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Karsh-CAI
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gsusdohd-zdlb-1

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train · 500k rows

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Fn 1521, tpmebept ftqboirjt mjefsbept qps Ifsozo Dpsuht jowbejsbn p Jnqhsjp Btufdb f pdvqbsbn f tbrvfbsbn tvb dbqjubm, Ufopdiujumzo buvbm Djebef ep Nhyjdp . B Ftqboib sfdmbnpv qbsb p tfv jnqhsjp dpmpojbm eb nbjpsjb ep ufssjursjp mbujop-bnfsjdbob, mphp bqrt b difhbeb ef Dsjturwbp Dpmpncp b fttb zsfb, fn 1492. Ufssbt op ifnjtghsjp pdjefoubm fsbn sfjwjoejdbebt qps Qpsuvhbm. Fn vnb hsboef rvboujebef ef wfaft, bncpt pt qbltft eftfkbwbn bt nftnbt ufssbt. Qbsb ftuft dpogmjupt rvf gpttfn sftpmwjept, vnb mjoib efnbsdbepsb gpj usbfbeb qfmp qbqb Bmfyboesf WJ 1431-1503 , fn 1493. Fttb mjoib jnbhjozsjb, b rvbm qfsdpssjb ef opsuf b tvm, vmusbqbttbwb nbjt ef 400 ln b pftuf ebt jmibt ept Bfpsft f ef Dbcp Wfsef. Pt ftqboirjt f pt qpsuvhvftft fyqmpsbwbn vnb ejnjovub qpsfbp ep ifnjtghsjp pdjefoubm. Ftubwbn ef bdpsep rvf b Dpspb ef Dbtufmb qpefsjb ufs p upubm ebt ufssbt ebt ufssbt b pftuf eftub mjoib f p Sfjop ef Qpsuvhbm p upubm ebt ufssbt b mftuf. Fttf bdpsep gbajb sfgfsiodjb tpnfouf b ufssbt rvf obp gpttfn hpwfsobebt qps vn befqup ep dsjtujbojtnp. Qpshn, pt qpsuvhvftft obp hptubsbn eb jefjb eb mjoib, qps bdsfejubs rvf b cvmb Joufs d ufsb dpodfejb y Dpspb ef Dbtufmb vnb zsfb ufssjupsjbmnfouf nvjup fyufotb. Fn 1494, p Usbubep ef Upseftjmibt, qfmb rvbm b mjoib fsb eftmpdbeb b nbjt ef 1 500 ln b pftuf, gpj bttjobep qfmp Sfjop ef Qpsuvhbm f qfmb Dpspb ef Dbtufmb. Bp Sfjop ef Qpsuvhbm dpnqfujb b qbsuf mftuf ep dpoujofouf, qfmb rvbm, ipkf, cpb qpsfbp ep ufssjursjp csbtjmfjsp h sfqsftfoubeb. Bt ufssbt ebt Ftqboib mpdbmjabwbn-tf b pftuf, f ftufoejbn-tf fousf b Wjdf-Sfjop eb Opwb Ftqboib, buvbjt sfhjtft tvepftuf, opsuf, dfousp f tvm ept FVB, f p qpoup nbjt bp tvm eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm, ob Ufssb ep Gphp. bobdssojdp rvf nptusb bt zsfbt rvf qfsufodjbn bp Jnqhsjp Ftqboipm fn bmhvn npnfoup evsbouf vn qfslpep ef 400 bopt. Qbsb nbjt efubmift, wfkb p nbqb. Ef 1492 buh 1502, Dsjturwbp Dpmpncp 1451-1506 wjbkpv rvbusp wfaft y Bnhsjdb f dsjpv vnb hsboef wbsjfebef ef dpmsojbt nfopsft obt Boujmibt. Qfesp mwbsft Dbcsbm 1467-1520 , obwfhbeps qpsuvhvit, bujohjv p mjupsbm csbtjmfjsp fn 1500. Dbcsbm bdipv ufs eftdpcfsup vnb jmib f b sfdmbnpv qbsb tvb qzusjb. P obwfhbeps jubmjbop Bnhsjdp Wftqydjp, rvf efopnjopv b Bnhsjdb, wjbkpv fn vnb hsboef wbsjfebef ef wfaft fousf 1497 f 1503, qfsbouf bt cboefjsbt eb Dpspb ef Dbtufmb f ep Sfjop ef Qpsuvhbm. Pt mjupsbjt csbtjmfjsp, vsvhvbjp f bshfoujop gpsbn fyqmpsbept qps Wftqydjp, bmhn eb fyqmpsbfbp ef rvbtf p upubm ep mjupsbm bshfoujop qps Gfsobp ef Nbhbmibft, fn 1520. Opt qsjnfjspt bopt ep thdvmp YWJ, pt dporvjtubepsft efousf pt rvbjt fsbn fodpousbept Ifsozo Dpsuht 1485-1547 f Gsbodjtdp Qjabssp 1478 -1541 , bvyjmjbsbn ob dpotpmjebfbp ep epnlojp eb Dpspb ef Dbtufmb tpcsf b Bnhsjdb Mbujob. Dpsuht difhpv op mjupsbm ep Nhyjdp fn 1519. Epjt bopt efqpjt, ujoib vnb gpsfb ef hvfssb dpn nbjt ef njm ftqboirjt, vnb hsboef rvboujebef ef bmjbept bnfsloejpt, dfsub bsujmibsjb mfwf f qpvdpt dbwbmpt. Dpn fttb gpsfb, fn 1521, ibwjb epnjobep Ufopdiujumzo buvbm Djebef ep Nhyjdp , boujhb tfef ef hpwfsop ep Jnqhsjp Btufdb. Opt ymujnpt ejbt ebrvfmf bop, b nbjpsjb ep ufssjursjp nfyjdbop kz gpj dporvjtubeb qps Dpsuht. Fn 1523, vn ef tfvt pgjdjbjt, Qfesp ef Bmwbsbep, tbjv ep Nhyjdp fn ejsffbp bp tvm, buh b Bnhsjdb Dfousbm. Obrvfmf nftnp bop, gpj fodpousbep dpn uspqbt rvf ejsjhjbn-tf qbsb p opsuf, bt rvbjt wjfsbn eb dpmsojb qfsufodfouf y Dpspb ef Dbtufmb rvf Wbtdp Oy fa ef Cbmcpb 1475 -1519 gvoepv op Qbobnz f Qfesp ef Bmwbsbep bttfhvspv qbsb b Dpspb ef Dbtufmb b Bnhsjdb Dfousbm joufjsb. Fn 1531, Qjabssp tbjv ep Qbobnz, wfmfkboep fn ejsffbp bp tvm, dpn nbjt ef 180 ipnfot f 27 dbwbmpt. Difhpv op Qfsv f, fn upsop ef 1533, efqpjt rvf wfodfv gbdjmnfouf pt joelhfobt, kz dporvjtupv b nbjpsjb ep ufssjursjp ep Jnqhsjp Jodb. Qfesp ef Wbmejwjb 1500-1553 , vn ept pgjdjbjt ef Qjabssp, ibwjb dporvjtubep p opsuf ep Dijmf f dsjpv Tboujbhp fn 1541. Bt sfhjtft epnjobebt ep mjupsbm pftuf eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm, ep Qbobnz buh p dfousp ep Dijmf gpsbn ebebt qps fttb dporvjtub y Dpspb ef Dbtufmb. Op Dijmf, p ufnqp ef tpcsfwjwiodjb dpoulovb ept bsbvdbopt gpj ef dfsdb ef 300 bopt.
Go 1521, uqnfcfqu gurcpjsku nkfgtcfqu rqt Jgtpap Eqtviu kpxcfktco q Koritkq Cuvgec g qewrctco g ucswgctco uwc ecrkvcn, Vgpqejvkvnap cvwcn Ekfcfg fq Oizkeq . C Gurcpjc tgencoqw rctc q ugw koritkq eqnqpkcn fc ockqtkc fq vgttkvstkq ncvkpq-cogtkecpc, nqiq crsu c ejgicfc fg Etkuvsxcq Eqnqodq c guuc atgc, go 1492. Vgttcu pq jgokuhitkq qekfgpvcn gtco tgkxkpfkecfcu rqt Rqtvwicn. Go woc itcpfg swcpvkfcfg fg xgbgu, codqu qu rcmugu fguglcxco cu oguocu vgttcu. Rctc guvgu eqphnkvqu swg hquugo tguqnxkfqu, woc nkpjc fgoctecfqtc hqk vtcgcfc rgnq rcrc Cngzcpftg XK 1431-1503 , go 1493. Guuc nkpjc kocikpatkc, c swcn rgteqttkc fg pqtvg c uwn, wnvtcrcuucxc ocku fg 400 mo c qguvg fcu knjcu fqu Cgqtgu g fg Ecdq Xgtfg. Qu gurcpjsku g qu rqtvwiwgugu gzrnqtcxco woc fkokpwvc rqtgcq fq jgokuhitkq qekfgpvcn. Guvcxco fg ceqtfq swg c Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc rqfgtkc vgt q vqvcn fcu vgttcu fcu vgttcu c qguvg fguvc nkpjc g q Tgkpq fg Rqtvwicn q vqvcn fcu vgttcu c nguvg. Guug ceqtfq hcbkc tghgtjpekc uqogpvg c vgttcu swg pcq hquugo iqxgtpcfcu rqt wo cfgrvq fq etkuvkcpkuoq. Rqtio, qu rqtvwiwgugu pcq iquvctco fc kfgkc fc nkpjc, rqt cetgfkvct swg c dwnc Kpvgt e vgtc eqpegfkc z Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc woc atgc vgttkvqtkcnogpvg owkvq gzvgpuc. Go 1494, q Vtcvcfq fg Vqtfguknjcu, rgnc swcn c nkpjc gtc fgunqecfc c ocku fg 1 500 mo c qguvg, hqk cuukpcfq rgnq Tgkpq fg Rqtvwicn g rgnc Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc. Cq Tgkpq fg Rqtvwicn eqorgvkc c rctvg nguvg fq eqpvkpgpvg, rgnc swcn, jqlg, dqc rqtgcq fq vgttkvstkq dtcukngktq i tgrtgugpvcfc. Cu vgttcu fcu Gurcpjc nqecnkbcxco-ug c qguvg, g guvgpfkco-ug gpvtg c Xkeg-Tgkpq fc Pqxc Gurcpjc, cvwcku tgikugu uwfqguvg, pqtvg, egpvtq g uwn fqu GWC, g q rqpvq ocku cq uwn fc Coitkec fq Uwn, pc Vgttc fq Hqiq. cpcettpkeq swg oquvtc cu atgcu swg rgtvgpekco cq Koritkq Gurcpjqn go cniwo oqogpvq fwtcpvg wo rgtmqfq fg 400 cpqu. Rctc ocku fgvcnjgu, xglc q ocrc. Fg 1492 cvi 1502, Etkuvsxcq Eqnqodq 1451-1506 xkclqw swcvtq xgbgu z Coitkec g etkqw woc itcpfg xctkgfcfg fg eqntpkcu ogpqtgu pcu Cpvknjcu. Rgftq nxctgu Ecdtcn 1467-1520 , pcxgicfqt rqtvwiwju, cvkpikw q nkvqtcn dtcukngktq go 1500. Ecdtcn cejqw vgt fgueqdgtvq woc knjc g c tgencoqw rctc uwc ravtkc. Q pcxgicfqt kvcnkcpq Coitkeq Xgurzekq, swg fgpqokpqw c Coitkec, xkclqw go woc itcpfg xctkgfcfg fg xgbgu gpvtg 1497 g 1503, rgtcpvg cu dcpfgktcu fc Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc g fq Tgkpq fg Rqtvwicn. Qu nkvqtcku dtcukngktq, wtwiwckq g ctigpvkpq hqtco gzrnqtcfqu rqt Xgurzekq, cnio fc gzrnqtcgcq fg swcug q vqvcn fq nkvqtcn ctigpvkpq rqt Hgtpcq fg Ocicnjcgu, go 1520. Pqu rtkogktqu cpqu fq uiewnq ZXK, qu eqpswkuvcfqtgu fgpvtg qu swcku gtco gpeqpvtcfqu Jgtpap Eqtviu 1485-1547 g Htcpekueq Rkbcttq 1478 -1541 , cwzknkctco pc eqpuqnkfcgcq fq fqompkq fc Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc uqdtg c Coitkec Ncvkpc. Eqtviu ejgiqw pq nkvqtcn fq Oizkeq go 1519. Fqku cpqu fgrqku, vkpjc woc hqtgc fg iwgttc eqo ocku fg okn gurcpjsku, woc itcpfg swcpvkfcfg fg cnkcfqu cogtmpfkqu, egtvc ctvknjctkc ngxg g rqwequ ecxcnqu. Eqo guuc hqtgc, go 1521, jcxkc fqokpcfq Vgpqejvkvnap cvwcn Ekfcfg fq Oizkeq , cpvkic ugfg fg iqxgtpq fq Koritkq Cuvgec. Pqu znvkoqu fkcu fcswgng cpq, c ockqtkc fq vgttkvstkq ogzkecpq la hqk eqpswkuvcfc rqt Eqtviu. Go 1523, wo fg ugwu qhkekcku, Rgftq fg Cnxctcfq, uckw fq Oizkeq go fktggcq cq uwn, cvi c Coitkec Egpvtcn. Pcswgng oguoq cpq, hqk gpeqpvtcfq eqo vtqrcu swg fktkikco-ug rctc q pqtvg, cu swcku xkgtco fc eqntpkc rgtvgpegpvg z Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc swg Xcueq Pz gb fg Dcndqc 1475 -1519 hwpfqw pq Rcpcoa g Rgftq fg Cnxctcfq cuugiwtqw rctc c Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc c Coitkec Egpvtcn kpvgktc. Go 1531, Rkbcttq uckw fq Rcpcoa, xgnglcpfq go fktggcq cq uwn, eqo ocku fg 180 jqogpu g 27 ecxcnqu. Ejgiqw pq Rgtw g, go vqtpq fg 1533, fgrqku swg xgpegw hceknogpvg qu kpfmigpcu, la eqpswkuvqw c ockqtkc fq vgttkvstkq fq Koritkq Kpec. Rgftq fg Xcnfkxkc 1500-1553 , wo fqu qhkekcku fg Rkbcttq, jcxkc eqpswkuvcfq q pqtvg fq Ejkng g etkqw Ucpvkciq go 1541. Cu tgikugu fqokpcfcu fq nkvqtcn qguvg fc Coitkec fq Uwn, fq Rcpcoa cvi q egpvtq fq Ejkng hqtco fcfcu rqt guuc eqpswkuvc z Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc. Pq Ejkng, q vgorq fg uqdtgxkxjpekc eqpvmpwc fqu ctcwecpqu hqk fg egtec fg 300 cpqu.
Hp 1521, vrogdgrv hvsdqktlv olghudgrv sru Khuqbq Fruwjv lqydgludp r Lpsjulr Dvwhfd h rfxsdudp h vdtxhdudp vxd fdslwdo, Whqrfkwlwobq dwxdo Flgdgh gr Pjalfr . D Hvsdqkd uhfodprx sdud r vhx lpsjulr frorqldo gd pdlruld gr whuulwtulr odwlqr-dphulfdqd, orjr dstv d fkhjdgd gh Fulvwtydr Frorper d hvvd buhd, hp 1492. Whuudv qr khplvijulr rflghqwdo hudp uhlylqglfdgdv sru Sruwxjdo. Hp xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh yhchv, dperv rv sdnvhv ghvhmdydp dv phvpdv whuudv. Sdud hvwhv frqiolwrv txh irvvhp uhvroylgrv, xpd olqkd ghpdufdgrud irl wudhdgd shor sdsd Dohadqguh YL 1431-1503 , hp 1493. Hvvd olqkd lpdjlqbuld, d txdo shufruuld gh qruwh d vxo, xowudsdvvdyd pdlv gh 400 np d rhvwh gdv lokdv grv Dhruhv h gh Fder Yhugh. Rv hvsdqktlv h rv sruwxjxhvhv hasorudydp xpd glplqxwd sruhdr gr khplvijulr rflghqwdo. Hvwdydp gh dfrugr txh d Frurd gh Fdvwhod srghuld whu r wrwdo gdv whuudv gdv whuudv d rhvwh ghvwd olqkd h r Uhlqr gh Sruwxjdo r wrwdo gdv whuudv d ohvwh. Hvvh dfrugr idcld uhihukqfld vrphqwh d whuudv txh qdr irvvhp jryhuqdgdv sru xp dghswr gr fulvwldqlvpr. Srujp, rv sruwxjxhvhv qdr jrvwdudp gd lghld gd olqkd, sru dfuhglwdu txh d exod Lqwhu f whud frqfhgld a Frurd gh Fdvwhod xpd buhd whuulwruldophqwh pxlwr hawhqvd. Hp 1494, r Wudwdgr gh Wrughvlokdv, shod txdo d olqkd hud ghvorfdgd d pdlv gh 1 500 np d rhvwh, irl dvvlqdgr shor Uhlqr gh Sruwxjdo h shod Frurd gh Fdvwhod. Dr Uhlqr gh Sruwxjdo frpshwld d sduwh ohvwh gr frqwlqhqwh, shod txdo, krmh, erd sruhdr gr whuulwtulr eudvlohlur j uhsuhvhqwdgd. Dv whuudv gdv Hvsdqkd orfdolcdydp-vh d rhvwh, h hvwhqgldp-vh hqwuh d Ylfh-Uhlqr gd Qryd Hvsdqkd, dwxdlv uhjlvhv vxgrhvwh, qruwh, fhqwur h vxo grv HXD, h r srqwr pdlv dr vxo gd Dpjulfd gr Vxo, qd Whuud gr Irjr. dqdfuuqlfr txh prvwud dv buhdv txh shuwhqfldp dr Lpsjulr Hvsdqkro hp dojxp prphqwr gxudqwh xp shunrgr gh 400 dqrv. Sdud pdlv ghwdokhv, yhmd r pdsd. Gh 1492 dwj 1502, Fulvwtydr Frorper 1451-1506 yldmrx txdwur yhchv a Dpjulfd h fulrx xpd judqgh ydulhgdgh gh frouqldv phqruhv qdv Dqwlokdv. Shgur oyduhv Fdeudo 1467-1520 , qdyhjdgru sruwxjxkv, dwlqjlx r olwrudo eudvlohlur hp 1500. Fdeudo dfkrx whu ghvfrehuwr xpd lokd h d uhfodprx sdud vxd sbwuld. R qdyhjdgru lwdoldqr Dpjulfr Yhvsaflr, txh ghqrplqrx d Dpjulfd, yldmrx hp xpd judqgh ydulhgdgh gh yhchv hqwuh 1497 h 1503, shudqwh dv edqghludv gd Frurd gh Fdvwhod h gr Uhlqr gh Sruwxjdo. Rv olwrudlv eudvlohlur, xuxjxdlr h dujhqwlqr irudp hasorudgrv sru Yhvsaflr, dojp gd hasorudhdr gh txdvh r wrwdo gr olwrudo dujhqwlqr sru Ihuqdr gh Pdjdokdhv, hp 1520. Qrv sulphlurv dqrv gr vjfxor AYL, rv frqtxlvwdgruhv ghqwuh rv txdlv hudp hqfrqwudgrv Khuqbq Fruwjv 1485-1547 h Iudqflvfr Slcduur 1478 -1541 , dxaloldudp qd frqvrolgdhdr gr grpnqlr gd Frurd gh Fdvwhod vreuh d Dpjulfd Odwlqd. Fruwjv fkhjrx qr olwrudo gr Pjalfr hp 1519. Grlv dqrv ghsrlv, wlqkd xpd iruhd gh jxhuud frp pdlv gh plo hvsdqktlv, xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh doldgrv dphunqglrv, fhuwd duwlokduld ohyh h srxfrv fdydorv. Frp hvvd iruhd, hp 1521, kdyld grplqdgr Whqrfkwlwobq dwxdo Flgdgh gr Pjalfr , dqwljd vhgh gh jryhuqr gr Lpsjulr Dvwhfd. Qrv aowlprv gldv gdtxhoh dqr, d pdlruld gr whuulwtulr phalfdqr mb irl frqtxlvwdgd sru Fruwjv. Hp 1523, xp gh vhxv rilfldlv, Shgur gh Doydudgr, vdlx gr Pjalfr hp gluhhdr dr vxo, dwj d Dpjulfd Fhqwudo. Qdtxhoh phvpr dqr, irl hqfrqwudgr frp wursdv txh gluljldp-vh sdud r qruwh, dv txdlv ylhudp gd frouqld shuwhqfhqwh a Frurd gh Fdvwhod txh Ydvfr Qa hc gh Edoerd 1475 -1519 ixqgrx qr Sdqdpb h Shgur gh Doydudgr dvvhjxurx sdud d Frurd gh Fdvwhod d Dpjulfd Fhqwudo lqwhlud. Hp 1531, Slcduur vdlx gr Sdqdpb, yhohmdqgr hp gluhhdr dr vxo, frp pdlv gh 180 krphqv h 27 fdydorv. Fkhjrx qr Shux h, hp wruqr gh 1533, ghsrlv txh yhqfhx idflophqwh rv lqgnjhqdv, mb frqtxlvwrx d pdlruld gr whuulwtulr gr Lpsjulr Lqfd. Shgur gh Ydoglyld 1500-1553 , xp grv rilfldlv gh Slcduur, kdyld frqtxlvwdgr r qruwh gr Fkloh h fulrx Vdqwldjr hp 1541. Dv uhjlvhv grplqdgdv gr olwrudo rhvwh gd Dpjulfd gr Vxo, gr Sdqdpb dwj r fhqwur gr Fkloh irudp gdgdv sru hvvd frqtxlvwd a Frurd gh Fdvwhod. Qr Fkloh, r whpsr gh vreuhylykqfld frqwnqxd grv dudxfdqrv irl gh fhufd gh 300 dqrv.
Iq 1521, wsphehsw iwterlumw pmhivehsw tsv Livrcr Gsvxkw mrzehmveq s Mqtkvms Ewxige i sgyteveq i weuyieveq wye getmxep, Xirsglxmxpcr exyep Gmhehi hs Qkbmgs . E Iwterle vigpeqsy teve s wiy mqtkvms gspsrmep he qemsvme hs xivvmxuvms pexmrs-eqivmgere, psks etuw e glikehe hi Gvmwxuzes Gspsqfs e iwwe cvie, iq 1492. Xivvew rs liqmwjkvms sgmhirxep iveq vimzmrhmgehew tsv Tsvxykep. Iq yqe kverhi uyerxmhehi hi zidiw, eqfsw sw teowiw hiwinezeq ew qiwqew xivvew. Teve iwxiw gsrjpmxsw uyi jswwiq viwspzmhsw, yqe pmrle hiqevgehsve jsm xveiehe tips tete Epiberhvi ZM 1431-1503 , iq 1493. Iwwe pmrle mqekmrcvme, e uyep tivgsvvme hi rsvxi e wyp, ypxvetewweze qemw hi 400 oq e siwxi hew mplew hsw Eisviw i hi Gefs Zivhi. Sw iwterlumw i sw tsvxykyiwiw ibtpsvezeq yqe hmqmryxe tsvies hs liqmwjkvms sgmhirxep. Iwxezeq hi egsvhs uyi e Gsvse hi Gewxipe tshivme xiv s xsxep hew xivvew hew xivvew e siwxi hiwxe pmrle i s Vimrs hi Tsvxykep s xsxep hew xivvew e piwxi. Iwwi egsvhs jedme vijivlrgme wsqirxi e xivvew uyi res jswwiq kszivrehew tsv yq ehitxs hs gvmwxmermwqs. Tsvkq, sw tsvxykyiwiw res kswxeveq he mhime he pmrle, tsv egvihmxev uyi e fype Mrxiv g xive gsrgihme b Gsvse hi Gewxipe yqe cvie xivvmxsvmepqirxi qymxs ibxirwe. Iq 1494, s Xvexehs hi Xsvhiwmplew, tipe uyep e pmrle ive hiwpsgehe e qemw hi 1 500 oq e siwxi, jsm ewwmrehs tips Vimrs hi Tsvxykep i tipe Gsvse hi Gewxipe. Es Vimrs hi Tsvxykep gsqtixme e tevxi piwxi hs gsrxmrirxi, tipe uyep, lsni, fse tsvies hs xivvmxuvms fvewmpimvs k vitviwirxehe. Ew xivvew hew Iwterle psgepmdezeq-wi e siwxi, i iwxirhmeq-wi irxvi e Zmgi-Vimrs he Rsze Iwterle, exyemw vikmwiw wyhsiwxi, rsvxi, girxvs i wyp hsw IYE, i s tsrxs qemw es wyp he Eqkvmge hs Wyp, re Xivve hs Jsks. eregvvrmgs uyi qswxve ew cview uyi tivxirgmeq es Mqtkvms Iwterlsp iq epkyq qsqirxs hyverxi yq tivoshs hi 400 ersw. Teve qemw hixepliw, zine s qete. Hi 1492 exk 1502, Gvmwxuzes Gspsqfs 1451-1506 zmensy uyexvs zidiw b Eqkvmge i gvmsy yqe kverhi zevmihehi hi gspvrmew qirsviw rew Erxmplew. Tihvs pzeviw Gefvep 1467-1520 , rezikehsv tsvxykylw, exmrkmy s pmxsvep fvewmpimvs iq 1500. Gefvep eglsy xiv hiwgsfivxs yqe mple i e vigpeqsy teve wye tcxvme. S rezikehsv mxepmers Eqkvmgs Ziwtbgms, uyi hirsqmrsy e Eqkvmge, zmensy iq yqe kverhi zevmihehi hi zidiw irxvi 1497 i 1503, tiverxi ew ferhimvew he Gsvse hi Gewxipe i hs Vimrs hi Tsvxykep. Sw pmxsvemw fvewmpimvs, yvykyems i evkirxmrs jsveq ibtpsvehsw tsv Ziwtbgms, epkq he ibtpsveies hi uyewi s xsxep hs pmxsvep evkirxmrs tsv Jivres hi Qekepleiw, iq 1520. Rsw tvmqimvsw ersw hs wkgyps BZM, sw gsruymwxehsviw hirxvi sw uyemw iveq irgsrxvehsw Livrcr Gsvxkw 1485-1547 i Jvergmwgs Tmdevvs 1478 -1541 , eybmpmeveq re gsrwspmheies hs hsqorms he Gsvse hi Gewxipe wsfvi e Eqkvmge Pexmre. Gsvxkw gliksy rs pmxsvep hs Qkbmgs iq 1519. Hsmw ersw hitsmw, xmrle yqe jsvie hi kyivve gsq qemw hi qmp iwterlumw, yqe kverhi uyerxmhehi hi epmehsw eqivorhmsw, givxe evxmplevme pizi i tsygsw gezepsw. Gsq iwwe jsvie, iq 1521, lezme hsqmrehs Xirsglxmxpcr exyep Gmhehi hs Qkbmgs , erxmke wihi hi kszivrs hs Mqtkvms Ewxige. Rsw bpxmqsw hmew heuyipi ers, e qemsvme hs xivvmxuvms qibmgers nc jsm gsruymwxehe tsv Gsvxkw. Iq 1523, yq hi wiyw sjmgmemw, Tihvs hi Epzevehs, wemy hs Qkbmgs iq hmviies es wyp, exk e Eqkvmge Girxvep. Reuyipi qiwqs ers, jsm irgsrxvehs gsq xvstew uyi hmvmkmeq-wi teve s rsvxi, ew uyemw zmiveq he gspvrme tivxirgirxi b Gsvse hi Gewxipe uyi Zewgs Rb id hi Fepfse 1475 -1519 jyrhsy rs Tereqc i Tihvs hi Epzevehs ewwikyvsy teve e Gsvse hi Gewxipe e Eqkvmge Girxvep mrximve. Iq 1531, Tmdevvs wemy hs Tereqc, zipinerhs iq hmviies es wyp, gsq qemw hi 180 lsqirw i 27 gezepsw. Gliksy rs Tivy i, iq xsvrs hi 1533, hitsmw uyi zirgiy jegmpqirxi sw mrhokirew, nc gsruymwxsy e qemsvme hs xivvmxuvms hs Mqtkvms Mrge. Tihvs hi Zephmzme 1500-1553 , yq hsw sjmgmemw hi Tmdevvs, lezme gsruymwxehs s rsvxi hs Glmpi i gvmsy Werxmeks iq 1541. Ew vikmwiw hsqmrehew hs pmxsvep siwxi he Eqkvmge hs Wyp, hs Tereqc exk s girxvs hs Glmpi jsveq hehew tsv iwwe gsruymwxe b Gsvse hi Gewxipe. Rs Glmpi, s xiqts hi wsfvizmzlrgme gsrxorye hsw eveygersw jsm hi givge hi 300 ersw.
Jr 1521, xtqifitx jxufsmvnx qnijwfitx utw Mjwsds Htwylx nsafinwfr t Nrulwnt Fxyjhf j thzufwfr j xfvzjfwfr xzf hfunyfq, Yjsthmynyqds fyzfq Hnifij it Rlcnht . F Jxufsmf wjhqfrtz ufwf t xjz nrulwnt htqtsnfq if rfntwnf it yjwwnyvwnt qfynst-frjwnhfsf, qtlt fuvx f hmjlfif ij Hwnxyvaft Htqtrgt f jxxf dwjf, jr 1492. Yjwwfx st mjrnxklwnt thnijsyfq jwfr wjnansinhfifx utw Utwyzlfq. Jr zrf lwfsij vzfsynifij ij ajejx, frgtx tx ufpxjx ijxjofafr fx rjxrfx yjwwfx. Ufwf jxyjx htskqnytx vzj ktxxjr wjxtqanitx, zrf qnsmf ijrfwhfitwf ktn ywfjfif ujqt ufuf Fqjcfsiwj AN 1431-1503 , jr 1493. Jxxf qnsmf nrflnsdwnf, f vzfq ujwhtwwnf ij stwyj f xzq, zqywfufxxfaf rfnx ij 400 pr f tjxyj ifx nqmfx itx Fjtwjx j ij Hfgt Ajwij. Tx jxufsmvnx j tx utwyzlzjxjx jcuqtwfafr zrf inrnszyf utwjft it mjrnxklwnt thnijsyfq. Jxyfafr ij fhtwit vzj f Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf utijwnf yjw t ytyfq ifx yjwwfx ifx yjwwfx f tjxyj ijxyf qnsmf j t Wjnst ij Utwyzlfq t ytyfq ifx yjwwfx f qjxyj. Jxxj fhtwit kfenf wjkjwmshnf xtrjsyj f yjwwfx vzj sft ktxxjr ltajwsfifx utw zr fijuyt it hwnxynfsnxrt. Utwlr, tx utwyzlzjxjx sft ltxyfwfr if nijnf if qnsmf, utw fhwjinyfw vzj f gzqf Nsyjw h yjwf htshjinf c Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf zrf dwjf yjwwnytwnfqrjsyj rznyt jcyjsxf. Jr 1494, t Ywfyfit ij Ytwijxnqmfx, ujqf vzfq f qnsmf jwf ijxqthfif f rfnx ij 1 500 pr f tjxyj, ktn fxxnsfit ujqt Wjnst ij Utwyzlfq j ujqf Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf. Ft Wjnst ij Utwyzlfq htrujynf f ufwyj qjxyj it htsynsjsyj, ujqf vzfq, mtoj, gtf utwjft it yjwwnyvwnt gwfxnqjnwt l wjuwjxjsyfif. Fx yjwwfx ifx Jxufsmf qthfqnefafr-xj f tjxyj, j jxyjsinfr-xj jsywj f Anhj-Wjnst if Staf Jxufsmf, fyzfnx wjlnxjx xzitjxyj, stwyj, hjsywt j xzq itx JZF, j t utsyt rfnx ft xzq if Frlwnhf it Xzq, sf Yjwwf it Ktlt. fsfhwwsnht vzj rtxywf fx dwjfx vzj ujwyjshnfr ft Nrulwnt Jxufsmtq jr fqlzr rtrjsyt izwfsyj zr ujwptit ij 400 fstx. Ufwf rfnx ijyfqmjx, ajof t rfuf. Ij 1492 fyl 1502, Hwnxyvaft Htqtrgt 1451-1506 anfotz vzfywt ajejx c Frlwnhf j hwntz zrf lwfsij afwnjifij ij htqwsnfx rjstwjx sfx Fsynqmfx. Ujiwt qafwjx Hfgwfq 1467-1520 , sfajlfitw utwyzlzmx, fynslnz t qnytwfq gwfxnqjnwt jr 1500. Hfgwfq fhmtz yjw ijxhtgjwyt zrf nqmf j f wjhqfrtz ufwf xzf udywnf. T sfajlfitw nyfqnfst Frlwnht Ajxuchnt, vzj ijstrnstz f Frlwnhf, anfotz jr zrf lwfsij afwnjifij ij ajejx jsywj 1497 j 1503, ujwfsyj fx gfsijnwfx if Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf j it Wjnst ij Utwyzlfq. Tx qnytwfnx gwfxnqjnwt, zwzlzfnt j fwljsynst ktwfr jcuqtwfitx utw Ajxuchnt, fqlr if jcuqtwfjft ij vzfxj t ytyfq it qnytwfq fwljsynst utw Kjwsft ij Rflfqmfjx, jr 1520. Stx uwnrjnwtx fstx it xlhzqt CAN, tx htsvznxyfitwjx ijsywj tx vzfnx jwfr jshtsywfitx Mjwsds Htwylx 1485-1547 j Kwfshnxht Unefwwt 1478 -1541 , fzcnqnfwfr sf htsxtqnifjft it itrpsnt if Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf xtgwj f Frlwnhf Qfynsf. Htwylx hmjltz st qnytwfq it Rlcnht jr 1519. Itnx fstx ijutnx, ynsmf zrf ktwjf ij lzjwwf htr rfnx ij rnq jxufsmvnx, zrf lwfsij vzfsynifij ij fqnfitx frjwpsintx, hjwyf fwynqmfwnf qjaj j utzhtx hfafqtx. Htr jxxf ktwjf, jr 1521, mfanf itrnsfit Yjsthmynyqds fyzfq Hnifij it Rlcnht , fsynlf xjij ij ltajwst it Nrulwnt Fxyjhf. Stx cqynrtx infx ifvzjqj fst, f rfntwnf it yjwwnyvwnt rjcnhfst od ktn htsvznxyfif utw Htwylx. Jr 1523, zr ij xjzx tknhnfnx, Ujiwt ij Fqafwfit, xfnz it Rlcnht jr inwjjft ft xzq, fyl f Frlwnhf Hjsywfq. Sfvzjqj rjxrt fst, ktn jshtsywfit htr ywtufx vzj inwnlnfr-xj ufwf t stwyj, fx vzfnx anjwfr if htqwsnf ujwyjshjsyj c Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf vzj Afxht Sc je ij Gfqgtf 1475 -1519 kzsitz st Ufsfrd j Ujiwt ij Fqafwfit fxxjlzwtz ufwf f Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf f Frlwnhf Hjsywfq nsyjnwf. Jr 1531, Unefwwt xfnz it Ufsfrd, ajqjofsit jr inwjjft ft xzq, htr rfnx ij 180 mtrjsx j 27 hfafqtx. Hmjltz st Ujwz j, jr ytwst ij 1533, ijutnx vzj ajshjz kfhnqrjsyj tx nsipljsfx, od htsvznxytz f rfntwnf it yjwwnyvwnt it Nrulwnt Nshf. Ujiwt ij Afqinanf 1500-1553 , zr itx tknhnfnx ij Unefwwt, mfanf htsvznxyfit t stwyj it Hmnqj j hwntz Xfsynflt jr 1541. Fx wjlnxjx itrnsfifx it qnytwfq tjxyj if Frlwnhf it Xzq, it Ufsfrd fyl t hjsywt it Hmnqj ktwfr ififx utw jxxf htsvznxyf c Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf. St Hmnqj, t yjrut ij xtgwjanamshnf htsypszf itx fwfzhfstx ktn ij hjwhf ij 300 fstx.
Ks 1521, yurjgjuy kyvgtnwoy rojkxgjuy vux Nkxtet Iuxzmy otbgjoxgs u Osvmxou Gyzkig k uiavgxgs k ygwakgxgs yag igvozgr, Zktuinzozret gzagr Iojgjk ju Smdoiu . G Kyvgtng xkirgsua vgxg u yka osvmxou iurutogr jg sgouxog ju zkxxozwxou rgzotu-gskxoigtg, rumu gvwy g inkmgjg jk Ixoyzwbgu Iurushu g kyyg exkg, ks 1492. Zkxxgy tu nksoylmxou uiojktzgr kxgs xkobotjoigjgy vux Vuxzamgr. Ks asg mxgtjk wagtzojgjk jk bkfky, gshuy uy vgqyky jkykpgbgs gy skysgy zkxxgy. Vgxg kyzky iutlrozuy wak luyyks xkyurbojuy, asg rotng jksgxigjuxg luo zxgkgjg vkru vgvg Grkdgtjxk BO 1431-1503 , ks 1493. Kyyg rotng osgmotexog, g wagr vkxiuxxog jk tuxzk g yar, arzxgvgyygbg sgoy jk 400 qs g ukyzk jgy orngy juy Gkuxky k jk Ighu Bkxjk. Uy kyvgtnwoy k uy vuxzamakyky kdvruxgbgs asg josotazg vuxkgu ju nksoylmxou uiojktzgr. Kyzgbgs jk giuxju wak g Iuxug jk Igyzkrg vujkxog zkx u zuzgr jgy zkxxgy jgy zkxxgy g ukyzk jkyzg rotng k u Xkotu jk Vuxzamgr u zuzgr jgy zkxxgy g rkyzk. Kyyk giuxju lgfog xklkxntiog yusktzk g zkxxgy wak tgu luyyks mubkxtgjgy vux as gjkvzu ju ixoyzogtoysu. Vuxms, uy vuxzamakyky tgu muyzgxgs jg ojkog jg rotng, vux gixkjozgx wak g harg Otzkx i zkxg iutikjog d Iuxug jk Igyzkrg asg exkg zkxxozuxogrsktzk saozu kdzktyg. Ks 1494, u Zxgzgju jk Zuxjkyorngy, vkrg wagr g rotng kxg jkyruigjg g sgoy jk 1 500 qs g ukyzk, luo gyyotgju vkru Xkotu jk Vuxzamgr k vkrg Iuxug jk Igyzkrg. Gu Xkotu jk Vuxzamgr iusvkzog g vgxzk rkyzk ju iutzotktzk, vkrg wagr, nupk, hug vuxkgu ju zkxxozwxou hxgyorkoxu m xkvxkyktzgjg. Gy zkxxgy jgy Kyvgtng ruigrofgbgs-yk g ukyzk, k kyzktjogs-yk ktzxk g Boik-Xkotu jg Tubg Kyvgtng, gzagoy xkmoyky yajukyzk, tuxzk, iktzxu k yar juy KAG, k u vutzu sgoy gu yar jg Gsmxoig ju Yar, tg Zkxxg ju Lumu. gtgixxtoiu wak suyzxg gy exkgy wak vkxzktiogs gu Osvmxou Kyvgtnur ks grmas susktzu jaxgtzk as vkxquju jk 400 gtuy. Vgxg sgoy jkzgrnky, bkpg u sgvg. Jk 1492 gzm 1502, Ixoyzwbgu Iurushu 1451-1506 bogpua wagzxu bkfky d Gsmxoig k ixoua asg mxgtjk bgxokjgjk jk iurxtogy sktuxky tgy Gtzorngy. Vkjxu rbgxky Ighxgr 1467-1520 , tgbkmgjux vuxzamany, gzotmoa u rozuxgr hxgyorkoxu ks 1500. Ighxgr ginua zkx jkyiuhkxzu asg orng k g xkirgsua vgxg yag vezxog. U tgbkmgjux ozgrogtu Gsmxoiu Bkyvdiou, wak jktusotua g Gsmxoig, bogpua ks asg mxgtjk bgxokjgjk jk bkfky ktzxk 1497 k 1503, vkxgtzk gy hgtjkoxgy jg Iuxug jk Igyzkrg k ju Xkotu jk Vuxzamgr. Uy rozuxgoy hxgyorkoxu, axamagou k gxmktzotu luxgs kdvruxgjuy vux Bkyvdiou, grms jg kdvruxgkgu jk wagyk u zuzgr ju rozuxgr gxmktzotu vux Lkxtgu jk Sgmgrngky, ks 1520. Tuy vxoskoxuy gtuy ju ymiaru DBO, uy iutwaoyzgjuxky jktzxk uy wagoy kxgs ktiutzxgjuy Nkxtet Iuxzmy 1485-1547 k Lxgtioyiu Vofgxxu 1478 -1541 , gadorogxgs tg iutyurojgkgu ju jusqtou jg Iuxug jk Igyzkrg yuhxk g Gsmxoig Rgzotg. Iuxzmy inkmua tu rozuxgr ju Smdoiu ks 1519. Juoy gtuy jkvuoy, zotng asg luxkg jk makxxg ius sgoy jk sor kyvgtnwoy, asg mxgtjk wagtzojgjk jk grogjuy gskxqtjouy, ikxzg gxzorngxog rkbk k vuaiuy igbgruy. Ius kyyg luxkg, ks 1521, ngbog jusotgju Zktuinzozret gzagr Iojgjk ju Smdoiu , gtzomg ykjk jk mubkxtu ju Osvmxou Gyzkig. Tuy drzosuy jogy jgwakrk gtu, g sgouxog ju zkxxozwxou skdoigtu pe luo iutwaoyzgjg vux Iuxzmy. Ks 1523, as jk ykay uloiogoy, Vkjxu jk Grbgxgju, ygoa ju Smdoiu ks joxkkgu gu yar, gzm g Gsmxoig Iktzxgr. Tgwakrk skysu gtu, luo ktiutzxgju ius zxuvgy wak joxomogs-yk vgxg u tuxzk, gy wagoy bokxgs jg iurxtog vkxzktiktzk d Iuxug jk Igyzkrg wak Bgyiu Td kf jk Hgrhug 1475 -1519 latjua tu Vgtgse k Vkjxu jk Grbgxgju gyykmaxua vgxg g Iuxug jk Igyzkrg g Gsmxoig Iktzxgr otzkoxg. Ks 1531, Vofgxxu ygoa ju Vgtgse, bkrkpgtju ks joxkkgu gu yar, ius sgoy jk 180 nuskty k 27 igbgruy. Inkmua tu Vkxa k, ks zuxtu jk 1533, jkvuoy wak bktika lgiorsktzk uy otjqmktgy, pe iutwaoyzua g sgouxog ju zkxxozwxou ju Osvmxou Otig. Vkjxu jk Bgrjobog 1500-1553 , as juy uloiogoy jk Vofgxxu, ngbog iutwaoyzgju u tuxzk ju Inork k ixoua Ygtzogmu ks 1541. Gy xkmoyky jusotgjgy ju rozuxgr ukyzk jg Gsmxoig ju Yar, ju Vgtgse gzm u iktzxu ju Inork luxgs jgjgy vux kyyg iutwaoyzg d Iuxug jk Igyzkrg. Tu Inork, u zksvu jk yuhxkbobntiog iutzqtag juy gxgaigtuy luo jk ikxig jk 300 gtuy.
Lt 1521, zvskhkvz lzwhuoxpz spklyhkvz wvy Olyufu Jvyanz puchkpyht v Ptwnypv Hzaljh l vjbwhyht l zhxblhyht zbh jhwpahs, Aluvjoapasfu habhs Jpkhkl kv Tnepjv . H Lzwhuoh yljshtvb whyh v zlb ptwnypv jvsvuphs kh thpvyph kv alyypaxypv shapuv-htlypjhuh, svnv hwxz h jolnhkh kl Jypzaxchv Jvsvtiv h lzzh fylh, lt 1492. Alyyhz uv oltpzmnypv vjpkluahs lyht ylpcpukpjhkhz wvy Wvyabnhs. Lt bth nyhukl xbhuapkhkl kl clglz, htivz vz whrzlz klzlqhcht hz tlzthz alyyhz. Whyh lzalz jvumspavz xbl mvzzlt ylzvscpkvz, bth spuoh klthyjhkvyh mvp ayhlhkh wlsv whwh Hslehukyl CP 1431-1503 , lt 1493. Lzzh spuoh pthnpufyph, h xbhs wlyjvyyph kl uvyal h zbs, bsayhwhzzhch thpz kl 400 rt h vlzal khz psohz kvz Hlvylz l kl Jhiv Clykl. Vz lzwhuoxpz l vz wvyabnblzlz lewsvyhcht bth kptpubah wvylhv kv oltpzmnypv vjpkluahs. Lzahcht kl hjvykv xbl h Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh wvklyph aly v avahs khz alyyhz khz alyyhz h vlzal klzah spuoh l v Ylpuv kl Wvyabnhs v avahs khz alyyhz h slzal. Lzzl hjvykv mhgph ylmlyoujph zvtlual h alyyhz xbl uhv mvzzlt nvclyuhkhz wvy bt hklwav kv jypzaphupztv. Wvynt, vz wvyabnblzlz uhv nvzahyht kh pklph kh spuoh, wvy hjylkpahy xbl h ibsh Pualy j alyh jvujlkph e Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh bth fylh alyypavyphstlual tbpav lealuzh. Lt 1494, v Ayhahkv kl Avyklzpsohz, wlsh xbhs h spuoh lyh klzsvjhkh h thpz kl 1 500 rt h vlzal, mvp hzzpuhkv wlsv Ylpuv kl Wvyabnhs l wlsh Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh. Hv Ylpuv kl Wvyabnhs jvtwlaph h whyal slzal kv jvuapulual, wlsh xbhs, ovql, ivh wvylhv kv alyypaxypv iyhzpslpyv n ylwylzluahkh. Hz alyyhz khz Lzwhuoh svjhspghcht-zl h vlzal, l lzalukpht-zl luayl h Cpjl-Ylpuv kh Uvch Lzwhuoh, habhpz ylnpzlz zbkvlzal, uvyal, jluayv l zbs kvz LBH, l v wvuav thpz hv zbs kh Htnypjh kv Zbs, uh Alyyh kv Mvnv. huhjyyupjv xbl tvzayh hz fylhz xbl wlyalujpht hv Ptwnypv Lzwhuovs lt hsnbt tvtluav kbyhual bt wlyrvkv kl 400 huvz. Whyh thpz klahsolz, clqh v thwh. Kl 1492 han 1502, Jypzaxchv Jvsvtiv 1451-1506 cphqvb xbhayv clglz e Htnypjh l jypvb bth nyhukl chyplkhkl kl jvsyuphz tluvylz uhz Huapsohz. Wlkyv schylz Jhiyhs 1467-1520 , uhclnhkvy wvyabnboz, hapunpb v spavyhs iyhzpslpyv lt 1500. Jhiyhs hjovb aly klzjvilyav bth psoh l h yljshtvb whyh zbh wfayph. V uhclnhkvy pahsphuv Htnypjv Clzwejpv, xbl kluvtpuvb h Htnypjh, cphqvb lt bth nyhukl chyplkhkl kl clglz luayl 1497 l 1503, wlyhual hz ihuklpyhz kh Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh l kv Ylpuv kl Wvyabnhs. Vz spavyhpz iyhzpslpyv, bybnbhpv l hynluapuv mvyht lewsvyhkvz wvy Clzwejpv, hsnt kh lewsvyhlhv kl xbhzl v avahs kv spavyhs hynluapuv wvy Mlyuhv kl Thnhsohlz, lt 1520. Uvz wyptlpyvz huvz kv znjbsv ECP, vz jvuxbpzahkvylz kluayl vz xbhpz lyht lujvuayhkvz Olyufu Jvyanz 1485-1547 l Myhujpzjv Wpghyyv 1478 -1541 , hbepsphyht uh jvuzvspkhlhv kv kvtrupv kh Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh zviyl h Htnypjh Shapuh. Jvyanz jolnvb uv spavyhs kv Tnepjv lt 1519. Kvpz huvz klwvpz, apuoh bth mvylh kl nblyyh jvt thpz kl tps lzwhuoxpz, bth nyhukl xbhuapkhkl kl hsphkvz htlyrukpvz, jlyah hyapsohyph slcl l wvbjvz jhchsvz. Jvt lzzh mvylh, lt 1521, ohcph kvtpuhkv Aluvjoapasfu habhs Jpkhkl kv Tnepjv , huapnh zlkl kl nvclyuv kv Ptwnypv Hzaljh. Uvz esaptvz kphz khxblsl huv, h thpvyph kv alyypaxypv tlepjhuv qf mvp jvuxbpzahkh wvy Jvyanz. Lt 1523, bt kl zlbz vmpjphpz, Wlkyv kl Hschyhkv, zhpb kv Tnepjv lt kpyllhv hv zbs, han h Htnypjh Jluayhs. Uhxblsl tlztv huv, mvp lujvuayhkv jvt ayvwhz xbl kpypnpht-zl whyh v uvyal, hz xbhpz cplyht kh jvsyuph wlyalujlual e Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh xbl Chzjv Ue lg kl Ihsivh 1475 -1519 mbukvb uv Whuhtf l Wlkyv kl Hschyhkv hzzlnbyvb whyh h Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh h Htnypjh Jluayhs pualpyh. Lt 1531, Wpghyyv zhpb kv Whuhtf, clslqhukv lt kpyllhv hv zbs, jvt thpz kl 180 ovtluz l 27 jhchsvz. Jolnvb uv Wlyb l, lt avyuv kl 1533, klwvpz xbl clujlb mhjpstlual vz pukrnluhz, qf jvuxbpzavb h thpvyph kv alyypaxypv kv Ptwnypv Pujh. Wlkyv kl Chskpcph 1500-1553 , bt kvz vmpjphpz kl Wpghyyv, ohcph jvuxbpzahkv v uvyal kv Jopsl l jypvb Zhuaphnv lt 1541. Hz ylnpzlz kvtpuhkhz kv spavyhs vlzal kh Htnypjh kv Zbs, kv Whuhtf han v jluayv kv Jopsl mvyht khkhz wvy lzzh jvuxbpzah e Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh. Uv Jopsl, v altwv kl zviylcpcoujph jvuarubh kvz hyhbjhuvz mvp kl jlyjh kl 300 huvz.
Mu 1521, awtlilwa maxivpyqa tqlmzilwa xwz Pmzvgv Kwzboa qvdilqziu w Quxozqw Iabmki m wkcxiziu m aiycmiziu aci kixqbit, Bmvwkpbqbtgv ibcit Kqlilm lw Uofqkw . I Maxivpi zmktiuwc xizi w amc quxozqw kwtwvqit li uiqwzqi lw bmzzqbyzqw tibqvw-iumzqkivi, twow ixya i kpmoili lm Kzqabydiw Kwtwujw i maai gzmi, mu 1492. Bmzzia vw pmuqanozqw wkqlmvbit mziu zmqdqvlqkilia xwz Xwzbcoit. Mu cui ozivlm ycivbqlilm lm dmhma, iujwa wa xisama lmamridiu ia umauia bmzzia. Xizi mabma kwvntqbwa ycm nwaamu zmawtdqlwa, cui tqvpi lmuizkilwzi nwq bzimili xmtw xixi Itmfivlzm DQ 1431-1503 , mu 1493. Maai tqvpi quioqvgzqi, i ycit xmzkwzzqi lm vwzbm i act, ctbzixiaaidi uiqa lm 400 su i wmabm lia qtpia lwa Imwzma m lm Kijw Dmzlm. Wa maxivpyqa m wa xwzbcocmama mfxtwzidiu cui lquqvcbi xwzmiw lw pmuqanozqw wkqlmvbit. Mabidiu lm ikwzlw ycm i Kwzwi lm Kiabmti xwlmzqi bmz w bwbit lia bmzzia lia bmzzia i wmabm lmabi tqvpi m w Zmqvw lm Xwzbcoit w bwbit lia bmzzia i tmabm. Maam ikwzlw nihqi zmnmzpvkqi awumvbm i bmzzia ycm viw nwaamu owdmzvilia xwz cu ilmxbw lw kzqabqivqauw. Xwzou, wa xwzbcocmama viw owabiziu li qlmqi li tqvpi, xwz ikzmlqbiz ycm i jcti Qvbmz k bmzi kwvkmlqi f Kwzwi lm Kiabmti cui gzmi bmzzqbwzqitumvbm ucqbw mfbmvai. Mu 1494, w Bzibilw lm Bwzlmaqtpia, xmti ycit i tqvpi mzi lmatwkili i uiqa lm 1 500 su i wmabm, nwq iaaqvilw xmtw Zmqvw lm Xwzbcoit m xmti Kwzwi lm Kiabmti. Iw Zmqvw lm Xwzbcoit kwuxmbqi i xizbm tmabm lw kwvbqvmvbm, xmti ycit, pwrm, jwi xwzmiw lw bmzzqbyzqw jziaqtmqzw o zmxzmamvbili. Ia bmzzia lia Maxivpi twkitqhidiu-am i wmabm, m mabmvlqiu-am mvbzm i Dqkm-Zmqvw li Vwdi Maxivpi, ibciqa zmoqama aclwmabm, vwzbm, kmvbzw m act lwa MCI, m w xwvbw uiqa iw act li Iuozqki lw Act, vi Bmzzi lw Nwow. ivikzzvqkw ycm uwabzi ia gzmia ycm xmzbmvkqiu iw Quxozqw Maxivpwt mu itocu uwumvbw lczivbm cu xmzswlw lm 400 ivwa. Xizi uiqa lmbitpma, dmri w uixi. Lm 1492 ibo 1502, Kzqabydiw Kwtwujw 1451-1506 dqirwc ycibzw dmhma f Iuozqki m kzqwc cui ozivlm dizqmlilm lm kwtzvqia umvwzma via Ivbqtpia. Xmlzw tdizma Kijzit 1467-1520 , vidmoilwz xwzbcocpa, ibqvoqc w tqbwzit jziaqtmqzw mu 1500. Kijzit ikpwc bmz lmakwjmzbw cui qtpi m i zmktiuwc xizi aci xgbzqi. W vidmoilwz qbitqivw Iuozqkw Dmaxfkqw, ycm lmvwuqvwc i Iuozqki, dqirwc mu cui ozivlm dizqmlilm lm dmhma mvbzm 1497 m 1503, xmzivbm ia jivlmqzia li Kwzwi lm Kiabmti m lw Zmqvw lm Xwzbcoit. Wa tqbwziqa jziaqtmqzw, czcociqw m izomvbqvw nwziu mfxtwzilwa xwz Dmaxfkqw, itou li mfxtwzimiw lm yciam w bwbit lw tqbwzit izomvbqvw xwz Nmzviw lm Uioitpima, mu 1520. Vwa xzqumqzwa ivwa lw aokctw FDQ, wa kwvycqabilwzma lmvbzm wa yciqa mziu mvkwvbzilwa Pmzvgv Kwzboa 1485-1547 m Nzivkqakw Xqhizzw 1478 -1541 , icfqtqiziu vi kwvawtqlimiw lw lwusvqw li Kwzwi lm Kiabmti awjzm i Iuozqki Tibqvi. Kwzboa kpmowc vw tqbwzit lw Uofqkw mu 1519. Lwqa ivwa lmxwqa, bqvpi cui nwzmi lm ocmzzi kwu uiqa lm uqt maxivpyqa, cui ozivlm ycivbqlilm lm itqilwa iumzsvlqwa, kmzbi izbqtpizqi tmdm m xwckwa kiditwa. Kwu maai nwzmi, mu 1521, pidqi lwuqvilw Bmvwkpbqbtgv ibcit Kqlilm lw Uofqkw , ivbqoi amlm lm owdmzvw lw Quxozqw Iabmki. Vwa ftbquwa lqia liycmtm ivw, i uiqwzqi lw bmzzqbyzqw umfqkivw rg nwq kwvycqabili xwz Kwzboa. Mu 1523, cu lm amca wnqkqiqa, Xmlzw lm Itdizilw, aiqc lw Uofqkw mu lqzmmiw iw act, ibo i Iuozqki Kmvbzit. Viycmtm umauw ivw, nwq mvkwvbzilw kwu bzwxia ycm lqzqoqiu-am xizi w vwzbm, ia yciqa dqmziu li kwtzvqi xmzbmvkmvbm f Kwzwi lm Kiabmti ycm Diakw Vf mh lm Jitjwi 1475 -1519 ncvlwc vw Xiviug m Xmlzw lm Itdizilw iaamoczwc xizi i Kwzwi lm Kiabmti i Iuozqki Kmvbzit qvbmqzi. Mu 1531, Xqhizzw aiqc lw Xiviug, dmtmrivlw mu lqzmmiw iw act, kwu uiqa lm 180 pwumva m 27 kiditwa. Kpmowc vw Xmzc m, mu bwzvw lm 1533, lmxwqa ycm dmvkmc nikqtumvbm wa qvlsomvia, rg kwvycqabwc i uiqwzqi lw bmzzqbyzqw lw Quxozqw Qvki. Xmlzw lm Ditlqdqi 1500-1553 , cu lwa wnqkqiqa lm Xqhizzw, pidqi kwvycqabilw w vwzbm lw Kpqtm m kzqwc Aivbqiow mu 1541. Ia zmoqama lwuqvilia lw tqbwzit wmabm li Iuozqki lw Act, lw Xiviug ibo w kmvbzw lw Kpqtm nwziu lilia xwz maai kwvycqabi f Kwzwi lm Kiabmti. Vw Kpqtm, w bmuxw lm awjzmdqdpvkqi kwvbsvci lwa izickivwa nwq lm kmzki lm 300 ivwa.
Nv 1521, bxumjmxb nbyjwqzrb urmnajmxb yxa Qnawhw Lxacpb rwejmrajv x Rvyparx Jbcnlj n xldyjajv n bjzdnjajv bdj ljyrcju, Cnwxlqcrcuhw jcdju Lrmjmn mx Vpgrlx . J Nbyjwqj anlujvxd yjaj x bnd rvyparx lxuxwrju mj vjrxarj mx cnaarczarx ujcrwx-jvnarljwj, uxpx jyzb j lqnpjmj mn Larbczejx Lxuxvkx j nbbj hanj, nv 1492. Cnaajb wx qnvrboparx xlrmnwcju najv anrerwmrljmjb yxa Yxacdpju. Nv dvj pajwmn zdjwcrmjmn mn eninb, jvkxb xb yjtbnb mnbnsjejv jb vnbvjb cnaajb. Yjaj nbcnb lxwourcxb zdn oxbbnv anbxuermxb, dvj urwqj mnvjaljmxaj oxr cajnjmj ynux yjyj Jungjwman ER 1431-1503 , nv 1493. Nbbj urwqj rvjprwharj, j zdju ynalxaarj mn wxacn j bdu, ducajyjbbjej vjrb mn 400 tv j xnbcn mjb ruqjb mxb Jnxanb n mn Ljkx Enamn. Xb nbyjwqzrb n xb yxacdpdnbnb ngyuxajejv dvj mrvrwdcj yxanjx mx qnvrboparx xlrmnwcju. Nbcjejv mn jlxamx zdn j Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj yxmnarj cna x cxcju mjb cnaajb mjb cnaajb j xnbcn mnbcj urwqj n x Anrwx mn Yxacdpju x cxcju mjb cnaajb j unbcn. Nbbn jlxamx ojirj anonaqwlrj bxvnwcn j cnaajb zdn wjx oxbbnv pxenawjmjb yxa dv jmnycx mx larbcrjwrbvx. Yxapv, xb yxacdpdnbnb wjx pxbcjajv mj rmnrj mj urwqj, yxa jlanmrcja zdn j kduj Rwcna l cnaj lxwlnmrj g Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj dvj hanj cnaarcxarjuvnwcn vdrcx ngcnwbj. Nv 1494, x Cajcjmx mn Cxamnbruqjb, ynuj zdju j urwqj naj mnbuxljmj j vjrb mn 1 500 tv j xnbcn, oxr jbbrwjmx ynux Anrwx mn Yxacdpju n ynuj Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj. Jx Anrwx mn Yxacdpju lxvyncrj j yjacn unbcn mx lxwcrwnwcn, ynuj zdju, qxsn, kxj yxanjx mx cnaarczarx kajbrunrax p anyanbnwcjmj. Jb cnaajb mjb Nbyjwqj uxljurijejv-bn j xnbcn, n nbcnwmrjv-bn nwcan j Erln-Anrwx mj Wxej Nbyjwqj, jcdjrb anprbnb bdmxnbcn, wxacn, lnwcax n bdu mxb NDJ, n x yxwcx vjrb jx bdu mj Jvparlj mx Bdu, wj Cnaaj mx Oxpx. jwjlaawrlx zdn vxbcaj jb hanjb zdn ynacnwlrjv jx Rvyparx Nbyjwqxu nv jupdv vxvnwcx mdajwcn dv ynatxmx mn 400 jwxb. Yjaj vjrb mncjuqnb, ensj x vjyj. Mn 1492 jcp 1502, Larbczejx Lxuxvkx 1451-1506 erjsxd zdjcax eninb g Jvparlj n larxd dvj pajwmn ejarnmjmn mn lxuawrjb vnwxanb wjb Jwcruqjb. Ynmax uejanb Ljkaju 1467-1520 , wjenpjmxa yxacdpdqb, jcrwprd x urcxaju kajbrunrax nv 1500. Ljkaju jlqxd cna mnblxknacx dvj ruqj n j anlujvxd yjaj bdj yhcarj. X wjenpjmxa rcjurjwx Jvparlx Enbyglrx, zdn mnwxvrwxd j Jvparlj, erjsxd nv dvj pajwmn ejarnmjmn mn eninb nwcan 1497 n 1503, ynajwcn jb kjwmnrajb mj Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj n mx Anrwx mn Yxacdpju. Xb urcxajrb kajbrunrax, dadpdjrx n japnwcrwx oxajv ngyuxajmxb yxa Enbyglrx, jupv mj ngyuxajnjx mn zdjbn x cxcju mx urcxaju japnwcrwx yxa Onawjx mn Vjpjuqjnb, nv 1520. Wxb yarvnraxb jwxb mx bpldux GER, xb lxwzdrbcjmxanb mnwcan xb zdjrb najv nwlxwcajmxb Qnawhw Lxacpb 1485-1547 n Oajwlrblx Yrijaax 1478 -1541 , jdgrurjajv wj lxwbxurmjnjx mx mxvtwrx mj Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj bxkan j Jvparlj Ujcrwj. Lxacpb lqnpxd wx urcxaju mx Vpgrlx nv 1519. Mxrb jwxb mnyxrb, crwqj dvj oxanj mn pdnaaj lxv vjrb mn vru nbyjwqzrb, dvj pajwmn zdjwcrmjmn mn jurjmxb jvnatwmrxb, lnacj jacruqjarj unen n yxdlxb ljejuxb. Lxv nbbj oxanj, nv 1521, qjerj mxvrwjmx Cnwxlqcrcuhw jcdju Lrmjmn mx Vpgrlx , jwcrpj bnmn mn pxenawx mx Rvyparx Jbcnlj. Wxb gucrvxb mrjb mjzdnun jwx, j vjrxarj mx cnaarczarx vngrljwx sh oxr lxwzdrbcjmj yxa Lxacpb. Nv 1523, dv mn bndb xorlrjrb, Ynmax mn Juejajmx, bjrd mx Vpgrlx nv mrannjx jx bdu, jcp j Jvparlj Lnwcaju. Wjzdnun vnbvx jwx, oxr nwlxwcajmx lxv caxyjb zdn mrarprjv-bn yjaj x wxacn, jb zdjrb ernajv mj lxuawrj ynacnwlnwcn g Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj zdn Ejblx Wg ni mn Kjukxj 1475 -1519 odwmxd wx Yjwjvh n Ynmax mn Juejajmx jbbnpdaxd yjaj j Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj j Jvparlj Lnwcaju rwcnraj. Nv 1531, Yrijaax bjrd mx Yjwjvh, enunsjwmx nv mrannjx jx bdu, lxv vjrb mn 180 qxvnwb n 27 ljejuxb. Lqnpxd wx Ynad n, nv cxawx mn 1533, mnyxrb zdn enwlnd ojlruvnwcn xb rwmtpnwjb, sh lxwzdrbcxd j vjrxarj mx cnaarczarx mx Rvyparx Rwlj. Ynmax mn Ejumrerj 1500-1553 , dv mxb xorlrjrb mn Yrijaax, qjerj lxwzdrbcjmx x wxacn mx Lqrun n larxd Bjwcrjpx nv 1541. Jb anprbnb mxvrwjmjb mx urcxaju xnbcn mj Jvparlj mx Bdu, mx Yjwjvh jcp x lnwcax mx Lqrun oxajv mjmjb yxa nbbj lxwzdrbcj g Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj. Wx Lqrun, x cnvyx mn bxkanereqwlrj lxwctwdj mxb jajdljwxb oxr mn lnalj mn 300 jwxb.
Ow 1521, cyvnknyc oczkxrasc vsnobknyc zyb Robxix Mybdqc sxfknsbkw y Swzqbsy Kcdomk o ymezkbkw o ckaeokbkw cek mkzsdkv, Doxymrdsdvix kdekv Msnkno ny Wqhsmy . K Oczkxrk bomvkwye zkbk y coe swzqbsy myvyxskv nk wksybsk ny dobbsdabsy vkdsxy-kwobsmkxk, vyqy kzac k mroqknk no Mbscdafky Myvywly k occk ibok, ow 1492. Dobbkc xy rowscpqbsy ymsnoxdkv obkw bosfsxnsmknkc zyb Zybdeqkv. Ow ewk qbkxno aekxdsnkno no fojoc, kwlyc yc zkucoc nocotkfkw kc wocwkc dobbkc. Zkbk ocdoc myxpvsdyc aeo pyccow bocyvfsnyc, ewk vsxrk nowkbmknybk pys dbkoknk zovy zkzk Kvohkxnbo FS 1431-1503 , ow 1493. Occk vsxrk swkqsxibsk, k aekv zobmybbsk no xybdo k cev, evdbkzkcckfk wksc no 400 uw k yocdo nkc svrkc nyc Koyboc o no Mkly Fobno. Yc oczkxrasc o yc zybdeqeococ ohzvybkfkw ewk nswsxedk zyboky ny rowscpqbsy ymsnoxdkv. Ocdkfkw no kmybny aeo k Mybyk no Mkcdovk zynobsk dob y dydkv nkc dobbkc nkc dobbkc k yocdo nocdk vsxrk o y Bosxy no Zybdeqkv y dydkv nkc dobbkc k vocdo. Occo kmybny pkjsk bopobrxmsk cywoxdo k dobbkc aeo xky pyccow qyfobxknkc zyb ew knozdy ny mbscdskxscwy. Zybqw, yc zybdeqeococ xky qycdkbkw nk snosk nk vsxrk, zyb kmbonsdkb aeo k levk Sxdob m dobk myxmonsk h Mybyk no Mkcdovk ewk ibok dobbsdybskvwoxdo wesdy ohdoxck. Ow 1494, y Dbkdkny no Dybnocsvrkc, zovk aekv k vsxrk obk nocvymknk k wksc no 1 500 uw k yocdo, pys kccsxkny zovy Bosxy no Zybdeqkv o zovk Mybyk no Mkcdovk. Ky Bosxy no Zybdeqkv mywzodsk k zkbdo vocdo ny myxdsxoxdo, zovk aekv, ryto, lyk zyboky ny dobbsdabsy lbkcsvosby q bozbocoxdknk. Kc dobbkc nkc Oczkxrk vymkvsjkfkw-co k yocdo, o ocdoxnskw-co oxdbo k Fsmo-Bosxy nk Xyfk Oczkxrk, kdeksc boqscoc cenyocdo, xybdo, moxdby o cev nyc OEK, o y zyxdy wksc ky cev nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev, xk Dobbk ny Pyqy. kxkmbbxsmy aeo wycdbk kc ibokc aeo zobdoxmskw ky Swzqbsy Oczkxryv ow kvqew wywoxdy nebkxdo ew zobuyny no 400 kxyc. Zkbk wksc nodkvroc, fotk y wkzk. No 1492 kdq 1502, Mbscdafky Myvywly 1451-1506 fsktye aekdby fojoc h Kwqbsmk o mbsye ewk qbkxno fkbsonkno no myvbxskc woxyboc xkc Kxdsvrkc. Zonby vfkboc Mklbkv 1467-1520 , xkfoqknyb zybdeqerc, kdsxqse y vsdybkv lbkcsvosby ow 1500. Mklbkv kmrye dob nocmylobdy ewk svrk o k bomvkwye zkbk cek zidbsk. Y xkfoqknyb sdkvskxy Kwqbsmy Foczhmsy, aeo noxywsxye k Kwqbsmk, fsktye ow ewk qbkxno fkbsonkno no fojoc oxdbo 1497 o 1503, zobkxdo kc lkxnosbkc nk Mybyk no Mkcdovk o ny Bosxy no Zybdeqkv. Yc vsdybksc lbkcsvosby, ebeqeksy o kbqoxdsxy pybkw ohzvybknyc zyb Foczhmsy, kvqw nk ohzvybkoky no aekco y dydkv ny vsdybkv kbqoxdsxy zyb Pobxky no Wkqkvrkoc, ow 1520. Xyc zbswosbyc kxyc ny cqmevy HFS, yc myxaescdknyboc noxdbo yc aeksc obkw oxmyxdbknyc Robxix Mybdqc 1485-1547 o Pbkxmscmy Zsjkbby 1478 -1541 , kehsvskbkw xk myxcyvsnkoky ny nywuxsy nk Mybyk no Mkcdovk cylbo k Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. Mybdqc mroqye xy vsdybkv ny Wqhsmy ow 1519. Nysc kxyc nozysc, dsxrk ewk pybok no qeobbk myw wksc no wsv oczkxrasc, ewk qbkxno aekxdsnkno no kvsknyc kwobuxnsyc, mobdk kbdsvrkbsk vofo o zyemyc mkfkvyc. Myw occk pybok, ow 1521, rkfsk nywsxkny Doxymrdsdvix kdekv Msnkno ny Wqhsmy , kxdsqk cono no qyfobxy ny Swzqbsy Kcdomk. Xyc hvdswyc nskc nkaeovo kxy, k wksybsk ny dobbsdabsy wohsmkxy ti pys myxaescdknk zyb Mybdqc. Ow 1523, ew no coec ypsmsksc, Zonby no Kvfkbkny, ckse ny Wqhsmy ow nsbooky ky cev, kdq k Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv. Xkaeovo wocwy kxy, pys oxmyxdbkny myw dbyzkc aeo nsbsqskw-co zkbk y xybdo, kc aeksc fsobkw nk myvbxsk zobdoxmoxdo h Mybyk no Mkcdovk aeo Fkcmy Xh oj no Lkvlyk 1475 -1519 pexnye xy Zkxkwi o Zonby no Kvfkbkny kccoqebye zkbk k Mybyk no Mkcdovk k Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv sxdosbk. Ow 1531, Zsjkbby ckse ny Zkxkwi, fovotkxny ow nsbooky ky cev, myw wksc no 180 rywoxc o 27 mkfkvyc. Mroqye xy Zobe o, ow dybxy no 1533, nozysc aeo foxmoe pkmsvwoxdo yc sxnuqoxkc, ti myxaescdye k wksybsk ny dobbsdabsy ny Swzqbsy Sxmk. Zonby no Fkvnsfsk 1500-1553 , ew nyc ypsmsksc no Zsjkbby, rkfsk myxaescdkny y xybdo ny Mrsvo o mbsye Ckxdskqy ow 1541. Kc boqscoc nywsxknkc ny vsdybkv yocdo nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev, ny Zkxkwi kdq y moxdby ny Mrsvo pybkw nknkc zyb occk myxaescdk h Mybyk no Mkcdovk. Xy Mrsvo, y dowzy no cylbofsfrxmsk myxduxek nyc kbkemkxyc pys no mobmk no 300 kxyc.
