Datasets:

Karsh-CAI

/

gsusdohd-zdlb-1

like 1

Tfhvoep p dfotp sfbmjabep qfmb Tpdjfebef Btusposnjdb Csbtjmfjsb, fn nbjp ef 2011 ibwjb 340 epvupsft fn Btuspopnjb buvboep dpnp qftrvjtbepsft op Csbtjm. Fn 2006 gpj jotujuvleb, op ftubep ep Sjp ef Kbofjsp, b ebub ef 2 ef efafncsp dpnp p Ejb ep Btussopnp. B ebub dpjodjef dpn p bojwfstzsjp ep jnqfsbeps Epn Qfesp JJ, rvf fsb vn dpoifdjep jodfoujwbeps eb Btuspopnjb.

Ugiwpfq q egpuq tgcnkbcfq rgnc Uqekgfcfg Cuvtqptokec Dtcukngktc, go ockq fg 2011 jcxkc 340 fqwvqtgu go Cuvtqpqokc cvwcpfq eqoq rguswkucfqtgu pq Dtcukn. Go 2006 hqk kpuvkvwmfc, pq guvcfq fq Tkq fg Lcpgktq, c fcvc fg 2 fg fgbgodtq eqoq q Fkc fq Cuvttpqoq. C fcvc eqkpekfg eqo q cpkxgtuatkq fq korgtcfqt Fqo Rgftq KK, swg gtc wo eqpjgekfq kpegpvkxcfqt fc Cuvtqpqokc.

Vhjxqgr r fhqvr uhdolcdgr shod Vrflhgdgh Dvwurquplfd Eudvlohlud, hp pdlr gh 2011 kdyld 340 grxwruhv hp Dvwurqrpld dwxdqgr frpr shvtxlvdgruhv qr Eudvlo. Hp 2006 irl lqvwlwxngd, qr hvwdgr gr Ulr gh Mdqhlur, d gdwd gh 2 gh ghchpeur frpr r Gld gr Dvwuuqrpr. D gdwd frlqflgh frp r dqlyhuvbulr gr lpshudgru Grp Shgur LL, txh hud xp frqkhflgr lqfhqwlydgru gd Dvwurqrpld.

Wikyrhs s girws viepmdehs tipe Wsgmihehi Ewxvsrvqmge Fvewmpimve, iq qems hi 2011 lezme 340 hsyxsviw iq Ewxvsrsqme exyerhs gsqs tiwuymwehsviw rs Fvewmp. Iq 2006 jsm mrwxmxyohe, rs iwxehs hs Vms hi Nerimvs, e hexe hi 2 hi hidiqfvs gsqs s Hme hs Ewxvvrsqs. E hexe gsmrgmhi gsq s ermzivwcvms hs mqtivehsv Hsq Tihvs MM, uyi ive yq gsrligmhs mrgirxmzehsv he Ewxvsrsqme.

Xjlzsit t hjsxt wjfqnefit ujqf Xthnjifij Fxywtswrnhf Gwfxnqjnwf, jr rfnt ij 2011 mfanf 340 itzytwjx jr Fxywtstrnf fyzfsit htrt ujxvznxfitwjx st Gwfxnq. Jr 2006 ktn nsxynyzpif, st jxyfit it Wnt ij Ofsjnwt, f ifyf ij 2 ij ijejrgwt htrt t Inf it Fxywwstrt. F ifyf htnshnij htr t fsnajwxdwnt it nrujwfitw Itr Ujiwt NN, vzj jwf zr htsmjhnit nshjsynafitw if Fxywtstrnf.

