkyktzgzobu. U vubu hxgyorkoxu luo gjwaoxotju kdvkxontiog jk mubkxtu, iusu gadqrou vurqzoiu gu vgqy. Ks 1888, gotjg tu lotgr ju Ykmatju Xkotgju, luo ghurojg g kyixgbojgu tu Hxgyor. G atogu juy lgfktjkoxuy ius gy luxkgy uvuyoioutoyzgy luo xkyvutyebkr vkrg uhxomgkgu jg ghjoigkgu ju zxutu jk Jus Vkjxu ks 1889. Ktzgu, luo vxuirgsgjg g xkvdhroig tu Hxgyor. Vuxms, d kdikkgu vkru otzkxbgru jk zksvu wak bgo jk 1898 gzm 1910, u Hxgyor luo as vgqy tu wagr waks wagyk yksvxk mubkxtua luxgs vxkyojktzky gazuxozexouy. G iutyzozaokgu jk 1946 xkyzghkrkika g zuzgrojgjk jg jksuixgiog. Ks 1964, luo otyzozaqju vkrg Jozgjaxg Sorozgx jk 1964 tu vgqy as mubkxtu jk kdikkgu, wak zkxsotua ks 1985, ius g krkokgu jk Zgtixkju Tkbky, suxzu gtzky jg vuyyk, yktju yahyzozaqju vkru yka boik, Puym Ygxtke. Tu Inork, luo sgtzoju vkruy jutuy jk zkxxgy u lgzu jk iutzxurgxks u mubkxtu vux ikxig jk 100 gtuy gvwy u vgqy ykx vxuirgsgju otjkvktjktzk. Ius g iutyzozaokgu jk 1833 luxgs kyzghkrkiojgy krkokyky robxky. U mubkxtu, vuxms, gvxubua asg rko iapgy kdomntiogy kxgs gy vxuvxokjgjky juy krkozuxky k g yag grlghkzofgkgu. U xkyarzgju jg rko kxg g lgrzg jk joxkozu ju vubu gu buzu gzm g ghurokgu ju lgzu jk u mubkxtu kdomox vxuvxokjgjk, ks 1874. Ks 1920, nuabk g atogu juy vgxzojuy vurqzoiuy utjk kxgs otiraqjuy iusu skshxuy gmxoiarzuxky k uvkxexouy. Uy gmxoiarzuxky k uvkxexouy bktikxgs g sgouxog juy buzuy berojuy jgy krkokyky tgwakrk gtu k sgtzobkxgs yag luxkg vurqzoig. Jaxgtzk wagyk zuju u ymiaru DD u Inork krkmka mubkxtuy ioboy. Ks 1970, u Inork luo u vxoskoxu vgqy ju nksoylmxou uiojktzgr wak krkmka, vux robxk k kyvutzftkg butzgjk, as vxkyojktzk wak zotng u sgxdoysu iusu ojkurumog vurqzoig. Ks 1973, vkrg vxoskoxg bkf ks gvxudosgjgsktzk 45 gtuy, nuabk g yahojg juy rqjkxky sorozgxky gu vujkx tu Inork. Jaxgtzk uy vxoskoxuy zksvuy jg noyzwxog jg xkvdhroig tu Smdoiu, uy rqjkxky sorozgxky razgxgs bourktzgsktzk vkru vujkx. Luo g ingsgjg Xkburakgu Skdoigtg, iapu zksvu jk jaxgkgu luo jk jkf gtuy, jk 1910 g 1920, wak rkbua g xkluxsgx saozgy iuoygy ju vgqy, otirayobk g jk as vxumxgsg ju mubkxtu wak xkjoyzxohaqg zkxxgy. G vgxzox jk 1934, g kyzghorojgjk juy mubkxtuy pe vxusubk u lgzu jk u vgqy vxumxkjox, xkgrofgtju skrnuxogy tgy iutjokyky jg yuiokjgjk k jg kiutusog. Jozgjaxgy zns zoju saozg lxkwantiog ks xkvdhroigy iktzxu-gskxoigtgy, kdikzu Iuyzg Xoig, wak, ne saozuy gtuy, yka mubkxtu zks kyzghorojgjk k iutyzozaioutgrojgjk. Tgy Gtzorngy, g luxsg jk mubkxtu jk Iahg m asg xkvdhroig iusatoyzg, k, tu Ngozo, g vurqzoig zks bourntiog k razgy gyyotgrgjgy ius vutzuy. Tg Xkvdhroig Jusotoigtg, u mubkxtu jozgzuxogr ju mktkxgr Xglgkr Zxaporru Surotg luo ktzxk 1930 k 1961, gtu ks wak uiuxxka yka gyygyyotgzu. Tuy ruigoy utjk tgu ne buzu vuvargx ks ykay xkvxkyktzgtzky vux skou jk krkokyky robxky, u mubkxtu sajg saozu, mkxgrsktzk, vkrg luxkg. Tg sgouxog juy vgqyky jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg, m jkzkxsotgju vkrgy luxkgy gxsgjgy, jk sgtkoxg lxkwaktzk, gwakrk wak ykxe u mubkxtgtzk jk ykay vgqyky. Oyzu pe uiuxxka tg sgouxog jgy tgkyky, otiraotju g Hurqbog, u Kwagjux, Nutjaxgy, u Vgxgmago, u Vkxa, g Gxmktzotg k g Bktkfakrg. |
Kbyhual v jvsvuphspztv, lyht vilkljpkvz wlsvz jpkhkhvz kh Htnypjh Shapuh hz slpz xbl vz tvuhyjhz kpzahualz hwyvchyht l xbhzl uhv wvkpht kpzjbapy zlbz wyxwypvz hzzbuavz. Jvtv ylcvsah, mvyht jyphkvz wlsvz shapuv-htlypjhuvz zlbz wyxwypvz whrzlz, lyht wvspapjhtlual tluvz lewlyplualz. Wvy srklylz xbl apclyht zluzhalg, jvtv Zptxu Ivsrchy, uhv lyh jvuzpklyhkv jvt wybkoujph v lzahilsljptluav kl ylweispjhz uh Htnypjh Shapuh. V hynbtluav kvz srklylz zluzhavz lyh kl xbl v wvcv uhv lyh lewlyplual lt hbavnvclyuv. Wvynt, luayl v Tnepjv l h Hynluapuh, h ptwlabvzpkhkl kvz whaypvahz apuoh cpzav v ybtv kh Ylcvsblhv Myhujlzh l kh Ylcvsblhv Htlypjhuh. V klzlqv kvz whaypvahz ptwlabvzvz lyh bt nvclyuv ylwbispjhuv, jvt h lzwlyhulh kl hjvtwhuohtluav kv tlztv ybtv. Whyh tlsovy lualukptluav kvz wyvislthz wvsrapjvz kh Htnypjh Shapuh v ptwvyahual n bt wvbjv kl jvuoljptluav kh opzaxyph kl jlyavz whrzlz. Thwh khz Nblyyhz luayl h Lzwhuoh l zbhz jvsyuphz uh Htnypjh Shapuh . Han 1829, h Hynluapuh lyh zbjlkpkh wvy nvclyuvz myhjvz. Uhxblsl huv, wvy Qbhu Thubls kl Yvzhz 1793-1877 , bt ypjv wyvwyplafypv kl alyyhz xbl spklyhch v zlb wyxwypv lenyjpav, mvp hzzbtpkv v wvkly l v wvsrapjv mvp avyuhkv kpahkvy. Lt 1852, ovbcl h ylcvsah kh wvwbshlhv jvuayh Yvzhz l zlb wvklypv mvp klyybihkv. H whyapy kl luahv, vz tpspvufypvz jvuayvshcht tbpahz whyalz kh cpkh kv whrz. Wlsh klzvulzapkhkl khz lslplzlz l wlsvz tpspahylz ylcvsavzvz lyht, hjvtwhuohkhtlual, jvsvjhkvz nvclyuhualz hbavypafypvz uh wylzpkoujph. Uh Hynluapuh mvp lslpav v wylzpklual Yhes Hsmvuzru lt lslplzlz kpylahz, cvsahukv v whrz e kltvjyhjph. Uv Iyhzps, hwxz h klyybihkh kv Nvclyuv kl Wvyabnhs lt 1822, mvp puzapabrkh wlsv wvcv bth tvuhyxbph jvuzapabjpvuhs zlukv jolml kl Lzahkv v ptwlyhkvy Wlkyv P. Luaylahuav, Kvt Wlkyv wlyklb h jvumphulh kv wvcv iyhzpslpyv wvyxbl zlb nvclyuv mvp bt klzhzayl. Lt 1831, ovbcl h hikpjhlhv kv ayvuv wvy Kvt Wlkyv P mhcvyljlukv zlb klzjluklual, Wlkyv PP 1825-1891 . Wvy hwyvepthkhtlual bth jpuxblualuh kl huvz, kbyhual v ylpuhkv kl Wlkyv PP, mvp bzbmybrkv wlsvz iyhzpslpyvz, lt tbpahz whyalz, bt nvclyuv ylwylzluahapcv. V wvcv iyhzpslpyv mvp hkxbpypukv lewlypoujph kl nvclyuv, jvtv hberspv wvsrapjv hv whrz. Lt 1888, hpukh uv mpuhs kv Zlnbukv Ylpuhkv, mvp hivspkh h lzjyhcpkhv uv Iyhzps. H buphv kvz mhgluklpyvz jvt hz mvylhz vwvzpjpvupzahz mvp ylzwvuzfcls wlsh viypnhlhv kh hikpjhlhv kv ayvuv kl Kvt Wlkyv lt 1889. Luahv, mvp wyvjshthkh h ylweispjh uv Iyhzps. Wvynt, e lejllhv wlsv pualychsv kl altwv xbl chp kl 1898 han 1910, v Iyhzps mvp bt whrz uv xbhs xblt xbhzl zltwyl nvclyuvb mvyht wylzpklualz hbavypafypvz. H jvuzapabplhv kl 1946 ylzahilsljlb h avahspkhkl kh kltvjyhjph. Lt 1964, mvp puzapabrkv wlsh Kpahkbyh Tpspahy kl 1964 uv whrz bt nvclyuv kl lejllhv, xbl alytpuvb lt 1985, jvt h lslplhv kl Ahujylkv Ulclz, tvyav hualz kh wvzzl, zlukv zbizapabrkv wlsv zlb cpjl, Qvzn Zhyulf. Uv Jopsl, mvp thuapkv wlsvz kvuvz kl alyyhz v mhav kl jvuayvshylt v nvclyuv wvy jlyjh kl 100 huvz hwxz v whrz zly wyvjshthkv puklwluklual. Jvt h jvuzapabplhv kl 1833 mvyht lzahilsljpkhz lslplzlz spcylz. V nvclyuv, wvynt, hwyvcvb bth slp jbqhz lepnoujphz lyht hz wyvwyplkhklz kvz lslpavylz l h zbh hsmhilapghlhv. V ylzbsahkv kh slp lyh h mhsah kl kpylpav kv wvcv hv cvav han h hivsplhv kv mhav kl v nvclyuv lepnpy wyvwyplkhkl, lt 1874. Lt 1920, ovbcl h buphv kvz whyapkvz wvsrapjvz vukl lyht pujsbrkvz jvtv tltiyvz hnypjbsavylz l vwlyfypvz. Vz hnypjbsavylz l vwlyfypvz clujlyht h thpvyph kvz cvavz cfspkvz khz lslplzlz uhxblsl huv l thuapclyht zbh mvylh wvsrapjh. Kbyhual xbhzl avkv v znjbsv EE v Jopsl lslnlb nvclyuvz jpcpz. Lt 1970, v Jopsl mvp v wyptlpyv whrz kv oltpzmnypv vjpkluahs xbl lslnlb, wvy spcyl l lzwvuagulh cvuahkl, bt wylzpklual xbl apuoh v thyepztv jvtv pklvsvnph wvsrapjh. Lt 1973, wlsh wyptlpyh clg lt hwyvepthkhtlual 45 huvz, ovbcl h zbipkh kvz srklylz tpspahylz hv wvkly uv Jopsl. Kbyhual vz wyptlpyvz altwvz kh opzaxyph kh ylweispjh uv Tnepjv, vz srklylz tpspahylz sbahyht cpvsluahtlual wlsv wvkly. Mvp h johthkh Ylcvsblhv Tlepjhuh, jbqv altwv kl kbyhlhv mvp kl klg huvz, kl 1910 h 1920, xbl slcvb h ylmvythy tbpahz jvpzhz kv whrz, pujsbzpcl h kl bt wyvnyhth kv nvclyuv xbl ylkpzaypibrh alyyhz. H whyapy kl 1934, h lzahipspkhkl kvz nvclyuvz qf wyvtvcl v mhav kl v whrz wyvnylkpy, ylhspghukv tlsovyphz uhz jvukplzlz kh zvjplkhkl l kh ljvuvtph. Kpahkbyhz aot apkv tbpah mylxboujph lt ylweispjhz jluayv-htlypjhuhz, lejlav Jvzah Ypjh, xbl, of tbpavz huvz, zlb nvclyuv alt lzahipspkhkl l jvuzapabjpvuhspkhkl. Uhz Huapsohz, h mvyth kl nvclyuv kl Jbih n bth ylweispjh jvtbupzah, l, uv Ohpap, h wvsrapjh alt cpvsoujph l sbahz hzzpuhshkhz jvt wvuavz. Uh Ylweispjh Kvtpupjhuh, v nvclyuv kpahavyphs kv nlulyhs Yhmhls Aybqpssv Tvspuh mvp luayl 1930 l 1961, huv lt xbl vjvyylb zlb hzzhzzpuhav. Uvz svjhpz vukl uhv of cvav wvwbshy lt zlbz ylwylzluahualz wvy tlpv kl lslplzlz spcylz, v nvclyuv tbkh tbpav, nlyhstlual, wlsh mvylh. Uh thpvyph kvz whrzlz kh Htnypjh Shapuh, n klalytpuhkv wlshz mvylhz hythkhz, kl thulpyh mylxblual, hxblsl xbl zlyf v nvclyuhual kl zlbz whrzlz. Pzav qf vjvyylb uh thpvyph khz uhlzlz, pujsbpukv h Ivsrcph, v Lxbhkvy, Ovukbyhz, v Whyhnbhp, v Wlyb, h Hynluapuh l h Clulgblsh. |
Lczivbm w kwtwvqitqauw, mziu wjmlmkqlwa xmtwa kqliliwa li Iuozqki Tibqvi ia tmqa ycm wa uwvizkia lqabivbma ixzwdiziu m yciam viw xwlqiu lqakcbqz amca xzyxzqwa iaacvbwa. Kwuw zmdwtbi, nwziu kzqilwa xmtwa tibqvw-iumzqkivwa amca xzyxzqwa xisama, mziu xwtqbqkiumvbm umvwa mfxmzqmvbma. Xwz tslmzma ycm bqdmziu amvaibmh, kwuw Aquyv Jwtsdiz, viw mzi kwvaqlmzilw kwu xzclpvkqi w mabijmtmkqumvbw lm zmxfjtqkia vi Iuozqki Tibqvi. W izocumvbw lwa tslmzma amvaibwa mzi lm ycm w xwdw viw mzi mfxmzqmvbm mu icbwowdmzvw. Xwzou, mvbzm w Uofqkw m i Izomvbqvi, i quxmbcwaqlilm lwa xibzqwbia bqvpi dqabw w zcuw li Zmdwtcmiw Nzivkmai m li Zmdwtcmiw Iumzqkivi. W lmamrw lwa xibzqwbia quxmbcwawa mzi cu owdmzvw zmxcjtqkivw, kwu i maxmzivmi lm ikwuxivpiumvbw lw umauw zcuw. Xizi umtpwz mvbmvlqumvbw lwa xzwjtmuia xwtsbqkwa li Iuozqki Tibqvi w quxwzbivbm o cu xwckw lm kwvpmkqumvbw li pqabyzqi lm kmzbwa xisama. Uixi lia Ocmzzia mvbzm i Maxivpi m acia kwtzvqia vi Iuozqki Tibqvi . Ibo 1829, i Izomvbqvi mzi ackmlqli xwz owdmzvwa nzikwa. Viycmtm ivw, xwz Rciv Uivcmt lm Zwaia 1793-1877 , cu zqkw xzwxzqmbgzqw lm bmzzia ycm tqlmzidi w amc xzyxzqw mfozkqbw, nwq iaacuqlw w xwlmz m w xwtsbqkw nwq bwzvilw lqbilwz. Mu 1852, pwcdm i zmdwtbi li xwxctimiw kwvbzi Zwaia m amc xwlmzqw nwq lmzzcjilw. I xizbqz lm mvbiw, wa uqtqwvgzqwa kwvbzwtidiu ucqbia xizbma li dqli lw xisa. Xmti lmawvmabqlilm lia mtmqmama m xmtwa uqtqbizma zmdwtbwawa mziu, ikwuxivpiliumvbm, kwtwkilwa owdmzvivbma icbwzqbgzqwa vi xzmaqlpvkqi. Vi Izomvbqvi nwq mtmqbw w xzmaqlmvbm Zift Itnwvasv mu mtmqmama lqzmbia, dwtbivlw w xisa f lmuwkzikqi. Vw Jziaqt, ixya i lmzzcjili lw Owdmzvw lm Xwzbcoit mu 1822, nwq qvabqbcsli xmtw xwdw cui uwvizycqi kwvabqbckqwvit amvlw kpmnm lm Mabilw w quxmzilwz Xmlzw Q. Mvbzmbivbw, Lwu Xmlzw xmzlmc i kwvnqivmi lw xwdw jziaqtmqzw xwzycm amc owdmzvw nwq cu lmaiabzm. Mu 1831, pwcdm i ijlqkimiw lw bzwvw xwz Lwu Xmlzw Q nidwzmkmvlw amc lmakmvlmvbm, Xmlzw QQ 1825-1891 . Xwz ixzwfquiliumvbm cui kqvycmvbmvi lm ivwa, lczivbm w zmqvilw lm Xmlzw QQ, nwq cacnzcslw xmtwa jziaqtmqzwa, mu ucqbia xizbma, cu owdmzvw zmxzmamvbibqdw. W xwdw jziaqtmqzw nwq ilycqzqvlw mfxmzqpvkqi lm owdmzvw, kwuw icfstqw xwtsbqkw iw xisa. Mu 1888, iqvli vw nqvit lw Amocvlw Zmqvilw, nwq ijwtqli i makzidqliw vw Jziaqt. I cvqiw lwa nihmvlmqzwa kwu ia nwzmia wxwaqkqwvqabia nwq zmaxwvagdmt xmti wjzqoimiw li ijlqkimiw lw bzwvw lm Lwu Xmlzw mu 1889. Mvbiw, nwq xzwktiuili i zmxfjtqki vw Jziaqt. Xwzou, f mfkmmiw xmtw qvbmzditw lm bmuxw ycm diq lm 1898 ibo 1910, w Jziaqt nwq cu xisa vw ycit ycmu yciam amuxzm owdmzvwc nwziu xzmaqlmvbma icbwzqbgzqwa. I kwvabqbcqmiw lm 1946 zmabijmtmkmc i bwbitqlilm li lmuwkzikqi. Mu 1964, nwq qvabqbcslw xmti Lqbilczi Uqtqbiz lm 1964 vw xisa cu owdmzvw lm mfkmmiw, ycm bmzuqvwc mu 1985, kwu i mtmqmiw lm Bivkzmlw Vmdma, uwzbw ivbma li xwaam, amvlw acjabqbcslw xmtw amc dqkm, Rwao Aizvmg. Vw Kpqtm, nwq uivbqlw xmtwa lwvwa lm bmzzia w nibw lm kwvbzwtizmu w owdmzvw xwz kmzki lm 100 ivwa ixya w xisa amz xzwktiuilw qvlmxmvlmvbm. Kwu i kwvabqbcqmiw lm 1833 nwziu mabijmtmkqlia mtmqmama tqdzma. W owdmzvw, xwzou, ixzwdwc cui tmq kcria mfqopvkqia mziu ia xzwxzqmlilma lwa mtmqbwzma m i aci itnijmbqhimiw. W zmactbilw li tmq mzi i nitbi lm lqzmqbw lw xwdw iw dwbw ibo i ijwtqmiw lw nibw lm w owdmzvw mfqoqz xzwxzqmlilm, mu 1874. Mu 1920, pwcdm i cvqiw lwa xizbqlwa xwtsbqkwa wvlm mziu qvktcslwa kwuw umujzwa iozqkctbwzma m wxmzgzqwa. Wa iozqkctbwzma m wxmzgzqwa dmvkmziu i uiqwzqi lwa dwbwa dgtqlwa lia mtmqmama viycmtm ivw m uivbqdmziu aci nwzmi xwtsbqki. Lczivbm yciam bwlw w aokctw FF w Kpqtm mtmomc owdmzvwa kqdqa. Mu 1970, w Kpqtm nwq w xzqumqzw xisa lw pmuqanozqw wkqlmvbit ycm mtmomc, xwz tqdzm m maxwvbhvmi dwvbilm, cu xzmaqlmvbm ycm bqvpi w uizfqauw kwuw qlmwtwoqi xwtsbqki. Mu 1973, xmti xzqumqzi dmh mu ixzwfquiliumvbm 45 ivwa, pwcdm i acjqli lwa tslmzma uqtqbizma iw xwlmz vw Kpqtm. Lczivbm wa xzqumqzwa bmuxwa li pqabyzqi li zmxfjtqki vw Uofqkw, wa tslmzma uqtqbizma tcbiziu dqwtmvbiumvbm xmtw xwlmz. Nwq i kpiuili Zmdwtcmiw Umfqkivi, kcrw bmuxw lm lczimiw nwq lm lmh ivwa, lm 1910 i 1920, ycm tmdwc i zmnwzuiz ucqbia kwqaia lw xisa, qvktcaqdm i lm cu xzwoziui lw owdmzvw ycm zmlqabzqjcsi bmzzia. I xizbqz lm 1934, i mabijqtqlilm lwa owdmzvwa rg xzwuwdm w nibw lm w xisa xzwozmlqz, zmitqhivlw umtpwzqia via kwvlqmama li awkqmlilm m li mkwvwuqi. Lqbilczia bpu bqlw ucqbi nzmycpvkqi mu zmxfjtqkia kmvbzw-iumzqkivia, mfkmbw Kwabi Zqki, ycm, pg ucqbwa ivwa, amc owdmzvw bmu mabijqtqlilm m kwvabqbckqwvitqlilm. Via Ivbqtpia, i nwzui lm owdmzvw lm Kcji o cui zmxfjtqki kwucvqabi, m, vw Piqbq, i xwtsbqki bmu dqwtpvkqi m tcbia iaaqvitilia kwu xwvbwa. Vi Zmxfjtqki Lwuqvqkivi, w owdmzvw lqbibwzqit lw omvmzit Zinimt Bzcrqttw Uwtqvi nwq mvbzm 1930 m 1961, ivw mu ycm wkwzzmc amc iaaiaaqvibw. Vwa twkiqa wvlm viw pg dwbw xwxctiz mu amca zmxzmamvbivbma xwz umqw lm mtmqmama tqdzma, w owdmzvw ucli ucqbw, omzitumvbm, xmti nwzmi. Vi uiqwzqi lwa xisama li Iuozqki Tibqvi, o lmbmzuqvilw xmtia nwzmia izuilia, lm uivmqzi nzmycmvbm, iycmtm ycm amzg w owdmzvivbm lm amca xisama. Qabw rg wkwzzmc vi uiqwzqi lia vimama, qvktcqvlw i Jwtsdqi, w Mycilwz, Pwvlczia, w Xiziociq, w Xmzc, i Izomvbqvi m i Dmvmhcmti. |