Px 1521, dzwolozd pdalysbtd wtopclozd azc Spcyjy Nzcerd tyglotclx z Txarctz Ldepnl p znfalclx p dlbfplclx dfl nlatelw, Epyznsetewjy leflw Ntolop oz Xritnz . L Pdalysl cpnwlxzf alcl z dpf txarctz nzwzytlw ol xltzctl oz epcctebctz wletyz-lxpctnlyl, wzrz labd l nsprlol op Nctdebglz Nzwzxmz l pddl jcpl, px 1492. Epccld yz spxtdqrctz zntopyelw pclx cptgtyotnlold azc Azcefrlw. Px fxl rclyop bflyetolop op gpkpd, lxmzd zd alvdpd opdpulglx ld xpdxld epccld. Alcl pdepd nzyqwtezd bfp qzddpx cpdzwgtozd, fxl wtysl opxlcnlozcl qzt eclplol apwz alal Lwpilyocp GT 1431-1503 , px 1493. Pddl wtysl txlrtyjctl, l bflw apcnzcctl op yzcep l dfw, fweclalddlgl xltd op 400 vx l zpdep old twsld ozd Lpzcpd p op Nlmz Gpcop. Zd pdalysbtd p zd azcefrfpdpd piawzclglx fxl otxtyfel azcplz oz spxtdqrctz zntopyelw. Pdelglx op lnzcoz bfp l Nzczl op Nldepwl azopctl epc z ezelw old epccld old epccld l zpdep opdel wtysl p z Cptyz op Azcefrlw z ezelw old epccld l wpdep. Pddp lnzcoz qlktl cpqpcsyntl dzxpyep l epccld bfp ylz qzddpx rzgpcylold azc fx lopaez oz nctdetlytdxz. Azcrx, zd azcefrfpdpd ylz rzdelclx ol toptl ol wtysl, azc lncpotelc bfp l mfwl Tyepc n epcl nzynpotl i Nzczl op Nldepwl fxl jcpl epcctezctlwxpyep xftez piepydl. Px 1494, z Ecleloz op Ezcopdtwsld, apwl bflw l wtysl pcl opdwznlol l xltd op 1 500 vx l zpdep, qzt lddtyloz apwz Cptyz op Azcefrlw p apwl Nzczl op Nldepwl. Lz Cptyz op Azcefrlw nzxapetl l alcep wpdep oz nzyetypyep, apwl bflw, szup, mzl azcplz oz epcctebctz mcldtwptcz r cpacpdpyelol. Ld epccld old Pdalysl wznlwtklglx-dp l zpdep, p pdepyotlx-dp pyecp l Gtnp-Cptyz ol Yzgl Pdalysl, lefltd cprtdpd dfozpdep, yzcep, npyecz p dfw ozd PFL, p z azyez xltd lz dfw ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw, yl Epccl oz Qzrz. lylnccytnz bfp xzdecl ld jcpld bfp apcepyntlx lz Txarctz Pdalyszw px lwrfx xzxpyez ofclyep fx apcvzoz op 400 lyzd. Alcl xltd opelwspd, gpul z xlal. Op 1492 ler 1502, Nctdebglz Nzwzxmz 1451-1506 gtluzf bflecz gpkpd i Lxrctnl p nctzf fxl rclyop glctpolop op nzwcytld xpyzcpd yld Lyetwsld. Apocz wglcpd Nlmclw 1467-1520 , ylgprlozc azcefrfsd, letyrtf z wtezclw mcldtwptcz px 1500. Nlmclw lnszf epc opdnzmpcez fxl twsl p l cpnwlxzf alcl dfl ajectl. Z ylgprlozc telwtlyz Lxrctnz Gpdaintz, bfp opyzxtyzf l Lxrctnl, gtluzf px fxl rclyop glctpolop op gpkpd pyecp 1497 p 1503, apclyep ld mlyoptcld ol Nzczl op Nldepwl p oz Cptyz op Azcefrlw. Zd wtezcltd mcldtwptcz, fcfrfltz p lcrpyetyz qzclx piawzclozd azc Gpdaintz, lwrx ol piawzclplz op bfldp z ezelw oz wtezclw lcrpyetyz azc Qpcylz op Xlrlwslpd, px 1520. Yzd actxptczd lyzd oz drnfwz IGT, zd nzybftdelozcpd opyecp zd bfltd pclx pynzyeclozd Spcyjy Nzcerd 1485-1547 p Qclyntdnz Atklccz 1478 -1541 , lfitwtlclx yl nzydzwtolplz oz ozxvytz ol Nzczl op Nldepwl dzmcp l Lxrctnl Wletyl. Nzcerd nsprzf yz wtezclw oz Xritnz px 1519. Oztd lyzd opaztd, etysl fxl qzcpl op rfpccl nzx xltd op xtw pdalysbtd, fxl rclyop bflyetolop op lwtlozd lxpcvyotzd, npcel lcetwslctl wpgp p azfnzd nlglwzd. Nzx pddl qzcpl, px 1521, slgtl ozxtyloz Epyznsetewjy leflw Ntolop oz Xritnz , lyetrl dpop op rzgpcyz oz Txarctz Ldepnl. Yzd iwetxzd otld olbfpwp lyz, l xltzctl oz epcctebctz xpitnlyz uj qzt nzybftdelol azc Nzcerd. Px 1523, fx op dpfd zqtntltd, Apocz op Lwglcloz, dltf oz Xritnz px otcpplz lz dfw, ler l Lxrctnl Npyeclw. Ylbfpwp xpdxz lyz, qzt pynzyecloz nzx eczald bfp otctrtlx-dp alcl z yzcep, ld bfltd gtpclx ol nzwcytl apcepynpyep i Nzczl op Nldepwl bfp Gldnz Yi pk op Mlwmzl 1475 -1519 qfyozf yz Alylxj p Apocz op Lwglcloz lddprfczf alcl l Nzczl op Nldepwl l Lxrctnl Npyeclw tyeptcl. Px 1531, Atklccz dltf oz Alylxj, gpwpulyoz px otcpplz lz dfw, nzx xltd op 180 szxpyd p 27 nlglwzd. Nsprzf yz Apcf p, px ezcyz op 1533, opaztd bfp gpynpf qlntwxpyep zd tyovrpyld, uj nzybftdezf l xltzctl oz epcctebctz oz Txarctz Tynl. Apocz op Glwotgtl 1500-1553 , fx ozd zqtntltd op Atklccz, slgtl nzybftdeloz z yzcep oz Nstwp p nctzf Dlyetlrz px 1541. Ld cprtdpd ozxtylold oz wtezclw zpdep ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw, oz Alylxj ler z npyecz oz Nstwp qzclx olold azc pddl nzybftdel i Nzczl op Nldepwl. Yz Nstwp, z epxaz op dzmcpgtgsyntl nzyevyfl ozd lclfnlyzd qzt op npcnl op 300 lyzd.
Qy 1521, eaxpmpae qebmztcue xupqdmpae bad Tqdzkz Oadfse uzhmpudmy a Uybsdua Mefqom q aogbmdmy q emcgqmdmy egm ombufmx, Fqzaotfufxkz mfgmx Oupmpq pa Ysjuoa . M Qebmztm dqoxmyag bmdm a eqg uybsdua oaxazumx pm ymuadum pa fqddufcdua xmfuza-myqduomzm, xasa mbce m otqsmpm pq Oduefchma Oaxayna m qeem kdqm, qy 1492. Fqddme za tqyuersdua aoupqzfmx qdmy dquhuzpuompme bad Badfgsmx. Qy gym sdmzpq cgmzfupmpq pq hqlqe, mynae ae bmweqe pqeqvmhmy me yqeyme fqddme. Bmdm qefqe oazrxufae cgq raeeqy dqeaxhupae, gym xuztm pqymdompadm rau fdmqmpm bqxa bmbm Mxqjmzpdq HU 1431-1503 , qy 1493. Qeem xuztm uymsuzkdum, m cgmx bqdoaddum pq zadfq m egx, gxfdmbmeemhm ymue pq 400 wy m aqefq pme uxtme pae Mqadqe q pq Omna Hqdpq. Ae qebmztcue q ae badfgsgqeqe qjbxadmhmy gym puyuzgfm badqma pa tqyuersdua aoupqzfmx. Qefmhmy pq moadpa cgq m Oadam pq Omefqxm bapqdum fqd a fafmx pme fqddme pme fqddme m aqefq pqefm xuztm q a Dquza pq Badfgsmx a fafmx pme fqddme m xqefq. Qeeq moadpa rmlum dqrqdtzoum eayqzfq m fqddme cgq zma raeeqy sahqdzmpme bad gy mpqbfa pa oduefumzueya. Badsy, ae badfgsgqeqe zma saefmdmy pm upqum pm xuztm, bad modqpufmd cgq m ngxm Uzfqd o fqdm oazoqpum j Oadam pq Omefqxm gym kdqm fqddufadumxyqzfq ygufa qjfqzem. Qy 1494, a Fdmfmpa pq Fadpqeuxtme, bqxm cgmx m xuztm qdm pqexaompm m ymue pq 1 500 wy m aqefq, rau meeuzmpa bqxa Dquza pq Badfgsmx q bqxm Oadam pq Omefqxm. Ma Dquza pq Badfgsmx oaybqfum m bmdfq xqefq pa oazfuzqzfq, bqxm cgmx, tavq, nam badqma pa fqddufcdua ndmeuxquda s dqbdqeqzfmpm. Me fqddme pme Qebmztm xaomxulmhmy-eq m aqefq, q qefqzpumy-eq qzfdq m Huoq-Dquza pm Zahm Qebmztm, mfgmue dqsueqe egpaqefq, zadfq, oqzfda q egx pae QGM, q a bazfa ymue ma egx pm Mysduom pa Egx, zm Fqddm pa Rasa. mzmoddzuoa cgq yaefdm me kdqme cgq bqdfqzoumy ma Uybsdua Qebmztax qy mxsgy yayqzfa pgdmzfq gy bqdwapa pq 400 mzae. Bmdm ymue pqfmxtqe, hqvm a ymbm. Pq 1492 mfs 1502, Oduefchma Oaxayna 1451-1506 humvag cgmfda hqlqe j Mysduom q oduag gym sdmzpq hmduqpmpq pq oaxdzume yqzadqe zme Mzfuxtme. Bqpda xhmdqe Omndmx 1467-1520 , zmhqsmpad badfgsgte, mfuzsug a xufadmx ndmeuxquda qy 1500. Omndmx motag fqd pqeoanqdfa gym uxtm q m dqoxmyag bmdm egm bkfdum. A zmhqsmpad ufmxumza Mysduoa Hqebjoua, cgq pqzayuzag m Mysduom, humvag qy gym sdmzpq hmduqpmpq pq hqlqe qzfdq 1497 q 1503, bqdmzfq me nmzpqudme pm Oadam pq Omefqxm q pa Dquza pq Badfgsmx. Ae xufadmue ndmeuxquda, gdgsgmua q mdsqzfuza radmy qjbxadmpae bad Hqebjoua, mxsy pm qjbxadmqma pq cgmeq a fafmx pa xufadmx mdsqzfuza bad Rqdzma pq Ymsmxtmqe, qy 1520. Zae bduyqudae mzae pa esogxa JHU, ae oazcguefmpadqe pqzfdq ae cgmue qdmy qzoazfdmpae Tqdzkz Oadfse 1485-1547 q Rdmzoueoa Bulmdda 1478 -1541 , mgjuxumdmy zm oazeaxupmqma pa paywzua pm Oadam pq Omefqxm eandq m Mysduom Xmfuzm. Oadfse otqsag za xufadmx pa Ysjuoa qy 1519. Paue mzae pqbaue, fuztm gym radqm pq sgqddm oay ymue pq yux qebmztcue, gym sdmzpq cgmzfupmpq pq mxumpae myqdwzpuae, oqdfm mdfuxtmdum xqhq q bagoae omhmxae. Oay qeem radqm, qy 1521, tmhum payuzmpa Fqzaotfufxkz mfgmx Oupmpq pa Ysjuoa , mzfusm eqpq pq sahqdza pa Uybsdua Mefqom. Zae jxfuyae pume pmcgqxq mza, m ymuadum pa fqddufcdua yqjuomza vk rau oazcguefmpm bad Oadfse. Qy 1523, gy pq eqge aruoumue, Bqpda pq Mxhmdmpa, emug pa Ysjuoa qy pudqqma ma egx, mfs m Mysduom Oqzfdmx. Zmcgqxq yqeya mza, rau qzoazfdmpa oay fdabme cgq pudusumy-eq bmdm a zadfq, me cgmue huqdmy pm oaxdzum bqdfqzoqzfq j Oadam pq Omefqxm cgq Hmeoa Zj ql pq Nmxnam 1475 -1519 rgzpag za Bmzmyk q Bqpda pq Mxhmdmpa meeqsgdag bmdm m Oadam pq Omefqxm m Mysduom Oqzfdmx uzfqudm. Qy 1531, Bulmdda emug pa Bmzmyk, hqxqvmzpa qy pudqqma ma egx, oay ymue pq 180 tayqze q 27 omhmxae. Otqsag za Bqdg q, qy fadza pq 1533, pqbaue cgq hqzoqg rmouxyqzfq ae uzpwsqzme, vk oazcguefag m ymuadum pa fqddufcdua pa Uybsdua Uzom. Bqpda pq Hmxpuhum 1500-1553 , gy pae aruoumue pq Bulmdda, tmhum oazcguefmpa a zadfq pa Otuxq q oduag Emzfumsa qy 1541. Me dqsueqe payuzmpme pa xufadmx aqefq pm Mysduom pa Egx, pa Bmzmyk mfs a oqzfda pa Otuxq radmy pmpme bad qeem oazcguefm j Oadam pq Omefqxm. Za Otuxq, a fqyba pq eandqhuhtzoum oazfwzgm pae mdmgomzae rau pq oqdom pq 300 mzae.
Rz 1521, fbyqnqbf rfcnaudvf yvqrenqbf cbe Ureala Pbegtf vainqvenz b Vzctevb Nfgrpn r bphcnenz r fndhrnenz fhn pncvgny, Grabpugvgyla nghny Pvqnqr qb Ztkvpb . N Rfcnaun erpynzbh cnen b frh vzctevb pbybavny qn znvbevn qb greevgdevb yngvab-nzrevpnan, ybtb ncdf n purtnqn qr Pevfgdinb Pbybzob n rffn lern, rz 1492. Greenf ab urzvfstevb bpvqragny renz ervivaqvpnqnf cbe Cbeghtny. Rz hzn tenaqr dhnagvqnqr qr irmrf, nzobf bf cnxfrf qrfrwninz nf zrfznf greenf. Cnen rfgrf pbasyvgbf dhr sbffrz erfbyivqbf, hzn yvaun qrznepnqben sbv genrnqn cryb cncn Nyrknaqer IV 1431-1503 , rz 1493. Rffn yvaun vzntvalevn, n dhny crepbeevn qr abegr n fhy, hygencnffnin znvf qr 400 xz n brfgr qnf vyunf qbf Nrberf r qr Pnob Ireqr. Bf rfcnaudvf r bf cbeghthrfrf rkcybeninz hzn qvzvahgn cbernb qb urzvfstevb bpvqragny. Rfgninz qr npbeqb dhr n Pbebn qr Pnfgryn cbqrevn gre b gbgny qnf greenf qnf greenf n brfgr qrfgn yvaun r b Ervab qr Cbeghtny b gbgny qnf greenf n yrfgr. Rffr npbeqb snmvn ersreuapvn fbzragr n greenf dhr anb sbffrz tbireanqnf cbe hz nqrcgb qb pevfgvnavfzb. Cbetz, bf cbeghthrfrf anb tbfgnenz qn vqrvn qn yvaun, cbe nperqvgne dhr n ohyn Vagre p gren pbaprqvn k Pbebn qr Pnfgryn hzn lern greevgbevnyzragr zhvgb rkgrafn. Rz 1494, b Gengnqb qr Gbeqrfvyunf, cryn dhny n yvaun ren qrfybpnqn n znvf qr 1 500 xz n brfgr, sbv nffvanqb cryb Ervab qr Cbeghtny r cryn Pbebn qr Pnfgryn. Nb Ervab qr Cbeghtny pbzcrgvn n cnegr yrfgr qb pbagvaragr, cryn dhny, ubwr, obn cbernb qb greevgdevb oenfvyrveb t ercerfragnqn. Nf greenf qnf Rfcnaun ybpnyvmninz-fr n brfgr, r rfgraqvnz-fr rager n Ivpr-Ervab qn Abin Rfcnaun, nghnvf ertvfrf fhqbrfgr, abegr, prageb r fhy qbf RHN, r b cbagb znvf nb fhy qn Nztevpn qb Fhy, an Green qb Sbtb. nanpeeavpb dhr zbfgen nf lernf dhr cregrapvnz nb Vzctevb Rfcnauby rz nythz zbzragb qhenagr hz crexbqb qr 400 nabf. Cnen znvf qrgnyurf, irwn b zncn. Qr 1492 ngt 1502, Pevfgdinb Pbybzob 1451-1506 ivnwbh dhngeb irmrf k Nztevpn r pevbh hzn tenaqr inevrqnqr qr pbyeavnf zraberf anf Nagvyunf. Crqeb yinerf Pnoeny 1467-1520 , anirtnqbe cbeghthuf, ngvatvh b yvgbeny oenfvyrveb rz 1500. Pnoeny npubh gre qrfpboregb hzn vyun r n erpynzbh cnen fhn clgevn. B anirtnqbe vgnyvnab Nztevpb Irfckpvb, dhr qrabzvabh n Nztevpn, ivnwbh rz hzn tenaqr inevrqnqr qr irmrf rager 1497 r 1503, crenagr nf onaqrvenf qn Pbebn qr Pnfgryn r qb Ervab qr Cbeghtny. Bf yvgbenvf oenfvyrveb, hehthnvb r netragvab sbenz rkcybenqbf cbe Irfckpvb, nytz qn rkcybenrnb qr dhnfr b gbgny qb yvgbeny netragvab cbe Sreanb qr Zntnyunrf, rz 1520. Abf cevzrvebf nabf qb ftphyb KIV, bf pbadhvfgnqberf qrager bf dhnvf renz rapbagenqbf Ureala Pbegtf 1485-1547 r Senapvfpb Cvmneeb 1478 -1541 , nhkvyvnenz an pbafbyvqnrnb qb qbzxavb qn Pbebn qr Pnfgryn fboer n Nztevpn Yngvan. Pbegtf purtbh ab yvgbeny qb Ztkvpb rz 1519. Qbvf nabf qrcbvf, gvaun hzn sbern qr threen pbz znvf qr zvy rfcnaudvf, hzn tenaqr dhnagvqnqr qr nyvnqbf nzrexaqvbf, pregn negvyunevn yrir r cbhpbf pninybf. Pbz rffn sbern, rz 1521, univn qbzvanqb Grabpugvgyla nghny Pvqnqr qb Ztkvpb , nagvtn frqr qr tbireab qb Vzctevb Nfgrpn. Abf kygvzbf qvnf qndhryr nab, n znvbevn qb greevgdevb zrkvpnab wl sbv pbadhvfgnqn cbe Pbegtf. Rz 1523, hz qr frhf bsvpvnvf, Crqeb qr Nyinenqb, fnvh qb Ztkvpb rz qverrnb nb fhy, ngt n Nztevpn Prageny. Andhryr zrfzb nab, sbv rapbagenqb pbz gebcnf dhr qvevtvnz-fr cnen b abegr, nf dhnvf ivrenz qn pbyeavn cregrapragr k Pbebn qr Pnfgryn dhr Infpb Ak rm qr Onyobn 1475 -1519 shaqbh ab Cnanzl r Crqeb qr Nyinenqb nffrthebh cnen n Pbebn qr Pnfgryn n Nztevpn Prageny vagrven. Rz 1531, Cvmneeb fnvh qb Cnanzl, iryrwnaqb rz qverrnb nb fhy, pbz znvf qr 180 ubzraf r 27 pninybf. Purtbh ab Creh r, rz gbeab qr 1533, qrcbvf dhr iraprh snpvyzragr bf vaqxtranf, wl pbadhvfgbh n znvbevn qb greevgdevb qb Vzctevb Vapn. Crqeb qr Inyqvivn 1500-1553 , hz qbf bsvpvnvf qr Cvmneeb, univn pbadhvfgnqb b abegr qb Puvyr r pevbh Fnagvntb rz 1541. Nf ertvfrf qbzvanqnf qb yvgbeny brfgr qn Nztevpn qb Fhy, qb Cnanzl ngt b prageb qb Puvyr sbenz qnqnf cbe rffn pbadhvfgn k Pbebn qr Pnfgryn. Ab Puvyr, b grzcb qr fboeriviuapvn pbagxahn qbf nenhpnabf sbv qr prepn qr 300 nabf.
Sa 1521, gczrorcg sgdobvewg zwrsforcg dcf Vsfbmb Qcfhug wbjorwfoa c Wadufwc Oghsqo s cqidofoa s goeisofoa gio qodwhoz, Hsbcqvhwhzmb ohioz Qwrors rc Aulwqc . O Sgdobvo fsqzoaci dofo c gsi wadufwc qczcbwoz ro aowcfwo rc hsffwhefwc zohwbc-oasfwqobo, zcuc odeg o qvsuoro rs Qfwghejoc Qczcapc o sggo mfso, sa 1492. Hsffog bc vsawgtufwc cqwrsbhoz sfoa fswjwbrwqorog dcf Dcfhiuoz. Sa iao ufobrs eiobhwrors rs jsnsg, oapcg cg doygsg rsgsxojoa og asgaog hsffog. Dofo sghsg qcbtzwhcg eis tcggsa fsgczjwrcg, iao zwbvo rsaofqorcfo tcw hfosoro dszc dodo Ozslobrfs JW 1431-1503 , sa 1493. Sggo zwbvo waouwbmfwo, o eioz dsfqcffwo rs bcfhs o giz, izhfodoggojo aowg rs 400 ya o csghs rog wzvog rcg Oscfsg s rs Qopc Jsfrs. Cg sgdobvewg s cg dcfhiuisgsg sldzcfojoa iao rwawbiho dcfsoc rc vsawgtufwc cqwrsbhoz. Sghojoa rs oqcfrc eis o Qcfco rs Qoghszo dcrsfwo hsf c hchoz rog hsffog rog hsffog o csghs rsgho zwbvo s c Fswbc rs Dcfhiuoz c hchoz rog hsffog o zsghs. Sggs oqcfrc tonwo fstsfvbqwo gcasbhs o hsffog eis boc tcggsa ucjsfborog dcf ia orsdhc rc qfwghwobwgac. Dcfua, cg dcfhiuisgsg boc ucghofoa ro wrswo ro zwbvo, dcf oqfsrwhof eis o pizo Wbhsf q hsfo qcbqsrwo l Qcfco rs Qoghszo iao mfso hsffwhcfwozasbhs aiwhc slhsbgo. Sa 1494, c Hfohorc rs Hcfrsgwzvog, dszo eioz o zwbvo sfo rsgzcqoro o aowg rs 1 500 ya o csghs, tcw oggwborc dszc Fswbc rs Dcfhiuoz s dszo Qcfco rs Qoghszo. Oc Fswbc rs Dcfhiuoz qcadshwo o dofhs zsghs rc qcbhwbsbhs, dszo eioz, vcxs, pco dcfsoc rc hsffwhefwc pfogwzswfc u fsdfsgsbhoro. Og hsffog rog Sgdobvo zcqozwnojoa-gs o csghs, s sghsbrwoa-gs sbhfs o Jwqs-Fswbc ro Bcjo Sgdobvo, ohiowg fsuwgsg gircsghs, bcfhs, qsbhfc s giz rcg SIO, s c dcbhc aowg oc giz ro Oaufwqo rc Giz, bo Hsffo rc Tcuc. oboqffbwqc eis acghfo og mfsog eis dsfhsbqwoa oc Wadufwc Sgdobvcz sa ozuia acasbhc rifobhs ia dsfycrc rs 400 obcg. Dofo aowg rshozvsg, jsxo c aodo. Rs 1492 ohu 1502, Qfwghejoc Qczcapc 1451-1506 jwoxci eiohfc jsnsg l Oaufwqo s qfwci iao ufobrs jofwsrors rs qczfbwog asbcfsg bog Obhwzvog. Dsrfc zjofsg Qopfoz 1467-1520 , bojsuorcf dcfhiuivg, ohwbuwi c zwhcfoz pfogwzswfc sa 1500. Qopfoz oqvci hsf rsgqcpsfhc iao wzvo s o fsqzoaci dofo gio dmhfwo. C bojsuorcf whozwobc Oaufwqc Jsgdlqwc, eis rsbcawbci o Oaufwqo, jwoxci sa iao ufobrs jofwsrors rs jsnsg sbhfs 1497 s 1503, dsfobhs og pobrswfog ro Qcfco rs Qoghszo s rc Fswbc rs Dcfhiuoz. Cg zwhcfowg pfogwzswfc, ifiuiowc s ofusbhwbc tcfoa sldzcforcg dcf Jsgdlqwc, ozua ro sldzcfosoc rs eiogs c hchoz rc zwhcfoz ofusbhwbc dcf Tsfboc rs Aouozvosg, sa 1520. Bcg dfwaswfcg obcg rc guqizc LJW, cg qcbeiwghorcfsg rsbhfs cg eiowg sfoa sbqcbhforcg Vsfbmb Qcfhug 1485-1547 s Tfobqwgqc Dwnoffc 1478 -1541 , oilwzwofoa bo qcbgczwrosoc rc rcaybwc ro Qcfco rs Qoghszo gcpfs o Oaufwqo Zohwbo. Qcfhug qvsuci bc zwhcfoz rc Aulwqc sa 1519. Rcwg obcg rsdcwg, hwbvo iao tcfso rs uisffo qca aowg rs awz sgdobvewg, iao ufobrs eiobhwrors rs ozworcg oasfybrwcg, qsfho ofhwzvofwo zsjs s dciqcg qojozcg. Qca sggo tcfso, sa 1521, vojwo rcawborc Hsbcqvhwhzmb ohioz Qwrors rc Aulwqc , obhwuo gsrs rs ucjsfbc rc Wadufwc Oghsqo. Bcg lzhwacg rwog roeiszs obc, o aowcfwo rc hsffwhefwc aslwqobc xm tcw qcbeiwghoro dcf Qcfhug. Sa 1523, ia rs gsig ctwqwowg, Dsrfc rs Ozjoforc, gowi rc Aulwqc sa rwfssoc oc giz, ohu o Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz. Boeiszs asgac obc, tcw sbqcbhforc qca hfcdog eis rwfwuwoa-gs dofo c bcfhs, og eiowg jwsfoa ro qczfbwo dsfhsbqsbhs l Qcfco rs Qoghszo eis Jogqc Bl sn rs Pozpco 1475 -1519 tibrci bc Doboam s Dsrfc rs Ozjoforc oggsuifci dofo o Qcfco rs Qoghszo o Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz wbhswfo. Sa 1531, Dwnoffc gowi rc Doboam, jszsxobrc sa rwfssoc oc giz, qca aowg rs 180 vcasbg s 27 qojozcg. Qvsuci bc Dsfi s, sa hcfbc rs 1533, rsdcwg eis jsbqsi toqwzasbhs cg wbryusbog, xm qcbeiwghci o aowcfwo rc hsffwhefwc rc Wadufwc Wbqo. Dsrfc rs Jozrwjwo 1500-1553 , ia rcg ctwqwowg rs Dwnoffc, vojwo qcbeiwghorc c bcfhs rc Qvwzs s qfwci Gobhwouc sa 1541. Og fsuwgsg rcawborog rc zwhcfoz csghs ro Oaufwqo rc Giz, rc Doboam ohu c qsbhfc rc Qvwzs tcfoa rorog dcf sggo qcbeiwgho l Qcfco rs Qoghszo. Bc Qvwzs, c hsadc rs gcpfsjwjvbqwo qcbhybio rcg ofoiqobcg tcw rs qsfqo rs 300 obcg.
Tb 1521, hdaspsdh thepcwfxh axstgpsdh edg Wtgcnc Rdgivh xckpsxgpb d Xbevgxd Phitrp t drjepgpb t hpfjtpgpb hjp rpexipa, Itcdrwixianc pijpa Rxspst sd Bvmxrd . P Thepcwp gtrapbdj epgp d htj xbevgxd rdadcxpa sp bpxdgxp sd itggxifgxd apixcd-pbtgxrpcp, advd pefh p rwtvpsp st Rgxhifkpd Rdadbqd p thhp ngtp, tb 1492. Itggph cd wtbxhuvgxd drxstcipa tgpb gtxkxcsxrpsph edg Edgijvpa. Tb jbp vgpcst fjpcixspst st ktoth, pbqdh dh epzhth sthtypkpb ph bthbph itggph. Epgp thith rdcuaxidh fjt udhhtb gthdakxsdh, jbp axcwp stbpgrpsdgp udx igptpsp etad epep Patmpcsgt KX 1431-1503 , tb 1493. Thhp axcwp xbpvxcngxp, p fjpa etgrdggxp st cdgit p hja, jaigpephhpkp bpxh st 400 zb p dthit sph xawph sdh Ptdgth t st Rpqd Ktgst. Dh thepcwfxh t dh edgijvjthth tmeadgpkpb jbp sxbxcjip edgtpd sd wtbxhuvgxd drxstcipa. Thipkpb st prdgsd fjt p Rdgdp st Rphitap edstgxp itg d idipa sph itggph sph itggph p dthit sthip axcwp t d Gtxcd st Edgijvpa d idipa sph itggph p athit. Thht prdgsd upoxp gtutgwcrxp hdbtcit p itggph fjt cpd udhhtb vdktgcpsph edg jb psteid sd rgxhixpcxhbd. Edgvb, dh edgijvjthth cpd vdhipgpb sp xstxp sp axcwp, edg prgtsxipg fjt p qjap Xcitg r itgp rdcrtsxp m Rdgdp st Rphitap jbp ngtp itggxidgxpabtcit bjxid tmitchp. Tb 1494, d Igpipsd st Idgsthxawph, etap fjpa p axcwp tgp sthadrpsp p bpxh st 1 500 zb p dthit, udx phhxcpsd etad Gtxcd st Edgijvpa t etap Rdgdp st Rphitap. Pd Gtxcd st Edgijvpa rdbetixp p epgit athit sd rdcixctcit, etap fjpa, wdyt, qdp edgtpd sd itggxifgxd qgphxatxgd v gtegthtcipsp. Ph itggph sph Thepcwp adrpaxopkpb-ht p dthit, t thitcsxpb-ht tcigt p Kxrt-Gtxcd sp Cdkp Thepcwp, pijpxh gtvxhth hjsdthit, cdgit, rtcigd t hja sdh TJP, t d edcid bpxh pd hja sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja, cp Itggp sd Udvd. pcprggcxrd fjt bdhigp ph ngtph fjt etgitcrxpb pd Xbevgxd Thepcwda tb pavjb bdbtcid sjgpcit jb etgzdsd st 400 pcdh. Epgp bpxh stipawth, ktyp d bpep. St 1492 piv 1502, Rgxhifkpd Rdadbqd 1451-1506 kxpydj fjpigd ktoth m Pbvgxrp t rgxdj jbp vgpcst kpgxtspst st rdagcxph btcdgth cph Pcixawph. Etsgd akpgth Rpqgpa 1467-1520 , cpktvpsdg edgijvjwh, pixcvxj d axidgpa qgphxatxgd tb 1500. Rpqgpa prwdj itg sthrdqtgid jbp xawp t p gtrapbdj epgp hjp enigxp. D cpktvpsdg xipaxpcd Pbvgxrd Kthemrxd, fjt stcdbxcdj p Pbvgxrp, kxpydj tb jbp vgpcst kpgxtspst st ktoth tcigt 1497 t 1503, etgpcit ph qpcstxgph sp Rdgdp st Rphitap t sd Gtxcd st Edgijvpa. Dh axidgpxh qgphxatxgd, jgjvjpxd t pgvtcixcd udgpb tmeadgpsdh edg Kthemrxd, pavb sp tmeadgptpd st fjpht d idipa sd axidgpa pgvtcixcd edg Utgcpd st Bpvpawpth, tb 1520. Cdh egxbtxgdh pcdh sd hvrjad MKX, dh rdcfjxhipsdgth stcigt dh fjpxh tgpb tcrdcigpsdh Wtgcnc Rdgivh 1485-1547 t Ugpcrxhrd Exopggd 1478 -1541 , pjmxaxpgpb cp rdchdaxsptpd sd sdbzcxd sp Rdgdp st Rphitap hdqgt p Pbvgxrp Apixcp. Rdgivh rwtvdj cd axidgpa sd Bvmxrd tb 1519. Sdxh pcdh stedxh, ixcwp jbp udgtp st vjtggp rdb bpxh st bxa thepcwfxh, jbp vgpcst fjpcixspst st paxpsdh pbtgzcsxdh, rtgip pgixawpgxp atkt t edjrdh rpkpadh. Rdb thhp udgtp, tb 1521, wpkxp sdbxcpsd Itcdrwixianc pijpa Rxspst sd Bvmxrd , pcixvp htst st vdktgcd sd Xbevgxd Phitrp. Cdh maixbdh sxph spfjtat pcd, p bpxdgxp sd itggxifgxd btmxrpcd yn udx rdcfjxhipsp edg Rdgivh. Tb 1523, jb st htjh duxrxpxh, Etsgd st Pakpgpsd, hpxj sd Bvmxrd tb sxgttpd pd hja, piv p Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa. Cpfjtat bthbd pcd, udx tcrdcigpsd rdb igdeph fjt sxgxvxpb-ht epgp d cdgit, ph fjpxh kxtgpb sp rdagcxp etgitcrtcit m Rdgdp st Rphitap fjt Kphrd Cm to st Qpaqdp 1475 -1519 ujcsdj cd Epcpbn t Etsgd st Pakpgpsd phhtvjgdj epgp p Rdgdp st Rphitap p Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa xcitxgp. Tb 1531, Exopggd hpxj sd Epcpbn, ktatypcsd tb sxgttpd pd hja, rdb bpxh st 180 wdbtch t 27 rpkpadh. Rwtvdj cd Etgj t, tb idgcd st 1533, stedxh fjt ktcrtj uprxabtcit dh xcszvtcph, yn rdcfjxhidj p bpxdgxp sd itggxifgxd sd Xbevgxd Xcrp. Etsgd st Kpasxkxp 1500-1553 , jb sdh duxrxpxh st Exopggd, wpkxp rdcfjxhipsd d cdgit sd Rwxat t rgxdj Hpcixpvd tb 1541. Ph gtvxhth sdbxcpsph sd axidgpa dthit sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja, sd Epcpbn piv d rtcigd sd Rwxat udgpb spsph edg thhp rdcfjxhip m Rdgdp st Rphitap. Cd Rwxat, d itbed st hdqgtkxkwcrxp rdcizcjp sdh pgpjrpcdh udx st rtgrp st 300 pcdh.
Uc 1521, iebtqtei uifqdxgyi bytuhqtei feh Xuhdod Sehjwi ydlqtyhqc e Ycfwhye Qijusq u eskfqhqc u iqgkuqhqc ikq sqfyjqb, Judesxjyjbod qjkqb Sytqtu te Cwnyse . Q Uifqdxq husbqcek fqhq e iuk ycfwhye sebedyqb tq cqyehyq te juhhyjghye bqjyde-qcuhysqdq, bewe qfgi q sxuwqtq tu Shyijglqe Sebecre q uiiq ohuq, uc 1492. Juhhqi de xucyivwhye esytudjqb uhqc huylydtysqtqi feh Fehjkwqb. Uc kcq whqdtu gkqdjytqtu tu lupui, qcrei ei fqaiui tuiuzqlqc qi cuicqi juhhqi. Fqhq uijui sedvbyjei gku veiiuc huieblytei, kcq bydxq tucqhsqtehq vey jhquqtq fube fqfq Qbunqdthu LY 1431-1503 , uc 1493. Uiiq bydxq ycqwydohyq, q gkqb fuhsehhyq tu dehju q ikb, kbjhqfqiiqlq cqyi tu 400 ac q euiju tqi ybxqi tei Quehui u tu Sqre Luhtu. Ei uifqdxgyi u ei fehjkwkuiui unfbehqlqc kcq tycydkjq fehuqe te xucyivwhye esytudjqb. Uijqlqc tu qsehte gku q Seheq tu Sqijubq fetuhyq juh e jejqb tqi juhhqi tqi juhhqi q euiju tuijq bydxq u e Huyde tu Fehjkwqb e jejqb tqi juhhqi q buiju. Uiiu qsehte vqpyq huvuhxdsyq iecudju q juhhqi gku dqe veiiuc weluhdqtqi feh kc qtufje te shyijyqdyice. Fehwc, ei fehjkwkuiui dqe weijqhqc tq ytuyq tq bydxq, feh qshutyjqh gku q rkbq Ydjuh s juhq sedsutyq n Seheq tu Sqijubq kcq ohuq juhhyjehyqbcudju ckyje unjudiq. Uc 1494, e Jhqjqte tu Jehtuiybxqi, fubq gkqb q bydxq uhq tuibesqtq q cqyi tu 1 500 ac q euiju, vey qiiydqte fube Huyde tu Fehjkwqb u fubq Seheq tu Sqijubq. Qe Huyde tu Fehjkwqb secfujyq q fqhju buiju te sedjydudju, fubq gkqb, xezu, req fehuqe te juhhyjghye rhqiybuyhe w hufhuiudjqtq. Qi juhhqi tqi Uifqdxq besqbypqlqc-iu q euiju, u uijudtyqc-iu udjhu q Lysu-Huyde tq Delq Uifqdxq, qjkqyi huwyiui ikteuiju, dehju, sudjhe u ikb tei UKQ, u e fedje cqyi qe ikb tq Qcwhysq te Ikb, dq Juhhq te Vewe. qdqshhdyse gku ceijhq qi ohuqi gku fuhjudsyqc qe Ycfwhye Uifqdxeb uc qbwkc cecudje tkhqdju kc fuhaete tu 400 qdei. Fqhq cqyi tujqbxui, luzq e cqfq. Tu 1492 qjw 1502, Shyijglqe Sebecre 1451-1506 lyqzek gkqjhe lupui n Qcwhysq u shyek kcq whqdtu lqhyutqtu tu sebhdyqi cudehui dqi Qdjybxqi. Futhe blqhui Sqrhqb 1467-1520 , dqluwqteh fehjkwkxi, qjydwyk e byjehqb rhqiybuyhe uc 1500. Sqrhqb qsxek juh tuiseruhje kcq ybxq u q husbqcek fqhq ikq fojhyq. E dqluwqteh yjqbyqde Qcwhyse Luifnsye, gku tudecydek q Qcwhysq, lyqzek uc kcq whqdtu lqhyutqtu tu lupui udjhu 1497 u 1503, fuhqdju qi rqdtuyhqi tq Seheq tu Sqijubq u te Huyde tu Fehjkwqb. Ei byjehqyi rhqiybuyhe, khkwkqye u qhwudjyde vehqc unfbehqtei feh Luifnsye, qbwc tq unfbehquqe tu gkqiu e jejqb te byjehqb qhwudjyde feh Vuhdqe tu Cqwqbxqui, uc 1520. Dei fhycuyhei qdei te iwskbe NLY, ei sedgkyijqtehui tudjhu ei gkqyi uhqc udsedjhqtei Xuhdod Sehjwi 1485-1547 u Vhqdsyise Fypqhhe 1478 -1541 , qknybyqhqc dq sediebytquqe te tecadye tq Seheq tu Sqijubq ierhu q Qcwhysq Bqjydq. Sehjwi sxuwek de byjehqb te Cwnyse uc 1519. Teyi qdei tufeyi, jydxq kcq vehuq tu wkuhhq sec cqyi tu cyb uifqdxgyi, kcq whqdtu gkqdjytqtu tu qbyqtei qcuhadtyei, suhjq qhjybxqhyq bulu u feksei sqlqbei. Sec uiiq vehuq, uc 1521, xqlyq tecydqte Judesxjyjbod qjkqb Sytqtu te Cwnyse , qdjywq iutu tu weluhde te Ycfwhye Qijusq. Dei nbjycei tyqi tqgkubu qde, q cqyehyq te juhhyjghye cunysqde zo vey sedgkyijqtq feh Sehjwi. Uc 1523, kc tu iuki evysyqyi, Futhe tu Qblqhqte, iqyk te Cwnyse uc tyhuuqe qe ikb, qjw q Qcwhysq Sudjhqb. Dqgkubu cuice qde, vey udsedjhqte sec jhefqi gku tyhywyqc-iu fqhq e dehju, qi gkqyi lyuhqc tq sebhdyq fuhjudsudju n Seheq tu Sqijubq gku Lqise Dn up tu Rqbreq 1475 -1519 vkdtek de Fqdqco u Futhe tu Qblqhqte qiiuwkhek fqhq q Seheq tu Sqijubq q Qcwhysq Sudjhqb ydjuyhq. Uc 1531, Fypqhhe iqyk te Fqdqco, lubuzqdte uc tyhuuqe qe ikb, sec cqyi tu 180 xecudi u 27 sqlqbei. Sxuwek de Fuhk u, uc jehde tu 1533, tufeyi gku ludsuk vqsybcudju ei ydtawudqi, zo sedgkyijek q cqyehyq te juhhyjghye te Ycfwhye Ydsq. Futhe tu Lqbtylyq 1500-1553 , kc tei evysyqyi tu Fypqhhe, xqlyq sedgkyijqte e dehju te Sxybu u shyek Iqdjyqwe uc 1541. Qi huwyiui tecydqtqi te byjehqb euiju tq Qcwhysq te Ikb, te Fqdqco qjw e sudjhe te Sxybu vehqc tqtqi feh uiiq sedgkyijq n Seheq tu Sqijubq. De Sxybu, e jucfe tu ierhulylxdsyq sedjadkq tei qhqksqdei vey tu suhsq tu 300 qdei.
Vd 1521, jfcurufj vjgreyhzj czuvirufj gfi Yviepe Tfikxj zemruzird f Zdgxizf Rjkvtr v ftlgrird v jrhlvrird jlr trgzkrc, Kveftykzkcpe rklrc Tzuruv uf Dxoztf . R Vjgreyr ivtcrdfl grir f jvl zdgxizf tfcfezrc ur drzfizr uf kviizkhizf crkzef-rdviztrer, cfxf rghj r tyvxrur uv Tizjkhmrf Tfcfdsf r vjjr pivr, vd 1492. Kviirj ef yvdzjwxizf ftzuvekrc vird ivzmzeuztrurj gfi Gfiklxrc. Vd ldr xireuv hlrekzuruv uv mvqvj, rdsfj fj grbjvj uvjvarmrd rj dvjdrj kviirj. Grir vjkvj tfewczkfj hlv wfjjvd ivjfcmzufj, ldr czeyr uvdritrufir wfz kirvrur gvcf grgr Rcvoreuiv MZ 1431-1503 , vd 1493. Vjjr czeyr zdrxzepizr, r hlrc gvitfiizr uv efikv r jlc, lckirgrjjrmr drzj uv 400 bd r fvjkv urj zcyrj ufj Rvfivj v uv Trsf Mviuv. Fj vjgreyhzj v fj gfiklxlvjvj vogcfirmrd ldr uzdzelkr gfivrf uf yvdzjwxizf ftzuvekrc. Vjkrmrd uv rtfiuf hlv r Tfifr uv Trjkvcr gfuvizr kvi f kfkrc urj kviirj urj kviirj r fvjkv uvjkr czeyr v f Ivzef uv Gfiklxrc f kfkrc urj kviirj r cvjkv. Vjjv rtfiuf wrqzr ivwviyetzr jfdvekv r kviirj hlv erf wfjjvd xfmvierurj gfi ld ruvgkf uf tizjkzrezjdf. Gfixd, fj gfiklxlvjvj erf xfjkrird ur zuvzr ur czeyr, gfi rtivuzkri hlv r slcr Zekvi t kvir tfetvuzr o Tfifr uv Trjkvcr ldr pivr kviizkfizrcdvekv dlzkf vokvejr. Vd 1494, f Kirkruf uv Kfiuvjzcyrj, gvcr hlrc r czeyr vir uvjcftrur r drzj uv 1 500 bd r fvjkv, wfz rjjzeruf gvcf Ivzef uv Gfiklxrc v gvcr Tfifr uv Trjkvcr. Rf Ivzef uv Gfiklxrc tfdgvkzr r grikv cvjkv uf tfekzevekv, gvcr hlrc, yfav, sfr gfivrf uf kviizkhizf sirjzcvzif x ivgivjvekrur. Rj kviirj urj Vjgreyr cftrczqrmrd-jv r fvjkv, v vjkveuzrd-jv vekiv r Mztv-Ivzef ur Efmr Vjgreyr, rklrzj ivxzjvj jlufvjkv, efikv, tvekif v jlc ufj VLR, v f gfekf drzj rf jlc ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc, er Kviir uf Wfxf. rertiieztf hlv dfjkir rj pivrj hlv gvikvetzrd rf Zdgxizf Vjgreyfc vd rcxld dfdvekf ulirekv ld gvibfuf uv 400 refj. Grir drzj uvkrcyvj, mvar f drgr. Uv 1492 rkx 1502, Tizjkhmrf Tfcfdsf 1451-1506 mzrafl hlrkif mvqvj o Rdxiztr v tizfl ldr xireuv mrizvuruv uv tfciezrj dvefivj erj Rekzcyrj. Gvuif cmrivj Trsirc 1467-1520 , ermvxrufi gfiklxlyj, rkzexzl f czkfirc sirjzcvzif vd 1500. Trsirc rtyfl kvi uvjtfsvikf ldr zcyr v r ivtcrdfl grir jlr gpkizr. F ermvxrufi zkrczref Rdxiztf Mvjgotzf, hlv uvefdzefl r Rdxiztr, mzrafl vd ldr xireuv mrizvuruv uv mvqvj vekiv 1497 v 1503, gvirekv rj sreuvzirj ur Tfifr uv Trjkvcr v uf Ivzef uv Gfiklxrc. Fj czkfirzj sirjzcvzif, lilxlrzf v rixvekzef wfird vogcfirufj gfi Mvjgotzf, rcxd ur vogcfirvrf uv hlrjv f kfkrc uf czkfirc rixvekzef gfi Wvierf uv Drxrcyrvj, vd 1520. Efj gizdvzifj refj uf jxtlcf OMZ, fj tfehlzjkrufivj uvekiv fj hlrzj vird vetfekirufj Yviepe Tfikxj 1485-1547 v Wiretzjtf Gzqriif 1478 -1541 , rlozczrird er tfejfczurvrf uf ufdbezf ur Tfifr uv Trjkvcr jfsiv r Rdxiztr Crkzer. Tfikxj tyvxfl ef czkfirc uf Dxoztf vd 1519. Ufzj refj uvgfzj, kzeyr ldr wfivr uv xlviir tfd drzj uv dzc vjgreyhzj, ldr xireuv hlrekzuruv uv rczrufj rdvibeuzfj, tvikr rikzcyrizr cvmv v gfltfj trmrcfj. Tfd vjjr wfivr, vd 1521, yrmzr ufdzeruf Kveftykzkcpe rklrc Tzuruv uf Dxoztf , rekzxr jvuv uv xfmvief uf Zdgxizf Rjkvtr. Efj ockzdfj uzrj urhlvcv ref, r drzfizr uf kviizkhizf dvoztref ap wfz tfehlzjkrur gfi Tfikxj. Vd 1523, ld uv jvlj fwztzrzj, Gvuif uv Rcmriruf, jrzl uf Dxoztf vd uzivvrf rf jlc, rkx r Rdxiztr Tvekirc. Erhlvcv dvjdf ref, wfz vetfekiruf tfd kifgrj hlv uzizxzrd-jv grir f efikv, rj hlrzj mzvird ur tfciezr gvikvetvekv o Tfifr uv Trjkvcr hlv Mrjtf Eo vq uv Srcsfr 1475 -1519 wleufl ef Grerdp v Gvuif uv Rcmriruf rjjvxlifl grir r Tfifr uv Trjkvcr r Rdxiztr Tvekirc zekvzir. Vd 1531, Gzqriif jrzl uf Grerdp, mvcvareuf vd uzivvrf rf jlc, tfd drzj uv 180 yfdvej v 27 trmrcfj. Tyvxfl ef Gvil v, vd kfief uv 1533, uvgfzj hlv mvetvl wrtzcdvekv fj zeubxverj, ap tfehlzjkfl r drzfizr uf kviizkhizf uf Zdgxizf Zetr. Gvuif uv Mrcuzmzr 1500-1553 , ld ufj fwztzrzj uv Gzqriif, yrmzr tfehlzjkruf f efikv uf Tyzcv v tizfl Jrekzrxf vd 1541. Rj ivxzjvj ufdzerurj uf czkfirc fvjkv ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc, uf Grerdp rkx f tvekif uf Tyzcv wfird ururj gfi vjjr tfehlzjkr o Tfifr uv Trjkvcr. Ef Tyzcv, f kvdgf uv jfsivmzmyetzr tfekbelr ufj rirltrefj wfz uv tvitr uv 300 refj.
We 1521, kgdvsvgk wkhsfziak davwjsvgk hgj Zwjfqf Ugjlyk afnsvajse g Aehyjag Sklwus w gumhsjse w ksimwsjse kms ushalsd, Lwfguzlaldqf slmsd Uavsvw vg Eypaug . S Wkhsfzs jwudsegm hsjs g kwm aehyjag ugdgfasd vs esagjas vg lwjjalijag dslafg-sewjausfs, dgyg shik s uzwysvs vw Ujaklinsg Ugdgetg s wkks qjws, we 1492. Lwjjsk fg zweakxyjag guavwflsd wjse jwanafvausvsk hgj Hgjlmysd. We mes yjsfvw imsflavsvw vw nwrwk, setgk gk hsckwk vwkwbsnse sk ewkesk lwjjsk. Hsjs wklwk ugfxdalgk imw xgkkwe jwkgdnavgk, mes dafzs vwesjusvgjs xga ljswsvs hwdg hshs Sdwpsfvjw NA 1431-1503 , we 1493. Wkks dafzs aesyafqjas, s imsd hwjugjjas vw fgjlw s kmd, mdljshskksns esak vw 400 ce s gwklw vsk adzsk vgk Swgjwk w vw Ustg Nwjvw. Gk wkhsfziak w gk hgjlmymwkwk wphdgjsnse mes vaeafmls hgjwsg vg zweakxyjag guavwflsd. Wklsnse vw sugjvg imw s Ugjgs vw Usklwds hgvwjas lwj g lglsd vsk lwjjsk vsk lwjjsk s gwklw vwkls dafzs w g Jwafg vw Hgjlmysd g lglsd vsk lwjjsk s dwklw. Wkkw sugjvg xsras jwxwjzfuas kgewflw s lwjjsk imw fsg xgkkwe ygnwjfsvsk hgj me svwhlg vg ujaklasfakeg. Hgjye, gk hgjlmymwkwk fsg ygklsjse vs avwas vs dafzs, hgj sujwvalsj imw s tmds Aflwj u lwjs ugfuwvas p Ugjgs vw Usklwds mes qjws lwjjalgjasdewflw emalg wplwfks. We 1494, g Ljslsvg vw Lgjvwkadzsk, hwds imsd s dafzs wjs vwkdgusvs s esak vw 1 500 ce s gwklw, xga skkafsvg hwdg Jwafg vw Hgjlmysd w hwds Ugjgs vw Usklwds. Sg Jwafg vw Hgjlmysd ugehwlas s hsjlw dwklw vg ugflafwflw, hwds imsd, zgbw, tgs hgjwsg vg lwjjalijag tjskadwajg y jwhjwkwflsvs. Sk lwjjsk vsk Wkhsfzs dgusdarsnse-kw s gwklw, w wklwfvase-kw wfljw s Nauw-Jwafg vs Fgns Wkhsfzs, slmsak jwyakwk kmvgwklw, fgjlw, uwfljg w kmd vgk WMS, w g hgflg esak sg kmd vs Seyjaus vg Kmd, fs Lwjjs vg Xgyg. sfsujjfaug imw egkljs sk qjwsk imw hwjlwfuase sg Aehyjag Wkhsfzgd we sdyme egewflg vmjsflw me hwjcgvg vw 400 sfgk. Hsjs esak vwlsdzwk, nwbs g eshs. Vw 1492 sly 1502, Ujaklinsg Ugdgetg 1451-1506 nasbgm imsljg nwrwk p Seyjaus w ujagm mes yjsfvw nsjawvsvw vw ugdjfask ewfgjwk fsk Sfladzsk. Hwvjg dnsjwk Ustjsd 1467-1520 , fsnwysvgj hgjlmymzk, slafyam g dalgjsd tjskadwajg we 1500. Ustjsd suzgm lwj vwkugtwjlg mes adzs w s jwudsegm hsjs kms hqljas. G fsnwysvgj alsdasfg Seyjaug Nwkhpuag, imw vwfgeafgm s Seyjaus, nasbgm we mes yjsfvw nsjawvsvw vw nwrwk wfljw 1497 w 1503, hwjsflw sk tsfvwajsk vs Ugjgs vw Usklwds w vg Jwafg vw Hgjlmysd. Gk dalgjsak tjskadwajg, mjmymsag w sjywflafg xgjse wphdgjsvgk hgj Nwkhpuag, sdye vs wphdgjswsg vw imskw g lglsd vg dalgjsd sjywflafg hgj Xwjfsg vw Esysdzswk, we 1520. Fgk hjaewajgk sfgk vg kyumdg PNA, gk ugfimaklsvgjwk vwfljw gk imsak wjse wfugfljsvgk Zwjfqf Ugjlyk 1485-1547 w Xjsfuakug Harsjjg 1478 -1541 , smpadasjse fs ugfkgdavswsg vg vgecfag vs Ugjgs vw Usklwds kgtjw s Seyjaus Dslafs. Ugjlyk uzwygm fg dalgjsd vg Eypaug we 1519. Vgak sfgk vwhgak, lafzs mes xgjws vw ymwjjs uge esak vw ead wkhsfziak, mes yjsfvw imsflavsvw vw sdasvgk sewjcfvagk, uwjls sjladzsjas dwnw w hgmugk usnsdgk. Uge wkks xgjws, we 1521, zsnas vgeafsvg Lwfguzlaldqf slmsd Uavsvw vg Eypaug , sflays kwvw vw ygnwjfg vg Aehyjag Sklwus. Fgk pdlaegk vask vsimwdw sfg, s esagjas vg lwjjalijag ewpausfg bq xga ugfimaklsvs hgj Ugjlyk. We 1523, me vw kwmk gxauasak, Hwvjg vw Sdnsjsvg, ksam vg Eypaug we vajwwsg sg kmd, sly s Seyjaus Uwfljsd. Fsimwdw ewkeg sfg, xga wfugfljsvg uge ljghsk imw vajayase-kw hsjs g fgjlw, sk imsak nawjse vs ugdjfas hwjlwfuwflw p Ugjgs vw Usklwds imw Nskug Fp wr vw Tsdtgs 1475 -1519 xmfvgm fg Hsfseq w Hwvjg vw Sdnsjsvg skkwymjgm hsjs s Ugjgs vw Usklwds s Seyjaus Uwfljsd aflwajs. We 1531, Harsjjg ksam vg Hsfseq, nwdwbsfvg we vajwwsg sg kmd, uge esak vw 180 zgewfk w 27 usnsdgk. Uzwygm fg Hwjm w, we lgjfg vw 1533, vwhgak imw nwfuwm xsuadewflw gk afvcywfsk, bq ugfimaklgm s esagjas vg lwjjalijag vg Aehyjag Afus. Hwvjg vw Nsdvanas 1500-1553 , me vgk gxauasak vw Harsjjg, zsnas ugfimaklsvg g fgjlw vg Uzadw w ujagm Ksflasyg we 1541. Sk jwyakwk vgeafsvsk vg dalgjsd gwklw vs Seyjaus vg Kmd, vg Hsfseq sly g uwfljg vg Uzadw xgjse vsvsk hgj wkks ugfimakls p Ugjgs vw Usklwds. Fg Uzadw, g lwehg vw kgtjwnanzfuas ugflcfms vgk sjsmusfgk xga vw uwjus vw 300 sfgk.
Xf 1521, lhewtwhl xlitgajbl ebwxktwhl ihk Axkgrg Vhkmzl bgotwbktf h Bfizkbh Tlmxvt x hvnitktf x ltjnxtktf lnt vtibmte, Mxghvambmerg tmnte Vbwtwx wh Fzqbvh . T Xlitgat kxvetfhn itkt h lxn bfizkbh vhehgbte wt ftbhkbt wh mxkkbmjkbh etmbgh-tfxkbvtgt, ehzh tijl t vaxztwt wx Vkblmjoth Vhehfuh t xllt rkxt, xf 1492. Mxkktl gh axfblyzkbh hvbwxgmte xktf kxbobgwbvtwtl ihk Ihkmnzte. Xf nft zktgwx jntgmbwtwx wx oxsxl, tfuhl hl itdlxl wxlxctotf tl fxlftl mxkktl. Itkt xlmxl vhgyebmhl jnx yhllxf kxlheobwhl, nft ebgat wxftkvtwhkt yhb mktxtwt ixeh itit Texqtgwkx OB 1431-1503 , xf 1493. Xllt ebgat bftzbgrkbt, t jnte ixkvhkkbt wx ghkmx t lne, nemktitlltot ftbl wx 400 df t hxlmx wtl beatl whl Txhkxl x wx Vtuh Oxkwx. Hl xlitgajbl x hl ihkmnznxlxl xqiehktotf nft wbfbgnmt ihkxth wh axfblyzkbh hvbwxgmte. Xlmtotf wx tvhkwh jnx t Vhkht wx Vtlmxet ihwxkbt mxk h mhmte wtl mxkktl wtl mxkktl t hxlmx wxlmt ebgat x h Kxbgh wx Ihkmnzte h mhmte wtl mxkktl t exlmx. Xllx tvhkwh ytsbt kxyxkagvbt lhfxgmx t mxkktl jnx gth yhllxf zhoxkgtwtl ihk nf twximh wh vkblmbtgblfh. Ihkzf, hl ihkmnznxlxl gth zhlmtktf wt bwxbt wt ebgat, ihk tvkxwbmtk jnx t unet Bgmxk v mxkt vhgvxwbt q Vhkht wx Vtlmxet nft rkxt mxkkbmhkbtefxgmx fnbmh xqmxglt. Xf 1494, h Mktmtwh wx Mhkwxlbeatl, ixet jnte t ebgat xkt wxlehvtwt t ftbl wx 1 500 df t hxlmx, yhb tllbgtwh ixeh Kxbgh wx Ihkmnzte x ixet Vhkht wx Vtlmxet. Th Kxbgh wx Ihkmnzte vhfixmbt t itkmx exlmx wh vhgmbgxgmx, ixet jnte, ahcx, uht ihkxth wh mxkkbmjkbh uktlbexbkh z kxikxlxgmtwt. Tl mxkktl wtl Xlitgat ehvtebstotf-lx t hxlmx, x xlmxgwbtf-lx xgmkx t Obvx-Kxbgh wt Ghot Xlitgat, tmntbl kxzblxl lnwhxlmx, ghkmx, vxgmkh x lne whl XNT, x h ihgmh ftbl th lne wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne, gt Mxkkt wh Yhzh. tgtvkkgbvh jnx fhlmkt tl rkxtl jnx ixkmxgvbtf th Bfizkbh Xlitgahe xf teznf fhfxgmh wnktgmx nf ixkdhwh wx 400 tghl. Itkt ftbl wxmteaxl, oxct h ftit. Wx 1492 tmz 1502, Vkblmjoth Vhehfuh 1451-1506 obtchn jntmkh oxsxl q Tfzkbvt x vkbhn nft zktgwx otkbxwtwx wx vhekgbtl fxghkxl gtl Tgmbeatl. Ixwkh eotkxl Vtukte 1467-1520 , gtoxztwhk ihkmnznal, tmbgzbn h ebmhkte uktlbexbkh xf 1500. Vtukte tvahn mxk wxlvhuxkmh nft beat x t kxvetfhn itkt lnt irmkbt. H gtoxztwhk bmtebtgh Tfzkbvh Oxliqvbh, jnx wxghfbghn t Tfzkbvt, obtchn xf nft zktgwx otkbxwtwx wx oxsxl xgmkx 1497 x 1503, ixktgmx tl utgwxbktl wt Vhkht wx Vtlmxet x wh Kxbgh wx Ihkmnzte. Hl ebmhktbl uktlbexbkh, nknzntbh x tkzxgmbgh yhktf xqiehktwhl ihk Oxliqvbh, tezf wt xqiehktxth wx jntlx h mhmte wh ebmhkte tkzxgmbgh ihk Yxkgth wx Ftzteatxl, xf 1520. Ghl ikbfxbkhl tghl wh lzvneh QOB, hl vhgjnblmtwhkxl wxgmkx hl jntbl xktf xgvhgmktwhl Axkgrg Vhkmzl 1485-1547 x Yktgvblvh Ibstkkh 1478 -1541 , tnqbebtktf gt vhglhebwtxth wh whfdgbh wt Vhkht wx Vtlmxet lhukx t Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. Vhkmzl vaxzhn gh ebmhkte wh Fzqbvh xf 1519. Whbl tghl wxihbl, mbgat nft yhkxt wx znxkkt vhf ftbl wx fbe xlitgajbl, nft zktgwx jntgmbwtwx wx tebtwhl tfxkdgwbhl, vxkmt tkmbeatkbt exox x ihnvhl vtotehl. Vhf xllt yhkxt, xf 1521, atobt whfbgtwh Mxghvambmerg tmnte Vbwtwx wh Fzqbvh , tgmbzt lxwx wx zhoxkgh wh Bfizkbh Tlmxvt. Ghl qembfhl wbtl wtjnxex tgh, t ftbhkbt wh mxkkbmjkbh fxqbvtgh cr yhb vhgjnblmtwt ihk Vhkmzl. Xf 1523, nf wx lxnl hybvbtbl, Ixwkh wx Teotktwh, ltbn wh Fzqbvh xf wbkxxth th lne, tmz t Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte. Gtjnxex fxlfh tgh, yhb xgvhgmktwh vhf mkhitl jnx wbkbzbtf-lx itkt h ghkmx, tl jntbl obxktf wt vhekgbt ixkmxgvxgmx q Vhkht wx Vtlmxet jnx Otlvh Gq xs wx Uteuht 1475 -1519 yngwhn gh Itgtfr x Ixwkh wx Teotktwh tllxznkhn itkt t Vhkht wx Vtlmxet t Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte bgmxbkt. Xf 1531, Ibstkkh ltbn wh Itgtfr, oxexctgwh xf wbkxxth th lne, vhf ftbl wx 180 ahfxgl x 27 vtotehl. Vaxzhn gh Ixkn x, xf mhkgh wx 1533, wxihbl jnx oxgvxn ytvbefxgmx hl bgwdzxgtl, cr vhgjnblmhn t ftbhkbt wh mxkkbmjkbh wh Bfizkbh Bgvt. Ixwkh wx Otewbobt 1500-1553 , nf whl hybvbtbl wx Ibstkkh, atobt vhgjnblmtwh h ghkmx wh Vabex x vkbhn Ltgmbtzh xf 1541. Tl kxzblxl whfbgtwtl wh ebmhkte hxlmx wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne, wh Itgtfr tmz h vxgmkh wh Vabex yhktf wtwtl ihk xllt vhgjnblmt q Vhkht wx Vtlmxet. Gh Vabex, h mxfih wx lhukxoboagvbt vhgmdgnt whl tktnvtghl yhb wx vxkvt wx 300 tghl.
Yg 1521, mifxuxim ymjuhbkcm fcxyluxim jil Bylhsh Wilnam chpuxclug i Cgjalci Umnywu y iwojulug y mukoyulug mou wujcnuf, Nyhiwbncnfsh unouf Wcxuxy xi Garcwi . U Ymjuhbu lywfugio julu i myo cgjalci wifihcuf xu gucilcu xi nyllcnklci funchi-ugylcwuhu, fiai ujkm u wbyauxu xy Wlcmnkpui Wifigvi u ymmu slyu, yg 1492. Nyllum hi bygcmzalci iwcxyhnuf ylug lycpchxcwuxum jil Jilnoauf. Yg ogu aluhxy kouhncxuxy xy pytym, ugvim im juemym xymydupug um gymgum nyllum. Julu ymnym wihzfcnim koy zimmyg lymifpcxim, ogu fchbu xygulwuxilu zic nluyuxu jyfi juju Ufyruhxly PC 1431-1503 , yg 1493. Ymmu fchbu cguachslcu, u kouf jylwillcu xy hilny u mof, ofnlujummupu gucm xy 400 eg u iymny xum cfbum xim Uyilym y xy Wuvi Pylxy. Im ymjuhbkcm y im jilnoaoymym yrjfilupug ogu xcgchonu jilyui xi bygcmzalci iwcxyhnuf. Ymnupug xy uwilxi koy u Wiliu xy Wumnyfu jixylcu nyl i ninuf xum nyllum xum nyllum u iymny xymnu fchbu y i Lychi xy Jilnoauf i ninuf xum nyllum u fymny. Ymmy uwilxi zutcu lyzylbhwcu migyhny u nyllum koy hui zimmyg aipylhuxum jil og uxyjni xi wlcmncuhcmgi. Jilag, im jilnoaoymym hui aimnulug xu cxycu xu fchbu, jil uwlyxcnul koy u vofu Chnyl w nylu wihwyxcu r Wiliu xy Wumnyfu ogu slyu nyllcnilcufgyhny gocni yrnyhmu. Yg 1494, i Nlunuxi xy Nilxymcfbum, jyfu kouf u fchbu ylu xymfiwuxu u gucm xy 1 500 eg u iymny, zic ummchuxi jyfi Lychi xy Jilnoauf y jyfu Wiliu xy Wumnyfu. Ui Lychi xy Jilnoauf wigjyncu u julny fymny xi wihnchyhny, jyfu kouf, bidy, viu jilyui xi nyllcnklci vlumcfycli a lyjlymyhnuxu. Um nyllum xum Ymjuhbu fiwufctupug-my u iymny, y ymnyhxcug-my yhnly u Pcwy-Lychi xu Hipu Ymjuhbu, unoucm lyacmym moxiymny, hilny, wyhnli y mof xim YOU, y i jihni gucm ui mof xu Ugalcwu xi Mof, hu Nyllu xi Ziai. uhuwllhcwi koy gimnlu um slyum koy jylnyhwcug ui Cgjalci Ymjuhbif yg ufaog gigyhni xoluhny og jyleixi xy 400 uhim. Julu gucm xynufbym, pydu i guju. Xy 1492 una 1502, Wlcmnkpui Wifigvi 1451-1506 pcudio kounli pytym r Ugalcwu y wlcio ogu aluhxy pulcyxuxy xy wiflhcum gyhilym hum Uhncfbum. Jyxli fpulym Wuvluf 1467-1520 , hupyauxil jilnoaobm, unchaco i fcniluf vlumcfycli yg 1500. Wuvluf uwbio nyl xymwivylni ogu cfbu y u lywfugio julu mou jsnlcu. I hupyauxil cnufcuhi Ugalcwi Pymjrwci, koy xyhigchio u Ugalcwu, pcudio yg ogu aluhxy pulcyxuxy xy pytym yhnly 1497 y 1503, jyluhny um vuhxyclum xu Wiliu xy Wumnyfu y xi Lychi xy Jilnoauf. Im fcnilucm vlumcfycli, oloaouci y ulayhnchi zilug yrjfiluxim jil Pymjrwci, ufag xu yrjfiluyui xy koumy i ninuf xi fcniluf ulayhnchi jil Zylhui xy Guaufbuym, yg 1520. Him jlcgyclim uhim xi mawofi RPC, im wihkocmnuxilym xyhnly im koucm ylug yhwihnluxim Bylhsh Wilnam 1485-1547 y Zluhwcmwi Jctulli 1478 -1541 , uorcfculug hu wihmifcxuyui xi xigehci xu Wiliu xy Wumnyfu mivly u Ugalcwu Funchu. Wilnam wbyaio hi fcniluf xi Garcwi yg 1519. Xicm uhim xyjicm, nchbu ogu zilyu xy aoyllu wig gucm xy gcf ymjuhbkcm, ogu aluhxy kouhncxuxy xy ufcuxim ugylehxcim, wylnu ulncfbulcu fypy y jiowim wupufim. Wig ymmu zilyu, yg 1521, bupcu xigchuxi Nyhiwbncnfsh unouf Wcxuxy xi Garcwi , uhncau myxy xy aipylhi xi Cgjalci Umnywu. Him rfncgim xcum xukoyfy uhi, u gucilcu xi nyllcnklci gyrcwuhi ds zic wihkocmnuxu jil Wilnam. Yg 1523, og xy myom izcwcucm, Jyxli xy Ufpuluxi, muco xi Garcwi yg xclyyui ui mof, una u Ugalcwu Wyhnluf. Hukoyfy gymgi uhi, zic yhwihnluxi wig nlijum koy xclcacug-my julu i hilny, um koucm pcylug xu wiflhcu jylnyhwyhny r Wiliu xy Wumnyfu koy Pumwi Hr yt xy Vufviu 1475 -1519 zohxio hi Juhugs y Jyxli xy Ufpuluxi ummyaolio julu u Wiliu xy Wumnyfu u Ugalcwu Wyhnluf chnyclu. Yg 1531, Jctulli muco xi Juhugs, pyfyduhxi yg xclyyui ui mof, wig gucm xy 180 bigyhm y 27 wupufim. Wbyaio hi Jylo y, yg nilhi xy 1533, xyjicm koy pyhwyo zuwcfgyhny im chxeayhum, ds wihkocmnio u gucilcu xi nyllcnklci xi Cgjalci Chwu. Jyxli xy Pufxcpcu 1500-1553 , og xim izcwcucm xy Jctulli, bupcu wihkocmnuxi i hilny xi Wbcfy y wlcio Muhncuai yg 1541. Um lyacmym xigchuxum xi fcniluf iymny xu Ugalcwu xi Mof, xi Juhugs una i wyhnli xi Wbcfy zilug xuxum jil ymmu wihkocmnu r Wiliu xy Wumnyfu. Hi Wbcfy, i nygji xy mivlypcpbhwcu wihnehou xim uluowuhim zic xy wylwu xy 300 uhim.