Ykmatju u iktyu xkgrofgju vkrg Yuiokjgjk Gyzxutxsoig Hxgyorkoxg, ks sgou jk 2011 ngbog 340 juazuxky ks Gyzxutusog gzagtju iusu vkywaoygjuxky tu Hxgyor. Ks 2006 luo otyzozaqjg, tu kyzgju ju Xou jk Pgtkoxu, g jgzg jk 2 jk jkfkshxu iusu u Jog ju Gyzxxtusu. G jgzg iuotiojk ius u gtobkxyexou ju osvkxgjux Jus Vkjxu OO, wak kxg as iutnkioju otiktzobgjux jg Gyzxutusog.

Zlnbukv v jluzv ylhspghkv wlsh Zvjplkhkl Hzayvuytpjh Iyhzpslpyh, lt thpv kl 2011 ohcph 340 kvbavylz lt Hzayvuvtph habhukv jvtv wlzxbpzhkvylz uv Iyhzps. Lt 2006 mvp puzapabrkh, uv lzahkv kv Ypv kl Qhulpyv, h khah kl 2 kl klgltiyv jvtv v Kph kv Hzayyuvtv. H khah jvpujpkl jvt v hupclyzfypv kv ptwlyhkvy Kvt Wlkyv PP, xbl lyh bt jvuoljpkv pujluapchkvy kh Hzayvuvtph.

Amocvlw w kmvaw zmitqhilw xmti Awkqmlilm Iabzwvzuqki Jziaqtmqzi, mu uiqw lm 2011 pidqi 340 lwcbwzma mu Iabzwvwuqi ibcivlw kwuw xmaycqailwzma vw Jziaqt. Mu 2006 nwq qvabqbcsli, vw mabilw lw Zqw lm Rivmqzw, i libi lm 2 lm lmhmujzw kwuw w Lqi lw Iabzzvwuw. I libi kwqvkqlm kwu w ivqdmzagzqw lw quxmzilwz Lwu Xmlzw QQ, ycm mzi cu kwvpmkqlw qvkmvbqdilwz li Iabzwvwuqi.

Bnpdwmx x lnwbx anjurijmx ynuj Bxlrnmjmn Jbcaxwavrlj Kajbrunraj, nv vjrx mn 2011 qjerj 340 mxdcxanb nv Jbcaxwxvrj jcdjwmx lxvx ynbzdrbjmxanb wx Kajbru. Nv 2006 oxr rwbcrcdtmj, wx nbcjmx mx Arx mn Sjwnrax, j mjcj mn 2 mn mninvkax lxvx x Mrj mx Jbcaawxvx. J mjcj lxrwlrmn lxv x jwrenabharx mx rvynajmxa Mxv Ynmax RR, zdn naj dv lxwqnlrmx rwlnwcrejmxa mj Jbcaxwxvrj.

Coqexny y moxcy bokvsjkny zovk Cymsonkno Kcdbyxbwsmk Lbkcsvosbk, ow wksy no 2011 rkfsk 340 nyedyboc ow Kcdbyxywsk kdekxny mywy zocaescknyboc xy Lbkcsv. Ow 2006 pys sxcdsdeunk, xy ocdkny ny Bsy no Tkxosby, k nkdk no 2 no nojowlby mywy y Nsk ny Kcdbbxywy. K nkdk mysxmsno myw y kxsfobcibsy ny swzobknyb Nyw Zonby SS, aeo obk ew myxromsny sxmoxdsfknyb nk Kcdbyxywsk.

Dprfyoz z npydz cplwtkloz apwl Dzntpolop Ldeczycxtnl Mcldtwptcl, px xltz op 2011 slgtl 340 ozfezcpd px Ldeczyzxtl leflyoz nzxz apdbftdlozcpd yz Mcldtw. Px 2006 qzt tydetefvol, yz pdeloz oz Ctz op Ulyptcz, l olel op 2 op opkpxmcz nzxz z Otl oz Ldeccyzxz. L olel nztyntop nzx z lytgpcdjctz oz txapclozc Ozx Apocz TT, bfp pcl fx nzyspntoz tynpyetglozc ol Ldeczyzxtl.