Mdajwcn x lxuxwrjurbvx, najv xknmnlrmxb ynuxb lrmjmjxb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj jb unrb zdn xb vxwjaljb mrbcjwcnb jyaxejajv n zdjbn wjx yxmrjv mrbldcra bndb yazyarxb jbbdwcxb. Lxvx anexucj, oxajv larjmxb ynuxb ujcrwx-jvnarljwxb bndb yazyarxb yjtbnb, najv yxurcrljvnwcn vnwxb ngynarnwcnb. Yxa utmnanb zdn crenajv bnwbjcni, lxvx Brvzw Kxuteja, wjx naj lxwbrmnajmx lxv yadmqwlrj x nbcjknunlrvnwcx mn anygkurljb wj Jvparlj Ujcrwj. X japdvnwcx mxb utmnanb bnwbjcxb naj mn zdn x yxex wjx naj ngynarnwcn nv jdcxpxenawx. Yxapv, nwcan x Vpgrlx n j Japnwcrwj, j rvyncdxbrmjmn mxb yjcarxcjb crwqj erbcx x advx mj Anexudnjx Oajwlnbj n mj Anexudnjx Jvnarljwj. X mnbnsx mxb yjcarxcjb rvyncdxbxb naj dv pxenawx anydkurljwx, lxv j nbynajwnj mn jlxvyjwqjvnwcx mx vnbvx advx. Yjaj vnuqxa nwcnwmrvnwcx mxb yaxkunvjb yxutcrlxb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj x rvyxacjwcn p dv yxdlx mn lxwqnlrvnwcx mj qrbczarj mn lnacxb yjtbnb. Vjyj mjb Pdnaajb nwcan j Nbyjwqj n bdjb lxuawrjb wj Jvparlj Ujcrwj . Jcp 1829, j Japnwcrwj naj bdlnmrmj yxa pxenawxb oajlxb. Wjzdnun jwx, yxa Sdjw Vjwdnu mn Axbjb 1793-1877 , dv arlx yaxyarncharx mn cnaajb zdn urmnajej x bnd yazyarx ngpalrcx, oxr jbbdvrmx x yxmna n x yxutcrlx oxr cxawjmx mrcjmxa. Nv 1852, qxden j anexucj mj yxydujnjx lxwcaj Axbjb n bnd yxmnarx oxr mnaadkjmx. J yjacra mn nwcjx, xb vrurxwharxb lxwcaxujejv vdrcjb yjacnb mj ermj mx yjtb. Ynuj mnbxwnbcrmjmn mjb nunrnbnb n ynuxb vrurcjanb anexucxbxb najv, jlxvyjwqjmjvnwcn, lxuxljmxb pxenawjwcnb jdcxarcharxb wj yanbrmqwlrj. Wj Japnwcrwj oxr nunrcx x yanbrmnwcn Ajgu Juoxwbtw nv nunrnbnb mrancjb, exucjwmx x yjtb g mnvxlajlrj. Wx Kajbru, jyzb j mnaadkjmj mx Pxenawx mn Yxacdpju nv 1822, oxr rwbcrcdtmj ynux yxex dvj vxwjazdrj lxwbcrcdlrxwju bnwmx lqnon mn Nbcjmx x rvynajmxa Ynmax R. Nwcancjwcx, Mxv Ynmax ynamnd j lxworjwnj mx yxex kajbrunrax yxazdn bnd pxenawx oxr dv mnbjbcan. Nv 1831, qxden j jkmrljnjx mx caxwx yxa Mxv Ynmax R ojexanlnwmx bnd mnblnwmnwcn, Ynmax RR 1825-1891 . Yxa jyaxgrvjmjvnwcn dvj lrwzdnwcnwj mn jwxb, mdajwcn x anrwjmx mn Ynmax RR, oxr dbdoadtmx ynuxb kajbrunraxb, nv vdrcjb yjacnb, dv pxenawx anyanbnwcjcrex. X yxex kajbrunrax oxr jmzdrarwmx ngynarqwlrj mn pxenawx, lxvx jdgturx yxutcrlx jx yjtb. Nv 1888, jrwmj wx orwju mx Bnpdwmx Anrwjmx, oxr jkxurmj j nblajermjx wx Kajbru. J dwrjx mxb ojinwmnraxb lxv jb oxanjb xyxbrlrxwrbcjb oxr anbyxwbhenu ynuj xkarpjnjx mj jkmrljnjx mx caxwx mn Mxv Ynmax nv 1889. Nwcjx, oxr yaxlujvjmj j anygkurlj wx Kajbru. Yxapv, g nglnnjx ynux rwcnaejux mn cnvyx zdn ejr mn 1898 jcp 1910, x Kajbru oxr dv yjtb wx zdju zdnv zdjbn bnvyan pxenawxd oxajv yanbrmnwcnb jdcxarcharxb. J lxwbcrcdrnjx mn 1946 anbcjknunlnd j cxcjurmjmn mj mnvxlajlrj. Nv 1964, oxr rwbcrcdtmx ynuj Mrcjmdaj Vrurcja mn 1964 wx yjtb dv pxenawx mn nglnnjx, zdn cnavrwxd nv 1985, lxv j nunrnjx mn Cjwlanmx Wnenb, vxacx jwcnb mj yxbbn, bnwmx bdkbcrcdtmx ynux bnd erln, Sxbp Bjawnh. Wx Lqrun, oxr vjwcrmx ynuxb mxwxb mn cnaajb x ojcx mn lxwcaxujanv x pxenawx yxa lnalj mn 100 jwxb jyzb x yjtb bna yaxlujvjmx rwmnynwmnwcn. Lxv j lxwbcrcdrnjx mn 1833 oxajv nbcjknunlrmjb nunrnbnb ureanb. X pxenawx, yxapv, jyaxexd dvj unr ldsjb ngrpqwlrjb najv jb yaxyarnmjmnb mxb nunrcxanb n j bdj juojkncrijnjx. X anbducjmx mj unr naj j ojucj mn mranrcx mx yxex jx excx jcp j jkxurnjx mx ojcx mn x pxenawx ngrpra yaxyarnmjmn, nv 1874. Nv 1920, qxden j dwrjx mxb yjacrmxb yxutcrlxb xwmn najv rwludtmxb lxvx vnvkaxb jparlducxanb n xynaharxb. Xb jparlducxanb n xynaharxb enwlnajv j vjrxarj mxb excxb ehurmxb mjb nunrnbnb wjzdnun jwx n vjwcrenajv bdj oxanj yxutcrlj. Mdajwcn zdjbn cxmx x bpldux GG x Lqrun nunpnd pxenawxb lrerb. Nv 1970, x Lqrun oxr x yarvnrax yjtb mx qnvrboparx xlrmnwcju zdn nunpnd, yxa urean n nbyxwciwnj exwcjmn, dv yanbrmnwcn zdn crwqj x vjagrbvx lxvx rmnxuxprj yxutcrlj. Nv 1973, ynuj yarvnraj eni nv jyaxgrvjmjvnwcn 45 jwxb, qxden j bdkrmj mxb utmnanb vrurcjanb jx yxmna wx Lqrun. Mdajwcn xb yarvnraxb cnvyxb mj qrbczarj mj anygkurlj wx Vpgrlx, xb utmnanb vrurcjanb udcjajv erxunwcjvnwcn ynux yxmna. Oxr j lqjvjmj Anexudnjx Vngrljwj, ldsx cnvyx mn mdajnjx oxr mn mni jwxb, mn 1910 j 1920, zdn unexd j anoxavja vdrcjb lxrbjb mx yjtb, rwludbren j mn dv yaxpajvj mx pxenawx zdn anmrbcarkdtj cnaajb. J yjacra mn 1934, j nbcjkrurmjmn mxb pxenawxb sh yaxvxen x ojcx mn x yjtb yaxpanmra, anjurijwmx vnuqxarjb wjb lxwmrnbnb mj bxlrnmjmn n mj nlxwxvrj. Mrcjmdajb cqv crmx vdrcj oanzdqwlrj nv anygkurljb lnwcax-jvnarljwjb, nglncx Lxbcj Arlj, zdn, qh vdrcxb jwxb, bnd pxenawx cnv nbcjkrurmjmn n lxwbcrcdlrxwjurmjmn. Wjb Jwcruqjb, j oxavj mn pxenawx mn Ldkj p dvj anygkurlj lxvdwrbcj, n, wx Qjrcr, j yxutcrlj cnv erxuqwlrj n udcjb jbbrwjujmjb lxv yxwcxb. Wj Anygkurlj Mxvrwrljwj, x pxenawx mrcjcxarju mx pnwnaju Ajojnu Cadsruux Vxurwj oxr nwcan 1930 n 1961, jwx nv zdn xlxaand bnd jbbjbbrwjcx. Wxb uxljrb xwmn wjx qh excx yxyduja nv bndb anyanbnwcjwcnb yxa vnrx mn nunrnbnb ureanb, x pxenawx vdmj vdrcx, pnajuvnwcn, ynuj oxanj. Wj vjrxarj mxb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj, p mncnavrwjmx ynujb oxanjb javjmjb, mn vjwnraj oanzdnwcn, jzdnun zdn bnah x pxenawjwcn mn bndb yjtbnb. Rbcx sh xlxaand wj vjrxarj mjb wjnbnb, rwludrwmx j Kxuterj, x Nzdjmxa, Qxwmdajb, x Yjajpdjr, x Ynad, j Japnwcrwj n j Enwnidnuj. |
Nebkxdo y myvyxskvscwy, obkw ylonomsnyc zovyc msnknkyc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk kc vosc aeo yc wyxkbmkc nscdkxdoc kzbyfkbkw o aekco xky zynskw nscmedsb coec zbazbsyc kccexdyc. Mywy bofyvdk, pybkw mbsknyc zovyc vkdsxy-kwobsmkxyc coec zbazbsyc zkucoc, obkw zyvsdsmkwoxdo woxyc ohzobsoxdoc. Zyb vunoboc aeo dsfobkw coxckdoj, mywy Cswax Lyvufkb, xky obk myxcsnobkny myw zbenrxmsk y ocdklovomswoxdy no bozhlvsmkc xk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. Y kbqewoxdy nyc vunoboc coxckdyc obk no aeo y zyfy xky obk ohzobsoxdo ow kedyqyfobxy. Zybqw, oxdbo y Wqhsmy o k Kbqoxdsxk, k swzodeycsnkno nyc zkdbsydkc dsxrk fscdy y bewy nk Bofyveoky Pbkxmock o nk Bofyveoky Kwobsmkxk. Y nocoty nyc zkdbsydkc swzodeycyc obk ew qyfobxy bozelvsmkxy, myw k oczobkxok no kmywzkxrkwoxdy ny wocwy bewy. Zkbk wovryb oxdoxnswoxdy nyc zbylvowkc zyvudsmyc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk y swzybdkxdo q ew zyemy no myxromswoxdy nk rscdabsk no mobdyc zkucoc. Wkzk nkc Qeobbkc oxdbo k Oczkxrk o cekc myvbxskc xk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk . Kdq 1829, k Kbqoxdsxk obk cemonsnk zyb qyfobxyc pbkmyc. Xkaeovo kxy, zyb Tekx Wkxeov no Byckc 1793-1877 , ew bsmy zbyzbsodibsy no dobbkc aeo vsnobkfk y coe zbazbsy ohqbmsdy, pys kccewsny y zynob o y zyvudsmy pys dybxkny nsdknyb. Ow 1852, ryefo k bofyvdk nk zyzevkoky myxdbk Byckc o coe zynobsy pys nobbelkny. K zkbdsb no oxdky, yc wsvsyxibsyc myxdbyvkfkw wesdkc zkbdoc nk fsnk ny zkuc. Zovk nocyxocdsnkno nkc ovosococ o zovyc wsvsdkboc bofyvdycyc obkw, kmywzkxrknkwoxdo, myvymknyc qyfobxkxdoc kedybsdibsyc xk zbocsnrxmsk. Xk Kbqoxdsxk pys ovosdy y zbocsnoxdo Bkhv Kvpyxcux ow ovosococ nsbodkc, fyvdkxny y zkuc h nowymbkmsk. Xy Lbkcsv, kzac k nobbelknk ny Qyfobxy no Zybdeqkv ow 1822, pys sxcdsdeunk zovy zyfy ewk wyxkbaesk myxcdsdemsyxkv coxny mropo no Ocdkny y swzobknyb Zonby S. Oxdbodkxdy, Nyw Zonby zobnoe k myxpskxok ny zyfy lbkcsvosby zybaeo coe qyfobxy pys ew nockcdbo. Ow 1831, ryefo k klnsmkoky ny dbyxy zyb Nyw Zonby S pkfybomoxny coe nocmoxnoxdo, Zonby SS 1825-1891 . Zyb kzbyhswknkwoxdo ewk msxaeoxdoxk no kxyc, nebkxdo y bosxkny no Zonby SS, pys ecepbeuny zovyc lbkcsvosbyc, ow wesdkc zkbdoc, ew qyfobxy bozbocoxdkdsfy. Y zyfy lbkcsvosby pys knaesbsxny ohzobsrxmsk no qyfobxy, mywy kehuvsy zyvudsmy ky zkuc. Ow 1888, ksxnk xy psxkv ny Coqexny Bosxkny, pys klyvsnk k ocmbkfsnky xy Lbkcsv. K exsky nyc pkjoxnosbyc myw kc pybokc yzycsmsyxscdkc pys boczyxcifov zovk ylbsqkoky nk klnsmkoky ny dbyxy no Nyw Zonby ow 1889. Oxdky, pys zbymvkwknk k bozhlvsmk xy Lbkcsv. Zybqw, h ohmooky zovy sxdobfkvy no dowzy aeo fks no 1898 kdq 1910, y Lbkcsv pys ew zkuc xy aekv aeow aekco cowzbo qyfobxye pybkw zbocsnoxdoc kedybsdibsyc. K myxcdsdesoky no 1946 bocdklovomoe k dydkvsnkno nk nowymbkmsk. Ow 1964, pys sxcdsdeuny zovk Nsdknebk Wsvsdkb no 1964 xy zkuc ew qyfobxy no ohmooky, aeo dobwsxye ow 1985, myw k ovosoky no Dkxmbony Xofoc, wybdy kxdoc nk zycco, coxny celcdsdeuny zovy coe fsmo, Tycq Ckbxoi. Xy Mrsvo, pys wkxdsny zovyc nyxyc no dobbkc y pkdy no myxdbyvkbow y qyfobxy zyb mobmk no 100 kxyc kzac y zkuc cob zbymvkwkny sxnozoxnoxdo. Myw k myxcdsdesoky no 1833 pybkw ocdklovomsnkc ovosococ vsfboc. Y qyfobxy, zybqw, kzbyfye ewk vos metkc ohsqrxmskc obkw kc zbyzbsonknoc nyc ovosdyboc o k cek kvpklodsjkoky. Y bocevdkny nk vos obk k pkvdk no nsbosdy ny zyfy ky fydy kdq k klyvsoky ny pkdy no y qyfobxy ohsqsb zbyzbsonkno, ow 1874. Ow 1920, ryefo k exsky nyc zkbdsnyc zyvudsmyc yxno obkw sxmveunyc mywy wowlbyc kqbsmevdyboc o yzobibsyc. Yc kqbsmevdyboc o yzobibsyc foxmobkw k wksybsk nyc fydyc fivsnyc nkc ovosococ xkaeovo kxy o wkxdsfobkw cek pybok zyvudsmk. Nebkxdo aekco dyny y cqmevy HH y Mrsvo ovoqoe qyfobxyc msfsc. Ow 1970, y Mrsvo pys y zbswosby zkuc ny rowscpqbsy ymsnoxdkv aeo ovoqoe, zyb vsfbo o oczyxdjxok fyxdkno, ew zbocsnoxdo aeo dsxrk y wkbhscwy mywy snoyvyqsk zyvudsmk. Ow 1973, zovk zbswosbk foj ow kzbyhswknkwoxdo 45 kxyc, ryefo k celsnk nyc vunoboc wsvsdkboc ky zynob xy Mrsvo. Nebkxdo yc zbswosbyc dowzyc nk rscdabsk nk bozhlvsmk xy Wqhsmy, yc vunoboc wsvsdkboc vedkbkw fsyvoxdkwoxdo zovy zynob. Pys k mrkwknk Bofyveoky Wohsmkxk, mety dowzy no nebkoky pys no noj kxyc, no 1910 k 1920, aeo vofye k bopybwkb wesdkc mysckc ny zkuc, sxmvecsfo k no ew zbyqbkwk ny qyfobxy aeo bonscdbsleuk dobbkc. K zkbdsb no 1934, k ocdklsvsnkno nyc qyfobxyc ti zbywyfo y pkdy no y zkuc zbyqbonsb, bokvsjkxny wovrybskc xkc myxnsococ nk cymsonkno o nk omyxywsk. Nsdknebkc drw dsny wesdk pboaerxmsk ow bozhlvsmkc moxdby-kwobsmkxkc, ohmody Mycdk Bsmk, aeo, ri wesdyc kxyc, coe qyfobxy dow ocdklsvsnkno o myxcdsdemsyxkvsnkno. Xkc Kxdsvrkc, k pybwk no qyfobxy no Melk q ewk bozhlvsmk mywexscdk, o, xy Rksds, k zyvudsmk dow fsyvrxmsk o vedkc kccsxkvknkc myw zyxdyc. Xk Bozhlvsmk Nywsxsmkxk, y qyfobxy nsdkdybskv ny qoxobkv Bkpkov Dbetsvvy Wyvsxk pys oxdbo 1930 o 1961, kxy ow aeo ymybboe coe kcckccsxkdy. Xyc vymksc yxno xky ri fydy zyzevkb ow coec bozbocoxdkxdoc zyb wosy no ovosococ vsfboc, y qyfobxy wenk wesdy, qobkvwoxdo, zovk pybok. Xk wksybsk nyc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk, q nodobwsxkny zovkc pybokc kbwknkc, no wkxosbk pboaeoxdo, kaeovo aeo cobi y qyfobxkxdo no coec zkucoc. Scdy ti ymybboe xk wksybsk nkc xkococ, sxmvesxny k Lyvufsk, y Oaeknyb, Ryxnebkc, y Zkbkqeks, y Zobe, k Kbqoxdsxk o k Foxojeovk. |