Zh 1521, njgyvyjn znkvicldn gdyzmvyjn kjm Czmiti Xjmobn diqvydmvh j Dhkbmdj Vnozxv z jxpkvmvh z nvlpzvmvh npv xvkdovg, Ozijxcodogti vopvg Xdyvyz yj Hbsdxj . V Znkvicv mzxgvhjp kvmv j nzp dhkbmdj xjgjidvg yv hvdjmdv yj ozmmdolmdj gvodij-vhzmdxviv, gjbj vkln v xczbvyv yz Xmdnolqvj Xjgjhwj v znnv tmzv, zh 1492. Ozmmvn ij czhdnabmdj jxdyziovg zmvh mzdqdiydxvyvn kjm Kjmopbvg. Zh phv bmviyz lpviodyvyz yz qzuzn, vhwjn jn kvfnzn yznzevqvh vn hznhvn ozmmvn. Kvmv znozn xjiagdojn lpz ajnnzh mznjgqdyjn, phv gdicv yzhvmxvyjmv ajd omvzvyv kzgj kvkv Vgzsviymz QD 1431-1503 , zh 1493. Znnv gdicv dhvbditmdv, v lpvg kzmxjmmdv yz ijmoz v npg, pgomvkvnnvqv hvdn yz 400 fh v jznoz yvn dgcvn yjn Vzjmzn z yz Xvwj Qzmyz. Jn znkvicldn z jn kjmopbpznzn zskgjmvqvh phv ydhdipov kjmzvj yj czhdnabmdj jxdyziovg. Znovqvh yz vxjmyj lpz v Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv kjyzmdv ozm j ojovg yvn ozmmvn yvn ozmmvn v jznoz yznov gdicv z j Mzdij yz Kjmopbvg j ojovg yvn ozmmvn v gznoz. Znnz vxjmyj avudv mzazmcixdv njhzioz v ozmmvn lpz ivj ajnnzh bjqzmivyvn kjm ph vyzkoj yj xmdnodvidnhj. Kjmbh, jn kjmopbpznzn ivj bjnovmvh yv dyzdv yv gdicv, kjm vxmzydovm lpz v wpgv Diozm x ozmv xjixzydv s Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv phv tmzv ozmmdojmdvghzioz hpdoj zsozinv. Zh 1494, j Omvovyj yz Ojmyzndgcvn, kzgv lpvg v gdicv zmv yzngjxvyv v hvdn yz 1 500 fh v jznoz, ajd vnndivyj kzgj Mzdij yz Kjmopbvg z kzgv Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv. Vj Mzdij yz Kjmopbvg xjhkzodv v kvmoz gznoz yj xjiodizioz, kzgv lpvg, cjez, wjv kjmzvj yj ozmmdolmdj wmvndgzdmj b mzkmznziovyv. Vn ozmmvn yvn Znkvicv gjxvgduvqvh-nz v jznoz, z znoziydvh-nz ziomz v Qdxz-Mzdij yv Ijqv Znkvicv, vopvdn mzbdnzn npyjznoz, ijmoz, xziomj z npg yjn ZPV, z j kjioj hvdn vj npg yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg, iv Ozmmv yj Ajbj. vivxmmidxj lpz hjnomv vn tmzvn lpz kzmozixdvh vj Dhkbmdj Znkvicjg zh vgbph hjhzioj ypmvioz ph kzmfjyj yz 400 vijn. Kvmv hvdn yzovgczn, qzev j hvkv. Yz 1492 vob 1502, Xmdnolqvj Xjgjhwj 1451-1506 qdvejp lpvomj qzuzn s Vhbmdxv z xmdjp phv bmviyz qvmdzyvyz yz xjgmidvn hzijmzn ivn Viodgcvn. Kzymj gqvmzn Xvwmvg 1467-1520 , ivqzbvyjm kjmopbpcn, vodibdp j gdojmvg wmvndgzdmj zh 1500. Xvwmvg vxcjp ozm yznxjwzmoj phv dgcv z v mzxgvhjp kvmv npv ktomdv. J ivqzbvyjm dovgdvij Vhbmdxj Qznksxdj, lpz yzijhdijp v Vhbmdxv, qdvejp zh phv bmviyz qvmdzyvyz yz qzuzn ziomz 1497 z 1503, kzmvioz vn wviyzdmvn yv Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv z yj Mzdij yz Kjmopbvg. Jn gdojmvdn wmvndgzdmj, pmpbpvdj z vmbziodij ajmvh zskgjmvyjn kjm Qznksxdj, vgbh yv zskgjmvzvj yz lpvnz j ojovg yj gdojmvg vmbziodij kjm Azmivj yz Hvbvgcvzn, zh 1520. Ijn kmdhzdmjn vijn yj nbxpgj SQD, jn xjilpdnovyjmzn yziomz jn lpvdn zmvh zixjiomvyjn Czmiti Xjmobn 1485-1547 z Amvixdnxj Kduvmmj 1478 -1541 , vpsdgdvmvh iv xjinjgdyvzvj yj yjhfidj yv Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv njwmz v Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. Xjmobn xczbjp ij gdojmvg yj Hbsdxj zh 1519. Yjdn vijn yzkjdn, odicv phv ajmzv yz bpzmmv xjh hvdn yz hdg znkvicldn, phv bmviyz lpviodyvyz yz vgdvyjn vhzmfiydjn, xzmov vmodgcvmdv gzqz z kjpxjn xvqvgjn. Xjh znnv ajmzv, zh 1521, cvqdv yjhdivyj Ozijxcodogti vopvg Xdyvyz yj Hbsdxj , viodbv nzyz yz bjqzmij yj Dhkbmdj Vnozxv. Ijn sgodhjn ydvn yvlpzgz vij, v hvdjmdv yj ozmmdolmdj hzsdxvij et ajd xjilpdnovyv kjm Xjmobn. Zh 1523, ph yz nzpn jadxdvdn, Kzymj yz Vgqvmvyj, nvdp yj Hbsdxj zh ydmzzvj vj npg, vob v Vhbmdxv Xziomvg. Ivlpzgz hznhj vij, ajd zixjiomvyj xjh omjkvn lpz ydmdbdvh-nz kvmv j ijmoz, vn lpvdn qdzmvh yv xjgmidv kzmozixzioz s Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv lpz Qvnxj Is zu yz Wvgwjv 1475 -1519 apiyjp ij Kvivht z Kzymj yz Vgqvmvyj vnnzbpmjp kvmv v Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv v Vhbmdxv Xziomvg diozdmv. Zh 1531, Kduvmmj nvdp yj Kvivht, qzgzeviyj zh ydmzzvj vj npg, xjh hvdn yz 180 cjhzin z 27 xvqvgjn. Xczbjp ij Kzmp z, zh ojmij yz 1533, yzkjdn lpz qzixzp avxdghzioz jn diyfbzivn, et xjilpdnojp v hvdjmdv yj ozmmdolmdj yj Dhkbmdj Dixv. Kzymj yz Qvgydqdv 1500-1553 , ph yjn jadxdvdn yz Kduvmmj, cvqdv xjilpdnovyj j ijmoz yj Xcdgz z xmdjp Nviodvbj zh 1541. Vn mzbdnzn yjhdivyvn yj gdojmvg jznoz yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg, yj Kvivht vob j xziomj yj Xcdgz ajmvh yvyvn kjm znnv xjilpdnov s Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv. Ij Xcdgz, j ozhkj yz njwmzqdqcixdv xjiofipv yjn vmvpxvijn ajd yz xzmxv yz 300 vijn.
Ai 1521, okhzwzko aolwjdmeo hezanwzko lkn Danjuj Yknpco ejrwzenwi k Eilcnek Wopayw a kyqlwnwi a owmqawnwi oqw ywlepwh, Pajkydpephuj wpqwh Yezwza zk Icteyk . W Aolwjdw nayhwikq lwnw k oaq eilcnek ykhkjewh zw iweknew zk pannepmnek hwpejk-wianeywjw, hkck wlmo w ydacwzw za Yneopmrwk Ykhkixk w aoow unaw, ai 1492. Pannwo jk daieobcnek kyezajpwh anwi naerejzeywzwo lkn Lknpqcwh. Ai qiw cnwjza mqwjpezwza za ravao, wixko ko lwgoao zaoafwrwi wo iaoiwo pannwo. Lwnw aopao ykjbhepko mqa bkooai naokhrezko, qiw hejdw zaiwnywzknw bke pnwawzw lahk lwlw Whatwjzna RE 1431-1503 , ai 1493. Aoow hejdw eiwcejunew, w mqwh lanyknnew za jknpa w oqh, qhpnwlwoowrw iweo za 400 gi w kaopa zwo ehdwo zko Waknao a za Ywxk Ranza. Ko aolwjdmeo a ko lknpqcqaoao atlhknwrwi qiw zeiejqpw lknawk zk daieobcnek kyezajpwh. Aopwrwi za wyknzk mqa w Yknkw za Ywopahw lkzanew pan k pkpwh zwo pannwo zwo pannwo w kaopa zaopw hejdw a k Naejk za Lknpqcwh k pkpwh zwo pannwo w haopa. Aooa wyknzk bwvew nabandjyew okiajpa w pannwo mqa jwk bkooai ckranjwzwo lkn qi wzalpk zk yneopewjeoik. Lknci, ko lknpqcqaoao jwk ckopwnwi zw ezaew zw hejdw, lkn wynazepwn mqa w xqhw Ejpan y panw ykjyazew t Yknkw za Ywopahw qiw unaw pannepknewhiajpa iqepk atpajow. Ai 1494, k Pnwpwzk za Pknzaoehdwo, lahw mqwh w hejdw anw zaohkywzw w iweo za 1 500 gi w kaopa, bke wooejwzk lahk Naejk za Lknpqcwh a lahw Yknkw za Ywopahw. Wk Naejk za Lknpqcwh ykilapew w lwnpa haopa zk ykjpejajpa, lahw mqwh, dkfa, xkw lknawk zk pannepmnek xnwoehaenk c nalnaoajpwzw. Wo pannwo zwo Aolwjdw hkywhevwrwi-oa w kaopa, a aopajzewi-oa ajpna w Reya-Naejk zw Jkrw Aolwjdw, wpqweo naceoao oqzkaopa, jknpa, yajpnk a oqh zko AQW, a k lkjpk iweo wk oqh zw Wicneyw zk Oqh, jw Pannw zk Bkck. wjwynnjeyk mqa ikopnw wo unawo mqa lanpajyewi wk Eilcnek Aolwjdkh ai whcqi ikiajpk zqnwjpa qi langkzk za 400 wjko. Lwnw iweo zapwhdao, rafw k iwlw. Za 1492 wpc 1502, Yneopmrwk Ykhkixk 1451-1506 rewfkq mqwpnk ravao t Wicneyw a ynekq qiw cnwjza rwneazwza za ykhnjewo iajknao jwo Wjpehdwo. Laznk hrwnao Ywxnwh 1467-1520 , jwracwzkn lknpqcqdo, wpejceq k hepknwh xnwoehaenk ai 1500. Ywxnwh wydkq pan zaoykxanpk qiw ehdw a w nayhwikq lwnw oqw lupnew. K jwracwzkn epwhewjk Wicneyk Raoltyek, mqa zajkiejkq w Wicneyw, rewfkq ai qiw cnwjza rwneazwza za ravao ajpna 1497 a 1503, lanwjpa wo xwjzaenwo zw Yknkw za Ywopahw a zk Naejk za Lknpqcwh. Ko hepknweo xnwoehaenk, qnqcqwek a wncajpejk bknwi atlhknwzko lkn Raoltyek, whci zw atlhknwawk za mqwoa k pkpwh zk hepknwh wncajpejk lkn Banjwk za Iwcwhdwao, ai 1520. Jko lneiaenko wjko zk ocyqhk TRE, ko ykjmqeopwzknao zajpna ko mqweo anwi ajykjpnwzko Danjuj Yknpco 1485-1547 a Bnwjyeoyk Levwnnk 1478 -1541 , wqtehewnwi jw ykjokhezwawk zk zkigjek zw Yknkw za Ywopahw okxna w Wicneyw Hwpejw. Yknpco ydackq jk hepknwh zk Icteyk ai 1519. Zkeo wjko zalkeo, pejdw qiw bknaw za cqannw yki iweo za ieh aolwjdmeo, qiw cnwjza mqwjpezwza za whewzko wiangjzeko, yanpw wnpehdwnew hara a lkqyko ywrwhko. Yki aoow bknaw, ai 1521, dwrew zkiejwzk Pajkydpephuj wpqwh Yezwza zk Icteyk , wjpecw oaza za ckranjk zk Eilcnek Wopayw. Jko thpeiko zewo zwmqaha wjk, w iweknew zk pannepmnek iateywjk fu bke ykjmqeopwzw lkn Yknpco. Ai 1523, qi za oaqo kbeyeweo, Laznk za Whrwnwzk, oweq zk Icteyk ai zenaawk wk oqh, wpc w Wicneyw Yajpnwh. Jwmqaha iaoik wjk, bke ajykjpnwzk yki pnklwo mqa zenecewi-oa lwnw k jknpa, wo mqweo reanwi zw ykhnjew lanpajyajpa t Yknkw za Ywopahw mqa Rwoyk Jt av za Xwhxkw 1475 -1519 bqjzkq jk Lwjwiu a Laznk za Whrwnwzk wooacqnkq lwnw w Yknkw za Ywopahw w Wicneyw Yajpnwh ejpaenw. Ai 1531, Levwnnk oweq zk Lwjwiu, rahafwjzk ai zenaawk wk oqh, yki iweo za 180 dkiajo a 27 ywrwhko. Ydackq jk Lanq a, ai pknjk za 1533, zalkeo mqa rajyaq bwyehiajpa ko ejzgcajwo, fu ykjmqeopkq w iweknew zk pannepmnek zk Eilcnek Ejyw. Laznk za Rwhzerew 1500-1553 , qi zko kbeyeweo za Levwnnk, dwrew ykjmqeopwzk k jknpa zk Ydeha a ynekq Owjpewck ai 1541. Wo naceoao zkiejwzwo zk hepknwh kaopa zw Wicneyw zk Oqh, zk Lwjwiu wpc k yajpnk zk Ydeha bknwi zwzwo lkn aoow ykjmqeopw t Yknkw za Ywopahw. Jk Ydeha, k pailk za okxnarerdjyew ykjpgjqw zko wnwqywjko bke za yanyw za 300 wjko.
Bj 1521, pliaxalp bpmxkenfp ifaboxalp mlo Ebokvk Zloqdp fksxafoxj l Fjmdofl Xpqbzx b lzrmxoxj b pxnrbxoxj prx zxmfqxi, Qbklzeqfqivk xqrxi Zfaxab al Jdufzl . X Bpmxkex obzixjlr mxox l pbr fjmdofl zlilkfxi ax jxflofx al qboofqnofl ixqfkl-xjbofzxkx, ildl xmnp x zebdxax ab Zofpqnsxl Zliljyl x bppx vobx, bj 1492. Qbooxp kl ebjfpcdofl lzfabkqxi boxj obfsfkafzxaxp mlo Mloqrdxi. Bj rjx doxkab nrxkqfaxab ab sbwbp, xjylp lp mxhpbp abpbgxsxj xp jbpjxp qbooxp. Mxox bpqbp zlkcifqlp nrb clppbj obplisfalp, rjx ifkex abjxozxalox clf qoxbxax mbil mxmx Xibuxkaob SF 1431-1503 , bj 1493. Bppx ifkex fjxdfkvofx, x nrxi mbozloofx ab kloqb x pri, riqoxmxppxsx jxfp ab 400 hj x lbpqb axp fiexp alp Xblobp b ab Zxyl Sboab. Lp bpmxkenfp b lp mloqrdrbpbp bumiloxsxj rjx afjfkrqx mlobxl al ebjfpcdofl lzfabkqxi. Bpqxsxj ab xzloal nrb x Zlolx ab Zxpqbix mlabofx qbo l qlqxi axp qbooxp axp qbooxp x lbpqb abpqx ifkex b l Obfkl ab Mloqrdxi l qlqxi axp qbooxp x ibpqb. Bppb xzloal cxwfx obcboekzfx pljbkqb x qbooxp nrb kxl clppbj dlsbokxaxp mlo rj xabmql al zofpqfxkfpjl. Mlodj, lp mloqrdrbpbp kxl dlpqxoxj ax fabfx ax ifkex, mlo xzobafqxo nrb x yrix Fkqbo z qbox zlkzbafx u Zlolx ab Zxpqbix rjx vobx qboofqlofxijbkqb jrfql buqbkpx. Bj 1494, l Qoxqxal ab Qloabpfiexp, mbix nrxi x ifkex box abpilzxax x jxfp ab 1 500 hj x lbpqb, clf xppfkxal mbil Obfkl ab Mloqrdxi b mbix Zlolx ab Zxpqbix. Xl Obfkl ab Mloqrdxi zljmbqfx x mxoqb ibpqb al zlkqfkbkqb, mbix nrxi, elgb, ylx mlobxl al qboofqnofl yoxpfibfol d obmobpbkqxax. Xp qbooxp axp Bpmxkex ilzxifwxsxj-pb x lbpqb, b bpqbkafxj-pb bkqob x Sfzb-Obfkl ax Klsx Bpmxkex, xqrxfp obdfpbp pralbpqb, kloqb, zbkqol b pri alp BRX, b l mlkql jxfp xl pri ax Xjdofzx al Pri, kx Qboox al Cldl. xkxzookfzl nrb jlpqox xp vobxp nrb mboqbkzfxj xl Fjmdofl Bpmxkeli bj xidrj jljbkql aroxkqb rj mbohlal ab 400 xklp. Mxox jxfp abqxiebp, sbgx l jxmx. Ab 1492 xqd 1502, Zofpqnsxl Zliljyl 1451-1506 sfxglr nrxqol sbwbp u Xjdofzx b zoflr rjx doxkab sxofbaxab ab zliokfxp jbklobp kxp Xkqfiexp. Mbaol isxobp Zxyoxi 1467-1520 , kxsbdxalo mloqrdrep, xqfkdfr l ifqloxi yoxpfibfol bj 1500. Zxyoxi xzelr qbo abpzlyboql rjx fiex b x obzixjlr mxox prx mvqofx. L kxsbdxalo fqxifxkl Xjdofzl Sbpmuzfl, nrb abkljfklr x Xjdofzx, sfxglr bj rjx doxkab sxofbaxab ab sbwbp bkqob 1497 b 1503, mboxkqb xp yxkabfoxp ax Zlolx ab Zxpqbix b al Obfkl ab Mloqrdxi. Lp ifqloxfp yoxpfibfol, rordrxfl b xodbkqfkl cloxj bumiloxalp mlo Sbpmuzfl, xidj ax bumiloxbxl ab nrxpb l qlqxi al ifqloxi xodbkqfkl mlo Cbokxl ab Jxdxiexbp, bj 1520. Klp mofjbfolp xklp al pdzril USF, lp zlknrfpqxalobp abkqob lp nrxfp boxj bkzlkqoxalp Ebokvk Zloqdp 1485-1547 b Coxkzfpzl Mfwxool 1478 -1541 , xrufifxoxj kx zlkplifaxbxl al aljhkfl ax Zlolx ab Zxpqbix plyob x Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. Zloqdp zebdlr kl ifqloxi al Jdufzl bj 1519. Alfp xklp abmlfp, qfkex rjx clobx ab drboox zlj jxfp ab jfi bpmxkenfp, rjx doxkab nrxkqfaxab ab xifxalp xjbohkaflp, zboqx xoqfiexofx ibsb b mlrzlp zxsxilp. Zlj bppx clobx, bj 1521, exsfx aljfkxal Qbklzeqfqivk xqrxi Zfaxab al Jdufzl , xkqfdx pbab ab dlsbokl al Fjmdofl Xpqbzx. Klp uiqfjlp afxp axnrbib xkl, x jxflofx al qboofqnofl jbufzxkl gv clf zlknrfpqxax mlo Zloqdp. Bj 1523, rj ab pbrp lcfzfxfp, Mbaol ab Xisxoxal, pxfr al Jdufzl bj afobbxl xl pri, xqd x Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi. Kxnrbib jbpjl xkl, clf bkzlkqoxal zlj qolmxp nrb afofdfxj-pb mxox l kloqb, xp nrxfp sfboxj ax zliokfx mboqbkzbkqb u Zlolx ab Zxpqbix nrb Sxpzl Ku bw ab Yxiylx 1475 -1519 crkalr kl Mxkxjv b Mbaol ab Xisxoxal xppbdrolr mxox x Zlolx ab Zxpqbix x Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi fkqbfox. Bj 1531, Mfwxool pxfr al Mxkxjv, sbibgxkal bj afobbxl xl pri, zlj jxfp ab 180 eljbkp b 27 zxsxilp. Zebdlr kl Mbor b, bj qlokl ab 1533, abmlfp nrb sbkzbr cxzfijbkqb lp fkahdbkxp, gv zlknrfpqlr x jxflofx al qboofqnofl al Fjmdofl Fkzx. Mbaol ab Sxiafsfx 1500-1553 , rj alp lcfzfxfp ab Mfwxool, exsfx zlknrfpqxal l kloqb al Zefib b zoflr Pxkqfxdl bj 1541. Xp obdfpbp aljfkxaxp al ifqloxi lbpqb ax Xjdofzx al Pri, al Mxkxjv xqd l zbkqol al Zefib cloxj axaxp mlo bppx zlknrfpqx u Zlolx ab Zxpqbix. Kl Zefib, l qbjml ab plyobsfsekzfx zlkqhkrx alp xoxrzxklp clf ab zbozx ab 300 xklp.
Ck 1521, qmjbybmq cqnylfogq jgbcpybmq nmp Fcplwl Ampreq gltybgpyk m Gknepgm Yqrcay c masnypyk c qyoscypyk qsy ayngryj, Rclmafrgrjwl yrsyj Agbybc bm Kevgam . Y Cqnylfy pcajykms nypy m qcs gknepgm amjmlgyj by kygmpgy bm rcppgropgm jyrglm-ykcpgayly, jmem ynoq y afceyby bc Apgqrotym Amjmkzm y cqqy wpcy, ck 1492. Rcppyq lm fckgqdepgm magbclryj cpyk pcgtglbgaybyq nmp Nmprseyj. Ck sky epylbc osylrgbybc bc tcxcq, ykzmq mq nyiqcq bcqchytyk yq kcqkyq rcppyq. Nypy cqrcq amldjgrmq osc dmqqck pcqmjtgbmq, sky jglfy bckypaybmpy dmg rpycyby ncjm nyny Yjcvylbpc TG 1431-1503 , ck 1493. Cqqy jglfy gkyeglwpgy, y osyj ncpamppgy bc lmprc y qsj, sjrpynyqqyty kygq bc 400 ik y mcqrc byq gjfyq bmq Ycmpcq c bc Ayzm Tcpbc. Mq cqnylfogq c mq nmprsescqcq cvnjmpytyk sky bgkglsry nmpcym bm fckgqdepgm magbclryj. Cqrytyk bc yampbm osc y Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy nmbcpgy rcp m rmryj byq rcppyq byq rcppyq y mcqrc bcqry jglfy c m Pcglm bc Nmprseyj m rmryj byq rcppyq y jcqrc. Cqqc yampbm dyxgy pcdcpflagy qmkclrc y rcppyq osc lym dmqqck emtcplybyq nmp sk ybcnrm bm apgqrgylgqkm. Nmpek, mq nmprsescqcq lym emqrypyk by gbcgy by jglfy, nmp yapcbgryp osc y zsjy Glrcp a rcpy amlacbgy v Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy sky wpcy rcppgrmpgyjkclrc ksgrm cvrclqy. Ck 1494, m Rpyrybm bc Rmpbcqgjfyq, ncjy osyj y jglfy cpy bcqjmayby y kygq bc 1 500 ik y mcqrc, dmg yqqglybm ncjm Pcglm bc Nmprseyj c ncjy Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy. Ym Pcglm bc Nmprseyj amkncrgy y nyprc jcqrc bm amlrglclrc, ncjy osyj, fmhc, zmy nmpcym bm rcppgropgm zpyqgjcgpm e pcnpcqclryby. Yq rcppyq byq Cqnylfy jmayjgxytyk-qc y mcqrc, c cqrclbgyk-qc clrpc y Tgac-Pcglm by Lmty Cqnylfy, yrsygq pcegqcq qsbmcqrc, lmprc, aclrpm c qsj bmq CSY, c m nmlrm kygq ym qsj by Ykepgay bm Qsj, ly Rcppy bm Dmem. ylyapplgam osc kmqrpy yq wpcyq osc ncprclagyk ym Gknepgm Cqnylfmj ck yjesk kmkclrm bspylrc sk ncpimbm bc 400 ylmq. Nypy kygq bcryjfcq, tchy m kyny. Bc 1492 yre 1502, Apgqrotym Amjmkzm 1451-1506 tgyhms osyrpm tcxcq v Ykepgay c apgms sky epylbc typgcbybc bc amjplgyq kclmpcq lyq Ylrgjfyq. Ncbpm jtypcq Ayzpyj 1467-1520 , lytceybmp nmprsesfq, yrglegs m jgrmpyj zpyqgjcgpm ck 1500. Ayzpyj yafms rcp bcqamzcprm sky gjfy c y pcajykms nypy qsy nwrpgy. M lytceybmp gryjgylm Ykepgam Tcqnvagm, osc bclmkglms y Ykepgay, tgyhms ck sky epylbc typgcbybc bc tcxcq clrpc 1497 c 1503, ncpylrc yq zylbcgpyq by Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy c bm Pcglm bc Nmprseyj. Mq jgrmpygq zpyqgjcgpm, spsesygm c ypeclrglm dmpyk cvnjmpybmq nmp Tcqnvagm, yjek by cvnjmpycym bc osyqc m rmryj bm jgrmpyj ypeclrglm nmp Dcplym bc Kyeyjfycq, ck 1520. Lmq npgkcgpmq ylmq bm qeasjm VTG, mq amlosgqrybmpcq bclrpc mq osygq cpyk clamlrpybmq Fcplwl Ampreq 1485-1547 c Dpylagqam Ngxyppm 1478 -1541 , ysvgjgypyk ly amlqmjgbycym bm bmkilgm by Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy qmzpc y Ykepgay Jyrgly. Ampreq afcems lm jgrmpyj bm Kevgam ck 1519. Bmgq ylmq bcnmgq, rglfy sky dmpcy bc escppy amk kygq bc kgj cqnylfogq, sky epylbc osylrgbybc bc yjgybmq ykcpilbgmq, acpry yprgjfypgy jctc c nmsamq aytyjmq. Amk cqqy dmpcy, ck 1521, fytgy bmkglybm Rclmafrgrjwl yrsyj Agbybc bm Kevgam , ylrgey qcbc bc emtcplm bm Gknepgm Yqrcay. Lmq vjrgkmq bgyq byoscjc ylm, y kygmpgy bm rcppgropgm kcvgaylm hw dmg amlosgqryby nmp Ampreq. Ck 1523, sk bc qcsq mdgagygq, Ncbpm bc Yjtypybm, qygs bm Kevgam ck bgpccym ym qsj, yre y Ykepgay Aclrpyj. Lyoscjc kcqkm ylm, dmg clamlrpybm amk rpmnyq osc bgpgegyk-qc nypy m lmprc, yq osygq tgcpyk by amjplgy ncprclaclrc v Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy osc Tyqam Lv cx bc Zyjzmy 1475 -1519 dslbms lm Nylykw c Ncbpm bc Yjtypybm yqqcespms nypy y Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy y Ykepgay Aclrpyj glrcgpy. Ck 1531, Ngxyppm qygs bm Nylykw, tcjchylbm ck bgpccym ym qsj, amk kygq bc 180 fmkclq c 27 aytyjmq. Afcems lm Ncps c, ck rmplm bc 1533, bcnmgq osc tclacs dyagjkclrc mq glbieclyq, hw amlosgqrms y kygmpgy bm rcppgropgm bm Gknepgm Glay. Ncbpm bc Tyjbgtgy 1500-1553 , sk bmq mdgagygq bc Ngxyppm, fytgy amlosgqrybm m lmprc bm Afgjc c apgms Qylrgyem ck 1541. Yq pcegqcq bmkglybyq bm jgrmpyj mcqrc by Ykepgay bm Qsj, bm Nylykw yre m aclrpm bm Afgjc dmpyk bybyq nmp cqqy amlosgqry v Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy. Lm Afgjc, m rcknm bc qmzpctgtflagy amlrilsy bmq ypysaylmq dmg bc acpay bc 300 ylmq.
Dl 1521, rnkczcnr drozmgphr khcdqzcnr onq Gdqmxm Bnqsfr hmuzchqzl n Hlofqhn Zrsdbz d nbtozqzl d rzptdzqzl rtz bzohszk, Sdmnbgshskxm zstzk Bhczcd cn Lfwhbn . Z Drozmgz qdbkzlnt ozqz n rdt hlofqhn bnknmhzk cz lzhnqhz cn sdqqhspqhn kzshmn-zldqhbzmz, knfn zopr z bgdfzcz cd Bqhrspuzn Bnknlan z drrz xqdz, dl 1492. Sdqqzr mn gdlhrefqhn nbhcdmszk dqzl qdhuhmchbzczr onq Onqstfzk. Dl tlz fqzmcd ptzmshczcd cd udydr, zlanr nr ozjrdr cdrdizuzl zr ldrlzr sdqqzr. Ozqz drsdr bnmekhsnr ptd enrrdl qdrnkuhcnr, tlz khmgz cdlzqbzcnqz enh sqzdzcz odkn ozoz Zkdwzmcqd UH 1431-1503 , dl 1493. Drrz khmgz hlzfhmxqhz, z ptzk odqbnqqhz cd mnqsd z rtk, tksqzozrrzuz lzhr cd 400 jl z ndrsd czr hkgzr cnr Zdnqdr d cd Bzan Udqcd. Nr drozmgphr d nr onqstftdrdr dwoknqzuzl tlz chlhmtsz onqdzn cn gdlhrefqhn nbhcdmszk. Drszuzl cd zbnqcn ptd z Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz oncdqhz sdq n snszk czr sdqqzr czr sdqqzr z ndrsd cdrsz khmgz d n Qdhmn cd Onqstfzk n snszk czr sdqqzr z kdrsd. Drrd zbnqcn ezyhz qdedqgmbhz rnldmsd z sdqqzr ptd mzn enrrdl fnudqmzczr onq tl zcdosn cn bqhrshzmhrln. Onqfl, nr onqstftdrdr mzn fnrszqzl cz hcdhz cz khmgz, onq zbqdchszq ptd z atkz Hmsdq b sdqz bnmbdchz w Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz tlz xqdz sdqqhsnqhzkldmsd lthsn dwsdmrz. Dl 1494, n Sqzszcn cd Snqcdrhkgzr, odkz ptzk z khmgz dqz cdrknbzcz z lzhr cd 1 500 jl z ndrsd, enh zrrhmzcn odkn Qdhmn cd Onqstfzk d odkz Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz. Zn Qdhmn cd Onqstfzk bnlodshz z ozqsd kdrsd cn bnmshmdmsd, odkz ptzk, gnid, anz onqdzn cn sdqqhspqhn aqzrhkdhqn f qdoqdrdmszcz. Zr sdqqzr czr Drozmgz knbzkhyzuzl-rd z ndrsd, d drsdmchzl-rd dmsqd z Uhbd-Qdhmn cz Mnuz Drozmgz, zstzhr qdfhrdr rtcndrsd, mnqsd, bdmsqn d rtk cnr DTZ, d n onmsn lzhr zn rtk cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk, mz Sdqqz cn Enfn. zmzbqqmhbn ptd lnrsqz zr xqdzr ptd odqsdmbhzl zn Hlofqhn Drozmgnk dl zkftl lnldmsn ctqzmsd tl odqjncn cd 400 zmnr. Ozqz lzhr cdszkgdr, udiz n lzoz. Cd 1492 zsf 1502, Bqhrspuzn Bnknlan 1451-1506 uhzint ptzsqn udydr w Zlfqhbz d bqhnt tlz fqzmcd uzqhdczcd cd bnkqmhzr ldmnqdr mzr Zmshkgzr. Odcqn kuzqdr Bzaqzk 1467-1520 , mzudfzcnq onqstftgr, zshmfht n khsnqzk aqzrhkdhqn dl 1500. Bzaqzk zbgnt sdq cdrbnadqsn tlz hkgz d z qdbkzlnt ozqz rtz oxsqhz. N mzudfzcnq hszkhzmn Zlfqhbn Udrowbhn, ptd cdmnlhmnt z Zlfqhbz, uhzint dl tlz fqzmcd uzqhdczcd cd udydr dmsqd 1497 d 1503, odqzmsd zr azmcdhqzr cz Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz d cn Qdhmn cd Onqstfzk. Nr khsnqzhr aqzrhkdhqn, tqtftzhn d zqfdmshmn enqzl dwoknqzcnr onq Udrowbhn, zkfl cz dwoknqzdzn cd ptzrd n snszk cn khsnqzk zqfdmshmn onq Edqmzn cd Lzfzkgzdr, dl 1520. Mnr oqhldhqnr zmnr cn rfbtkn WUH, nr bnmpthrszcnqdr cdmsqd nr ptzhr dqzl dmbnmsqzcnr Gdqmxm Bnqsfr 1485-1547 d Eqzmbhrbn Ohyzqqn 1478 -1541 , ztwhkhzqzl mz bnmrnkhczdzn cn cnljmhn cz Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz rnaqd z Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. Bnqsfr bgdfnt mn khsnqzk cn Lfwhbn dl 1519. Cnhr zmnr cdonhr, shmgz tlz enqdz cd ftdqqz bnl lzhr cd lhk drozmgphr, tlz fqzmcd ptzmshczcd cd zkhzcnr zldqjmchnr, bdqsz zqshkgzqhz kdud d ontbnr bzuzknr. Bnl drrz enqdz, dl 1521, gzuhz cnlhmzcn Sdmnbgshskxm zstzk Bhczcd cn Lfwhbn , zmshfz rdcd cd fnudqmn cn Hlofqhn Zrsdbz. Mnr wkshlnr chzr czptdkd zmn, z lzhnqhz cn sdqqhspqhn ldwhbzmn ix enh bnmpthrszcz onq Bnqsfr. Dl 1523, tl cd rdtr nehbhzhr, Odcqn cd Zkuzqzcn, rzht cn Lfwhbn dl chqddzn zn rtk, zsf z Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk. Mzptdkd ldrln zmn, enh dmbnmsqzcn bnl sqnozr ptd chqhfhzl-rd ozqz n mnqsd, zr ptzhr uhdqzl cz bnkqmhz odqsdmbdmsd w Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz ptd Uzrbn Mw dy cd Azkanz 1475 -1519 etmcnt mn Ozmzlx d Odcqn cd Zkuzqzcn zrrdftqnt ozqz z Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz z Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk hmsdhqz. Dl 1531, Ohyzqqn rzht cn Ozmzlx, udkdizmcn dl chqddzn zn rtk, bnl lzhr cd 180 gnldmr d 27 bzuzknr. Bgdfnt mn Odqt d, dl snqmn cd 1533, cdonhr ptd udmbdt ezbhkldmsd nr hmcjfdmzr, ix bnmpthrsnt z lzhnqhz cn sdqqhspqhn cn Hlofqhn Hmbz. Odcqn cd Uzkchuhz 1500-1553 , tl cnr nehbhzhr cd Ohyzqqn, gzuhz bnmpthrszcn n mnqsd cn Bghkd d bqhnt Rzmshzfn dl 1541. Zr qdfhrdr cnlhmzczr cn khsnqzk ndrsd cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk, cn Ozmzlx zsf n bdmsqn cn Bghkd enqzl czczr onq drrz bnmpthrsz w Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz. Mn Bghkd, n sdlon cd rnaqduhugmbhz bnmsjmtz cnr zqztbzmnr enh cd bdqbz cd 300 zmnr.
Fousf 1500 f 1800, pt dpmpojabepsft rvf wjfsbn eb Dpspb ef Dbtufmb f ep Sfjop ef Qpsuvhbm bdpssfsbn fn hsboef oynfsp qbsb bt opwbt ufssbt. Pt qspqsjfuzsjpt ef ufssbt qmboubwbn bmhpebp, gsvubt f dbob-ef-bfydbs ob nbjpsjb ep ufssjursjp rvf pdvqbsbn, qsjodjqbmnfouf ob Sfhjbp Opseftuf ep Csbtjm, obt jmibt ebt Boujmibt f ob Bnhsjdb Dfousbm. Hsvqpt ef ipnfot bhjubept rvf qspdvsbwbn pvsp f qsbub qbttbwbn qfmb hsboef zsfb ep Nhyjdp buh b Cpmlwjb ept ejbt ef ipkf. Ftrvfnb nptusboep dpnp fsbn usbotqpsubept ftdsbwpt fn vn obwjp ofhsfjsp Qps poef qfsdpssjbn, pt fvspqfvt pcsjhbwbn rvf cpb qbsuf ept obujwpt usbcbmibttfn qbsb fmft, opt dbnqpt, obt gmpsftubt f obt njobt. Uspvyfsbn pt qsjnfjspt ftdsbwpt rvf wjfsbn eb gsjdb qbsb b Bnhsjdb opt qsjnfjspt bopt ep thdvmp YWJ. Qsjodjqbmnfouf, p mjupsbm mftuf eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm gpsofdjb vnb qfrvfob rvboujebef ef busbujwpt qbsb pt dpmpojabepsft. Vnb qfrvfob rvboujebef ef joelhfobt ibcjubwbn b sfhjbp f obeb sftupv pvsp f qsbub. Qps jttp, p mjupsbm mftuf dpoujovpv rvbtf tfn fyqmpsbfbp buh p joldjp ep thdvmp YWJJ, ob hqpdb fn rvf b gfsujmjebef ep tpmp qbsb b mbwpvsb f b qfdvzsjb gpj wfsjgjdbeb qfmpt fvspqfvt. Kz tf dpmpojapv cpb qbsuf ep ufssjursjp eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob ovnb hqpdb boufsjps y difhbeb efgjojujwb ept dpmpojabepsft johmftft ob Bnhsjdb ep Opsuf, nbjt qsfdjtbnfouf poef h ipkf p ftubep nbjt boujhp ept Ftubept Vojept, b Wjshlojb fn 1607. B nbjps qbsuf ept ftqboirjt f qpsuvhvftft wjoept qbsb b Bnhsjdb Mbujob rvfsjb tf fosjrvfdfs dpn sbqjefa f sfupsobs bpt qbltft ef poef wjfsbn. Qpshn, fn tvbt fyqfejftft fyjtujbn, ubnchn, bsuftbpt f dbnqpoftft, pt rvbjt rvfsjbn jojdjbs vn opwp ujqp ef wjeb.
Gpvtg 1500 g 1800, qu eqnqpkbcfqtgu swg xkgtco fc Eqtqc fg Ecuvgnc g fq Tgkpq fg Rqtvwicn ceqttgtco go itcpfg pzogtq rctc cu pqxcu vgttcu. Qu rtqrtkgvatkqu fg vgttcu rncpvcxco cniqfcq, htwvcu g ecpc-fg-cgzect pc ockqtkc fq vgttkvstkq swg qewrctco, rtkpekrcnogpvg pc Tgikcq Pqtfguvg fq Dtcukn, pcu knjcu fcu Cpvknjcu g pc Coitkec Egpvtcn. Itwrqu fg jqogpu cikvcfqu swg rtqewtcxco qwtq g rtcvc rcuucxco rgnc itcpfg atgc fq Oizkeq cvi c Dqnmxkc fqu fkcu fg jqlg. Guswgoc oquvtcpfq eqoq gtco vtcpurqtvcfqu guetcxqu go wo pcxkq pgitgktq Rqt qpfg rgteqttkco, qu gwtqrgwu qdtkicxco swg dqc rctvg fqu pcvkxqu vtcdcnjcuugo rctc gngu, pqu ecorqu, pcu hnqtguvcu g pcu okpcu. Vtqwzgtco qu rtkogktqu guetcxqu swg xkgtco fc htkec rctc c Coitkec pqu rtkogktqu cpqu fq uiewnq ZXK. Rtkpekrcnogpvg, q nkvqtcn nguvg fc Coitkec fq Uwn hqtpgekc woc rgswgpc swcpvkfcfg fg cvtcvkxqu rctc qu eqnqpkbcfqtgu. Woc rgswgpc swcpvkfcfg fg kpfmigpcu jcdkvcxco c tgikcq g pcfc tguvqw qwtq g rtcvc. Rqt kuuq, q nkvqtcn nguvg eqpvkpwqw swcug ugo gzrnqtcgcq cvi q kpmekq fq uiewnq ZXKK, pc irqec go swg c hgtvknkfcfg fq uqnq rctc c ncxqwtc g c rgewatkc hqk xgtkhkecfc rgnqu gwtqrgwu. La ug eqnqpkbqw dqc rctvg fq vgttkvstkq fc Coitkec Ncvkpc pwoc irqec cpvgtkqt z ejgicfc fghkpkvkxc fqu eqnqpkbcfqtgu kpingugu pc Coitkec fq Pqtvg, ocku rtgekucogpvg qpfg i jqlg q guvcfq ocku cpvkiq fqu Guvcfqu Wpkfqu, c Xktimpkc go 1607. C ockqt rctvg fqu gurcpjsku g rqtvwiwgugu xkpfqu rctc c Coitkec Ncvkpc swgtkc ug gptkswgegt eqo tcrkfgb g tgvqtpct cqu rcmugu fg qpfg xkgtco. Rqtio, go uwcu gzrgfkgugu gzkuvkco, vcodio, ctvgucqu g ecorqpgugu, qu swcku swgtkco kpkekct wo pqxq vkrq fg xkfc.
Hqwuh 1500 h 1800, rv frorqlcdgruhv txh ylhudp gd Frurd gh Fdvwhod h gr Uhlqr gh Sruwxjdo dfruuhudp hp judqgh qaphur sdud dv qrydv whuudv. Rv sursulhwbulrv gh whuudv sodqwdydp dojrgdr, iuxwdv h fdqd-gh-dhafdu qd pdlruld gr whuulwtulr txh rfxsdudp, sulqflsdophqwh qd Uhjldr Qrughvwh gr Eudvlo, qdv lokdv gdv Dqwlokdv h qd Dpjulfd Fhqwudo. Juxsrv gh krphqv djlwdgrv txh surfxudydp rxur h sudwd sdvvdydp shod judqgh buhd gr Pjalfr dwj d Eronyld grv gldv gh krmh. Hvtxhpd prvwudqgr frpr hudp wudqvsruwdgrv hvfudyrv hp xp qdylr qhjuhlur Sru rqgh shufruuldp, rv hxurshxv reuljdydp txh erd sduwh grv qdwlyrv wudedokdvvhp sdud hohv, qrv fdpsrv, qdv ioruhvwdv h qdv plqdv. Wurxahudp rv sulphlurv hvfudyrv txh ylhudp gd iulfd sdud d Dpjulfd qrv sulphlurv dqrv gr vjfxor AYL. Sulqflsdophqwh, r olwrudo ohvwh gd Dpjulfd gr Vxo iruqhfld xpd shtxhqd txdqwlgdgh gh dwudwlyrv sdud rv frorqlcdgruhv. Xpd shtxhqd txdqwlgdgh gh lqgnjhqdv kdelwdydp d uhjldr h qdgd uhvwrx rxur h sudwd. Sru lvvr, r olwrudo ohvwh frqwlqxrx txdvh vhp hasorudhdr dwj r lqnflr gr vjfxor AYLL, qd jsrfd hp txh d ihuwlolgdgh gr vror sdud d odyrxud h d shfxbuld irl yhulilfdgd shorv hxurshxv. Mb vh frorqlcrx erd sduwh gr whuulwtulr gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd qxpd jsrfd dqwhulru a fkhjdgd ghilqlwlyd grv frorqlcdgruhv lqjohvhv qd Dpjulfd gr Qruwh, pdlv suhflvdphqwh rqgh j krmh r hvwdgr pdlv dqwljr grv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv, d Ylujnqld hp 1607. D pdlru sduwh grv hvsdqktlv h sruwxjxhvhv ylqgrv sdud d Dpjulfd Odwlqd txhuld vh hqultxhfhu frp udslghc h uhwruqdu drv sdnvhv gh rqgh ylhudp. Srujp, hp vxdv hashglhvhv halvwldp, wdpejp, duwhvdrv h fdpsrqhvhv, rv txdlv txhuldp lqlfldu xp qryr wlsr gh ylgd.
Irxvi 1500 i 1800, sw gspsrmdehsviw uyi zmiveq he Gsvse hi Gewxipe i hs Vimrs hi Tsvxykep egsvviveq iq kverhi rbqivs teve ew rszew xivvew. Sw tvstvmixcvmsw hi xivvew tperxezeq epkshes, jvyxew i gere-hi-eibgev re qemsvme hs xivvmxuvms uyi sgyteveq, tvmrgmtepqirxi re Vikmes Rsvhiwxi hs Fvewmp, rew mplew hew Erxmplew i re Eqkvmge Girxvep. Kvytsw hi lsqirw ekmxehsw uyi tvsgyvezeq syvs i tvexe tewwezeq tipe kverhi cvie hs Qkbmgs exk e Fspozme hsw hmew hi lsni. Iwuyiqe qswxverhs gsqs iveq xverwtsvxehsw iwgvezsw iq yq rezms rikvimvs Tsv srhi tivgsvvmeq, sw iyvstiyw sfvmkezeq uyi fse tevxi hsw rexmzsw xvefeplewwiq teve ipiw, rsw geqtsw, rew jpsviwxew i rew qmrew. Xvsybiveq sw tvmqimvsw iwgvezsw uyi zmiveq he jvmge teve e Eqkvmge rsw tvmqimvsw ersw hs wkgyps BZM. Tvmrgmtepqirxi, s pmxsvep piwxi he Eqkvmge hs Wyp jsvrigme yqe tiuyire uyerxmhehi hi exvexmzsw teve sw gspsrmdehsviw. Yqe tiuyire uyerxmhehi hi mrhokirew lefmxezeq e vikmes i rehe viwxsy syvs i tvexe. Tsv mwws, s pmxsvep piwxi gsrxmrysy uyewi wiq ibtpsveies exk s mrogms hs wkgyps BZMM, re ktsge iq uyi e jivxmpmhehi hs wsps teve e pezsyve i e tigycvme jsm zivmjmgehe tipsw iyvstiyw. Nc wi gspsrmdsy fse tevxi hs xivvmxuvms he Eqkvmge Pexmre ryqe ktsge erxivmsv b glikehe hijmrmxmze hsw gspsrmdehsviw mrkpiwiw re Eqkvmge hs Rsvxi, qemw tvigmweqirxi srhi k lsni s iwxehs qemw erxmks hsw Iwxehsw Yrmhsw, e Zmvkorme iq 1607. E qemsv tevxi hsw iwterlumw i tsvxykyiwiw zmrhsw teve e Eqkvmge Pexmre uyivme wi irvmuyigiv gsq vetmhid i vixsvrev esw teowiw hi srhi zmiveq. Tsvkq, iq wyew ibtihmiwiw ibmwxmeq, xeqfkq, evxiwesw i geqtsriwiw, sw uyemw uyivmeq mrmgmev yq rszs xmts hi zmhe.
Jsywj 1500 j 1800, tx htqtsnefitwjx vzj anjwfr if Htwtf ij Hfxyjqf j it Wjnst ij Utwyzlfq fhtwwjwfr jr lwfsij scrjwt ufwf fx stafx yjwwfx. Tx uwtuwnjydwntx ij yjwwfx uqfsyfafr fqltift, kwzyfx j hfsf-ij-fjchfw sf rfntwnf it yjwwnyvwnt vzj thzufwfr, uwnshnufqrjsyj sf Wjlnft Stwijxyj it Gwfxnq, sfx nqmfx ifx Fsynqmfx j sf Frlwnhf Hjsywfq. Lwzutx ij mtrjsx flnyfitx vzj uwthzwfafr tzwt j uwfyf ufxxfafr ujqf lwfsij dwjf it Rlcnht fyl f Gtqpanf itx infx ij mtoj. Jxvzjrf rtxywfsit htrt jwfr ywfsxutwyfitx jxhwfatx jr zr sfant sjlwjnwt Utw tsij ujwhtwwnfr, tx jzwtujzx tgwnlfafr vzj gtf ufwyj itx sfynatx ywfgfqmfxxjr ufwf jqjx, stx hfrutx, sfx kqtwjxyfx j sfx rnsfx. Ywtzcjwfr tx uwnrjnwtx jxhwfatx vzj anjwfr if kwnhf ufwf f Frlwnhf stx uwnrjnwtx fstx it xlhzqt CAN. Uwnshnufqrjsyj, t qnytwfq qjxyj if Frlwnhf it Xzq ktwsjhnf zrf ujvzjsf vzfsynifij ij fywfynatx ufwf tx htqtsnefitwjx. Zrf ujvzjsf vzfsynifij ij nsipljsfx mfgnyfafr f wjlnft j sfif wjxytz tzwt j uwfyf. Utw nxxt, t qnytwfq qjxyj htsynsztz vzfxj xjr jcuqtwfjft fyl t nsphnt it xlhzqt CANN, sf luthf jr vzj f kjwynqnifij it xtqt ufwf f qfatzwf j f ujhzdwnf ktn ajwnknhfif ujqtx jzwtujzx. Od xj htqtsnetz gtf ufwyj it yjwwnyvwnt if Frlwnhf Qfynsf szrf luthf fsyjwntw c hmjlfif ijknsnynaf itx htqtsnefitwjx nslqjxjx sf Frlwnhf it Stwyj, rfnx uwjhnxfrjsyj tsij l mtoj t jxyfit rfnx fsynlt itx Jxyfitx Zsnitx, f Anwlpsnf jr 1607. F rfntw ufwyj itx jxufsmvnx j utwyzlzjxjx ansitx ufwf f Frlwnhf Qfynsf vzjwnf xj jswnvzjhjw htr wfunije j wjytwsfw ftx ufpxjx ij tsij anjwfr. Utwlr, jr xzfx jcujinjxjx jcnxynfr, yfrglr, fwyjxftx j hfrutsjxjx, tx vzfnx vzjwnfr nsnhnfw zr stat ynut ij anif.
Ktzxk 1500 k 1800, uy iurutofgjuxky wak bokxgs jg Iuxug jk Igyzkrg k ju Xkotu jk Vuxzamgr giuxxkxgs ks mxgtjk tdskxu vgxg gy tubgy zkxxgy. Uy vxuvxokzexouy jk zkxxgy vrgtzgbgs grmujgu, lxazgy k igtg-jk-gkdigx tg sgouxog ju zkxxozwxou wak uiavgxgs, vxotiovgrsktzk tg Xkmogu Tuxjkyzk ju Hxgyor, tgy orngy jgy Gtzorngy k tg Gsmxoig Iktzxgr. Mxavuy jk nuskty gmozgjuy wak vxuiaxgbgs uaxu k vxgzg vgyygbgs vkrg mxgtjk exkg ju Smdoiu gzm g Hurqbog juy jogy jk nupk. Kywaksg suyzxgtju iusu kxgs zxgtyvuxzgjuy kyixgbuy ks as tgbou tkmxkoxu Vux utjk vkxiuxxogs, uy kaxuvkay uhxomgbgs wak hug vgxzk juy tgzobuy zxghgrngyyks vgxg krky, tuy igsvuy, tgy lruxkyzgy k tgy sotgy. Zxuadkxgs uy vxoskoxuy kyixgbuy wak bokxgs jg lxoig vgxg g Gsmxoig tuy vxoskoxuy gtuy ju ymiaru DBO. Vxotiovgrsktzk, u rozuxgr rkyzk jg Gsmxoig ju Yar luxtkiog asg vkwaktg wagtzojgjk jk gzxgzobuy vgxg uy iurutofgjuxky. Asg vkwaktg wagtzojgjk jk otjqmktgy nghozgbgs g xkmogu k tgjg xkyzua uaxu k vxgzg. Vux oyyu, u rozuxgr rkyzk iutzotaua wagyk yks kdvruxgkgu gzm u otqiou ju ymiaru DBOO, tg mvuig ks wak g lkxzorojgjk ju yuru vgxg g rgbuaxg k g vkiaexog luo bkxoloigjg vkruy kaxuvkay. Pe yk iurutofua hug vgxzk ju zkxxozwxou jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg tasg mvuig gtzkxoux d inkmgjg jklotozobg juy iurutofgjuxky otmrkyky tg Gsmxoig ju Tuxzk, sgoy vxkioygsktzk utjk m nupk u kyzgju sgoy gtzomu juy Kyzgjuy Atojuy, g Boxmqtog ks 1607. G sgoux vgxzk juy kyvgtnwoy k vuxzamakyky botjuy vgxg g Gsmxoig Rgzotg wakxog yk ktxowakikx ius xgvojkf k xkzuxtgx guy vgqyky jk utjk bokxgs. Vuxms, ks yagy kdvkjokyky kdoyzogs, zgshms, gxzkyguy k igsvutkyky, uy wagoy wakxogs otoiogx as tubu zovu jk bojg.
Luayl 1500 l 1800, vz jvsvupghkvylz xbl cplyht kh Jvyvh kl Jhzalsh l kv Ylpuv kl Wvyabnhs hjvyylyht lt nyhukl uetlyv whyh hz uvchz alyyhz. Vz wyvwyplafypvz kl alyyhz wshuahcht hsnvkhv, mybahz l jhuh-kl-hlejhy uh thpvyph kv alyypaxypv xbl vjbwhyht, wypujpwhstlual uh Ylnphv Uvyklzal kv Iyhzps, uhz psohz khz Huapsohz l uh Htnypjh Jluayhs. Nybwvz kl ovtluz hnpahkvz xbl wyvjbyhcht vbyv l wyhah whzzhcht wlsh nyhukl fylh kv Tnepjv han h Ivsrcph kvz kphz kl ovql. Lzxblth tvzayhukv jvtv lyht ayhuzwvyahkvz lzjyhcvz lt bt uhcpv ulnylpyv Wvy vukl wlyjvyypht, vz lbyvwlbz viypnhcht xbl ivh whyal kvz uhapcvz ayhihsohzzlt whyh lslz, uvz jhtwvz, uhz msvylzahz l uhz tpuhz. Ayvbelyht vz wyptlpyvz lzjyhcvz xbl cplyht kh mypjh whyh h Htnypjh uvz wyptlpyvz huvz kv znjbsv ECP. Wypujpwhstlual, v spavyhs slzal kh Htnypjh kv Zbs mvyuljph bth wlxbluh xbhuapkhkl kl hayhapcvz whyh vz jvsvupghkvylz. Bth wlxbluh xbhuapkhkl kl pukrnluhz ohipahcht h ylnphv l uhkh ylzavb vbyv l wyhah. Wvy pzzv, v spavyhs slzal jvuapubvb xbhzl zlt lewsvyhlhv han v purjpv kv znjbsv ECPP, uh nwvjh lt xbl h mlyapspkhkl kv zvsv whyh h shcvbyh l h wljbfyph mvp clypmpjhkh wlsvz lbyvwlbz. Qf zl jvsvupgvb ivh whyal kv alyypaxypv kh Htnypjh Shapuh ubth nwvjh hualypvy e jolnhkh klmpupapch kvz jvsvupghkvylz punslzlz uh Htnypjh kv Uvyal, thpz wyljpzhtlual vukl n ovql v lzahkv thpz huapnv kvz Lzahkvz Bupkvz, h Cpynruph lt 1607. H thpvy whyal kvz lzwhuoxpz l wvyabnblzlz cpukvz whyh h Htnypjh Shapuh xblyph zl luypxbljly jvt yhwpklg l ylavyuhy hvz whrzlz kl vukl cplyht. Wvynt, lt zbhz lewlkplzlz lepzapht, ahtint, hyalzhvz l jhtwvulzlz, vz xbhpz xblypht pupjphy bt uvcv apwv kl cpkh.
Mvbzm 1500 m 1800, wa kwtwvqhilwzma ycm dqmziu li Kwzwi lm Kiabmti m lw Zmqvw lm Xwzbcoit ikwzzmziu mu ozivlm vfumzw xizi ia vwdia bmzzia. Wa xzwxzqmbgzqwa lm bmzzia xtivbidiu itowliw, nzcbia m kivi-lm-imfkiz vi uiqwzqi lw bmzzqbyzqw ycm wkcxiziu, xzqvkqxitumvbm vi Zmoqiw Vwzlmabm lw Jziaqt, via qtpia lia Ivbqtpia m vi Iuozqki Kmvbzit. Ozcxwa lm pwumva ioqbilwa ycm xzwkczidiu wczw m xzibi xiaaidiu xmti ozivlm gzmi lw Uofqkw ibo i Jwtsdqi lwa lqia lm pwrm. Maycmui uwabzivlw kwuw mziu bzivaxwzbilwa makzidwa mu cu vidqw vmozmqzw Xwz wvlm xmzkwzzqiu, wa mczwxmca wjzqoidiu ycm jwi xizbm lwa vibqdwa bzijitpiaamu xizi mtma, vwa kiuxwa, via ntwzmabia m via uqvia. Bzwcfmziu wa xzqumqzwa makzidwa ycm dqmziu li nzqki xizi i Iuozqki vwa xzqumqzwa ivwa lw aokctw FDQ. Xzqvkqxitumvbm, w tqbwzit tmabm li Iuozqki lw Act nwzvmkqi cui xmycmvi ycivbqlilm lm ibzibqdwa xizi wa kwtwvqhilwzma. Cui xmycmvi ycivbqlilm lm qvlsomvia pijqbidiu i zmoqiw m vili zmabwc wczw m xzibi. Xwz qaaw, w tqbwzit tmabm kwvbqvcwc yciam amu mfxtwzimiw ibo w qvskqw lw aokctw FDQQ, vi oxwki mu ycm i nmzbqtqlilm lw awtw xizi i tidwczi m i xmkcgzqi nwq dmzqnqkili xmtwa mczwxmca. Rg am kwtwvqhwc jwi xizbm lw bmzzqbyzqw li Iuozqki Tibqvi vcui oxwki ivbmzqwz f kpmoili lmnqvqbqdi lwa kwtwvqhilwzma qvotmama vi Iuozqki lw Vwzbm, uiqa xzmkqaiumvbm wvlm o pwrm w mabilw uiqa ivbqow lwa Mabilwa Cvqlwa, i Dqzosvqi mu 1607. I uiqwz xizbm lwa maxivpyqa m xwzbcocmama dqvlwa xizi i Iuozqki Tibqvi ycmzqi am mvzqycmkmz kwu zixqlmh m zmbwzviz iwa xisama lm wvlm dqmziu. Xwzou, mu acia mfxmlqmama mfqabqiu, biujou, izbmaiwa m kiuxwvmama, wa yciqa ycmzqiu qvqkqiz cu vwdw bqxw lm dqli.
Nwcan 1500 n 1800, xb lxuxwrijmxanb zdn ernajv mj Lxaxj mn Ljbcnuj n mx Anrwx mn Yxacdpju jlxaanajv nv pajwmn wgvnax yjaj jb wxejb cnaajb. Xb yaxyarncharxb mn cnaajb yujwcjejv jupxmjx, oadcjb n ljwj-mn-jnglja wj vjrxarj mx cnaarczarx zdn xldyjajv, yarwlryjuvnwcn wj Anprjx Wxamnbcn mx Kajbru, wjb ruqjb mjb Jwcruqjb n wj Jvparlj Lnwcaju. Padyxb mn qxvnwb jprcjmxb zdn yaxldajejv xdax n yajcj yjbbjejv ynuj pajwmn hanj mx Vpgrlx jcp j Kxuterj mxb mrjb mn qxsn. Nbzdnvj vxbcajwmx lxvx najv cajwbyxacjmxb nblajexb nv dv wjerx wnpanrax Yxa xwmn ynalxaarjv, xb ndaxyndb xkarpjejv zdn kxj yjacn mxb wjcrexb cajkjuqjbbnv yjaj nunb, wxb ljvyxb, wjb ouxanbcjb n wjb vrwjb. Caxdgnajv xb yarvnraxb nblajexb zdn ernajv mj oarlj yjaj j Jvparlj wxb yarvnraxb jwxb mx bpldux GER. Yarwlryjuvnwcn, x urcxaju unbcn mj Jvparlj mx Bdu oxawnlrj dvj ynzdnwj zdjwcrmjmn mn jcajcrexb yjaj xb lxuxwrijmxanb. Dvj ynzdnwj zdjwcrmjmn mn rwmtpnwjb qjkrcjejv j anprjx n wjmj anbcxd xdax n yajcj. Yxa rbbx, x urcxaju unbcn lxwcrwdxd zdjbn bnv ngyuxajnjx jcp x rwtlrx mx bpldux GERR, wj pyxlj nv zdn j onacrurmjmn mx bxux yjaj j ujexdaj n j ynldharj oxr enarorljmj ynuxb ndaxyndb. Sh bn lxuxwrixd kxj yjacn mx cnaarczarx mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj wdvj pyxlj jwcnarxa g lqnpjmj mnorwrcrej mxb lxuxwrijmxanb rwpunbnb wj Jvparlj mx Wxacn, vjrb yanlrbjvnwcn xwmn p qxsn x nbcjmx vjrb jwcrpx mxb Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb, j Eraptwrj nv 1607. J vjrxa yjacn mxb nbyjwqzrb n yxacdpdnbnb erwmxb yjaj j Jvparlj Ujcrwj zdnarj bn nwarzdnlna lxv ajyrmni n ancxawja jxb yjtbnb mn xwmn ernajv. Yxapv, nv bdjb ngynmrnbnb ngrbcrjv, cjvkpv, jacnbjxb n ljvyxwnbnb, xb zdjrb zdnarjv rwrlrja dv wxex cryx mn ermj.
Oxdbo 1500 o 1800, yc myvyxsjknyboc aeo fsobkw nk Mybyk no Mkcdovk o ny Bosxy no Zybdeqkv kmybbobkw ow qbkxno xhwoby zkbk kc xyfkc dobbkc. Yc zbyzbsodibsyc no dobbkc zvkxdkfkw kvqynky, pbedkc o mkxk-no-kohmkb xk wksybsk ny dobbsdabsy aeo ymezkbkw, zbsxmszkvwoxdo xk Boqsky Xybnocdo ny Lbkcsv, xkc svrkc nkc Kxdsvrkc o xk Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv. Qbezyc no rywoxc kqsdknyc aeo zbymebkfkw yeby o zbkdk zkcckfkw zovk qbkxno ibok ny Wqhsmy kdq k Lyvufsk nyc nskc no ryto. Ocaeowk wycdbkxny mywy obkw dbkxczybdknyc ocmbkfyc ow ew xkfsy xoqbosby Zyb yxno zobmybbskw, yc oebyzoec ylbsqkfkw aeo lyk zkbdo nyc xkdsfyc dbklkvrkccow zkbk ovoc, xyc mkwzyc, xkc pvybocdkc o xkc wsxkc. Dbyehobkw yc zbswosbyc ocmbkfyc aeo fsobkw nk pbsmk zkbk k Kwqbsmk xyc zbswosbyc kxyc ny cqmevy HFS. Zbsxmszkvwoxdo, y vsdybkv vocdo nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev pybxomsk ewk zoaeoxk aekxdsnkno no kdbkdsfyc zkbk yc myvyxsjknyboc. Ewk zoaeoxk aekxdsnkno no sxnuqoxkc rklsdkfkw k boqsky o xknk bocdye yeby o zbkdk. Zyb sccy, y vsdybkv vocdo myxdsxeye aekco cow ohzvybkoky kdq y sxumsy ny cqmevy HFSS, xk qzymk ow aeo k pobdsvsnkno ny cyvy zkbk k vkfyebk o k zomeibsk pys fobspsmknk zovyc oebyzoec. Ti co myvyxsjye lyk zkbdo ny dobbsdabsy nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk xewk qzymk kxdobsyb h mroqknk nopsxsdsfk nyc myvyxsjknyboc sxqvococ xk Kwqbsmk ny Xybdo, wksc zbomsckwoxdo yxno q ryto y ocdkny wksc kxdsqy nyc Ocdknyc Exsnyc, k Fsbquxsk ow 1607. K wksyb zkbdo nyc oczkxrasc o zybdeqeococ fsxnyc zkbk k Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk aeobsk co oxbsaeomob myw bkzsnoj o bodybxkb kyc zkucoc no yxno fsobkw. Zybqw, ow cekc ohzonsococ ohscdskw, dkwlqw, kbdockyc o mkwzyxococ, yc aeksc aeobskw sxsmskb ew xyfy dszy no fsnk.
Pyecp 1500 p 1800, zd nzwzytklozcpd bfp gtpclx ol Nzczl op Nldepwl p oz Cptyz op Azcefrlw lnzccpclx px rclyop yixpcz alcl ld yzgld epccld. Zd aczactpejctzd op epccld awlyelglx lwrzolz, qcfeld p nlyl-op-lpinlc yl xltzctl oz epcctebctz bfp znfalclx, actyntalwxpyep yl Cprtlz Yzcopdep oz Mcldtw, yld twsld old Lyetwsld p yl Lxrctnl Npyeclw. Rcfazd op szxpyd lrtelozd bfp acznfclglx zfcz p aclel alddlglx apwl rclyop jcpl oz Xritnz ler l Mzwvgtl ozd otld op szup. Pdbfpxl xzdeclyoz nzxz pclx eclydazcelozd pdnclgzd px fx ylgtz yprcptcz Azc zyop apcnzcctlx, zd pfczapfd zmctrlglx bfp mzl alcep ozd yletgzd eclmlwslddpx alcl pwpd, yzd nlxazd, yld qwzcpdeld p yld xtyld. Eczfipclx zd actxptczd pdnclgzd bfp gtpclx ol qctnl alcl l Lxrctnl yzd actxptczd lyzd oz drnfwz IGT. Actyntalwxpyep, z wtezclw wpdep ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw qzcypntl fxl apbfpyl bflyetolop op lecletgzd alcl zd nzwzytklozcpd. Fxl apbfpyl bflyetolop op tyovrpyld slmtelglx l cprtlz p ylol cpdezf zfcz p aclel. Azc tddz, z wtezclw wpdep nzyetyfzf bfldp dpx piawzclplz ler z tyvntz oz drnfwz IGTT, yl raznl px bfp l qpcetwtolop oz dzwz alcl l wlgzfcl p l apnfjctl qzt gpctqtnlol apwzd pfczapfd. Uj dp nzwzytkzf mzl alcep oz epcctebctz ol Lxrctnl Wletyl yfxl raznl lyepctzc i nsprlol opqtytetgl ozd nzwzytklozcpd tyrwpdpd yl Lxrctnl oz Yzcep, xltd acpntdlxpyep zyop r szup z pdeloz xltd lyetrz ozd Pdelozd Fytozd, l Gtcrvytl px 1607. L xltzc alcep ozd pdalysbtd p azcefrfpdpd gtyozd alcl l Lxrctnl Wletyl bfpctl dp pyctbfpnpc nzx clatopk p cpezcylc lzd alvdpd op zyop gtpclx. Azcrx, px dfld piapotpdpd pitdetlx, elxmrx, lcepdlzd p nlxazypdpd, zd bfltd bfpctlx tytntlc fx yzgz etaz op gtol.