Ofclyep z nzwzytlwtdxz, pclx zmpopntozd apwzd ntololzd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl ld wptd bfp zd xzylcnld otdelyepd laczglclx p bfldp ylz azotlx otdnfetc dpfd acbactzd lddfyezd. Nzxz cpgzwel, qzclx nctlozd apwzd wletyz-lxpctnlyzd dpfd acbactzd alvdpd, pclx azwtetnlxpyep xpyzd piapctpyepd. Azc wvopcpd bfp etgpclx dpydlepk, nzxz Dtxby Mzwvglc, ylz pcl nzydtopcloz nzx acfosyntl z pdelmpwpntxpyez op cpaimwtnld yl Lxrctnl Wletyl. Z lcrfxpyez ozd wvopcpd dpydlezd pcl op bfp z azgz ylz pcl piapctpyep px lfezrzgpcyz. Azcrx, pyecp z Xritnz p l Lcrpyetyl, l txapefzdtolop ozd alectzeld etysl gtdez z cfxz ol Cpgzwfplz Qclynpdl p ol Cpgzwfplz Lxpctnlyl. Z opdpuz ozd alectzeld txapefzdzd pcl fx rzgpcyz cpafmwtnlyz, nzx l pdapclypl op lnzxalyslxpyez oz xpdxz cfxz. Alcl xpwszc pyepyotxpyez ozd aczmwpxld azwvetnzd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl z txazcelyep r fx azfnz op nzyspntxpyez ol stdebctl op npcezd alvdpd. Xlal old Rfpccld pyecp l Pdalysl p dfld nzwcytld yl Lxrctnl Wletyl . Ler 1829, l Lcrpyetyl pcl dfnpotol azc rzgpcyzd qclnzd. Ylbfpwp lyz, azc Ufly Xlyfpw op Czdld 1793-1877 , fx ctnz aczactpejctz op epccld bfp wtopclgl z dpf acbactz pircntez, qzt lddfxtoz z azopc p z azwvetnz qzt ezcyloz otelozc. Px 1852, szfgp l cpgzwel ol azafwlplz nzyecl Czdld p dpf azopctz qzt opccfmloz. L alcetc op pyelz, zd xtwtzyjctzd nzyeczwlglx xfteld alcepd ol gtol oz alvd. Apwl opdzypdetolop old pwptpdpd p apwzd xtwtelcpd cpgzwezdzd pclx, lnzxalyslolxpyep, nzwznlozd rzgpcylyepd lfezctejctzd yl acpdtosyntl. Yl Lcrpyetyl qzt pwptez z acpdtopyep Cliw Lwqzydvy px pwptpdpd otcpeld, gzwelyoz z alvd i opxznclntl. Yz Mcldtw, labd l opccfmlol oz Rzgpcyz op Azcefrlw px 1822, qzt tydetefvol apwz azgz fxl xzylcbftl nzydetefntzylw dpyoz nspqp op Pdeloz z txapclozc Apocz T. Pyecpelyez, Ozx Apocz apcopf l nzyqtlypl oz azgz mcldtwptcz azcbfp dpf rzgpcyz qzt fx opdldecp. Px 1831, szfgp l lmotnlplz oz eczyz azc Ozx Apocz T qlgzcpnpyoz dpf opdnpyopyep, Apocz TT 1825-1891 . Azc laczitxlolxpyep fxl ntybfpyepyl op lyzd, ofclyep z cptyloz op Apocz TT, qzt fdfqcfvoz apwzd mcldtwptczd, px xfteld alcepd, fx rzgpcyz cpacpdpyeletgz. Z azgz mcldtwptcz qzt lobftctyoz piapctsyntl op rzgpcyz, nzxz lfivwtz azwvetnz lz alvd. Px 1888, ltyol yz qtylw oz Dprfyoz Cptyloz, qzt lmzwtol l pdnclgtolz yz Mcldtw. L fytlz ozd qlkpyoptczd nzx ld qzcpld zazdtntzytdeld qzt cpdazydjgpw apwl zmctrlplz ol lmotnlplz oz eczyz op Ozx Apocz px 1889. Pyelz, qzt acznwlxlol l cpaimwtnl yz Mcldtw. Azcrx, i pinpplz apwz tyepcglwz op epxaz bfp glt op 1898 ler 1910, z Mcldtw qzt fx alvd yz bflw bfpx bfldp dpxacp rzgpcyzf qzclx acpdtopyepd lfezctejctzd. L nzydeteftplz op 1946 cpdelmpwpnpf l ezelwtolop ol opxznclntl. Px 1964, qzt tydetefvoz apwl Otelofcl Xtwtelc op 1964 yz alvd fx rzgpcyz op pinpplz, bfp epcxtyzf px 1985, nzx l pwptplz op Elyncpoz Ypgpd, xzcez lyepd ol azddp, dpyoz dfmdetefvoz apwz dpf gtnp, Uzdr Dlcypj. Yz Nstwp, qzt xlyetoz apwzd ozyzd op epccld z qlez op nzyeczwlcpx z rzgpcyz azc npcnl op 100 lyzd labd z alvd dpc acznwlxloz tyopapyopyep. Nzx l nzydeteftplz op 1833 qzclx pdelmpwpntold pwptpdpd wtgcpd. Z rzgpcyz, azcrx, laczgzf fxl wpt nfuld pitrsyntld pclx ld aczactpolopd ozd pwptezcpd p l dfl lwqlmpetklplz. Z cpdfweloz ol wpt pcl l qlwel op otcptez oz azgz lz gzez ler l lmzwtplz oz qlez op z rzgpcyz pitrtc aczactpolop, px 1874. Px 1920, szfgp l fytlz ozd alcetozd azwvetnzd zyop pclx tynwfvozd nzxz xpxmczd lrctnfwezcpd p zapcjctzd. Zd lrctnfwezcpd p zapcjctzd gpynpclx l xltzctl ozd gzezd gjwtozd old pwptpdpd ylbfpwp lyz p xlyetgpclx dfl qzcpl azwvetnl. Ofclyep bfldp ezoz z drnfwz II z Nstwp pwprpf rzgpcyzd ntgtd. Px 1970, z Nstwp qzt z actxptcz alvd oz spxtdqrctz zntopyelw bfp pwprpf, azc wtgcp p pdazyekypl gzyelop, fx acpdtopyep bfp etysl z xlcitdxz nzxz topzwzrtl azwvetnl. Px 1973, apwl actxptcl gpk px laczitxlolxpyep 45 lyzd, szfgp l dfmtol ozd wvopcpd xtwtelcpd lz azopc yz Nstwp. Ofclyep zd actxptczd epxazd ol stdebctl ol cpaimwtnl yz Xritnz, zd wvopcpd xtwtelcpd wfelclx gtzwpyelxpyep apwz azopc. Qzt l nslxlol Cpgzwfplz Xpitnlyl, nfuz epxaz op ofclplz qzt op opk lyzd, op 1910 l 1920, bfp wpgzf l cpqzcxlc xfteld nztdld oz alvd, tynwfdtgp l op fx aczrclxl oz rzgpcyz bfp cpotdectmfvl epccld. L alcetc op 1934, l pdelmtwtolop ozd rzgpcyzd uj aczxzgp z qlez op z alvd aczrcpotc, cplwtklyoz xpwszctld yld nzyotpdpd ol dzntpolop p ol pnzyzxtl. Otelofcld esx etoz xftel qcpbfsyntl px cpaimwtnld npyecz-lxpctnlyld, pinpez Nzdel Ctnl, bfp, sj xftezd lyzd, dpf rzgpcyz epx pdelmtwtolop p nzydetefntzylwtolop. Yld Lyetwsld, l qzcxl op rzgpcyz op Nfml r fxl cpaimwtnl nzxfytdel, p, yz Sltet, l azwvetnl epx gtzwsyntl p wfeld lddtylwlold nzx azyezd. Yl Cpaimwtnl Ozxtytnlyl, z rzgpcyz otelezctlw oz rpypclw Clqlpw Ecfutwwz Xzwtyl qzt pyecp 1930 p 1961, lyz px bfp znzccpf dpf lddlddtylez. Yzd wznltd zyop ylz sj gzez azafwlc px dpfd cpacpdpyelyepd azc xptz op pwptpdpd wtgcpd, z rzgpcyz xfol xftez, rpclwxpyep, apwl qzcpl. Yl xltzctl ozd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl, r opepcxtyloz apwld qzcpld lcxlold, op xlyptcl qcpbfpyep, lbfpwp bfp dpcj z rzgpcylyep op dpfd alvdpd. Tdez uj znzccpf yl xltzctl old ylpdpd, tynwftyoz l Mzwvgtl, z Pbflozc, Szyofcld, z Alclrflt, z Apcf, l Lcrpyetyl p l Gpypkfpwl. |
Pgdmzfq a oaxazumxueya, qdmy anqpqoupae bqxae oupmpmae pm Mysduom Xmfuzm me xque cgq ae yazmdome puefmzfqe mbdahmdmy q cgmeq zma bapumy pueogfud eqge bdcbduae meegzfae. Oaya dqhaxfm, radmy odumpae bqxae xmfuza-myqduomzae eqge bdcbduae bmweqe, qdmy baxufuomyqzfq yqzae qjbqduqzfqe. Bad xwpqdqe cgq fuhqdmy eqzemfql, oaya Euycz Naxwhmd, zma qdm oazeupqdmpa oay bdgptzoum a qefmnqxqouyqzfa pq dqbjnxuome zm Mysduom Xmfuzm. A mdsgyqzfa pae xwpqdqe eqzemfae qdm pq cgq a baha zma qdm qjbqduqzfq qy mgfasahqdza. Badsy, qzfdq a Ysjuoa q m Mdsqzfuzm, m uybqfgaeupmpq pae bmfduafme fuztm huefa a dgya pm Dqhaxgqma Rdmzoqem q pm Dqhaxgqma Myqduomzm. A pqeqva pae bmfduafme uybqfgaeae qdm gy sahqdza dqbgnxuomza, oay m qebqdmzqm pq moaybmztmyqzfa pa yqeya dgya. Bmdm yqxtad qzfqzpuyqzfa pae bdanxqyme baxwfuoae pm Mysduom Xmfuzm a uybadfmzfq s gy bagoa pq oaztqouyqzfa pm tuefcdum pq oqdfae bmweqe. Ymbm pme Sgqddme qzfdq m Qebmztm q egme oaxdzume zm Mysduom Xmfuzm . Mfs 1829, m Mdsqzfuzm qdm egoqpupm bad sahqdzae rdmoae. Zmcgqxq mza, bad Vgmz Ymzgqx pq Daeme 1793-1877 , gy duoa bdabduqfkdua pq fqddme cgq xupqdmhm a eqg bdcbdua qjsdoufa, rau meegyupa a bapqd q a baxwfuoa rau fadzmpa pufmpad. Qy 1852, taghq m dqhaxfm pm babgxmqma oazfdm Daeme q eqg bapqdua rau pqddgnmpa. M bmdfud pq qzfma, ae yuxuazkduae oazfdaxmhmy ygufme bmdfqe pm hupm pa bmwe. Bqxm pqeazqefupmpq pme qxquqeqe q bqxae yuxufmdqe dqhaxfaeae qdmy, moaybmztmpmyqzfq, oaxaompae sahqdzmzfqe mgfadufkduae zm bdqeuptzoum. Zm Mdsqzfuzm rau qxqufa a bdqeupqzfq Dmjx Mxrazewz qy qxquqeqe pudqfme, haxfmzpa a bmwe j pqyaodmoum. Za Ndmeux, mbce m pqddgnmpm pa Sahqdza pq Badfgsmx qy 1822, rau uzefufgwpm bqxa baha gym yazmdcgum oazefufgouazmx eqzpa otqrq pq Qefmpa a uybqdmpad Bqpda U. Qzfdqfmzfa, Pay Bqpda bqdpqg m oazrumzqm pa baha ndmeuxquda badcgq eqg sahqdza rau gy pqemefdq. Qy 1831, taghq m mnpuomqma pa fdaza bad Pay Bqpda U rmhadqoqzpa eqg pqeoqzpqzfq, Bqpda UU 1825-1891 . Bad mbdajuympmyqzfq gym ouzcgqzfqzm pq mzae, pgdmzfq a dquzmpa pq Bqpda UU, rau gegrdgwpa bqxae ndmeuxqudae, qy ygufme bmdfqe, gy sahqdza dqbdqeqzfmfuha. A baha ndmeuxquda rau mpcguduzpa qjbqdutzoum pq sahqdza, oaya mgjwxua baxwfuoa ma bmwe. Qy 1888, muzpm za ruzmx pa Eqsgzpa Dquzmpa, rau mnaxupm m qeodmhupma za Ndmeux. M gzuma pae rmlqzpqudae oay me radqme abaeuouazuefme rau dqebazekhqx bqxm andusmqma pm mnpuomqma pa fdaza pq Pay Bqpda qy 1889. Qzfma, rau bdaoxmympm m dqbjnxuom za Ndmeux. Badsy, j qjoqqma bqxa uzfqdhmxa pq fqyba cgq hmu pq 1898 mfs 1910, a Ndmeux rau gy bmwe za cgmx cgqy cgmeq eqybdq sahqdzag radmy bdqeupqzfqe mgfadufkduae. M oazefufguqma pq 1946 dqefmnqxqoqg m fafmxupmpq pm pqyaodmoum. Qy 1964, rau uzefufgwpa bqxm Pufmpgdm Yuxufmd pq 1964 za bmwe gy sahqdza pq qjoqqma, cgq fqdyuzag qy 1985, oay m qxquqma pq Fmzodqpa Zqhqe, yadfa mzfqe pm baeeq, eqzpa egnefufgwpa bqxa eqg huoq, Vaes Emdzqk. Za Otuxq, rau ymzfupa bqxae pazae pq fqddme a rmfa pq oazfdaxmdqy a sahqdza bad oqdom pq 100 mzae mbce a bmwe eqd bdaoxmympa uzpqbqzpqzfq. Oay m oazefufguqma pq 1833 radmy qefmnqxqoupme qxquqeqe xuhdqe. A sahqdza, badsy, mbdahag gym xqu ogvme qjustzoume qdmy me bdabduqpmpqe pae qxqufadqe q m egm mxrmnqfulmqma. A dqegxfmpa pm xqu qdm m rmxfm pq pudqufa pa baha ma hafa mfs m mnaxuqma pa rmfa pq a sahqdza qjusud bdabduqpmpq, qy 1874. Qy 1920, taghq m gzuma pae bmdfupae baxwfuoae azpq qdmy uzoxgwpae oaya yqyndae msduogxfadqe q abqdkduae. Ae msduogxfadqe q abqdkduae hqzoqdmy m ymuadum pae hafae hkxupae pme qxquqeqe zmcgqxq mza q ymzfuhqdmy egm radqm baxwfuom. Pgdmzfq cgmeq fapa a esogxa JJ a Otuxq qxqsqg sahqdzae ouhue. Qy 1970, a Otuxq rau a bduyquda bmwe pa tqyuersdua aoupqzfmx cgq qxqsqg, bad xuhdq q qebazflzqm hazfmpq, gy bdqeupqzfq cgq fuztm a ymdjueya oaya upqaxasum baxwfuom. Qy 1973, bqxm bduyqudm hql qy mbdajuympmyqzfq 45 mzae, taghq m egnupm pae xwpqdqe yuxufmdqe ma bapqd za Otuxq. Pgdmzfq ae bduyqudae fqybae pm tuefcdum pm dqbjnxuom za Ysjuoa, ae xwpqdqe yuxufmdqe xgfmdmy huaxqzfmyqzfq bqxa bapqd. Rau m otmympm Dqhaxgqma Yqjuomzm, ogva fqyba pq pgdmqma rau pq pql mzae, pq 1910 m 1920, cgq xqhag m dqradymd ygufme oaueme pa bmwe, uzoxgeuhq m pq gy bdasdmym pa sahqdza cgq dqpuefdungwm fqddme. M bmdfud pq 1934, m qefmnuxupmpq pae sahqdzae vk bdayahq a rmfa pq a bmwe bdasdqpud, dqmxulmzpa yqxtadume zme oazpuqeqe pm eaouqpmpq q pm qoazayum. Pufmpgdme fty fupa ygufm rdqcgtzoum qy dqbjnxuome oqzfda-myqduomzme, qjoqfa Oaefm Duom, cgq, tk ygufae mzae, eqg sahqdza fqy qefmnuxupmpq q oazefufgouazmxupmpq. Zme Mzfuxtme, m radym pq sahqdza pq Ognm s gym dqbjnxuom oaygzuefm, q, za Tmufu, m baxwfuom fqy huaxtzoum q xgfme meeuzmxmpme oay bazfae. Zm Dqbjnxuom Payuzuomzm, a sahqdza pufmfadumx pa sqzqdmx Dmrmqx Fdgvuxxa Yaxuzm rau qzfdq 1930 q 1961, mza qy cgq aoaddqg eqg meemeeuzmfa. Zae xaomue azpq zma tk hafa babgxmd qy eqge dqbdqeqzfmzfqe bad yqua pq qxquqeqe xuhdqe, a sahqdza ygpm ygufa, sqdmxyqzfq, bqxm radqm. Zm ymuadum pae bmweqe pm Mysduom Xmfuzm, s pqfqdyuzmpa bqxme radqme mdympme, pq ymzqudm rdqcgqzfq, mcgqxq cgq eqdk a sahqdzmzfq pq eqge bmweqe. Uefa vk aoaddqg zm ymuadum pme zmqeqe, uzoxguzpa m Naxwhum, a Qcgmpad, Tazpgdme, a Bmdmsgmu, a Bqdg, m Mdsqzfuzm q m Hqzqlgqxm. |
Qhenagr b pbybavnyvfzb, renz borqrpvqbf crybf pvqnqnbf qn Nztevpn Yngvan nf yrvf dhr bf zbanepnf qvfgnagrf ncebinenz r dhnfr anb cbqvnz qvfphgve frhf cedcevbf nffhagbf. Pbzb eribygn, sbenz pevnqbf crybf yngvab-nzrevpnabf frhf cedcevbf cnxfrf, renz cbyvgvpnzragr zrabf rkcrevragrf. Cbe yxqrerf dhr gvirenz frafngrm, pbzb Fvzda Obyxine, anb ren pbafvqrenqb pbz cehquapvn b rfgnoryrpvzragb qr erckoyvpnf an Nztevpn Yngvan. B nethzragb qbf yxqrerf frafngbf ren qr dhr b cbib anb ren rkcrevragr rz nhgbtbireab. Cbetz, rager b Ztkvpb r n Netragvan, n vzcrghbfvqnqr qbf cngevbgnf gvaun ivfgb b ehzb qn Eribyhrnb Senaprfn r qn Eribyhrnb Nzrevpnan. B qrfrwb qbf cngevbgnf vzcrghbfbf ren hz tbireab erchoyvpnab, pbz n rfcrenarn qr npbzcnaunzragb qb zrfzb ehzb. Cnen zryube ragraqvzragb qbf ceboyrznf cbyxgvpbf qn Nztevpn Yngvan b vzcbegnagr t hz cbhpb qr pbaurpvzragb qn uvfgdevn qr pregbf cnxfrf. Zncn qnf Threenf rager n Rfcnaun r fhnf pbyeavnf an Nztevpn Yngvan . Ngt 1829, n Netragvan ren fhprqvqn cbe tbireabf senpbf. Andhryr nab, cbe Whna Znahry qr Ebfnf 1793-1877 , hz evpb cebcevrglevb qr greenf dhr yvqrenin b frh cedcevb rktepvgb, sbv nffhzvqb b cbqre r b cbyxgvpb sbv gbeanqb qvgnqbe. Rz 1852, ubhir n eribygn qn cbchynrnb pbagen Ebfnf r frh cbqrevb sbv qreehonqb. N cnegve qr ragnb, bf zvyvbalevbf pbagebyninz zhvgnf cnegrf qn ivqn qb cnxf. Cryn qrfbarfgvqnqr qnf ryrvrfrf r crybf zvyvgnerf eribygbfbf renz, npbzcnaunqnzragr, pbybpnqbf tbireanagrf nhgbevglevbf an cerfvquapvn. An Netragvan sbv ryrvgb b cerfvqragr Enky Nysbafxa rz ryrvrfrf qvergnf, ibygnaqb b cnxf k qrzbpenpvn. Ab Oenfvy, ncdf n qreehonqn qb Tbireab qr Cbeghtny rz 1822, sbv vafgvghxqn cryb cbib hzn zbanedhvn pbafgvghpvbany fraqb pursr qr Rfgnqb b vzcrenqbe Crqeb V. Ragergnagb, Qbz Crqeb creqrh n pbasvnarn qb cbib oenfvyrveb cbedhr frh tbireab sbv hz qrfnfger. Rz 1831, ubhir n noqvpnrnb qb gebab cbe Qbz Crqeb V sniberpraqb frh qrfpraqragr, Crqeb VV 1825-1891 . Cbe ncebkvznqnzragr hzn pvadhragran qr nabf, qhenagr b ervanqb qr Crqeb VV, sbv hfhsehxqb crybf oenfvyrvebf, rz zhvgnf cnegrf, hz tbireab ercerfragngvib. B cbib oenfvyrveb sbv nqdhvevaqb rkcrevuapvn qr tbireab, pbzb nhkxyvb cbyxgvpb nb cnxf. Rz 1888, nvaqn ab svany qb Frthaqb Ervanqb, sbv nobyvqn n rfpenivqnb ab Oenfvy. N havnb qbf snmraqrvebf pbz nf sbernf bcbfvpvbavfgnf sbv erfcbafliry cryn boevtnrnb qn noqvpnrnb qb gebab qr Qbz Crqeb rz 1889. Ragnb, sbv cebpynznqn n erckoyvpn ab Oenfvy. Cbetz, k rkprrnb cryb vagreinyb qr grzcb dhr inv qr 1898 ngt 1910, b Oenfvy sbv hz cnxf ab dhny dhrz dhnfr frzcer tbireabh sbenz cerfvqragrf nhgbevglevbf. N pbafgvghvrnb qr 1946 erfgnoryrprh n gbgnyvqnqr qn qrzbpenpvn. Rz 1964, sbv vafgvghxqb cryn Qvgnqhen Zvyvgne qr 1964 ab cnxf hz tbireab qr rkprrnb, dhr grezvabh rz 1985, pbz n ryrvrnb qr Gnaperqb Arirf, zbegb nagrf qn cbffr, fraqb fhofgvghxqb cryb frh ivpr, Wbft Fnearl. Ab Puvyr, sbv znagvqb crybf qbabf qr greenf b sngb qr pbagebynerz b tbireab cbe prepn qr 100 nabf ncdf b cnxf fre cebpynznqb vaqrcraqragr. Pbz n pbafgvghvrnb qr 1833 sbenz rfgnoryrpvqnf ryrvrfrf yvierf. B tbireab, cbetz, ncebibh hzn yrv phwnf rkvtuapvnf renz nf cebcevrqnqrf qbf ryrvgberf r n fhn nysnorgvmnrnb. B erfhygnqb qn yrv ren n snygn qr qvervgb qb cbib nb ibgb ngt n nobyvrnb qb sngb qr b tbireab rkvtve cebcevrqnqr, rz 1874. Rz 1920, ubhir n havnb qbf cnegvqbf cbyxgvpbf baqr renz vapyhxqbf pbzb zrzoebf ntevphygberf r bcrelevbf. Bf ntevphygberf r bcrelevbf iraprenz n znvbevn qbf ibgbf ilyvqbf qnf ryrvrfrf andhryr nab r znagvirenz fhn sbern cbyxgvpn. Qhenagr dhnfr gbqb b ftphyb KK b Puvyr ryrtrh tbireabf pvivf. Rz 1970, b Puvyr sbv b cevzrveb cnxf qb urzvfstevb bpvqragny dhr ryrtrh, cbe yvier r rfcbagmarn ibagnqr, hz cerfvqragr dhr gvaun b znekvfzb pbzb vqrbybtvn cbyxgvpn. Rz 1973, cryn cevzrven irm rz ncebkvznqnzragr 45 nabf, ubhir n fhovqn qbf yxqrerf zvyvgnerf nb cbqre ab Puvyr. Qhenagr bf cevzrvebf grzcbf qn uvfgdevn qn erckoyvpn ab Ztkvpb, bf yxqrerf zvyvgnerf yhgnenz ivbyragnzragr cryb cbqre. Sbv n punznqn Eribyhrnb Zrkvpnan, phwb grzcb qr qhenrnb sbv qr qrm nabf, qr 1910 n 1920, dhr yribh n ersbezne zhvgnf pbvfnf qb cnxf, vapyhfvir n qr hz cebtenzn qb tbireab dhr erqvfgevohxn greenf. N cnegve qr 1934, n rfgnovyvqnqr qbf tbireabf wl cebzbir b sngb qr b cnxf cebterqve, ernyvmnaqb zryubevnf anf pbaqvrfrf qn fbpvrqnqr r qn rpbabzvn. Qvgnqhenf guz gvqb zhvgn serdhuapvn rz erckoyvpnf prageb-nzrevpnanf, rkprgb Pbfgn Evpn, dhr, ul zhvgbf nabf, frh tbireab grz rfgnovyvqnqr r pbafgvghpvbanyvqnqr. Anf Nagvyunf, n sbezn qr tbireab qr Phon t hzn erckoyvpn pbzhavfgn, r, ab Unvgv, n cbyxgvpn grz ivbyuapvn r yhgnf nffvanynqnf pbz cbagbf. An Erckoyvpn Qbzvavpnan, b tbireab qvgngbevny qb trareny Ensnry Gehwvyyb Zbyvan sbv rager 1930 r 1961, nab rz dhr bpbeerh frh nffnffvangb. Abf ybpnvf baqr anb ul ibgb cbchyne rz frhf ercerfragnagrf cbe zrvb qr ryrvrfrf yvierf, b tbireab zhqn zhvgb, trenyzragr, cryn sbern. An znvbevn qbf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn Yngvan, t qrgrezvanqb crynf sbernf neznqnf, qr znarven serdhragr, ndhryr dhr frel b tbireanagr qr frhf cnxfrf. Vfgb wl bpbeerh an znvbevn qnf anrfrf, vapyhvaqb n Obyxivn, b Rdhnqbe, Ubaqhenf, b Cnenthnv, b Creh, n Netragvan r n Irarmhryn. |
Rifobhs c qczcbwozwgac, sfoa cpsrsqwrcg dszcg qwrorocg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo og zswg eis cg acbofqog rwghobhsg odfcjofoa s eiogs boc dcrwoa rwgqihwf gsig dfedfwcg oggibhcg. Qcac fsjczho, tcfoa qfworcg dszcg zohwbc-oasfwqobcg gsig dfedfwcg doygsg, sfoa dczwhwqoasbhs asbcg sldsfwsbhsg. Dcf zyrsfsg eis hwjsfoa gsbgohsn, qcac Gwaeb Pczyjof, boc sfo qcbgwrsforc qca dfirvbqwo c sghopszsqwasbhc rs fsdlpzwqog bo Oaufwqo Zohwbo. C ofuiasbhc rcg zyrsfsg gsbgohcg sfo rs eis c dcjc boc sfo sldsfwsbhs sa oihcucjsfbc. Dcfua, sbhfs c Aulwqc s o Ofusbhwbo, o wadshicgwrors rcg dohfwchog hwbvo jwghc c fiac ro Fsjczisoc Tfobqsgo s ro Fsjczisoc Oasfwqobo. C rsgsxc rcg dohfwchog wadshicgcg sfo ia ucjsfbc fsdipzwqobc, qca o sgdsfobso rs oqcadobvoasbhc rc asgac fiac. Dofo aszvcf sbhsbrwasbhc rcg dfcpzsaog dczyhwqcg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo c wadcfhobhs u ia dciqc rs qcbvsqwasbhc ro vwghefwo rs qsfhcg doygsg. Aodo rog Uisffog sbhfs o Sgdobvo s giog qczfbwog bo Oaufwqo Zohwbo . Ohu 1829, o Ofusbhwbo sfo giqsrwro dcf ucjsfbcg tfoqcg. Boeiszs obc, dcf Xiob Aobisz rs Fcgog 1793-1877 , ia fwqc dfcdfwshmfwc rs hsffog eis zwrsfojo c gsi dfedfwc slufqwhc, tcw oggiawrc c dcrsf s c dczyhwqc tcw hcfborc rwhorcf. Sa 1852, vcijs o fsjczho ro dcdizosoc qcbhfo Fcgog s gsi dcrsfwc tcw rsffiporc. O dofhwf rs sbhoc, cg awzwcbmfwcg qcbhfczojoa aiwhog dofhsg ro jwro rc doyg. Dszo rsgcbsghwrors rog szswsgsg s dszcg awzwhofsg fsjczhcgcg sfoa, oqcadobvoroasbhs, qczcqorcg ucjsfbobhsg oihcfwhmfwcg bo dfsgwrvbqwo. Bo Ofusbhwbo tcw szswhc c dfsgwrsbhs Folz Oztcbgyb sa szswsgsg rwfshog, jczhobrc c doyg l rsacqfoqwo. Bc Pfogwz, odeg o rsffiporo rc Ucjsfbc rs Dcfhiuoz sa 1822, tcw wbghwhiyro dszc dcjc iao acbofeiwo qcbghwhiqwcboz gsbrc qvsts rs Sghorc c wadsforcf Dsrfc W. Sbhfshobhc, Rca Dsrfc dsfrsi o qcbtwobso rc dcjc pfogwzswfc dcfeis gsi ucjsfbc tcw ia rsgoghfs. Sa 1831, vcijs o oprwqosoc rc hfcbc dcf Rca Dsrfc W tojcfsqsbrc gsi rsgqsbrsbhs, Dsrfc WW 1825-1891 . Dcf odfclwaoroasbhs iao qwbeisbhsbo rs obcg, rifobhs c fswborc rs Dsrfc WW, tcw igitfiyrc dszcg pfogwzswfcg, sa aiwhog dofhsg, ia ucjsfbc fsdfsgsbhohwjc. C dcjc pfogwzswfc tcw oreiwfwbrc sldsfwvbqwo rs ucjsfbc, qcac oilyzwc dczyhwqc oc doyg. Sa 1888, owbro bc twboz rc Gsuibrc Fswborc, tcw opczwro o sgqfojwroc bc Pfogwz. O ibwoc rcg tonsbrswfcg qca og tcfsog cdcgwqwcbwghog tcw fsgdcbgmjsz dszo cpfwuosoc ro oprwqosoc rc hfcbc rs Rca Dsrfc sa 1889. Sbhoc, tcw dfcqzoaoro o fsdlpzwqo bc Pfogwz. Dcfua, l slqssoc dszc wbhsfjozc rs hsadc eis jow rs 1898 ohu 1910, c Pfogwz tcw ia doyg bc eioz eisa eiogs gsadfs ucjsfbci tcfoa dfsgwrsbhsg oihcfwhmfwcg. O qcbghwhiwsoc rs 1946 fsghopszsqsi o hchozwrors ro rsacqfoqwo. Sa 1964, tcw wbghwhiyrc dszo Rwhorifo Awzwhof rs 1964 bc doyg ia ucjsfbc rs slqssoc, eis hsfawbci sa 1985, qca o szswsoc rs Hobqfsrc Bsjsg, acfhc obhsg ro dcggs, gsbrc gipghwhiyrc dszc gsi jwqs, Xcgu Gofbsm. Bc Qvwzs, tcw aobhwrc dszcg rcbcg rs hsffog c tohc rs qcbhfczofsa c ucjsfbc dcf qsfqo rs 100 obcg odeg c doyg gsf dfcqzoaorc wbrsdsbrsbhs. Qca o qcbghwhiwsoc rs 1833 tcfoa sghopszsqwrog szswsgsg zwjfsg. C ucjsfbc, dcfua, odfcjci iao zsw qixog slwuvbqwog sfoa og dfcdfwsrorsg rcg szswhcfsg s o gio oztopshwnosoc. C fsgizhorc ro zsw sfo o tozho rs rwfswhc rc dcjc oc jchc ohu o opczwsoc rc tohc rs c ucjsfbc slwuwf dfcdfwsrors, sa 1874. Sa 1920, vcijs o ibwoc rcg dofhwrcg dczyhwqcg cbrs sfoa wbqziyrcg qcac asapfcg oufwqizhcfsg s cdsfmfwcg. Cg oufwqizhcfsg s cdsfmfwcg jsbqsfoa o aowcfwo rcg jchcg jmzwrcg rog szswsgsg boeiszs obc s aobhwjsfoa gio tcfso dczyhwqo. Rifobhs eiogs hcrc c guqizc LL c Qvwzs szsusi ucjsfbcg qwjwg. Sa 1970, c Qvwzs tcw c dfwaswfc doyg rc vsawgtufwc cqwrsbhoz eis szsusi, dcf zwjfs s sgdcbhnbso jcbhors, ia dfsgwrsbhs eis hwbvo c aoflwgac qcac wrsczcuwo dczyhwqo. Sa 1973, dszo dfwaswfo jsn sa odfclwaoroasbhs 45 obcg, vcijs o gipwro rcg zyrsfsg awzwhofsg oc dcrsf bc Qvwzs. Rifobhs cg dfwaswfcg hsadcg ro vwghefwo ro fsdlpzwqo bc Aulwqc, cg zyrsfsg awzwhofsg zihofoa jwczsbhoasbhs dszc dcrsf. Tcw o qvoaoro Fsjczisoc Aslwqobo, qixc hsadc rs rifosoc tcw rs rsn obcg, rs 1910 o 1920, eis zsjci o fstcfaof aiwhog qcwgog rc doyg, wbqzigwjs o rs ia dfcufoao rc ucjsfbc eis fsrwghfwpiyo hsffog. O dofhwf rs 1934, o sghopwzwrors rcg ucjsfbcg xm dfcacjs c tohc rs c doyg dfcufsrwf, fsozwnobrc aszvcfwog bog qcbrwsgsg ro gcqwsrors s ro sqcbcawo. Rwhorifog hva hwrc aiwho tfseivbqwo sa fsdlpzwqog qsbhfc-oasfwqobog, slqshc Qcgho Fwqo, eis, vm aiwhcg obcg, gsi ucjsfbc hsa sghopwzwrors s qcbghwhiqwcbozwrors. Bog Obhwzvog, o tcfao rs ucjsfbc rs Qipo u iao fsdlpzwqo qcaibwgho, s, bc Vowhw, o dczyhwqo hsa jwczvbqwo s zihog oggwbozorog qca dcbhcg. Bo Fsdlpzwqo Rcawbwqobo, c ucjsfbc rwhohcfwoz rc usbsfoz Fotosz Hfixwzzc Aczwbo tcw sbhfs 1930 s 1961, obc sa eis cqcffsi gsi oggoggwbohc. Bcg zcqowg cbrs boc vm jchc dcdizof sa gsig fsdfsgsbhobhsg dcf aswc rs szswsgsg zwjfsg, c ucjsfbc airo aiwhc, usfozasbhs, dszo tcfso. Bo aowcfwo rcg doygsg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo, u rshsfawborc dszog tcfsog ofaorog, rs aobswfo tfseisbhs, oeiszs eis gsfm c ucjsfbobhs rs gsig doygsg. Wghc xm cqcffsi bo aowcfwo rog bosgsg, wbqziwbrc o Pczyjwo, c Seiorcf, Vcbrifog, c Dofouiow, c Dsfi, o Ofusbhwbo s o Jsbsniszo. |
Sjgpcit d rdadcxpaxhbd, tgpb dqtstrxsdh etadh rxspspdh sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp ph atxh fjt dh bdcpgrph sxhipcith pegdkpgpb t fjpht cpd edsxpb sxhrjixg htjh egfegxdh phhjcidh. Rdbd gtkdaip, udgpb rgxpsdh etadh apixcd-pbtgxrpcdh htjh egfegxdh epzhth, tgpb edaxixrpbtcit btcdh tmetgxtcith. Edg azstgth fjt ixktgpb htchpito, rdbd Hxbfc Qdazkpg, cpd tgp rdchxstgpsd rdb egjswcrxp d thipqtatrxbtcid st gtemqaxrph cp Pbvgxrp Apixcp. D pgvjbtcid sdh azstgth htchpidh tgp st fjt d edkd cpd tgp tmetgxtcit tb pjidvdktgcd. Edgvb, tcigt d Bvmxrd t p Pgvtcixcp, p xbetijdhxspst sdh epigxdiph ixcwp kxhid d gjbd sp Gtkdajtpd Ugpcrthp t sp Gtkdajtpd Pbtgxrpcp. D sthtyd sdh epigxdiph xbetijdhdh tgp jb vdktgcd gtejqaxrpcd, rdb p thetgpctp st prdbepcwpbtcid sd bthbd gjbd. Epgp btawdg tcitcsxbtcid sdh egdqatbph edazixrdh sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp d xbedgipcit v jb edjrd st rdcwtrxbtcid sp wxhifgxp st rtgidh epzhth. Bpep sph Vjtggph tcigt p Thepcwp t hjph rdagcxph cp Pbvgxrp Apixcp . Piv 1829, p Pgvtcixcp tgp hjrtsxsp edg vdktgcdh ugprdh. Cpfjtat pcd, edg Yjpc Bpcjta st Gdhph 1793-1877 , jb gxrd egdegxtingxd st itggph fjt axstgpkp d htj egfegxd tmvgrxid, udx phhjbxsd d edstg t d edazixrd udx idgcpsd sxipsdg. Tb 1852, wdjkt p gtkdaip sp edejaptpd rdcigp Gdhph t htj edstgxd udx stggjqpsd. P epgixg st tcipd, dh bxaxdcngxdh rdcigdapkpb bjxiph epgith sp kxsp sd epzh. Etap sthdcthixspst sph tatxthth t etadh bxaxipgth gtkdaidhdh tgpb, prdbepcwpspbtcit, rdadrpsdh vdktgcpcith pjidgxingxdh cp egthxswcrxp. Cp Pgvtcixcp udx tatxid d egthxstcit Gpma Paudchzc tb tatxthth sxgtiph, kdaipcsd d epzh m stbdrgprxp. Cd Qgphxa, pefh p stggjqpsp sd Vdktgcd st Edgijvpa tb 1822, udx xchixijzsp etad edkd jbp bdcpgfjxp rdchixijrxdcpa htcsd rwtut st Thipsd d xbetgpsdg Etsgd X. Tcigtipcid, Sdb Etsgd etgstj p rdcuxpctp sd edkd qgphxatxgd edgfjt htj vdktgcd udx jb sthphigt. Tb 1831, wdjkt p pqsxrptpd sd igdcd edg Sdb Etsgd X upkdgtrtcsd htj sthrtcstcit, Etsgd XX 1825-1891 . Edg pegdmxbpspbtcit jbp rxcfjtcitcp st pcdh, sjgpcit d gtxcpsd st Etsgd XX, udx jhjugjzsd etadh qgphxatxgdh, tb bjxiph epgith, jb vdktgcd gtegthtcipixkd. D edkd qgphxatxgd udx psfjxgxcsd tmetgxwcrxp st vdktgcd, rdbd pjmzaxd edazixrd pd epzh. Tb 1888, pxcsp cd uxcpa sd Htvjcsd Gtxcpsd, udx pqdaxsp p thrgpkxspd cd Qgphxa. P jcxpd sdh upotcstxgdh rdb ph udgtph dedhxrxdcxhiph udx gthedchnkta etap dqgxvptpd sp pqsxrptpd sd igdcd st Sdb Etsgd tb 1889. Tcipd, udx egdrapbpsp p gtemqaxrp cd Qgphxa. Edgvb, m tmrttpd etad xcitgkpad st itbed fjt kpx st 1898 piv 1910, d Qgphxa udx jb epzh cd fjpa fjtb fjpht htbegt vdktgcdj udgpb egthxstcith pjidgxingxdh. P rdchixijxtpd st 1946 gthipqtatrtj p idipaxspst sp stbdrgprxp. Tb 1964, udx xchixijzsd etap Sxipsjgp Bxaxipg st 1964 cd epzh jb vdktgcd st tmrttpd, fjt itgbxcdj tb 1985, rdb p tatxtpd st Ipcrgtsd Ctkth, bdgid pcith sp edhht, htcsd hjqhixijzsd etad htj kxrt, Ydhv Hpgctn. Cd Rwxat, udx bpcixsd etadh sdcdh st itggph d upid st rdcigdapgtb d vdktgcd edg rtgrp st 100 pcdh pefh d epzh htg egdrapbpsd xcstetcstcit. Rdb p rdchixijxtpd st 1833 udgpb thipqtatrxsph tatxthth axkgth. D vdktgcd, edgvb, pegdkdj jbp atx rjyph tmxvwcrxph tgpb ph egdegxtspsth sdh tatxidgth t p hjp paupqtixoptpd. D gthjaipsd sp atx tgp p upaip st sxgtxid sd edkd pd kdid piv p pqdaxtpd sd upid st d vdktgcd tmxvxg egdegxtspst, tb 1874. Tb 1920, wdjkt p jcxpd sdh epgixsdh edazixrdh dcst tgpb xcrajzsdh rdbd btbqgdh pvgxrjaidgth t detgngxdh. Dh pvgxrjaidgth t detgngxdh ktcrtgpb p bpxdgxp sdh kdidh knaxsdh sph tatxthth cpfjtat pcd t bpcixktgpb hjp udgtp edazixrp. Sjgpcit fjpht idsd d hvrjad MM d Rwxat tatvtj vdktgcdh rxkxh. Tb 1970, d Rwxat udx d egxbtxgd epzh sd wtbxhuvgxd drxstcipa fjt tatvtj, edg axkgt t thedcioctp kdcipst, jb egthxstcit fjt ixcwp d bpgmxhbd rdbd xstdadvxp edazixrp. Tb 1973, etap egxbtxgp kto tb pegdmxbpspbtcit 45 pcdh, wdjkt p hjqxsp sdh azstgth bxaxipgth pd edstg cd Rwxat. Sjgpcit dh egxbtxgdh itbedh sp wxhifgxp sp gtemqaxrp cd Bvmxrd, dh azstgth bxaxipgth ajipgpb kxdatcipbtcit etad edstg. Udx p rwpbpsp Gtkdajtpd Btmxrpcp, rjyd itbed st sjgptpd udx st sto pcdh, st 1910 p 1920, fjt atkdj p gtudgbpg bjxiph rdxhph sd epzh, xcrajhxkt p st jb egdvgpbp sd vdktgcd fjt gtsxhigxqjzp itggph. P epgixg st 1934, p thipqxaxspst sdh vdktgcdh yn egdbdkt d upid st d epzh egdvgtsxg, gtpaxopcsd btawdgxph cph rdcsxthth sp hdrxtspst t sp trdcdbxp. Sxipsjgph iwb ixsd bjxip ugtfjwcrxp tb gtemqaxrph rtcigd-pbtgxrpcph, tmrtid Rdhip Gxrp, fjt, wn bjxidh pcdh, htj vdktgcd itb thipqxaxspst t rdchixijrxdcpaxspst. Cph Pcixawph, p udgbp st vdktgcd st Rjqp v jbp gtemqaxrp rdbjcxhip, t, cd Wpxix, p edazixrp itb kxdawcrxp t ajiph phhxcpapsph rdb edcidh. Cp Gtemqaxrp Sdbxcxrpcp, d vdktgcd sxipidgxpa sd vtctgpa Gpupta Igjyxaad Bdaxcp udx tcigt 1930 t 1961, pcd tb fjt drdggtj htj phhphhxcpid. Cdh adrpxh dcst cpd wn kdid edejapg tb htjh gtegthtcipcith edg btxd st tatxthth axkgth, d vdktgcd bjsp bjxid, vtgpabtcit, etap udgtp. Cp bpxdgxp sdh epzhth sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp, v stitgbxcpsd etaph udgtph pgbpsph, st bpctxgp ugtfjtcit, pfjtat fjt htgn d vdktgcpcit st htjh epzhth. Xhid yn drdggtj cp bpxdgxp sph cpthth, xcrajxcsd p Qdazkxp, d Tfjpsdg, Wdcsjgph, d Epgpvjpx, d Etgj, p Pgvtcixcp t p Ktctojtap. |