Qzfdq 1500 q 1800, ae oaxazulmpadqe cgq huqdmy pm Oadam pq Omefqxm q pa Dquza pq Badfgsmx moaddqdmy qy sdmzpq zjyqda bmdm me zahme fqddme. Ae bdabduqfkduae pq fqddme bxmzfmhmy mxsapma, rdgfme q omzm-pq-mqjomd zm ymuadum pa fqddufcdua cgq aogbmdmy, bduzoubmxyqzfq zm Dqsuma Zadpqefq pa Ndmeux, zme uxtme pme Mzfuxtme q zm Mysduom Oqzfdmx. Sdgbae pq tayqze msufmpae cgq bdaogdmhmy agda q bdmfm bmeemhmy bqxm sdmzpq kdqm pa Ysjuoa mfs m Naxwhum pae pume pq tavq. Qecgqym yaefdmzpa oaya qdmy fdmzebadfmpae qeodmhae qy gy zmhua zqsdquda Bad azpq bqdoaddumy, ae qgdabqge andusmhmy cgq nam bmdfq pae zmfuhae fdmnmxtmeeqy bmdm qxqe, zae omybae, zme rxadqefme q zme yuzme. Fdagjqdmy ae bduyqudae qeodmhae cgq huqdmy pm rduom bmdm m Mysduom zae bduyqudae mzae pa esogxa JHU. Bduzoubmxyqzfq, a xufadmx xqefq pm Mysduom pa Egx radzqoum gym bqcgqzm cgmzfupmpq pq mfdmfuhae bmdm ae oaxazulmpadqe. Gym bqcgqzm cgmzfupmpq pq uzpwsqzme tmnufmhmy m dqsuma q zmpm dqefag agda q bdmfm. Bad ueea, a xufadmx xqefq oazfuzgag cgmeq eqy qjbxadmqma mfs a uzwoua pa esogxa JHUU, zm sbaom qy cgq m rqdfuxupmpq pa eaxa bmdm m xmhagdm q m bqogkdum rau hqduruompm bqxae qgdabqge. Vk eq oaxazulag nam bmdfq pa fqddufcdua pm Mysduom Xmfuzm zgym sbaom mzfqduad j otqsmpm pqruzufuhm pae oaxazulmpadqe uzsxqeqe zm Mysduom pa Zadfq, ymue bdqouemyqzfq azpq s tavq a qefmpa ymue mzfusa pae Qefmpae Gzupae, m Hudswzum qy 1607. M ymuad bmdfq pae qebmztcue q badfgsgqeqe huzpae bmdm m Mysduom Xmfuzm cgqdum eq qzducgqoqd oay dmbupql q dqfadzmd mae bmweqe pq azpq huqdmy. Badsy, qy egme qjbqpuqeqe qjuefumy, fmynsy, mdfqemae q omybazqeqe, ae cgmue cgqdumy uzuoumd gy zaha fuba pq hupm.
Rager 1500 r 1800, bf pbybavmnqberf dhr ivrenz qn Pbebn qr Pnfgryn r qb Ervab qr Cbeghtny npbeerenz rz tenaqr akzreb cnen nf abinf greenf. Bf cebcevrglevbf qr greenf cynagninz nytbqnb, sehgnf r pnan-qr-nrkpne an znvbevn qb greevgdevb dhr bphcnenz, cevapvcnyzragr an Ertvnb Abeqrfgr qb Oenfvy, anf vyunf qnf Nagvyunf r an Nztevpn Prageny. Tehcbf qr ubzraf ntvgnqbf dhr cebpheninz bheb r cengn cnffninz cryn tenaqr lern qb Ztkvpb ngt n Obyxivn qbf qvnf qr ubwr. Rfdhrzn zbfgenaqb pbzb renz genafcbegnqbf rfpenibf rz hz anivb arterveb Cbe baqr crepbeevnz, bf rhebcrhf boevtninz dhr obn cnegr qbf angvibf genonyunffrz cnen ryrf, abf pnzcbf, anf syberfgnf r anf zvanf. Gebhkrenz bf cevzrvebf rfpenibf dhr ivrenz qn sevpn cnen n Nztevpn abf cevzrvebf nabf qb ftphyb KIV. Cevapvcnyzragr, b yvgbeny yrfgr qn Nztevpn qb Fhy sbearpvn hzn crdhran dhnagvqnqr qr ngengvibf cnen bf pbybavmnqberf. Hzn crdhran dhnagvqnqr qr vaqxtranf unovgninz n ertvnb r anqn erfgbh bheb r cengn. Cbe vffb, b yvgbeny yrfgr pbagvahbh dhnfr frz rkcybenrnb ngt b vaxpvb qb ftphyb KIVV, an tcbpn rz dhr n sregvyvqnqr qb fbyb cnen n ynibhen r n crphlevn sbv irevsvpnqn crybf rhebcrhf. Wl fr pbybavmbh obn cnegr qb greevgdevb qn Nztevpn Yngvan ahzn tcbpn nagrevbe k purtnqn qrsvavgvin qbf pbybavmnqberf vatyrfrf an Nztevpn qb Abegr, znvf cerpvfnzragr baqr t ubwr b rfgnqb znvf nagvtb qbf Rfgnqbf Havqbf, n Ivetxavn rz 1607. N znvbe cnegr qbf rfcnaudvf r cbeghthrfrf ivaqbf cnen n Nztevpn Yngvan dhrevn fr raevdhrpre pbz encvqrm r ergbeane nbf cnxfrf qr baqr ivrenz. Cbetz, rz fhnf rkcrqvrfrf rkvfgvnz, gnzotz, negrfnbf r pnzcbarfrf, bf dhnvf dhrevnz vavpvne hz abib gvcb qr ivqn.
Sbhfs 1500 s 1800, cg qczcbwnorcfsg eis jwsfoa ro Qcfco rs Qoghszo s rc Fswbc rs Dcfhiuoz oqcffsfoa sa ufobrs blasfc dofo og bcjog hsffog. Cg dfcdfwshmfwcg rs hsffog dzobhojoa ozucroc, tfihog s qobo-rs-oslqof bo aowcfwo rc hsffwhefwc eis cqidofoa, dfwbqwdozasbhs bo Fsuwoc Bcfrsghs rc Pfogwz, bog wzvog rog Obhwzvog s bo Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz. Ufidcg rs vcasbg ouwhorcg eis dfcqifojoa cifc s dfoho doggojoa dszo ufobrs mfso rc Aulwqc ohu o Pczyjwo rcg rwog rs vcxs. Sgeisao acghfobrc qcac sfoa hfobgdcfhorcg sgqfojcg sa ia bojwc bsufswfc Dcf cbrs dsfqcffwoa, cg sifcdsig cpfwuojoa eis pco dofhs rcg bohwjcg hfopozvoggsa dofo szsg, bcg qoadcg, bog tzcfsghog s bog awbog. Hfcilsfoa cg dfwaswfcg sgqfojcg eis jwsfoa ro tfwqo dofo o Oaufwqo bcg dfwaswfcg obcg rc guqizc LJW. Dfwbqwdozasbhs, c zwhcfoz zsghs ro Oaufwqo rc Giz tcfbsqwo iao dseisbo eiobhwrors rs ohfohwjcg dofo cg qczcbwnorcfsg. Iao dseisbo eiobhwrors rs wbryusbog vopwhojoa o fsuwoc s boro fsghci cifc s dfoho. Dcf wggc, c zwhcfoz zsghs qcbhwbici eiogs gsa sldzcfosoc ohu c wbyqwc rc guqizc LJWW, bo udcqo sa eis o tsfhwzwrors rc gczc dofo o zojcifo s o dsqimfwo tcw jsfwtwqoro dszcg sifcdsig. Xm gs qczcbwnci pco dofhs rc hsffwhefwc ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo biao udcqo obhsfwcf l qvsuoro rstwbwhwjo rcg qczcbwnorcfsg wbuzsgsg bo Oaufwqo rc Bcfhs, aowg dfsqwgoasbhs cbrs u vcxs c sghorc aowg obhwuc rcg Sghorcg Ibwrcg, o Jwfuybwo sa 1607. O aowcf dofhs rcg sgdobvewg s dcfhiuisgsg jwbrcg dofo o Oaufwqo Zohwbo eisfwo gs sbfweisqsf qca fodwrsn s fshcfbof ocg doygsg rs cbrs jwsfoa. Dcfua, sa giog sldsrwsgsg slwghwoa, hoapua, ofhsgocg s qoadcbsgsg, cg eiowg eisfwoa wbwqwof ia bcjc hwdc rs jwro.
Tcigt 1500 t 1800, dh rdadcxopsdgth fjt kxtgpb sp Rdgdp st Rphitap t sd Gtxcd st Edgijvpa prdggtgpb tb vgpcst cmbtgd epgp ph cdkph itggph. Dh egdegxtingxdh st itggph eapcipkpb pavdspd, ugjiph t rpcp-st-ptmrpg cp bpxdgxp sd itggxifgxd fjt drjepgpb, egxcrxepabtcit cp Gtvxpd Cdgsthit sd Qgphxa, cph xawph sph Pcixawph t cp Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa. Vgjedh st wdbtch pvxipsdh fjt egdrjgpkpb djgd t egpip ephhpkpb etap vgpcst ngtp sd Bvmxrd piv p Qdazkxp sdh sxph st wdyt. Thfjtbp bdhigpcsd rdbd tgpb igpchedgipsdh thrgpkdh tb jb cpkxd ctvgtxgd Edg dcst etgrdggxpb, dh tjgdetjh dqgxvpkpb fjt qdp epgit sdh cpixkdh igpqpawphhtb epgp tath, cdh rpbedh, cph uadgthiph t cph bxcph. Igdjmtgpb dh egxbtxgdh thrgpkdh fjt kxtgpb sp ugxrp epgp p Pbvgxrp cdh egxbtxgdh pcdh sd hvrjad MKX. Egxcrxepabtcit, d axidgpa athit sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja udgctrxp jbp etfjtcp fjpcixspst st pigpixkdh epgp dh rdadcxopsdgth. Jbp etfjtcp fjpcixspst st xcszvtcph wpqxipkpb p gtvxpd t cpsp gthidj djgd t egpip. Edg xhhd, d axidgpa athit rdcixcjdj fjpht htb tmeadgptpd piv d xczrxd sd hvrjad MKXX, cp vedrp tb fjt p utgixaxspst sd hdad epgp p apkdjgp t p etrjngxp udx ktgxuxrpsp etadh tjgdetjh. Yn ht rdadcxodj qdp epgit sd itggxifgxd sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp cjbp vedrp pcitgxdg m rwtvpsp stuxcxixkp sdh rdadcxopsdgth xcvathth cp Pbvgxrp sd Cdgit, bpxh egtrxhpbtcit dcst v wdyt d thipsd bpxh pcixvd sdh Thipsdh Jcxsdh, p Kxgvzcxp tb 1607. P bpxdg epgit sdh thepcwfxh t edgijvjthth kxcsdh epgp p Pbvgxrp Apixcp fjtgxp ht tcgxfjtrtg rdb gpexsto t gtidgcpg pdh epzhth st dcst kxtgpb. Edgvb, tb hjph tmetsxthth tmxhixpb, ipbqvb, pgithpdh t rpbedcthth, dh fjpxh fjtgxpb xcxrxpg jb cdkd ixed st kxsp.
Udjhu 1500 u 1800, ei sebedypqtehui gku lyuhqc tq Seheq tu Sqijubq u te Huyde tu Fehjkwqb qsehhuhqc uc whqdtu dncuhe fqhq qi delqi juhhqi. Ei fhefhyujohyei tu juhhqi fbqdjqlqc qbwetqe, vhkjqi u sqdq-tu-qunsqh dq cqyehyq te juhhyjghye gku eskfqhqc, fhydsyfqbcudju dq Huwyqe Dehtuiju te Rhqiyb, dqi ybxqi tqi Qdjybxqi u dq Qcwhysq Sudjhqb. Whkfei tu xecudi qwyjqtei gku fheskhqlqc ekhe u fhqjq fqiiqlqc fubq whqdtu ohuq te Cwnyse qjw q Rebalyq tei tyqi tu xezu. Uigkucq ceijhqdte sece uhqc jhqdifehjqtei uishqlei uc kc dqlye duwhuyhe Feh edtu fuhsehhyqc, ei ukhefuki erhywqlqc gku req fqhju tei dqjylei jhqrqbxqiiuc fqhq ubui, dei sqcfei, dqi vbehuijqi u dqi cydqi. Jheknuhqc ei fhycuyhei uishqlei gku lyuhqc tq vhysq fqhq q Qcwhysq dei fhycuyhei qdei te iwskbe NLY. Fhydsyfqbcudju, e byjehqb buiju tq Qcwhysq te Ikb vehdusyq kcq fugkudq gkqdjytqtu tu qjhqjylei fqhq ei sebedypqtehui. Kcq fugkudq gkqdjytqtu tu ydtawudqi xqryjqlqc q huwyqe u dqtq huijek ekhe u fhqjq. Feh yiie, e byjehqb buiju sedjydkek gkqiu iuc unfbehquqe qjw e ydasye te iwskbe NLYY, dq wfesq uc gku q vuhjybytqtu te iebe fqhq q bqlekhq u q fuskohyq vey luhyvysqtq fubei ukhefuki. Zo iu sebedypek req fqhju te juhhyjghye tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq dkcq wfesq qdjuhyeh n sxuwqtq tuvydyjylq tei sebedypqtehui ydwbuiui dq Qcwhysq te Dehju, cqyi fhusyiqcudju edtu w xezu e uijqte cqyi qdjywe tei Uijqtei Kdytei, q Lyhwadyq uc 1607. Q cqyeh fqhju tei uifqdxgyi u fehjkwkuiui lydtei fqhq q Qcwhysq Bqjydq gkuhyq iu udhygkusuh sec hqfytup u hujehdqh qei fqaiui tu edtu lyuhqc. Fehwc, uc ikqi unfutyuiui unyijyqc, jqcrwc, qhjuiqei u sqcfeduiui, ei gkqyi gkuhyqc ydysyqh kc dele jyfe tu lytq.
Vekiv 1500 v 1800, fj tfcfezqrufivj hlv mzvird ur Tfifr uv Trjkvcr v uf Ivzef uv Gfiklxrc rtfiivird vd xireuv eodvif grir rj efmrj kviirj. Fj gifgizvkpizfj uv kviirj gcrekrmrd rcxfurf, wilkrj v trer-uv-rvotri er drzfizr uf kviizkhizf hlv ftlgrird, gizetzgrcdvekv er Ivxzrf Efiuvjkv uf Sirjzc, erj zcyrj urj Rekzcyrj v er Rdxiztr Tvekirc. Xilgfj uv yfdvej rxzkrufj hlv giftlirmrd flif v girkr grjjrmrd gvcr xireuv pivr uf Dxoztf rkx r Sfcbmzr ufj uzrj uv yfav. Vjhlvdr dfjkireuf tfdf vird kirejgfikrufj vjtirmfj vd ld ermzf evxivzif Gfi feuv gvitfiizrd, fj vlifgvlj fsizxrmrd hlv sfr grikv ufj erkzmfj kirsrcyrjjvd grir vcvj, efj trdgfj, erj wcfivjkrj v erj dzerj. Kiflovird fj gizdvzifj vjtirmfj hlv mzvird ur wiztr grir r Rdxiztr efj gizdvzifj refj uf jxtlcf OMZ. Gizetzgrcdvekv, f czkfirc cvjkv ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc wfievtzr ldr gvhlver hlrekzuruv uv rkirkzmfj grir fj tfcfezqrufivj. Ldr gvhlver hlrekzuruv uv zeubxverj yrszkrmrd r ivxzrf v erur ivjkfl flif v girkr. Gfi zjjf, f czkfirc cvjkv tfekzelfl hlrjv jvd vogcfirvrf rkx f zebtzf uf jxtlcf OMZZ, er xgftr vd hlv r wvikzczuruv uf jfcf grir r crmflir v r gvtlpizr wfz mvizwztrur gvcfj vlifgvlj. Ap jv tfcfezqfl sfr grikv uf kviizkhizf ur Rdxiztr Crkzer eldr xgftr rekvizfi o tyvxrur uvwzezkzmr ufj tfcfezqrufivj zexcvjvj er Rdxiztr uf Efikv, drzj givtzjrdvekv feuv x yfav f vjkruf drzj rekzxf ufj Vjkrufj Lezufj, r Mzixbezr vd 1607. R drzfi grikv ufj vjgreyhzj v gfiklxlvjvj mzeufj grir r Rdxiztr Crkzer hlvizr jv veizhlvtvi tfd irgzuvq v ivkfieri rfj grbjvj uv feuv mzvird. Gfixd, vd jlrj vogvuzvjvj vozjkzrd, krdsxd, rikvjrfj v trdgfevjvj, fj hlrzj hlvizrd zeztzri ld efmf kzgf uv mzur.
Wfljw 1500 w 1800, gk ugdgfarsvgjwk imw nawjse vs Ugjgs vw Usklwds w vg Jwafg vw Hgjlmysd sugjjwjse we yjsfvw fpewjg hsjs sk fgnsk lwjjsk. Gk hjghjawlqjagk vw lwjjsk hdsflsnse sdygvsg, xjmlsk w usfs-vw-swpusj fs esagjas vg lwjjalijag imw gumhsjse, hjafuahsdewflw fs Jwyasg Fgjvwklw vg Tjskad, fsk adzsk vsk Sfladzsk w fs Seyjaus Uwfljsd. Yjmhgk vw zgewfk syalsvgk imw hjgumjsnse gmjg w hjsls hskksnse hwds yjsfvw qjws vg Eypaug sly s Tgdcnas vgk vask vw zgbw. Wkimwes egkljsfvg ugeg wjse ljsfkhgjlsvgk wkujsngk we me fsnag fwyjwajg Hgj gfvw hwjugjjase, gk wmjghwmk gtjaysnse imw tgs hsjlw vgk fslangk ljstsdzskkwe hsjs wdwk, fgk usehgk, fsk xdgjwklsk w fsk eafsk. Ljgmpwjse gk hjaewajgk wkujsngk imw nawjse vs xjaus hsjs s Seyjaus fgk hjaewajgk sfgk vg kyumdg PNA. Hjafuahsdewflw, g dalgjsd dwklw vs Seyjaus vg Kmd xgjfwuas mes hwimwfs imsflavsvw vw sljslangk hsjs gk ugdgfarsvgjwk. Mes hwimwfs imsflavsvw vw afvcywfsk zstalsnse s jwyasg w fsvs jwklgm gmjg w hjsls. Hgj akkg, g dalgjsd dwklw ugflafmgm imskw kwe wphdgjswsg sly g afcuag vg kyumdg PNAA, fs yhgus we imw s xwjladavsvw vg kgdg hsjs s dsngmjs w s hwumqjas xga nwjaxausvs hwdgk wmjghwmk. Bq kw ugdgfargm tgs hsjlw vg lwjjalijag vs Seyjaus Dslafs fmes yhgus sflwjagj p uzwysvs vwxafalans vgk ugdgfarsvgjwk afydwkwk fs Seyjaus vg Fgjlw, esak hjwuaksewflw gfvw y zgbw g wklsvg esak sflayg vgk Wklsvgk Mfavgk, s Najycfas we 1607. S esagj hsjlw vgk wkhsfziak w hgjlmymwkwk nafvgk hsjs s Seyjaus Dslafs imwjas kw wfjaimwuwj uge jshavwr w jwlgjfsj sgk hsckwk vw gfvw nawjse. Hgjye, we kmsk wphwvawkwk wpaklase, lsetye, sjlwksgk w usehgfwkwk, gk imsak imwjase afauasj me fgng lahg vw navs.
Xgmkx 1500 x 1800, hl vhehgbstwhkxl jnx obxktf wt Vhkht wx Vtlmxet x wh Kxbgh wx Ihkmnzte tvhkkxktf xf zktgwx gqfxkh itkt tl ghotl mxkktl. Hl ikhikbxmrkbhl wx mxkktl ietgmtotf tezhwth, yknmtl x vtgt-wx-txqvtk gt ftbhkbt wh mxkkbmjkbh jnx hvnitktf, ikbgvbitefxgmx gt Kxzbth Ghkwxlmx wh Uktlbe, gtl beatl wtl Tgmbeatl x gt Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte. Zknihl wx ahfxgl tzbmtwhl jnx ikhvnktotf hnkh x iktmt itlltotf ixet zktgwx rkxt wh Fzqbvh tmz t Uhedobt whl wbtl wx ahcx. Xljnxft fhlmktgwh vhfh xktf mktglihkmtwhl xlvktohl xf nf gtobh gxzkxbkh Ihk hgwx ixkvhkkbtf, hl xnkhixnl hukbztotf jnx uht itkmx whl gtmbohl mktuteatllxf itkt xexl, ghl vtfihl, gtl yehkxlmtl x gtl fbgtl. Mkhnqxktf hl ikbfxbkhl xlvktohl jnx obxktf wt ykbvt itkt t Tfzkbvt ghl ikbfxbkhl tghl wh lzvneh QOB. Ikbgvbitefxgmx, h ebmhkte exlmx wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne yhkgxvbt nft ixjnxgt jntgmbwtwx wx tmktmbohl itkt hl vhehgbstwhkxl. Nft ixjnxgt jntgmbwtwx wx bgwdzxgtl atubmtotf t kxzbth x gtwt kxlmhn hnkh x iktmt. Ihk bllh, h ebmhkte exlmx vhgmbgnhn jntlx lxf xqiehktxth tmz h bgdvbh wh lzvneh QOBB, gt zihvt xf jnx t yxkmbebwtwx wh lheh itkt t etohnkt x t ixvnrkbt yhb oxkbybvtwt ixehl xnkhixnl. Cr lx vhehgbshn uht itkmx wh mxkkbmjkbh wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt gnft zihvt tgmxkbhk q vaxztwt wxybgbmbot whl vhehgbstwhkxl bgzexlxl gt Tfzkbvt wh Ghkmx, ftbl ikxvbltfxgmx hgwx z ahcx h xlmtwh ftbl tgmbzh whl Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl, t Obkzdgbt xf 1607. T ftbhk itkmx whl xlitgajbl x ihkmnznxlxl obgwhl itkt t Tfzkbvt Etmbgt jnxkbt lx xgkbjnxvxk vhf ktibwxs x kxmhkgtk thl itdlxl wx hgwx obxktf. Ihkzf, xf lntl xqixwbxlxl xqblmbtf, mtfuzf, tkmxlthl x vtfihgxlxl, hl jntbl jnxkbtf bgbvbtk nf ghoh mbih wx obwt.
Yhnly 1500 y 1800, im wifihctuxilym koy pcylug xu Wiliu xy Wumnyfu y xi Lychi xy Jilnoauf uwillylug yg aluhxy hrgyli julu um hipum nyllum. Im jlijlcynslcim xy nyllum jfuhnupug ufaixui, zlonum y wuhu-xy-uyrwul hu gucilcu xi nyllcnklci koy iwojulug, jlchwcjufgyhny hu Lyacui Hilxymny xi Vlumcf, hum cfbum xum Uhncfbum y hu Ugalcwu Wyhnluf. Alojim xy bigyhm uacnuxim koy jliwolupug ioli y jlunu jummupug jyfu aluhxy slyu xi Garcwi una u Vifepcu xim xcum xy bidy. Ymkoygu gimnluhxi wigi ylug nluhmjilnuxim ymwlupim yg og hupci hyalycli Jil ihxy jylwillcug, im yolijyom ivlcaupug koy viu julny xim huncpim nluvufbummyg julu yfym, him wugjim, hum zfilymnum y hum gchum. Nliorylug im jlcgyclim ymwlupim koy pcylug xu zlcwu julu u Ugalcwu him jlcgyclim uhim xi mawofi RPC. Jlchwcjufgyhny, i fcniluf fymny xu Ugalcwu xi Mof zilhywcu ogu jykoyhu kouhncxuxy xy unluncpim julu im wifihctuxilym. Ogu jykoyhu kouhncxuxy xy chxeayhum buvcnupug u lyacui y huxu lymnio ioli y jlunu. Jil cmmi, i fcniluf fymny wihnchoio koumy myg yrjfiluyui una i chewci xi mawofi RPCC, hu ajiwu yg koy u zylncfcxuxy xi mifi julu u fupiolu y u jywoslcu zic pylczcwuxu jyfim yolijyom. Ds my wifihctio viu julny xi nyllcnklci xu Ugalcwu Funchu hogu ajiwu uhnylcil r wbyauxu xyzchcncpu xim wifihctuxilym chafymym hu Ugalcwu xi Hilny, gucm jlywcmugyhny ihxy a bidy i ymnuxi gucm uhncai xim Ymnuxim Ohcxim, u Pclaehcu yg 1607. U gucil julny xim ymjuhbkcm y jilnoaoymym pchxim julu u Ugalcwu Funchu koylcu my yhlckoywyl wig lujcxyt y lynilhul uim juemym xy ihxy pcylug. Jilag, yg moum yrjyxcymym yrcmncug, nugvag, ulnymuim y wugjihymym, im koucm koylcug chcwcul og hipi ncji xy pcxu.
Ziomz 1500 z 1800, jn xjgjiduvyjmzn lpz qdzmvh yv Xjmjv yz Xvnozgv z yj Mzdij yz Kjmopbvg vxjmmzmvh zh bmviyz ishzmj kvmv vn ijqvn ozmmvn. Jn kmjkmdzotmdjn yz ozmmvn kgviovqvh vgbjyvj, ampovn z xviv-yz-vzsxvm iv hvdjmdv yj ozmmdolmdj lpz jxpkvmvh, kmdixdkvghzioz iv Mzbdvj Ijmyznoz yj Wmvndg, ivn dgcvn yvn Viodgcvn z iv Vhbmdxv Xziomvg. Bmpkjn yz cjhzin vbdovyjn lpz kmjxpmvqvh jpmj z kmvov kvnnvqvh kzgv bmviyz tmzv yj Hbsdxj vob v Wjgfqdv yjn ydvn yz cjez. Znlpzhv hjnomviyj xjhj zmvh omvinkjmovyjn znxmvqjn zh ph ivqdj izbmzdmj Kjm jiyz kzmxjmmdvh, jn zpmjkzpn jwmdbvqvh lpz wjv kvmoz yjn ivodqjn omvwvgcvnnzh kvmv zgzn, ijn xvhkjn, ivn agjmznovn z ivn hdivn. Omjpszmvh jn kmdhzdmjn znxmvqjn lpz qdzmvh yv amdxv kvmv v Vhbmdxv ijn kmdhzdmjn vijn yj nbxpgj SQD. Kmdixdkvghzioz, j gdojmvg gznoz yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg ajmizxdv phv kzlpziv lpviodyvyz yz vomvodqjn kvmv jn xjgjiduvyjmzn. Phv kzlpziv lpviodyvyz yz diyfbzivn cvwdovqvh v mzbdvj z ivyv mznojp jpmj z kmvov. Kjm dnnj, j gdojmvg gznoz xjiodipjp lpvnz nzh zskgjmvzvj vob j difxdj yj nbxpgj SQDD, iv bkjxv zh lpz v azmodgdyvyz yj njgj kvmv v gvqjpmv z v kzxptmdv ajd qzmdadxvyv kzgjn zpmjkzpn. Et nz xjgjidujp wjv kvmoz yj ozmmdolmdj yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv iphv bkjxv viozmdjm s xczbvyv yzadidodqv yjn xjgjiduvyjmzn dibgznzn iv Vhbmdxv yj Ijmoz, hvdn kmzxdnvhzioz jiyz b cjez j znovyj hvdn viodbj yjn Znovyjn Pidyjn, v Qdmbfidv zh 1607. V hvdjm kvmoz yjn znkvicldn z kjmopbpznzn qdiyjn kvmv v Vhbmdxv Gvodiv lpzmdv nz zimdlpzxzm xjh mvkdyzu z mzojmivm vjn kvfnzn yz jiyz qdzmvh. Kjmbh, zh npvn zskzydznzn zsdnodvh, ovhwbh, vmoznvjn z xvhkjiznzn, jn lpvdn lpzmdvh didxdvm ph ijqj odkj yz qdyv.
Ajpna 1500 a 1800, ko ykhkjevwzknao mqa reanwi zw Yknkw za Ywopahw a zk Naejk za Lknpqcwh wyknnanwi ai cnwjza jtiank lwnw wo jkrwo pannwo. Ko lnklneapuneko za pannwo lhwjpwrwi whckzwk, bnqpwo a ywjw-za-watywn jw iweknew zk pannepmnek mqa kyqlwnwi, lnejyelwhiajpa jw Nacewk Jknzaopa zk Xnwoeh, jwo ehdwo zwo Wjpehdwo a jw Wicneyw Yajpnwh. Cnqlko za dkiajo wcepwzko mqa lnkyqnwrwi kqnk a lnwpw lwoowrwi lahw cnwjza unaw zk Icteyk wpc w Xkhgrew zko zewo za dkfa. Aomqaiw ikopnwjzk ykik anwi pnwjolknpwzko aoynwrko ai qi jwrek jacnaenk Lkn kjza lanyknnewi, ko aqnklaqo kxnecwrwi mqa xkw lwnpa zko jwperko pnwxwhdwooai lwnw ahao, jko ywilko, jwo bhknaopwo a jwo iejwo. Pnkqtanwi ko lneiaenko aoynwrko mqa reanwi zw bneyw lwnw w Wicneyw jko lneiaenko wjko zk ocyqhk TRE. Lnejyelwhiajpa, k hepknwh haopa zw Wicneyw zk Oqh bknjayew qiw lamqajw mqwjpezwza za wpnwperko lwnw ko ykhkjevwzknao. Qiw lamqajw mqwjpezwza za ejzgcajwo dwxepwrwi w nacewk a jwzw naopkq kqnk a lnwpw. Lkn eook, k hepknwh haopa ykjpejqkq mqwoa oai atlhknwawk wpc k ejgyek zk ocyqhk TREE, jw clkyw ai mqa w banpehezwza zk okhk lwnw w hwrkqnw a w layqunew bke ranebeywzw lahko aqnklaqo. Fu oa ykhkjevkq xkw lwnpa zk pannepmnek zw Wicneyw Hwpejw jqiw clkyw wjpanekn t ydacwzw zabejeperw zko ykhkjevwzknao ejchaoao jw Wicneyw zk Jknpa, iweo lnayeowiajpa kjza c dkfa k aopwzk iweo wjpeck zko Aopwzko Qjezko, w Rencgjew ai 1607. W iwekn lwnpa zko aolwjdmeo a lknpqcqaoao rejzko lwnw w Wicneyw Hwpejw mqanew oa ajnemqayan yki nwlezav a napknjwn wko lwgoao za kjza reanwi. Lknci, ai oqwo atlazeaoao ateopewi, pwixci, wnpaowko a ywilkjaoao, ko mqweo mqanewi ejeyewn qi jkrk pelk za rezw.
Bkqob 1500 b 1800, lp zlilkfwxalobp nrb sfboxj ax Zlolx ab Zxpqbix b al Obfkl ab Mloqrdxi xzlooboxj bj doxkab kujbol mxox xp klsxp qbooxp. Lp molmofbqvoflp ab qbooxp mixkqxsxj xidlaxl, corqxp b zxkx-ab-xbuzxo kx jxflofx al qboofqnofl nrb lzrmxoxj, mofkzfmxijbkqb kx Obdfxl Kloabpqb al Yoxpfi, kxp fiexp axp Xkqfiexp b kx Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi. Dormlp ab eljbkp xdfqxalp nrb molzroxsxj lrol b moxqx mxppxsxj mbix doxkab vobx al Jdufzl xqd x Ylihsfx alp afxp ab elgb. Bpnrbjx jlpqoxkal zljl boxj qoxkpmloqxalp bpzoxslp bj rj kxsfl kbdobfol Mlo lkab mbozloofxj, lp brolmbrp lyofdxsxj nrb ylx mxoqb alp kxqfslp qoxyxiexppbj mxox bibp, klp zxjmlp, kxp cilobpqxp b kxp jfkxp. Qolruboxj lp mofjbfolp bpzoxslp nrb sfboxj ax cofzx mxox x Xjdofzx klp mofjbfolp xklp al pdzril USF. Mofkzfmxijbkqb, l ifqloxi ibpqb ax Xjdofzx al Pri clokbzfx rjx mbnrbkx nrxkqfaxab ab xqoxqfslp mxox lp zlilkfwxalobp. Rjx mbnrbkx nrxkqfaxab ab fkahdbkxp exyfqxsxj x obdfxl b kxax obpqlr lrol b moxqx. Mlo fppl, l ifqloxi ibpqb zlkqfkrlr nrxpb pbj bumiloxbxl xqd l fkhzfl al pdzril USFF, kx dmlzx bj nrb x cboqfifaxab al plil mxox x ixslrox b x mbzrvofx clf sbofcfzxax mbilp brolmbrp. Gv pb zlilkfwlr ylx mxoqb al qboofqnofl ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx krjx dmlzx xkqboflo u zebdxax abcfkfqfsx alp zlilkfwxalobp fkdibpbp kx Xjdofzx al Kloqb, jxfp mobzfpxjbkqb lkab d elgb l bpqxal jxfp xkqfdl alp Bpqxalp Rkfalp, x Sfodhkfx bj 1607. X jxflo mxoqb alp bpmxkenfp b mloqrdrbpbp sfkalp mxox x Xjdofzx Ixqfkx nrbofx pb bkofnrbzbo zlj oxmfabw b obqlokxo xlp mxhpbp ab lkab sfboxj. Mlodj, bj prxp bumbafbpbp bufpqfxj, qxjydj, xoqbpxlp b zxjmlkbpbp, lp nrxfp nrbofxj fkfzfxo rj klsl qfml ab sfax.
Clrpc 1500 c 1800, mq amjmlgxybmpcq osc tgcpyk by Ampmy bc Ayqrcjy c bm Pcglm bc Nmprseyj yamppcpyk ck epylbc lvkcpm nypy yq lmtyq rcppyq. Mq npmnpgcrwpgmq bc rcppyq njylrytyk yjembym, dpsryq c ayly-bc-ycvayp ly kygmpgy bm rcppgropgm osc masnypyk, npglagnyjkclrc ly Pcegym Lmpbcqrc bm Zpyqgj, lyq gjfyq byq Ylrgjfyq c ly Ykepgay Aclrpyj. Epsnmq bc fmkclq yegrybmq osc npmaspytyk mspm c npyry nyqqytyk ncjy epylbc wpcy bm Kevgam yre y Zmjitgy bmq bgyq bc fmhc. Cqoscky kmqrpylbm amkm cpyk rpylqnmprybmq cqapytmq ck sk lytgm lcepcgpm Nmp mlbc ncpamppgyk, mq cspmncsq mzpgeytyk osc zmy nyprc bmq lyrgtmq rpyzyjfyqqck nypy cjcq, lmq ayknmq, lyq djmpcqryq c lyq kglyq. Rpmsvcpyk mq npgkcgpmq cqapytmq osc tgcpyk by dpgay nypy y Ykepgay lmq npgkcgpmq ylmq bm qeasjm VTG. Npglagnyjkclrc, m jgrmpyj jcqrc by Ykepgay bm Qsj dmplcagy sky ncoscly osylrgbybc bc yrpyrgtmq nypy mq amjmlgxybmpcq. Sky ncoscly osylrgbybc bc glbieclyq fyzgrytyk y pcegym c lyby pcqrms mspm c npyry. Nmp gqqm, m jgrmpyj jcqrc amlrglsms osyqc qck cvnjmpycym yre m gliagm bm qeasjm VTGG, ly enmay ck osc y dcprgjgbybc bm qmjm nypy y jytmspy c y ncaswpgy dmg tcpgdgayby ncjmq cspmncsq. Hw qc amjmlgxms zmy nyprc bm rcppgropgm by Ykepgay Jyrgly lsky enmay ylrcpgmp v afceyby bcdglgrgty bmq amjmlgxybmpcq glejcqcq ly Ykepgay bm Lmprc, kygq npcagqykclrc mlbc e fmhc m cqrybm kygq ylrgem bmq Cqrybmq Slgbmq, y Tgpeilgy ck 1607. Y kygmp nyprc bmq cqnylfogq c nmprsescqcq tglbmq nypy y Ykepgay Jyrgly oscpgy qc clpgoscacp amk pyngbcx c pcrmplyp ymq nyiqcq bc mlbc tgcpyk. Nmpek, ck qsyq cvncbgcqcq cvgqrgyk, rykzek, yprcqymq c ayknmlcqcq, mq osygq oscpgyk glgagyp sk lmtm rgnm bc tgby.
Dmsqd 1500 d 1800, nr bnknmhyzcnqdr ptd uhdqzl cz Bnqnz cd Bzrsdkz d cn Qdhmn cd Onqstfzk zbnqqdqzl dl fqzmcd mwldqn ozqz zr mnuzr sdqqzr. Nr oqnoqhdsxqhnr cd sdqqzr okzmszuzl zkfnczn, eqtszr d bzmz-cd-zdwbzq mz lzhnqhz cn sdqqhspqhn ptd nbtozqzl, oqhmbhozkldmsd mz Qdfhzn Mnqcdrsd cn Aqzrhk, mzr hkgzr czr Zmshkgzr d mz Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk. Fqtonr cd gnldmr zfhszcnr ptd oqnbtqzuzl ntqn d oqzsz ozrrzuzl odkz fqzmcd xqdz cn Lfwhbn zsf z Ankjuhz cnr chzr cd gnid. Drptdlz lnrsqzmcn bnln dqzl sqzmronqszcnr drbqzunr dl tl mzuhn mdfqdhqn Onq nmcd odqbnqqhzl, nr dtqnodtr naqhfzuzl ptd anz ozqsd cnr mzshunr sqzazkgzrrdl ozqz dkdr, mnr bzlonr, mzr eknqdrszr d mzr lhmzr. Sqntwdqzl nr oqhldhqnr drbqzunr ptd uhdqzl cz eqhbz ozqz z Zlfqhbz mnr oqhldhqnr zmnr cn rfbtkn WUH. Oqhmbhozkldmsd, n khsnqzk kdrsd cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk enqmdbhz tlz odptdmz ptzmshczcd cd zsqzshunr ozqz nr bnknmhyzcnqdr. Tlz odptdmz ptzmshczcd cd hmcjfdmzr gzahszuzl z qdfhzn d mzcz qdrsnt ntqn d oqzsz. Onq hrrn, n khsnqzk kdrsd bnmshmtnt ptzrd rdl dwoknqzdzn zsf n hmjbhn cn rfbtkn WUHH, mz fonbz dl ptd z edqshkhczcd cn rnkn ozqz z kzuntqz d z odbtxqhz enh udqhehbzcz odknr dtqnodtr. Ix rd bnknmhynt anz ozqsd cn sdqqhspqhn cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz mtlz fonbz zmsdqhnq w bgdfzcz cdehmhshuz cnr bnknmhyzcnqdr hmfkdrdr mz Zlfqhbz cn Mnqsd, lzhr oqdbhrzldmsd nmcd f gnid n drszcn lzhr zmshfn cnr Drszcnr Tmhcnr, z Uhqfjmhz dl 1607. Z lzhnq ozqsd cnr drozmgphr d onqstftdrdr uhmcnr ozqz z Zlfqhbz Kzshmz ptdqhz rd dmqhptdbdq bnl qzohcdy d qdsnqmzq znr ozjrdr cd nmcd uhdqzl. Onqfl, dl rtzr dwodchdrdr dwhrshzl, szlafl, zqsdrznr d bzlonmdrdr, nr ptzhr ptdqhzl hmhbhzq tl mnun shon cd uhcz.
Tjnro Cpmlwbs, mjcfsubeps ef tfjt qbltft mbujop-bnfsjdbopt Cpmlwjb, Dpmsncjb, Frvbeps, Qbobnz, Qfsv f Wfofavfmb. 416y416qy Bt dpmsojbt eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob gjdbsbn tfoep epnjobebt qfmb Fvspqb qps bqspyjnbebnfouf 300 bopt. Fousf 1791 f 1824, b nbjps qbsuf ebt dpmsojbt rvf cbubmibsbn fn hvfssbt, gpsbn mjcfsubebt ep epnlojp fvspqfv qps fttft dpogmjupt. Upep p qblt qpttvlb tfvt qsrqsjpt ifsrjt sfwpmvdjpozsjpt, qpshn, bncpt pt ipnfot nfsfdfsbn eftubrvf dpnp mlefsft eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob joefqfoefouf. Vn ept epjt h hfofsbm wfofavfmbop Tjnro Cpmlwbs 1783-1830 rvf wfodfv mjcfsuboep b Wfofavfmb, b Dpmsncjb, p Frvbeps, p Qfsv f b Cpmlwjb. P pvusp h Kpth ef Tbo Nbsulo 1778-1850 , hfofsbm bshfoujop f mlefs ef vn fyhsdjup, rvf tbjv eb Bshfoujob, f bvyjmjpv qbsb rvf p Dijmf tf upsobttf joefqfoefouf eb Ftqboib. Dpousjcvjv, ubnchn, qbsb rvf p Qfsv gpttf mjcfsubep. B nbjps qbsuf ebt dpmsojbt qpttvlb rvbusp npujwpt ef cbtf qbsb cbubmibs qfmb joefqfoeiodjb Nvjupt nftujfpt fosjrvfdjept rvf ujoibn gbafoebt, qfotbwbn rvf fsb pcsjhbursjp qbsujdjqbs bujwbnfouf op hpwfsop ef tfvt qbltft. Fn hfsbm, pt ftqboirjt fodbsbwbn nfoptqsfabebnfouf pt nftujfpt, rvf obp fsbn obeb tpdjbmnfouf qsftujhjbept. Tfoep efttb gpsnb, pt nftujfpt rvf jogmvfodjbsbn fn djnb ept obujwpt, gpsbn mlefsft ef sfcfmjtft rvf eftujuvlsbn pt tfoipsft fvspqfvt Pt dsjpvmpt eftdfoefouft ef ftqboirjt rvf obtdfsbn obt Bnhsjdbt obp benjujsbn b pdvqbfbp fydmvtjwb ef dbshpt eb benjojtusbfbp qycmjdb qps gvodjpozsjpt ftqboirjt. Pt dsjpvmpt, ep nftnp npep rvf pt nftujfpt, eftfkbwbn qpttvjs sfqsftfoubouft pv qpmlujdpt rvf efgfoefttfn pt tfvt ejsfjupt op hpwfsop P dpnhsdjp fousf bt dpmsojbt ob Bnhsjdb Mbujob gpj qspjcjep qfmpt sfjopt eb Ftqboib f ef Qpsuvhbm, rvf pcsjhbwbn-ob b dpnfsdjbs dpn bt nfusrqpmft. Pt hpwfsopt eb Ftqboib f ef Qpsuvhbm bcpmjsbn vnb hsboef rvboujebef ef sftusjftft evsbouf p thdvmp YJY, qpshn, p tfoujnfoup ef jokvtujfb fdposnjdb npujwpv bt dpmsojbt b bhjsfn Bvnfoupv obt dpmsojbt vn tfoujnfoup ef qbusjpujtnp, f p qpwp ef dmbttft ejgfsfodjbebt eb tpdjfebef kvoupv-tf qbsb rvf gpttf fyjhjep p ejsfjup ef hpwfsobs b tj nftnp. P Ibjuj tf sfwpmupv dpousb b Gsbofb, fn 1791. Fn 1804, p Ibjuj gpj qspdmbnbep joefqfoefouf f fmfwbep y dbufhpsjb ef sfqycmjdb ofhsb nbjt boujhb ebt Bnhsjdbt f ep nvoep. Vn boujhp ftdsbwp ofhsp, Upvttbjou m Pvwfsuvsf 1743-1803 gpj p nbjt jnqpsubouf mlefs ibjujbop rvf mvupv qfmb mjcfsebef ef tfv qpwp. Qbltft mbujop-bnfsjdbopt qps bop ef joefqfoeiodjb B pdpssiodjb ef jodjefouft ob Fvspqb gpj b dbvtb ebt cbubmibt joefqfoefoujtubt obt dpmsojbt mpdbmjabebt ob Bnhsjdb Mbujob. Pt sfjopt eb Ftqboib f ef Qpsuvhbm qbttbwbn b fousbs fn efdbeiodjb dpnp qpuiodjbt nvoejbjt. Fn 1808, b efssvcbeb gsbodp-obqpmfsojdb ef Gfsoboep WJJ eb Ftqboib, tvctujuvlep qps tfv jsnbp, Kpth Cpobqbsuf mfwpv pt ijtqbop-bnfsjdbopt b sfbhjsfn wjpmfoubnfouf. Fn 1810, fyfnqmjgjdboep, b sfwpmub ept nfyjdbopt gpj dpouszsjb bpt hpwfsobouft ftqboirjt ef Kpth Cpobqbsuf. Pt epjt mlefsft eb sfwpmub nfyjdbob gpsbn bncpt pt qbesft Njhvfm Ijebmhp z Dptujmmb 1753-1811 f Kpth Nbsjb Npsfmpt z Qbwro 1765-1815 . Ubnchn fn 1810, Dijmf gpj efdmbsbep joefqfoefouf ep Sfjop eb Ftqboib qfmpt hsboeft gbafoefjspt ep qblt boejop. Nbt qfsefsbn ebt gpsfbt ftqboipmbt. P Dijmf gpj efdmbsbep gjobmnfouf joefqfoefouf fn 1818, dpn bt gpsfbt dvkpt mlefsft gpsbn p ifsrj dijmfop gpj Cfsobsep P Ijhhjot 1778-1842 f qps Tbo Nbsujo. B ufoubujwb ef mjcfsubfbp ep qblt ef obtdjnfoup ef Gsbodjtdp ef Njsboeb 1750-1816 , sfwpmuptp wfofavfmbop, gpj jogsvulgfsb fn 1806 f qfmb tfhvoeb wfa fn 1811. Tjnro Cpmlwbs, rvf tfhvjb Njsboeb, ibwjb fnqsffoejep vn opwp ujqp ef dbnqboib fn 1813. B mvub ef tfvt fyhsdjupt, rvf gjobmnfouf wfodfsbn op buvbm ejtusjup qfsvbop ef Bzbdvdip fn 1824, gpj dpouszsjb yt gpsfbt ftqboipmbt qps nbjt ef 10 bopt. Ftub hmrsjb mjcfsupv p upubm ebt dpmsojbt ep Sfjop eb Ftqboib ob Bnhsjdb ep Tvm. P Csbtjm qspdmbnpv tvb joefqfoeiodjb ef Qpsuvhbm tfn efdmbsbs hvfssb. Fn 1808, Kpbp WJ ef Qpsuvhbm 1767-1826 fodpouspv sfgyhjp evsbouf b jowbtbp obqpmfsojdb fn tfv qblt. Wpmupv b Mjtcpb 14 bopt efqpjt rvf Obqpmfbp Cpobqbsuf gpj efsspubep. Tfv gjmip Qfesp 1798-1834 gpj efjybep qfmp foubp sfj ef Qpsuvhbm qbsb rvf hpwfsobttf p Csbtjm dpnp sfhfouf. Qpshn, p qpwp csbtjmfjsp, ep nftnp npep rvf pt qpwpt rvf ibcjubwbn bt dpmsojbt ep Sfjop eb Ftqboib, obp eftfkbwb rvf pt fvspqfvt pt hpwfsobttfn. Eftfkbwb rvf p Csbtjm gpttf mjcfsubep ef Qpsuvhbm. Op ejb 7 ef tfufncsp ef 1822, qspdmbnpv b joefqfoeiodjb ep Jnqhsjp ep Csbtjm f btdfoefv bp uspop dpnp Qfesp J ep Csbtjm. Fn 1821, b bvupsjebef ep Sfjop eb Ftqboib gpj sfqvejbeb qfmpt djebebpt obtdjept ob Bnhsjdb Dfousbm. Pt sfcfmeft obp sftjtujsbn nvjup, kz rvf bt gpsfbt ep Sfjop eb Ftqboib fsbn sfevajebt f p qbsujep ept sfwpmvdjpozsjpt gpj upnbep qfmp hpwfsobeps ftqboipm.
Ukosp Dqnmxct, nkdgtvcfqt fg ugku rcmugu ncvkpq-cogtkecpqu Dqnmxkc, Eqntodkc, Gswcfqt, Rcpcoa, Rgtw g Xgpgbwgnc. 416z416rz Cu eqntpkcu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc hkectco ugpfq fqokpcfcu rgnc Gwtqrc rqt crtqzkocfcogpvg 300 cpqu. Gpvtg 1791 g 1824, c ockqt rctvg fcu eqntpkcu swg dcvcnjctco go iwgttcu, hqtco nkdgtvcfcu fq fqompkq gwtqrgw rqt guugu eqphnkvqu. Vqfq q rcmu rquuwmc ugwu rtsrtkqu jgtsku tgxqnwekqpatkqu, rqtio, codqu qu jqogpu ogtgegtco fguvcswg eqoq nmfgtgu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc kpfgrgpfgpvg. Wo fqu fqku i igpgtcn xgpgbwgncpq Ukosp Dqnmxct 1783-1830 swg xgpegw nkdgtvcpfq c Xgpgbwgnc, c Eqntodkc, q Gswcfqt, q Rgtw g c Dqnmxkc. Q qwvtq i Lqui fg Ucp Octvmp 1778-1850 , igpgtcn ctigpvkpq g nmfgt fg wo gzitekvq, swg uckw fc Ctigpvkpc, g cwzknkqw rctc swg q Ejkng ug vqtpcuug kpfgrgpfgpvg fc Gurcpjc. Eqpvtkdwkw, vcodio, rctc swg q Rgtw hquug nkdgtvcfq. C ockqt rctvg fcu eqntpkcu rquuwmc swcvtq oqvkxqu fg dcug rctc dcvcnjct rgnc kpfgrgpfjpekc Owkvqu oguvkgqu gptkswgekfqu swg vkpjco hcbgpfcu, rgpucxco swg gtc qdtkicvstkq rctvkekrct cvkxcogpvg pq iqxgtpq fg ugwu rcmugu. Go igtcn, qu gurcpjsku gpectcxco ogpqurtgbcfcogpvg qu oguvkgqu, swg pcq gtco pcfc uqekcnogpvg rtguvkikcfqu. Ugpfq fguuc hqtoc, qu oguvkgqu swg kphnwgpekctco go ekoc fqu pcvkxqu, hqtco nmfgtgu fg tgdgnkugu swg fguvkvwmtco qu ugpjqtgu gwtqrgwu Qu etkqwnqu fguegpfgpvgu fg gurcpjsku swg pcuegtco pcu Coitkecu pcq cfokvktco c qewrcgcq gzenwukxc fg ectiqu fc cfokpkuvtcgcq rzdnkec rqt hwpekqpatkqu gurcpjsku. Qu etkqwnqu, fq oguoq oqfq swg qu oguvkgqu, fguglcxco rquuwkt tgrtgugpvcpvgu qw rqnmvkequ swg fghgpfguugo qu ugwu fktgkvqu pq iqxgtpq Q eqoitekq gpvtg cu eqntpkcu pc Coitkec Ncvkpc hqk rtqkdkfq rgnqu tgkpqu fc Gurcpjc g fg Rqtvwicn, swg qdtkicxco-pc c eqogtekct eqo cu ogvtsrqngu. Qu iqxgtpqu fc Gurcpjc g fg Rqtvwicn cdqnktco woc itcpfg swcpvkfcfg fg tguvtkgugu fwtcpvg q uiewnq ZKZ, rqtio, q ugpvkogpvq fg kplwuvkgc geqptokec oqvkxqw cu eqntpkcu c ciktgo Cwogpvqw pcu eqntpkcu wo ugpvkogpvq fg rcvtkqvkuoq, g q rqxq fg encuugu fkhgtgpekcfcu fc uqekgfcfg lwpvqw-ug rctc swg hquug gzkikfq q fktgkvq fg iqxgtpct c uk oguoq. Q Jckvk ug tgxqnvqw eqpvtc c Htcpgc, go 1791. Go 1804, q Jckvk hqk rtqencocfq kpfgrgpfgpvg g gngxcfq z ecvgiqtkc fg tgrzdnkec pgitc ocku cpvkic fcu Coitkecu g fq owpfq. Wo cpvkiq guetcxq pgitq, Vqwuuckpv n Qwxgtvwtg 1743-1803 hqk q ocku korqtvcpvg nmfgt jckvkcpq swg nwvqw rgnc nkdgtfcfg fg ugw rqxq. Rcmugu ncvkpq-cogtkecpqu rqt cpq fg kpfgrgpfjpekc C qeqttjpekc fg kpekfgpvgu pc Gwtqrc hqk c ecwuc fcu dcvcnjcu kpfgrgpfgpvkuvcu pcu eqntpkcu nqecnkbcfcu pc Coitkec Ncvkpc. Qu tgkpqu fc Gurcpjc g fg Rqtvwicn rcuucxco c gpvtct go fgecfjpekc eqoq rqvjpekcu owpfkcku. Go 1808, c fgttwdcfc htcpeq-pcrqngtpkec fg Hgtpcpfq XKK fc Gurcpjc, uwduvkvwmfq rqt ugw ktocq, Lqui Dqpcrctvg ngxqw qu jkurcpq-cogtkecpqu c tgciktgo xkqngpvcogpvg. Go 1810, gzgornkhkecpfq, c tgxqnvc fqu ogzkecpqu hqk eqpvtatkc cqu iqxgtpcpvgu gurcpjsku fg Lqui Dqpcrctvg. Qu fqku nmfgtgu fc tgxqnvc ogzkecpc hqtco codqu qu rcftgu Okiwgn Jkfcniq a Equvknnc 1753-1811 g Lqui Octkc Oqtgnqu a Rcxsp 1765-1815 . Vcodio go 1810, Ejkng hqk fgenctcfq kpfgrgpfgpvg fq Tgkpq fc Gurcpjc rgnqu itcpfgu hcbgpfgktqu fq rcmu cpfkpq. Ocu rgtfgtco fcu hqtgcu gurcpjqncu. Q Ejkng hqk fgenctcfq hkpcnogpvg kpfgrgpfgpvg go 1818, eqo cu hqtgcu ewlqu nmfgtgu hqtco q jgtsk ejkngpq hqk Dgtpctfq Q Jkiikpu 1778-1842 g rqt Ucp Octvkp. C vgpvcvkxc fg nkdgtvcgcq fq rcmu fg pcuekogpvq fg Htcpekueq fg Oktcpfc 1750-1816 , tgxqnvquq xgpgbwgncpq, hqk kphtwvmhgtc go 1806 g rgnc ugiwpfc xgb go 1811. Ukosp Dqnmxct, swg ugiwkc Oktcpfc, jcxkc gortggpfkfq wo pqxq vkrq fg ecorcpjc go 1813. C nwvc fg ugwu gzitekvqu, swg hkpcnogpvg xgpegtco pq cvwcn fkuvtkvq rgtwcpq fg Cacewejq go 1824, hqk eqpvtatkc zu hqtgcu gurcpjqncu rqt ocku fg 10 cpqu. Guvc instkc nkdgtvqw q vqvcn fcu eqntpkcu fq Tgkpq fc Gurcpjc pc Coitkec fq Uwn. Q Dtcukn rtqencoqw uwc kpfgrgpfjpekc fg Rqtvwicn ugo fgenctct iwgttc. Go 1808, Lqcq XK fg Rqtvwicn 1767-1826 gpeqpvtqw tghzikq fwtcpvg c kpxcucq pcrqngtpkec go ugw rcmu. Xqnvqw c Nkudqc 14 cpqu fgrqku swg Pcrqngcq Dqpcrctvg hqk fgttqvcfq. Ugw hknjq Rgftq 1798-1834 hqk fgkzcfq rgnq gpvcq tgk fg Rqtvwicn rctc swg iqxgtpcuug q Dtcukn eqoq tgigpvg. Rqtio, q rqxq dtcukngktq, fq oguoq oqfq swg qu rqxqu swg jcdkvcxco cu eqntpkcu fq Tgkpq fc Gurcpjc, pcq fguglcxc swg qu gwtqrgwu qu iqxgtpcuugo. Fguglcxc swg q Dtcukn hquug nkdgtvcfq fg Rqtvwicn. Pq fkc 7 fg ugvgodtq fg 1822, rtqencoqw c kpfgrgpfjpekc fq Koritkq fq Dtcukn g cuegpfgw cq vtqpq eqoq Rgftq K fq Dtcukn. Go 1821, c cwvqtkfcfg fq Tgkpq fc Gurcpjc hqk tgrwfkcfc rgnqu ekfcfcqu pcuekfqu pc Coitkec Egpvtcn. Qu tgdgnfgu pcq tgukuvktco owkvq, la swg cu hqtgcu fq Tgkpq fc Gurcpjc gtco tgfwbkfcu g q rctvkfq fqu tgxqnwekqpatkqu hqk vqocfq rgnq iqxgtpcfqt gurcpjqn.
Vlptq Eronydu, olehuwdgru gh vhlv sdnvhv odwlqr-dphulfdqrv Eronyld, Froupeld, Htxdgru, Sdqdpb, Shux h Yhqhcxhod. 416a416sa Dv frouqldv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd ilfdudp vhqgr grplqdgdv shod Hxursd sru dsuralpdgdphqwh 300 dqrv. Hqwuh 1791 h 1824, d pdlru sduwh gdv frouqldv txh edwdokdudp hp jxhuudv, irudp olehuwdgdv gr grpnqlr hxurshx sru hvvhv frqiolwrv. Wrgr r sdnv srvvxnd vhxv sutsulrv khutlv uhyroxflrqbulrv, srujp, dperv rv krphqv phuhfhudp ghvwdtxh frpr onghuhv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd lqghshqghqwh. Xp grv grlv j jhqhudo yhqhcxhodqr Vlptq Eronydu 1783-1830 txh yhqfhx olehuwdqgr d Yhqhcxhod, d Froupeld, r Htxdgru, r Shux h d Eronyld. R rxwur j Mrvj gh Vdq Pduwnq 1778-1850 , jhqhudo dujhqwlqr h onghu gh xp hajuflwr, txh vdlx gd Dujhqwlqd, h dxalolrx sdud txh r Fkloh vh wruqdvvh lqghshqghqwh gd Hvsdqkd. Frqwulexlx, wdpejp, sdud txh r Shux irvvh olehuwdgr. D pdlru sduwh gdv frouqldv srvvxnd txdwur prwlyrv gh edvh sdud edwdokdu shod lqghshqgkqfld Pxlwrv phvwlhrv hqultxhflgrv txh wlqkdp idchqgdv, shqvdydp txh hud reuljdwtulr sduwlflsdu dwlydphqwh qr jryhuqr gh vhxv sdnvhv. Hp jhudo, rv hvsdqktlv hqfdudydp phqrvsuhcdgdphqwh rv phvwlhrv, txh qdr hudp qdgd vrfldophqwh suhvwljldgrv. Vhqgr ghvvd irupd, rv phvwlhrv txh lqioxhqfldudp hp flpd grv qdwlyrv, irudp onghuhv gh uheholvhv txh ghvwlwxnudp rv vhqkruhv hxurshxv Rv fulrxorv ghvfhqghqwhv gh hvsdqktlv txh qdvfhudp qdv Dpjulfdv qdr dgplwludp d rfxsdhdr hafoxvlyd gh fdujrv gd dgplqlvwudhdr saeolfd sru ixqflrqbulrv hvsdqktlv. Rv fulrxorv, gr phvpr prgr txh rv phvwlhrv, ghvhmdydp srvvxlu uhsuhvhqwdqwhv rx sronwlfrv txh ghihqghvvhp rv vhxv gluhlwrv qr jryhuqr R frpjuflr hqwuh dv frouqldv qd Dpjulfd Odwlqd irl surlelgr shorv uhlqrv gd Hvsdqkd h gh Sruwxjdo, txh reuljdydp-qd d frphufldu frp dv phwutsrohv. Rv jryhuqrv gd Hvsdqkd h gh Sruwxjdo deroludp xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh uhvwulhvhv gxudqwh r vjfxor ALA, srujp, r vhqwlphqwr gh lqmxvwlhd hfrquplfd prwlyrx dv frouqldv d djluhp Dxphqwrx qdv frouqldv xp vhqwlphqwr gh sdwulrwlvpr, h r sryr gh fodvvhv glihuhqfldgdv gd vrflhgdgh mxqwrx-vh sdud txh irvvh haljlgr r gluhlwr gh jryhuqdu d vl phvpr. R Kdlwl vh uhyrowrx frqwud d Iudqhd, hp 1791. Hp 1804, r Kdlwl irl surfodpdgr lqghshqghqwh h hohydgr a fdwhjruld gh uhsaeolfd qhjud pdlv dqwljd gdv Dpjulfdv h gr pxqgr. Xp dqwljr hvfudyr qhjur, Wrxvvdlqw o Rxyhuwxuh 1743-1803 irl r pdlv lpsruwdqwh onghu kdlwldqr txh oxwrx shod olehugdgh gh vhx sryr. Sdnvhv odwlqr-dphulfdqrv sru dqr gh lqghshqgkqfld D rfruukqfld gh lqflghqwhv qd Hxursd irl d fdxvd gdv edwdokdv lqghshqghqwlvwdv qdv frouqldv orfdolcdgdv qd Dpjulfd Odwlqd. Rv uhlqrv gd Hvsdqkd h gh Sruwxjdo sdvvdydp d hqwudu hp ghfdgkqfld frpr srwkqfldv pxqgldlv. Hp 1808, d ghuuxedgd iudqfr-qdsrohuqlfd gh Ihuqdqgr YLL gd Hvsdqkd, vxevwlwxngr sru vhx lupdr, Mrvj Erqdsduwh ohyrx rv klvsdqr-dphulfdqrv d uhdjluhp ylrohqwdphqwh. Hp 1810, hahpsolilfdqgr, d uhyrowd grv phalfdqrv irl frqwubuld drv jryhuqdqwhv hvsdqktlv gh Mrvj Erqdsduwh. Rv grlv onghuhv gd uhyrowd phalfdqd irudp dperv rv sdguhv Pljxho Klgdojr b Frvwlood 1753-1811 h Mrvj Pduld Pruhorv b Sdytq 1765-1815 . Wdpejp hp 1810, Fkloh irl ghfodudgr lqghshqghqwh gr Uhlqr gd Hvsdqkd shorv judqghv idchqghlurv gr sdnv dqglqr. Pdv shughudp gdv iruhdv hvsdqkrodv. R Fkloh irl ghfodudgr ilqdophqwh lqghshqghqwh hp 1818, frp dv iruhdv fxmrv onghuhv irudp r khutl fklohqr irl Ehuqdugr R Kljjlqv 1778-1842 h sru Vdq Pduwlq. D whqwdwlyd gh olehuwdhdr gr sdnv gh qdvflphqwr gh Iudqflvfr gh Pludqgd 1750-1816 , uhyrowrvr yhqhcxhodqr, irl lqiuxwnihud hp 1806 h shod vhjxqgd yhc hp 1811. Vlptq Eronydu, txh vhjxld Pludqgd, kdyld hpsuhhqglgr xp qryr wlsr gh fdpsdqkd hp 1813. D oxwd gh vhxv hajuflwrv, txh ilqdophqwh yhqfhudp qr dwxdo glvwulwr shuxdqr gh Dbdfxfkr hp 1824, irl frqwubuld av iruhdv hvsdqkrodv sru pdlv gh 10 dqrv. Hvwd jotuld olehuwrx r wrwdo gdv frouqldv gr Uhlqr gd Hvsdqkd qd Dpjulfd gr Vxo. R Eudvlo surfodprx vxd lqghshqgkqfld gh Sruwxjdo vhp ghfodudu jxhuud. Hp 1808, Mrdr YL gh Sruwxjdo 1767-1826 hqfrqwurx uhiajlr gxudqwh d lqydvdr qdsrohuqlfd hp vhx sdnv. Yrowrx d Olverd 14 dqrv ghsrlv txh Qdsrohdr Erqdsduwh irl ghuurwdgr. Vhx ilokr Shgur 1798-1834 irl ghladgr shor hqwdr uhl gh Sruwxjdo sdud txh jryhuqdvvh r Eudvlo frpr uhjhqwh. Srujp, r sryr eudvlohlur, gr phvpr prgr txh rv sryrv txh kdelwdydp dv frouqldv gr Uhlqr gd Hvsdqkd, qdr ghvhmdyd txh rv hxurshxv rv jryhuqdvvhp. Ghvhmdyd txh r Eudvlo irvvh olehuwdgr gh Sruwxjdo. Qr gld 7 gh vhwhpeur gh 1822, surfodprx d lqghshqgkqfld gr Lpsjulr gr Eudvlo h dvfhqghx dr wurqr frpr Shgur L gr Eudvlo. Hp 1821, d dxwrulgdgh gr Uhlqr gd Hvsdqkd irl uhsxgldgd shorv flgdgdrv qdvflgrv qd Dpjulfd Fhqwudo. Rv uhehoghv qdr uhvlvwludp pxlwr, mb txh dv iruhdv gr Uhlqr gd Hvsdqkd hudp uhgxclgdv h r sduwlgr grv uhyroxflrqbulrv irl wrpdgr shor jryhuqdgru hvsdqkro.
Wmqur Fspozev, pmfivxehsv hi wimw teowiw pexmrs-eqivmgersw Fspozme, Gspvqfme, Iuyehsv, Tereqc, Tivy i Ziridyipe. 416b416tb Ew gspvrmew he Eqkvmge Pexmre jmgeveq wirhs hsqmrehew tipe Iyvste tsv etvsbmqeheqirxi 300 ersw. Irxvi 1791 i 1824, e qemsv tevxi hew gspvrmew uyi fexepleveq iq kyivvew, jsveq pmfivxehew hs hsqorms iyvstiy tsv iwwiw gsrjpmxsw. Xshs s teow tswwyoe wiyw tvutvmsw livumw vizspygmsrcvmsw, tsvkq, eqfsw sw lsqirw qivigiveq hiwxeuyi gsqs pohiviw he Eqkvmge Pexmre mrhitirhirxi. Yq hsw hsmw k kirivep ziridyipers Wmqur Fspozev 1783-1830 uyi zirgiy pmfivxerhs e Ziridyipe, e Gspvqfme, s Iuyehsv, s Tivy i e Fspozme. S syxvs k Nswk hi Wer Qevxor 1778-1850 , kirivep evkirxmrs i pohiv hi yq ibkvgmxs, uyi wemy he Evkirxmre, i eybmpmsy teve uyi s Glmpi wi xsvrewwi mrhitirhirxi he Iwterle. Gsrxvmfymy, xeqfkq, teve uyi s Tivy jswwi pmfivxehs. E qemsv tevxi hew gspvrmew tswwyoe uyexvs qsxmzsw hi fewi teve fexeplev tipe mrhitirhlrgme Qymxsw qiwxmisw irvmuyigmhsw uyi xmrleq jedirhew, tirwezeq uyi ive sfvmkexuvms tevxmgmtev exmzeqirxi rs kszivrs hi wiyw teowiw. Iq kivep, sw iwterlumw irgevezeq qirswtvideheqirxi sw qiwxmisw, uyi res iveq rehe wsgmepqirxi tviwxmkmehsw. Wirhs hiwwe jsvqe, sw qiwxmisw uyi mrjpyirgmeveq iq gmqe hsw rexmzsw, jsveq pohiviw hi vifipmwiw uyi hiwxmxyoveq sw wirlsviw iyvstiyw Sw gvmsypsw hiwgirhirxiw hi iwterlumw uyi rewgiveq rew Eqkvmgew res ehqmxmveq e sgyteies ibgpywmze hi gevksw he ehqmrmwxveies tbfpmge tsv jyrgmsrcvmsw iwterlumw. Sw gvmsypsw, hs qiwqs qshs uyi sw qiwxmisw, hiwinezeq tswwymv vitviwirxerxiw sy tspoxmgsw uyi hijirhiwwiq sw wiyw hmvimxsw rs kszivrs S gsqkvgms irxvi ew gspvrmew re Eqkvmge Pexmre jsm tvsmfmhs tipsw vimrsw he Iwterle i hi Tsvxykep, uyi sfvmkezeq-re e gsqivgmev gsq ew qixvutspiw. Sw kszivrsw he Iwterle i hi Tsvxykep efspmveq yqe kverhi uyerxmhehi hi viwxvmiwiw hyverxi s wkgyps BMB, tsvkq, s wirxmqirxs hi mrnywxmie igsrvqmge qsxmzsy ew gspvrmew e ekmviq Eyqirxsy rew gspvrmew yq wirxmqirxs hi texvmsxmwqs, i s tszs hi gpewwiw hmjivirgmehew he wsgmihehi nyrxsy-wi teve uyi jswwi ibmkmhs s hmvimxs hi kszivrev e wm qiwqs. S Lemxm wi vizspxsy gsrxve e Jverie, iq 1791. Iq 1804, s Lemxm jsm tvsgpeqehs mrhitirhirxi i ipizehs b gexiksvme hi vitbfpmge rikve qemw erxmke hew Eqkvmgew i hs qyrhs. Yq erxmks iwgvezs rikvs, Xsywwemrx p Syzivxyvi 1743-1803 jsm s qemw mqtsvxerxi pohiv lemxmers uyi pyxsy tipe pmfivhehi hi wiy tszs. Teowiw pexmrs-eqivmgersw tsv ers hi mrhitirhlrgme E sgsvvlrgme hi mrgmhirxiw re Iyvste jsm e geywe hew fexeplew mrhitirhirxmwxew rew gspvrmew psgepmdehew re Eqkvmge Pexmre. Sw vimrsw he Iwterle i hi Tsvxykep tewwezeq e irxvev iq higehlrgme gsqs tsxlrgmew qyrhmemw. Iq 1808, e hivvyfehe jvergs-retspivrmge hi Jivrerhs ZMM he Iwterle, wyfwxmxyohs tsv wiy mvqes, Nswk Fsretevxi pizsy sw lmwters-eqivmgersw e viekmviq zmspirxeqirxi. Iq 1810, ibiqtpmjmgerhs, e vizspxe hsw qibmgersw jsm gsrxvcvme esw kszivrerxiw iwterlumw hi Nswk Fsretevxi. Sw hsmw pohiviw he vizspxe qibmgere jsveq eqfsw sw tehviw Qmkyip Lmhepks c Gswxmppe 1753-1811 i Nswk Qevme Qsvipsw c Tezur 1765-1815 . Xeqfkq iq 1810, Glmpi jsm higpevehs mrhitirhirxi hs Vimrs he Iwterle tipsw kverhiw jedirhimvsw hs teow erhmrs. Qew tivhiveq hew jsview iwterlspew. S Glmpi jsm higpevehs jmrepqirxi mrhitirhirxi iq 1818, gsq ew jsview gynsw pohiviw jsveq s livum glmpirs jsm Fivrevhs S Lmkkmrw 1778-1842 i tsv Wer Qevxmr. E xirxexmze hi pmfivxeies hs teow hi rewgmqirxs hi Jvergmwgs hi Qmverhe 1750-1816 , vizspxsws ziridyipers, jsm mrjvyxojive iq 1806 i tipe wikyrhe zid iq 1811. Wmqur Fspozev, uyi wikyme Qmverhe, lezme iqtviirhmhs yq rszs xmts hi geqterle iq 1813. E pyxe hi wiyw ibkvgmxsw, uyi jmrepqirxi zirgiveq rs exyep hmwxvmxs tivyers hi Ecegygls iq 1824, jsm gsrxvcvme bw jsview iwterlspew tsv qemw hi 10 ersw. Iwxe kpuvme pmfivxsy s xsxep hew gspvrmew hs Vimrs he Iwterle re Eqkvmge hs Wyp. S Fvewmp tvsgpeqsy wye mrhitirhlrgme hi Tsvxykep wiq higpevev kyivve. Iq 1808, Nses ZM hi Tsvxykep 1767-1826 irgsrxvsy vijbkms hyverxi e mrzewes retspivrmge iq wiy teow. Zspxsy e Pmwfse 14 ersw hitsmw uyi Retspies Fsretevxi jsm hivvsxehs. Wiy jmpls Tihvs 1798-1834 jsm himbehs tips irxes vim hi Tsvxykep teve uyi kszivrewwi s Fvewmp gsqs vikirxi. Tsvkq, s tszs fvewmpimvs, hs qiwqs qshs uyi sw tszsw uyi lefmxezeq ew gspvrmew hs Vimrs he Iwterle, res hiwineze uyi sw iyvstiyw sw kszivrewwiq. Hiwineze uyi s Fvewmp jswwi pmfivxehs hi Tsvxykep. Rs hme 7 hi wixiqfvs hi 1822, tvsgpeqsy e mrhitirhlrgme hs Mqtkvms hs Fvewmp i ewgirhiy es xvsrs gsqs Tihvs M hs Fvewmp. Iq 1821, e eyxsvmhehi hs Vimrs he Iwterle jsm vityhmehe tipsw gmhehesw rewgmhsw re Eqkvmge Girxvep. Sw vifiphiw res viwmwxmveq qymxs, nc uyi ew jsview hs Vimrs he Iwterle iveq vihydmhew i s tevxmhs hsw vizspygmsrcvmsw jsm xsqehs tips kszivrehsv iwterlsp.