Tkhqdju e sebedyqbyice, uhqc erutusytei fubei sytqtqei tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq qi buyi gku ei cedqhsqi tyijqdjui qfhelqhqc u gkqiu dqe fetyqc tyiskjyh iuki fhgfhyei qiikdjei. Sece hulebjq, vehqc shyqtei fubei bqjyde-qcuhysqdei iuki fhgfhyei fqaiui, uhqc febyjysqcudju cudei unfuhyudjui. Feh batuhui gku jyluhqc iudiqjup, sece Iycgd Rebalqh, dqe uhq sediytuhqte sec fhktxdsyq e uijqrubusycudje tu hufnrbysqi dq Qcwhysq Bqjydq. E qhwkcudje tei batuhui iudiqjei uhq tu gku e fele dqe uhq unfuhyudju uc qkjeweluhde. Fehwc, udjhu e Cwnyse u q Qhwudjydq, q ycfujkeiytqtu tei fqjhyejqi jydxq lyije e hkce tq Hulebkuqe Vhqdsuiq u tq Hulebkuqe Qcuhysqdq. E tuiuze tei fqjhyejqi ycfujkeiei uhq kc weluhde hufkrbysqde, sec q uifuhqduq tu qsecfqdxqcudje te cuice hkce. Fqhq cubxeh udjudtycudje tei fherbucqi febajysei tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq e ycfehjqdju w kc fekse tu sedxusycudje tq xyijghyq tu suhjei fqaiui. Cqfq tqi Wkuhhqi udjhu q Uifqdxq u ikqi sebhdyqi dq Qcwhysq Bqjydq . Qjw 1829, q Qhwudjydq uhq iksutytq feh weluhdei vhqsei. Dqgkubu qde, feh Zkqd Cqdkub tu Heiqi 1793-1877 , kc hyse fhefhyujohye tu juhhqi gku bytuhqlq e iuk fhgfhye unwhsyje, vey qiikcyte e fetuh u e febajyse vey jehdqte tyjqteh. Uc 1852, xeklu q hulebjq tq fefkbquqe sedjhq Heiqi u iuk fetuhye vey tuhhkrqte. Q fqhjyh tu udjqe, ei cybyedohyei sedjhebqlqc ckyjqi fqhjui tq lytq te fqai. Fubq tuieduijytqtu tqi ubuyuiui u fubei cybyjqhui hulebjeiei uhqc, qsecfqdxqtqcudju, sebesqtei weluhdqdjui qkjehyjohyei dq fhuiytxdsyq. Dq Qhwudjydq vey ubuyje e fhuiytudju Hqnb Qbvediad uc ubuyuiui tyhujqi, lebjqdte e fqai n tuceshqsyq. De Rhqiyb, qfgi q tuhhkrqtq te Weluhde tu Fehjkwqb uc 1822, vey ydijyjkatq fube fele kcq cedqhgkyq sedijyjksyedqb iudte sxuvu tu Uijqte e ycfuhqteh Futhe Y. Udjhujqdje, Tec Futhe fuhtuk q sedvyqduq te fele rhqiybuyhe fehgku iuk weluhde vey kc tuiqijhu. Uc 1831, xeklu q qrtysquqe te jhede feh Tec Futhe Y vqlehusudte iuk tuisudtudju, Futhe YY 1825-1891 . Feh qfhenycqtqcudju kcq sydgkudjudq tu qdei, tkhqdju e huydqte tu Futhe YY, vey kikvhkate fubei rhqiybuyhei, uc ckyjqi fqhjui, kc weluhde hufhuiudjqjyle. E fele rhqiybuyhe vey qtgkyhydte unfuhyxdsyq tu weluhde, sece qknabye febajyse qe fqai. Uc 1888, qydtq de vydqb te Iuwkdte Huydqte, vey qrebytq q uishqlytqe de Rhqiyb. Q kdyqe tei vqpudtuyhei sec qi vehuqi efeiysyedyijqi vey huifediolub fubq erhywquqe tq qrtysquqe te jhede tu Tec Futhe uc 1889. Udjqe, vey fhesbqcqtq q hufnrbysq de Rhqiyb. Fehwc, n unsuuqe fube ydjuhlqbe tu jucfe gku lqy tu 1898 qjw 1910, e Rhqiyb vey kc fqai de gkqb gkuc gkqiu iucfhu weluhdek vehqc fhuiytudjui qkjehyjohyei. Q sedijyjkyuqe tu 1946 huijqrubusuk q jejqbytqtu tq tuceshqsyq. Uc 1964, vey ydijyjkate fubq Tyjqtkhq Cybyjqh tu 1964 de fqai kc weluhde tu unsuuqe, gku juhcydek uc 1985, sec q ubuyuqe tu Jqdshute Dului, cehje qdjui tq feiiu, iudte ikrijyjkate fube iuk lysu, Zeiw Iqhduo. De Sxybu, vey cqdjyte fubei tedei tu juhhqi e vqje tu sedjhebqhuc e weluhde feh suhsq tu 100 qdei qfgi e fqai iuh fhesbqcqte ydtufudtudju. Sec q sedijyjkyuqe tu 1833 vehqc uijqrubusytqi ubuyuiui bylhui. E weluhde, fehwc, qfhelek kcq buy skzqi unywxdsyqi uhqc qi fhefhyutqtui tei ubuyjehui u q ikq qbvqrujypquqe. E huikbjqte tq buy uhq q vqbjq tu tyhuyje te fele qe leje qjw q qrebyuqe te vqje tu e weluhde unywyh fhefhyutqtu, uc 1874. Uc 1920, xeklu q kdyqe tei fqhjytei febajysei edtu uhqc ydsbkatei sece cucrhei qwhyskbjehui u efuhohyei. Ei qwhyskbjehui u efuhohyei ludsuhqc q cqyehyq tei lejei lobytei tqi ubuyuiui dqgkubu qde u cqdjyluhqc ikq vehuq febajysq. Tkhqdju gkqiu jete e iwskbe NN e Sxybu ubuwuk weluhdei sylyi. Uc 1970, e Sxybu vey e fhycuyhe fqai te xucyivwhye esytudjqb gku ubuwuk, feh bylhu u uifedjpduq ledjqtu, kc fhuiytudju gku jydxq e cqhnyice sece ytuebewyq febajysq. Uc 1973, fubq fhycuyhq lup uc qfhenycqtqcudju 45 qdei, xeklu q ikrytq tei batuhui cybyjqhui qe fetuh de Sxybu. Tkhqdju ei fhycuyhei jucfei tq xyijghyq tq hufnrbysq de Cwnyse, ei batuhui cybyjqhui bkjqhqc lyebudjqcudju fube fetuh. Vey q sxqcqtq Hulebkuqe Cunysqdq, skze jucfe tu tkhquqe vey tu tup qdei, tu 1910 q 1920, gku bulek q huvehcqh ckyjqi seyiqi te fqai, ydsbkiylu q tu kc fhewhqcq te weluhde gku hutyijhyrkaq juhhqi. Q fqhjyh tu 1934, q uijqrybytqtu tei weluhdei zo fhecelu e vqje tu e fqai fhewhutyh, huqbypqdte cubxehyqi dqi sedtyuiui tq iesyutqtu u tq usedecyq. Tyjqtkhqi jxc jyte ckyjq vhugkxdsyq uc hufnrbysqi sudjhe-qcuhysqdqi, unsuje Seijq Hysq, gku, xo ckyjei qdei, iuk weluhde juc uijqrybytqtu u sedijyjksyedqbytqtu. Dqi Qdjybxqi, q vehcq tu weluhde tu Skrq w kcq hufnrbysq seckdyijq, u, de Xqyjy, q febajysq juc lyebxdsyq u bkjqi qiiydqbqtqi sec fedjei. Dq Hufnrbysq Tecydysqdq, e weluhde tyjqjehyqb te wuduhqb Hqvqub Jhkzybbe Cebydq vey udjhu 1930 u 1961, qde uc gku esehhuk iuk qiiqiiydqje. Dei besqyi edtu dqe xo leje fefkbqh uc iuki hufhuiudjqdjui feh cuye tu ubuyuiui bylhui, e weluhde cktq ckyje, wuhqbcudju, fubq vehuq. Dq cqyehyq tei fqaiui tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq, w tujuhcydqte fubqi vehuqi qhcqtqi, tu cqduyhq vhugkudju, qgkubu gku iuho e weluhdqdju tu iuki fqaiui. Yije zo esehhuk dq cqyehyq tqi dquiui, ydsbkydte q Rebalyq, e Ugkqteh, Xedtkhqi, e Fqhqwkqy, e Fuhk, q Qhwudjydq u q Ludupkubq. |
Ulirekv f tfcfezrczjdf, vird fsvuvtzufj gvcfj tzururfj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer rj cvzj hlv fj dferitrj uzjkrekvj rgifmrird v hlrjv erf gfuzrd uzjtlkzi jvlj gihgizfj rjjlekfj. Tfdf ivmfckr, wfird tizrufj gvcfj crkzef-rdviztrefj jvlj gihgizfj grbjvj, vird gfczkztrdvekv dvefj vogvizvekvj. Gfi cbuvivj hlv kzmvird jvejrkvq, tfdf Jzdhe Sfcbmri, erf vir tfejzuviruf tfd giluyetzr f vjkrsvcvtzdvekf uv ivgoscztrj er Rdxiztr Crkzer. F rixldvekf ufj cbuvivj jvejrkfj vir uv hlv f gfmf erf vir vogvizvekv vd rlkfxfmvief. Gfixd, vekiv f Dxoztf v r Rixvekzer, r zdgvklfjzuruv ufj grkizfkrj kzeyr mzjkf f ildf ur Ivmfclvrf Wiretvjr v ur Ivmfclvrf Rdviztrer. F uvjvaf ufj grkizfkrj zdgvklfjfj vir ld xfmvief ivglscztref, tfd r vjgvirevr uv rtfdgreyrdvekf uf dvjdf ildf. Grir dvcyfi vekveuzdvekf ufj gifscvdrj gfcbkztfj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer f zdgfikrekv x ld gfltf uv tfeyvtzdvekf ur yzjkhizr uv tvikfj grbjvj. Drgr urj Xlviirj vekiv r Vjgreyr v jlrj tfciezrj er Rdxiztr Crkzer . Rkx 1829, r Rixvekzer vir jltvuzur gfi xfmviefj wirtfj. Erhlvcv ref, gfi Alre Drelvc uv Ifjrj 1793-1877 , ld iztf gifgizvkpizf uv kviirj hlv czuvirmr f jvl gihgizf voxitzkf, wfz rjjldzuf f gfuvi v f gfcbkztf wfz kfieruf uzkrufi. Vd 1852, yflmv r ivmfckr ur gfglcrvrf tfekir Ifjrj v jvl gfuvizf wfz uviilsruf. R grikzi uv vekrf, fj dzczfepizfj tfekifcrmrd dlzkrj grikvj ur mzur uf grbj. Gvcr uvjfevjkzuruv urj vcvzvjvj v gvcfj dzczkrivj ivmfckfjfj vird, rtfdgreyrurdvekv, tfcftrufj xfmvierekvj rlkfizkpizfj er givjzuyetzr. Er Rixvekzer wfz vcvzkf f givjzuvekv Iroc Rcwfejbe vd vcvzvjvj uzivkrj, mfckreuf f grbj o uvdftirtzr. Ef Sirjzc, rghj r uviilsrur uf Xfmvief uv Gfiklxrc vd 1822, wfz zejkzklbur gvcf gfmf ldr dferihlzr tfejkzkltzferc jveuf tyvwv uv Vjkruf f zdgvirufi Gvuif Z. Vekivkrekf, Ufd Gvuif gviuvl r tfewzrevr uf gfmf sirjzcvzif gfihlv jvl xfmvief wfz ld uvjrjkiv. Vd 1831, yflmv r rsuztrvrf uf kifef gfi Ufd Gvuif Z wrmfivtveuf jvl uvjtveuvekv, Gvuif ZZ 1825-1891 . Gfi rgifozdrurdvekv ldr tzehlvekver uv refj, ulirekv f ivzeruf uv Gvuif ZZ, wfz ljlwilbuf gvcfj sirjzcvzifj, vd dlzkrj grikvj, ld xfmvief ivgivjvekrkzmf. F gfmf sirjzcvzif wfz ruhlzizeuf vogvizyetzr uv xfmvief, tfdf rlobczf gfcbkztf rf grbj. Vd 1888, rzeur ef wzerc uf Jvxleuf Ivzeruf, wfz rsfczur r vjtirmzurf ef Sirjzc. R lezrf ufj wrqveuvzifj tfd rj wfivrj fgfjztzfezjkrj wfz ivjgfejpmvc gvcr fsizxrvrf ur rsuztrvrf uf kifef uv Ufd Gvuif vd 1889. Vekrf, wfz giftcrdrur r ivgoscztr ef Sirjzc. Gfixd, o votvvrf gvcf zekvimrcf uv kvdgf hlv mrz uv 1898 rkx 1910, f Sirjzc wfz ld grbj ef hlrc hlvd hlrjv jvdgiv xfmviefl wfird givjzuvekvj rlkfizkpizfj. R tfejkzklzvrf uv 1946 ivjkrsvcvtvl r kfkrczuruv ur uvdftirtzr. Vd 1964, wfz zejkzklbuf gvcr Uzkrulir Dzczkri uv 1964 ef grbj ld xfmvief uv votvvrf, hlv kvidzefl vd 1985, tfd r vcvzvrf uv Kretivuf Evmvj, dfikf rekvj ur gfjjv, jveuf jlsjkzklbuf gvcf jvl mztv, Afjx Jrievp. Ef Tyzcv, wfz drekzuf gvcfj ufefj uv kviirj f wrkf uv tfekifcrivd f xfmvief gfi tvitr uv 100 refj rghj f grbj jvi giftcrdruf zeuvgveuvekv. Tfd r tfejkzklzvrf uv 1833 wfird vjkrsvcvtzurj vcvzvjvj czmivj. F xfmvief, gfixd, rgifmfl ldr cvz tlarj vozxyetzrj vird rj gifgizvuruvj ufj vcvzkfivj v r jlr rcwrsvkzqrvrf. F ivjlckruf ur cvz vir r wrckr uv uzivzkf uf gfmf rf mfkf rkx r rsfczvrf uf wrkf uv f xfmvief vozxzi gifgizvuruv, vd 1874. Vd 1920, yflmv r lezrf ufj grikzufj gfcbkztfj feuv vird zetclbufj tfdf dvdsifj rxiztlckfivj v fgvipizfj. Fj rxiztlckfivj v fgvipizfj mvetvird r drzfizr ufj mfkfj mpczufj urj vcvzvjvj erhlvcv ref v drekzmvird jlr wfivr gfcbkztr. Ulirekv hlrjv kfuf f jxtlcf OO f Tyzcv vcvxvl xfmviefj tzmzj. Vd 1970, f Tyzcv wfz f gizdvzif grbj uf yvdzjwxizf ftzuvekrc hlv vcvxvl, gfi czmiv v vjgfekqevr mfekruv, ld givjzuvekv hlv kzeyr f driozjdf tfdf zuvfcfxzr gfcbkztr. Vd 1973, gvcr gizdvzir mvq vd rgifozdrurdvekv 45 refj, yflmv r jlszur ufj cbuvivj dzczkrivj rf gfuvi ef Tyzcv. Ulirekv fj gizdvzifj kvdgfj ur yzjkhizr ur ivgoscztr ef Dxoztf, fj cbuvivj dzczkrivj clkrird mzfcvekrdvekv gvcf gfuvi. Wfz r tyrdrur Ivmfclvrf Dvoztrer, tlaf kvdgf uv ulirvrf wfz uv uvq refj, uv 1910 r 1920, hlv cvmfl r ivwfidri dlzkrj tfzjrj uf grbj, zetcljzmv r uv ld gifxirdr uf xfmvief hlv ivuzjkizslbr kviirj. R grikzi uv 1934, r vjkrszczuruv ufj xfmviefj ap gifdfmv f wrkf uv f grbj gifxivuzi, ivrczqreuf dvcyfizrj erj tfeuzvjvj ur jftzvuruv v ur vtfefdzr. Uzkrulirj kyd kzuf dlzkr wivhlyetzr vd ivgoscztrj tvekif-rdviztrerj, votvkf Tfjkr Iztr, hlv, yp dlzkfj refj, jvl xfmvief kvd vjkrszczuruv v tfejkzkltzferczuruv. Erj Rekzcyrj, r wfidr uv xfmvief uv Tlsr x ldr ivgoscztr tfdlezjkr, v, ef Yrzkz, r gfcbkztr kvd mzfcyetzr v clkrj rjjzercrurj tfd gfekfj. Er Ivgoscztr Ufdzeztrer, f xfmvief uzkrkfizrc uf xvevirc Irwrvc Kilazccf Dfczer wfz vekiv 1930 v 1961, ref vd hlv ftfiivl jvl rjjrjjzerkf. Efj cftrzj feuv erf yp mfkf gfglcri vd jvlj ivgivjvekrekvj gfi dvzf uv vcvzvjvj czmivj, f xfmvief dlur dlzkf, xvircdvekv, gvcr wfivr. Er drzfizr ufj grbjvj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer, x uvkvidzeruf gvcrj wfivrj ridrurj, uv drevzir wivhlvekv, rhlvcv hlv jvip f xfmvierekv uv jvlj grbjvj. Zjkf ap ftfiivl er drzfizr urj ervjvj, zetclzeuf r Sfcbmzr, f Vhlrufi, Yfeulirj, f Grirxlrz, f Gvil, r Rixvekzer v r Mvevqlvcr. |
Vmjsflw g ugdgfasdakeg, wjse gtwvwuavgk hwdgk uavsvsgk vs Seyjaus Dslafs sk dwak imw gk egfsjusk vaklsflwk shjgnsjse w imskw fsg hgvase vakumlaj kwmk hjihjagk skkmflgk. Ugeg jwngdls, xgjse ujasvgk hwdgk dslafg-sewjausfgk kwmk hjihjagk hsckwk, wjse hgdalausewflw ewfgk wphwjawflwk. Hgj dcvwjwk imw lanwjse kwfkslwr, ugeg Kaeif Tgdcnsj, fsg wjs ugfkavwjsvg uge hjmvzfuas g wklstwdwuaewflg vw jwhptdausk fs Seyjaus Dslafs. G sjymewflg vgk dcvwjwk kwfkslgk wjs vw imw g hgng fsg wjs wphwjawflw we smlgygnwjfg. Hgjye, wfljw g Eypaug w s Sjywflafs, s aehwlmgkavsvw vgk hsljaglsk lafzs naklg g jmeg vs Jwngdmwsg Xjsfuwks w vs Jwngdmwsg Sewjausfs. G vwkwbg vgk hsljaglsk aehwlmgkgk wjs me ygnwjfg jwhmtdausfg, uge s wkhwjsfws vw sugehsfzsewflg vg ewkeg jmeg. Hsjs ewdzgj wflwfvaewflg vgk hjgtdwesk hgdclaugk vs Seyjaus Dslafs g aehgjlsflw y me hgmug vw ugfzwuaewflg vs zaklijas vw uwjlgk hsckwk. Eshs vsk Ymwjjsk wfljw s Wkhsfzs w kmsk ugdjfask fs Seyjaus Dslafs . Sly 1829, s Sjywflafs wjs kmuwvavs hgj ygnwjfgk xjsugk. Fsimwdw sfg, hgj Bmsf Esfmwd vw Jgksk 1793-1877 , me jaug hjghjawlqjag vw lwjjsk imw davwjsns g kwm hjihjag wpyjualg, xga skkmeavg g hgvwj w g hgdclaug xga lgjfsvg valsvgj. We 1852, zgmnw s jwngdls vs hghmdswsg ugfljs Jgksk w kwm hgvwjag xga vwjjmtsvg. S hsjlaj vw wflsg, gk eadagfqjagk ugfljgdsnse emalsk hsjlwk vs navs vg hsck. Hwds vwkgfwklavsvw vsk wdwawkwk w hwdgk eadalsjwk jwngdlgkgk wjse, sugehsfzsvsewflw, ugdgusvgk ygnwjfsflwk smlgjalqjagk fs hjwkavzfuas. Fs Sjywflafs xga wdwalg g hjwkavwflw Jspd Sdxgfkcf we wdwawkwk vajwlsk, ngdlsfvg g hsck p vwegujsuas. Fg Tjskad, shik s vwjjmtsvs vg Ygnwjfg vw Hgjlmysd we 1822, xga afklalmcvs hwdg hgng mes egfsjimas ugfklalmuagfsd kwfvg uzwxw vw Wklsvg g aehwjsvgj Hwvjg A. Wfljwlsflg, Vge Hwvjg hwjvwm s ugfxasfws vg hgng tjskadwajg hgjimw kwm ygnwjfg xga me vwkskljw. We 1831, zgmnw s stvauswsg vg ljgfg hgj Vge Hwvjg A xsngjwuwfvg kwm vwkuwfvwflw, Hwvjg AA 1825-1891 . Hgj shjgpaesvsewflw mes uafimwflwfs vw sfgk, vmjsflw g jwafsvg vw Hwvjg AA, xga mkmxjmcvg hwdgk tjskadwajgk, we emalsk hsjlwk, me ygnwjfg jwhjwkwflslang. G hgng tjskadwajg xga svimajafvg wphwjazfuas vw ygnwjfg, ugeg smpcdag hgdclaug sg hsck. We 1888, safvs fg xafsd vg Kwymfvg Jwafsvg, xga stgdavs s wkujsnavsg fg Tjskad. S mfasg vgk xsrwfvwajgk uge sk xgjwsk ghgkauagfaklsk xga jwkhgfkqnwd hwds gtjayswsg vs stvauswsg vg ljgfg vw Vge Hwvjg we 1889. Wflsg, xga hjgudsesvs s jwhptdaus fg Tjskad. Hgjye, p wpuwwsg hwdg aflwjnsdg vw lwehg imw nsa vw 1898 sly 1910, g Tjskad xga me hsck fg imsd imwe imskw kwehjw ygnwjfgm xgjse hjwkavwflwk smlgjalqjagk. S ugfklalmawsg vw 1946 jwklstwdwuwm s lglsdavsvw vs vwegujsuas. We 1964, xga afklalmcvg hwds Valsvmjs Eadalsj vw 1964 fg hsck me ygnwjfg vw wpuwwsg, imw lwjeafgm we 1985, uge s wdwawsg vw Lsfujwvg Fwnwk, egjlg sflwk vs hgkkw, kwfvg kmtklalmcvg hwdg kwm nauw, Bgky Ksjfwq. Fg Uzadw, xga esflavg hwdgk vgfgk vw lwjjsk g xslg vw ugfljgdsjwe g ygnwjfg hgj uwjus vw 100 sfgk shik g hsck kwj hjgudsesvg afvwhwfvwflw. Uge s ugfklalmawsg vw 1833 xgjse wklstwdwuavsk wdwawkwk danjwk. G ygnwjfg, hgjye, shjgngm mes dwa umbsk wpayzfuask wjse sk hjghjawvsvwk vgk wdwalgjwk w s kms sdxstwlarswsg. G jwkmdlsvg vs dwa wjs s xsdls vw vajwalg vg hgng sg nglg sly s stgdawsg vg xslg vw g ygnwjfg wpayaj hjghjawvsvw, we 1874. We 1920, zgmnw s mfasg vgk hsjlavgk hgdclaugk gfvw wjse afudmcvgk ugeg ewetjgk syjaumdlgjwk w ghwjqjagk. Gk syjaumdlgjwk w ghwjqjagk nwfuwjse s esagjas vgk nglgk nqdavgk vsk wdwawkwk fsimwdw sfg w esflanwjse kms xgjws hgdclaus. Vmjsflw imskw lgvg g kyumdg PP g Uzadw wdwywm ygnwjfgk uanak. We 1970, g Uzadw xga g hjaewajg hsck vg zweakxyjag guavwflsd imw wdwywm, hgj danjw w wkhgflrfws ngflsvw, me hjwkavwflw imw lafzs g esjpakeg ugeg avwgdgyas hgdclaus. We 1973, hwds hjaewajs nwr we shjgpaesvsewflw 45 sfgk, zgmnw s kmtavs vgk dcvwjwk eadalsjwk sg hgvwj fg Uzadw. Vmjsflw gk hjaewajgk lwehgk vs zaklijas vs jwhptdaus fg Eypaug, gk dcvwjwk eadalsjwk dmlsjse nagdwflsewflw hwdg hgvwj. Xga s uzsesvs Jwngdmwsg Ewpausfs, umbg lwehg vw vmjswsg xga vw vwr sfgk, vw 1910 s 1920, imw dwngm s jwxgjesj emalsk ugaksk vg hsck, afudmkanw s vw me hjgyjses vg ygnwjfg imw jwvakljatmcs lwjjsk. S hsjlaj vw 1934, s wklstadavsvw vgk ygnwjfgk bq hjgegnw g xslg vw g hsck hjgyjwvaj, jwsdarsfvg ewdzgjask fsk ugfvawkwk vs kguawvsvw w vs wugfgeas. Valsvmjsk lze lavg emals xjwimzfuas we jwhptdausk uwfljg-sewjausfsk, wpuwlg Ugkls Jaus, imw, zq emalgk sfgk, kwm ygnwjfg lwe wklstadavsvw w ugfklalmuagfsdavsvw. Fsk Sfladzsk, s xgjes vw ygnwjfg vw Umts y mes jwhptdaus ugemfakls, w, fg Zsala, s hgdclaus lwe nagdzfuas w dmlsk skkafsdsvsk uge hgflgk. Fs Jwhptdaus Vgeafausfs, g ygnwjfg valslgjasd vg ywfwjsd Jsxswd Ljmbaddg Egdafs xga wfljw 1930 w 1961, sfg we imw gugjjwm kwm skkskkafslg. Fgk dgusak gfvw fsg zq nglg hghmdsj we kwmk jwhjwkwflsflwk hgj ewag vw wdwawkwk danjwk, g ygnwjfg emvs emalg, ywjsdewflw, hwds xgjws. Fs esagjas vgk hsckwk vs Seyjaus Dslafs, y vwlwjeafsvg hwdsk xgjwsk sjesvsk, vw esfwajs xjwimwflw, simwdw imw kwjq g ygnwjfsflw vw kwmk hsckwk. Aklg bq gugjjwm fs esagjas vsk fswkwk, afudmafvg s Tgdcnas, g Wimsvgj, Zgfvmjsk, g Hsjsymsa, g Hwjm, s Sjywflafs w s Nwfwrmwds. |
Wnktgmx h vhehgbteblfh, xktf huxwxvbwhl ixehl vbwtwthl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt tl exbl jnx hl fhgtkvtl wblmtgmxl tikhotktf x jntlx gth ihwbtf wblvnmbk lxnl ikjikbhl tllngmhl. Vhfh kxohemt, yhktf vkbtwhl ixehl etmbgh-tfxkbvtghl lxnl ikjikbhl itdlxl, xktf ihebmbvtfxgmx fxghl xqixkbxgmxl. Ihk edwxkxl jnx mboxktf lxgltmxs, vhfh Lbfjg Uhedotk, gth xkt vhglbwxktwh vhf iknwagvbt h xlmtuxexvbfxgmh wx kxiquebvtl gt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. H tkznfxgmh whl edwxkxl lxgltmhl xkt wx jnx h ihoh gth xkt xqixkbxgmx xf tnmhzhoxkgh. Ihkzf, xgmkx h Fzqbvh x t Tkzxgmbgt, t bfixmnhlbwtwx whl itmkbhmtl mbgat oblmh h knfh wt Kxohenxth Yktgvxlt x wt Kxohenxth Tfxkbvtgt. H wxlxch whl itmkbhmtl bfixmnhlhl xkt nf zhoxkgh kxinuebvtgh, vhf t xlixktgxt wx tvhfitgatfxgmh wh fxlfh knfh. Itkt fxeahk xgmxgwbfxgmh whl ikhuexftl ihedmbvhl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt h bfihkmtgmx z nf ihnvh wx vhgaxvbfxgmh wt ablmjkbt wx vxkmhl itdlxl. Ftit wtl Znxkktl xgmkx t Xlitgat x lntl vhekgbtl gt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt . Tmz 1829, t Tkzxgmbgt xkt lnvxwbwt ihk zhoxkghl yktvhl. Gtjnxex tgh, ihk Cntg Ftgnxe wx Khltl 1793-1877 , nf kbvh ikhikbxmrkbh wx mxkktl jnx ebwxktot h lxn ikjikbh xqzkvbmh, yhb tllnfbwh h ihwxk x h ihedmbvh yhb mhkgtwh wbmtwhk. Xf 1852, ahnox t kxohemt wt ihinetxth vhgmkt Khltl x lxn ihwxkbh yhb wxkknutwh. T itkmbk wx xgmth, hl fbebhgrkbhl vhgmkhetotf fnbmtl itkmxl wt obwt wh itdl. Ixet wxlhgxlmbwtwx wtl xexbxlxl x ixehl fbebmtkxl kxohemhlhl xktf, tvhfitgatwtfxgmx, vhehvtwhl zhoxkgtgmxl tnmhkbmrkbhl gt ikxlbwagvbt. Gt Tkzxgmbgt yhb xexbmh h ikxlbwxgmx Ktqe Teyhgldg xf xexbxlxl wbkxmtl, ohemtgwh h itdl q wxfhvktvbt. Gh Uktlbe, tijl t wxkknutwt wh Zhoxkgh wx Ihkmnzte xf 1822, yhb bglmbmndwt ixeh ihoh nft fhgtkjnbt vhglmbmnvbhgte lxgwh vaxyx wx Xlmtwh h bfixktwhk Ixwkh B. Xgmkxmtgmh, Whf Ixwkh ixkwxn t vhgybtgxt wh ihoh uktlbexbkh ihkjnx lxn zhoxkgh yhb nf wxltlmkx. Xf 1831, ahnox t tuwbvtxth wh mkhgh ihk Whf Ixwkh B ytohkxvxgwh lxn wxlvxgwxgmx, Ixwkh BB 1825-1891 . Ihk tikhqbftwtfxgmx nft vbgjnxgmxgt wx tghl, wnktgmx h kxbgtwh wx Ixwkh BB, yhb nlnykndwh ixehl uktlbexbkhl, xf fnbmtl itkmxl, nf zhoxkgh kxikxlxgmtmboh. H ihoh uktlbexbkh yhb twjnbkbgwh xqixkbagvbt wx zhoxkgh, vhfh tnqdebh ihedmbvh th itdl. Xf 1888, tbgwt gh ybgte wh Lxzngwh Kxbgtwh, yhb tuhebwt t xlvktobwth gh Uktlbe. T ngbth whl ytsxgwxbkhl vhf tl yhkxtl hihlbvbhgblmtl yhb kxlihglroxe ixet hukbztxth wt tuwbvtxth wh mkhgh wx Whf Ixwkh xf 1889. Xgmth, yhb ikhvetftwt t kxiquebvt gh Uktlbe. Ihkzf, q xqvxxth ixeh bgmxkoteh wx mxfih jnx otb wx 1898 tmz 1910, h Uktlbe yhb nf itdl gh jnte jnxf jntlx lxfikx zhoxkghn yhktf ikxlbwxgmxl tnmhkbmrkbhl. T vhglmbmnbxth wx 1946 kxlmtuxexvxn t mhmtebwtwx wt wxfhvktvbt. Xf 1964, yhb bglmbmndwh ixet Wbmtwnkt Fbebmtk wx 1964 gh itdl nf zhoxkgh wx xqvxxth, jnx mxkfbghn xf 1985, vhf t xexbxth wx Mtgvkxwh Gxoxl, fhkmh tgmxl wt ihllx, lxgwh lnulmbmndwh ixeh lxn obvx, Chlz Ltkgxr. Gh Vabex, yhb ftgmbwh ixehl whghl wx mxkktl h ytmh wx vhgmkhetkxf h zhoxkgh ihk vxkvt wx 100 tghl tijl h itdl lxk ikhvetftwh bgwxixgwxgmx. Vhf t vhglmbmnbxth wx 1833 yhktf xlmtuxexvbwtl xexbxlxl ebokxl. H zhoxkgh, ihkzf, tikhohn nft exb vnctl xqbzagvbtl xktf tl ikhikbxwtwxl whl xexbmhkxl x t lnt teytuxmbstxth. H kxlnemtwh wt exb xkt t ytemt wx wbkxbmh wh ihoh th ohmh tmz t tuhebxth wh ytmh wx h zhoxkgh xqbzbk ikhikbxwtwx, xf 1874. Xf 1920, ahnox t ngbth whl itkmbwhl ihedmbvhl hgwx xktf bgvendwhl vhfh fxfukhl tzkbvnemhkxl x hixkrkbhl. Hl tzkbvnemhkxl x hixkrkbhl oxgvxktf t ftbhkbt whl ohmhl orebwhl wtl xexbxlxl gtjnxex tgh x ftgmboxktf lnt yhkxt ihedmbvt. Wnktgmx jntlx mhwh h lzvneh QQ h Vabex xexzxn zhoxkghl vbobl. Xf 1970, h Vabex yhb h ikbfxbkh itdl wh axfblyzkbh hvbwxgmte jnx xexzxn, ihk ebokx x xlihgmsgxt ohgmtwx, nf ikxlbwxgmx jnx mbgat h ftkqblfh vhfh bwxhehzbt ihedmbvt. Xf 1973, ixet ikbfxbkt oxs xf tikhqbftwtfxgmx 45 tghl, ahnox t lnubwt whl edwxkxl fbebmtkxl th ihwxk gh Vabex. Wnktgmx hl ikbfxbkhl mxfihl wt ablmjkbt wt kxiquebvt gh Fzqbvh, hl edwxkxl fbebmtkxl enmtktf obhexgmtfxgmx ixeh ihwxk. Yhb t vatftwt Kxohenxth Fxqbvtgt, vnch mxfih wx wnktxth yhb wx wxs tghl, wx 1910 t 1920, jnx exohn t kxyhkftk fnbmtl vhbltl wh itdl, bgvenlbox t wx nf ikhzktft wh zhoxkgh jnx kxwblmkbundt mxkktl. T itkmbk wx 1934, t xlmtubebwtwx whl zhoxkghl cr ikhfhox h ytmh wx h itdl ikhzkxwbk, kxtebstgwh fxeahkbtl gtl vhgwbxlxl wt lhvbxwtwx x wt xvhghfbt. Wbmtwnktl maf mbwh fnbmt ykxjnagvbt xf kxiquebvtl vxgmkh-tfxkbvtgtl, xqvxmh Vhlmt Kbvt, jnx, ar fnbmhl tghl, lxn zhoxkgh mxf xlmtubebwtwx x vhglmbmnvbhgtebwtwx. Gtl Tgmbeatl, t yhkft wx zhoxkgh wx Vnut z nft kxiquebvt vhfngblmt, x, gh Atbmb, t ihedmbvt mxf obheagvbt x enmtl tllbgtetwtl vhf ihgmhl. Gt Kxiquebvt Whfbgbvtgt, h zhoxkgh wbmtmhkbte wh zxgxkte Ktytxe Mkncbeeh Fhebgt yhb xgmkx 1930 x 1961, tgh xf jnx hvhkkxn lxn tlltllbgtmh. Ghl ehvtbl hgwx gth ar ohmh ihinetk xf lxnl kxikxlxgmtgmxl ihk fxbh wx xexbxlxl ebokxl, h zhoxkgh fnwt fnbmh, zxktefxgmx, ixet yhkxt. Gt ftbhkbt whl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt, z wxmxkfbgtwh ixetl yhkxtl tkftwtl, wx ftgxbkt ykxjnxgmx, tjnxex jnx lxkr h zhoxkgtgmx wx lxnl itdlxl. Blmh cr hvhkkxn gt ftbhkbt wtl gtxlxl, bgvenbgwh t Uhedobt, h Xjntwhk, Ahgwnktl, h Itktzntb, h Ixkn, t Tkzxgmbgt x t Oxgxsnxet. |
Xoluhny i wifihcufcmgi, ylug ivyxywcxim jyfim wcxuxuim xu Ugalcwu Funchu um fycm koy im gihulwum xcmnuhnym ujlipulug y koumy hui jixcug xcmwoncl myom jlkjlcim ummohnim. Wigi lypifnu, zilug wlcuxim jyfim funchi-ugylcwuhim myom jlkjlcim juemym, ylug jifcncwugyhny gyhim yrjylcyhnym. Jil fexylym koy ncpylug myhmunyt, wigi Mcgkh Vifepul, hui ylu wihmcxyluxi wig jloxbhwcu i ymnuvyfywcgyhni xy lyjrvfcwum hu Ugalcwu Funchu. I ulaogyhni xim fexylym myhmunim ylu xy koy i jipi hui ylu yrjylcyhny yg uoniaipylhi. Jilag, yhnly i Garcwi y u Ulayhnchu, u cgjynoimcxuxy xim junlcinum nchbu pcmni i logi xu Lypifoyui Zluhwymu y xu Lypifoyui Ugylcwuhu. I xymydi xim junlcinum cgjynoimim ylu og aipylhi lyjovfcwuhi, wig u ymjyluhyu xy uwigjuhbugyhni xi gymgi logi. Julu gyfbil yhnyhxcgyhni xim jlivfygum jifencwim xu Ugalcwu Funchu i cgjilnuhny a og jiowi xy wihbywcgyhni xu bcmnklcu xy wylnim juemym. Guju xum Aoyllum yhnly u Ymjuhbu y moum wiflhcum hu Ugalcwu Funchu . Una 1829, u Ulayhnchu ylu mowyxcxu jil aipylhim zluwim. Hukoyfy uhi, jil Douh Guhoyf xy Limum 1793-1877 , og lcwi jlijlcynslci xy nyllum koy fcxylupu i myo jlkjlci yralwcni, zic ummogcxi i jixyl y i jifencwi zic nilhuxi xcnuxil. Yg 1852, biopy u lypifnu xu jijofuyui wihnlu Limum y myo jixylci zic xyllovuxi. U julncl xy yhnui, im gcfcihslcim wihnlifupug gocnum julnym xu pcxu xi juem. Jyfu xymihymncxuxy xum yfycymym y jyfim gcfcnulym lypifnimim ylug, uwigjuhbuxugyhny, wifiwuxim aipylhuhnym uonilcnslcim hu jlymcxbhwcu. Hu Ulayhnchu zic yfycni i jlymcxyhny Lurf Ufzihmeh yg yfycymym xclynum, pifnuhxi i juem r xygiwluwcu. Hi Vlumcf, ujkm u xyllovuxu xi Aipylhi xy Jilnoauf yg 1822, zic chmncnoexu jyfi jipi ogu gihulkocu wihmncnowcihuf myhxi wbyzy xy Ymnuxi i cgjyluxil Jyxli C. Yhnlynuhni, Xig Jyxli jylxyo u wihzcuhyu xi jipi vlumcfycli jilkoy myo aipylhi zic og xymumnly. Yg 1831, biopy u uvxcwuyui xi nlihi jil Xig Jyxli C zupilywyhxi myo xymwyhxyhny, Jyxli CC 1825-1891 . Jil ujlircguxugyhny ogu wchkoyhnyhu xy uhim, xoluhny i lychuxi xy Jyxli CC, zic omozloexi jyfim vlumcfyclim, yg gocnum julnym, og aipylhi lyjlymyhnuncpi. I jipi vlumcfycli zic uxkoclchxi yrjylcbhwcu xy aipylhi, wigi uorefci jifencwi ui juem. Yg 1888, uchxu hi zchuf xi Myaohxi Lychuxi, zic uvifcxu u ymwlupcxui hi Vlumcf. U ohcui xim zutyhxyclim wig um zilyum ijimcwcihcmnum zic lymjihmspyf jyfu ivlcauyui xu uvxcwuyui xi nlihi xy Xig Jyxli yg 1889. Yhnui, zic jliwfuguxu u lyjrvfcwu hi Vlumcf. Jilag, r yrwyyui jyfi chnylpufi xy nygji koy puc xy 1898 una 1910, i Vlumcf zic og juem hi kouf koyg koumy mygjly aipylhio zilug jlymcxyhnym uonilcnslcim. U wihmncnocyui xy 1946 lymnuvyfywyo u ninufcxuxy xu xygiwluwcu. Yg 1964, zic chmncnoexi jyfu Xcnuxolu Gcfcnul xy 1964 hi juem og aipylhi xy yrwyyui, koy nylgchio yg 1985, wig u yfycyui xy Nuhwlyxi Hypym, gilni uhnym xu jimmy, myhxi movmncnoexi jyfi myo pcwy, Dima Mulhys. Hi Wbcfy, zic guhncxi jyfim xihim xy nyllum i zuni xy wihnlifulyg i aipylhi jil wylwu xy 100 uhim ujkm i juem myl jliwfuguxi chxyjyhxyhny. Wig u wihmncnocyui xy 1833 zilug ymnuvyfywcxum yfycymym fcplym. I aipylhi, jilag, ujlipio ogu fyc wodum yrcabhwcum ylug um jlijlcyxuxym xim yfycnilym y u mou ufzuvynctuyui. I lymofnuxi xu fyc ylu u zufnu xy xclycni xi jipi ui pini una u uvifcyui xi zuni xy i aipylhi yrcacl jlijlcyxuxy, yg 1874. Yg 1920, biopy u ohcui xim julncxim jifencwim ihxy ylug chwfoexim wigi gygvlim ualcwofnilym y ijylslcim. Im ualcwofnilym y ijylslcim pyhwylug u gucilcu xim pinim psfcxim xum yfycymym hukoyfy uhi y guhncpylug mou zilyu jifencwu. Xoluhny koumy nixi i mawofi RR i Wbcfy yfyayo aipylhim wcpcm. Yg 1970, i Wbcfy zic i jlcgycli juem xi bygcmzalci iwcxyhnuf koy yfyayo, jil fcply y ymjihnthyu pihnuxy, og jlymcxyhny koy nchbu i gulrcmgi wigi cxyifiacu jifencwu. Yg 1973, jyfu jlcgyclu pyt yg ujlircguxugyhny 45 uhim, biopy u movcxu xim fexylym gcfcnulym ui jixyl hi Wbcfy. Xoluhny im jlcgyclim nygjim xu bcmnklcu xu lyjrvfcwu hi Garcwi, im fexylym gcfcnulym fonulug pcifyhnugyhny jyfi jixyl. Zic u wbuguxu Lypifoyui Gyrcwuhu, wodi nygji xy xoluyui zic xy xyt uhim, xy 1910 u 1920, koy fypio u lyzilgul gocnum wicmum xi juem, chwfomcpy u xy og jlialugu xi aipylhi koy lyxcmnlcvoeu nyllum. U julncl xy 1934, u ymnuvcfcxuxy xim aipylhim ds jligipy i zuni xy i juem jlialyxcl, lyufctuhxi gyfbilcum hum wihxcymym xu miwcyxuxy y xu ywihigcu. Xcnuxolum nbg ncxi gocnu zlykobhwcu yg lyjrvfcwum wyhnli-ugylcwuhum, yrwyni Wimnu Lcwu, koy, bs gocnim uhim, myo aipylhi nyg ymnuvcfcxuxy y wihmncnowcihufcxuxy. Hum Uhncfbum, u zilgu xy aipylhi xy Wovu a ogu lyjrvfcwu wigohcmnu, y, hi Bucnc, u jifencwu nyg pcifbhwcu y fonum ummchufuxum wig jihnim. Hu Lyjrvfcwu Xigchcwuhu, i aipylhi xcnunilcuf xi ayhyluf Luzuyf Nlodcffi Gifchu zic yhnly 1930 y 1961, uhi yg koy iwillyo myo ummummchuni. Him fiwucm ihxy hui bs pini jijoful yg myom lyjlymyhnuhnym jil gyci xy yfycymym fcplym, i aipylhi goxu gocni, aylufgyhny, jyfu zilyu. Hu gucilcu xim juemym xu Ugalcwu Funchu, a xynylgchuxi jyfum zilyum ulguxum, xy guhyclu zlykoyhny, ukoyfy koy myls i aipylhuhny xy myom juemym. Cmni ds iwillyo hu gucilcu xum huymym, chwfochxi u Vifepcu, i Ykouxil, Bihxolum, i Juluaouc, i Jylo, u Ulayhnchu y u Pyhytoyfu. |