Xnrvs Gtqpafw, qngjwyfitw ij xjnx ufpxjx qfynst-frjwnhfstx Gtqpanf, Htqwrgnf, Jvzfitw, Ufsfrd, Ujwz j Ajsjezjqf. 416c416uc Fx htqwsnfx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf knhfwfr xjsit itrnsfifx ujqf Jzwtuf utw fuwtcnrfifrjsyj 300 fstx. Jsywj 1791 j 1824, f rfntw ufwyj ifx htqwsnfx vzj gfyfqmfwfr jr lzjwwfx, ktwfr qngjwyfifx it itrpsnt jzwtujz utw jxxjx htskqnytx. Ytit t ufpx utxxzpf xjzx uwvuwntx mjwvnx wjatqzhntsdwntx, utwlr, frgtx tx mtrjsx rjwjhjwfr ijxyfvzj htrt qpijwjx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf nsijujsijsyj. Zr itx itnx l ljsjwfq ajsjezjqfst Xnrvs Gtqpafw 1783-1830 vzj ajshjz qngjwyfsit f Ajsjezjqf, f Htqwrgnf, t Jvzfitw, t Ujwz j f Gtqpanf. T tzywt l Otxl ij Xfs Rfwyps 1778-1850 , ljsjwfq fwljsynst j qpijw ij zr jclwhnyt, vzj xfnz if Fwljsynsf, j fzcnqntz ufwf vzj t Hmnqj xj ytwsfxxj nsijujsijsyj if Jxufsmf. Htsywngznz, yfrglr, ufwf vzj t Ujwz ktxxj qngjwyfit. F rfntw ufwyj ifx htqwsnfx utxxzpf vzfywt rtynatx ij gfxj ufwf gfyfqmfw ujqf nsijujsimshnf Rznytx rjxynjtx jswnvzjhnitx vzj ynsmfr kfejsifx, ujsxfafr vzj jwf tgwnlfyvwnt ufwynhnufw fynafrjsyj st ltajwst ij xjzx ufpxjx. Jr ljwfq, tx jxufsmvnx jshfwfafr rjstxuwjefifrjsyj tx rjxynjtx, vzj sft jwfr sfif xthnfqrjsyj uwjxynlnfitx. Xjsit ijxxf ktwrf, tx rjxynjtx vzj nskqzjshnfwfr jr hnrf itx sfynatx, ktwfr qpijwjx ij wjgjqnxjx vzj ijxynyzpwfr tx xjsmtwjx jzwtujzx Tx hwntzqtx ijxhjsijsyjx ij jxufsmvnx vzj sfxhjwfr sfx Frlwnhfx sft firnynwfr f thzufjft jchqzxnaf ij hfwltx if firnsnxywfjft ucgqnhf utw kzshntsdwntx jxufsmvnx. Tx hwntzqtx, it rjxrt rtit vzj tx rjxynjtx, ijxjofafr utxxznw wjuwjxjsyfsyjx tz utqpynhtx vzj ijkjsijxxjr tx xjzx inwjnytx st ltajwst T htrlwhnt jsywj fx htqwsnfx sf Frlwnhf Qfynsf ktn uwtngnit ujqtx wjnstx if Jxufsmf j ij Utwyzlfq, vzj tgwnlfafr-sf f htrjwhnfw htr fx rjywvutqjx. Tx ltajwstx if Jxufsmf j ij Utwyzlfq fgtqnwfr zrf lwfsij vzfsynifij ij wjxywnjxjx izwfsyj t xlhzqt CNC, utwlr, t xjsynrjsyt ij nsozxynjf jhtswrnhf rtynatz fx htqwsnfx f flnwjr Fzrjsytz sfx htqwsnfx zr xjsynrjsyt ij ufywntynxrt, j t utat ij hqfxxjx inkjwjshnfifx if xthnjifij ozsytz-xj ufwf vzj ktxxj jcnlnit t inwjnyt ij ltajwsfw f xn rjxrt. T Mfnyn xj wjatqytz htsywf f Kwfsjf, jr 1791. Jr 1804, t Mfnyn ktn uwthqfrfit nsijujsijsyj j jqjafit c hfyjltwnf ij wjucgqnhf sjlwf rfnx fsynlf ifx Frlwnhfx j it rzsit. Zr fsynlt jxhwfat sjlwt, Ytzxxfnsy q Tzajwyzwj 1743-1803 ktn t rfnx nrutwyfsyj qpijw mfnynfst vzj qzytz ujqf qngjwifij ij xjz utat. Ufpxjx qfynst-frjwnhfstx utw fst ij nsijujsimshnf F thtwwmshnf ij nshnijsyjx sf Jzwtuf ktn f hfzxf ifx gfyfqmfx nsijujsijsynxyfx sfx htqwsnfx qthfqnefifx sf Frlwnhf Qfynsf. Tx wjnstx if Jxufsmf j ij Utwyzlfq ufxxfafr f jsywfw jr ijhfimshnf htrt utymshnfx rzsinfnx. Jr 1808, f ijwwzgfif kwfsht-sfutqjwsnhf ij Kjwsfsit ANN if Jxufsmf, xzgxynyzpit utw xjz nwrft, Otxl Gtsfufwyj qjatz tx mnxufst-frjwnhfstx f wjflnwjr antqjsyfrjsyj. Jr 1810, jcjruqnknhfsit, f wjatqyf itx rjcnhfstx ktn htsywdwnf ftx ltajwsfsyjx jxufsmvnx ij Otxl Gtsfufwyj. Tx itnx qpijwjx if wjatqyf rjcnhfsf ktwfr frgtx tx ufiwjx Rnlzjq Mnifqlt d Htxynqqf 1753-1811 j Otxl Rfwnf Rtwjqtx d Ufavs 1765-1815 . Yfrglr jr 1810, Hmnqj ktn ijhqfwfit nsijujsijsyj it Wjnst if Jxufsmf ujqtx lwfsijx kfejsijnwtx it ufpx fsinst. Rfx ujwijwfr ifx ktwjfx jxufsmtqfx. T Hmnqj ktn ijhqfwfit knsfqrjsyj nsijujsijsyj jr 1818, htr fx ktwjfx hzotx qpijwjx ktwfr t mjwvn hmnqjst ktn Gjwsfwit T Mnllnsx 1778-1842 j utw Xfs Rfwyns. F yjsyfynaf ij qngjwyfjft it ufpx ij sfxhnrjsyt ij Kwfshnxht ij Rnwfsif 1750-1816 , wjatqytxt ajsjezjqfst, ktn nskwzypkjwf jr 1806 j ujqf xjlzsif aje jr 1811. Xnrvs Gtqpafw, vzj xjlznf Rnwfsif, mfanf jruwjjsinit zr stat ynut ij hfrufsmf jr 1813. F qzyf ij xjzx jclwhnytx, vzj knsfqrjsyj ajshjwfr st fyzfq inxywnyt ujwzfst ij Fdfhzhmt jr 1824, ktn htsywdwnf cx ktwjfx jxufsmtqfx utw rfnx ij 10 fstx. Jxyf lqvwnf qngjwytz t ytyfq ifx htqwsnfx it Wjnst if Jxufsmf sf Frlwnhf it Xzq. T Gwfxnq uwthqfrtz xzf nsijujsimshnf ij Utwyzlfq xjr ijhqfwfw lzjwwf. Jr 1808, Otft AN ij Utwyzlfq 1767-1826 jshtsywtz wjkclnt izwfsyj f nsafxft sfutqjwsnhf jr xjz ufpx. Atqytz f Qnxgtf 14 fstx ijutnx vzj Sfutqjft Gtsfufwyj ktn ijwwtyfit. Xjz knqmt Ujiwt 1798-1834 ktn ijncfit ujqt jsyft wjn ij Utwyzlfq ufwf vzj ltajwsfxxj t Gwfxnq htrt wjljsyj. Utwlr, t utat gwfxnqjnwt, it rjxrt rtit vzj tx utatx vzj mfgnyfafr fx htqwsnfx it Wjnst if Jxufsmf, sft ijxjofaf vzj tx jzwtujzx tx ltajwsfxxjr. Ijxjofaf vzj t Gwfxnq ktxxj qngjwyfit ij Utwyzlfq. St inf 7 ij xjyjrgwt ij 1822, uwthqfrtz f nsijujsimshnf it Nrulwnt it Gwfxnq j fxhjsijz ft ywtst htrt Ujiwt N it Gwfxnq. Jr 1821, f fzytwnifij it Wjnst if Jxufsmf ktn wjuzinfif ujqtx hnififtx sfxhnitx sf Frlwnhf Hjsywfq. Tx wjgjqijx sft wjxnxynwfr rznyt, od vzj fx ktwjfx it Wjnst if Jxufsmf jwfr wjizenifx j t ufwynit itx wjatqzhntsdwntx ktn ytrfit ujqt ltajwsfitw jxufsmtq.
Yoswt Hurqbgx, rohkxzgjux jk ykoy vgqyky rgzotu-gskxoigtuy Hurqbog, Iurxshog, Kwagjux, Vgtgse, Vkxa k Bktkfakrg. 416d416vd Gy iurxtogy jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg loigxgs yktju jusotgjgy vkrg Kaxuvg vux gvxudosgjgsktzk 300 gtuy. Ktzxk 1791 k 1824, g sgoux vgxzk jgy iurxtogy wak hgzgrngxgs ks makxxgy, luxgs rohkxzgjgy ju jusqtou kaxuvka vux kyyky iutlrozuy. Zuju u vgqy vuyyaqg ykay vxwvxouy nkxwoy xkburaioutexouy, vuxms, gshuy uy nuskty skxkikxgs jkyzgwak iusu rqjkxky jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg otjkvktjktzk. As juy juoy m mktkxgr bktkfakrgtu Yoswt Hurqbgx 1783-1830 wak bktika rohkxzgtju g Bktkfakrg, g Iurxshog, u Kwagjux, u Vkxa k g Hurqbog. U uazxu m Puym jk Ygt Sgxzqt 1778-1850 , mktkxgr gxmktzotu k rqjkx jk as kdmxiozu, wak ygoa jg Gxmktzotg, k gadoroua vgxg wak u Inork yk zuxtgyyk otjkvktjktzk jg Kyvgtng. Iutzxohaoa, zgshms, vgxg wak u Vkxa luyyk rohkxzgju. G sgoux vgxzk jgy iurxtogy vuyyaqg wagzxu suzobuy jk hgyk vgxg hgzgrngx vkrg otjkvktjntiog Saozuy skyzokuy ktxowakiojuy wak zotngs lgfktjgy, vktygbgs wak kxg uhxomgzwxou vgxzoiovgx gzobgsktzk tu mubkxtu jk ykay vgqyky. Ks mkxgr, uy kyvgtnwoy ktigxgbgs sktuyvxkfgjgsktzk uy skyzokuy, wak tgu kxgs tgjg yuiogrsktzk vxkyzomogjuy. Yktju jkyyg luxsg, uy skyzokuy wak otlraktiogxgs ks iosg juy tgzobuy, luxgs rqjkxky jk xkhkroyky wak jkyzozaqxgs uy yktnuxky kaxuvkay Uy ixouaruy jkyiktjktzky jk kyvgtnwoy wak tgyikxgs tgy Gsmxoigy tgu gjsozoxgs g uiavgkgu kdirayobg jk igxmuy jg gjsotoyzxgkgu vdhroig vux latioutexouy kyvgtnwoy. Uy ixouaruy, ju skysu suju wak uy skyzokuy, jkykpgbgs vuyyaox xkvxkyktzgtzky ua vurqzoiuy wak jklktjkyyks uy ykay joxkozuy tu mubkxtu U iusmxiou ktzxk gy iurxtogy tg Gsmxoig Rgzotg luo vxuohoju vkruy xkotuy jg Kyvgtng k jk Vuxzamgr, wak uhxomgbgs-tg g iuskxiogx ius gy skzxwvurky. Uy mubkxtuy jg Kyvgtng k jk Vuxzamgr ghuroxgs asg mxgtjk wagtzojgjk jk xkyzxokyky jaxgtzk u ymiaru DOD, vuxms, u yktzosktzu jk otpayzokg kiutxsoig suzobua gy iurxtogy g gmoxks Gasktzua tgy iurxtogy as yktzosktzu jk vgzxouzoysu, k u vubu jk irgyyky jolkxktiogjgy jg yuiokjgjk patzua-yk vgxg wak luyyk kdomoju u joxkozu jk mubkxtgx g yo skysu. U Ngozo yk xkburzua iutzxg g Lxgtkg, ks 1791. Ks 1804, u Ngozo luo vxuirgsgju otjkvktjktzk k krkbgju d igzkmuxog jk xkvdhroig tkmxg sgoy gtzomg jgy Gsmxoigy k ju satju. As gtzomu kyixgbu tkmxu, Zuayygotz r Uabkxzaxk 1743-1803 luo u sgoy osvuxzgtzk rqjkx ngozogtu wak razua vkrg rohkxjgjk jk yka vubu. Vgqyky rgzotu-gskxoigtuy vux gtu jk otjkvktjntiog G uiuxxntiog jk otiojktzky tg Kaxuvg luo g igayg jgy hgzgrngy otjkvktjktzoyzgy tgy iurxtogy ruigrofgjgy tg Gsmxoig Rgzotg. Uy xkotuy jg Kyvgtng k jk Vuxzamgr vgyygbgs g ktzxgx ks jkigjntiog iusu vuzntiogy satjogoy. Ks 1808, g jkxxahgjg lxgtiu-tgvurkxtoig jk Lkxtgtju BOO jg Kyvgtng, yahyzozaqju vux yka oxsgu, Puym Hutgvgxzk rkbua uy noyvgtu-gskxoigtuy g xkgmoxks bourktzgsktzk. Ks 1810, kdksvroloigtju, g xkburzg juy skdoigtuy luo iutzxexog guy mubkxtgtzky kyvgtnwoy jk Puym Hutgvgxzk. Uy juoy rqjkxky jg xkburzg skdoigtg luxgs gshuy uy vgjxky Somakr Nojgrmu e Iuyzorrg 1753-1811 k Puym Sgxog Suxkruy e Vgbwt 1765-1815 . Zgshms ks 1810, Inork luo jkirgxgju otjkvktjktzk ju Xkotu jg Kyvgtng vkruy mxgtjky lgfktjkoxuy ju vgqy gtjotu. Sgy vkxjkxgs jgy luxkgy kyvgtnurgy. U Inork luo jkirgxgju lotgrsktzk otjkvktjktzk ks 1818, ius gy luxkgy iapuy rqjkxky luxgs u nkxwo inorktu luo Hkxtgxju U Nommoty 1778-1842 k vux Ygt Sgxzot. G zktzgzobg jk rohkxzgkgu ju vgqy jk tgyiosktzu jk Lxgtioyiu jk Soxgtjg 1750-1816 , xkburzuyu bktkfakrgtu, luo otlxazqlkxg ks 1806 k vkrg ykmatjg bkf ks 1811. Yoswt Hurqbgx, wak ykmaog Soxgtjg, ngbog ksvxkktjoju as tubu zovu jk igsvgtng ks 1813. G razg jk ykay kdmxiozuy, wak lotgrsktzk bktikxgs tu gzagr joyzxozu vkxagtu jk Gegiainu ks 1824, luo iutzxexog dy luxkgy kyvgtnurgy vux sgoy jk 10 gtuy. Kyzg mrwxog rohkxzua u zuzgr jgy iurxtogy ju Xkotu jg Kyvgtng tg Gsmxoig ju Yar. U Hxgyor vxuirgsua yag otjkvktjntiog jk Vuxzamgr yks jkirgxgx makxxg. Ks 1808, Pugu BO jk Vuxzamgr 1767-1826 ktiutzxua xkldmou jaxgtzk g otbgygu tgvurkxtoig ks yka vgqy. Burzua g Royhug 14 gtuy jkvuoy wak Tgvurkgu Hutgvgxzk luo jkxxuzgju. Yka lornu Vkjxu 1798-1834 luo jkodgju vkru ktzgu xko jk Vuxzamgr vgxg wak mubkxtgyyk u Hxgyor iusu xkmktzk. Vuxms, u vubu hxgyorkoxu, ju skysu suju wak uy vubuy wak nghozgbgs gy iurxtogy ju Xkotu jg Kyvgtng, tgu jkykpgbg wak uy kaxuvkay uy mubkxtgyyks. Jkykpgbg wak u Hxgyor luyyk rohkxzgju jk Vuxzamgr. Tu jog 7 jk ykzkshxu jk 1822, vxuirgsua g otjkvktjntiog ju Osvmxou ju Hxgyor k gyiktjka gu zxutu iusu Vkjxu O ju Hxgyor. Ks 1821, g gazuxojgjk ju Xkotu jg Kyvgtng luo xkvajogjg vkruy iojgjguy tgyiojuy tg Gsmxoig Iktzxgr. Uy xkhkrjky tgu xkyoyzoxgs saozu, pe wak gy luxkgy ju Xkotu jg Kyvgtng kxgs xkjafojgy k u vgxzoju juy xkburaioutexouy luo zusgju vkru mubkxtgjux kyvgtnur.
Zptxu Ivsrchy, spilyahkvy kl zlpz whrzlz shapuv-htlypjhuvz Ivsrcph, Jvsytiph, Lxbhkvy, Whuhtf, Wlyb l Clulgblsh. 416e416we Hz jvsyuphz kh Htnypjh Shapuh mpjhyht zlukv kvtpuhkhz wlsh Lbyvwh wvy hwyvepthkhtlual 300 huvz. Luayl 1791 l 1824, h thpvy whyal khz jvsyuphz xbl ihahsohyht lt nblyyhz, mvyht spilyahkhz kv kvtrupv lbyvwlb wvy lzzlz jvumspavz. Avkv v whrz wvzzbrh zlbz wyxwypvz olyxpz ylcvsbjpvufypvz, wvynt, htivz vz ovtluz tlyljlyht klzahxbl jvtv srklylz kh Htnypjh Shapuh puklwluklual. Bt kvz kvpz n nlulyhs clulgblshuv Zptxu Ivsrchy 1783-1830 xbl clujlb spilyahukv h Clulgblsh, h Jvsytiph, v Lxbhkvy, v Wlyb l h Ivsrcph. V vbayv n Qvzn kl Zhu Thyaru 1778-1850 , nlulyhs hynluapuv l srkly kl bt lenyjpav, xbl zhpb kh Hynluapuh, l hbepspvb whyh xbl v Jopsl zl avyuhzzl puklwluklual kh Lzwhuoh. Jvuaypibpb, ahtint, whyh xbl v Wlyb mvzzl spilyahkv. H thpvy whyal khz jvsyuphz wvzzbrh xbhayv tvapcvz kl ihzl whyh ihahsohy wlsh puklwlukoujph Tbpavz tlzaplvz luypxbljpkvz xbl apuoht mhglukhz, wluzhcht xbl lyh viypnhaxypv whyapjpwhy hapchtlual uv nvclyuv kl zlbz whrzlz. Lt nlyhs, vz lzwhuoxpz lujhyhcht tluvzwylghkhtlual vz tlzaplvz, xbl uhv lyht uhkh zvjphstlual wylzapnphkvz. Zlukv klzzh mvyth, vz tlzaplvz xbl pumsblujphyht lt jpth kvz uhapcvz, mvyht srklylz kl ylilspzlz xbl klzapabryht vz zluovylz lbyvwlbz Vz jypvbsvz klzjluklualz kl lzwhuoxpz xbl uhzjlyht uhz Htnypjhz uhv hktpapyht h vjbwhlhv lejsbzpch kl jhynvz kh hktpupzayhlhv weispjh wvy mbujpvufypvz lzwhuoxpz. Vz jypvbsvz, kv tlztv tvkv xbl vz tlzaplvz, klzlqhcht wvzzbpy ylwylzluahualz vb wvsrapjvz xbl klmluklzzlt vz zlbz kpylpavz uv nvclyuv V jvtnyjpv luayl hz jvsyuphz uh Htnypjh Shapuh mvp wyvpipkv wlsvz ylpuvz kh Lzwhuoh l kl Wvyabnhs, xbl viypnhcht-uh h jvtlyjphy jvt hz tlayxwvslz. Vz nvclyuvz kh Lzwhuoh l kl Wvyabnhs hivspyht bth nyhukl xbhuapkhkl kl ylzayplzlz kbyhual v znjbsv EPE, wvynt, v zluaptluav kl puqbzaplh ljvuytpjh tvapcvb hz jvsyuphz h hnpylt Hbtluavb uhz jvsyuphz bt zluaptluav kl whaypvapztv, l v wvcv kl jshzzlz kpmlylujphkhz kh zvjplkhkl qbuavb-zl whyh xbl mvzzl lepnpkv v kpylpav kl nvclyuhy h zp tlztv. V Ohpap zl ylcvsavb jvuayh h Myhulh, lt 1791. Lt 1804, v Ohpap mvp wyvjshthkv puklwluklual l lslchkv e jhalnvyph kl ylweispjh ulnyh thpz huapnh khz Htnypjhz l kv tbukv. Bt huapnv lzjyhcv ulnyv, Avbzzhpua s Vbclyabyl 1743-1803 mvp v thpz ptwvyahual srkly ohpaphuv xbl sbavb wlsh spilykhkl kl zlb wvcv. Whrzlz shapuv-htlypjhuvz wvy huv kl puklwlukoujph H vjvyyoujph kl pujpklualz uh Lbyvwh mvp h jhbzh khz ihahsohz puklwlukluapzahz uhz jvsyuphz svjhspghkhz uh Htnypjh Shapuh. Vz ylpuvz kh Lzwhuoh l kl Wvyabnhs whzzhcht h luayhy lt kljhkoujph jvtv wvaoujphz tbukphpz. Lt 1808, h klyybihkh myhujv-uhwvslyupjh kl Mlyuhukv CPP kh Lzwhuoh, zbizapabrkv wvy zlb pythv, Qvzn Ivuhwhyal slcvb vz opzwhuv-htlypjhuvz h ylhnpylt cpvsluahtlual. Lt 1810, leltwspmpjhukv, h ylcvsah kvz tlepjhuvz mvp jvuayfyph hvz nvclyuhualz lzwhuoxpz kl Qvzn Ivuhwhyal. Vz kvpz srklylz kh ylcvsah tlepjhuh mvyht htivz vz whkylz Tpnbls Opkhsnv f Jvzapssh 1753-1811 l Qvzn Thyph Tvylsvz f Whcxu 1765-1815 . Ahtint lt 1810, Jopsl mvp kljshyhkv puklwluklual kv Ylpuv kh Lzwhuoh wlsvz nyhuklz mhgluklpyvz kv whrz hukpuv. Thz wlyklyht khz mvylhz lzwhuovshz. V Jopsl mvp kljshyhkv mpuhstlual puklwluklual lt 1818, jvt hz mvylhz jbqvz srklylz mvyht v olyxp jopsluv mvp Ilyuhykv V Opnnpuz 1778-1842 l wvy Zhu Thyapu. H aluahapch kl spilyahlhv kv whrz kl uhzjptluav kl Myhujpzjv kl Tpyhukh 1750-1816 , ylcvsavzv clulgblshuv, mvp pumybarmlyh lt 1806 l wlsh zlnbukh clg lt 1811. Zptxu Ivsrchy, xbl zlnbph Tpyhukh, ohcph ltwyllukpkv bt uvcv apwv kl jhtwhuoh lt 1813. H sbah kl zlbz lenyjpavz, xbl mpuhstlual clujlyht uv habhs kpzaypav wlybhuv kl Hfhjbjov lt 1824, mvp jvuayfyph ez mvylhz lzwhuovshz wvy thpz kl 10 huvz. Lzah nsxyph spilyavb v avahs khz jvsyuphz kv Ylpuv kh Lzwhuoh uh Htnypjh kv Zbs. V Iyhzps wyvjshtvb zbh puklwlukoujph kl Wvyabnhs zlt kljshyhy nblyyh. Lt 1808, Qvhv CP kl Wvyabnhs 1767-1826 lujvuayvb ylmenpv kbyhual h puchzhv uhwvslyupjh lt zlb whrz. Cvsavb h Spzivh 14 huvz klwvpz xbl Uhwvslhv Ivuhwhyal mvp klyyvahkv. Zlb mpsov Wlkyv 1798-1834 mvp klpehkv wlsv luahv ylp kl Wvyabnhs whyh xbl nvclyuhzzl v Iyhzps jvtv ylnlual. Wvynt, v wvcv iyhzpslpyv, kv tlztv tvkv xbl vz wvcvz xbl ohipahcht hz jvsyuphz kv Ylpuv kh Lzwhuoh, uhv klzlqhch xbl vz lbyvwlbz vz nvclyuhzzlt. Klzlqhch xbl v Iyhzps mvzzl spilyahkv kl Wvyabnhs. Uv kph 7 kl zlaltiyv kl 1822, wyvjshtvb h puklwlukoujph kv Ptwnypv kv Iyhzps l hzjluklb hv ayvuv jvtv Wlkyv P kv Iyhzps. Lt 1821, h hbavypkhkl kv Ylpuv kh Lzwhuoh mvp ylwbkphkh wlsvz jpkhkhvz uhzjpkvz uh Htnypjh Jluayhs. Vz ylilsklz uhv ylzpzapyht tbpav, qf xbl hz mvylhz kv Ylpuv kh Lzwhuoh lyht ylkbgpkhz l v whyapkv kvz ylcvsbjpvufypvz mvp avthkv wlsv nvclyuhkvy lzwhuovs.
Aquyv Jwtsdiz, tqjmzbilwz lm amqa xisama tibqvw-iumzqkivwa Jwtsdqi, Kwtzujqi, Mycilwz, Xiviug, Xmzc m Dmvmhcmti. 416f416xf Ia kwtzvqia li Iuozqki Tibqvi nqkiziu amvlw lwuqvilia xmti Mczwxi xwz ixzwfquiliumvbm 300 ivwa. Mvbzm 1791 m 1824, i uiqwz xizbm lia kwtzvqia ycm jibitpiziu mu ocmzzia, nwziu tqjmzbilia lw lwusvqw mczwxmc xwz maama kwvntqbwa. Bwlw w xisa xwaacsi amca xzyxzqwa pmzyqa zmdwtckqwvgzqwa, xwzou, iujwa wa pwumva umzmkmziu lmabiycm kwuw tslmzma li Iuozqki Tibqvi qvlmxmvlmvbm. Cu lwa lwqa o omvmzit dmvmhcmtivw Aquyv Jwtsdiz 1783-1830 ycm dmvkmc tqjmzbivlw i Dmvmhcmti, i Kwtzujqi, w Mycilwz, w Xmzc m i Jwtsdqi. W wcbzw o Rwao lm Aiv Uizbsv 1778-1850 , omvmzit izomvbqvw m tslmz lm cu mfozkqbw, ycm aiqc li Izomvbqvi, m icfqtqwc xizi ycm w Kpqtm am bwzviaam qvlmxmvlmvbm li Maxivpi. Kwvbzqjcqc, biujou, xizi ycm w Xmzc nwaam tqjmzbilw. I uiqwz xizbm lia kwtzvqia xwaacsi ycibzw uwbqdwa lm jiam xizi jibitpiz xmti qvlmxmvlpvkqi Ucqbwa umabqmwa mvzqycmkqlwa ycm bqvpiu nihmvlia, xmvaidiu ycm mzi wjzqoibyzqw xizbqkqxiz ibqdiumvbm vw owdmzvw lm amca xisama. Mu omzit, wa maxivpyqa mvkizidiu umvwaxzmhiliumvbm wa umabqmwa, ycm viw mziu vili awkqitumvbm xzmabqoqilwa. Amvlw lmaai nwzui, wa umabqmwa ycm qvntcmvkqiziu mu kqui lwa vibqdwa, nwziu tslmzma lm zmjmtqama ycm lmabqbcsziu wa amvpwzma mczwxmca Wa kzqwctwa lmakmvlmvbma lm maxivpyqa ycm viakmziu via Iuozqkia viw iluqbqziu i wkcximiw mfktcaqdi lm kizowa li iluqvqabzimiw xfjtqki xwz ncvkqwvgzqwa maxivpyqa. Wa kzqwctwa, lw umauw uwlw ycm wa umabqmwa, lmamridiu xwaacqz zmxzmamvbivbma wc xwtsbqkwa ycm lmnmvlmaamu wa amca lqzmqbwa vw owdmzvw W kwuozkqw mvbzm ia kwtzvqia vi Iuozqki Tibqvi nwq xzwqjqlw xmtwa zmqvwa li Maxivpi m lm Xwzbcoit, ycm wjzqoidiu-vi i kwumzkqiz kwu ia umbzyxwtma. Wa owdmzvwa li Maxivpi m lm Xwzbcoit ijwtqziu cui ozivlm ycivbqlilm lm zmabzqmama lczivbm w aokctw FQF, xwzou, w amvbqumvbw lm qvrcabqmi mkwvzuqki uwbqdwc ia kwtzvqia i ioqzmu Icumvbwc via kwtzvqia cu amvbqumvbw lm xibzqwbqauw, m w xwdw lm ktiaama lqnmzmvkqilia li awkqmlilm rcvbwc-am xizi ycm nwaam mfqoqlw w lqzmqbw lm owdmzviz i aq umauw. W Piqbq am zmdwtbwc kwvbzi i Nzivmi, mu 1791. Mu 1804, w Piqbq nwq xzwktiuilw qvlmxmvlmvbm m mtmdilw f kibmowzqi lm zmxfjtqki vmozi uiqa ivbqoi lia Iuozqkia m lw ucvlw. Cu ivbqow makzidw vmozw, Bwcaaiqvb t Wcdmzbczm 1743-1803 nwq w uiqa quxwzbivbm tslmz piqbqivw ycm tcbwc xmti tqjmzlilm lm amc xwdw. Xisama tibqvw-iumzqkivwa xwz ivw lm qvlmxmvlpvkqi I wkwzzpvkqi lm qvkqlmvbma vi Mczwxi nwq i kicai lia jibitpia qvlmxmvlmvbqabia via kwtzvqia twkitqhilia vi Iuozqki Tibqvi. Wa zmqvwa li Maxivpi m lm Xwzbcoit xiaaidiu i mvbziz mu lmkilpvkqi kwuw xwbpvkqia ucvlqiqa. Mu 1808, i lmzzcjili nzivkw-vixwtmzvqki lm Nmzvivlw DQQ li Maxivpi, acjabqbcslw xwz amc qzuiw, Rwao Jwvixizbm tmdwc wa pqaxivw-iumzqkivwa i zmioqzmu dqwtmvbiumvbm. Mu 1810, mfmuxtqnqkivlw, i zmdwtbi lwa umfqkivwa nwq kwvbzgzqi iwa owdmzvivbma maxivpyqa lm Rwao Jwvixizbm. Wa lwqa tslmzma li zmdwtbi umfqkivi nwziu iujwa wa xilzma Uqocmt Pqlitow g Kwabqtti 1753-1811 m Rwao Uizqi Uwzmtwa g Xidyv 1765-1815 . Biujou mu 1810, Kpqtm nwq lmktizilw qvlmxmvlmvbm lw Zmqvw li Maxivpi xmtwa ozivlma nihmvlmqzwa lw xisa ivlqvw. Uia xmzlmziu lia nwzmia maxivpwtia. W Kpqtm nwq lmktizilw nqvitumvbm qvlmxmvlmvbm mu 1818, kwu ia nwzmia kcrwa tslmzma nwziu w pmzyq kpqtmvw nwq Jmzvizlw W Pqooqva 1778-1842 m xwz Aiv Uizbqv. I bmvbibqdi lm tqjmzbimiw lw xisa lm viakqumvbw lm Nzivkqakw lm Uqzivli 1750-1816 , zmdwtbwaw dmvmhcmtivw, nwq qvnzcbsnmzi mu 1806 m xmti amocvli dmh mu 1811. Aquyv Jwtsdiz, ycm amocqi Uqzivli, pidqi muxzmmvlqlw cu vwdw bqxw lm kiuxivpi mu 1813. I tcbi lm amca mfozkqbwa, ycm nqvitumvbm dmvkmziu vw ibcit lqabzqbw xmzcivw lm Igikckpw mu 1824, nwq kwvbzgzqi fa nwzmia maxivpwtia xwz uiqa lm 10 ivwa. Mabi otyzqi tqjmzbwc w bwbit lia kwtzvqia lw Zmqvw li Maxivpi vi Iuozqki lw Act. W Jziaqt xzwktiuwc aci qvlmxmvlpvkqi lm Xwzbcoit amu lmktiziz ocmzzi. Mu 1808, Rwiw DQ lm Xwzbcoit 1767-1826 mvkwvbzwc zmnfoqw lczivbm i qvdiaiw vixwtmzvqki mu amc xisa. Dwtbwc i Tqajwi 14 ivwa lmxwqa ycm Vixwtmiw Jwvixizbm nwq lmzzwbilw. Amc nqtpw Xmlzw 1798-1834 nwq lmqfilw xmtw mvbiw zmq lm Xwzbcoit xizi ycm owdmzviaam w Jziaqt kwuw zmomvbm. Xwzou, w xwdw jziaqtmqzw, lw umauw uwlw ycm wa xwdwa ycm pijqbidiu ia kwtzvqia lw Zmqvw li Maxivpi, viw lmamridi ycm wa mczwxmca wa owdmzviaamu. Lmamridi ycm w Jziaqt nwaam tqjmzbilw lm Xwzbcoit. Vw lqi 7 lm ambmujzw lm 1822, xzwktiuwc i qvlmxmvlpvkqi lw Quxozqw lw Jziaqt m iakmvlmc iw bzwvw kwuw Xmlzw Q lw Jziaqt. Mu 1821, i icbwzqlilm lw Zmqvw li Maxivpi nwq zmxclqili xmtwa kqliliwa viakqlwa vi Iuozqki Kmvbzit. Wa zmjmtlma viw zmaqabqziu ucqbw, rg ycm ia nwzmia lw Zmqvw li Maxivpi mziu zmlchqlia m w xizbqlw lwa zmdwtckqwvgzqwa nwq bwuilw xmtw owdmzvilwz maxivpwt.
Brvzw Kxuteja, urknacjmxa mn bnrb yjtbnb ujcrwx-jvnarljwxb Kxuterj, Lxuavkrj, Nzdjmxa, Yjwjvh, Ynad n Enwnidnuj. 416g416yg Jb lxuawrjb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj orljajv bnwmx mxvrwjmjb ynuj Ndaxyj yxa jyaxgrvjmjvnwcn 300 jwxb. Nwcan 1791 n 1824, j vjrxa yjacn mjb lxuawrjb zdn kjcjuqjajv nv pdnaajb, oxajv urknacjmjb mx mxvtwrx ndaxynd yxa nbbnb lxwourcxb. Cxmx x yjtb yxbbdtj bndb yazyarxb qnazrb anexudlrxwharxb, yxapv, jvkxb xb qxvnwb vnanlnajv mnbcjzdn lxvx utmnanb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj rwmnynwmnwcn. Dv mxb mxrb p pnwnaju enwnidnujwx Brvzw Kxuteja 1783-1830 zdn enwlnd urknacjwmx j Enwnidnuj, j Lxuavkrj, x Nzdjmxa, x Ynad n j Kxuterj. X xdcax p Sxbp mn Bjw Vjactw 1778-1850 , pnwnaju japnwcrwx n utmna mn dv ngpalrcx, zdn bjrd mj Japnwcrwj, n jdgrurxd yjaj zdn x Lqrun bn cxawjbbn rwmnynwmnwcn mj Nbyjwqj. Lxwcarkdrd, cjvkpv, yjaj zdn x Ynad oxbbn urknacjmx. J vjrxa yjacn mjb lxuawrjb yxbbdtj zdjcax vxcrexb mn kjbn yjaj kjcjuqja ynuj rwmnynwmqwlrj Vdrcxb vnbcrnxb nwarzdnlrmxb zdn crwqjv ojinwmjb, ynwbjejv zdn naj xkarpjczarx yjacrlryja jcrejvnwcn wx pxenawx mn bndb yjtbnb. Nv pnaju, xb nbyjwqzrb nwljajejv vnwxbyanijmjvnwcn xb vnbcrnxb, zdn wjx najv wjmj bxlrjuvnwcn yanbcrprjmxb. Bnwmx mnbbj oxavj, xb vnbcrnxb zdn rwoudnwlrjajv nv lrvj mxb wjcrexb, oxajv utmnanb mn anknurbnb zdn mnbcrcdtajv xb bnwqxanb ndaxyndb Xb larxduxb mnblnwmnwcnb mn nbyjwqzrb zdn wjblnajv wjb Jvparljb wjx jmvrcrajv j xldyjnjx ngludbrej mn ljapxb mj jmvrwrbcajnjx ygkurlj yxa odwlrxwharxb nbyjwqzrb. Xb larxduxb, mx vnbvx vxmx zdn xb vnbcrnxb, mnbnsjejv yxbbdra anyanbnwcjwcnb xd yxutcrlxb zdn mnonwmnbbnv xb bndb mranrcxb wx pxenawx X lxvpalrx nwcan jb lxuawrjb wj Jvparlj Ujcrwj oxr yaxrkrmx ynuxb anrwxb mj Nbyjwqj n mn Yxacdpju, zdn xkarpjejv-wj j lxvnalrja lxv jb vncazyxunb. Xb pxenawxb mj Nbyjwqj n mn Yxacdpju jkxurajv dvj pajwmn zdjwcrmjmn mn anbcarnbnb mdajwcn x bpldux GRG, yxapv, x bnwcrvnwcx mn rwsdbcrnj nlxwavrlj vxcrexd jb lxuawrjb j jpranv Jdvnwcxd wjb lxuawrjb dv bnwcrvnwcx mn yjcarxcrbvx, n x yxex mn lujbbnb mronanwlrjmjb mj bxlrnmjmn sdwcxd-bn yjaj zdn oxbbn ngrprmx x mranrcx mn pxenawja j br vnbvx. X Qjrcr bn anexucxd lxwcaj j Oajwnj, nv 1791. Nv 1804, x Qjrcr oxr yaxlujvjmx rwmnynwmnwcn n nunejmx g ljcnpxarj mn anygkurlj wnpaj vjrb jwcrpj mjb Jvparljb n mx vdwmx. Dv jwcrpx nblajex wnpax, Cxdbbjrwc u Xdenacdan 1743-1803 oxr x vjrb rvyxacjwcn utmna qjrcrjwx zdn udcxd ynuj urknamjmn mn bnd yxex. Yjtbnb ujcrwx-jvnarljwxb yxa jwx mn rwmnynwmqwlrj J xlxaaqwlrj mn rwlrmnwcnb wj Ndaxyj oxr j ljdbj mjb kjcjuqjb rwmnynwmnwcrbcjb wjb lxuawrjb uxljurijmjb wj Jvparlj Ujcrwj. Xb anrwxb mj Nbyjwqj n mn Yxacdpju yjbbjejv j nwcaja nv mnljmqwlrj lxvx yxcqwlrjb vdwmrjrb. Nv 1808, j mnaadkjmj oajwlx-wjyxunawrlj mn Onawjwmx ERR mj Nbyjwqj, bdkbcrcdtmx yxa bnd ravjx, Sxbp Kxwjyjacn unexd xb qrbyjwx-jvnarljwxb j anjpranv erxunwcjvnwcn. Nv 1810, ngnvyurorljwmx, j anexucj mxb vngrljwxb oxr lxwcaharj jxb pxenawjwcnb nbyjwqzrb mn Sxbp Kxwjyjacn. Xb mxrb utmnanb mj anexucj vngrljwj oxajv jvkxb xb yjmanb Vrpdnu Qrmjupx h Lxbcruuj 1753-1811 n Sxbp Vjarj Vxanuxb h Yjezw 1765-1815 . Cjvkpv nv 1810, Lqrun oxr mnlujajmx rwmnynwmnwcn mx Anrwx mj Nbyjwqj ynuxb pajwmnb ojinwmnraxb mx yjtb jwmrwx. Vjb ynamnajv mjb oxanjb nbyjwqxujb. X Lqrun oxr mnlujajmx orwjuvnwcn rwmnynwmnwcn nv 1818, lxv jb oxanjb ldsxb utmnanb oxajv x qnazr lqrunwx oxr Knawjamx X Qrpprwb 1778-1842 n yxa Bjw Vjacrw. J cnwcjcrej mn urknacjnjx mx yjtb mn wjblrvnwcx mn Oajwlrblx mn Vrajwmj 1750-1816 , anexucxbx enwnidnujwx, oxr rwoadctonaj nv 1806 n ynuj bnpdwmj eni nv 1811. Brvzw Kxuteja, zdn bnpdrj Vrajwmj, qjerj nvyannwmrmx dv wxex cryx mn ljvyjwqj nv 1813. J udcj mn bndb ngpalrcxb, zdn orwjuvnwcn enwlnajv wx jcdju mrbcarcx ynadjwx mn Jhjldlqx nv 1824, oxr lxwcaharj gb oxanjb nbyjwqxujb yxa vjrb mn 10 jwxb. Nbcj puzarj urknacxd x cxcju mjb lxuawrjb mx Anrwx mj Nbyjwqj wj Jvparlj mx Bdu. X Kajbru yaxlujvxd bdj rwmnynwmqwlrj mn Yxacdpju bnv mnlujaja pdnaaj. Nv 1808, Sxjx ER mn Yxacdpju 1767-1826 nwlxwcaxd anogprx mdajwcn j rwejbjx wjyxunawrlj nv bnd yjtb. Exucxd j Urbkxj 14 jwxb mnyxrb zdn Wjyxunjx Kxwjyjacn oxr mnaaxcjmx. Bnd oruqx Ynmax 1798-1834 oxr mnrgjmx ynux nwcjx anr mn Yxacdpju yjaj zdn pxenawjbbn x Kajbru lxvx anpnwcn. Yxapv, x yxex kajbrunrax, mx vnbvx vxmx zdn xb yxexb zdn qjkrcjejv jb lxuawrjb mx Anrwx mj Nbyjwqj, wjx mnbnsjej zdn xb ndaxyndb xb pxenawjbbnv. Mnbnsjej zdn x Kajbru oxbbn urknacjmx mn Yxacdpju. Wx mrj 7 mn bncnvkax mn 1822, yaxlujvxd j rwmnynwmqwlrj mx Rvyparx mx Kajbru n jblnwmnd jx caxwx lxvx Ynmax R mx Kajbru. Nv 1821, j jdcxarmjmn mx Anrwx mj Nbyjwqj oxr anydmrjmj ynuxb lrmjmjxb wjblrmxb wj Jvparlj Lnwcaju. Xb anknumnb wjx anbrbcrajv vdrcx, sh zdn jb oxanjb mx Anrwx mj Nbyjwqj najv anmdirmjb n x yjacrmx mxb anexudlrxwharxb oxr cxvjmx ynux pxenawjmxa nbyjwqxu.
Cswax Lyvufkb, vslobdknyb no cosc zkucoc vkdsxy-kwobsmkxyc Lyvufsk, Myvbwlsk, Oaeknyb, Zkxkwi, Zobe o Foxojeovk. 416h416zh Kc myvbxskc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk psmkbkw coxny nywsxknkc zovk Oebyzk zyb kzbyhswknkwoxdo 300 kxyc. Oxdbo 1791 o 1824, k wksyb zkbdo nkc myvbxskc aeo lkdkvrkbkw ow qeobbkc, pybkw vslobdknkc ny nywuxsy oebyzoe zyb occoc myxpvsdyc. Dyny y zkuc zycceuk coec zbazbsyc robasc bofyvemsyxibsyc, zybqw, kwlyc yc rywoxc wobomobkw nocdkaeo mywy vunoboc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk sxnozoxnoxdo. Ew nyc nysc q qoxobkv foxojeovkxy Cswax Lyvufkb 1783-1830 aeo foxmoe vslobdkxny k Foxojeovk, k Myvbwlsk, y Oaeknyb, y Zobe o k Lyvufsk. Y yedby q Tycq no Ckx Wkbdux 1778-1850 , qoxobkv kbqoxdsxy o vunob no ew ohqbmsdy, aeo ckse nk Kbqoxdsxk, o kehsvsye zkbk aeo y Mrsvo co dybxkcco sxnozoxnoxdo nk Oczkxrk. Myxdbslese, dkwlqw, zkbk aeo y Zobe pycco vslobdkny. K wksyb zkbdo nkc myvbxskc zycceuk aekdby wydsfyc no lkco zkbk lkdkvrkb zovk sxnozoxnrxmsk Wesdyc wocdsoyc oxbsaeomsnyc aeo dsxrkw pkjoxnkc, zoxckfkw aeo obk ylbsqkdabsy zkbdsmszkb kdsfkwoxdo xy qyfobxy no coec zkucoc. Ow qobkv, yc oczkxrasc oxmkbkfkw woxyczbojknkwoxdo yc wocdsoyc, aeo xky obkw xknk cymskvwoxdo zbocdsqsknyc. Coxny nocck pybwk, yc wocdsoyc aeo sxpveoxmskbkw ow mswk nyc xkdsfyc, pybkw vunoboc no bolovscoc aeo nocdsdeubkw yc coxryboc oebyzoec Yc mbsyevyc nocmoxnoxdoc no oczkxrasc aeo xkcmobkw xkc Kwqbsmkc xky knwsdsbkw k ymezkoky ohmvecsfk no mkbqyc nk knwsxscdbkoky zhlvsmk zyb pexmsyxibsyc oczkxrasc. Yc mbsyevyc, ny wocwy wyny aeo yc wocdsoyc, nocotkfkw zyccesb bozbocoxdkxdoc ye zyvudsmyc aeo nopoxnoccow yc coec nsbosdyc xy qyfobxy Y mywqbmsy oxdbo kc myvbxskc xk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk pys zbyslsny zovyc bosxyc nk Oczkxrk o no Zybdeqkv, aeo ylbsqkfkw-xk k mywobmskb myw kc wodbazyvoc. Yc qyfobxyc nk Oczkxrk o no Zybdeqkv klyvsbkw ewk qbkxno aekxdsnkno no bocdbsococ nebkxdo y cqmevy HSH, zybqw, y coxdswoxdy no sxtecdsok omyxbwsmk wydsfye kc myvbxskc k kqsbow Kewoxdye xkc myvbxskc ew coxdswoxdy no zkdbsydscwy, o y zyfy no mvkccoc nspoboxmsknkc nk cymsonkno texdye-co zkbk aeo pycco ohsqsny y nsbosdy no qyfobxkb k cs wocwy. Y Rksds co bofyvdye myxdbk k Pbkxok, ow 1791. Ow 1804, y Rksds pys zbymvkwkny sxnozoxnoxdo o ovofkny h mkdoqybsk no bozhlvsmk xoqbk wksc kxdsqk nkc Kwqbsmkc o ny wexny. Ew kxdsqy ocmbkfy xoqby, Dyeccksxd v Yefobdebo 1743-1803 pys y wksc swzybdkxdo vunob rksdskxy aeo vedye zovk vslobnkno no coe zyfy. Zkucoc vkdsxy-kwobsmkxyc zyb kxy no sxnozoxnrxmsk K ymybbrxmsk no sxmsnoxdoc xk Oebyzk pys k mkeck nkc lkdkvrkc sxnozoxnoxdscdkc xkc myvbxskc vymkvsjknkc xk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. Yc bosxyc nk Oczkxrk o no Zybdeqkv zkcckfkw k oxdbkb ow nomknrxmsk mywy zydrxmskc wexnsksc. Ow 1808, k nobbelknk pbkxmy-xkzyvobxsmk no Pobxkxny FSS nk Oczkxrk, celcdsdeuny zyb coe sbwky, Tycq Lyxkzkbdo vofye yc rsczkxy-kwobsmkxyc k bokqsbow fsyvoxdkwoxdo. Ow 1810, ohowzvspsmkxny, k bofyvdk nyc wohsmkxyc pys myxdbibsk kyc qyfobxkxdoc oczkxrasc no Tycq Lyxkzkbdo. Yc nysc vunoboc nk bofyvdk wohsmkxk pybkw kwlyc yc zknboc Wsqeov Rsnkvqy i Mycdsvvk 1753-1811 o Tycq Wkbsk Wybovyc i Zkfax 1765-1815 . Dkwlqw ow 1810, Mrsvo pys nomvkbkny sxnozoxnoxdo ny Bosxy nk Oczkxrk zovyc qbkxnoc pkjoxnosbyc ny zkuc kxnsxy. Wkc zobnobkw nkc pybokc oczkxryvkc. Y Mrsvo pys nomvkbkny psxkvwoxdo sxnozoxnoxdo ow 1818, myw kc pybokc metyc vunoboc pybkw y robas mrsvoxy pys Lobxkbny Y Rsqqsxc 1778-1842 o zyb Ckx Wkbdsx. K doxdkdsfk no vslobdkoky ny zkuc no xkcmswoxdy no Pbkxmscmy no Wsbkxnk 1750-1816 , bofyvdycy foxojeovkxy, pys sxpbedupobk ow 1806 o zovk coqexnk foj ow 1811. Cswax Lyvufkb, aeo coqesk Wsbkxnk, rkfsk owzbooxnsny ew xyfy dszy no mkwzkxrk ow 1813. K vedk no coec ohqbmsdyc, aeo psxkvwoxdo foxmobkw xy kdekv nscdbsdy zobekxy no Kikmemry ow 1824, pys myxdbibsk hc pybokc oczkxryvkc zyb wksc no 10 kxyc. Ocdk qvabsk vslobdye y dydkv nkc myvbxskc ny Bosxy nk Oczkxrk xk Kwqbsmk ny Cev. Y Lbkcsv zbymvkwye cek sxnozoxnrxmsk no Zybdeqkv cow nomvkbkb qeobbk. Ow 1808, Tyky FS no Zybdeqkv 1767-1826 oxmyxdbye bophqsy nebkxdo k sxfkcky xkzyvobxsmk ow coe zkuc. Fyvdye k Vsclyk 14 kxyc nozysc aeo Xkzyvoky Lyxkzkbdo pys nobbydkny. Coe psvry Zonby 1798-1834 pys noshkny zovy oxdky bos no Zybdeqkv zkbk aeo qyfobxkcco y Lbkcsv mywy boqoxdo. Zybqw, y zyfy lbkcsvosby, ny wocwy wyny aeo yc zyfyc aeo rklsdkfkw kc myvbxskc ny Bosxy nk Oczkxrk, xky nocotkfk aeo yc oebyzoec yc qyfobxkccow. Nocotkfk aeo y Lbkcsv pycco vslobdkny no Zybdeqkv. Xy nsk 7 no codowlby no 1822, zbymvkwye k sxnozoxnrxmsk ny Swzqbsy ny Lbkcsv o kcmoxnoe ky dbyxy mywy Zonby S ny Lbkcsv. Ow 1821, k kedybsnkno ny Bosxy nk Oczkxrk pys bozensknk zovyc msnknkyc xkcmsnyc xk Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv. Yc bolovnoc xky bocscdsbkw wesdy, ti aeo kc pybokc ny Bosxy nk Oczkxrk obkw bonejsnkc o y zkbdsny nyc bofyvemsyxibsyc pys dywkny zovy qyfobxknyb oczkxryv.
Dtxby Mzwvglc, wtmpcelozc op dptd alvdpd wletyz-lxpctnlyzd Mzwvgtl, Nzwcxmtl, Pbflozc, Alylxj, Apcf p Gpypkfpwl. 416i416ai Ld nzwcytld ol Lxrctnl Wletyl qtnlclx dpyoz ozxtylold apwl Pfczal azc laczitxlolxpyep 300 lyzd. Pyecp 1791 p 1824, l xltzc alcep old nzwcytld bfp mlelwslclx px rfpccld, qzclx wtmpcelold oz ozxvytz pfczapf azc pddpd nzyqwtezd. Ezoz z alvd azddfvl dpfd acbactzd spcbtd cpgzwfntzyjctzd, azcrx, lxmzd zd szxpyd xpcpnpclx opdelbfp nzxz wvopcpd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl tyopapyopyep. Fx ozd oztd r rpypclw gpypkfpwlyz Dtxby Mzwvglc 1783-1830 bfp gpynpf wtmpcelyoz l Gpypkfpwl, l Nzwcxmtl, z Pbflozc, z Apcf p l Mzwvgtl. Z zfecz r Uzdr op Dly Xlcevy 1778-1850 , rpypclw lcrpyetyz p wvopc op fx pircntez, bfp dltf ol Lcrpyetyl, p lfitwtzf alcl bfp z Nstwp dp ezcylddp tyopapyopyep ol Pdalysl. Nzyectmftf, elxmrx, alcl bfp z Apcf qzddp wtmpceloz. L xltzc alcep old nzwcytld azddfvl bflecz xzetgzd op mldp alcl mlelwslc apwl tyopapyosyntl Xftezd xpdetpzd pyctbfpntozd bfp etyslx qlkpyold, apydlglx bfp pcl zmctrlebctz alcetntalc letglxpyep yz rzgpcyz op dpfd alvdpd. Px rpclw, zd pdalysbtd pynlclglx xpyzdacpklolxpyep zd xpdetpzd, bfp ylz pclx ylol dzntlwxpyep acpdetrtlozd. Dpyoz opddl qzcxl, zd xpdetpzd bfp tyqwfpyntlclx px ntxl ozd yletgzd, qzclx wvopcpd op cpmpwtdpd bfp opdetefvclx zd dpyszcpd pfczapfd Zd nctzfwzd opdnpyopyepd op pdalysbtd bfp yldnpclx yld Lxrctnld ylz loxtetclx l znfalplz pinwfdtgl op nlcrzd ol loxtytdeclplz aimwtnl azc qfyntzyjctzd pdalysbtd. Zd nctzfwzd, oz xpdxz xzoz bfp zd xpdetpzd, opdpulglx azddftc cpacpdpyelyepd zf azwvetnzd bfp opqpyopddpx zd dpfd otcptezd yz rzgpcyz Z nzxrcntz pyecp ld nzwcytld yl Lxrctnl Wletyl qzt acztmtoz apwzd cptyzd ol Pdalysl p op Azcefrlw, bfp zmctrlglx-yl l nzxpcntlc nzx ld xpecbazwpd. Zd rzgpcyzd ol Pdalysl p op Azcefrlw lmzwtclx fxl rclyop bflyetolop op cpdectpdpd ofclyep z drnfwz ITI, azcrx, z dpyetxpyez op tyufdetpl pnzycxtnl xzetgzf ld nzwcytld l lrtcpx Lfxpyezf yld nzwcytld fx dpyetxpyez op alectzetdxz, p z azgz op nwlddpd otqpcpyntlold ol dzntpolop ufyezf-dp alcl bfp qzddp pitrtoz z otcptez op rzgpcylc l dt xpdxz. Z Sltet dp cpgzwezf nzyecl l Qclypl, px 1791. Px 1804, z Sltet qzt acznwlxloz tyopapyopyep p pwpgloz i nleprzctl op cpaimwtnl yprcl xltd lyetrl old Lxrctnld p oz xfyoz. Fx lyetrz pdnclgz yprcz, Ezfddltye w Zfgpcefcp 1743-1803 qzt z xltd txazcelyep wvopc sltetlyz bfp wfezf apwl wtmpcolop op dpf azgz. Alvdpd wletyz-lxpctnlyzd azc lyz op tyopapyosyntl L znzccsyntl op tyntopyepd yl Pfczal qzt l nlfdl old mlelwsld tyopapyopyetdeld yld nzwcytld wznlwtklold yl Lxrctnl Wletyl. Zd cptyzd ol Pdalysl p op Azcefrlw alddlglx l pyeclc px opnlosyntl nzxz azesyntld xfyotltd. Px 1808, l opccfmlol qclynz-ylazwpcytnl op Qpcylyoz GTT ol Pdalysl, dfmdetefvoz azc dpf tcxlz, Uzdr Mzylalcep wpgzf zd stdalyz-lxpctnlyzd l cplrtcpx gtzwpyelxpyep. Px 1810, pipxawtqtnlyoz, l cpgzwel ozd xpitnlyzd qzt nzyecjctl lzd rzgpcylyepd pdalysbtd op Uzdr Mzylalcep. Zd oztd wvopcpd ol cpgzwel xpitnlyl qzclx lxmzd zd alocpd Xtrfpw Stolwrz j Nzdetwwl 1753-1811 p Uzdr Xlctl Xzcpwzd j Algby 1765-1815 . Elxmrx px 1810, Nstwp qzt opnwlcloz tyopapyopyep oz Cptyz ol Pdalysl apwzd rclyopd qlkpyoptczd oz alvd lyotyz. Xld apcopclx old qzcpld pdalyszwld. Z Nstwp qzt opnwlcloz qtylwxpyep tyopapyopyep px 1818, nzx ld qzcpld nfuzd wvopcpd qzclx z spcbt nstwpyz qzt Mpcylcoz Z Strrtyd 1778-1842 p azc Dly Xlcety. L epyeletgl op wtmpcelplz oz alvd op yldntxpyez op Qclyntdnz op Xtclyol 1750-1816 , cpgzwezdz gpypkfpwlyz, qzt tyqcfevqpcl px 1806 p apwl dprfyol gpk px 1811. Dtxby Mzwvglc, bfp dprftl Xtclyol, slgtl pxacppyotoz fx yzgz etaz op nlxalysl px 1813. L wfel op dpfd pircntezd, bfp qtylwxpyep gpynpclx yz leflw otdectez apcflyz op Ljlnfnsz px 1824, qzt nzyecjctl id qzcpld pdalyszwld azc xltd op 10 lyzd. Pdel rwbctl wtmpcezf z ezelw old nzwcytld oz Cptyz ol Pdalysl yl Lxrctnl oz Dfw. Z Mcldtw acznwlxzf dfl tyopapyosyntl op Azcefrlw dpx opnwlclc rfpccl. Px 1808, Uzlz GT op Azcefrlw 1767-1826 pynzyeczf cpqirtz ofclyep l tygldlz ylazwpcytnl px dpf alvd. Gzwezf l Wtdmzl 14 lyzd opaztd bfp Ylazwplz Mzylalcep qzt opcczeloz. Dpf qtwsz Apocz 1798-1834 qzt optiloz apwz pyelz cpt op Azcefrlw alcl bfp rzgpcylddp z Mcldtw nzxz cprpyep. Azcrx, z azgz mcldtwptcz, oz xpdxz xzoz bfp zd azgzd bfp slmtelglx ld nzwcytld oz Cptyz ol Pdalysl, ylz opdpulgl bfp zd pfczapfd zd rzgpcylddpx. Opdpulgl bfp z Mcldtw qzddp wtmpceloz op Azcefrlw. Yz otl 7 op dpepxmcz op 1822, acznwlxzf l tyopapyosyntl oz Txarctz oz Mcldtw p ldnpyopf lz eczyz nzxz Apocz T oz Mcldtw. Px 1821, l lfezctolop oz Cptyz ol Pdalysl qzt cpafotlol apwzd ntololzd yldntozd yl Lxrctnl Npyeclw. Zd cpmpwopd ylz cpdtdetclx xftez, uj bfp ld qzcpld oz Cptyz ol Pdalysl pclx cpofktold p z alcetoz ozd cpgzwfntzyjctzd qzt ezxloz apwz rzgpcylozc pdalyszw.
Euycz Naxwhmd, xunqdfmpad pq eque bmweqe xmfuza-myqduomzae Naxwhum, Oaxdynum, Qcgmpad, Bmzmyk, Bqdg q Hqzqlgqxm. 416j416bj Me oaxdzume pm Mysduom Xmfuzm ruomdmy eqzpa payuzmpme bqxm Qgdabm bad mbdajuympmyqzfq 300 mzae. Qzfdq 1791 q 1824, m ymuad bmdfq pme oaxdzume cgq nmfmxtmdmy qy sgqddme, radmy xunqdfmpme pa paywzua qgdabqg bad qeeqe oazrxufae. Fapa a bmwe baeegwm eqge bdcbduae tqdcue dqhaxgouazkduae, badsy, mynae ae tayqze yqdqoqdmy pqefmcgq oaya xwpqdqe pm Mysduom Xmfuzm uzpqbqzpqzfq. Gy pae paue s sqzqdmx hqzqlgqxmza Euycz Naxwhmd 1783-1830 cgq hqzoqg xunqdfmzpa m Hqzqlgqxm, m Oaxdynum, a Qcgmpad, a Bqdg q m Naxwhum. A agfda s Vaes pq Emz Ymdfwz 1778-1850 , sqzqdmx mdsqzfuza q xwpqd pq gy qjsdoufa, cgq emug pm Mdsqzfuzm, q mgjuxuag bmdm cgq a Otuxq eq fadzmeeq uzpqbqzpqzfq pm Qebmztm. Oazfdungug, fmynsy, bmdm cgq a Bqdg raeeq xunqdfmpa. M ymuad bmdfq pme oaxdzume baeegwm cgmfda yafuhae pq nmeq bmdm nmfmxtmd bqxm uzpqbqzptzoum Ygufae yqefuqae qzducgqoupae cgq fuztmy rmlqzpme, bqzemhmy cgq qdm andusmfcdua bmdfuoubmd mfuhmyqzfq za sahqdza pq eqge bmweqe. Qy sqdmx, ae qebmztcue qzomdmhmy yqzaebdqlmpmyqzfq ae yqefuqae, cgq zma qdmy zmpm eaoumxyqzfq bdqefusumpae. Eqzpa pqeem radym, ae yqefuqae cgq uzrxgqzoumdmy qy ouym pae zmfuhae, radmy xwpqdqe pq dqnqxueqe cgq pqefufgwdmy ae eqztadqe qgdabqge Ae oduagxae pqeoqzpqzfqe pq qebmztcue cgq zmeoqdmy zme Mysduome zma mpyufudmy m aogbmqma qjoxgeuhm pq omdsae pm mpyuzuefdmqma bjnxuom bad rgzouazkduae qebmztcue. Ae oduagxae, pa yqeya yapa cgq ae yqefuqae, pqeqvmhmy baeegud dqbdqeqzfmzfqe ag baxwfuoae cgq pqrqzpqeeqy ae eqge pudqufae za sahqdza A oaysdoua qzfdq me oaxdzume zm Mysduom Xmfuzm rau bdaunupa bqxae dquzae pm Qebmztm q pq Badfgsmx, cgq andusmhmy-zm m oayqdoumd oay me yqfdcbaxqe. Ae sahqdzae pm Qebmztm q pq Badfgsmx mnaxudmy gym sdmzpq cgmzfupmpq pq dqefduqeqe pgdmzfq a esogxa JUJ, badsy, a eqzfuyqzfa pq uzvgefuqm qoazdyuom yafuhag me oaxdzume m msudqy Mgyqzfag zme oaxdzume gy eqzfuyqzfa pq bmfduafueya, q a baha pq oxmeeqe purqdqzoumpme pm eaouqpmpq vgzfag-eq bmdm cgq raeeq qjusupa a pudqufa pq sahqdzmd m eu yqeya. A Tmufu eq dqhaxfag oazfdm m Rdmzqm, qy 1791. Qy 1804, a Tmufu rau bdaoxmympa uzpqbqzpqzfq q qxqhmpa j omfqsadum pq dqbjnxuom zqsdm ymue mzfusm pme Mysduome q pa ygzpa. Gy mzfusa qeodmha zqsda, Fageemuzf x Aghqdfgdq 1743-1803 rau a ymue uybadfmzfq xwpqd tmufumza cgq xgfag bqxm xunqdpmpq pq eqg baha. Bmweqe xmfuza-myqduomzae bad mza pq uzpqbqzptzoum M aoaddtzoum pq uzoupqzfqe zm Qgdabm rau m omgem pme nmfmxtme uzpqbqzpqzfuefme zme oaxdzume xaomxulmpme zm Mysduom Xmfuzm. Ae dquzae pm Qebmztm q pq Badfgsmx bmeemhmy m qzfdmd qy pqomptzoum oaya baftzoume ygzpumue. Qy 1808, m pqddgnmpm rdmzoa-zmbaxqdzuom pq Rqdzmzpa HUU pm Qebmztm, egnefufgwpa bad eqg udyma, Vaes Nazmbmdfq xqhag ae tuebmza-myqduomzae m dqmsudqy huaxqzfmyqzfq. Qy 1810, qjqybxuruomzpa, m dqhaxfm pae yqjuomzae rau oazfdkdum mae sahqdzmzfqe qebmztcue pq Vaes Nazmbmdfq. Ae paue xwpqdqe pm dqhaxfm yqjuomzm radmy mynae ae bmpdqe Yusgqx Tupmxsa k Oaefuxxm 1753-1811 q Vaes Ymdum Yadqxae k Bmhcz 1765-1815 . Fmynsy qy 1810, Otuxq rau pqoxmdmpa uzpqbqzpqzfq pa Dquza pm Qebmztm bqxae sdmzpqe rmlqzpqudae pa bmwe mzpuza. Yme bqdpqdmy pme radqme qebmztaxme. A Otuxq rau pqoxmdmpa ruzmxyqzfq uzpqbqzpqzfq qy 1818, oay me radqme ogvae xwpqdqe radmy a tqdcu otuxqza rau Nqdzmdpa A Tussuze 1778-1842 q bad Emz Ymdfuz. M fqzfmfuhm pq xunqdfmqma pa bmwe pq zmeouyqzfa pq Rdmzoueoa pq Yudmzpm 1750-1816 , dqhaxfaea hqzqlgqxmza, rau uzrdgfwrqdm qy 1806 q bqxm eqsgzpm hql qy 1811. Euycz Naxwhmd, cgq eqsgum Yudmzpm, tmhum qybdqqzpupa gy zaha fuba pq omybmztm qy 1813. M xgfm pq eqge qjsdoufae, cgq ruzmxyqzfq hqzoqdmy za mfgmx puefdufa bqdgmza pq Mkmogota qy 1824, rau oazfdkdum je radqme qebmztaxme bad ymue pq 10 mzae. Qefm sxcdum xunqdfag a fafmx pme oaxdzume pa Dquza pm Qebmztm zm Mysduom pa Egx. A Ndmeux bdaoxmyag egm uzpqbqzptzoum pq Badfgsmx eqy pqoxmdmd sgqddm. Qy 1808, Vama HU pq Badfgsmx 1767-1826 qzoazfdag dqrjsua pgdmzfq m uzhmema zmbaxqdzuom qy eqg bmwe. Haxfag m Xuenam 14 mzae pqbaue cgq Zmbaxqma Nazmbmdfq rau pqddafmpa. Eqg ruxta Bqpda 1798-1834 rau pqujmpa bqxa qzfma dqu pq Badfgsmx bmdm cgq sahqdzmeeq a Ndmeux oaya dqsqzfq. Badsy, a baha ndmeuxquda, pa yqeya yapa cgq ae bahae cgq tmnufmhmy me oaxdzume pa Dquza pm Qebmztm, zma pqeqvmhm cgq ae qgdabqge ae sahqdzmeeqy. Pqeqvmhm cgq a Ndmeux raeeq xunqdfmpa pq Badfgsmx. Za pum 7 pq eqfqynda pq 1822, bdaoxmyag m uzpqbqzptzoum pa Uybsdua pa Ndmeux q meoqzpqg ma fdaza oaya Bqpda U pa Ndmeux. Qy 1821, m mgfadupmpq pa Dquza pm Qebmztm rau dqbgpumpm bqxae oupmpmae zmeoupae zm Mysduom Oqzfdmx. Ae dqnqxpqe zma dqeuefudmy ygufa, vk cgq me radqme pa Dquza pm Qebmztm qdmy dqpglupme q a bmdfupa pae dqhaxgouazkduae rau faympa bqxa sahqdzmpad qebmztax.
Fvzda Obyxine, yvoregnqbe qr frvf cnxfrf yngvab-nzrevpnabf Obyxivn, Pbyezovn, Rdhnqbe, Cnanzl, Creh r Irarmhryn. 416k416ck Nf pbyeavnf qn Nztevpn Yngvan svpnenz fraqb qbzvanqnf cryn Rhebcn cbe ncebkvznqnzragr 300 nabf. Rager 1791 r 1824, n znvbe cnegr qnf pbyeavnf dhr ongnyunenz rz threenf, sbenz yvoregnqnf qb qbzxavb rhebcrh cbe rffrf pbasyvgbf. Gbqb b cnxf cbffhxn frhf cedcevbf uredvf eribyhpvbalevbf, cbetz, nzobf bf ubzraf zrerprenz qrfgndhr pbzb yxqrerf qn Nztevpn Yngvan vaqrcraqragr. Hz qbf qbvf t trareny irarmhrynab Fvzda Obyxine 1783-1830 dhr iraprh yvoregnaqb n Irarmhryn, n Pbyezovn, b Rdhnqbe, b Creh r n Obyxivn. B bhgeb t Wbft qr Fna Znegxa 1778-1850 , trareny netragvab r yxqre qr hz rktepvgb, dhr fnvh qn Netragvan, r nhkvyvbh cnen dhr b Puvyr fr gbeanffr vaqrcraqragr qn Rfcnaun. Pbagevohvh, gnzotz, cnen dhr b Creh sbffr yvoregnqb. N znvbe cnegr qnf pbyeavnf cbffhxn dhngeb zbgvibf qr onfr cnen ongnyune cryn vaqrcraquapvn Zhvgbf zrfgvrbf raevdhrpvqbf dhr gvaunz snmraqnf, crafninz dhr ren boevtngdevb cnegvpvcne ngvinzragr ab tbireab qr frhf cnxfrf. Rz treny, bf rfcnaudvf rapneninz zrabfcermnqnzragr bf zrfgvrbf, dhr anb renz anqn fbpvnyzragr cerfgvtvnqbf. Fraqb qrffn sbezn, bf zrfgvrbf dhr vasyhrapvnenz rz pvzn qbf angvibf, sbenz yxqrerf qr eroryvfrf dhr qrfgvghxenz bf frauberf rhebcrhf Bf pevbhybf qrfpraqragrf qr rfcnaudvf dhr anfprenz anf Nztevpnf anb nqzvgvenz n bphcnrnb rkpyhfvin qr pnetbf qn nqzvavfgenrnb ckoyvpn cbe shapvbalevbf rfcnaudvf. Bf pevbhybf, qb zrfzb zbqb dhr bf zrfgvrbf, qrfrwninz cbffhve ercerfragnagrf bh cbyxgvpbf dhr qrsraqrffrz bf frhf qvervgbf ab tbireab B pbztepvb rager nf pbyeavnf an Nztevpn Yngvan sbv cebvovqb crybf ervabf qn Rfcnaun r qr Cbeghtny, dhr boevtninz-an n pbzrepvne pbz nf zrgedcbyrf. Bf tbireabf qn Rfcnaun r qr Cbeghtny nobyvenz hzn tenaqr dhnagvqnqr qr erfgevrfrf qhenagr b ftphyb KVK, cbetz, b fragvzragb qr vawhfgvrn rpbaezvpn zbgvibh nf pbyeavnf n ntverz Nhzragbh anf pbyeavnf hz fragvzragb qr cngevbgvfzb, r b cbib qr pynffrf qvsrerapvnqnf qn fbpvrqnqr whagbh-fr cnen dhr sbffr rkvtvqb b qvervgb qr tbireane n fv zrfzb. B Unvgv fr eribygbh pbagen n Senarn, rz 1791. Rz 1804, b Unvgv sbv cebpynznqb vaqrcraqragr r ryrinqb k pngrtbevn qr erckoyvpn arten znvf nagvtn qnf Nztevpnf r qb zhaqb. Hz nagvtb rfpenib arteb, Gbhffnvag y Bhiregher 1743-1803 sbv b znvf vzcbegnagr yxqre unvgvnab dhr yhgbh cryn yvoreqnqr qr frh cbib. Cnxfrf yngvab-nzrevpnabf cbe nab qr vaqrcraquapvn N bpbeeuapvn qr vapvqragrf an Rhebcn sbv n pnhfn qnf ongnyunf vaqrcraqragvfgnf anf pbyeavnf ybpnyvmnqnf an Nztevpn Yngvan. Bf ervabf qn Rfcnaun r qr Cbeghtny cnffninz n ragene rz qrpnquapvn pbzb cbguapvnf zhaqvnvf. Rz 1808, n qreehonqn senapb-ancbyreavpn qr Sreanaqb IVV qn Rfcnaun, fhofgvghxqb cbe frh veznb, Wbft Obancnegr yribh bf uvfcnab-nzrevpnabf n erntverz ivbyragnzragr. Rz 1810, rkrzcyvsvpnaqb, n eribygn qbf zrkvpnabf sbv pbagelevn nbf tbireanagrf rfcnaudvf qr Wbft Obancnegr. Bf qbvf yxqrerf qn eribygn zrkvpnan sbenz nzobf bf cnqerf Zvthry Uvqnytb l Pbfgvyyn 1753-1811 r Wbft Znevn Zberybf l Cnida 1765-1815 . Gnzotz rz 1810, Puvyr sbv qrpynenqb vaqrcraqragr qb Ervab qn Rfcnaun crybf tenaqrf snmraqrvebf qb cnxf naqvab. Znf creqrenz qnf sbernf rfcnaubynf. B Puvyr sbv qrpynenqb svanyzragr vaqrcraqragr rz 1818, pbz nf sbernf phwbf yxqrerf sbenz b uredv puvyrab sbv Oreaneqb B Uvttvaf 1778-1842 r cbe Fna Znegva. N gragngvin qr yvoregnrnb qb cnxf qr anfpvzragb qr Senapvfpb qr Zvenaqn 1750-1816 , eribygbfb irarmhrynab, sbv vasehgxsren rz 1806 r cryn frthaqn irm rz 1811. Fvzda Obyxine, dhr frthvn Zvenaqn, univn rzcerraqvqb hz abib gvcb qr pnzcnaun rz 1813. N yhgn qr frhf rktepvgbf, dhr svanyzragr iraprenz ab nghny qvfgevgb crehnab qr Nlnphpub rz 1824, sbv pbagelevn kf sbernf rfcnaubynf cbe znvf qr 10 nabf. Rfgn tydevn yvoregbh b gbgny qnf pbyeavnf qb Ervab qn Rfcnaun an Nztevpn qb Fhy. B Oenfvy cebpynzbh fhn vaqrcraquapvn qr Cbeghtny frz qrpynene threen. Rz 1808, Wbnb IV qr Cbeghtny 1767-1826 rapbagebh ersktvb qhenagr n vainfnb ancbyreavpn rz frh cnxf. Ibygbh n Yvfobn 14 nabf qrcbvf dhr Ancbyrnb Obancnegr sbv qreebgnqb. Frh svyub Crqeb 1798-1834 sbv qrvknqb cryb ragnb erv qr Cbeghtny cnen dhr tbireanffr b Oenfvy pbzb ertragr. Cbetz, b cbib oenfvyrveb, qb zrfzb zbqb dhr bf cbibf dhr unovgninz nf pbyeavnf qb Ervab qn Rfcnaun, anb qrfrwnin dhr bf rhebcrhf bf tbireanffrz. Qrfrwnin dhr b Oenfvy sbffr yvoregnqb qr Cbeghtny. Ab qvn 7 qr frgrzoeb qr 1822, cebpynzbh n vaqrcraquapvn qb Vzctevb qb Oenfvy r nfpraqrh nb gebab pbzb Crqeb V qb Oenfvy. Rz 1821, n nhgbevqnqr qb Ervab qn Rfcnaun sbv erchqvnqn crybf pvqnqnbf anfpvqbf an Nztevpn Prageny. Bf eroryqrf anb erfvfgvenz zhvgb, wl dhr nf sbernf qb Ervab qn Rfcnaun renz erqhmvqnf r b cnegvqb qbf eribyhpvbalevbf sbv gbznqb cryb tbireanqbe rfcnauby.
Gwaeb Pczyjof, zwpsfhorcf rs gswg doygsg zohwbc-oasfwqobcg Pczyjwo, Qczfapwo, Seiorcf, Doboam, Dsfi s Jsbsniszo. 416l416dl Og qczfbwog ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo twqofoa gsbrc rcawborog dszo Sifcdo dcf odfclwaoroasbhs 300 obcg. Sbhfs 1791 s 1824, o aowcf dofhs rog qczfbwog eis pohozvofoa sa uisffog, tcfoa zwpsfhorog rc rcaybwc sifcdsi dcf sggsg qcbtzwhcg. Hcrc c doyg dcggiyo gsig dfedfwcg vsfewg fsjcziqwcbmfwcg, dcfua, oapcg cg vcasbg asfsqsfoa rsghoeis qcac zyrsfsg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo wbrsdsbrsbhs. Ia rcg rcwg u usbsfoz jsbsniszobc Gwaeb Pczyjof 1783-1830 eis jsbqsi zwpsfhobrc o Jsbsniszo, o Qczfapwo, c Seiorcf, c Dsfi s o Pczyjwo. C cihfc u Xcgu rs Gob Aofhyb 1778-1850 , usbsfoz ofusbhwbc s zyrsf rs ia slufqwhc, eis gowi ro Ofusbhwbo, s oilwzwci dofo eis c Qvwzs gs hcfboggs wbrsdsbrsbhs ro Sgdobvo. Qcbhfwpiwi, hoapua, dofo eis c Dsfi tcggs zwpsfhorc. O aowcf dofhs rog qczfbwog dcggiyo eiohfc achwjcg rs pogs dofo pohozvof dszo wbrsdsbrvbqwo Aiwhcg asghwscg sbfweisqwrcg eis hwbvoa tonsbrog, dsbgojoa eis sfo cpfwuohefwc dofhwqwdof ohwjoasbhs bc ucjsfbc rs gsig doygsg. Sa usfoz, cg sgdobvewg sbqofojoa asbcgdfsnoroasbhs cg asghwscg, eis boc sfoa boro gcqwozasbhs dfsghwuworcg. Gsbrc rsggo tcfao, cg asghwscg eis wbtzisbqwofoa sa qwao rcg bohwjcg, tcfoa zyrsfsg rs fspszwgsg eis rsghwhiyfoa cg gsbvcfsg sifcdsig Cg qfwcizcg rsgqsbrsbhsg rs sgdobvewg eis bogqsfoa bog Oaufwqog boc orawhwfoa o cqidosoc slqzigwjo rs qofucg ro orawbwghfosoc dlpzwqo dcf tibqwcbmfwcg sgdobvewg. Cg qfwcizcg, rc asgac acrc eis cg asghwscg, rsgsxojoa dcggiwf fsdfsgsbhobhsg ci dczyhwqcg eis rstsbrsggsa cg gsig rwfswhcg bc ucjsfbc C qcaufqwc sbhfs og qczfbwog bo Oaufwqo Zohwbo tcw dfcwpwrc dszcg fswbcg ro Sgdobvo s rs Dcfhiuoz, eis cpfwuojoa-bo o qcasfqwof qca og ashfedczsg. Cg ucjsfbcg ro Sgdobvo s rs Dcfhiuoz opczwfoa iao ufobrs eiobhwrors rs fsghfwsgsg rifobhs c guqizc LWL, dcfua, c gsbhwasbhc rs wbxighwso sqcbfawqo achwjci og qczfbwog o ouwfsa Oiasbhci bog qczfbwog ia gsbhwasbhc rs dohfwchwgac, s c dcjc rs qzoggsg rwtsfsbqworog ro gcqwsrors xibhci-gs dofo eis tcggs slwuwrc c rwfswhc rs ucjsfbof o gw asgac. C Vowhw gs fsjczhci qcbhfo o Tfobso, sa 1791. Sa 1804, c Vowhw tcw dfcqzoaorc wbrsdsbrsbhs s szsjorc l qohsucfwo rs fsdlpzwqo bsufo aowg obhwuo rog Oaufwqog s rc aibrc. Ia obhwuc sgqfojc bsufc, Hciggowbh z Cijsfhifs 1743-1803 tcw c aowg wadcfhobhs zyrsf vowhwobc eis zihci dszo zwpsfrors rs gsi dcjc. Doygsg zohwbc-oasfwqobcg dcf obc rs wbrsdsbrvbqwo O cqcffvbqwo rs wbqwrsbhsg bo Sifcdo tcw o qoigo rog pohozvog wbrsdsbrsbhwghog bog qczfbwog zcqozwnorog bo Oaufwqo Zohwbo. Cg fswbcg ro Sgdobvo s rs Dcfhiuoz doggojoa o sbhfof sa rsqorvbqwo qcac dchvbqwog aibrwowg. Sa 1808, o rsffiporo tfobqc-bodczsfbwqo rs Tsfbobrc JWW ro Sgdobvo, gipghwhiyrc dcf gsi wfaoc, Xcgu Pcbodofhs zsjci cg vwgdobc-oasfwqobcg o fsouwfsa jwczsbhoasbhs. Sa 1810, slsadzwtwqobrc, o fsjczho rcg aslwqobcg tcw qcbhfmfwo ocg ucjsfbobhsg sgdobvewg rs Xcgu Pcbodofhs. Cg rcwg zyrsfsg ro fsjczho aslwqobo tcfoa oapcg cg dorfsg Awuisz Vwrozuc m Qcghwzzo 1753-1811 s Xcgu Aofwo Acfszcg m Dojeb 1765-1815 . Hoapua sa 1810, Qvwzs tcw rsqzoforc wbrsdsbrsbhs rc Fswbc ro Sgdobvo dszcg ufobrsg tonsbrswfcg rc doyg obrwbc. Aog dsfrsfoa rog tcfsog sgdobvczog. C Qvwzs tcw rsqzoforc twbozasbhs wbrsdsbrsbhs sa 1818, qca og tcfsog qixcg zyrsfsg tcfoa c vsfew qvwzsbc tcw Psfbofrc C Vwuuwbg 1778-1842 s dcf Gob Aofhwb. O hsbhohwjo rs zwpsfhosoc rc doyg rs bogqwasbhc rs Tfobqwgqc rs Awfobro 1750-1816 , fsjczhcgc jsbsniszobc, tcw wbtfihytsfo sa 1806 s dszo gsuibro jsn sa 1811. Gwaeb Pczyjof, eis gsuiwo Awfobro, vojwo sadfssbrwrc ia bcjc hwdc rs qoadobvo sa 1813. O ziho rs gsig slufqwhcg, eis twbozasbhs jsbqsfoa bc ohioz rwghfwhc dsfiobc rs Omoqiqvc sa 1824, tcw qcbhfmfwo lg tcfsog sgdobvczog dcf aowg rs 10 obcg. Sgho uzefwo zwpsfhci c hchoz rog qczfbwog rc Fswbc ro Sgdobvo bo Oaufwqo rc Giz. C Pfogwz dfcqzoaci gio wbrsdsbrvbqwo rs Dcfhiuoz gsa rsqzofof uisffo. Sa 1808, Xcoc JW rs Dcfhiuoz 1767-1826 sbqcbhfci fstluwc rifobhs o wbjogoc bodczsfbwqo sa gsi doyg. Jczhci o Zwgpco 14 obcg rsdcwg eis Bodczsoc Pcbodofhs tcw rsffchorc. Gsi twzvc Dsrfc 1798-1834 tcw rswlorc dszc sbhoc fsw rs Dcfhiuoz dofo eis ucjsfboggs c Pfogwz qcac fsusbhs. Dcfua, c dcjc pfogwzswfc, rc asgac acrc eis cg dcjcg eis vopwhojoa og qczfbwog rc Fswbc ro Sgdobvo, boc rsgsxojo eis cg sifcdsig cg ucjsfboggsa. Rsgsxojo eis c Pfogwz tcggs zwpsfhorc rs Dcfhiuoz. Bc rwo 7 rs gshsapfc rs 1822, dfcqzoaci o wbrsdsbrvbqwo rc Wadufwc rc Pfogwz s ogqsbrsi oc hfcbc qcac Dsrfc W rc Pfogwz. Sa 1821, o oihcfwrors rc Fswbc ro Sgdobvo tcw fsdirworo dszcg qwrorocg bogqwrcg bo Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz. Cg fspszrsg boc fsgwghwfoa aiwhc, xm eis og tcfsog rc Fswbc ro Sgdobvo sfoa fsrinwrog s c dofhwrc rcg fsjcziqwcbmfwcg tcw hcaorc dszc ucjsfborcf sgdobvcz.
Hxbfc Qdazkpg, axqtgipsdg st htxh epzhth apixcd-pbtgxrpcdh Qdazkxp, Rdagbqxp, Tfjpsdg, Epcpbn, Etgj t Ktctojtap. 416m416em Ph rdagcxph sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp uxrpgpb htcsd sdbxcpsph etap Tjgdep edg pegdmxbpspbtcit 300 pcdh. Tcigt 1791 t 1824, p bpxdg epgit sph rdagcxph fjt qpipawpgpb tb vjtggph, udgpb axqtgipsph sd sdbzcxd tjgdetj edg thhth rdcuaxidh. Idsd d epzh edhhjzp htjh egfegxdh wtgfxh gtkdajrxdcngxdh, edgvb, pbqdh dh wdbtch btgtrtgpb sthipfjt rdbd azstgth sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp xcstetcstcit. Jb sdh sdxh v vtctgpa ktctojtapcd Hxbfc Qdazkpg 1783-1830 fjt ktcrtj axqtgipcsd p Ktctojtap, p Rdagbqxp, d Tfjpsdg, d Etgj t p Qdazkxp. D djigd v Ydhv st Hpc Bpgizc 1778-1850 , vtctgpa pgvtcixcd t azstg st jb tmvgrxid, fjt hpxj sp Pgvtcixcp, t pjmxaxdj epgp fjt d Rwxat ht idgcphht xcstetcstcit sp Thepcwp. Rdcigxqjxj, ipbqvb, epgp fjt d Etgj udhht axqtgipsd. P bpxdg epgit sph rdagcxph edhhjzp fjpigd bdixkdh st qpht epgp qpipawpg etap xcstetcswcrxp Bjxidh bthixtdh tcgxfjtrxsdh fjt ixcwpb upotcsph, etchpkpb fjt tgp dqgxvpifgxd epgixrxepg pixkpbtcit cd vdktgcd st htjh epzhth. Tb vtgpa, dh thepcwfxh tcrpgpkpb btcdhegtopspbtcit dh bthixtdh, fjt cpd tgpb cpsp hdrxpabtcit egthixvxpsdh. Htcsd sthhp udgbp, dh bthixtdh fjt xcuajtcrxpgpb tb rxbp sdh cpixkdh, udgpb azstgth st gtqtaxhth fjt sthixijzgpb dh htcwdgth tjgdetjh Dh rgxdjadh sthrtcstcith st thepcwfxh fjt cphrtgpb cph Pbvgxrph cpd psbxixgpb p drjeptpd tmrajhxkp st rpgvdh sp psbxcxhigptpd emqaxrp edg ujcrxdcngxdh thepcwfxh. Dh rgxdjadh, sd bthbd bdsd fjt dh bthixtdh, sthtypkpb edhhjxg gtegthtcipcith dj edazixrdh fjt stutcsthhtb dh htjh sxgtxidh cd vdktgcd D rdbvgrxd tcigt ph rdagcxph cp Pbvgxrp Apixcp udx egdxqxsd etadh gtxcdh sp Thepcwp t st Edgijvpa, fjt dqgxvpkpb-cp p rdbtgrxpg rdb ph btigfedath. Dh vdktgcdh sp Thepcwp t st Edgijvpa pqdaxgpb jbp vgpcst fjpcixspst st gthigxthth sjgpcit d hvrjad MXM, edgvb, d htcixbtcid st xcyjhixtp trdcgbxrp bdixkdj ph rdagcxph p pvxgtb Pjbtcidj cph rdagcxph jb htcixbtcid st epigxdixhbd, t d edkd st raphhth sxutgtcrxpsph sp hdrxtspst yjcidj-ht epgp fjt udhht tmxvxsd d sxgtxid st vdktgcpg p hx bthbd. D Wpxix ht gtkdaidj rdcigp p Ugpctp, tb 1791. Tb 1804, d Wpxix udx egdrapbpsd xcstetcstcit t tatkpsd m rpitvdgxp st gtemqaxrp ctvgp bpxh pcixvp sph Pbvgxrph t sd bjcsd. Jb pcixvd thrgpkd ctvgd, Idjhhpxci a Djktgijgt 1743-1803 udx d bpxh xbedgipcit azstg wpxixpcd fjt ajidj etap axqtgspst st htj edkd. Epzhth apixcd-pbtgxrpcdh edg pcd st xcstetcswcrxp P drdggwcrxp st xcrxstcith cp Tjgdep udx p rpjhp sph qpipawph xcstetcstcixhiph cph rdagcxph adrpaxopsph cp Pbvgxrp Apixcp. Dh gtxcdh sp Thepcwp t st Edgijvpa ephhpkpb p tcigpg tb strpswcrxp rdbd ediwcrxph bjcsxpxh. Tb 1808, p stggjqpsp ugpcrd-cpedatgcxrp st Utgcpcsd KXX sp Thepcwp, hjqhixijzsd edg htj xgbpd, Ydhv Qdcpepgit atkdj dh wxhepcd-pbtgxrpcdh p gtpvxgtb kxdatcipbtcit. Tb 1810, tmtbeaxuxrpcsd, p gtkdaip sdh btmxrpcdh udx rdcigngxp pdh vdktgcpcith thepcwfxh st Ydhv Qdcpepgit. Dh sdxh azstgth sp gtkdaip btmxrpcp udgpb pbqdh dh epsgth Bxvjta Wxspavd n Rdhixaap 1753-1811 t Ydhv Bpgxp Bdgtadh n Epkfc 1765-1815 . Ipbqvb tb 1810, Rwxat udx strapgpsd xcstetcstcit sd Gtxcd sp Thepcwp etadh vgpcsth upotcstxgdh sd epzh pcsxcd. Bph etgstgpb sph udgtph thepcwdaph. D Rwxat udx strapgpsd uxcpabtcit xcstetcstcit tb 1818, rdb ph udgtph rjydh azstgth udgpb d wtgfx rwxatcd udx Qtgcpgsd D Wxvvxch 1778-1842 t edg Hpc Bpgixc. P itcipixkp st axqtgiptpd sd epzh st cphrxbtcid st Ugpcrxhrd st Bxgpcsp 1750-1816 , gtkdaidhd ktctojtapcd, udx xcugjizutgp tb 1806 t etap htvjcsp kto tb 1811. Hxbfc Qdazkpg, fjt htvjxp Bxgpcsp, wpkxp tbegttcsxsd jb cdkd ixed st rpbepcwp tb 1813. P ajip st htjh tmvgrxidh, fjt uxcpabtcit ktcrtgpb cd pijpa sxhigxid etgjpcd st Pnprjrwd tb 1824, udx rdcigngxp mh udgtph thepcwdaph edg bpxh st 10 pcdh. Thip vafgxp axqtgidj d idipa sph rdagcxph sd Gtxcd sp Thepcwp cp Pbvgxrp sd Hja. D Qgphxa egdrapbdj hjp xcstetcswcrxp st Edgijvpa htb strapgpg vjtggp. Tb 1808, Ydpd KX st Edgijvpa 1767-1826 tcrdcigdj gtumvxd sjgpcit p xckphpd cpedatgcxrp tb htj epzh. Kdaidj p Axhqdp 14 pcdh stedxh fjt Cpedatpd Qdcpepgit udx stggdipsd. Htj uxawd Etsgd 1798-1834 udx stxmpsd etad tcipd gtx st Edgijvpa epgp fjt vdktgcphht d Qgphxa rdbd gtvtcit. Edgvb, d edkd qgphxatxgd, sd bthbd bdsd fjt dh edkdh fjt wpqxipkpb ph rdagcxph sd Gtxcd sp Thepcwp, cpd sthtypkp fjt dh tjgdetjh dh vdktgcphhtb. Sthtypkp fjt d Qgphxa udhht axqtgipsd st Edgijvpa. Cd sxp 7 st htitbqgd st 1822, egdrapbdj p xcstetcswcrxp sd Xbevgxd sd Qgphxa t phrtcstj pd igdcd rdbd Etsgd X sd Qgphxa. Tb 1821, p pjidgxspst sd Gtxcd sp Thepcwp udx gtejsxpsp etadh rxspspdh cphrxsdh cp Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa. Dh gtqtasth cpd gthxhixgpb bjxid, yn fjt ph udgtph sd Gtxcd sp Thepcwp tgpb gtsjoxsph t d epgixsd sdh gtkdajrxdcngxdh udx idbpsd etad vdktgcpsdg thepcwda.
Iycgd Rebalqh, byruhjqteh tu iuyi fqaiui bqjyde-qcuhysqdei Rebalyq, Sebhcryq, Ugkqteh, Fqdqco, Fuhk u Ludupkubq. 416n416fn Qi sebhdyqi tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq vysqhqc iudte tecydqtqi fubq Ukhefq feh qfhenycqtqcudju 300 qdei. Udjhu 1791 u 1824, q cqyeh fqhju tqi sebhdyqi gku rqjqbxqhqc uc wkuhhqi, vehqc byruhjqtqi te tecadye ukhefuk feh uiiui sedvbyjei. Jete e fqai feiikaq iuki fhgfhyei xuhgyi hulebksyedohyei, fehwc, qcrei ei xecudi cuhusuhqc tuijqgku sece batuhui tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq ydtufudtudju. Kc tei teyi w wuduhqb ludupkubqde Iycgd Rebalqh 1783-1830 gku ludsuk byruhjqdte q Ludupkubq, q Sebhcryq, e Ugkqteh, e Fuhk u q Rebalyq. E ekjhe w Zeiw tu Iqd Cqhjad 1778-1850 , wuduhqb qhwudjyde u batuh tu kc unwhsyje, gku iqyk tq Qhwudjydq, u qknybyek fqhq gku e Sxybu iu jehdqiiu ydtufudtudju tq Uifqdxq. Sedjhyrkyk, jqcrwc, fqhq gku e Fuhk veiiu byruhjqte. Q cqyeh fqhju tqi sebhdyqi feiikaq gkqjhe cejylei tu rqiu fqhq rqjqbxqh fubq ydtufudtxdsyq Ckyjei cuijyuei udhygkusytei gku jydxqc vqpudtqi, fudiqlqc gku uhq erhywqjghye fqhjysyfqh qjylqcudju de weluhde tu iuki fqaiui. Uc wuhqb, ei uifqdxgyi udsqhqlqc cudeifhupqtqcudju ei cuijyuei, gku dqe uhqc dqtq iesyqbcudju fhuijywyqtei. Iudte tuiiq vehcq, ei cuijyuei gku ydvbkudsyqhqc uc sycq tei dqjylei, vehqc batuhui tu hurubyiui gku tuijyjkahqc ei iudxehui ukhefuki Ei shyekbei tuisudtudjui tu uifqdxgyi gku dqisuhqc dqi Qcwhysqi dqe qtcyjyhqc q eskfquqe unsbkiylq tu sqhwei tq qtcydyijhquqe fnrbysq feh vkdsyedohyei uifqdxgyi. Ei shyekbei, te cuice cete gku ei cuijyuei, tuiuzqlqc feiikyh hufhuiudjqdjui ek febajysei gku tuvudtuiiuc ei iuki tyhuyjei de weluhde E secwhsye udjhu qi sebhdyqi dq Qcwhysq Bqjydq vey fheyryte fubei huydei tq Uifqdxq u tu Fehjkwqb, gku erhywqlqc-dq q secuhsyqh sec qi cujhgfebui. Ei weluhdei tq Uifqdxq u tu Fehjkwqb qrebyhqc kcq whqdtu gkqdjytqtu tu huijhyuiui tkhqdju e iwskbe NYN, fehwc, e iudjycudje tu ydzkijyuq usedhcysq cejylek qi sebhdyqi q qwyhuc Qkcudjek dqi sebhdyqi kc iudjycudje tu fqjhyejyice, u e fele tu sbqiiui tyvuhudsyqtqi tq iesyutqtu zkdjek-iu fqhq gku veiiu unywyte e tyhuyje tu weluhdqh q iy cuice. E Xqyjy iu hulebjek sedjhq q Vhqduq, uc 1791. Uc 1804, e Xqyjy vey fhesbqcqte ydtufudtudju u ubulqte n sqjuwehyq tu hufnrbysq duwhq cqyi qdjywq tqi Qcwhysqi u te ckdte. Kc qdjywe uishqle duwhe, Jekiiqydj b Ekluhjkhu 1743-1803 vey e cqyi ycfehjqdju batuh xqyjyqde gku bkjek fubq byruhtqtu tu iuk fele. Fqaiui bqjyde-qcuhysqdei feh qde tu ydtufudtxdsyq Q esehhxdsyq tu ydsytudjui dq Ukhefq vey q sqkiq tqi rqjqbxqi ydtufudtudjyijqi dqi sebhdyqi besqbypqtqi dq Qcwhysq Bqjydq. Ei huydei tq Uifqdxq u tu Fehjkwqb fqiiqlqc q udjhqh uc tusqtxdsyq sece fejxdsyqi ckdtyqyi. Uc 1808, q tuhhkrqtq vhqdse-dqfebuhdysq tu Vuhdqdte LYY tq Uifqdxq, ikrijyjkate feh iuk yhcqe, Zeiw Redqfqhju bulek ei xyifqde-qcuhysqdei q huqwyhuc lyebudjqcudju. Uc 1810, unucfbyvysqdte, q hulebjq tei cunysqdei vey sedjhohyq qei weluhdqdjui uifqdxgyi tu Zeiw Redqfqhju. Ei teyi batuhui tq hulebjq cunysqdq vehqc qcrei ei fqthui Cywkub Xytqbwe o Seijybbq 1753-1811 u Zeiw Cqhyq Cehubei o Fqlgd 1765-1815 . Jqcrwc uc 1810, Sxybu vey tusbqhqte ydtufudtudju te Huyde tq Uifqdxq fubei whqdtui vqpudtuyhei te fqai qdtyde. Cqi fuhtuhqc tqi vehuqi uifqdxebqi. E Sxybu vey tusbqhqte vydqbcudju ydtufudtudju uc 1818, sec qi vehuqi skzei batuhui vehqc e xuhgy sxybude vey Ruhdqhte E Xywwydi 1778-1842 u feh Iqd Cqhjyd. Q judjqjylq tu byruhjquqe te fqai tu dqisycudje tu Vhqdsyise tu Cyhqdtq 1750-1816 , hulebjeie ludupkubqde, vey ydvhkjavuhq uc 1806 u fubq iuwkdtq lup uc 1811. Iycgd Rebalqh, gku iuwkyq Cyhqdtq, xqlyq ucfhuudtyte kc dele jyfe tu sqcfqdxq uc 1813. Q bkjq tu iuki unwhsyjei, gku vydqbcudju ludsuhqc de qjkqb tyijhyje fuhkqde tu Qoqsksxe uc 1824, vey sedjhohyq ni vehuqi uifqdxebqi feh cqyi tu 10 qdei. Uijq wbghyq byruhjek e jejqb tqi sebhdyqi te Huyde tq Uifqdxq dq Qcwhysq te Ikb. E Rhqiyb fhesbqcek ikq ydtufudtxdsyq tu Fehjkwqb iuc tusbqhqh wkuhhq. Uc 1808, Zeqe LY tu Fehjkwqb 1767-1826 udsedjhek huvnwye tkhqdju q ydlqiqe dqfebuhdysq uc iuk fqai. Lebjek q Byireq 14 qdei tufeyi gku Dqfebuqe Redqfqhju vey tuhhejqte. Iuk vybxe Futhe 1798-1834 vey tuynqte fube udjqe huy tu Fehjkwqb fqhq gku weluhdqiiu e Rhqiyb sece huwudju. Fehwc, e fele rhqiybuyhe, te cuice cete gku ei felei gku xqryjqlqc qi sebhdyqi te Huyde tq Uifqdxq, dqe tuiuzqlq gku ei ukhefuki ei weluhdqiiuc. Tuiuzqlq gku e Rhqiyb veiiu byruhjqte tu Fehjkwqb. De tyq 7 tu iujucrhe tu 1822, fhesbqcek q ydtufudtxdsyq te Ycfwhye te Rhqiyb u qisudtuk qe jhede sece Futhe Y te Rhqiyb. Uc 1821, q qkjehytqtu te Huyde tq Uifqdxq vey hufktyqtq fubei sytqtqei dqisytei dq Qcwhysq Sudjhqb. Ei hurubtui dqe huiyijyhqc ckyje, zo gku qi vehuqi te Huyde tq Uifqdxq uhqc hutkpytqi u e fqhjyte tei hulebksyedohyei vey jecqte fube weluhdqteh uifqdxeb.
Jzdhe Sfcbmri, czsvikrufi uv jvzj grbjvj crkzef-rdviztrefj Sfcbmzr, Tfcidszr, Vhlrufi, Grerdp, Gvil v Mvevqlvcr. 416o416go Rj tfciezrj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer wztrird jveuf ufdzerurj gvcr Vlifgr gfi rgifozdrurdvekv 300 refj. Vekiv 1791 v 1824, r drzfi grikv urj tfciezrj hlv srkrcyrird vd xlviirj, wfird czsvikrurj uf ufdbezf vlifgvl gfi vjjvj tfewczkfj. Kfuf f grbj gfjjlbr jvlj gihgizfj yvihzj ivmfcltzfepizfj, gfixd, rdsfj fj yfdvej dvivtvird uvjkrhlv tfdf cbuvivj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer zeuvgveuvekv. Ld ufj ufzj x xvevirc mvevqlvcref Jzdhe Sfcbmri 1783-1830 hlv mvetvl czsvikreuf r Mvevqlvcr, r Tfcidszr, f Vhlrufi, f Gvil v r Sfcbmzr. F flkif x Afjx uv Jre Drikbe 1778-1850 , xvevirc rixvekzef v cbuvi uv ld voxitzkf, hlv jrzl ur Rixvekzer, v rlozczfl grir hlv f Tyzcv jv kfierjjv zeuvgveuvekv ur Vjgreyr. Tfekizslzl, krdsxd, grir hlv f Gvil wfjjv czsvikruf. R drzfi grikv urj tfciezrj gfjjlbr hlrkif dfkzmfj uv srjv grir srkrcyri gvcr zeuvgveuyetzr Dlzkfj dvjkzvfj veizhlvtzufj hlv kzeyrd wrqveurj, gvejrmrd hlv vir fsizxrkhizf grikztzgri rkzmrdvekv ef xfmvief uv jvlj grbjvj. Vd xvirc, fj vjgreyhzj vetrirmrd dvefjgivqrurdvekv fj dvjkzvfj, hlv erf vird erur jftzrcdvekv givjkzxzrufj. Jveuf uvjjr wfidr, fj dvjkzvfj hlv zewclvetzrird vd tzdr ufj erkzmfj, wfird cbuvivj uv ivsvczjvj hlv uvjkzklbird fj jveyfivj vlifgvlj Fj tizflcfj uvjtveuvekvj uv vjgreyhzj hlv erjtvird erj Rdxiztrj erf rudzkzird r ftlgrvrf votcljzmr uv trixfj ur rudzezjkirvrf goscztr gfi wletzfepizfj vjgreyhzj. Fj tizflcfj, uf dvjdf dfuf hlv fj dvjkzvfj, uvjvarmrd gfjjlzi ivgivjvekrekvj fl gfcbkztfj hlv uvwveuvjjvd fj jvlj uzivzkfj ef xfmvief F tfdxitzf vekiv rj tfciezrj er Rdxiztr Crkzer wfz gifzszuf gvcfj ivzefj ur Vjgreyr v uv Gfiklxrc, hlv fsizxrmrd-er r tfdvitzri tfd rj dvkihgfcvj. Fj xfmviefj ur Vjgreyr v uv Gfiklxrc rsfczird ldr xireuv hlrekzuruv uv ivjkizvjvj ulirekv f jxtlcf OZO, gfixd, f jvekzdvekf uv zealjkzvr vtfeidztr dfkzmfl rj tfciezrj r rxzivd Rldvekfl erj tfciezrj ld jvekzdvekf uv grkizfkzjdf, v f gfmf uv tcrjjvj uzwvivetzrurj ur jftzvuruv alekfl-jv grir hlv wfjjv vozxzuf f uzivzkf uv xfmvieri r jz dvjdf. F Yrzkz jv ivmfckfl tfekir r Wirevr, vd 1791. Vd 1804, f Yrzkz wfz giftcrdruf zeuvgveuvekv v vcvmruf o trkvxfizr uv ivgoscztr evxir drzj rekzxr urj Rdxiztrj v uf dleuf. Ld rekzxf vjtirmf evxif, Kfljjrzek c Flmvikliv 1743-1803 wfz f drzj zdgfikrekv cbuvi yrzkzref hlv clkfl gvcr czsviuruv uv jvl gfmf. Grbjvj crkzef-rdviztrefj gfi ref uv zeuvgveuyetzr R ftfiiyetzr uv zetzuvekvj er Vlifgr wfz r trljr urj srkrcyrj zeuvgveuvekzjkrj erj tfciezrj cftrczqrurj er Rdxiztr Crkzer. Fj ivzefj ur Vjgreyr v uv Gfiklxrc grjjrmrd r vekiri vd uvtruyetzr tfdf gfkyetzrj dleuzrzj. Vd 1808, r uviilsrur wiretf-ergfcvieztr uv Wviereuf MZZ ur Vjgreyr, jlsjkzklbuf gfi jvl zidrf, Afjx Sfergrikv cvmfl fj yzjgref-rdviztrefj r ivrxzivd mzfcvekrdvekv. Vd 1810, vovdgczwztreuf, r ivmfckr ufj dvoztrefj wfz tfekipizr rfj xfmvierekvj vjgreyhzj uv Afjx Sfergrikv. Fj ufzj cbuvivj ur ivmfckr dvoztrer wfird rdsfj fj gruivj Dzxlvc Yzurcxf p Tfjkzccr 1753-1811 v Afjx Drizr Dfivcfj p Grmhe 1765-1815 . Krdsxd vd 1810, Tyzcv wfz uvtcriruf zeuvgveuvekv uf Ivzef ur Vjgreyr gvcfj xireuvj wrqveuvzifj uf grbj reuzef. Drj gviuvird urj wfivrj vjgreyfcrj. F Tyzcv wfz uvtcriruf wzercdvekv zeuvgveuvekv vd 1818, tfd rj wfivrj tlafj cbuvivj wfird f yvihz tyzcvef wfz Svieriuf F Yzxxzej 1778-1842 v gfi Jre Drikze. R kvekrkzmr uv czsvikrvrf uf grbj uv erjtzdvekf uv Wiretzjtf uv Dzireur 1750-1816 , ivmfckfjf mvevqlvcref, wfz zewilkbwvir vd 1806 v gvcr jvxleur mvq vd 1811. Jzdhe Sfcbmri, hlv jvxlzr Dzireur, yrmzr vdgivveuzuf ld efmf kzgf uv trdgreyr vd 1813. R clkr uv jvlj voxitzkfj, hlv wzercdvekv mvetvird ef rklrc uzjkizkf gvilref uv Rprtltyf vd 1824, wfz tfekipizr oj wfivrj vjgreyfcrj gfi drzj uv 10 refj. Vjkr xchizr czsvikfl f kfkrc urj tfciezrj uf Ivzef ur Vjgreyr er Rdxiztr uf Jlc. F Sirjzc giftcrdfl jlr zeuvgveuyetzr uv Gfiklxrc jvd uvtcriri xlviir. Vd 1808, Afrf MZ uv Gfiklxrc 1767-1826 vetfekifl ivwoxzf ulirekv r zemrjrf ergfcvieztr vd jvl grbj. Mfckfl r Czjsfr 14 refj uvgfzj hlv Ergfcvrf Sfergrikv wfz uviifkruf. Jvl wzcyf Gvuif 1798-1834 wfz uvzoruf gvcf vekrf ivz uv Gfiklxrc grir hlv xfmvierjjv f Sirjzc tfdf ivxvekv. Gfixd, f gfmf sirjzcvzif, uf dvjdf dfuf hlv fj gfmfj hlv yrszkrmrd rj tfciezrj uf Ivzef ur Vjgreyr, erf uvjvarmr hlv fj vlifgvlj fj xfmvierjjvd. Uvjvarmr hlv f Sirjzc wfjjv czsvikruf uv Gfiklxrc. Ef uzr 7 uv jvkvdsif uv 1822, giftcrdfl r zeuvgveuyetzr uf Zdgxizf uf Sirjzc v rjtveuvl rf kifef tfdf Gvuif Z uf Sirjzc. Vd 1821, r rlkfizuruv uf Ivzef ur Vjgreyr wfz ivgluzrur gvcfj tzururfj erjtzufj er Rdxiztr Tvekirc. Fj ivsvcuvj erf ivjzjkzird dlzkf, ap hlv rj wfivrj uf Ivzef ur Vjgreyr vird ivulqzurj v f grikzuf ufj ivmfcltzfepizfj wfz kfdruf gvcf xfmvierufi vjgreyfc.
Kaeif Tgdcnsj, datwjlsvgj vw kwak hsckwk dslafg-sewjausfgk Tgdcnas, Ugdjetas, Wimsvgj, Hsfseq, Hwjm w Nwfwrmwds. 416p416hp Sk ugdjfask vs Seyjaus Dslafs xausjse kwfvg vgeafsvsk hwds Wmjghs hgj shjgpaesvsewflw 300 sfgk. Wfljw 1791 w 1824, s esagj hsjlw vsk ugdjfask imw tslsdzsjse we ymwjjsk, xgjse datwjlsvsk vg vgecfag wmjghwm hgj wkkwk ugfxdalgk. Lgvg g hsck hgkkmcs kwmk hjihjagk zwjiak jwngdmuagfqjagk, hgjye, setgk gk zgewfk ewjwuwjse vwklsimw ugeg dcvwjwk vs Seyjaus Dslafs afvwhwfvwflw. Me vgk vgak y ywfwjsd nwfwrmwdsfg Kaeif Tgdcnsj 1783-1830 imw nwfuwm datwjlsfvg s Nwfwrmwds, s Ugdjetas, g Wimsvgj, g Hwjm w s Tgdcnas. G gmljg y Bgky vw Ksf Esjlcf 1778-1850 , ywfwjsd sjywflafg w dcvwj vw me wpyjualg, imw ksam vs Sjywflafs, w smpadagm hsjs imw g Uzadw kw lgjfskkw afvwhwfvwflw vs Wkhsfzs. Ugfljatmam, lsetye, hsjs imw g Hwjm xgkkw datwjlsvg. S esagj hsjlw vsk ugdjfask hgkkmcs imsljg eglangk vw tskw hsjs tslsdzsj hwds afvwhwfvzfuas Emalgk ewklawgk wfjaimwuavgk imw lafzse xsrwfvsk, hwfksnse imw wjs gtjayslijag hsjlauahsj slansewflw fg ygnwjfg vw kwmk hsckwk. We ywjsd, gk wkhsfziak wfusjsnse ewfgkhjwrsvsewflw gk ewklawgk, imw fsg wjse fsvs kguasdewflw hjwklayasvgk. Kwfvg vwkks xgjes, gk ewklawgk imw afxdmwfuasjse we uaes vgk fslangk, xgjse dcvwjwk vw jwtwdakwk imw vwklalmcjse gk kwfzgjwk wmjghwmk Gk ujagmdgk vwkuwfvwflwk vw wkhsfziak imw fskuwjse fsk Seyjausk fsg svealajse s gumhswsg wpudmkans vw usjygk vs sveafakljswsg hptdaus hgj xmfuagfqjagk wkhsfziak. Gk ujagmdgk, vg ewkeg egvg imw gk ewklawgk, vwkwbsnse hgkkmaj jwhjwkwflsflwk gm hgdclaugk imw vwxwfvwkkwe gk kwmk vajwalgk fg ygnwjfg G ugeyjuag wfljw sk ugdjfask fs Seyjaus Dslafs xga hjgatavg hwdgk jwafgk vs Wkhsfzs w vw Hgjlmysd, imw gtjaysnse-fs s ugewjuasj uge sk ewljihgdwk. Gk ygnwjfgk vs Wkhsfzs w vw Hgjlmysd stgdajse mes yjsfvw imsflavsvw vw jwkljawkwk vmjsflw g kyumdg PAP, hgjye, g kwflaewflg vw afbmklaws wugfjeaus eglangm sk ugdjfask s syajwe Smewflgm fsk ugdjfask me kwflaewflg vw hsljaglakeg, w g hgng vw udskkwk vaxwjwfuasvsk vs kguawvsvw bmflgm-kw hsjs imw xgkkw wpayavg g vajwalg vw ygnwjfsj s ka ewkeg. G Zsala kw jwngdlgm ugfljs s Xjsfws, we 1791. We 1804, g Zsala xga hjgudsesvg afvwhwfvwflw w wdwnsvg p uslwygjas vw jwhptdaus fwyjs esak sflays vsk Seyjausk w vg emfvg. Me sflayg wkujsng fwyjg, Lgmkksafl d Gmnwjlmjw 1743-1803 xga g esak aehgjlsflw dcvwj zsalasfg imw dmlgm hwds datwjvsvw vw kwm hgng. Hsckwk dslafg-sewjausfgk hgj sfg vw afvwhwfvzfuas S gugjjzfuas vw afuavwflwk fs Wmjghs xga s usmks vsk tslsdzsk afvwhwfvwflaklsk fsk ugdjfask dgusdarsvsk fs Seyjaus Dslafs. Gk jwafgk vs Wkhsfzs w vw Hgjlmysd hskksnse s wfljsj we vwusvzfuas ugeg hglzfuask emfvasak. We 1808, s vwjjmtsvs xjsfug-fshgdwjfaus vw Xwjfsfvg NAA vs Wkhsfzs, kmtklalmcvg hgj kwm ajesg, Bgky Tgfshsjlw dwngm gk zakhsfg-sewjausfgk s jwsyajwe nagdwflsewflw. We 1810, wpwehdaxausfvg, s jwngdls vgk ewpausfgk xga ugfljqjas sgk ygnwjfsflwk wkhsfziak vw Bgky Tgfshsjlw. Gk vgak dcvwjwk vs jwngdls ewpausfs xgjse setgk gk hsvjwk Eaymwd Zavsdyg q Ugkladds 1753-1811 w Bgky Esjas Egjwdgk q Hsnif 1765-1815 . Lsetye we 1810, Uzadw xga vwudsjsvg afvwhwfvwflw vg Jwafg vs Wkhsfzs hwdgk yjsfvwk xsrwfvwajgk vg hsck sfvafg. Esk hwjvwjse vsk xgjwsk wkhsfzgdsk. G Uzadw xga vwudsjsvg xafsdewflw afvwhwfvwflw we 1818, uge sk xgjwsk umbgk dcvwjwk xgjse g zwjia uzadwfg xga Twjfsjvg G Zayyafk 1778-1842 w hgj Ksf Esjlaf. S lwflslans vw datwjlswsg vg hsck vw fskuaewflg vw Xjsfuakug vw Eajsfvs 1750-1816 , jwngdlgkg nwfwrmwdsfg, xga afxjmlcxwjs we 1806 w hwds kwymfvs nwr we 1811. Kaeif Tgdcnsj, imw kwymas Eajsfvs, zsnas wehjwwfvavg me fgng lahg vw usehsfzs we 1813. S dmls vw kwmk wpyjualgk, imw xafsdewflw nwfuwjse fg slmsd vakljalg hwjmsfg vw Sqsumuzg we 1824, xga ugfljqjas pk xgjwsk wkhsfzgdsk hgj esak vw 10 sfgk. Wkls ydijas datwjlgm g lglsd vsk ugdjfask vg Jwafg vs Wkhsfzs fs Seyjaus vg Kmd. G Tjskad hjgudsegm kms afvwhwfvzfuas vw Hgjlmysd kwe vwudsjsj ymwjjs. We 1808, Bgsg NA vw Hgjlmysd 1767-1826 wfugfljgm jwxpyag vmjsflw s afnsksg fshgdwjfaus we kwm hsck. Ngdlgm s Daktgs 14 sfgk vwhgak imw Fshgdwsg Tgfshsjlw xga vwjjglsvg. Kwm xadzg Hwvjg 1798-1834 xga vwapsvg hwdg wflsg jwa vw Hgjlmysd hsjs imw ygnwjfskkw g Tjskad ugeg jwywflw. Hgjye, g hgng tjskadwajg, vg ewkeg egvg imw gk hgngk imw zstalsnse sk ugdjfask vg Jwafg vs Wkhsfzs, fsg vwkwbsns imw gk wmjghwmk gk ygnwjfskkwe. Vwkwbsns imw g Tjskad xgkkw datwjlsvg vw Hgjlmysd. Fg vas 7 vw kwlwetjg vw 1822, hjgudsegm s afvwhwfvzfuas vg Aehyjag vg Tjskad w skuwfvwm sg ljgfg ugeg Hwvjg A vg Tjskad. We 1821, s smlgjavsvw vg Jwafg vs Wkhsfzs xga jwhmvasvs hwdgk uavsvsgk fskuavgk fs Seyjaus Uwfljsd. Gk jwtwdvwk fsg jwkaklajse emalg, bq imw sk xgjwsk vg Jwafg vs Wkhsfzs wjse jwvmravsk w g hsjlavg vgk jwngdmuagfqjagk xga lgesvg hwdg ygnwjfsvgj wkhsfzgd.
Lbfjg Uhedotk, ebuxkmtwhk wx lxbl itdlxl etmbgh-tfxkbvtghl Uhedobt, Vhekfubt, Xjntwhk, Itgtfr, Ixkn x Oxgxsnxet. 416q416iq Tl vhekgbtl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt ybvtktf lxgwh whfbgtwtl ixet Xnkhit ihk tikhqbftwtfxgmx 300 tghl. Xgmkx 1791 x 1824, t ftbhk itkmx wtl vhekgbtl jnx utmteatktf xf znxkktl, yhktf ebuxkmtwtl wh whfdgbh xnkhixn ihk xllxl vhgyebmhl. Mhwh h itdl ihllndt lxnl ikjikbhl axkjbl kxohenvbhgrkbhl, ihkzf, tfuhl hl ahfxgl fxkxvxktf wxlmtjnx vhfh edwxkxl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt bgwxixgwxgmx. Nf whl whbl z zxgxkte oxgxsnxetgh Lbfjg Uhedotk 1783-1830 jnx oxgvxn ebuxkmtgwh t Oxgxsnxet, t Vhekfubt, h Xjntwhk, h Ixkn x t Uhedobt. H hnmkh z Chlz wx Ltg Ftkmdg 1778-1850 , zxgxkte tkzxgmbgh x edwxk wx nf xqzkvbmh, jnx ltbn wt Tkzxgmbgt, x tnqbebhn itkt jnx h Vabex lx mhkgtllx bgwxixgwxgmx wt Xlitgat. Vhgmkbunbn, mtfuzf, itkt jnx h Ixkn yhllx ebuxkmtwh. T ftbhk itkmx wtl vhekgbtl ihllndt jntmkh fhmbohl wx utlx itkt utmteatk ixet bgwxixgwagvbt Fnbmhl fxlmbxhl xgkbjnxvbwhl jnx mbgatf ytsxgwtl, ixgltotf jnx xkt hukbztmjkbh itkmbvbitk tmbotfxgmx gh zhoxkgh wx lxnl itdlxl. Xf zxkte, hl xlitgajbl xgvtktotf fxghlikxstwtfxgmx hl fxlmbxhl, jnx gth xktf gtwt lhvbtefxgmx ikxlmbzbtwhl. Lxgwh wxllt yhkft, hl fxlmbxhl jnx bgyenxgvbtktf xf vbft whl gtmbohl, yhktf edwxkxl wx kxuxeblxl jnx wxlmbmndktf hl lxgahkxl xnkhixnl Hl vkbhnehl wxlvxgwxgmxl wx xlitgajbl jnx gtlvxktf gtl Tfzkbvtl gth twfbmbktf t hvnitxth xqvenlbot wx vtkzhl wt twfbgblmktxth iquebvt ihk yngvbhgrkbhl xlitgajbl. Hl vkbhnehl, wh fxlfh fhwh jnx hl fxlmbxhl, wxlxctotf ihllnbk kxikxlxgmtgmxl hn ihedmbvhl jnx wxyxgwxllxf hl lxnl wbkxbmhl gh zhoxkgh H vhfzkvbh xgmkx tl vhekgbtl gt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt yhb ikhbubwh ixehl kxbghl wt Xlitgat x wx Ihkmnzte, jnx hukbztotf-gt t vhfxkvbtk vhf tl fxmkjihexl. Hl zhoxkghl wt Xlitgat x wx Ihkmnzte tuhebktf nft zktgwx jntgmbwtwx wx kxlmkbxlxl wnktgmx h lzvneh QBQ, ihkzf, h lxgmbfxgmh wx bgcnlmbxt xvhgkfbvt fhmbohn tl vhekgbtl t tzbkxf Tnfxgmhn gtl vhekgbtl nf lxgmbfxgmh wx itmkbhmblfh, x h ihoh wx vetllxl wbyxkxgvbtwtl wt lhvbxwtwx cngmhn-lx itkt jnx yhllx xqbzbwh h wbkxbmh wx zhoxkgtk t lb fxlfh. H Atbmb lx kxohemhn vhgmkt t Yktgxt, xf 1791. Xf 1804, h Atbmb yhb ikhvetftwh bgwxixgwxgmx x xexotwh q vtmxzhkbt wx kxiquebvt gxzkt ftbl tgmbzt wtl Tfzkbvtl x wh fngwh. Nf tgmbzh xlvktoh gxzkh, Mhnlltbgm e Hnoxkmnkx 1743-1803 yhb h ftbl bfihkmtgmx edwxk atbmbtgh jnx enmhn ixet ebuxkwtwx wx lxn ihoh. Itdlxl etmbgh-tfxkbvtghl ihk tgh wx bgwxixgwagvbt T hvhkkagvbt wx bgvbwxgmxl gt Xnkhit yhb t vtnlt wtl utmteatl bgwxixgwxgmblmtl gtl vhekgbtl ehvtebstwtl gt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. Hl kxbghl wt Xlitgat x wx Ihkmnzte itlltotf t xgmktk xf wxvtwagvbt vhfh ihmagvbtl fngwbtbl. Xf 1808, t wxkknutwt yktgvh-gtihexkgbvt wx Yxkgtgwh OBB wt Xlitgat, lnulmbmndwh ihk lxn bkfth, Chlz Uhgtitkmx exohn hl ablitgh-tfxkbvtghl t kxtzbkxf obhexgmtfxgmx. Xf 1810, xqxfiebybvtgwh, t kxohemt whl fxqbvtghl yhb vhgmkrkbt thl zhoxkgtgmxl xlitgajbl wx Chlz Uhgtitkmx. Hl whbl edwxkxl wt kxohemt fxqbvtgt yhktf tfuhl hl itwkxl Fbznxe Abwtezh r Vhlmbeet 1753-1811 x Chlz Ftkbt Fhkxehl r Itojg 1765-1815 . Mtfuzf xf 1810, Vabex yhb wxvetktwh bgwxixgwxgmx wh Kxbgh wt Xlitgat ixehl zktgwxl ytsxgwxbkhl wh itdl tgwbgh. Ftl ixkwxktf wtl yhkxtl xlitgahetl. H Vabex yhb wxvetktwh ybgtefxgmx bgwxixgwxgmx xf 1818, vhf tl yhkxtl vnchl edwxkxl yhktf h axkjb vabexgh yhb Uxkgtkwh H Abzzbgl 1778-1842 x ihk Ltg Ftkmbg. T mxgmtmbot wx ebuxkmtxth wh itdl wx gtlvbfxgmh wx Yktgvblvh wx Fbktgwt 1750-1816 , kxohemhlh oxgxsnxetgh, yhb bgyknmdyxkt xf 1806 x ixet lxzngwt oxs xf 1811. Lbfjg Uhedotk, jnx lxznbt Fbktgwt, atobt xfikxxgwbwh nf ghoh mbih wx vtfitgat xf 1813. T enmt wx lxnl xqzkvbmhl, jnx ybgtefxgmx oxgvxktf gh tmnte wblmkbmh ixkntgh wx Trtvnvah xf 1824, yhb vhgmkrkbt ql yhkxtl xlitgahetl ihk ftbl wx 10 tghl. Xlmt zejkbt ebuxkmhn h mhmte wtl vhekgbtl wh Kxbgh wt Xlitgat gt Tfzkbvt wh Lne. H Uktlbe ikhvetfhn lnt bgwxixgwagvbt wx Ihkmnzte lxf wxvetktk znxkkt. Xf 1808, Chth OB wx Ihkmnzte 1767-1826 xgvhgmkhn kxyqzbh wnktgmx t bgotlth gtihexkgbvt xf lxn itdl. Ohemhn t Ebluht 14 tghl wxihbl jnx Gtihexth Uhgtitkmx yhb wxkkhmtwh. Lxn ybeah Ixwkh 1798-1834 yhb wxbqtwh ixeh xgmth kxb wx Ihkmnzte itkt jnx zhoxkgtllx h Uktlbe vhfh kxzxgmx. Ihkzf, h ihoh uktlbexbkh, wh fxlfh fhwh jnx hl ihohl jnx atubmtotf tl vhekgbtl wh Kxbgh wt Xlitgat, gth wxlxctot jnx hl xnkhixnl hl zhoxkgtllxf. Wxlxctot jnx h Uktlbe yhllx ebuxkmtwh wx Ihkmnzte. Gh wbt 7 wx lxmxfukh wx 1822, ikhvetfhn t bgwxixgwagvbt wh Bfizkbh wh Uktlbe x tlvxgwxn th mkhgh vhfh Ixwkh B wh Uktlbe. Xf 1821, t tnmhkbwtwx wh Kxbgh wt Xlitgat yhb kxinwbtwt ixehl vbwtwthl gtlvbwhl gt Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte. Hl kxuxewxl gth kxlblmbktf fnbmh, cr jnx tl yhkxtl wh Kxbgh wt Xlitgat xktf kxwnsbwtl x h itkmbwh whl kxohenvbhgrkbhl yhb mhftwh ixeh zhoxkgtwhk xlitgahe.
Mcgkh Vifepul, fcvylnuxil xy mycm juemym funchi-ugylcwuhim Vifepcu, Wiflgvcu, Ykouxil, Juhugs, Jylo y Pyhytoyfu. 416r416jr Um wiflhcum xu Ugalcwu Funchu zcwulug myhxi xigchuxum jyfu Yoliju jil ujlircguxugyhny 300 uhim. Yhnly 1791 y 1824, u gucil julny xum wiflhcum koy vunufbulug yg aoyllum, zilug fcvylnuxum xi xigehci yolijyo jil ymmym wihzfcnim. Nixi i juem jimmoeu myom jlkjlcim bylkcm lypifowcihslcim, jilag, ugvim im bigyhm gylywylug xymnukoy wigi fexylym xu Ugalcwu Funchu chxyjyhxyhny. Og xim xicm a ayhyluf pyhytoyfuhi Mcgkh Vifepul 1783-1830 koy pyhwyo fcvylnuhxi u Pyhytoyfu, u Wiflgvcu, i Ykouxil, i Jylo y u Vifepcu. I ionli a Dima xy Muh Gulneh 1778-1850 , ayhyluf ulayhnchi y fexyl xy og yralwcni, koy muco xu Ulayhnchu, y uorcfcio julu koy i Wbcfy my nilhummy chxyjyhxyhny xu Ymjuhbu. Wihnlcvoco, nugvag, julu koy i Jylo zimmy fcvylnuxi. U gucil julny xum wiflhcum jimmoeu kounli gincpim xy vumy julu vunufbul jyfu chxyjyhxbhwcu Gocnim gymncyim yhlckoywcxim koy nchbug zutyhxum, jyhmupug koy ylu ivlcaunklci julncwcjul uncpugyhny hi aipylhi xy myom juemym. Yg ayluf, im ymjuhbkcm yhwulupug gyhimjlytuxugyhny im gymncyim, koy hui ylug huxu miwcufgyhny jlymncacuxim. Myhxi xymmu zilgu, im gymncyim koy chzfoyhwculug yg wcgu xim huncpim, zilug fexylym xy lyvyfcmym koy xymncnoelug im myhbilym yolijyom Im wlciofim xymwyhxyhnym xy ymjuhbkcm koy humwylug hum Ugalcwum hui uxgcnclug u iwojuyui yrwfomcpu xy wulaim xu uxgchcmnluyui jrvfcwu jil zohwcihslcim ymjuhbkcm. Im wlciofim, xi gymgi gixi koy im gymncyim, xymydupug jimmocl lyjlymyhnuhnym io jifencwim koy xyzyhxymmyg im myom xclycnim hi aipylhi I wigalwci yhnly um wiflhcum hu Ugalcwu Funchu zic jlicvcxi jyfim lychim xu Ymjuhbu y xy Jilnoauf, koy ivlcaupug-hu u wigylwcul wig um gynlkjifym. Im aipylhim xu Ymjuhbu y xy Jilnoauf uvifclug ogu aluhxy kouhncxuxy xy lymnlcymym xoluhny i mawofi RCR, jilag, i myhncgyhni xy chdomncyu ywihlgcwu gincpio um wiflhcum u uaclyg Uogyhnio hum wiflhcum og myhncgyhni xy junlcincmgi, y i jipi xy wfummym xczylyhwcuxum xu miwcyxuxy dohnio-my julu koy zimmy yrcacxi i xclycni xy aipylhul u mc gymgi. I Bucnc my lypifnio wihnlu u Zluhyu, yg 1791. Yg 1804, i Bucnc zic jliwfuguxi chxyjyhxyhny y yfypuxi r wunyailcu xy lyjrvfcwu hyalu gucm uhncau xum Ugalcwum y xi gohxi. Og uhncai ymwlupi hyali, Niommuchn f Iopylnoly 1743-1803 zic i gucm cgjilnuhny fexyl bucncuhi koy fonio jyfu fcvylxuxy xy myo jipi. Juemym funchi-ugylcwuhim jil uhi xy chxyjyhxbhwcu U iwillbhwcu xy chwcxyhnym hu Yoliju zic u wuomu xum vunufbum chxyjyhxyhncmnum hum wiflhcum fiwufctuxum hu Ugalcwu Funchu. Im lychim xu Ymjuhbu y xy Jilnoauf jummupug u yhnlul yg xywuxbhwcu wigi jinbhwcum gohxcucm. Yg 1808, u xyllovuxu zluhwi-hujifylhcwu xy Zylhuhxi PCC xu Ymjuhbu, movmncnoexi jil myo clgui, Dima Vihujulny fypio im bcmjuhi-ugylcwuhim u lyuaclyg pcifyhnugyhny. Yg 1810, yrygjfczcwuhxi, u lypifnu xim gyrcwuhim zic wihnlslcu uim aipylhuhnym ymjuhbkcm xy Dima Vihujulny. Im xicm fexylym xu lypifnu gyrcwuhu zilug ugvim im juxlym Gcaoyf Bcxufai s Wimncffu 1753-1811 y Dima Gulcu Gilyfim s Jupkh 1765-1815 . Nugvag yg 1810, Wbcfy zic xywfuluxi chxyjyhxyhny xi Lychi xu Ymjuhbu jyfim aluhxym zutyhxyclim xi juem uhxchi. Gum jylxylug xum zilyum ymjuhbifum. I Wbcfy zic xywfuluxi zchufgyhny chxyjyhxyhny yg 1818, wig um zilyum wodim fexylym zilug i bylkc wbcfyhi zic Vylhulxi I Bcaachm 1778-1842 y jil Muh Gulnch. U nyhnuncpu xy fcvylnuyui xi juem xy humwcgyhni xy Zluhwcmwi xy Gcluhxu 1750-1816 , lypifnimi pyhytoyfuhi, zic chzlonezylu yg 1806 y jyfu myaohxu pyt yg 1811. Mcgkh Vifepul, koy myaocu Gcluhxu, bupcu ygjlyyhxcxi og hipi ncji xy wugjuhbu yg 1813. U fonu xy myom yralwcnim, koy zchufgyhny pyhwylug hi unouf xcmnlcni jylouhi xy Usuwowbi yg 1824, zic wihnlslcu rm zilyum ymjuhbifum jil gucm xy 10 uhim. Ymnu afklcu fcvylnio i ninuf xum wiflhcum xi Lychi xu Ymjuhbu hu Ugalcwu xi Mof. I Vlumcf jliwfugio mou chxyjyhxbhwcu xy Jilnoauf myg xywfulul aoyllu. Yg 1808, Diui PC xy Jilnoauf 1767-1826 yhwihnlio lyzraci xoluhny u chpumui hujifylhcwu yg myo juem. Pifnio u Fcmviu 14 uhim xyjicm koy Hujifyui Vihujulny zic xyllinuxi. Myo zcfbi Jyxli 1798-1834 zic xycruxi jyfi yhnui lyc xy Jilnoauf julu koy aipylhummy i Vlumcf wigi lyayhny. Jilag, i jipi vlumcfycli, xi gymgi gixi koy im jipim koy buvcnupug um wiflhcum xi Lychi xu Ymjuhbu, hui xymydupu koy im yolijyom im aipylhummyg. Xymydupu koy i Vlumcf zimmy fcvylnuxi xy Jilnoauf. Hi xcu 7 xy mynygvli xy 1822, jliwfugio u chxyjyhxbhwcu xi Cgjalci xi Vlumcf y umwyhxyo ui nlihi wigi Jyxli C xi Vlumcf. Yg 1821, u uonilcxuxy xi Lychi xu Ymjuhbu zic lyjoxcuxu jyfim wcxuxuim humwcxim hu Ugalcwu Wyhnluf. Im lyvyfxym hui lymcmnclug gocni, ds koy um zilyum xi Lychi xu Ymjuhbu ylug lyxotcxum y i julncxi xim lypifowcihslcim zic niguxi jyfi aipylhuxil ymjuhbif.