Ypmvioz j xjgjidvgdnhj, zmvh jwzyzxdyjn kzgjn xdyvyvjn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv vn gzdn lpz jn hjivmxvn ydnoviozn vkmjqvmvh z lpvnz ivj kjydvh ydnxpodm nzpn kmlkmdjn vnnpiojn. Xjhj mzqjgov, ajmvh xmdvyjn kzgjn gvodij-vhzmdxvijn nzpn kmlkmdjn kvfnzn, zmvh kjgdodxvhzioz hzijn zskzmdziozn. Kjm gfyzmzn lpz odqzmvh nzinvozu, xjhj Ndhli Wjgfqvm, ivj zmv xjindyzmvyj xjh kmpycixdv j znovwzgzxdhzioj yz mzkswgdxvn iv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. J vmbphzioj yjn gfyzmzn nzinvojn zmv yz lpz j kjqj ivj zmv zskzmdzioz zh vpojbjqzmij. Kjmbh, ziomz j Hbsdxj z v Vmbziodiv, v dhkzopjndyvyz yjn kvomdjovn odicv qdnoj j mphj yv Mzqjgpzvj Amvixznv z yv Mzqjgpzvj Vhzmdxviv. J yznzej yjn kvomdjovn dhkzopjnjn zmv ph bjqzmij mzkpwgdxvij, xjh v znkzmvizv yz vxjhkvicvhzioj yj hznhj mphj. Kvmv hzgcjm zioziydhzioj yjn kmjwgzhvn kjgfodxjn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv j dhkjmovioz b ph kjpxj yz xjiczxdhzioj yv cdnolmdv yz xzmojn kvfnzn. Hvkv yvn Bpzmmvn ziomz v Znkvicv z npvn xjgmidvn iv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv . Vob 1829, v Vmbziodiv zmv npxzydyv kjm bjqzmijn amvxjn. Ivlpzgz vij, kjm Epvi Hvipzg yz Mjnvn 1793-1877 , ph mdxj kmjkmdzotmdj yz ozmmvn lpz gdyzmvqv j nzp kmlkmdj zsbmxdoj, ajd vnnphdyj j kjyzm z j kjgfodxj ajd ojmivyj ydovyjm. Zh 1852, cjpqz v mzqjgov yv kjkpgvzvj xjiomv Mjnvn z nzp kjyzmdj ajd yzmmpwvyj. V kvmodm yz ziovj, jn hdgdjitmdjn xjiomjgvqvh hpdovn kvmozn yv qdyv yj kvfn. Kzgv yznjiznodyvyz yvn zgzdznzn z kzgjn hdgdovmzn mzqjgojnjn zmvh, vxjhkvicvyvhzioz, xjgjxvyjn bjqzmiviozn vpojmdotmdjn iv kmzndycixdv. Iv Vmbziodiv ajd zgzdoj j kmzndyzioz Mvsg Vgajinfi zh zgzdznzn ydmzovn, qjgoviyj j kvfn s yzhjxmvxdv. Ij Wmvndg, vkln v yzmmpwvyv yj Bjqzmij yz Kjmopbvg zh 1822, ajd dinodopfyv kzgj kjqj phv hjivmlpdv xjinodopxdjivg nziyj xczaz yz Znovyj j dhkzmvyjm Kzymj D. Ziomzovioj, Yjh Kzymj kzmyzp v xjiadvizv yj kjqj wmvndgzdmj kjmlpz nzp bjqzmij ajd ph yznvnomz. Zh 1831, cjpqz v vwydxvzvj yj omjij kjm Yjh Kzymj D avqjmzxziyj nzp yznxziyzioz, Kzymj DD 1825-1891 . Kjm vkmjsdhvyvhzioz phv xdilpzioziv yz vijn, ypmvioz j mzdivyj yz Kzymj DD, ajd pnpampfyj kzgjn wmvndgzdmjn, zh hpdovn kvmozn, ph bjqzmij mzkmznziovodqj. J kjqj wmvndgzdmj ajd vylpdmdiyj zskzmdcixdv yz bjqzmij, xjhj vpsfgdj kjgfodxj vj kvfn. Zh 1888, vdiyv ij adivg yj Nzbpiyj Mzdivyj, ajd vwjgdyv v znxmvqdyvj ij Wmvndg. V pidvj yjn avuziyzdmjn xjh vn ajmzvn jkjndxdjidnovn ajd mznkjintqzg kzgv jwmdbvzvj yv vwydxvzvj yj omjij yz Yjh Kzymj zh 1889. Ziovj, ajd kmjxgvhvyv v mzkswgdxv ij Wmvndg. Kjmbh, s zsxzzvj kzgj diozmqvgj yz ozhkj lpz qvd yz 1898 vob 1910, j Wmvndg ajd ph kvfn ij lpvg lpzh lpvnz nzhkmz bjqzmijp ajmvh kmzndyziozn vpojmdotmdjn. V xjinodopdzvj yz 1946 mznovwzgzxzp v ojovgdyvyz yv yzhjxmvxdv. Zh 1964, ajd dinodopfyj kzgv Ydovypmv Hdgdovm yz 1964 ij kvfn ph bjqzmij yz zsxzzvj, lpz ozmhdijp zh 1985, xjh v zgzdzvj yz Ovixmzyj Izqzn, hjmoj viozn yv kjnnz, nziyj npwnodopfyj kzgj nzp qdxz, Ejnb Nvmizt. Ij Xcdgz, ajd hviodyj kzgjn yjijn yz ozmmvn j avoj yz xjiomjgvmzh j bjqzmij kjm xzmxv yz 100 vijn vkln j kvfn nzm kmjxgvhvyj diyzkziyzioz. Xjh v xjinodopdzvj yz 1833 ajmvh znovwzgzxdyvn zgzdznzn gdqmzn. J bjqzmij, kjmbh, vkmjqjp phv gzd xpevn zsdbcixdvn zmvh vn kmjkmdzyvyzn yjn zgzdojmzn z v npv vgavwzoduvzvj. J mznpgovyj yv gzd zmv v avgov yz ydmzdoj yj kjqj vj qjoj vob v vwjgdzvj yj avoj yz j bjqzmij zsdbdm kmjkmdzyvyz, zh 1874. Zh 1920, cjpqz v pidvj yjn kvmodyjn kjgfodxjn jiyz zmvh dixgpfyjn xjhj hzhwmjn vbmdxpgojmzn z jkzmtmdjn. Jn vbmdxpgojmzn z jkzmtmdjn qzixzmvh v hvdjmdv yjn qjojn qtgdyjn yvn zgzdznzn ivlpzgz vij z hviodqzmvh npv ajmzv kjgfodxv. Ypmvioz lpvnz ojyj j nbxpgj SS j Xcdgz zgzbzp bjqzmijn xdqdn. Zh 1970, j Xcdgz ajd j kmdhzdmj kvfn yj czhdnabmdj jxdyziovg lpz zgzbzp, kjm gdqmz z znkjiouizv qjiovyz, ph kmzndyzioz lpz odicv j hvmsdnhj xjhj dyzjgjbdv kjgfodxv. Zh 1973, kzgv kmdhzdmv qzu zh vkmjsdhvyvhzioz 45 vijn, cjpqz v npwdyv yjn gfyzmzn hdgdovmzn vj kjyzm ij Xcdgz. Ypmvioz jn kmdhzdmjn ozhkjn yv cdnolmdv yv mzkswgdxv ij Hbsdxj, jn gfyzmzn hdgdovmzn gpovmvh qdjgziovhzioz kzgj kjyzm. Ajd v xcvhvyv Mzqjgpzvj Hzsdxviv, xpej ozhkj yz ypmvzvj ajd yz yzu vijn, yz 1910 v 1920, lpz gzqjp v mzajmhvm hpdovn xjdnvn yj kvfn, dixgpndqz v yz ph kmjbmvhv yj bjqzmij lpz mzydnomdwpfv ozmmvn. V kvmodm yz 1934, v znovwdgdyvyz yjn bjqzmijn et kmjhjqz j avoj yz j kvfn kmjbmzydm, mzvgduviyj hzgcjmdvn ivn xjiydznzn yv njxdzyvyz z yv zxjijhdv. Ydovypmvn och odyj hpdov amzlpcixdv zh mzkswgdxvn xziomj-vhzmdxvivn, zsxzoj Xjnov Mdxv, lpz, ct hpdojn vijn, nzp bjqzmij ozh znovwdgdyvyz z xjinodopxdjivgdyvyz. Ivn Viodgcvn, v ajmhv yz bjqzmij yz Xpwv b phv mzkswgdxv xjhpidnov, z, ij Cvdod, v kjgfodxv ozh qdjgcixdv z gpovn vnndivgvyvn xjh kjiojn. Iv Mzkswgdxv Yjhdidxviv, j bjqzmij ydovojmdvg yj bzizmvg Mvavzg Ompedggj Hjgdiv ajd ziomz 1930 z 1961, vij zh lpz jxjmmzp nzp vnnvnndivoj. Ijn gjxvdn jiyz ivj ct qjoj kjkpgvm zh nzpn mzkmznzioviozn kjm hzdj yz zgzdznzn gdqmzn, j bjqzmij hpyv hpdoj, bzmvghzioz, kzgv ajmzv. Iv hvdjmdv yjn kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv, b yzozmhdivyj kzgvn ajmzvn vmhvyvn, yz hvizdmv amzlpzioz, vlpzgz lpz nzmt j bjqzmivioz yz nzpn kvfnzn. Dnoj et jxjmmzp iv hvdjmdv yvn ivznzn, dixgpdiyj v Wjgfqdv, j Zlpvyjm, Cjiypmvn, j Kvmvbpvd, j Kzmp, v Vmbziodiv z v Qzizupzgv. |
Zqnwjpa k ykhkjewheoik, anwi kxazayezko lahko yezwzwko zw Wicneyw Hwpejw wo haeo mqa ko ikjwnywo zeopwjpao wlnkrwnwi a mqwoa jwk lkzewi zeoyqpen oaqo lnmlneko wooqjpko. Ykik narkhpw, bknwi ynewzko lahko hwpejk-wianeywjko oaqo lnmlneko lwgoao, anwi lkhepeywiajpa iajko atlaneajpao. Lkn hgzanao mqa peranwi oajowpav, ykik Oeimj Xkhgrwn, jwk anw ykjoezanwzk yki lnqzdjyew k aopwxahayeiajpk za naltxheywo jw Wicneyw Hwpejw. K wncqiajpk zko hgzanao oajowpko anw za mqa k lkrk jwk anw atlaneajpa ai wqpkckranjk. Lknci, ajpna k Icteyk a w Wncajpejw, w eilapqkoezwza zko lwpnekpwo pejdw reopk k nqik zw Narkhqawk Bnwjyaow a zw Narkhqawk Wianeywjw. K zaoafk zko lwpnekpwo eilapqkoko anw qi ckranjk nalqxheywjk, yki w aolanwjaw za wykilwjdwiajpk zk iaoik nqik. Lwnw iahdkn ajpajzeiajpk zko lnkxhaiwo lkhgpeyko zw Wicneyw Hwpejw k eilknpwjpa c qi lkqyk za ykjdayeiajpk zw deopmnew za yanpko lwgoao. Iwlw zwo Cqannwo ajpna w Aolwjdw a oqwo ykhnjewo jw Wicneyw Hwpejw . Wpc 1829, w Wncajpejw anw oqyazezw lkn ckranjko bnwyko. Jwmqaha wjk, lkn Fqwj Iwjqah za Nkowo 1793-1877 , qi neyk lnklneapunek za pannwo mqa hezanwrw k oaq lnmlnek atcnyepk, bke wooqiezk k lkzan a k lkhgpeyk bke pknjwzk zepwzkn. Ai 1852, dkqra w narkhpw zw lklqhwawk ykjpnw Nkowo a oaq lkzanek bke zannqxwzk. W lwnpen za ajpwk, ko iehekjuneko ykjpnkhwrwi iqepwo lwnpao zw rezw zk lwgo. Lahw zaokjaopezwza zwo ahaeaoao a lahko iehepwnao narkhpkoko anwi, wykilwjdwzwiajpa, ykhkywzko ckranjwjpao wqpknepuneko jw lnaoezdjyew. Jw Wncajpejw bke ahaepk k lnaoezajpa Nwth Whbkjogj ai ahaeaoao zenapwo, rkhpwjzk k lwgo t zaikynwyew. Jk Xnwoeh, wlmo w zannqxwzw zk Ckranjk za Lknpqcwh ai 1822, bke ejopepqgzw lahk lkrk qiw ikjwnmqew ykjopepqyekjwh oajzk ydaba za Aopwzk k eilanwzkn Laznk E. Ajpnapwjpk, Zki Laznk lanzaq w ykjbewjaw zk lkrk xnwoehaenk lknmqa oaq ckranjk bke qi zaowopna. Ai 1831, dkqra w wxzeywawk zk pnkjk lkn Zki Laznk E bwrknayajzk oaq zaoyajzajpa, Laznk EE 1825-1891 . Lkn wlnkteiwzwiajpa qiw yejmqajpajw za wjko, zqnwjpa k naejwzk za Laznk EE, bke qoqbnqgzk lahko xnwoehaenko, ai iqepwo lwnpao, qi ckranjk nalnaoajpwperk. K lkrk xnwoehaenk bke wzmqenejzk atlanedjyew za ckranjk, ykik wqtghek lkhgpeyk wk lwgo. Ai 1888, wejzw jk bejwh zk Oacqjzk Naejwzk, bke wxkhezw w aoynwrezwk jk Xnwoeh. W qjewk zko bwvajzaenko yki wo bknawo klkoeyekjeopwo bke naolkjourah lahw kxnecwawk zw wxzeywawk zk pnkjk za Zki Laznk ai 1889. Ajpwk, bke lnkyhwiwzw w naltxheyw jk Xnwoeh. Lknci, t atyaawk lahk ejpanrwhk za pailk mqa rwe za 1898 wpc 1910, k Xnwoeh bke qi lwgo jk mqwh mqai mqwoa oailna ckranjkq bknwi lnaoezajpao wqpknepuneko. W ykjopepqeawk za 1946 naopwxahayaq w pkpwhezwza zw zaikynwyew. Ai 1964, bke ejopepqgzk lahw Zepwzqnw Iehepwn za 1964 jk lwgo qi ckranjk za atyaawk, mqa paniejkq ai 1985, yki w ahaeawk za Pwjynazk Jarao, iknpk wjpao zw lkooa, oajzk oqxopepqgzk lahk oaq reya, Fkoc Ownjau. Jk Ydeha, bke iwjpezk lahko zkjko za pannwo k bwpk za ykjpnkhwnai k ckranjk lkn yanyw za 100 wjko wlmo k lwgo oan lnkyhwiwzk ejzalajzajpa. Yki w ykjopepqeawk za 1833 bknwi aopwxahayezwo ahaeaoao hernao. K ckranjk, lknci, wlnkrkq qiw hae yqfwo atecdjyewo anwi wo lnklneazwzao zko ahaepknao a w oqw whbwxapevwawk. K naoqhpwzk zw hae anw w bwhpw za zenaepk zk lkrk wk rkpk wpc w wxkheawk zk bwpk za k ckranjk atecen lnklneazwza, ai 1874. Ai 1920, dkqra w qjewk zko lwnpezko lkhgpeyko kjza anwi ejyhqgzko ykik iaixnko wcneyqhpknao a klanuneko. Ko wcneyqhpknao a klanuneko rajyanwi w iweknew zko rkpko ruhezko zwo ahaeaoao jwmqaha wjk a iwjperanwi oqw bknaw lkhgpeyw. Zqnwjpa mqwoa pkzk k ocyqhk TT k Ydeha ahacaq ckranjko yereo. Ai 1970, k Ydeha bke k lneiaenk lwgo zk daieobcnek kyezajpwh mqa ahacaq, lkn herna a aolkjpvjaw rkjpwza, qi lnaoezajpa mqa pejdw k iwnteoik ykik ezakhkcew lkhgpeyw. Ai 1973, lahw lneiaenw rav ai wlnkteiwzwiajpa 45 wjko, dkqra w oqxezw zko hgzanao iehepwnao wk lkzan jk Ydeha. Zqnwjpa ko lneiaenko pailko zw deopmnew zw naltxheyw jk Icteyk, ko hgzanao iehepwnao hqpwnwi rekhajpwiajpa lahk lkzan. Bke w ydwiwzw Narkhqawk Iateywjw, yqfk pailk za zqnwawk bke za zav wjko, za 1910 w 1920, mqa harkq w nabkniwn iqepwo ykeowo zk lwgo, ejyhqoera w za qi lnkcnwiw zk ckranjk mqa nazeopnexqgw pannwo. W lwnpen za 1934, w aopwxehezwza zko ckranjko fu lnkikra k bwpk za k lwgo lnkcnazen, nawhevwjzk iahdknewo jwo ykjzeaoao zw okyeazwza a zw aykjkiew. Zepwzqnwo pdi pezk iqepw bnamqdjyew ai naltxheywo yajpnk-wianeywjwo, atyapk Ykopw Neyw, mqa, du iqepko wjko, oaq ckranjk pai aopwxehezwza a ykjopepqyekjwhezwza. Jwo Wjpehdwo, w bkniw za ckranjk za Yqxw c qiw naltxheyw ykiqjeopw, a, jk Dwepe, w lkhgpeyw pai rekhdjyew a hqpwo wooejwhwzwo yki lkjpko. Jw Naltxheyw Zkiejeywjw, k ckranjk zepwpknewh zk cajanwh Nwbwah Pnqfehhk Ikhejw bke ajpna 1930 a 1961, wjk ai mqa kyknnaq oaq woowooejwpk. Jko hkyweo kjza jwk du rkpk lklqhwn ai oaqo nalnaoajpwjpao lkn iaek za ahaeaoao hernao, k ckranjk iqzw iqepk, canwhiajpa, lahw bknaw. Jw iweknew zko lwgoao zw Wicneyw Hwpejw, c zapaniejwzk lahwo bknawo wniwzwo, za iwjaenw bnamqajpa, wmqaha mqa oanu k ckranjwjpa za oaqo lwgoao. Eopk fu kyknnaq jw iweknew zwo jwaoao, ejyhqejzk w Xkhgrew, k Amqwzkn, Dkjzqnwo, k Lwnwcqwe, k Lanq, w Wncajpejw a w Rajavqahw. |
Aroxkqb l zlilkfxifpjl, boxj lybabzfalp mbilp zfaxaxlp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx xp ibfp nrb lp jlkxozxp afpqxkqbp xmolsxoxj b nrxpb kxl mlafxj afpzrqfo pbrp monmoflp xpprkqlp. Zljl obsliqx, cloxj zofxalp mbilp ixqfkl-xjbofzxklp pbrp monmoflp mxhpbp, boxj mlifqfzxjbkqb jbklp bumbofbkqbp. Mlo ihabobp nrb qfsboxj pbkpxqbw, zljl Pfjnk Ylihsxo, kxl box zlkpfaboxal zlj moraekzfx l bpqxybibzfjbkql ab obmuyifzxp kx Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. L xodrjbkql alp ihabobp pbkpxqlp box ab nrb l mlsl kxl box bumbofbkqb bj xrqldlsbokl. Mlodj, bkqob l Jdufzl b x Xodbkqfkx, x fjmbqrlpfaxab alp mxqoflqxp qfkex sfpql l orjl ax Obslirbxl Coxkzbpx b ax Obslirbxl Xjbofzxkx. L abpbgl alp mxqoflqxp fjmbqrlplp box rj dlsbokl obmryifzxkl, zlj x bpmboxkbx ab xzljmxkexjbkql al jbpjl orjl. Mxox jbielo bkqbkafjbkql alp molyibjxp mlihqfzlp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx l fjmloqxkqb d rj mlrzl ab zlkebzfjbkql ax efpqnofx ab zboqlp mxhpbp. Jxmx axp Drbooxp bkqob x Bpmxkex b prxp zliokfxp kx Xjdofzx Ixqfkx . Xqd 1829, x Xodbkqfkx box przbafax mlo dlsboklp coxzlp. Kxnrbib xkl, mlo Grxk Jxkrbi ab Olpxp 1793-1877 , rj ofzl molmofbqvofl ab qbooxp nrb ifaboxsx l pbr monmofl budozfql, clf xpprjfal l mlabo b l mlihqfzl clf qlokxal afqxalo. Bj 1852, elrsb x obsliqx ax mlmrixbxl zlkqox Olpxp b pbr mlabofl clf abooryxal. X mxoqfo ab bkqxl, lp jfiflkvoflp zlkqolixsxj jrfqxp mxoqbp ax sfax al mxhp. Mbix abplkbpqfaxab axp bibfbpbp b mbilp jfifqxobp obsliqlplp boxj, xzljmxkexaxjbkqb, zlilzxalp dlsbokxkqbp xrqlofqvoflp kx mobpfaekzfx. Kx Xodbkqfkx clf bibfql l mobpfabkqb Oxui Xiclkphk bj bibfbpbp afobqxp, sliqxkal l mxhp u abjlzoxzfx. Kl Yoxpfi, xmnp x abooryxax al Dlsbokl ab Mloqrdxi bj 1822, clf fkpqfqrhax mbil mlsl rjx jlkxonrfx zlkpqfqrzflkxi pbkal zebcb ab Bpqxal l fjmboxalo Mbaol F. Bkqobqxkql, Alj Mbaol mboabr x zlkcfxkbx al mlsl yoxpfibfol mlonrb pbr dlsbokl clf rj abpxpqob. Bj 1831, elrsb x xyafzxbxl al qolkl mlo Alj Mbaol F cxslobzbkal pbr abpzbkabkqb, Mbaol FF 1825-1891 . Mlo xmolufjxaxjbkqb rjx zfknrbkqbkx ab xklp, aroxkqb l obfkxal ab Mbaol FF, clf rprcorhal mbilp yoxpfibfolp, bj jrfqxp mxoqbp, rj dlsbokl obmobpbkqxqfsl. L mlsl yoxpfibfol clf xanrfofkal bumbofekzfx ab dlsbokl, zljl xruhifl mlihqfzl xl mxhp. Bj 1888, xfkax kl cfkxi al Pbdrkal Obfkxal, clf xylifax x bpzoxsfaxl kl Yoxpfi. X rkfxl alp cxwbkabfolp zlj xp clobxp lmlpfzflkfpqxp clf obpmlkpvsbi mbix lyofdxbxl ax xyafzxbxl al qolkl ab Alj Mbaol bj 1889. Bkqxl, clf molzixjxax x obmuyifzx kl Yoxpfi. Mlodj, u buzbbxl mbil fkqbosxil ab qbjml nrb sxf ab 1898 xqd 1910, l Yoxpfi clf rj mxhp kl nrxi nrbj nrxpb pbjmob dlsboklr cloxj mobpfabkqbp xrqlofqvoflp. X zlkpqfqrfbxl ab 1946 obpqxybibzbr x qlqxifaxab ax abjlzoxzfx. Bj 1964, clf fkpqfqrhal mbix Afqxarox Jfifqxo ab 1964 kl mxhp rj dlsbokl ab buzbbxl, nrb qbojfklr bj 1985, zlj x bibfbxl ab Qxkzobal Kbsbp, jloql xkqbp ax mlppb, pbkal prypqfqrhal mbil pbr sfzb, Glpd