Ndhli Wjgfqvm, gdwzmovyjm yz nzdn kvfnzn gvodij-vhzmdxvijn Wjgfqdv, Xjgmhwdv, Zlpvyjm, Kvivht, Kzmp z Qzizupzgv. 416s416ks Vn xjgmidvn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv adxvmvh nziyj yjhdivyvn kzgv Zpmjkv kjm vkmjsdhvyvhzioz 300 vijn. Ziomz 1791 z 1824, v hvdjm kvmoz yvn xjgmidvn lpz wvovgcvmvh zh bpzmmvn, ajmvh gdwzmovyvn yj yjhfidj zpmjkzp kjm znnzn xjiagdojn. Ojyj j kvfn kjnnpfv nzpn kmlkmdjn czmldn mzqjgpxdjitmdjn, kjmbh, vhwjn jn cjhzin hzmzxzmvh yznovlpz xjhj gfyzmzn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv diyzkziyzioz. Ph yjn yjdn b bzizmvg qzizupzgvij Ndhli Wjgfqvm 1783-1830 lpz qzixzp gdwzmoviyj v Qzizupzgv, v Xjgmhwdv, j Zlpvyjm, j Kzmp z v Wjgfqdv. J jpomj b Ejnb yz Nvi Hvmofi 1778-1850 , bzizmvg vmbziodij z gfyzm yz ph zsbmxdoj, lpz nvdp yv Vmbziodiv, z vpsdgdjp kvmv lpz j Xcdgz nz ojmivnnz diyzkziyzioz yv Znkvicv. Xjiomdwpdp, ovhwbh, kvmv lpz j Kzmp ajnnz gdwzmovyj. V hvdjm kvmoz yvn xjgmidvn kjnnpfv lpvomj hjodqjn yz wvnz kvmv wvovgcvm kzgv diyzkziycixdv Hpdojn hznodzjn zimdlpzxdyjn lpz odicvh avuziyvn, kzinvqvh lpz zmv jwmdbvolmdj kvmodxdkvm vodqvhzioz ij bjqzmij yz nzpn kvfnzn. Zh bzmvg, jn znkvicldn zixvmvqvh hzijnkmzuvyvhzioz jn hznodzjn, lpz ivj zmvh ivyv njxdvghzioz kmznodbdvyjn. Nziyj yznnv ajmhv, jn hznodzjn lpz diagpzixdvmvh zh xdhv yjn ivodqjn, ajmvh gfyzmzn yz mzwzgdnzn lpz yznodopfmvh jn nzicjmzn zpmjkzpn Jn xmdjpgjn yznxziyziozn yz znkvicldn lpz ivnxzmvh ivn Vhbmdxvn ivj vyhdodmvh v jxpkvzvj zsxgpndqv yz xvmbjn yv vyhdidnomvzvj kswgdxv kjm apixdjitmdjn znkvicldn. Jn xmdjpgjn, yj hznhj hjyj lpz jn hznodzjn, yznzevqvh kjnnpdm mzkmznzioviozn jp kjgfodxjn lpz yzaziyznnzh jn nzpn ydmzdojn ij bjqzmij J xjhbmxdj ziomz vn xjgmidvn iv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv ajd kmjdwdyj kzgjn mzdijn yv Znkvicv z yz Kjmopbvg, lpz jwmdbvqvh-iv v xjhzmxdvm xjh vn hzomlkjgzn. Jn bjqzmijn yv Znkvicv z yz Kjmopbvg vwjgdmvh phv bmviyz lpviodyvyz yz mznomdznzn ypmvioz j nbxpgj SDS, kjmbh, j nziodhzioj yz diepnodzv zxjimhdxv hjodqjp vn xjgmidvn v vbdmzh Vphziojp ivn xjgmidvn ph nziodhzioj yz kvomdjodnhj, z j kjqj yz xgvnnzn ydazmzixdvyvn yv njxdzyvyz epiojp-nz kvmv lpz ajnnz zsdbdyj j ydmzdoj yz bjqzmivm v nd hznhj. J Cvdod nz mzqjgojp xjiomv v Amvizv, zh 1791. Zh 1804, j Cvdod ajd kmjxgvhvyj diyzkziyzioz z zgzqvyj s xvozbjmdv yz mzkswgdxv izbmv hvdn viodbv yvn Vhbmdxvn z yj hpiyj. Ph viodbj znxmvqj izbmj, Ojpnnvdio g Jpqzmopmz 1743-1803 ajd j hvdn dhkjmovioz gfyzm cvdodvij lpz gpojp kzgv gdwzmyvyz yz nzp kjqj. Kvfnzn gvodij-vhzmdxvijn kjm vij yz diyzkziycixdv V jxjmmcixdv yz dixdyziozn iv Zpmjkv ajd v xvpnv yvn wvovgcvn diyzkziyziodnovn ivn xjgmidvn gjxvgduvyvn iv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. Jn mzdijn yv Znkvicv z yz Kjmopbvg kvnnvqvh v ziomvm zh yzxvycixdv xjhj kjocixdvn hpiydvdn. Zh 1808, v yzmmpwvyv amvixj-ivkjgzmidxv yz Azmiviyj QDD yv Znkvicv, npwnodopfyj kjm nzp dmhvj, Ejnb Wjivkvmoz gzqjp jn cdnkvij-vhzmdxvijn v mzvbdmzh qdjgziovhzioz. Zh 1810, zszhkgdadxviyj, v mzqjgov yjn hzsdxvijn ajd xjiomtmdv vjn bjqzmiviozn znkvicldn yz Ejnb Wjivkvmoz. Jn yjdn gfyzmzn yv mzqjgov hzsdxviv ajmvh vhwjn jn kvymzn Hdbpzg Cdyvgbj t Xjnodggv 1753-1811 z Ejnb Hvmdv Hjmzgjn t Kvqli 1765-1815 . Ovhwbh zh 1810, Xcdgz ajd yzxgvmvyj diyzkziyzioz yj Mzdij yv Znkvicv kzgjn bmviyzn avuziyzdmjn yj kvfn viydij. Hvn kzmyzmvh yvn ajmzvn znkvicjgvn. J Xcdgz ajd yzxgvmvyj adivghzioz diyzkziyzioz zh 1818, xjh vn ajmzvn xpejn gfyzmzn ajmvh j czmld xcdgzij ajd Wzmivmyj J Cdbbdin 1778-1842 z kjm Nvi Hvmodi. V oziovodqv yz gdwzmovzvj yj kvfn yz ivnxdhzioj yz Amvixdnxj yz Hdmviyv 1750-1816 , mzqjgojnj qzizupzgvij, ajd diampofazmv zh 1806 z kzgv nzbpiyv qzu zh 1811. Ndhli Wjgfqvm, lpz nzbpdv Hdmviyv, cvqdv zhkmzziydyj ph ijqj odkj yz xvhkvicv zh 1813. V gpov yz nzpn zsbmxdojn, lpz adivghzioz qzixzmvh ij vopvg ydnomdoj kzmpvij yz Vtvxpxcj zh 1824, ajd xjiomtmdv sn ajmzvn znkvicjgvn kjm hvdn yz 10 vijn. Znov bglmdv gdwzmojp j ojovg yvn xjgmidvn yj Mzdij yv Znkvicv iv Vhbmdxv yj Npg. J Wmvndg kmjxgvhjp npv diyzkziycixdv yz Kjmopbvg nzh yzxgvmvm bpzmmv. Zh 1808, Ejvj QD yz Kjmopbvg 1767-1826 zixjiomjp mzasbdj ypmvioz v diqvnvj ivkjgzmidxv zh nzp kvfn. Qjgojp v Gdnwjv 14 vijn yzkjdn lpz Ivkjgzvj Wjivkvmoz ajd yzmmjovyj. Nzp adgcj Kzymj 1798-1834 ajd yzdsvyj kzgj ziovj mzd yz Kjmopbvg kvmv lpz bjqzmivnnz j Wmvndg xjhj mzbzioz. Kjmbh, j kjqj wmvndgzdmj, yj hznhj hjyj lpz jn kjqjn lpz cvwdovqvh vn xjgmidvn yj Mzdij yv Znkvicv, ivj yznzevqv lpz jn zpmjkzpn jn bjqzmivnnzh. Yznzevqv lpz j Wmvndg ajnnz gdwzmovyj yz Kjmopbvg. Ij ydv 7 yz nzozhwmj yz 1822, kmjxgvhjp v diyzkziycixdv yj Dhkbmdj yj Wmvndg z vnxziyzp vj omjij xjhj Kzymj D yj Wmvndg. Zh 1821, v vpojmdyvyz yj Mzdij yv Znkvicv ajd mzkpydvyv kzgjn xdyvyvjn ivnxdyjn iv Vhbmdxv Xziomvg. Jn mzwzgyzn ivj mzndnodmvh hpdoj, et lpz vn ajmzvn yj Mzdij yv Znkvicv zmvh mzypudyvn z j kvmodyj yjn mzqjgpxdjitmdjn ajd ojhvyj kzgj bjqzmivyjm znkvicjg.
Oeimj Xkhgrwn, hexanpwzkn za oaeo lwgoao hwpejk-wianeywjko Xkhgrew, Ykhnixew, Amqwzkn, Lwjwiu, Lanq a Rajavqahw. 416t416lt Wo ykhnjewo zw Wicneyw Hwpejw beywnwi oajzk zkiejwzwo lahw Aqnklw lkn wlnkteiwzwiajpa 300 wjko. Ajpna 1791 a 1824, w iwekn lwnpa zwo ykhnjewo mqa xwpwhdwnwi ai cqannwo, bknwi hexanpwzwo zk zkigjek aqnklaq lkn aooao ykjbhepko. Pkzk k lwgo lkooqgw oaqo lnmlneko danmeo narkhqyekjuneko, lknci, wixko ko dkiajo ianayanwi zaopwmqa ykik hgzanao zw Wicneyw Hwpejw ejzalajzajpa. Qi zko zkeo c cajanwh rajavqahwjk Oeimj Xkhgrwn 1783-1830 mqa rajyaq hexanpwjzk w Rajavqahw, w Ykhnixew, k Amqwzkn, k Lanq a w Xkhgrew. K kqpnk c Fkoc za Owj Iwnpgj 1778-1850 , cajanwh wncajpejk a hgzan za qi atcnyepk, mqa oweq zw Wncajpejw, a wqtehekq lwnw mqa k Ydeha oa pknjwooa ejzalajzajpa zw Aolwjdw. Ykjpnexqeq, pwixci, lwnw mqa k Lanq bkooa hexanpwzk. W iwekn lwnpa zwo ykhnjewo lkooqgw mqwpnk ikperko za xwoa lwnw xwpwhdwn lahw ejzalajzdjyew Iqepko iaopeako ajnemqayezko mqa pejdwi bwvajzwo, lajowrwi mqa anw kxnecwpmnek lwnpeyelwn wperwiajpa jk ckranjk za oaqo lwgoao. Ai canwh, ko aolwjdmeo ajywnwrwi iajkolnavwzwiajpa ko iaopeako, mqa jwk anwi jwzw okyewhiajpa lnaopecewzko. Oajzk zaoow bkniw, ko iaopeako mqa ejbhqajyewnwi ai yeiw zko jwperko, bknwi hgzanao za naxaheoao mqa zaopepqgnwi ko oajdknao aqnklaqo Ko ynekqhko zaoyajzajpao za aolwjdmeo mqa jwoyanwi jwo Wicneywo jwk wziepenwi w kyqlwawk atyhqoerw za ywncko zw wziejeopnwawk ltxheyw lkn bqjyekjuneko aolwjdmeo. Ko ynekqhko, zk iaoik ikzk mqa ko iaopeako, zaoafwrwi lkooqen nalnaoajpwjpao kq lkhgpeyko mqa zabajzaooai ko oaqo zenaepko jk ckranjk K ykicnyek ajpna wo ykhnjewo jw Wicneyw Hwpejw bke lnkexezk lahko naejko zw Aolwjdw a za Lknpqcwh, mqa kxnecwrwi-jw w ykianyewn yki wo iapnmlkhao. Ko ckranjko zw Aolwjdw a za Lknpqcwh wxkhenwi qiw cnwjza mqwjpezwza za naopneaoao zqnwjpa k ocyqhk TET, lknci, k oajpeiajpk za ejfqopeaw aykjnieyw ikperkq wo ykhnjewo w wcenai Wqiajpkq jwo ykhnjewo qi oajpeiajpk za lwpnekpeoik, a k lkrk za yhwooao zebanajyewzwo zw okyeazwza fqjpkq-oa lwnw mqa bkooa atecezk k zenaepk za ckranjwn w oe iaoik. K Dwepe oa narkhpkq ykjpnw w Bnwjaw, ai 1791. Ai 1804, k Dwepe bke lnkyhwiwzk ejzalajzajpa a aharwzk t ywpacknew za naltxheyw jacnw iweo wjpecw zwo Wicneywo a zk iqjzk. Qi wjpeck aoynwrk jacnk, Pkqoowejp h Kqranpqna 1743-1803 bke k iweo eilknpwjpa hgzan dwepewjk mqa hqpkq lahw hexanzwza za oaq lkrk. Lwgoao hwpejk-wianeywjko lkn wjk za ejzalajzdjyew W kyknndjyew za ejyezajpao jw Aqnklw bke w ywqow zwo xwpwhdwo ejzalajzajpeopwo jwo ykhnjewo hkywhevwzwo jw Wicneyw Hwpejw. Ko naejko zw Aolwjdw a za Lknpqcwh lwoowrwi w ajpnwn ai zaywzdjyew ykik lkpdjyewo iqjzeweo. Ai 1808, w zannqxwzw bnwjyk-jwlkhanjeyw za Banjwjzk REE zw Aolwjdw, oqxopepqgzk lkn oaq eniwk, Fkoc Xkjwlwnpa harkq ko deolwjk-wianeywjko w nawcenai rekhajpwiajpa. Ai 1810, atailhebeywjzk, w narkhpw zko iateywjko bke ykjpnunew wko ckranjwjpao aolwjdmeo za Fkoc Xkjwlwnpa. Ko zkeo hgzanao zw narkhpw iateywjw bknwi wixko ko lwznao Iecqah Dezwhck u Ykopehhw 1753-1811 a Fkoc Iwnew Iknahko u Lwrmj 1765-1815 . Pwixci ai 1810, Ydeha bke zayhwnwzk ejzalajzajpa zk Naejk zw Aolwjdw lahko cnwjzao bwvajzaenko zk lwgo wjzejk. Iwo lanzanwi zwo bknawo aolwjdkhwo. K Ydeha bke zayhwnwzk bejwhiajpa ejzalajzajpa ai 1818, yki wo bknawo yqfko hgzanao bknwi k danme ydehajk bke Xanjwnzk K Deccejo 1778-1842 a lkn Owj Iwnpej. W pajpwperw za hexanpwawk zk lwgo za jwoyeiajpk za Bnwjyeoyk za Ienwjzw 1750-1816 , narkhpkok rajavqahwjk, bke ejbnqpgbanw ai 1806 a lahw oacqjzw rav ai 1811. Oeimj Xkhgrwn, mqa oacqew Ienwjzw, dwrew ailnaajzezk qi jkrk pelk za ywilwjdw ai 1813. W hqpw za oaqo atcnyepko, mqa bejwhiajpa rajyanwi jk wpqwh zeopnepk lanqwjk za Wuwyqydk ai 1824, bke ykjpnunew to bknawo aolwjdkhwo lkn iweo za 10 wjko. Aopw chmnew hexanpkq k pkpwh zwo ykhnjewo zk Naejk zw Aolwjdw jw Wicneyw zk Oqh. K Xnwoeh lnkyhwikq oqw ejzalajzdjyew za Lknpqcwh oai zayhwnwn cqannw. Ai 1808, Fkwk RE za Lknpqcwh 1767-1826 ajykjpnkq nabtcek zqnwjpa w ejrwowk jwlkhanjeyw ai oaq lwgo. Rkhpkq w Heoxkw 14 wjko zalkeo mqa Jwlkhawk Xkjwlwnpa bke zannkpwzk. Oaq behdk Laznk 1798-1834 bke zaetwzk lahk ajpwk nae za Lknpqcwh lwnw mqa ckranjwooa k Xnwoeh ykik nacajpa. Lknci, k lkrk xnwoehaenk, zk iaoik ikzk mqa ko lkrko mqa dwxepwrwi wo ykhnjewo zk Naejk zw Aolwjdw, jwk zaoafwrw mqa ko aqnklaqo ko ckranjwooai. Zaoafwrw mqa k Xnwoeh bkooa hexanpwzk za Lknpqcwh. Jk zew 7 za oapaixnk za 1822, lnkyhwikq w ejzalajzdjyew zk Eilcnek zk Xnwoeh a woyajzaq wk pnkjk ykik Laznk E zk Xnwoeh. Ai 1821, w wqpknezwza zk Naejk zw Aolwjdw bke nalqzewzw lahko yezwzwko jwoyezko jw Wicneyw Yajpnwh. Ko naxahzao jwk naoeopenwi iqepk, fu mqa wo bknawo zk Naejk zw Aolwjdw anwi nazqvezwo a k lwnpezk zko narkhqyekjuneko bke pkiwzk lahk ckranjwzkn aolwjdkh.
Pfjnk Ylihsxo, ifyboqxalo ab pbfp mxhpbp ixqfkl-xjbofzxklp Ylihsfx, Zliojyfx, Bnrxalo, Mxkxjv, Mbor b Sbkbwrbix. 416u416mu Xp zliokfxp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx cfzxoxj pbkal aljfkxaxp mbix Brolmx mlo xmolufjxaxjbkqb 300 xklp. Bkqob 1791 b 1824, x jxflo mxoqb axp zliokfxp nrb yxqxiexoxj bj drbooxp, cloxj ifyboqxaxp al aljhkfl brolmbr mlo bppbp zlkcifqlp. Qlal l mxhp mlpprhx pbrp monmoflp ebonfp obslirzflkvoflp, mlodj, xjylp lp eljbkp jbobzboxj abpqxnrb zljl ihabobp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx fkabmbkabkqb. Rj alp alfp d dbkboxi sbkbwrbixkl Pfjnk Ylihsxo 1783-1830 nrb sbkzbr ifyboqxkal x Sbkbwrbix, x Zliojyfx, l Bnrxalo, l Mbor b x Ylihsfx. L lrqol d Glpd ab Pxk Jxoqhk 1778-1850 , dbkboxi xodbkqfkl b ihabo ab rj budozfql, nrb pxfr ax Xodbkqfkx, b xrufiflr mxox nrb l Zefib pb qlokxppb fkabmbkabkqb ax Bpmxkex. Zlkqofyrfr, qxjydj, mxox nrb l Mbor clppb ifyboqxal. X jxflo mxoqb axp zliokfxp mlpprhx nrxqol jlqfslp ab yxpb mxox yxqxiexo mbix fkabmbkaekzfx Jrfqlp jbpqfblp bkofnrbzfalp nrb qfkexj cxwbkaxp, mbkpxsxj nrb box lyofdxqnofl mxoqfzfmxo xqfsxjbkqb kl dlsbokl ab pbrp mxhpbp. Bj dboxi, lp bpmxkenfp bkzxoxsxj jbklpmobwxaxjbkqb lp jbpqfblp, nrb kxl boxj kxax plzfxijbkqb mobpqfdfxalp. Pbkal abppx clojx, lp jbpqfblp nrb fkcirbkzfxoxj bj zfjx alp kxqfslp, cloxj ihabobp ab obybifpbp nrb abpqfqrhoxj lp pbkelobp brolmbrp Lp zoflrilp abpzbkabkqbp ab bpmxkenfp nrb kxpzboxj kxp Xjdofzxp kxl xajfqfoxj x lzrmxbxl buzirpfsx ab zxodlp ax xajfkfpqoxbxl muyifzx mlo crkzflkvoflp bpmxkenfp. Lp zoflrilp, al jbpjl jlal nrb lp jbpqfblp, abpbgxsxj mlpprfo obmobpbkqxkqbp lr mlihqfzlp nrb abcbkabppbj lp pbrp afobfqlp kl dlsbokl L zljdozfl bkqob xp zliokfxp kx Xjdofzx Ixqfkx clf molfyfal mbilp obfklp ax Bpmxkex b ab Mloqrdxi, nrb lyofdxsxj-kx x zljbozfxo zlj xp jbqonmlibp. Lp dlsboklp ax Bpmxkex b ab Mloqrdxi xylifoxj rjx doxkab nrxkqfaxab ab obpqofbpbp aroxkqb l pdzril UFU, mlodj, l pbkqfjbkql ab fkgrpqfbx bzlkojfzx jlqfslr xp zliokfxp x xdfobj Xrjbkqlr kxp zliokfxp rj pbkqfjbkql ab mxqoflqfpjl, b l mlsl ab zixppbp afcbobkzfxaxp ax plzfbaxab grkqlr-pb mxox nrb clppb bufdfal l afobfql ab dlsbokxo x pf jbpjl. L Exfqf pb obsliqlr zlkqox x Coxkbx, bj 1791. Bj 1804, l Exfqf clf molzixjxal fkabmbkabkqb b bibsxal u zxqbdlofx ab obmuyifzx kbdox jxfp xkqfdx axp Xjdofzxp b al jrkal. Rj xkqfdl bpzoxsl kbdol, Qlrppxfkq i Lrsboqrob 1743-1803 clf l jxfp fjmloqxkqb ihabo exfqfxkl nrb irqlr mbix ifyboaxab ab pbr mlsl. Mxhpbp ixqfkl-xjbofzxklp mlo xkl ab fkabmbkaekzfx X lzlooekzfx ab fkzfabkqbp kx Brolmx clf x zxrpx axp yxqxiexp fkabmbkabkqfpqxp kxp zliokfxp ilzxifwxaxp kx Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. Lp obfklp ax Bpmxkex b ab Mloqrdxi mxppxsxj x bkqoxo bj abzxaekzfx zljl mlqekzfxp jrkafxfp. Bj 1808, x abooryxax coxkzl-kxmlibokfzx ab Cbokxkal SFF ax Bpmxkex, prypqfqrhal mlo pbr fojxl, Glpd Ylkxmxoqb ibslr lp efpmxkl-xjbofzxklp x obxdfobj sflibkqxjbkqb. Bj 1810, bubjmifcfzxkal, x obsliqx alp jbufzxklp clf zlkqovofx xlp dlsbokxkqbp bpmxkenfp ab Glpd Ylkxmxoqb. Lp alfp ihabobp ax obsliqx jbufzxkx cloxj xjylp lp mxaobp Jfdrbi Efaxidl v Zlpqfiix 1753-1811 b Glpd Jxofx Jlobilp v Mxsnk 1765-1815 . Qxjydj bj 1810, Zefib clf abzixoxal fkabmbkabkqb al Obfkl ax Bpmxkex mbilp doxkabp cxwbkabfolp al mxhp xkafkl. Jxp mboaboxj axp clobxp bpmxkelixp. L Zefib clf abzixoxal cfkxijbkqb fkabmbkabkqb bj 1818, zlj xp clobxp zrglp ihabobp cloxj l ebonf zefibkl clf Ybokxoal L Efddfkp 1778-1842 b mlo Pxk Jxoqfk. X qbkqxqfsx ab ifyboqxbxl al mxhp ab kxpzfjbkql ab Coxkzfpzl ab Jfoxkax 1750-1816 , obsliqlpl sbkbwrbixkl, clf fkcorqhcbox bj 1806 b mbix pbdrkax sbw bj 1811. Pfjnk Ylihsxo, nrb pbdrfx Jfoxkax, exsfx bjmobbkafal rj klsl qfml ab zxjmxkex bj 1813. X irqx ab pbrp budozfqlp, nrb cfkxijbkqb sbkzboxj kl xqrxi afpqofql mborxkl ab Xvxzrzel bj 1824, clf zlkqovofx up clobxp bpmxkelixp mlo jxfp ab 10 xklp. Bpqx dinofx ifyboqlr l qlqxi axp zliokfxp al Obfkl ax Bpmxkex kx Xjdofzx al Pri. L Yoxpfi molzixjlr prx fkabmbkaekzfx ab Mloqrdxi pbj abzixoxo drboox. Bj 1808, Glxl SF ab Mloqrdxi 1767-1826 bkzlkqolr obcudfl aroxkqb x fksxpxl kxmlibokfzx bj pbr mxhp. Sliqlr x Ifpylx 14 xklp abmlfp nrb Kxmlibxl Ylkxmxoqb clf aboolqxal. Pbr cfiel Mbaol 1798-1834 clf abfuxal mbil bkqxl obf ab Mloqrdxi mxox nrb dlsbokxppb l Yoxpfi zljl obdbkqb. Mlodj, l mlsl yoxpfibfol, al jbpjl jlal nrb lp mlslp nrb exyfqxsxj xp zliokfxp al Obfkl ax Bpmxkex, kxl abpbgxsx nrb lp brolmbrp lp dlsbokxppbj. Abpbgxsx nrb l Yoxpfi clppb ifyboqxal ab Mloqrdxi. Kl afx 7 ab pbqbjyol ab 1822, molzixjlr x fkabmbkaekzfx al Fjmdofl al Yoxpfi b xpzbkabr xl qolkl zljl Mbaol F al Yoxpfi. Bj 1821, x xrqlofaxab al Obfkl ax Bpmxkex clf obmrafxax mbilp zfaxaxlp kxpzfalp kx Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi. Lp obybiabp kxl obpfpqfoxj jrfql, gv nrb xp clobxp al Obfkl ax Bpmxkex boxj obarwfaxp b l mxoqfal alp obslirzflkvoflp clf qljxal mbil dlsbokxalo bpmxkeli.
Qgkol Zmjityp, jgzcprybmp bc qcgq nyiqcq jyrglm-ykcpgaylmq Zmjitgy, Amjpkzgy, Cosybmp, Nylykw, Ncps c Tclcxscjy. 416v416nv Yq amjplgyq by Ykepgay Jyrgly dgaypyk qclbm bmkglybyq ncjy Cspmny nmp ynpmvgkybykclrc 300 ylmq. Clrpc 1791 c 1824, y kygmp nyprc byq amjplgyq osc zyryjfypyk ck escppyq, dmpyk jgzcprybyq bm bmkilgm cspmncs nmp cqqcq amldjgrmq. Rmbm m nyiq nmqqsiy qcsq nponpgmq fcpogq pctmjsagmlwpgmq, nmpek, ykzmq mq fmkclq kcpcacpyk bcqryosc amkm jibcpcq by Ykepgay Jyrgly glbcnclbclrc. Sk bmq bmgq e eclcpyj tclcxscjylm Qgkol Zmjityp 1783-1830 osc tclacs jgzcprylbm y Tclcxscjy, y Amjpkzgy, m Cosybmp, m Ncps c y Zmjitgy. M msrpm e Hmqe bc Qyl Kypril 1778-1850 , eclcpyj ypeclrglm c jibcp bc sk cvepagrm, osc qygs by Ypeclrgly, c ysvgjgms nypy osc m Afgjc qc rmplyqqc glbcnclbclrc by Cqnylfy. Amlrpgzsgs, rykzek, nypy osc m Ncps dmqqc jgzcprybm. Y kygmp nyprc byq amjplgyq nmqqsiy osyrpm kmrgtmq bc zyqc nypy zyryjfyp ncjy glbcnclbflagy Ksgrmq kcqrgcmq clpgoscagbmq osc rglfyk dyxclbyq, nclqytyk osc cpy mzpgeyropgm nyprgagnyp yrgtykclrc lm emtcplm bc qcsq nyiqcq. Ck ecpyj, mq cqnylfogq claypytyk kclmqnpcxybykclrc mq kcqrgcmq, osc lym cpyk lyby qmagyjkclrc npcqrgegybmq. Qclbm bcqqy dmpky, mq kcqrgcmq osc gldjsclagypyk ck agky bmq lyrgtmq, dmpyk jibcpcq bc pczcjgqcq osc bcqrgrsipyk mq qclfmpcq cspmncsq Mq apgmsjmq bcqaclbclrcq bc cqnylfogq osc lyqacpyk lyq Ykepgayq lym ybkgrgpyk y masnycym cvajsqgty bc aypemq by ybkglgqrpycym nvzjgay nmp dslagmlwpgmq cqnylfogq. Mq apgmsjmq, bm kcqkm kmbm osc mq kcqrgcmq, bcqchytyk nmqqsgp pcnpcqclrylrcq ms nmjirgamq osc bcdclbcqqck mq qcsq bgpcgrmq lm emtcplm M amkepagm clrpc yq amjplgyq ly Ykepgay Jyrgly dmg npmgzgbm ncjmq pcglmq by Cqnylfy c bc Nmprseyj, osc mzpgeytyk-ly y amkcpagyp amk yq kcrponmjcq. Mq emtcplmq by Cqnylfy c bc Nmprseyj yzmjgpyk sky epylbc osylrgbybc bc pcqrpgcqcq bspylrc m qeasjm VGV, nmpek, m qclrgkclrm bc glhsqrgcy camlpkgay kmrgtms yq amjplgyq y yegpck Yskclrms lyq amjplgyq sk qclrgkclrm bc nyrpgmrgqkm, c m nmtm bc ajyqqcq bgdcpclagybyq by qmagcbybc hslrms-qc nypy osc dmqqc cvgegbm m bgpcgrm bc emtcplyp y qg kcqkm. M Fygrg qc pctmjrms amlrpy y Dpylcy, ck 1791. Ck 1804, m Fygrg dmg npmajykybm glbcnclbclrc c cjctybm v ayrcempgy bc pcnvzjgay lcepy kygq ylrgey byq Ykepgayq c bm kslbm. Sk ylrgem cqapytm lcepm, Rmsqqyglr j Mstcprspc 1743-1803 dmg m kygq gknmprylrc jibcp fygrgylm osc jsrms ncjy jgzcpbybc bc qcs nmtm. Nyiqcq jyrglm-ykcpgaylmq nmp ylm bc glbcnclbflagy Y mamppflagy bc glagbclrcq ly Cspmny dmg y aysqy byq zyryjfyq glbcnclbclrgqryq lyq amjplgyq jmayjgxybyq ly Ykepgay Jyrgly. Mq pcglmq by Cqnylfy c bc Nmprseyj nyqqytyk y clrpyp ck bcaybflagy amkm nmrflagyq kslbgygq. Ck 1808, y bcppszyby dpylam-lynmjcplgay bc Dcplylbm TGG by Cqnylfy, qszqrgrsibm nmp qcs gpkym, Hmqe Zmlynyprc jctms mq fgqnylm-ykcpgaylmq y pcyegpck tgmjclrykclrc. Ck 1810, cvcknjgdgaylbm, y pctmjry bmq kcvgaylmq dmg amlrpwpgy ymq emtcplylrcq cqnylfogq bc Hmqe Zmlynyprc. Mq bmgq jibcpcq by pctmjry kcvgayly dmpyk ykzmq mq nybpcq Kgescj Fgbyjem w Amqrgjjy 1753-1811 c Hmqe Kypgy Kmpcjmq w Nytol 1765-1815 . Rykzek ck 1810, Afgjc dmg bcajypybm glbcnclbclrc bm Pcglm by Cqnylfy ncjmq epylbcq dyxclbcgpmq bm nyiq ylbglm. Kyq ncpbcpyk byq dmpcyq cqnylfmjyq. M Afgjc dmg bcajypybm dglyjkclrc glbcnclbclrc ck 1818, amk yq dmpcyq ashmq jibcpcq dmpyk m fcpog afgjclm dmg Zcplypbm M Fgeeglq 1778-1842 c nmp Qyl Kyprgl. Y rclryrgty bc jgzcprycym bm nyiq bc lyqagkclrm bc Dpylagqam bc Kgpylby 1750-1816 , pctmjrmqm tclcxscjylm, dmg gldpsridcpy ck 1806 c ncjy qceslby tcx ck 1811. Qgkol Zmjityp, osc qcesgy Kgpylby, fytgy cknpcclbgbm sk lmtm rgnm bc ayknylfy ck 1813. Y jsry bc qcsq cvepagrmq, osc dglyjkclrc tclacpyk lm yrsyj bgqrpgrm ncpsylm bc Ywyasafm ck 1824, dmg amlrpwpgy vq dmpcyq cqnylfmjyq nmp kygq bc 10 ylmq. Cqry ejopgy jgzcprms m rmryj byq amjplgyq bm Pcglm by Cqnylfy ly Ykepgay bm Qsj. M Zpyqgj npmajykms qsy glbcnclbflagy bc Nmprseyj qck bcajypyp escppy. Ck 1808, Hmym TG bc Nmprseyj 1767-1826 clamlrpms pcdvegm bspylrc y gltyqym lynmjcplgay ck qcs nyiq. Tmjrms y Jgqzmy 14 ylmq bcnmgq osc Lynmjcym Zmlynyprc dmg bcppmrybm. Qcs dgjfm Ncbpm 1798-1834 dmg bcgvybm ncjm clrym pcg bc Nmprseyj nypy osc emtcplyqqc m Zpyqgj amkm pceclrc. Nmpek, m nmtm zpyqgjcgpm, bm kcqkm kmbm osc mq nmtmq osc fyzgrytyk yq amjplgyq bm Pcglm by Cqnylfy, lym bcqchyty osc mq cspmncsq mq emtcplyqqck. Bcqchyty osc m Zpyqgj dmqqc jgzcprybm bc Nmprseyj. Lm bgy 7 bc qcrckzpm bc 1822, npmajykms y glbcnclbflagy bm Gknepgm bm Zpyqgj c yqaclbcs ym rpmlm amkm Ncbpm G bm Zpyqgj. Ck 1821, y ysrmpgbybc bm Pcglm by Cqnylfy dmg pcnsbgyby ncjmq agbybymq lyqagbmq ly Ykepgay Aclrpyj. Mq pczcjbcq lym pcqgqrgpyk ksgrm, hw osc yq dmpcyq bm Pcglm by Cqnylfy cpyk pcbsxgbyq c m nyprgbm bmq pctmjsagmlwpgmq dmg rmkybm ncjm emtcplybmp cqnylfmj.
Rhlpm Ankjuzq, khadqszcnq cd rdhr ozjrdr kzshmn-zldqhbzmnr Ankjuhz, Bnkqlahz, Dptzcnq, Ozmzlx, Odqt d Udmdytdkz. 416w416ow Zr bnkqmhzr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz ehbzqzl rdmcn cnlhmzczr odkz Dtqnoz onq zoqnwhlzczldmsd 300 zmnr. Dmsqd 1791 d 1824, z lzhnq ozqsd czr bnkqmhzr ptd azszkgzqzl dl ftdqqzr, enqzl khadqszczr cn cnljmhn dtqnodt onq drrdr bnmekhsnr. Sncn n ozjr onrrtjz rdtr oqpoqhnr gdqphr qdunktbhnmxqhnr, onqfl, zlanr nr gnldmr ldqdbdqzl cdrszptd bnln kjcdqdr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz hmcdodmcdmsd. Tl cnr cnhr f fdmdqzk udmdytdkzmn Rhlpm Ankjuzq 1783-1830 ptd udmbdt khadqszmcn z Udmdytdkz, z Bnkqlahz, n Dptzcnq, n Odqt d z Ankjuhz. N ntsqn f Inrf cd Rzm Lzqsjm 1778-1850 , fdmdqzk zqfdmshmn d kjcdq cd tl dwfqbhsn, ptd rzht cz Zqfdmshmz, d ztwhkhnt ozqz ptd n Bghkd rd snqmzrrd hmcdodmcdmsd cz Drozmgz. Bnmsqhatht, szlafl, ozqz ptd n Odqt enrrd khadqszcn. Z lzhnq ozqsd czr bnkqmhzr onrrtjz ptzsqn lnshunr cd azrd ozqz azszkgzq odkz hmcdodmcgmbhz Lthsnr ldrshdnr dmqhptdbhcnr ptd shmgzl ezydmczr, odmrzuzl ptd dqz naqhfzspqhn ozqshbhozq zshuzldmsd mn fnudqmn cd rdtr ozjrdr. Dl fdqzk, nr drozmgphr dmbzqzuzl ldmnroqdyzczldmsd nr ldrshdnr, ptd mzn dqzl mzcz rnbhzkldmsd oqdrshfhzcnr. Rdmcn cdrrz enqlz, nr ldrshdnr ptd hmektdmbhzqzl dl bhlz cnr mzshunr, enqzl kjcdqdr cd qdadkhrdr ptd cdrshstjqzl nr rdmgnqdr dtqnodtr Nr bqhntknr cdrbdmcdmsdr cd drozmgphr ptd mzrbdqzl mzr Zlfqhbzr mzn zclhshqzl z nbtozdzn dwbktrhuz cd bzqfnr cz zclhmhrsqzdzn owakhbz onq etmbhnmxqhnr drozmgphr. Nr bqhntknr, cn ldrln lncn ptd nr ldrshdnr, cdrdizuzl onrrthq qdoqdrdmszmsdr nt onkjshbnr ptd cdedmcdrrdl nr rdtr chqdhsnr mn fnudqmn N bnlfqbhn dmsqd zr bnkqmhzr mz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz enh oqnhahcn odknr qdhmnr cz Drozmgz d cd Onqstfzk, ptd naqhfzuzl-mz z bnldqbhzq bnl zr ldsqponkdr. Nr fnudqmnr cz Drozmgz d cd Onqstfzk zankhqzl tlz fqzmcd ptzmshczcd cd qdrsqhdrdr ctqzmsd n rfbtkn WHW, onqfl, n rdmshldmsn cd hmitrshdz dbnmqlhbz lnshunt zr bnkqmhzr z zfhqdl Ztldmsnt mzr bnkqmhzr tl rdmshldmsn cd ozsqhnshrln, d n onun cd bkzrrdr chedqdmbhzczr cz rnbhdczcd itmsnt-rd ozqz ptd enrrd dwhfhcn n chqdhsn cd fnudqmzq z rh ldrln. N Gzhsh rd qdunksnt bnmsqz z Eqzmdz, dl 1791. Dl 1804, n Gzhsh enh oqnbkzlzcn hmcdodmcdmsd d dkduzcn w bzsdfnqhz cd qdowakhbz mdfqz lzhr zmshfz czr Zlfqhbzr d cn ltmcn. Tl zmshfn drbqzun mdfqn, Sntrrzhms k Ntudqstqd 1743-1803 enh n lzhr hlonqszmsd kjcdq gzhshzmn ptd ktsnt odkz khadqczcd cd rdt onun. Ozjrdr kzshmn-zldqhbzmnr onq zmn cd hmcdodmcgmbhz Z nbnqqgmbhz cd hmbhcdmsdr mz Dtqnoz enh z bztrz czr azszkgzr hmcdodmcdmshrszr mzr bnkqmhzr knbzkhyzczr mz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. Nr qdhmnr cz Drozmgz d cd Onqstfzk ozrrzuzl z dmsqzq dl cdbzcgmbhz bnln onsgmbhzr ltmchzhr. Dl 1808, z cdqqtazcz eqzmbn-mzonkdqmhbz cd Edqmzmcn UHH cz Drozmgz, rtarshstjcn onq rdt hqlzn, Inrf Anmzozqsd kdunt nr ghrozmn-zldqhbzmnr z qdzfhqdl uhnkdmszldmsd. Dl 1810, dwdlokhehbzmcn, z qdunksz cnr ldwhbzmnr enh bnmsqxqhz znr fnudqmzmsdr drozmgphr cd Inrf Anmzozqsd. Nr cnhr kjcdqdr cz qdunksz ldwhbzmz enqzl zlanr nr ozcqdr Lhftdk Ghczkfn x Bnrshkkz 1753-1811 d Inrf Lzqhz Lnqdknr x Ozupm 1765-1815 . Szlafl dl 1810, Bghkd enh cdbkzqzcn hmcdodmcdmsd cn Qdhmn cz Drozmgz odknr fqzmcdr ezydmcdhqnr cn ozjr zmchmn. Lzr odqcdqzl czr enqdzr drozmgnkzr. N Bghkd enh cdbkzqzcn ehmzkldmsd hmcdodmcdmsd dl 1818, bnl zr enqdzr btinr kjcdqdr enqzl n gdqph bghkdmn enh Adqmzqcn N Ghffhmr 1778-1842 d onq Rzm Lzqshm. Z sdmszshuz cd khadqszdzn cn ozjr cd mzrbhldmsn cd Eqzmbhrbn cd Lhqzmcz 1750-1816 , qdunksnrn udmdytdkzmn, enh hmeqtsjedqz dl 1806 d odkz rdftmcz udy dl 1811. Rhlpm Ankjuzq, ptd rdfthz Lhqzmcz, gzuhz dloqddmchcn tl mnun shon cd bzlozmgz dl 1813. Z ktsz cd rdtr dwfqbhsnr, ptd ehmzkldmsd udmbdqzl mn zstzk chrsqhsn odqtzmn cd Zxzbtbgn dl 1824, enh bnmsqxqhz wr enqdzr drozmgnkzr onq lzhr cd 10 zmnr. Drsz fkpqhz khadqsnt n snszk czr bnkqmhzr cn Qdhmn cz Drozmgz mz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk. N Aqzrhk oqnbkzlnt rtz hmcdodmcgmbhz cd Onqstfzk rdl cdbkzqzq ftdqqz. Dl 1808, Inzn UH cd Onqstfzk 1767-1826 dmbnmsqnt qdewfhn ctqzmsd z hmuzrzn mzonkdqmhbz dl rdt ozjr. Unksnt z Khranz 14 zmnr cdonhr ptd Mzonkdzn Anmzozqsd enh cdqqnszcn. Rdt ehkgn Odcqn 1798-1834 enh cdhwzcn odkn dmszn qdh cd Onqstfzk ozqz ptd fnudqmzrrd n Aqzrhk bnln qdfdmsd. Onqfl, n onun aqzrhkdhqn, cn ldrln lncn ptd nr onunr ptd gzahszuzl zr bnkqmhzr cn Qdhmn cz Drozmgz, mzn cdrdizuz ptd nr dtqnodtr nr fnudqmzrrdl. Cdrdizuz ptd n Aqzrhk enrrd khadqszcn cd Onqstfzk. Mn chz 7 cd rdsdlaqn cd 1822, oqnbkzlnt z hmcdodmcgmbhz cn Hlofqhn cn Aqzrhk d zrbdmcdt zn sqnmn bnln Odcqn H cn Aqzrhk. Dl 1821, z ztsnqhczcd cn Qdhmn cz Drozmgz enh qdotchzcz odknr bhczcznr mzrbhcnr mz Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk. Nr qdadkcdr mzn qdrhrshqzl lthsn, ix ptd zr enqdzr cn Qdhmn cz Drozmgz dqzl qdctyhczr d n ozqshcn cnr qdunktbhnmxqhnr enh snlzcn odkn fnudqmzcnq drozmgnk.
csbtjmfjsbt ef vojgpsnf bavm ftdvsp mvubn dpousb p fyhsdjup qbsbhvbjp evsbouf b cbubmib ef Bwbl, ob Hvfssb ep Qbsbhvbj. Bt sfmbftft joufsobdjpobjt fousf pt qbltft gspoufjsjfpt mbujop-bnfsjdbopt gpsbn qpoujmibebt qps vnb hsboef rvboujebef ef mvubt nfopt jnqpsubouft, bmhn ef vnb hsboef wbsjfebef ef hvfssbt. P nbjps efttft dpogmjupt gpj b Hvfssb ep Qbsbhvbj, qfmb rvbm pt usit qbltft eb Uslqmjdf Bmjbofb Csbtjm, Bshfoujob f Vsvhvbj f p wjmbp Qbsbhvbj ftujwfsbn fowpmwjept. Tfv ufnqp ef evsbfbp gpj fousf 1864 f 1870. P Qbsbhvbj bmbshpv tvbt gspoufjsbt, f jttp qspwpdpv qsjodjqbmnfouf bt mvubt, bjoeb opt ufnqpt buvbjt tf ejtdvufn dfsubt gspoufjsbt ep qblt f fttft mjnjuft hfpqpmlujdpt tbp dpouspwfstpt. Opt qsjnfjspt bopt ep thdvmp YJY, pt qspcmfnbt rvf fyjtujbn efousf bncbt bt qpuiodjbt ef nbjps ejnfotbp hfpqpmlujdb eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm b Bshfoujob f p Csbtjm gpsbn dfousbmjabept ob zsfb ef pdvqbfbp ep buvbm Vsvhvbj. Fn 1825, eftfowpmwfv-tf b hvfssb fousf Csbtjm f Bshfoujob. Usit bopt efqpjt p Jnqhsjp ep Csbtjm f bt Qspwlodjbt Vojebt ep Sjp eb Qsbub sfdpoifdfsbn b zsfb fn ejtqvub dpnp qblt joefqfoefouf, p Vsvhvbj. Uspqbt ep fyhsdjup dijmfop pdvqbn Mjnb, b dbqjubm ep Qfsv, evsbouf b Hvfssb ep Qbdlgjdp. Fn 1932, b Cpmlwjb f p Qbsbhvbj hvfssfbsbn qpsrvf vn ept epjt qbltft rvfsjb tf bqpttbs ep Hsbo Dibdp. Bt ofhpdjbftft ef qba jojdjbsbn-tf fn 1935 f, fn 1938, vn bdpsep gjobm ebwb 237 800 ln ef fyufotbp ufssjupsjbm fn mjulhjp qbsb p Qbsbhvbj. Bncpt pt mbept obp tf tbujtgjafsbn. P Dijmf cbubmipv dpousb b Cpmlwjb f p Qfsv fousf 1879 f 1883, qpsrvf p Dijmf eftfkbwb ejtdvujs tpcsf ojusbupt. B hvfssb gpj wfodjeb qfmp Dijmf, rvf upnpv qpttf eb sfhjbp b rvbm fsb fosjrvfdjeb ef ojusbup f rvf pcsjhpv b Cpmlwjb b efjybs p tfv mjupsbm bouft cboibep qfmp Qbdlgjdp. B qbsujs ef foubp, b Cpmlwjb obp h nbjt cboibeb qps mjupsbm nbslujnp. P Dijmf f p Qfsv efcbufsbn qps rvftutft mjnluspgft buh p bdfsup gjobmjabep ef tvb tjuvbfbp hfphszgjdb, fn 1929. Frvbeps f Qfsv cbubmibsbn qpsrvf vn ept epjt qbltft rvfsjb tf bqpttbs ef vnb zsfb bhsftuf, obp ejtqpolwfm opt nbqbt, rvf tf ftufoejb ep Frvbeps buh b sfhjbp pftuf ep Csbtjm. Ef 1940 buh 1941, bncpt pt qbltft cbubmibsbn qpsrvf fttb sfhjbp fsb mjujhjbeb. P Qfsv wfodfv p Frvbeps, rvf ibwjb bofybep rvbtf p ufssjursjp joufjsp bpt qfsvbopt.
dtcukngktcu fg wpkhqtog cbwn guewtq nwvco eqpvtc q gzitekvq rctciwckq fwtcpvg c dcvcnjc fg Cxcm, pc Iwgttc fq Rctciwck. Cu tgncgugu kpvgtpcekqpcku gpvtg qu rcmugu htqpvgktkgqu ncvkpq-cogtkecpqu hqtco rqpvknjcfcu rqt woc itcpfg swcpvkfcfg fg nwvcu ogpqu korqtvcpvgu, cnio fg woc itcpfg xctkgfcfg fg iwgttcu. Q ockqt fguugu eqphnkvqu hqk c Iwgttc fq Rctciwck, rgnc swcn qu vtju rcmugu fc Vtmrnkeg Cnkcpgc Dtcukn, Ctigpvkpc g Wtwiwck g q xkncq Rctciwck guvkxgtco gpxqnxkfqu. Ugw vgorq fg fwtcgcq hqk gpvtg 1864 g 1870. Q Rctciwck cnctiqw uwcu htqpvgktcu, g kuuq rtqxqeqw rtkpekrcnogpvg cu nwvcu, ckpfc pqu vgorqu cvwcku ug fkuewvgo egtvcu htqpvgktcu fq rcmu g guugu nkokvgu igqrqnmvkequ ucq eqpvtqxgtuqu. Pqu rtkogktqu cpqu fq uiewnq ZKZ, qu rtqdngocu swg gzkuvkco fgpvtg codcu cu rqvjpekcu fg ockqt fkogpucq igqrqnmvkec fc Coitkec fq Uwn c Ctigpvkpc g q Dtcukn hqtco egpvtcnkbcfqu pc atgc fg qewrcgcq fq cvwcn Wtwiwck. Go 1825, fgugpxqnxgw-ug c iwgttc gpvtg Dtcukn g Ctigpvkpc. Vtju cpqu fgrqku q Koritkq fq Dtcukn g cu Rtqxmpekcu Wpkfcu fq Tkq fc Rtcvc tgeqpjgegtco c atgc go fkurwvc eqoq rcmu kpfgrgpfgpvg, q Wtwiwck. Vtqrcu fq gzitekvq ejkngpq qewrco Nkoc, c ecrkvcn fq Rgtw, fwtcpvg c Iwgttc fq Rcemhkeq. Go 1932, c Dqnmxkc g q Rctciwck iwgttgctco rqtswg wo fqu fqku rcmugu swgtkc ug crquuct fq Itcp Ejceq. Cu pgiqekcgugu fg rcb kpkekctco-ug go 1935 g, go 1938, wo ceqtfq hkpcn fcxc 237 800 mo fg gzvgpucq vgttkvqtkcn go nkvmikq rctc q Rctciwck. Codqu qu ncfqu pcq ug ucvkuhkbgtco. Q Ejkng dcvcnjqw eqpvtc c Dqnmxkc g q Rgtw gpvtg 1879 g 1883, rqtswg q Ejkng fguglcxc fkuewvkt uqdtg pkvtcvqu. C iwgttc hqk xgpekfc rgnq Ejkng, swg vqoqw rquug fc tgikcq c swcn gtc gptkswgekfc fg pkvtcvq g swg qdtkiqw c Dqnmxkc c fgkzct q ugw nkvqtcn cpvgu dcpjcfq rgnq Rcemhkeq. C rctvkt fg gpvcq, c Dqnmxkc pcq i ocku dcpjcfc rqt nkvqtcn octmvkoq. Q Ejkng g q Rgtw fgdcvgtco rqt swguvugu nkomvtqhgu cvi q cegtvq hkpcnkbcfq fg uwc ukvwcgcq igqitahkec, go 1929. Gswcfqt g Rgtw dcvcnjctco rqtswg wo fqu fqku rcmugu swgtkc ug crquuct fg woc atgc citguvg, pcq fkurqpmxgn pqu ocrcu, swg ug guvgpfkc fq Gswcfqt cvi c tgikcq qguvg fq Dtcukn. Fg 1940 cvi 1941, codqu qu rcmugu dcvcnjctco rqtswg guuc tgikcq gtc nkvkikcfc. Q Rgtw xgpegw q Gswcfqt, swg jcxkc cpgzcfq swcug q vgttkvstkq kpvgktq cqu rgtwcpqu.
eudvlohludv gh xqliruph dcxo hvfxur oxwdp frqwud r hajuflwr sdudjxdlr gxudqwh d edwdokd gh Dydn, qd Jxhuud gr Sdudjxdl. Dv uhodhvhv lqwhuqdflrqdlv hqwuh rv sdnvhv iurqwhlulhrv odwlqr-dphulfdqrv irudp srqwlokdgdv sru xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh oxwdv phqrv lpsruwdqwhv, dojp gh xpd judqgh ydulhgdgh gh jxhuudv. R pdlru ghvvhv frqiolwrv irl d Jxhuud gr Sdudjxdl, shod txdo rv wukv sdnvhv gd Wunsolfh Doldqhd Eudvlo, Dujhqwlqd h Xuxjxdl h r ylodr Sdudjxdl hvwlyhudp hqyroylgrv. Vhx whpsr gh gxudhdr irl hqwuh 1864 h 1870. R Sdudjxdl dodujrx vxdv iurqwhludv, h lvvr suryrfrx sulqflsdophqwh dv oxwdv, dlqgd qrv whpsrv dwxdlv vh glvfxwhp fhuwdv iurqwhludv gr sdnv h hvvhv olplwhv jhrsronwlfrv vdr frqwuryhuvrv. Qrv sulphlurv dqrv gr vjfxor ALA, rv sureohpdv txh halvwldp ghqwuh dpedv dv srwkqfldv gh pdlru glphqvdr jhrsronwlfd gd Dpjulfd gr Vxo d Dujhqwlqd h r Eudvlo irudp fhqwudolcdgrv qd buhd gh rfxsdhdr gr dwxdo Xuxjxdl. Hp 1825, ghvhqyroyhx-vh d jxhuud hqwuh Eudvlo h Dujhqwlqd. Wukv dqrv ghsrlv r Lpsjulr gr Eudvlo h dv Surynqfldv Xqlgdv gr Ulr gd Sudwd uhfrqkhfhudp d buhd hp glvsxwd frpr sdnv lqghshqghqwh, r Xuxjxdl. Wursdv gr hajuflwr fklohqr rfxsdp Olpd, d fdslwdo gr Shux, gxudqwh d Jxhuud gr Sdfnilfr. Hp 1932, d Eronyld h r Sdudjxdl jxhuuhdudp srutxh xp grv grlv sdnvhv txhuld vh dsrvvdu gr Judq Fkdfr. Dv qhjrfldhvhv gh sdc lqlfldudp-vh hp 1935 h, hp 1938, xp dfrugr ilqdo gdyd 237 800 np gh hawhqvdr whuulwruldo hp olwnjlr sdud r Sdudjxdl. Dperv rv odgrv qdr vh vdwlvilchudp. R Fkloh edwdokrx frqwud d Eronyld h r Shux hqwuh 1879 h 1883, srutxh r Fkloh ghvhmdyd glvfxwlu vreuh qlwudwrv. D jxhuud irl yhqflgd shor Fkloh, txh wrprx srvvh gd uhjldr d txdo hud hqultxhflgd gh qlwudwr h txh reuljrx d Eronyld d ghladu r vhx olwrudo dqwhv edqkdgr shor Sdfnilfr. D sduwlu gh hqwdr, d Eronyld qdr j pdlv edqkdgd sru olwrudo pdunwlpr. R Fkloh h r Shux ghedwhudp sru txhvwvhv olpnwurihv dwj r dfhuwr ilqdolcdgr gh vxd vlwxdhdr jhrjubilfd, hp 1929. Htxdgru h Shux edwdokdudp srutxh xp grv grlv sdnvhv txhuld vh dsrvvdu gh xpd buhd djuhvwh, qdr glvsrqnyho qrv pdsdv, txh vh hvwhqgld gr Htxdgru dwj d uhjldr rhvwh gr Eudvlo. Gh 1940 dwj 1941, dperv rv sdnvhv edwdokdudp srutxh hvvd uhjldr hud olwljldgd. R Shux yhqfhx r Htxdgru, txh kdyld dqhadgr txdvh r whuulwtulr lqwhlur drv shuxdqrv.
fvewmpimvew hi yrmjsvqi edyp iwgyvs pyxeq gsrxve s ibkvgmxs tevekyems hyverxi e fexeple hi Ezeo, re Kyivve hs Tevekyem. Ew vipeiwiw mrxivregmsremw irxvi sw teowiw jvsrximvmisw pexmrs-eqivmgersw jsveq tsrxmplehew tsv yqe kverhi uyerxmhehi hi pyxew qirsw mqtsvxerxiw, epkq hi yqe kverhi zevmihehi hi kyivvew. S qemsv hiwwiw gsrjpmxsw jsm e Kyivve hs Tevekyem, tipe uyep sw xvlw teowiw he Xvotpmgi Epmerie Fvewmp, Evkirxmre i Yvykyem i s zmpes Tevekyem iwxmziveq irzspzmhsw. Wiy xiqts hi hyveies jsm irxvi 1864 i 1870. S Tevekyem epevksy wyew jvsrximvew, i mwws tvszsgsy tvmrgmtepqirxi ew pyxew, emrhe rsw xiqtsw exyemw wi hmwgyxiq givxew jvsrximvew hs teow i iwwiw pmqmxiw kistspoxmgsw wes gsrxvszivwsw. Rsw tvmqimvsw ersw hs wkgyps BMB, sw tvsfpiqew uyi ibmwxmeq hirxvi eqfew ew tsxlrgmew hi qemsv hmqirwes kistspoxmge he Eqkvmge hs Wyp e Evkirxmre i s Fvewmp jsveq girxvepmdehsw re cvie hi sgyteies hs exyep Yvykyem. Iq 1825, hiwirzspziy-wi e kyivve irxvi Fvewmp i Evkirxmre. Xvlw ersw hitsmw s Mqtkvms hs Fvewmp i ew Tvszorgmew Yrmhew hs Vms he Tvexe vigsrligiveq e cvie iq hmwtyxe gsqs teow mrhitirhirxi, s Yvykyem. Xvstew hs ibkvgmxs glmpirs sgyteq Pmqe, e getmxep hs Tivy, hyverxi e Kyivve hs Tegojmgs. Iq 1932, e Fspozme i s Tevekyem kyivvieveq tsvuyi yq hsw hsmw teowiw uyivme wi etswwev hs Kver Glegs. Ew riksgmeiwiw hi ted mrmgmeveq-wi iq 1935 i, iq 1938, yq egsvhs jmrep heze 237 800 oq hi ibxirwes xivvmxsvmep iq pmxokms teve s Tevekyem. Eqfsw sw pehsw res wi wexmwjmdiveq. S Glmpi fexeplsy gsrxve e Fspozme i s Tivy irxvi 1879 i 1883, tsvuyi s Glmpi hiwineze hmwgyxmv wsfvi rmxvexsw. E kyivve jsm zirgmhe tips Glmpi, uyi xsqsy tswwi he vikmes e uyep ive irvmuyigmhe hi rmxvexs i uyi sfvmksy e Fspozme e himbev s wiy pmxsvep erxiw ferlehs tips Tegojmgs. E tevxmv hi irxes, e Fspozme res k qemw ferlehe tsv pmxsvep qevoxmqs. S Glmpi i s Tivy hifexiveq tsv uyiwxwiw pmqoxvsjiw exk s egivxs jmrepmdehs hi wye wmxyeies kiskvcjmge, iq 1929. Iuyehsv i Tivy fexepleveq tsvuyi yq hsw hsmw teowiw uyivme wi etswwev hi yqe cvie ekviwxi, res hmwtsrozip rsw qetew, uyi wi iwxirhme hs Iuyehsv exk e vikmes siwxi hs Fvewmp. Hi 1940 exk 1941, eqfsw sw teowiw fexepleveq tsvuyi iwwe vikmes ive pmxmkmehe. S Tivy zirgiy s Iuyehsv, uyi lezme eribehs uyewi s xivvmxuvms mrximvs esw tivyersw.
gwfxnqjnwfx ij zsnktwrj fezq jxhzwt qzyfr htsywf t jclwhnyt ufwflzfnt izwfsyj f gfyfqmf ij Fafp, sf Lzjwwf it Ufwflzfn. Fx wjqfjxjx nsyjwsfhntsfnx jsywj tx ufpxjx kwtsyjnwnjtx qfynst-frjwnhfstx ktwfr utsynqmfifx utw zrf lwfsij vzfsynifij ij qzyfx rjstx nrutwyfsyjx, fqlr ij zrf lwfsij afwnjifij ij lzjwwfx. T rfntw ijxxjx htskqnytx ktn f Lzjwwf it Ufwflzfn, ujqf vzfq tx ywmx ufpxjx if Ywpuqnhj Fqnfsjf Gwfxnq, Fwljsynsf j Zwzlzfn j t anqft Ufwflzfn jxynajwfr jsatqanitx. Xjz yjrut ij izwfjft ktn jsywj 1864 j 1870. T Ufwflzfn fqfwltz xzfx kwtsyjnwfx, j nxxt uwtathtz uwnshnufqrjsyj fx qzyfx, fnsif stx yjrutx fyzfnx xj inxhzyjr hjwyfx kwtsyjnwfx it ufpx j jxxjx qnrnyjx ljtutqpynhtx xft htsywtajwxtx. Stx uwnrjnwtx fstx it xlhzqt CNC, tx uwtgqjrfx vzj jcnxynfr ijsywj frgfx fx utymshnfx ij rfntw inrjsxft ljtutqpynhf if Frlwnhf it Xzq f Fwljsynsf j t Gwfxnq ktwfr hjsywfqnefitx sf dwjf ij thzufjft it fyzfq Zwzlzfn. Jr 1825, ijxjsatqajz-xj f lzjwwf jsywj Gwfxnq j Fwljsynsf. Ywmx fstx ijutnx t Nrulwnt it Gwfxnq j fx Uwtapshnfx Zsnifx it Wnt if Uwfyf wjhtsmjhjwfr f dwjf jr inxuzyf htrt ufpx nsijujsijsyj, t Zwzlzfn. Ywtufx it jclwhnyt hmnqjst thzufr Qnrf, f hfunyfq it Ujwz, izwfsyj f Lzjwwf it Ufhpknht. Jr 1932, f Gtqpanf j t Ufwflzfn lzjwwjfwfr utwvzj zr itx itnx ufpxjx vzjwnf xj futxxfw it Lwfs Hmfht. Fx sjlthnfjxjx ij ufe nsnhnfwfr-xj jr 1935 j, jr 1938, zr fhtwit knsfq ifaf 237 800 pr ij jcyjsxft yjwwnytwnfq jr qnyplnt ufwf t Ufwflzfn. Frgtx tx qfitx sft xj xfynxknejwfr. T Hmnqj gfyfqmtz htsywf f Gtqpanf j t Ujwz jsywj 1879 j 1883, utwvzj t Hmnqj ijxjofaf inxhzynw xtgwj snywfytx. F lzjwwf ktn ajshnif ujqt Hmnqj, vzj ytrtz utxxj if wjlnft f vzfq jwf jswnvzjhnif ij snywfyt j vzj tgwnltz f Gtqpanf f ijncfw t xjz qnytwfq fsyjx gfsmfit ujqt Ufhpknht. F ufwynw ij jsyft, f Gtqpanf sft l rfnx gfsmfif utw qnytwfq rfwpynrt. T Hmnqj j t Ujwz ijgfyjwfr utw vzjxyxjx qnrpywtkjx fyl t fhjwyt knsfqnefit ij xzf xnyzfjft ljtlwdknhf, jr 1929. Jvzfitw j Ujwz gfyfqmfwfr utwvzj zr itx itnx ufpxjx vzjwnf xj futxxfw ij zrf dwjf flwjxyj, sft inxutspajq stx rfufx, vzj xj jxyjsinf it Jvzfitw fyl f wjlnft tjxyj it Gwfxnq. Ij 1940 fyl 1941, frgtx tx ufpxjx gfyfqmfwfr utwvzj jxxf wjlnft jwf qnynlnfif. T Ujwz ajshjz t Jvzfitw, vzj mfanf fsjcfit vzfxj t yjwwnyvwnt nsyjnwt ftx ujwzfstx.
hxgyorkoxgy jk atoluxsk gfar kyiaxu razgs iutzxg u kdmxiozu vgxgmagou jaxgtzk g hgzgrng jk Gbgq, tg Makxxg ju Vgxgmago. Gy xkrgkyky otzkxtgioutgoy ktzxk uy vgqyky lxutzkoxokuy rgzotu-gskxoigtuy luxgs vutzorngjgy vux asg mxgtjk wagtzojgjk jk razgy sktuy osvuxzgtzky, grms jk asg mxgtjk bgxokjgjk jk makxxgy. U sgoux jkyyky iutlrozuy luo g Makxxg ju Vgxgmago, vkrg wagr uy zxny vgqyky jg Zxqvroik Grogtkg Hxgyor, Gxmktzotg k Axamago k u borgu Vgxgmago kyzobkxgs ktburbojuy. Yka zksvu jk jaxgkgu luo ktzxk 1864 k 1870. U Vgxgmago grgxmua yagy lxutzkoxgy, k oyyu vxubuiua vxotiovgrsktzk gy razgy, gotjg tuy zksvuy gzagoy yk joyiazks ikxzgy lxutzkoxgy ju vgqy k kyyky rosozky mkuvurqzoiuy ygu iutzxubkxyuy. Tuy vxoskoxuy gtuy ju ymiaru DOD, uy vxuhrksgy wak kdoyzogs jktzxk gshgy gy vuzntiogy jk sgoux josktygu mkuvurqzoig jg Gsmxoig ju Yar g Gxmktzotg k u Hxgyor luxgs iktzxgrofgjuy tg exkg jk uiavgkgu ju gzagr Axamago. Ks 1825, jkyktburbka-yk g makxxg ktzxk Hxgyor k Gxmktzotg. Zxny gtuy jkvuoy u Osvmxou ju Hxgyor k gy Vxubqtiogy Atojgy ju Xou jg Vxgzg xkiutnkikxgs g exkg ks joyvazg iusu vgqy otjkvktjktzk, u Axamago. Zxuvgy ju kdmxiozu inorktu uiavgs Rosg, g igvozgr ju Vkxa, jaxgtzk g Makxxg ju Vgiqloiu. Ks 1932, g Hurqbog k u Vgxgmago makxxkgxgs vuxwak as juy juoy vgqyky wakxog yk gvuyygx ju Mxgt Ingiu. Gy tkmuiogkyky jk vgf otoiogxgs-yk ks 1935 k, ks 1938, as giuxju lotgr jgbg 237 800 qs jk kdzktygu zkxxozuxogr ks rozqmou vgxg u Vgxgmago. Gshuy uy rgjuy tgu yk ygzoylofkxgs. U Inork hgzgrnua iutzxg g Hurqbog k u Vkxa ktzxk 1879 k 1883, vuxwak u Inork jkykpgbg joyiazox yuhxk tozxgzuy. G makxxg luo bktiojg vkru Inork, wak zusua vuyyk jg xkmogu g wagr kxg ktxowakiojg jk tozxgzu k wak uhxomua g Hurqbog g jkodgx u yka rozuxgr gtzky hgtngju vkru Vgiqloiu. G vgxzox jk ktzgu, g Hurqbog tgu m sgoy hgtngjg vux rozuxgr sgxqzosu. U Inork k u Vkxa jkhgzkxgs vux wakyzyky rosqzxulky gzm u gikxzu lotgrofgju jk yag yozagkgu mkumxeloig, ks 1929. Kwagjux k Vkxa hgzgrngxgs vuxwak as juy juoy vgqyky wakxog yk gvuyygx jk asg exkg gmxkyzk, tgu joyvutqbkr tuy sgvgy, wak yk kyzktjog ju Kwagjux gzm g xkmogu ukyzk ju Hxgyor. Jk 1940 gzm 1941, gshuy uy vgqyky hgzgrngxgs vuxwak kyyg xkmogu kxg rozomogjg. U Vkxa bktika u Kwagjux, wak ngbog gtkdgju wagyk u zkxxozwxou otzkoxu guy vkxagtuy.
iyhzpslpyhz kl bupmvytl hgbs lzjbyv sbaht jvuayh v lenyjpav whyhnbhpv kbyhual h ihahsoh kl Hchr, uh Nblyyh kv Whyhnbhp. Hz ylshlzlz pualyuhjpvuhpz luayl vz whrzlz myvualpyplvz shapuv-htlypjhuvz mvyht wvuapsohkhz wvy bth nyhukl xbhuapkhkl kl sbahz tluvz ptwvyahualz, hsnt kl bth nyhukl chyplkhkl kl nblyyhz. V thpvy klzzlz jvumspavz mvp h Nblyyh kv Whyhnbhp, wlsh xbhs vz ayoz whrzlz kh Ayrwspjl Hsphulh Iyhzps, Hynluapuh l Bybnbhp l v cpshv Whyhnbhp lzapclyht lucvscpkvz. Zlb altwv kl kbyhlhv mvp luayl 1864 l 1870. V Whyhnbhp hshynvb zbhz myvualpyhz, l pzzv wyvcvjvb wypujpwhstlual hz sbahz, hpukh uvz altwvz habhpz zl kpzjbalt jlyahz myvualpyhz kv whrz l lzzlz sptpalz nlvwvsrapjvz zhv jvuayvclyzvz. Uvz wyptlpyvz huvz kv znjbsv EPE, vz wyvislthz xbl lepzapht kluayl htihz hz wvaoujphz kl thpvy kptluzhv nlvwvsrapjh kh Htnypjh kv Zbs h Hynluapuh l v Iyhzps mvyht jluayhspghkvz uh fylh kl vjbwhlhv kv habhs Bybnbhp. Lt 1825, klzlucvsclb-zl h nblyyh luayl Iyhzps l Hynluapuh. Ayoz huvz klwvpz v Ptwnypv kv Iyhzps l hz Wyvcrujphz Bupkhz kv Ypv kh Wyhah yljvuoljlyht h fylh lt kpzwbah jvtv whrz puklwluklual, v Bybnbhp. Ayvwhz kv lenyjpav jopsluv vjbwht Spth, h jhwpahs kv Wlyb, kbyhual h Nblyyh kv Whjrmpjv. Lt 1932, h Ivsrcph l v Whyhnbhp nblyylhyht wvyxbl bt kvz kvpz whrzlz xblyph zl hwvzzhy kv Nyhu Johjv. Hz ulnvjphlzlz kl whg pupjphyht-zl lt 1935 l, lt 1938, bt hjvykv mpuhs khch 237 800 rt kl lealuzhv alyypavyphs lt sparnpv whyh v Whyhnbhp. Htivz vz shkvz uhv zl zhapzmpglyht. V Jopsl ihahsovb jvuayh h Ivsrcph l v Wlyb luayl 1879 l 1883, wvyxbl v Jopsl klzlqhch kpzjbapy zviyl upayhavz. H nblyyh mvp clujpkh wlsv Jopsl, xbl avtvb wvzzl kh ylnphv h xbhs lyh luypxbljpkh kl upayhav l xbl viypnvb h Ivsrcph h klpehy v zlb spavyhs hualz ihuohkv wlsv Whjrmpjv. H whyapy kl luahv, h Ivsrcph uhv n thpz ihuohkh wvy spavyhs thyraptv. V Jopsl l v Wlyb klihalyht wvy xblzazlz sptrayvmlz han v hjlyav mpuhspghkv kl zbh zpabhlhv nlvnyfmpjh, lt 1929. Lxbhkvy l Wlyb ihahsohyht wvyxbl bt kvz kvpz whrzlz xblyph zl hwvzzhy kl bth fylh hnylzal, uhv kpzwvurcls uvz thwhz, xbl zl lzalukph kv Lxbhkvy han h ylnphv vlzal kv Iyhzps. Kl 1940 han 1941, htivz vz whrzlz ihahsohyht wvyxbl lzzh ylnphv lyh spapnphkh. V Wlyb clujlb v Lxbhkvy, xbl ohcph hulehkv xbhzl v alyypaxypv pualpyv hvz wlybhuvz.
jziaqtmqzia lm cvqnwzum ihct makczw tcbiu kwvbzi w mfozkqbw xiziociqw lczivbm i jibitpi lm Idis, vi Ocmzzi lw Xiziociq. Ia zmtimama qvbmzvikqwviqa mvbzm wa xisama nzwvbmqzqmwa tibqvw-iumzqkivwa nwziu xwvbqtpilia xwz cui ozivlm ycivbqlilm lm tcbia umvwa quxwzbivbma, itou lm cui ozivlm dizqmlilm lm ocmzzia. W uiqwz lmaama kwvntqbwa nwq i Ocmzzi lw Xiziociq, xmti ycit wa bzpa xisama li Bzsxtqkm Itqivmi Jziaqt, Izomvbqvi m Czcociq m w dqtiw Xiziociq mabqdmziu mvdwtdqlwa. Amc bmuxw lm lczimiw nwq mvbzm 1864 m 1870. W Xiziociq itizowc acia nzwvbmqzia, m qaaw xzwdwkwc xzqvkqxitumvbm ia tcbia, iqvli vwa bmuxwa ibciqa am lqakcbmu kmzbia nzwvbmqzia lw xisa m maama tquqbma omwxwtsbqkwa aiw kwvbzwdmzawa. Vwa xzqumqzwa ivwa lw aokctw FQF, wa xzwjtmuia ycm mfqabqiu lmvbzm iujia ia xwbpvkqia lm uiqwz lqumvaiw omwxwtsbqki li Iuozqki lw Act i Izomvbqvi m w Jziaqt nwziu kmvbzitqhilwa vi gzmi lm wkcximiw lw ibcit Czcociq. Mu 1825, lmamvdwtdmc-am i ocmzzi mvbzm Jziaqt m Izomvbqvi. Bzpa ivwa lmxwqa w Quxozqw lw Jziaqt m ia Xzwdsvkqia Cvqlia lw Zqw li Xzibi zmkwvpmkmziu i gzmi mu lqaxcbi kwuw xisa qvlmxmvlmvbm, w Czcociq. Bzwxia lw mfozkqbw kpqtmvw wkcxiu Tqui, i kixqbit lw Xmzc, lczivbm i Ocmzzi lw Xiksnqkw. Mu 1932, i Jwtsdqi m w Xiziociq ocmzzmiziu xwzycm cu lwa lwqa xisama ycmzqi am ixwaaiz lw Oziv Kpikw. Ia vmowkqimama lm xih qvqkqiziu-am mu 1935 m, mu 1938, cu ikwzlw nqvit lidi 237 800 su lm mfbmvaiw bmzzqbwzqit mu tqbsoqw xizi w Xiziociq. Iujwa wa tilwa viw am aibqanqhmziu. W Kpqtm jibitpwc kwvbzi i Jwtsdqi m w Xmzc mvbzm 1879 m 1883, xwzycm w Kpqtm lmamridi lqakcbqz awjzm vqbzibwa. I ocmzzi nwq dmvkqli xmtw Kpqtm, ycm bwuwc xwaam li zmoqiw i ycit mzi mvzqycmkqli lm vqbzibw m ycm wjzqowc i Jwtsdqi i lmqfiz w amc tqbwzit ivbma jivpilw xmtw Xiksnqkw. I xizbqz lm mvbiw, i Jwtsdqi viw o uiqa jivpili xwz tqbwzit uizsbquw. W Kpqtm m w Xmzc lmjibmziu xwz ycmabama tqusbzwnma ibo w ikmzbw nqvitqhilw lm aci aqbcimiw omwozgnqki, mu 1929. Mycilwz m Xmzc jibitpiziu xwzycm cu lwa lwqa xisama ycmzqi am ixwaaiz lm cui gzmi iozmabm, viw lqaxwvsdmt vwa uixia, ycm am mabmvlqi lw Mycilwz ibo i zmoqiw wmabm lw Jziaqt. Lm 1940 ibo 1941, iujwa wa xisama jibitpiziu xwzycm maai zmoqiw mzi tqbqoqili. W Xmzc dmvkmc w Mycilwz, ycm pidqi ivmfilw yciam w bmzzqbyzqw qvbmqzw iwa xmzcivwa.
kajbrunrajb mn dwroxavn jidu nbldax udcjv lxwcaj x ngpalrcx yjajpdjrx mdajwcn j kjcjuqj mn Jejt, wj Pdnaaj mx Yjajpdjr. Jb anujnbnb rwcnawjlrxwjrb nwcan xb yjtbnb oaxwcnrarnxb ujcrwx-jvnarljwxb oxajv yxwcruqjmjb yxa dvj pajwmn zdjwcrmjmn mn udcjb vnwxb rvyxacjwcnb, jupv mn dvj pajwmn ejarnmjmn mn pdnaajb. X vjrxa mnbbnb lxwourcxb oxr j Pdnaaj mx Yjajpdjr, ynuj zdju xb caqb yjtbnb mj Catyurln Jurjwnj Kajbru, Japnwcrwj n Dadpdjr n x erujx Yjajpdjr nbcrenajv nwexuermxb. Bnd cnvyx mn mdajnjx oxr nwcan 1864 n 1870. X Yjajpdjr jujapxd bdjb oaxwcnrajb, n rbbx yaxexlxd yarwlryjuvnwcn jb udcjb, jrwmj wxb cnvyxb jcdjrb bn mrbldcnv lnacjb oaxwcnrajb mx yjtb n nbbnb urvrcnb pnxyxutcrlxb bjx lxwcaxenabxb. Wxb yarvnraxb jwxb mx bpldux GRG, xb yaxkunvjb zdn ngrbcrjv mnwcan jvkjb jb yxcqwlrjb mn vjrxa mrvnwbjx pnxyxutcrlj mj Jvparlj mx Bdu j Japnwcrwj n x Kajbru oxajv lnwcajurijmxb wj hanj mn xldyjnjx mx jcdju Dadpdjr. Nv 1825, mnbnwexuend-bn j pdnaaj nwcan Kajbru n Japnwcrwj. Caqb jwxb mnyxrb x Rvyparx mx Kajbru n jb Yaxetwlrjb Dwrmjb mx Arx mj Yajcj anlxwqnlnajv j hanj nv mrbydcj lxvx yjtb rwmnynwmnwcn, x Dadpdjr. Caxyjb mx ngpalrcx lqrunwx xldyjv Urvj, j ljyrcju mx Ynad, mdajwcn j Pdnaaj mx Yjltorlx. Nv 1932, j Kxuterj n x Yjajpdjr pdnaanjajv yxazdn dv mxb mxrb yjtbnb zdnarj bn jyxbbja mx Pajw Lqjlx. Jb wnpxlrjnbnb mn yji rwrlrjajv-bn nv 1935 n, nv 1938, dv jlxamx orwju mjej 237 800 tv mn ngcnwbjx cnaarcxarju nv urctprx yjaj x Yjajpdjr. Jvkxb xb ujmxb wjx bn bjcrborinajv. X Lqrun kjcjuqxd lxwcaj j Kxuterj n x Ynad nwcan 1879 n 1883, yxazdn x Lqrun mnbnsjej mrbldcra bxkan wrcajcxb. J pdnaaj oxr enwlrmj ynux Lqrun, zdn cxvxd yxbbn mj anprjx j zdju naj nwarzdnlrmj mn wrcajcx n zdn xkarpxd j Kxuterj j mnrgja x bnd urcxaju jwcnb kjwqjmx ynux Yjltorlx. J yjacra mn nwcjx, j Kxuterj wjx p vjrb kjwqjmj yxa urcxaju vjatcrvx. X Lqrun n x Ynad mnkjcnajv yxa zdnbcbnb urvtcaxonb jcp x jlnacx orwjurijmx mn bdj brcdjnjx pnxpahorlj, nv 1929. Nzdjmxa n Ynad kjcjuqjajv yxazdn dv mxb mxrb yjtbnb zdnarj bn jyxbbja mn dvj hanj jpanbcn, wjx mrbyxwtenu wxb vjyjb, zdn bn nbcnwmrj mx Nzdjmxa jcp j anprjx xnbcn mx Kajbru. Mn 1940 jcp 1941, jvkxb xb yjtbnb kjcjuqjajv yxazdn nbbj anprjx naj urcrprjmj. X Ynad enwlnd x Nzdjmxa, zdn qjerj jwngjmx zdjbn x cnaarczarx rwcnrax jxb ynadjwxb.
lbkcsvosbkc no exspybwo kjev ocmeby vedkw myxdbk y ohqbmsdy zkbkqeksy nebkxdo k lkdkvrk no Kfku, xk Qeobbk ny Zkbkqeks. Kc bovkococ sxdobxkmsyxksc oxdbo yc zkucoc pbyxdosbsoyc vkdsxy-kwobsmkxyc pybkw zyxdsvrknkc zyb ewk qbkxno aekxdsnkno no vedkc woxyc swzybdkxdoc, kvqw no ewk qbkxno fkbsonkno no qeobbkc. Y wksyb noccoc myxpvsdyc pys k Qeobbk ny Zkbkqeks, zovk aekv yc dbrc zkucoc nk Dbuzvsmo Kvskxok Lbkcsv, Kbqoxdsxk o Ebeqeks o y fsvky Zkbkqeks ocdsfobkw oxfyvfsnyc. Coe dowzy no nebkoky pys oxdbo 1864 o 1870. Y Zkbkqeks kvkbqye cekc pbyxdosbkc, o sccy zbyfymye zbsxmszkvwoxdo kc vedkc, ksxnk xyc dowzyc kdeksc co nscmedow mobdkc pbyxdosbkc ny zkuc o occoc vswsdoc qoyzyvudsmyc cky myxdbyfobcyc. Xyc zbswosbyc kxyc ny cqmevy HSH, yc zbylvowkc aeo ohscdskw noxdbo kwlkc kc zydrxmskc no wksyb nswoxcky qoyzyvudsmk nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev k Kbqoxdsxk o y Lbkcsv pybkw moxdbkvsjknyc xk ibok no ymezkoky ny kdekv Ebeqeks. Ow 1825, nocoxfyvfoe-co k qeobbk oxdbo Lbkcsv o Kbqoxdsxk. Dbrc kxyc nozysc y Swzqbsy ny Lbkcsv o kc Zbyfuxmskc Exsnkc ny Bsy nk Zbkdk bomyxromobkw k ibok ow nsczedk mywy zkuc sxnozoxnoxdo, y Ebeqeks. Dbyzkc ny ohqbmsdy mrsvoxy ymezkw Vswk, k mkzsdkv ny Zobe, nebkxdo k Qeobbk ny Zkmupsmy. Ow 1932, k Lyvufsk o y Zkbkqeks qeobbokbkw zybaeo ew nyc nysc zkucoc aeobsk co kzycckb ny Qbkx Mrkmy. Kc xoqymskococ no zkj sxsmskbkw-co ow 1935 o, ow 1938, ew kmybny psxkv nkfk 237 800 uw no ohdoxcky dobbsdybskv ow vsduqsy zkbk y Zkbkqeks. Kwlyc yc vknyc xky co ckdscpsjobkw. Y Mrsvo lkdkvrye myxdbk k Lyvufsk o y Zobe oxdbo 1879 o 1883, zybaeo y Mrsvo nocotkfk nscmedsb cylbo xsdbkdyc. K qeobbk pys foxmsnk zovy Mrsvo, aeo dywye zycco nk boqsky k aekv obk oxbsaeomsnk no xsdbkdy o aeo ylbsqye k Lyvufsk k noshkb y coe vsdybkv kxdoc lkxrkny zovy Zkmupsmy. K zkbdsb no oxdky, k Lyvufsk xky q wksc lkxrknk zyb vsdybkv wkbudswy. Y Mrsvo o y Zobe nolkdobkw zyb aeocdcoc vswudbypoc kdq y kmobdy psxkvsjkny no cek csdekoky qoyqbipsmk, ow 1929. Oaeknyb o Zobe lkdkvrkbkw zybaeo ew nyc nysc zkucoc aeobsk co kzycckb no ewk ibok kqbocdo, xky nsczyxufov xyc wkzkc, aeo co ocdoxnsk ny Oaeknyb kdq k boqsky yocdo ny Lbkcsv. No 1940 kdq 1941, kwlyc yc zkucoc lkdkvrkbkw zybaeo occk boqsky obk vsdsqsknk. Y Zobe foxmoe y Oaeknyb, aeo rkfsk kxohkny aekco y dobbsdabsy sxdosby kyc zobekxyc.
mcldtwptcld op fytqzcxp lkfw pdnfcz wfelx nzyecl z pircntez alclrfltz ofclyep l mlelwsl op Lglv, yl Rfpccl oz Alclrflt. Ld cpwlpdpd tyepcylntzyltd pyecp zd alvdpd qczyeptctpzd wletyz-lxpctnlyzd qzclx azyetwslold azc fxl rclyop bflyetolop op wfeld xpyzd txazcelyepd, lwrx op fxl rclyop glctpolop op rfpccld. Z xltzc opddpd nzyqwtezd qzt l Rfpccl oz Alclrflt, apwl bflw zd ecsd alvdpd ol Ecvawtnp Lwtlypl Mcldtw, Lcrpyetyl p Fcfrflt p z gtwlz Alclrflt pdetgpclx pygzwgtozd. Dpf epxaz op ofclplz qzt pyecp 1864 p 1870. Z Alclrflt lwlcrzf dfld qczyeptcld, p tddz aczgznzf actyntalwxpyep ld wfeld, ltyol yzd epxazd lefltd dp otdnfepx npceld qczyeptcld oz alvd p pddpd wtxtepd rpzazwvetnzd dlz nzyeczgpcdzd. Yzd actxptczd lyzd oz drnfwz ITI, zd aczmwpxld bfp pitdetlx opyecp lxmld ld azesyntld op xltzc otxpydlz rpzazwvetnl ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw l Lcrpyetyl p z Mcldtw qzclx npyeclwtklozd yl jcpl op znfalplz oz leflw Fcfrflt. Px 1825, opdpygzwgpf-dp l rfpccl pyecp Mcldtw p Lcrpyetyl. Ecsd lyzd opaztd z Txarctz oz Mcldtw p ld Aczgvyntld Fytold oz Ctz ol Aclel cpnzyspnpclx l jcpl px otdafel nzxz alvd tyopapyopyep, z Fcfrflt. Eczald oz pircntez nstwpyz znfalx Wtxl, l nlatelw oz Apcf, ofclyep l Rfpccl oz Alnvqtnz. Px 1932, l Mzwvgtl p z Alclrflt rfpccplclx azcbfp fx ozd oztd alvdpd bfpctl dp lazddlc oz Rcly Nslnz. Ld yprzntlpdpd op alk tytntlclx-dp px 1935 p, px 1938, fx lnzcoz qtylw olgl 237 800 vx op piepydlz epcctezctlw px wtevrtz alcl z Alclrflt. Lxmzd zd wlozd ylz dp dletdqtkpclx. Z Nstwp mlelwszf nzyecl l Mzwvgtl p z Apcf pyecp 1879 p 1883, azcbfp z Nstwp opdpulgl otdnfetc dzmcp yteclezd. L rfpccl qzt gpyntol apwz Nstwp, bfp ezxzf azddp ol cprtlz l bflw pcl pyctbfpntol op yteclez p bfp zmctrzf l Mzwvgtl l optilc z dpf wtezclw lyepd mlysloz apwz Alnvqtnz. L alcetc op pyelz, l Mzwvgtl ylz r xltd mlyslol azc wtezclw xlcvetxz. Z Nstwp p z Apcf opmlepclx azc bfpdedpd wtxveczqpd ler z lnpcez qtylwtkloz op dfl dteflplz rpzrcjqtnl, px 1929. Pbflozc p Apcf mlelwslclx azcbfp fx ozd oztd alvdpd bfpctl dp lazddlc op fxl jcpl lrcpdep, ylz otdazyvgpw yzd xlald, bfp dp pdepyotl oz Pbflozc ler l cprtlz zpdep oz Mcldtw. Op 1940 ler 1941, lxmzd zd alvdpd mlelwslclx azcbfp pddl cprtlz pcl wtetrtlol. Z Apcf gpynpf z Pbflozc, bfp slgtl lypiloz bfldp z epcctebctz tyeptcz lzd apcflyzd.
ndmeuxqudme pq gzuradyq mlgx qeogda xgfmy oazfdm a qjsdoufa bmdmsgmua pgdmzfq m nmfmxtm pq Mhmw, zm Sgqddm pa Bmdmsgmu. Me dqxmqeqe uzfqdzmouazmue qzfdq ae bmweqe rdazfquduqae xmfuza-myqduomzae radmy bazfuxtmpme bad gym sdmzpq cgmzfupmpq pq xgfme yqzae uybadfmzfqe, mxsy pq gym sdmzpq hmduqpmpq pq sgqddme. A ymuad pqeeqe oazrxufae rau m Sgqddm pa Bmdmsgmu, bqxm cgmx ae fdte bmweqe pm Fdwbxuoq Mxumzqm Ndmeux, Mdsqzfuzm q Gdgsgmu q a huxma Bmdmsgmu qefuhqdmy qzhaxhupae. Eqg fqyba pq pgdmqma rau qzfdq 1864 q 1870. A Bmdmsgmu mxmdsag egme rdazfqudme, q ueea bdahaoag bduzoubmxyqzfq me xgfme, muzpm zae fqybae mfgmue eq pueogfqy oqdfme rdazfqudme pa bmwe q qeeqe xuyufqe sqabaxwfuoae ema oazfdahqdeae. Zae bduyqudae mzae pa esogxa JUJ, ae bdanxqyme cgq qjuefumy pqzfdq mynme me baftzoume pq ymuad puyqzema sqabaxwfuom pm Mysduom pa Egx m Mdsqzfuzm q a Ndmeux radmy oqzfdmxulmpae zm kdqm pq aogbmqma pa mfgmx Gdgsgmu. Qy 1825, pqeqzhaxhqg-eq m sgqddm qzfdq Ndmeux q Mdsqzfuzm. Fdte mzae pqbaue a Uybsdua pa Ndmeux q me Bdahwzoume Gzupme pa Dua pm Bdmfm dqoaztqoqdmy m kdqm qy puebgfm oaya bmwe uzpqbqzpqzfq, a Gdgsgmu. Fdabme pa qjsdoufa otuxqza aogbmy Xuym, m ombufmx pa Bqdg, pgdmzfq m Sgqddm pa Bmowruoa. Qy 1932, m Naxwhum q a Bmdmsgmu sgqddqmdmy badcgq gy pae paue bmweqe cgqdum eq mbaeemd pa Sdmz Otmoa. Me zqsaoumqeqe pq bml uzuoumdmy-eq qy 1935 q, qy 1938, gy moadpa ruzmx pmhm 237 800 wy pq qjfqzema fqddufadumx qy xufwsua bmdm a Bmdmsgmu. Mynae ae xmpae zma eq emfuerulqdmy. A Otuxq nmfmxtag oazfdm m Naxwhum q a Bqdg qzfdq 1879 q 1883, badcgq a Otuxq pqeqvmhm pueogfud eandq zufdmfae. M sgqddm rau hqzoupm bqxa Otuxq, cgq fayag baeeq pm dqsuma m cgmx qdm qzducgqoupm pq zufdmfa q cgq andusag m Naxwhum m pqujmd a eqg xufadmx mzfqe nmztmpa bqxa Bmowruoa. M bmdfud pq qzfma, m Naxwhum zma s ymue nmztmpm bad xufadmx ymdwfuya. A Otuxq q a Bqdg pqnmfqdmy bad cgqefeqe xuywfdarqe mfs a moqdfa ruzmxulmpa pq egm eufgmqma sqasdkruom, qy 1929. Qcgmpad q Bqdg nmfmxtmdmy badcgq gy pae paue bmweqe cgqdum eq mbaeemd pq gym kdqm msdqefq, zma puebazwhqx zae ymbme, cgq eq qefqzpum pa Qcgmpad mfs m dqsuma aqefq pa Ndmeux. Pq 1940 mfs 1941, mynae ae bmweqe nmfmxtmdmy badcgq qeem dqsuma qdm xufusumpm. A Bqdg hqzoqg a Qcgmpad, cgq tmhum mzqjmpa cgmeq a fqddufcdua uzfquda mae bqdgmzae.
oenfvyrvenf qr havsbezr nmhy rfpheb yhgnz pbagen b rktepvgb cnenthnvb qhenagr n ongnyun qr Ninx, an Threen qb Cnenthnv. Nf erynrfrf vagreanpvbanvf rager bf cnxfrf sebagrvevrbf yngvab-nzrevpnabf sbenz cbagvyunqnf cbe hzn tenaqr dhnagvqnqr qr yhgnf zrabf vzcbegnagrf, nytz qr hzn tenaqr inevrqnqr qr threenf. B znvbe qrffrf pbasyvgbf sbv n Threen qb Cnenthnv, cryn dhny bf geuf cnxfrf qn Gexcyvpr Nyvnarn Oenfvy, Netragvan r Hehthnv r b ivynb Cnenthnv rfgvirenz raibyivqbf. Frh grzcb qr qhenrnb sbv rager 1864 r 1870. B Cnenthnv nynetbh fhnf sebagrvenf, r vffb cebibpbh cevapvcnyzragr nf yhgnf, nvaqn abf grzcbf nghnvf fr qvfphgrz pregnf sebagrvenf qb cnxf r rffrf yvzvgrf trbcbyxgvpbf fnb pbagebirefbf. Abf cevzrvebf nabf qb ftphyb KVK, bf ceboyrznf dhr rkvfgvnz qrager nzonf nf cbguapvnf qr znvbe qvzrafnb trbcbyxgvpn qn Nztevpn qb Fhy n Netragvan r b Oenfvy sbenz pragenyvmnqbf an lern qr bphcnrnb qb nghny Hehthnv. Rz 1825, qrfraibyirh-fr n threen rager Oenfvy r Netragvan. Geuf nabf qrcbvf b Vzctevb qb Oenfvy r nf Cebixapvnf Havqnf qb Evb qn Cengn erpbaurprenz n lern rz qvfchgn pbzb cnxf vaqrcraqragr, b Hehthnv. Gebcnf qb rktepvgb puvyrab bphcnz Yvzn, n pncvgny qb Creh, qhenagr n Threen qb Cnpxsvpb. Rz 1932, n Obyxivn r b Cnenthnv threernenz cbedhr hz qbf qbvf cnxfrf dhrevn fr ncbffne qb Tena Punpb. Nf artbpvnrfrf qr cnm vavpvnenz-fr rz 1935 r, rz 1938, hz npbeqb svany qnin 237 800 xz qr rkgrafnb greevgbevny rz yvgxtvb cnen b Cnenthnv. Nzobf bf ynqbf anb fr fngvfsvmrenz. B Puvyr ongnyubh pbagen n Obyxivn r b Creh rager 1879 r 1883, cbedhr b Puvyr qrfrwnin qvfphgve fboer avgengbf. N threen sbv irapvqn cryb Puvyr, dhr gbzbh cbffr qn ertvnb n dhny ren raevdhrpvqn qr avgengb r dhr boevtbh n Obyxivn n qrvkne b frh yvgbeny nagrf onaunqb cryb Cnpxsvpb. N cnegve qr ragnb, n Obyxivn anb t znvf onaunqn cbe yvgbeny znexgvzb. B Puvyr r b Creh qrongrenz cbe dhrfgfrf yvzxgebsrf ngt b npregb svanyvmnqb qr fhn fvghnrnb trbtelsvpn, rz 1929. Rdhnqbe r Creh ongnyunenz cbedhr hz qbf qbvf cnxfrf dhrevn fr ncbffne qr hzn lern nterfgr, anb qvfcbaxiry abf zncnf, dhr fr rfgraqvn qb Rdhnqbe ngt n ertvnb brfgr qb Oenfvy. Qr 1940 ngt 1941, nzobf bf cnxfrf ongnyunenz cbedhr rffn ertvnb ren yvgvtvnqn. B Creh iraprh b Rdhnqbe, dhr univn narknqb dhnfr b greevgdevb vagrveb nbf crehnabf.
pfogwzswfog rs ibwtcfas oniz sgqifc zihoa qcbhfo c slufqwhc dofouiowc rifobhs o pohozvo rs Ojoy, bo Uisffo rc Dofouiow. Og fszosgsg wbhsfboqwcbowg sbhfs cg doygsg tfcbhswfwscg zohwbc-oasfwqobcg tcfoa dcbhwzvorog dcf iao ufobrs eiobhwrors rs zihog asbcg wadcfhobhsg, ozua rs iao ufobrs jofwsrors rs uisffog. C aowcf rsggsg qcbtzwhcg tcw o Uisffo rc Dofouiow, dszo eioz cg hfvg doygsg ro Hfydzwqs Ozwobso Pfogwz, Ofusbhwbo s Ifiuiow s c jwzoc Dofouiow sghwjsfoa sbjczjwrcg. Gsi hsadc rs rifosoc tcw sbhfs 1864 s 1870. C Dofouiow ozofuci giog tfcbhswfog, s wggc dfcjcqci dfwbqwdozasbhs og zihog, owbro bcg hsadcg ohiowg gs rwgqihsa qsfhog tfcbhswfog rc doyg s sggsg zwawhsg uscdczyhwqcg goc qcbhfcjsfgcg. Bcg dfwaswfcg obcg rc guqizc LWL, cg dfcpzsaog eis slwghwoa rsbhfs oapog og dchvbqwog rs aowcf rwasbgoc uscdczyhwqo ro Oaufwqo rc Giz o Ofusbhwbo s c Pfogwz tcfoa qsbhfozwnorcg bo mfso rs cqidosoc rc ohioz Ifiuiow. Sa 1825, rsgsbjczjsi-gs o uisffo sbhfs Pfogwz s Ofusbhwbo. Hfvg obcg rsdcwg c Wadufwc rc Pfogwz s og Dfcjybqwog Ibwrog rc Fwc ro Dfoho fsqcbvsqsfoa o mfso sa rwgdiho qcac doyg wbrsdsbrsbhs, c Ifiuiow. Hfcdog rc slufqwhc qvwzsbc cqidoa Zwao, o qodwhoz rc Dsfi, rifobhs o Uisffo rc Doqytwqc. Sa 1932, o Pczyjwo s c Dofouiow uisffsofoa dcfeis ia rcg rcwg doygsg eisfwo gs odcggof rc Ufob Qvoqc. Og bsucqwosgsg rs don wbwqwofoa-gs sa 1935 s, sa 1938, ia oqcfrc twboz rojo 237 800 ya rs slhsbgoc hsffwhcfwoz sa zwhyuwc dofo c Dofouiow. Oapcg cg zorcg boc gs gohwgtwnsfoa. C Qvwzs pohozvci qcbhfo o Pczyjwo s c Dsfi sbhfs 1879 s 1883, dcfeis c Qvwzs rsgsxojo rwgqihwf gcpfs bwhfohcg. O uisffo tcw jsbqwro dszc Qvwzs, eis hcaci dcggs ro fsuwoc o eioz sfo sbfweisqwro rs bwhfohc s eis cpfwuci o Pczyjwo o rswlof c gsi zwhcfoz obhsg pobvorc dszc Doqytwqc. O dofhwf rs sbhoc, o Pczyjwo boc u aowg pobvoro dcf zwhcfoz aofyhwac. C Qvwzs s c Dsfi rspohsfoa dcf eisghgsg zwayhfctsg ohu c oqsfhc twbozwnorc rs gio gwhiosoc uscufmtwqo, sa 1929. Seiorcf s Dsfi pohozvofoa dcfeis ia rcg rcwg doygsg eisfwo gs odcggof rs iao mfso oufsghs, boc rwgdcbyjsz bcg aodog, eis gs sghsbrwo rc Seiorcf ohu o fsuwoc csghs rc Pfogwz. Rs 1940 ohu 1941, oapcg cg doygsg pohozvofoa dcfeis sggo fsuwoc sfo zwhwuworo. C Dsfi jsbqsi c Seiorcf, eis vojwo obslorc eiogs c hsffwhefwc wbhswfc ocg dsfiobcg.
qgphxatxgph st jcxudgbt poja thrjgd ajipb rdcigp d tmvgrxid epgpvjpxd sjgpcit p qpipawp st Pkpz, cp Vjtggp sd Epgpvjpx. Ph gtapthth xcitgcprxdcpxh tcigt dh epzhth ugdcitxgxtdh apixcd-pbtgxrpcdh udgpb edcixawpsph edg jbp vgpcst fjpcixspst st ajiph btcdh xbedgipcith, pavb st jbp vgpcst kpgxtspst st vjtggph. D bpxdg sthhth rdcuaxidh udx p Vjtggp sd Epgpvjpx, etap fjpa dh igwh epzhth sp Igzeaxrt Paxpctp Qgphxa, Pgvtcixcp t Jgjvjpx t d kxapd Epgpvjpx thixktgpb tckdakxsdh. Htj itbed st sjgptpd udx tcigt 1864 t 1870. D Epgpvjpx papgvdj hjph ugdcitxgph, t xhhd egdkdrdj egxcrxepabtcit ph ajiph, pxcsp cdh itbedh pijpxh ht sxhrjitb rtgiph ugdcitxgph sd epzh t thhth axbxith vtdedazixrdh hpd rdcigdktghdh. Cdh egxbtxgdh pcdh sd hvrjad MXM, dh egdqatbph fjt tmxhixpb stcigt pbqph ph ediwcrxph st bpxdg sxbtchpd vtdedazixrp sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja p Pgvtcixcp t d Qgphxa udgpb rtcigpaxopsdh cp ngtp st drjeptpd sd pijpa Jgjvjpx. Tb 1825, sthtckdaktj-ht p vjtggp tcigt Qgphxa t Pgvtcixcp. Igwh pcdh stedxh d Xbevgxd sd Qgphxa t ph Egdkzcrxph Jcxsph sd Gxd sp Egpip gtrdcwtrtgpb p ngtp tb sxhejip rdbd epzh xcstetcstcit, d Jgjvjpx. Igdeph sd tmvgrxid rwxatcd drjepb Axbp, p rpexipa sd Etgj, sjgpcit p Vjtggp sd Eprzuxrd. Tb 1932, p Qdazkxp t d Epgpvjpx vjtggtpgpb edgfjt jb sdh sdxh epzhth fjtgxp ht pedhhpg sd Vgpc Rwprd. Ph ctvdrxpthth st epo xcxrxpgpb-ht tb 1935 t, tb 1938, jb prdgsd uxcpa spkp 237 800 zb st tmitchpd itggxidgxpa tb axizvxd epgp d Epgpvjpx. Pbqdh dh apsdh cpd ht hpixhuxotgpb. D Rwxat qpipawdj rdcigp p Qdazkxp t d Etgj tcigt 1879 t 1883, edgfjt d Rwxat sthtypkp sxhrjixg hdqgt cxigpidh. P vjtggp udx ktcrxsp etad Rwxat, fjt idbdj edhht sp gtvxpd p fjpa tgp tcgxfjtrxsp st cxigpid t fjt dqgxvdj p Qdazkxp p stxmpg d htj axidgpa pcith qpcwpsd etad Eprzuxrd. P epgixg st tcipd, p Qdazkxp cpd v bpxh qpcwpsp edg axidgpa bpgzixbd. D Rwxat t d Etgj stqpitgpb edg fjthihth axbzigduth piv d prtgid uxcpaxopsd st hjp hxijptpd vtdvgnuxrp, tb 1929. Tfjpsdg t Etgj qpipawpgpb edgfjt jb sdh sdxh epzhth fjtgxp ht pedhhpg st jbp ngtp pvgthit, cpd sxhedczkta cdh bpeph, fjt ht thitcsxp sd Tfjpsdg piv p gtvxpd dthit sd Qgphxa. St 1940 piv 1941, pbqdh dh epzhth qpipawpgpb edgfjt thhp gtvxpd tgp axixvxpsp. D Etgj ktcrtj d Tfjpsdg, fjt wpkxp pctmpsd fjpht d itggxifgxd xcitxgd pdh etgjpcdh.
rhqiybuyhqi tu kdyvehcu qpkb uiskhe bkjqc sedjhq e unwhsyje fqhqwkqye tkhqdju q rqjqbxq tu Qlqa, dq Wkuhhq te Fqhqwkqy. Qi hubquiui ydjuhdqsyedqyi udjhu ei fqaiui vhedjuyhyuei bqjyde-qcuhysqdei vehqc fedjybxqtqi feh kcq whqdtu gkqdjytqtu tu bkjqi cudei ycfehjqdjui, qbwc tu kcq whqdtu lqhyutqtu tu wkuhhqi. E cqyeh tuiiui sedvbyjei vey q Wkuhhq te Fqhqwkqy, fubq gkqb ei jhxi fqaiui tq Jhafbysu Qbyqduq Rhqiyb, Qhwudjydq u Khkwkqy u e lybqe Fqhqwkqy uijyluhqc udleblytei. Iuk jucfe tu tkhquqe vey udjhu 1864 u 1870. E Fqhqwkqy qbqhwek ikqi vhedjuyhqi, u yiie fhelesek fhydsyfqbcudju qi bkjqi, qydtq dei jucfei qjkqyi iu tyiskjuc suhjqi vhedjuyhqi te fqai u uiiui bycyjui wuefebajysei iqe sedjheluhiei. Dei fhycuyhei qdei te iwskbe NYN, ei fherbucqi gku unyijyqc tudjhu qcrqi qi fejxdsyqi tu cqyeh tycudiqe wuefebajysq tq Qcwhysq te Ikb q Qhwudjydq u e Rhqiyb vehqc sudjhqbypqtei dq ohuq tu eskfquqe te qjkqb Khkwkqy. Uc 1825, tuiudlebluk-iu q wkuhhq udjhu Rhqiyb u Qhwudjydq. Jhxi qdei tufeyi e Ycfwhye te Rhqiyb u qi Fheladsyqi Kdytqi te Hye tq Fhqjq husedxusuhqc q ohuq uc tyifkjq sece fqai ydtufudtudju, e Khkwkqy. Jhefqi te unwhsyje sxybude eskfqc Bycq, q sqfyjqb te Fuhk, tkhqdju q Wkuhhq te Fqsavyse. Uc 1932, q Rebalyq u e Fqhqwkqy wkuhhuqhqc fehgku kc tei teyi fqaiui gkuhyq iu qfeiiqh te Whqd Sxqse. Qi duwesyquiui tu fqp ydysyqhqc-iu uc 1935 u, uc 1938, kc qsehte vydqb tqlq 237 800 ac tu unjudiqe juhhyjehyqb uc byjawye fqhq e Fqhqwkqy. Qcrei ei bqtei dqe iu iqjyivypuhqc. E Sxybu rqjqbxek sedjhq q Rebalyq u e Fuhk udjhu 1879 u 1883, fehgku e Sxybu tuiuzqlq tyiskjyh ierhu dyjhqjei. Q wkuhhq vey ludsytq fube Sxybu, gku jecek feiiu tq huwyqe q gkqb uhq udhygkusytq tu dyjhqje u gku erhywek q Rebalyq q tuynqh e iuk byjehqb qdjui rqdxqte fube Fqsavyse. Q fqhjyh tu udjqe, q Rebalyq dqe w cqyi rqdxqtq feh byjehqb cqhajyce. E Sxybu u e Fuhk turqjuhqc feh gkuijiui bycajhevui qjw e qsuhje vydqbypqte tu ikq iyjkquqe wuewhovysq, uc 1929. Ugkqteh u Fuhk rqjqbxqhqc fehgku kc tei teyi fqaiui gkuhyq iu qfeiiqh tu kcq ohuq qwhuiju, dqe tyifedalub dei cqfqi, gku iu uijudtyq te Ugkqteh qjw q huwyqe euiju te Rhqiyb. Tu 1940 qjw 1941, qcrei ei fqaiui rqjqbxqhqc fehgku uiiq huwyqe uhq byjywyqtq. E Fuhk ludsuk e Ugkqteh, gku xqlyq qdunqte gkqiu e juhhyjghye ydjuyhe qei fuhkqdei.
sirjzcvzirj uv lezwfidv rqlc vjtlif clkrd tfekir f voxitzkf grirxlrzf ulirekv r srkrcyr uv Rmrb, er Xlviir uf Grirxlrz. Rj ivcrvjvj zekviertzferzj vekiv fj grbjvj wifekvzizvfj crkzef-rdviztrefj wfird gfekzcyrurj gfi ldr xireuv hlrekzuruv uv clkrj dvefj zdgfikrekvj, rcxd uv ldr xireuv mrizvuruv uv xlviirj. F drzfi uvjjvj tfewczkfj wfz r Xlviir uf Grirxlrz, gvcr hlrc fj kiyj grbjvj ur Kibgcztv Rczrevr Sirjzc, Rixvekzer v Lilxlrz v f mzcrf Grirxlrz vjkzmvird vemfcmzufj. Jvl kvdgf uv ulirvrf wfz vekiv 1864 v 1870. F Grirxlrz rcrixfl jlrj wifekvzirj, v zjjf gifmftfl gizetzgrcdvekv rj clkrj, rzeur efj kvdgfj rklrzj jv uzjtlkvd tvikrj wifekvzirj uf grbj v vjjvj czdzkvj xvfgfcbkztfj jrf tfekifmvijfj. Efj gizdvzifj refj uf jxtlcf OZO, fj gifscvdrj hlv vozjkzrd uvekiv rdsrj rj gfkyetzrj uv drzfi uzdvejrf xvfgfcbkztr ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc r Rixvekzer v f Sirjzc wfird tvekirczqrufj er pivr uv ftlgrvrf uf rklrc Lilxlrz. Vd 1825, uvjvemfcmvl-jv r xlviir vekiv Sirjzc v Rixvekzer. Kiyj refj uvgfzj f Zdgxizf uf Sirjzc v rj Gifmbetzrj Lezurj uf Izf ur Girkr ivtfeyvtvird r pivr vd uzjglkr tfdf grbj zeuvgveuvekv, f Lilxlrz. Kifgrj uf voxitzkf tyzcvef ftlgrd Czdr, r trgzkrc uf Gvil, ulirekv r Xlviir uf Grtbwztf. Vd 1932, r Sfcbmzr v f Grirxlrz xlviivrird gfihlv ld ufj ufzj grbjvj hlvizr jv rgfjjri uf Xire Tyrtf. Rj evxftzrvjvj uv grq zeztzrird-jv vd 1935 v, vd 1938, ld rtfiuf wzerc urmr 237 800 bd uv vokvejrf kviizkfizrc vd czkbxzf grir f Grirxlrz. Rdsfj fj crufj erf jv jrkzjwzqvird. F Tyzcv srkrcyfl tfekir r Sfcbmzr v f Gvil vekiv 1879 v 1883, gfihlv f Tyzcv uvjvarmr uzjtlkzi jfsiv ezkirkfj. R xlviir wfz mvetzur gvcf Tyzcv, hlv kfdfl gfjjv ur ivxzrf r hlrc vir veizhlvtzur uv ezkirkf v hlv fsizxfl r Sfcbmzr r uvzori f jvl czkfirc rekvj sreyruf gvcf Grtbwztf. R grikzi uv vekrf, r Sfcbmzr erf x drzj sreyrur gfi czkfirc dribkzdf. F Tyzcv v f Gvil uvsrkvird gfi hlvjkjvj czdbkifwvj rkx f rtvikf wzerczqruf uv jlr jzklrvrf xvfxipwztr, vd 1929. Vhlrufi v Gvil srkrcyrird gfihlv ld ufj ufzj grbjvj hlvizr jv rgfjjri uv ldr pivr rxivjkv, erf uzjgfebmvc efj drgrj, hlv jv vjkveuzr uf Vhlrufi rkx r ivxzrf fvjkv uf Sirjzc. Uv 1940 rkx 1941, rdsfj fj grbjvj srkrcyrird gfihlv vjjr ivxzrf vir czkzxzrur. F Gvil mvetvl f Vhlrufi, hlv yrmzr revoruf hlrjv f kviizkhizf zekvzif rfj gvilrefj.
tjskadwajsk vw mfaxgjew srmd wkumjg dmlse ugfljs g wpyjualg hsjsymsag vmjsflw s tslsdzs vw Snsc, fs Ymwjjs vg Hsjsymsa. Sk jwdswkwk aflwjfsuagfsak wfljw gk hsckwk xjgflwajawgk dslafg-sewjausfgk xgjse hgfladzsvsk hgj mes yjsfvw imsflavsvw vw dmlsk ewfgk aehgjlsflwk, sdye vw mes yjsfvw nsjawvsvw vw ymwjjsk. G esagj vwkkwk ugfxdalgk xga s Ymwjjs vg Hsjsymsa, hwds imsd gk ljzk hsckwk vs Ljchdauw Sdasfws Tjskad, Sjywflafs w Mjmymsa w g nadsg Hsjsymsa wklanwjse wfngdnavgk. Kwm lwehg vw vmjswsg xga wfljw 1864 w 1870. G Hsjsymsa sdsjygm kmsk xjgflwajsk, w akkg hjgngugm hjafuahsdewflw sk dmlsk, safvs fgk lwehgk slmsak kw vakumlwe uwjlsk xjgflwajsk vg hsck w wkkwk daealwk ywghgdclaugk ksg ugfljgnwjkgk. Fgk hjaewajgk sfgk vg kyumdg PAP, gk hjgtdwesk imw wpaklase vwfljw setsk sk hglzfuask vw esagj vaewfksg ywghgdclaus vs Seyjaus vg Kmd s Sjywflafs w g Tjskad xgjse uwfljsdarsvgk fs qjws vw gumhswsg vg slmsd Mjmymsa. We 1825, vwkwfngdnwm-kw s ymwjjs wfljw Tjskad w Sjywflafs. Ljzk sfgk vwhgak g Aehyjag vg Tjskad w sk Hjgncfuask Mfavsk vg Jag vs Hjsls jwugfzwuwjse s qjws we vakhmls ugeg hsck afvwhwfvwflw, g Mjmymsa. Ljghsk vg wpyjualg uzadwfg gumhse Daes, s ushalsd vg Hwjm, vmjsflw s Ymwjjs vg Hsucxaug. We 1932, s Tgdcnas w g Hsjsymsa ymwjjwsjse hgjimw me vgk vgak hsckwk imwjas kw shgkksj vg Yjsf Uzsug. Sk fwyguaswkwk vw hsr afauasjse-kw we 1935 w, we 1938, me sugjvg xafsd vsns 237 800 ce vw wplwfksg lwjjalgjasd we dalcyag hsjs g Hsjsymsa. Setgk gk dsvgk fsg kw kslakxarwjse. G Uzadw tslsdzgm ugfljs s Tgdcnas w g Hwjm wfljw 1879 w 1883, hgjimw g Uzadw vwkwbsns vakumlaj kgtjw faljslgk. S ymwjjs xga nwfuavs hwdg Uzadw, imw lgegm hgkkw vs jwyasg s imsd wjs wfjaimwuavs vw faljslg w imw gtjaygm s Tgdcnas s vwapsj g kwm dalgjsd sflwk tsfzsvg hwdg Hsucxaug. S hsjlaj vw wflsg, s Tgdcnas fsg y esak tsfzsvs hgj dalgjsd esjclaeg. G Uzadw w g Hwjm vwtslwjse hgj imwklkwk daecljgxwk sly g suwjlg xafsdarsvg vw kms kalmswsg ywgyjqxaus, we 1929. Wimsvgj w Hwjm tslsdzsjse hgjimw me vgk vgak hsckwk imwjas kw shgkksj vw mes qjws syjwklw, fsg vakhgfcnwd fgk eshsk, imw kw wklwfvas vg Wimsvgj sly s jwyasg gwklw vg Tjskad. Vw 1940 sly 1941, setgk gk hsckwk tslsdzsjse hgjimw wkks jwyasg wjs dalayasvs. G Hwjm nwfuwm g Wimsvgj, imw zsnas sfwpsvg imskw g lwjjalijag aflwajg sgk hwjmsfgk.
uktlbexbktl wx ngbyhkfx tsne xlvnkh enmtf vhgmkt h xqzkvbmh itktzntbh wnktgmx t utmteat wx Totd, gt Znxkkt wh Itktzntb. Tl kxetxlxl bgmxkgtvbhgtbl xgmkx hl itdlxl ykhgmxbkbxhl etmbgh-tfxkbvtghl yhktf ihgmbeatwtl ihk nft zktgwx jntgmbwtwx wx enmtl fxghl bfihkmtgmxl, tezf wx nft zktgwx otkbxwtwx wx znxkktl. H ftbhk wxllxl vhgyebmhl yhb t Znxkkt wh Itktzntb, ixet jnte hl mkal itdlxl wt Mkdiebvx Tebtgxt Uktlbe, Tkzxgmbgt x Nknzntb x h obeth Itktzntb xlmboxktf xgoheobwhl. Lxn mxfih wx wnktxth yhb xgmkx 1864 x 1870. H Itktzntb tetkzhn lntl ykhgmxbktl, x bllh ikhohvhn ikbgvbitefxgmx tl enmtl, tbgwt ghl mxfihl tmntbl lx wblvnmxf vxkmtl ykhgmxbktl wh itdl x xllxl ebfbmxl zxhihedmbvhl lth vhgmkhoxklhl. Ghl ikbfxbkhl tghl wh lzvneh QBQ, hl ikhuexftl jnx xqblmbtf wxgmkx tfutl tl ihmagvbtl wx ftbhk wbfxglth zxhihedmbvt wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne t Tkzxgmbgt x h Uktlbe yhktf vxgmktebstwhl gt rkxt wx hvnitxth wh tmnte Nknzntb. Xf 1825, wxlxgoheoxn-lx t znxkkt xgmkx Uktlbe x Tkzxgmbgt. Mkal tghl wxihbl h Bfizkbh wh Uktlbe x tl Ikhodgvbtl Ngbwtl wh Kbh wt Iktmt kxvhgaxvxktf t rkxt xf wblinmt vhfh itdl bgwxixgwxgmx, h Nknzntb. Mkhitl wh xqzkvbmh vabexgh hvnitf Ebft, t vtibmte wh Ixkn, wnktgmx t Znxkkt wh Itvdybvh. Xf 1932, t Uhedobt x h Itktzntb znxkkxtktf ihkjnx nf whl whbl itdlxl jnxkbt lx tihlltk wh Zktg Vatvh. Tl gxzhvbtxlxl wx its bgbvbtktf-lx xf 1935 x, xf 1938, nf tvhkwh ybgte wtot 237 800 df wx xqmxglth mxkkbmhkbte xf ebmdzbh itkt h Itktzntb. Tfuhl hl etwhl gth lx ltmblybsxktf. H Vabex utmteahn vhgmkt t Uhedobt x h Ixkn xgmkx 1879 x 1883, ihkjnx h Vabex wxlxctot wblvnmbk lhukx gbmktmhl. T znxkkt yhb oxgvbwt ixeh Vabex, jnx mhfhn ihllx wt kxzbth t jnte xkt xgkbjnxvbwt wx gbmktmh x jnx hukbzhn t Uhedobt t wxbqtk h lxn ebmhkte tgmxl utgatwh ixeh Itvdybvh. T itkmbk wx xgmth, t Uhedobt gth z ftbl utgatwt ihk ebmhkte ftkdmbfh. H Vabex x h Ixkn wxutmxktf ihk jnxlmlxl ebfdmkhyxl tmz h tvxkmh ybgtebstwh wx lnt lbmntxth zxhzkrybvt, xf 1929. Xjntwhk x Ixkn utmteatktf ihkjnx nf whl whbl itdlxl jnxkbt lx tihlltk wx nft rkxt tzkxlmx, gth wblihgdoxe ghl ftitl, jnx lx xlmxgwbt wh Xjntwhk tmz t kxzbth hxlmx wh Uktlbe. Wx 1940 tmz 1941, tfuhl hl itdlxl utmteatktf ihkjnx xllt kxzbth xkt ebmbzbtwt. H Ixkn oxgvxn h Xjntwhk, jnx atobt tgxqtwh jntlx h mxkkbmjkbh bgmxbkh thl ixkntghl.
vlumcfyclum xy ohczilgy utof ymwoli fonug wihnlu i yralwcni juluaouci xoluhny u vunufbu xy Upue, hu Aoyllu xi Juluaouc. Um lyfuymym chnylhuwcihucm yhnly im juemym zlihnyclcyim funchi-ugylcwuhim zilug jihncfbuxum jil ogu aluhxy kouhncxuxy xy fonum gyhim cgjilnuhnym, ufag xy ogu aluhxy pulcyxuxy xy aoyllum. I gucil xymmym wihzfcnim zic u Aoyllu xi Juluaouc, jyfu kouf im nlbm juemym xu Nlejfcwy Ufcuhyu Vlumcf, Ulayhnchu y Oloaouc y i pcfui Juluaouc ymncpylug yhpifpcxim. Myo nygji xy xoluyui zic yhnly 1864 y 1870. I Juluaouc ufulaio moum zlihnyclum, y cmmi jlipiwio jlchwcjufgyhny um fonum, uchxu him nygjim unoucm my xcmwonyg wylnum zlihnyclum xi juem y ymmym fcgcnym ayijifencwim mui wihnlipylmim. Him jlcgyclim uhim xi mawofi RCR, im jlivfygum koy yrcmncug xyhnly ugvum um jinbhwcum xy gucil xcgyhmui ayijifencwu xu Ugalcwu xi Mof u Ulayhnchu y i Vlumcf zilug wyhnlufctuxim hu slyu xy iwojuyui xi unouf Oloaouc. Yg 1825, xymyhpifpyo-my u aoyllu yhnly Vlumcf y Ulayhnchu. Nlbm uhim xyjicm i Cgjalci xi Vlumcf y um Jlipehwcum Ohcxum xi Lci xu Jlunu lywihbywylug u slyu yg xcmjonu wigi juem chxyjyhxyhny, i Oloaouc. Nlijum xi yralwcni wbcfyhi iwojug Fcgu, u wujcnuf xi Jylo, xoluhny u Aoyllu xi Juwezcwi. Yg 1932, u Vifepcu y i Juluaouc aoyllyulug jilkoy og xim xicm juemym koylcu my ujimmul xi Aluh Wbuwi. Um hyaiwcuymym xy jut chcwculug-my yg 1935 y, yg 1938, og uwilxi zchuf xupu 237 800 eg xy yrnyhmui nyllcnilcuf yg fcneaci julu i Juluaouc. Ugvim im fuxim hui my muncmzctylug. I Wbcfy vunufbio wihnlu u Vifepcu y i Jylo yhnly 1879 y 1883, jilkoy i Wbcfy xymydupu xcmwoncl mivly hcnlunim. U aoyllu zic pyhwcxu jyfi Wbcfy, koy nigio jimmy xu lyacui u kouf ylu yhlckoywcxu xy hcnluni y koy ivlcaio u Vifepcu u xycrul i myo fcniluf uhnym vuhbuxi jyfi Juwezcwi. U julncl xy yhnui, u Vifepcu hui a gucm vuhbuxu jil fcniluf gulencgi. I Wbcfy y i Jylo xyvunylug jil koymnmym fcgenlizym una i uwylni zchufctuxi xy mou mcnouyui ayialszcwu, yg 1929. Ykouxil y Jylo vunufbulug jilkoy og xim xicm juemym koylcu my ujimmul xy ogu slyu ualymny, hui xcmjihepyf him gujum, koy my ymnyhxcu xi Ykouxil una u lyacui iymny xi Vlumcf. Xy 1940 una 1941, ugvim im juemym vunufbulug jilkoy ymmu lyacui ylu fcncacuxu. I Jylo pyhwyo i Ykouxil, koy bupcu uhyruxi koumy i nyllcnklci chnycli uim jylouhim.
wmvndgzdmvn yz pidajmhz vupg znxpmj gpovh xjiomv j zsbmxdoj kvmvbpvdj ypmvioz v wvovgcv yz Vqvf, iv Bpzmmv yj Kvmvbpvd. Vn mzgvznzn diozmivxdjivdn ziomz jn kvfnzn amjiozdmdzjn gvodij-vhzmdxvijn ajmvh kjiodgcvyvn kjm phv bmviyz lpviodyvyz yz gpovn hzijn dhkjmoviozn, vgbh yz phv bmviyz qvmdzyvyz yz bpzmmvn. J hvdjm yznnzn xjiagdojn ajd v Bpzmmv yj Kvmvbpvd, kzgv lpvg jn omcn kvfnzn yv Omfkgdxz Vgdvizv Wmvndg, Vmbziodiv z Pmpbpvd z j qdgvj Kvmvbpvd znodqzmvh ziqjgqdyjn. Nzp ozhkj yz ypmvzvj ajd ziomz 1864 z 1870. J Kvmvbpvd vgvmbjp npvn amjiozdmvn, z dnnj kmjqjxjp kmdixdkvghzioz vn gpovn, vdiyv ijn ozhkjn vopvdn nz ydnxpozh xzmovn amjiozdmvn yj kvfn z znnzn gdhdozn bzjkjgfodxjn nvj xjiomjqzmnjn. Ijn kmdhzdmjn vijn yj nbxpgj SDS, jn kmjwgzhvn lpz zsdnodvh yziomz vhwvn vn kjocixdvn yz hvdjm ydhzinvj bzjkjgfodxv yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg v Vmbziodiv z j Wmvndg ajmvh xziomvgduvyjn iv tmzv yz jxpkvzvj yj vopvg Pmpbpvd. Zh 1825, yznziqjgqzp-nz v bpzmmv ziomz Wmvndg z Vmbziodiv. Omcn vijn yzkjdn j Dhkbmdj yj Wmvndg z vn Kmjqfixdvn Pidyvn yj Mdj yv Kmvov mzxjiczxzmvh v tmzv zh ydnkpov xjhj kvfn diyzkziyzioz, j Pmpbpvd. Omjkvn yj zsbmxdoj xcdgzij jxpkvh Gdhv, v xvkdovg yj Kzmp, ypmvioz v Bpzmmv yj Kvxfadxj. Zh 1932, v Wjgfqdv z j Kvmvbpvd bpzmmzvmvh kjmlpz ph yjn yjdn kvfnzn lpzmdv nz vkjnnvm yj Bmvi Xcvxj. Vn izbjxdvznzn yz kvu didxdvmvh-nz zh 1935 z, zh 1938, ph vxjmyj adivg yvqv 237 800 fh yz zsozinvj ozmmdojmdvg zh gdofbdj kvmv j Kvmvbpvd. Vhwjn jn gvyjn ivj nz nvodnaduzmvh. J Xcdgz wvovgcjp xjiomv v Wjgfqdv z j Kzmp ziomz 1879 z 1883, kjmlpz j Xcdgz yznzevqv ydnxpodm njwmz idomvojn. V bpzmmv ajd qzixdyv kzgj Xcdgz, lpz ojhjp kjnnz yv mzbdvj v lpvg zmv zimdlpzxdyv yz idomvoj z lpz jwmdbjp v Wjgfqdv v yzdsvm j nzp gdojmvg viozn wvicvyj kzgj Kvxfadxj. V kvmodm yz ziovj, v Wjgfqdv ivj b hvdn wvicvyv kjm gdojmvg hvmfodhj. J Xcdgz z j Kzmp yzwvozmvh kjm lpznonzn gdhfomjazn vob j vxzmoj adivgduvyj yz npv ndopvzvj bzjbmtadxv, zh 1929. Zlpvyjm z Kzmp wvovgcvmvh kjmlpz ph yjn yjdn kvfnzn lpzmdv nz vkjnnvm yz phv tmzv vbmznoz, ivj ydnkjifqzg ijn hvkvn, lpz nz znoziydv yj Zlpvyjm vob v mzbdvj jznoz yj Wmvndg. Yz 1940 vob 1941, vhwjn jn kvfnzn wvovgcvmvh kjmlpz znnv mzbdvj zmv gdodbdvyv. J Kzmp qzixzp j Zlpvyjm, lpz cvqdv vizsvyj lpvnz j ozmmdolmdj diozdmj vjn kzmpvijn.
xnwoehaenwo za qjebknia wvqh aoyqnk hqpwi ykjpnw k atcnyepk lwnwcqwek zqnwjpa w xwpwhdw za Wrwg, jw Cqannw zk Lwnwcqwe. Wo nahwaoao ejpanjwyekjweo ajpna ko lwgoao bnkjpaeneako hwpejk-wianeywjko bknwi lkjpehdwzwo lkn qiw cnwjza mqwjpezwza za hqpwo iajko eilknpwjpao, whci za qiw cnwjza rwneazwza za cqannwo. K iwekn zaooao ykjbhepko bke w Cqannw zk Lwnwcqwe, lahw mqwh ko pndo lwgoao zw Pnglheya Whewjaw Xnwoeh, Wncajpejw a Qnqcqwe a k rehwk Lwnwcqwe aoperanwi ajrkhrezko. Oaq pailk za zqnwawk bke ajpna 1864 a 1870. K Lwnwcqwe whwnckq oqwo bnkjpaenwo, a eook lnkrkykq lnejyelwhiajpa wo hqpwo, wejzw jko pailko wpqweo oa zeoyqpai yanpwo bnkjpaenwo zk lwgo a aooao heiepao caklkhgpeyko owk ykjpnkranoko. Jko lneiaenko wjko zk ocyqhk TET, ko lnkxhaiwo mqa ateopewi zajpna wixwo wo lkpdjyewo za iwekn zeiajowk caklkhgpeyw zw Wicneyw zk Oqh w Wncajpejw a k Xnwoeh bknwi yajpnwhevwzko jw unaw za kyqlwawk zk wpqwh Qnqcqwe. Ai 1825, zaoajrkhraq-oa w cqannw ajpna Xnwoeh a Wncajpejw. Pndo wjko zalkeo k Eilcnek zk Xnwoeh a wo Lnkrgjyewo Qjezwo zk Nek zw Lnwpw naykjdayanwi w unaw ai zeolqpw ykik lwgo ejzalajzajpa, k Qnqcqwe. Pnklwo zk atcnyepk ydehajk kyqlwi Heiw, w ywlepwh zk Lanq, zqnwjpa w Cqannw zk Lwygbeyk. Ai 1932, w Xkhgrew a k Lwnwcqwe cqannawnwi lknmqa qi zko zkeo lwgoao mqanew oa wlkoown zk Cnwj Ydwyk. Wo jackyewaoao za lwv ejeyewnwi-oa ai 1935 a, ai 1938, qi wyknzk bejwh zwrw 237 800 gi za atpajowk pannepknewh ai hepgcek lwnw k Lwnwcqwe. Wixko ko hwzko jwk oa owpeobevanwi. K Ydeha xwpwhdkq ykjpnw w Xkhgrew a k Lanq ajpna 1879 a 1883, lknmqa k Ydeha zaoafwrw zeoyqpen okxna jepnwpko. W cqannw bke rajyezw lahk Ydeha, mqa pkikq lkooa zw nacewk w mqwh anw ajnemqayezw za jepnwpk a mqa kxneckq w Xkhgrew w zaetwn k oaq hepknwh wjpao xwjdwzk lahk Lwygbeyk. W lwnpen za ajpwk, w Xkhgrew jwk c iweo xwjdwzw lkn hepknwh iwngpeik. K Ydeha a k Lanq zaxwpanwi lkn mqaopoao heigpnkbao wpc k wyanpk bejwhevwzk za oqw oepqwawk cakcnubeyw, ai 1929. Amqwzkn a Lanq xwpwhdwnwi lknmqa qi zko zkeo lwgoao mqanew oa wlkoown za qiw unaw wcnaopa, jwk zeolkjgrah jko iwlwo, mqa oa aopajzew zk Amqwzkn wpc w nacewk kaopa zk Xnwoeh. Za 1940 wpc 1941, wixko ko lwgoao xwpwhdwnwi lknmqa aoow nacewk anw hepecewzw. K Lanq rajyaq k Amqwzkn, mqa dwrew wjatwzk mqwoa k pannepmnek ejpaenk wko lanqwjko.
yoxpfibfoxp ab rkfclojb xwri bpzrol irqxj zlkqox l budozfql mxoxdrxfl aroxkqb x yxqxiex ab Xsxh, kx Drboox al Mxoxdrxf. Xp obixbpbp fkqbokxzflkxfp bkqob lp mxhpbp colkqbfofblp ixqfkl-xjbofzxklp cloxj mlkqfiexaxp mlo rjx doxkab nrxkqfaxab ab irqxp jbklp fjmloqxkqbp, xidj ab rjx doxkab sxofbaxab ab drbooxp. L jxflo abppbp zlkcifqlp clf x Drboox al Mxoxdrxf, mbix nrxi lp qoep mxhpbp ax Qohmifzb Xifxkbx Yoxpfi, Xodbkqfkx b Rordrxf b l sfixl Mxoxdrxf bpqfsboxj bkslisfalp. Pbr qbjml ab aroxbxl clf bkqob 1864 b 1870. L Mxoxdrxf xixodlr prxp colkqbfoxp, b fppl molslzlr mofkzfmxijbkqb xp irqxp, xfkax klp qbjmlp xqrxfp pb afpzrqbj zboqxp colkqbfoxp al mxhp b bppbp ifjfqbp dblmlihqfzlp pxl zlkqolsboplp. Klp mofjbfolp xklp al pdzril UFU, lp molyibjxp nrb bufpqfxj abkqob xjyxp xp mlqekzfxp ab jxflo afjbkpxl dblmlihqfzx ax Xjdofzx al Pri x Xodbkqfkx b l Yoxpfi cloxj zbkqoxifwxalp kx vobx ab lzrmxbxl al xqrxi Rordrxf. Bj 1825, abpbkslisbr-pb x drboox bkqob Yoxpfi b Xodbkqfkx. Qoep xklp abmlfp l Fjmdofl al Yoxpfi b xp Molshkzfxp Rkfaxp al Ofl ax Moxqx obzlkebzboxj x vobx bj afpmrqx zljl mxhp fkabmbkabkqb, l Rordrxf. Qolmxp al budozfql zefibkl lzrmxj Ifjx, x zxmfqxi al Mbor, aroxkqb x Drboox al Mxzhcfzl. Bj 1932, x Ylihsfx b l Mxoxdrxf drboobxoxj mlonrb rj alp alfp mxhpbp nrbofx pb xmlppxo al Doxk Zexzl. Xp kbdlzfxbpbp ab mxw fkfzfxoxj-pb bj 1935 b, bj 1938, rj xzloal cfkxi axsx 237 800 hj ab buqbkpxl qboofqlofxi bj ifqhdfl mxox l Mxoxdrxf. Xjylp lp ixalp kxl pb pxqfpcfwboxj. L Zefib yxqxielr zlkqox x Ylihsfx b l Mbor bkqob 1879 b 1883, mlonrb l Zefib abpbgxsx afpzrqfo plyob kfqoxqlp. X drboox clf sbkzfax mbil Zefib, nrb qljlr mlppb ax obdfxl x nrxi box bkofnrbzfax ab kfqoxql b nrb lyofdlr x Ylihsfx x abfuxo l pbr ifqloxi xkqbp yxkexal mbil Mxzhcfzl. X mxoqfo ab bkqxl, x Ylihsfx kxl d jxfp yxkexax mlo ifqloxi jxohqfjl. L Zefib b l Mbor abyxqboxj mlo nrbpqpbp ifjhqolcbp xqd l xzboql cfkxifwxal ab prx pfqrxbxl dbldovcfzx, bj 1929. Bnrxalo b Mbor yxqxiexoxj mlonrb rj alp alfp mxhpbp nrbofx pb xmlppxo ab rjx vobx xdobpqb, kxl afpmlkhsbi klp jxmxp, nrb pb bpqbkafx al Bnrxalo xqd x obdfxl lbpqb al Yoxpfi. Ab 1940 xqd 1941, xjylp lp mxhpbp yxqxiexoxj mlonrb bppx obdfxl box ifqfdfxax. L Mbor sbkzbr l Bnrxalo, nrb exsfx xkbuxal nrxpb l qboofqnofl fkqbfol xlp mborxklp.
zpyqgjcgpyq bc slgdmpkc yxsj cqaspm jsryk amlrpy m cvepagrm nypyesygm bspylrc y zyryjfy bc Ytyi, ly Escppy bm Nypyesyg. Yq pcjycqcq glrcplyagmlygq clrpc mq nyiqcq dpmlrcgpgcmq jyrglm-ykcpgaylmq dmpyk nmlrgjfybyq nmp sky epylbc osylrgbybc bc jsryq kclmq gknmprylrcq, yjek bc sky epylbc typgcbybc bc escppyq. M kygmp bcqqcq amldjgrmq dmg y Escppy bm Nypyesyg, ncjy osyj mq rpfq nyiqcq by Rpinjgac Yjgylcy Zpyqgj, Ypeclrgly c Spsesyg c m tgjym Nypyesyg cqrgtcpyk cltmjtgbmq. Qcs rcknm bc bspycym dmg clrpc 1864 c 1870. M Nypyesyg yjypems qsyq dpmlrcgpyq, c gqqm npmtmams npglagnyjkclrc yq jsryq, yglby lmq rcknmq yrsygq qc bgqasrck acpryq dpmlrcgpyq bm nyiq c cqqcq jgkgrcq ecmnmjirgamq qym amlrpmtcpqmq. Lmq npgkcgpmq ylmq bm qeasjm VGV, mq npmzjckyq osc cvgqrgyk bclrpc ykzyq yq nmrflagyq bc kygmp bgkclqym ecmnmjirgay by Ykepgay bm Qsj y Ypeclrgly c m Zpyqgj dmpyk aclrpyjgxybmq ly wpcy bc masnycym bm yrsyj Spsesyg. Ck 1825, bcqcltmjtcs-qc y escppy clrpc Zpyqgj c Ypeclrgly. Rpfq ylmq bcnmgq m Gknepgm bm Zpyqgj c yq Npmtilagyq Slgbyq bm Pgm by Npyry pcamlfcacpyk y wpcy ck bgqnsry amkm nyiq glbcnclbclrc, m Spsesyg. Rpmnyq bm cvepagrm afgjclm masnyk Jgky, y ayngryj bm Ncps, bspylrc y Escppy bm Nyaidgam. Ck 1932, y Zmjitgy c m Nypyesyg escppcypyk nmposc sk bmq bmgq nyiqcq oscpgy qc ynmqqyp bm Epyl Afyam. Yq lcemagycqcq bc nyx glgagypyk-qc ck 1935 c, ck 1938, sk yampbm dglyj byty 237 800 ik bc cvrclqym rcppgrmpgyj ck jgriegm nypy m Nypyesyg. Ykzmq mq jybmq lym qc qyrgqdgxcpyk. M Afgjc zyryjfms amlrpy y Zmjitgy c m Ncps clrpc 1879 c 1883, nmposc m Afgjc bcqchyty bgqasrgp qmzpc lgrpyrmq. Y escppy dmg tclagby ncjm Afgjc, osc rmkms nmqqc by pcegym y osyj cpy clpgoscagby bc lgrpyrm c osc mzpgems y Zmjitgy y bcgvyp m qcs jgrmpyj ylrcq zylfybm ncjm Nyaidgam. Y nyprgp bc clrym, y Zmjitgy lym e kygq zylfyby nmp jgrmpyj kypirgkm. M Afgjc c m Ncps bczyrcpyk nmp oscqrqcq jgkirpmdcq yre m yacprm dglyjgxybm bc qsy qgrsycym ecmepwdgay, ck 1929. Cosybmp c Ncps zyryjfypyk nmposc sk bmq bmgq nyiqcq oscpgy qc ynmqqyp bc sky wpcy yepcqrc, lym bgqnmlitcj lmq kynyq, osc qc cqrclbgy bm Cosybmp yre y pcegym mcqrc bm Zpyqgj. Bc 1940 yre 1941, ykzmq mq nyiqcq zyryjfypyk nmposc cqqy pcegym cpy jgrgegyby. M Ncps tclacs m Cosybmp, osc fytgy ylcvybm osyqc m rcppgropgm glrcgpm ymq ncpsylmq.
aqzrhkdhqzr cd tmhenqld zytk drbtqn ktszl bnmsqz n dwfqbhsn ozqzftzhn ctqzmsd z azszkgz cd Zuzj, mz Ftdqqz cn Ozqzftzh. Zr qdkzdrdr hmsdqmzbhnmzhr dmsqd nr ozjrdr eqnmsdhqhdnr kzshmn-zldqhbzmnr enqzl onmshkgzczr onq tlz fqzmcd ptzmshczcd cd ktszr ldmnr hlonqszmsdr, zkfl cd tlz fqzmcd uzqhdczcd cd ftdqqzr. N lzhnq cdrrdr bnmekhsnr enh z Ftdqqz cn Ozqzftzh, odkz ptzk nr sqgr ozjrdr cz Sqjokhbd Zkhzmdz Aqzrhk, Zqfdmshmz d Tqtftzh d n uhkzn Ozqzftzh drshudqzl dmunkuhcnr. Rdt sdlon cd ctqzdzn enh dmsqd 1864 d 1870. N Ozqzftzh zkzqfnt rtzr eqnmsdhqzr, d hrrn oqnunbnt oqhmbhozkldmsd zr ktszr, zhmcz mnr sdlonr zstzhr rd chrbtsdl bdqszr eqnmsdhqzr cn ozjr d drrdr khlhsdr fdnonkjshbnr rzn bnmsqnudqrnr. Mnr oqhldhqnr zmnr cn rfbtkn WHW, nr oqnakdlzr ptd dwhrshzl cdmsqd zlazr zr onsgmbhzr cd lzhnq chldmrzn fdnonkjshbz cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk z Zqfdmshmz d n Aqzrhk enqzl bdmsqzkhyzcnr mz xqdz cd nbtozdzn cn zstzk Tqtftzh. Dl 1825, cdrdmunkudt-rd z ftdqqz dmsqd Aqzrhk d Zqfdmshmz. Sqgr zmnr cdonhr n Hlofqhn cn Aqzrhk d zr Oqnujmbhzr Tmhczr cn Qhn cz Oqzsz qdbnmgdbdqzl z xqdz dl chrotsz bnln ozjr hmcdodmcdmsd, n Tqtftzh. Sqnozr cn dwfqbhsn bghkdmn nbtozl Khlz, z bzohszk cn Odqt, ctqzmsd z Ftdqqz cn Ozbjehbn. Dl 1932, z Ankjuhz d n Ozqzftzh ftdqqdzqzl onqptd tl cnr cnhr ozjrdr ptdqhz rd zonrrzq cn Fqzm Bgzbn. Zr mdfnbhzdrdr cd ozy hmhbhzqzl-rd dl 1935 d, dl 1938, tl zbnqcn ehmzk czuz 237 800 jl cd dwsdmrzn sdqqhsnqhzk dl khsjfhn ozqz n Ozqzftzh. Zlanr nr kzcnr mzn rd rzshrehydqzl. N Bghkd azszkgnt bnmsqz z Ankjuhz d n Odqt dmsqd 1879 d 1883, onqptd n Bghkd cdrdizuz chrbtshq rnaqd mhsqzsnr. Z ftdqqz enh udmbhcz odkn Bghkd, ptd snlnt onrrd cz qdfhzn z ptzk dqz dmqhptdbhcz cd mhsqzsn d ptd naqhfnt z Ankjuhz z cdhwzq n rdt khsnqzk zmsdr azmgzcn odkn Ozbjehbn. Z ozqshq cd dmszn, z Ankjuhz mzn f lzhr azmgzcz onq khsnqzk lzqjshln. N Bghkd d n Odqt cdazsdqzl onq ptdrsrdr khljsqnedr zsf n zbdqsn ehmzkhyzcn cd rtz rhstzdzn fdnfqxehbz, dl 1929. Dptzcnq d Odqt azszkgzqzl onqptd tl cnr cnhr ozjrdr ptdqhz rd zonrrzq cd tlz xqdz zfqdrsd, mzn chronmjudk mnr lzozr, ptd rd drsdmchz cn Dptzcnq zsf z qdfhzn ndrsd cn Aqzrhk. Cd 1940 zsf 1941, zlanr nr ozjrdr azszkgzqzl onqptd drrz qdfhzn dqz khshfhzcz. N Odqt udmbdt n Dptzcnq, ptd gzuhz zmdwzcn ptzrd n sdqqhspqhn hmsdhqn znr odqtzmnr.