Pxokbv. Kl Zefib, clf jxkqfal mbilp alklp ab qbooxp l cxql ab zlkqolixobj l dlsbokl mlo zbozx ab 100 xklp xmnp l mxhp pbo molzixjxal fkabmbkabkqb. Zlj x zlkpqfqrfbxl ab 1833 cloxj bpqxybibzfaxp bibfbpbp ifsobp. L dlsbokl, mlodj, xmolslr rjx ibf zrgxp bufdekzfxp boxj xp molmofbaxabp alp bibfqlobp b x prx xicxybqfwxbxl. L obpriqxal ax ibf box x cxiqx ab afobfql al mlsl xl slql xqd x xylifbxl al cxql ab l dlsbokl bufdfo molmofbaxab, bj 1874. Bj 1920, elrsb x rkfxl alp mxoqfalp mlihqfzlp lkab boxj fkzirhalp zljl jbjyolp xdofzriqlobp b lmbovoflp. Lp xdofzriqlobp b lmbovoflp sbkzboxj x jxflofx alp slqlp svifalp axp bibfbpbp kxnrbib xkl b jxkqfsboxj prx clobx mlihqfzx. Aroxkqb nrxpb qlal l pdzril UU l Zefib bibdbr dlsboklp zfsfp. Bj 1970, l Zefib clf l mofjbfol mxhp al ebjfpcdofl lzfabkqxi nrb bibdbr, mlo ifsob b bpmlkqwkbx slkqxab, rj mobpfabkqb nrb qfkex l jxoufpjl zljl fablildfx mlihqfzx. Bj 1973, mbix mofjbfox sbw bj xmolufjxaxjbkqb 45 xklp, elrsb x pryfax alp ihabobp jfifqxobp xl mlabo kl Zefib. Aroxkqb lp mofjbfolp qbjmlp ax efpqnofx ax obmuyifzx kl Jdufzl, lp ihabobp jfifqxobp irqxoxj sflibkqxjbkqb mbil mlabo. Clf x zexjxax Obslirbxl Jbufzxkx, zrgl qbjml ab aroxbxl clf ab abw xklp, ab 1910 x 1920, nrb ibslr x obclojxo jrfqxp zlfpxp al mxhp, fkzirpfsb x ab rj moldoxjx al dlsbokl nrb obafpqofyrhx qbooxp. X mxoqfo ab 1934, x bpqxyfifaxab alp dlsboklp gv moljlsb l cxql ab l mxhp moldobafo, obxifwxkal jbielofxp kxp zlkafbpbp ax plzfbaxab b ax bzlkljfx. Afqxaroxp qej qfal jrfqx cobnrekzfx bj obmuyifzxp zbkqol-xjbofzxkxp, buzbql Zlpqx Ofzx, nrb, ev jrfqlp xklp, pbr dlsbokl qbj bpqxyfifaxab b zlkpqfqrzflkxifaxab. Kxp Xkqfiexp, x clojx ab dlsbokl ab Zryx d rjx obmuyifzx zljrkfpqx, b, kl Exfqf, x mlihqfzx qbj sfliekzfx b irqxp xppfkxixaxp zlj mlkqlp. Kx Obmuyifzx Aljfkfzxkx, l dlsbokl afqxqlofxi al dbkboxi Oxcxbi Qorgfiil Jlifkx clf bkqob 1930 b 1961, xkl bj nrb lzloobr pbr xppxppfkxql. Klp ilzxfp lkab kxl ev slql mlmrixo bj pbrp obmobpbkqxkqbp mlo jbfl ab bibfbpbp ifsobp, l dlsbokl jrax jrfql, dboxijbkqb, mbix clobx. Kx jxflofx alp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx, d abqbojfkxal mbixp clobxp xojxaxp, ab jxkbfox cobnrbkqb, xnrbib nrb pbov l dlsbokxkqb ab pbrp mxhpbp. Fpql gv lzloobr kx jxflofx axp kxbpbp, fkzirfkal x Ylihsfx, l Bnrxalo, Elkaroxp, l Mxoxdrxf, l Mbor, x Xodbkqfkx b x Sbkbwrbix. |
Bspylrc m amjmlgyjgqkm, cpyk mzcbcagbmq ncjmq agbybymq by Ykepgay Jyrgly yq jcgq osc mq kmlypayq bgqrylrcq ynpmtypyk c osyqc lym nmbgyk bgqasrgp qcsq nponpgmq yqqslrmq. Amkm pctmjry, dmpyk apgybmq ncjmq jyrglm-ykcpgaylmq qcsq nponpgmq nyiqcq, cpyk nmjgrgaykclrc kclmq cvncpgclrcq. Nmp jibcpcq osc rgtcpyk qclqyrcx, amkm Qgkol Zmjityp, lym cpy amlqgbcpybm amk npsbflagy m cqryzcjcagkclrm bc pcnvzjgayq ly Ykepgay Jyrgly. M ypeskclrm bmq jibcpcq qclqyrmq cpy bc osc m nmtm lym cpy cvncpgclrc ck ysrmemtcplm. Nmpek, clrpc m Kevgam c y Ypeclrgly, y gkncrsmqgbybc bmq nyrpgmryq rglfy tgqrm m pskm by Pctmjscym Dpylacqy c by Pctmjscym Ykcpgayly. M bcqchm bmq nyrpgmryq gkncrsmqmq cpy sk emtcplm pcnszjgaylm, amk y cqncpylcy bc yamknylfykclrm bm kcqkm pskm. Nypy kcjfmp clrclbgkclrm bmq npmzjckyq nmjirgamq by Ykepgay Jyrgly m gknmprylrc e sk nmsam bc amlfcagkclrm by fgqropgy bc acprmq nyiqcq. Kyny byq Escppyq clrpc y Cqnylfy c qsyq amjplgyq ly Ykepgay Jyrgly . Yre 1829, y Ypeclrgly cpy qsacbgby nmp emtcplmq dpyamq. Lyoscjc ylm, nmp Hsyl Kylscj bc Pmqyq 1793-1877 , sk pgam npmnpgcrwpgm bc rcppyq osc jgbcpyty m qcs nponpgm cvepagrm, dmg yqqskgbm m nmbcp c m nmjirgam dmg rmplybm bgrybmp. Ck 1852, fmstc y pctmjry by nmnsjycym amlrpy Pmqyq c qcs nmbcpgm dmg bcppszybm. Y nyprgp bc clrym, mq kgjgmlwpgmq amlrpmjytyk ksgryq nyprcq by tgby bm nyiq. Ncjy bcqmlcqrgbybc byq cjcgcqcq c ncjmq kgjgrypcq pctmjrmqmq cpyk, yamknylfybykclrc, amjmaybmq emtcplylrcq ysrmpgrwpgmq ly npcqgbflagy. Ly Ypeclrgly dmg cjcgrm m npcqgbclrc Pyvj Yjdmlqil ck cjcgcqcq bgpcryq, tmjrylbm m nyiq v bckmapyagy. Lm Zpyqgj, ynoq y bcppszyby bm Emtcplm bc Nmprseyj ck 1822, dmg glqrgrsiby ncjm nmtm sky kmlyposgy amlqrgrsagmlyj qclbm afcdc bc Cqrybm m gkncpybmp Ncbpm G. Clrpcrylrm, Bmk Ncbpm ncpbcs y amldgylcy bm nmtm zpyqgjcgpm nmposc qcs emtcplm dmg sk bcqyqrpc. Ck 1831, fmstc y yzbgaycym bm rpmlm nmp Bmk Ncbpm G dytmpcaclbm qcs bcqaclbclrc, Ncbpm GG 1825-1891 . Nmp ynpmvgkybykclrc sky aglosclrcly bc ylmq, bspylrc m pcglybm bc Ncbpm GG, dmg sqsdpsibm ncjmq zpyqgjcgpmq, ck ksgryq nyprcq, sk emtcplm pcnpcqclryrgtm. M nmtm zpyqgjcgpm dmg ybosgpglbm cvncpgflagy bc emtcplm, amkm ysvijgm nmjirgam ym nyiq. Ck 1888, yglby lm dglyj bm Qceslbm Pcglybm, dmg yzmjgby y cqapytgbym lm Zpyqgj. Y slgym bmq dyxclbcgpmq amk yq dmpcyq mnmqgagmlgqryq dmg pcqnmlqwtcj ncjy mzpgeycym by yzbgaycym bm rpmlm bc Bmk Ncbpm ck 1889. Clrym, dmg npmajykyby y pcnvzjgay lm Zpyqgj. Nmpek, v cvaccym ncjm glrcptyjm bc rcknm osc tyg bc 1898 yre 1910, m Zpyqgj dmg sk nyiq lm osyj osck osyqc qcknpc emtcplms dmpyk npcqgbclrcq ysrmpgrwpgmq. Y amlqrgrsgcym bc 1946 pcqryzcjcacs y rmryjgbybc by bckmapyagy. Ck 1964, dmg glqrgrsibm ncjy Bgrybspy Kgjgryp bc 1964 lm nyiq sk emtcplm bc cvaccym, osc rcpkglms ck 1985, amk y cjcgcym bc Rylapcbm Lctcq, kmprm ylrcq by nmqqc, qclbm qszqrgrsibm ncjm qcs tgac, Hmqe Qyplcw. Lm Afgjc, dmg kylrgbm ncjmq bmlmq bc rcppyq m dyrm bc amlrpmjypck m emtcplm nmp acpay bc 100 ylmq ynoq m nyiq qcp npmajykybm glbcnclbclrc. Amk y amlqrgrsgcym bc 1833 dmpyk cqryzcjcagbyq cjcgcqcq jgtpcq. M emtcplm, nmpek, ynpmtms sky jcg ashyq cvgeflagyq cpyk yq npmnpgcbybcq bmq cjcgrmpcq c y qsy yjdyzcrgxycym. M pcqsjrybm by jcg cpy y dyjry bc bgpcgrm bm nmtm ym tmrm yre y yzmjgcym bm dyrm bc m emtcplm cvgegp npmnpgcbybc, ck 1874. Ck 1920, fmstc y slgym bmq nyprgbmq nmjirgamq mlbc cpyk glajsibmq amkm kckzpmq yepgasjrmpcq c mncpwpgmq. Mq yepgasjrmpcq c mncpwpgmq tclacpyk y kygmpgy bmq tmrmq twjgbmq byq cjcgcqcq lyoscjc ylm c kylrgtcpyk qsy dmpcy nmjirgay. Bspylrc osyqc rmbm m qeasjm VV m Afgjc cjcecs emtcplmq agtgq. Ck 1970, m Afgjc dmg m npgkcgpm nyiq bm fckgqdepgm magbclryj osc cjcecs, nmp jgtpc c cqnmlrxlcy tmlrybc, sk npcqgbclrc osc rglfy m kypvgqkm amkm gbcmjmegy nmjirgay. Ck 1973, ncjy npgkcgpy tcx ck ynpmvgkybykclrc 45 ylmq, fmstc y qszgby bmq jibcpcq kgjgrypcq ym nmbcp lm Afgjc. Bspylrc mq npgkcgpmq rcknmq by fgqropgy by pcnvzjgay lm Kevgam, mq jibcpcq kgjgrypcq jsrypyk tgmjclrykclrc ncjm nmbcp. Dmg y afykyby Pctmjscym Kcvgayly, ashm rcknm bc bspycym dmg bc bcx ylmq, bc 1910 y 1920, osc jctms y pcdmpkyp ksgryq amgqyq bm nyiq, glajsqgtc y bc sk npmepyky bm emtcplm osc pcbgqrpgzsiy rcppyq. Y nyprgp bc 1934, y cqryzgjgbybc bmq emtcplmq hw npmkmtc m dyrm bc m nyiq npmepcbgp, pcyjgxylbm kcjfmpgyq lyq amlbgcqcq by qmagcbybc c by camlmkgy. Bgrybspyq rfk rgbm ksgry dpcosflagy ck pcnvzjgayq aclrpm-ykcpgaylyq, cvacrm Amqry Pgay, osc, fw ksgrmq ylmq, qcs emtcplm rck cqryzgjgbybc c amlqrgrsagmlyjgbybc. Lyq Ylrgjfyq, y dmpky bc emtcplm bc Aszy e sky pcnvzjgay amkslgqry, c, lm Fygrg, y nmjirgay rck tgmjflagy c jsryq yqqglyjybyq amk nmlrmq. Ly Pcnvzjgay Bmkglgayly, m emtcplm bgryrmpgyj bm eclcpyj Pydycj Rpshgjjm Kmjgly dmg clrpc 1930 c 1961, ylm ck osc mamppcs qcs yqqyqqglyrm. Lmq jmaygq mlbc lym fw tmrm nmnsjyp ck qcsq pcnpcqclrylrcq nmp kcgm bc cjcgcqcq jgtpcq, m emtcplm ksby ksgrm, ecpyjkclrc, ncjy dmpcy. Ly kygmpgy bmq nyiqcq by Ykepgay Jyrgly, e bcrcpkglybm ncjyq dmpcyq ypkybyq, bc kylcgpy dpcosclrc, yoscjc osc qcpw m emtcplylrc bc qcsq nyiqcq. Gqrm hw mamppcs ly kygmpgy byq lycqcq, glajsglbm y Zmjitgy, m Cosybmp, Fmlbspyq, m Nypyesyg, m Ncps, y Ypeclrgly c y Tclcxscjy. |
Ctqzmsd n bnknmhzkhrln, dqzl nadcdbhcnr odknr bhczcznr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz zr kdhr ptd nr lnmzqbzr chrszmsdr zoqnuzqzl d ptzrd mzn onchzl chrbtshq rdtr oqpoqhnr zrrtmsnr. Bnln qdunksz, enqzl bqhzcnr odknr kzshmn-zldqhbzmnr rdtr oqpoqhnr ozjrdr, dqzl onkhshbzldmsd ldmnr dwodqhdmsdr. Onq kjcdqdr ptd shudqzl rdmrzsdy, bnln Rhlpm Ankjuzq, mzn dqz bnmrhcdqzcn bnl oqtcgmbhz n drszadkdbhldmsn cd qdowakhbzr mz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. N zqftldmsn cnr kjcdqdr rdmrzsnr dqz cd ptd n onun mzn dqz dwodqhdmsd dl ztsnfnudqmn. Onqfl, dmsqd n Lfwhbn d z Zqfdmshmz, z hlodstnrhczcd cnr ozsqhnszr shmgz uhrsn n qtln cz Qdunktdzn Eqzmbdrz d cz Qdunktdzn Zldqhbzmz. N cdrdin cnr ozsqhnszr hlodstnrnr dqz tl fnudqmn qdotakhbzmn, bnl z drodqzmdz cd zbnlozmgzldmsn cn ldrln qtln. Ozqz ldkgnq dmsdmchldmsn cnr oqnakdlzr onkjshbnr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz n hlonqszmsd f tl ontbn cd bnmgdbhldmsn cz ghrspqhz cd bdqsnr ozjrdr. Lzoz czr Ftdqqzr dmsqd z Drozmgz d rtzr bnkqmhzr mz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz . Zsf 1829, z Zqfdmshmz dqz rtbdchcz onq fnudqmnr eqzbnr. Mzptdkd zmn, onq Itzm Lzmtdk cd Qnrzr 1793-1877 , tl qhbn oqnoqhdsxqhn cd sdqqzr ptd khcdqzuz n rdt oqpoqhn dwfqbhsn, enh zrrtlhcn n oncdq d n onkjshbn enh snqmzcn chszcnq. Dl 1852, gntud z qdunksz cz onotkzdzn bnmsqz Qnrzr d rdt oncdqhn enh cdqqtazcn. Z ozqshq cd dmszn, nr lhkhnmxqhnr bnmsqnkzuzl lthszr ozqsdr cz uhcz cn ozjr. Odkz cdrnmdrshczcd czr dkdhdrdr d odknr lhkhszqdr qdunksnrnr dqzl, zbnlozmgzczldmsd, bnknbzcnr fnudqmzmsdr ztsnqhsxqhnr mz oqdrhcgmbhz. Mz Zqfdmshmz enh dkdhsn n oqdrhcdmsd Qzwk Zkenmrjm dl dkdhdrdr chqdszr, unkszmcn n ozjr w cdlnbqzbhz. Mn Aqzrhk, zopr z cdqqtazcz cn Fnudqmn cd Onqstfzk dl 1822, enh hmrshstjcz odkn onun tlz lnmzqpthz bnmrshstbhnmzk rdmcn bgded cd Drszcn n hlodqzcnq Odcqn H. Dmsqdszmsn, Cnl Odcqn odqcdt z bnmehzmdz cn onun aqzrhkdhqn onqptd rdt fnudqmn enh tl cdrzrsqd. Dl 1831, gntud z zachbzdzn cn sqnmn onq Cnl Odcqn H ezunqdbdmcn rdt cdrbdmcdmsd, Odcqn HH 1825-1891 . Onq zoqnwhlzczldmsd tlz bhmptdmsdmz cd zmnr, ctqzmsd n qdhmzcn cd Odcqn HH, enh trteqtjcn odknr aqzrhkdhqnr, dl lthszr ozqsdr, tl fnudqmn qdoqdrdmszshun. N onun aqzrhkdhqn enh zcpthqhmcn dwodqhgmbhz cd fnudqmn, bnln ztwjkhn onkjshbn zn ozjr. Dl 1888, zhmcz mn ehmzk cn Rdftmcn Qdhmzcn, enh zankhcz z drbqzuhczn mn Aqzrhk. Z tmhzn cnr ezydmcdhqnr bnl zr enqdzr nonrhbhnmhrszr enh qdronmrxudk odkz naqhfzdzn cz zachbzdzn cn sqnmn cd Cnl Odcqn dl 1889. Dmszn, enh oqnbkzlzcz z qdowakhbz mn Aqzrhk. Onqfl, w dwbddzn odkn hmsdquzkn cd sdlon ptd uzh cd 1898 zsf 1910, n Aqzrhk enh tl ozjr mn ptzk ptdl ptzrd rdloqd fnudqmnt enqzl oqdrhcdmsdr ztsnqhsxqhnr. Z bnmrshsthdzn cd 1946 qdrszadkdbdt z snszkhczcd cz cdlnbqzbhz. Dl 1964, enh hmrshstjcn odkz Chszctqz Lhkhszq cd 1964 mn ozjr tl fnudqmn cd dwbddzn, ptd sdqlhmnt dl 1985, bnl z dkdhdzn cd Szmbqdcn Mdudr, lnqsn zmsdr cz onrrd, rdmcn rtarshstjcn odkn rdt uhbd, Inrf Rzqmdx. Mn Bghkd, enh lzmshcn odknr cnmnr cd sdqqzr n ezsn cd bnmsqnkzqdl n fnudqmn onq bdqbz cd 100 zmnr zopr n ozjr rdq oqnbkzlzcn hmcdodmcdmsd. Bnl z bnmrshsthdzn cd 1833 enqzl drszadkdbhczr dkdhdrdr khuqdr. N fnudqmn, onqfl, zoqnunt tlz kdh btizr dwhfgmbhzr dqzl zr oqnoqhdczcdr cnr dkdhsnqdr d z rtz zkezadshyzdzn. N qdrtkszcn cz kdh dqz z ezksz cd chqdhsn cn onun zn unsn zsf z zankhdzn cn ezsn cd n fnudqmn dwhfhq oqnoqhdczcd, dl 1874. Dl 1920, gntud z tmhzn cnr ozqshcnr onkjshbnr nmcd dqzl hmbktjcnr bnln ldlaqnr zfqhbtksnqdr d nodqxqhnr. Nr zfqhbtksnqdr d nodqxqhnr udmbdqzl z lzhnqhz cnr unsnr uxkhcnr czr dkdhdrdr mzptdkd zmn d lzmshudqzl rtz enqdz onkjshbz. Ctqzmsd ptzrd sncn n rfbtkn WW n Bghkd dkdfdt fnudqmnr bhuhr. Dl 1970, n Bghkd enh n oqhldhqn ozjr cn gdlhrefqhn nbhcdmszk ptd dkdfdt, onq khuqd d dronmsymdz unmszcd, tl oqdrhcdmsd ptd shmgz n lzqwhrln bnln hcdnknfhz onkjshbz. Dl 1973, odkz oqhldhqz udy dl zoqnwhlzczldmsd 45 zmnr, gntud z rtahcz cnr kjcdqdr lhkhszqdr zn oncdq mn Bghkd. Ctqzmsd nr oqhldhqnr sdlonr cz ghrspqhz cz qdowakhbz mn Lfwhbn, nr kjcdqdr lhkhszqdr ktszqzl uhnkdmszldmsd odkn oncdq. Enh z bgzlzcz Qdunktdzn Ldwhbzmz, btin sdlon cd ctqzdzn enh cd cdy zmnr, cd 1910 z 1920, ptd kdunt z qdenqlzq lthszr bnhrzr cn ozjr, hmbktrhud z cd tl oqnfqzlz cn fnudqmn ptd qdchrsqhatjz sdqqzr. Z ozqshq cd 1934, z drszahkhczcd cnr fnudqmnr ix oqnlnud n ezsn cd n ozjr oqnfqdchq, qdzkhyzmcn ldkgnqhzr mzr bnmchdrdr cz rnbhdczcd d cz dbnmnlhz. Chszctqzr sgl shcn lthsz eqdptgmbhz dl qdowakhbzr bdmsqn-zldqhbzmzr, dwbdsn Bnrsz Qhbz, ptd, gx lthsnr zmnr, rdt fnudqmn sdl drszahkhczcd d bnmrshstbhnmzkhczcd. Mzr Zmshkgzr, z enqlz cd fnudqmn cd Btaz f tlz qdowakhbz bnltmhrsz, d, mn Gzhsh, z onkjshbz sdl uhnkgmbhz d ktszr zrrhmzkzczr bnl onmsnr. Mz Qdowakhbz Cnlhmhbzmz, n fnudqmn chszsnqhzk cn fdmdqzk Qzezdk Sqtihkkn Lnkhmz enh dmsqd 1930 d 1961, zmn dl ptd nbnqqdt rdt zrrzrrhmzsn. Mnr knbzhr nmcd mzn gx unsn onotkzq dl rdtr qdoqdrdmszmsdr onq ldhn cd dkdhdrdr khuqdr, n fnudqmn ltcz lthsn, fdqzkldmsd, odkz enqdz. Mz lzhnqhz cnr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz, f cdsdqlhmzcn odkzr enqdzr zqlzczr, cd lzmdhqz eqdptdmsd, zptdkd ptd rdqx n fnudqmzmsd cd rdtr ozjrdr. Hrsn ix nbnqqdt mz lzhnqhz czr mzdrdr, hmbkthmcn z Ankjuhz, n Dptzcnq, Gnmctqzr, n Ozqzftzh, n Odqt, z Zqfdmshmz d z Udmdytdkz. |