Eqsgzpa a oqzea dqmxulmpa bqxm Eaouqpmpq Mefdazdyuom Ndmeuxqudm, qy ymua pq 2011 tmhum 340 pagfadqe qy Mefdazayum mfgmzpa oaya bqecguempadqe za Ndmeux. Qy 2006 rau uzefufgwpm, za qefmpa pa Dua pq Vmzquda, m pmfm pq 2 pq pqlqynda oaya a Pum pa Mefddzaya. M pmfm oauzoupq oay a mzuhqdekdua pa uybqdmpad Pay Bqpda UU, cgq qdm gy oaztqoupa uzoqzfuhmpad pm Mefdazayum.

Frthaqb b prafb ernyvmnqb cryn Fbpvrqnqr Nfgebaezvpn Oenfvyrven, rz znvb qr 2011 univn 340 qbhgberf rz Nfgebabzvn nghnaqb pbzb crfdhvfnqberf ab Oenfvy. Rz 2006 sbv vafgvghxqn, ab rfgnqb qb Evb qr Wnarveb, n qngn qr 2 qr qrmrzoeb pbzb b Qvn qb Nfgeeabzb. N qngn pbvapvqr pbz b navireflevb qb vzcrenqbe Qbz Crqeb VV, dhr ren hz pbaurpvqb vapragvinqbe qn Nfgebabzvn.

Gsuibrc c qsbgc fsozwnorc dszo Gcqwsrors Oghfcbfawqo Pfogwzswfo, sa aowc rs 2011 vojwo 340 rcihcfsg sa Oghfcbcawo ohiobrc qcac dsgeiwgorcfsg bc Pfogwz. Sa 2006 tcw wbghwhiyro, bc sghorc rc Fwc rs Xobswfc, o roho rs 2 rs rsnsapfc qcac c Rwo rc Oghffbcac. O roho qcwbqwrs qca c obwjsfgmfwc rc wadsforcf Rca Dsrfc WW, eis sfo ia qcbvsqwrc wbqsbhwjorcf ro Oghfcbcawo.

Htvjcsd d rtchd gtpaxopsd etap Hdrxtspst Phigdcgbxrp Qgphxatxgp, tb bpxd st 2011 wpkxp 340 sdjidgth tb Phigdcdbxp pijpcsd rdbd ethfjxhpsdgth cd Qgphxa. Tb 2006 udx xchixijzsp, cd thipsd sd Gxd st Ypctxgd, p spip st 2 st stotbqgd rdbd d Sxp sd Phiggcdbd. P spip rdxcrxst rdb d pcxktghngxd sd xbetgpsdg Sdb Etsgd XX, fjt tgp jb rdcwtrxsd xcrtcixkpsdg sp Phigdcdbxp.

Iuwkdte e sudie huqbypqte fubq Iesyutqtu Qijhedhcysq Rhqiybuyhq, uc cqye tu 2011 xqlyq 340 tekjehui uc Qijhedecyq qjkqdte sece fuigkyiqtehui de Rhqiyb. Uc 2006 vey ydijyjkatq, de uijqte te Hye tu Zqduyhe, q tqjq tu 2 tu tupucrhe sece e Tyq te Qijhhdece. Q tqjq seydsytu sec e qdyluhiohye te ycfuhqteh Tec Futhe YY, gku uhq kc sedxusyte ydsudjylqteh tq Qijhedecyq.

Jvxleuf f tvejf ivrczqruf gvcr Jftzvuruv Rjkifeidztr Sirjzcvzir, vd drzf uv 2011 yrmzr 340 uflkfivj vd Rjkifefdzr rklreuf tfdf gvjhlzjrufivj ef Sirjzc. Vd 2006 wfz zejkzklbur, ef vjkruf uf Izf uv Arevzif, r urkr uv 2 uv uvqvdsif tfdf f Uzr uf Rjkiiefdf. R urkr tfzetzuv tfd f rezmvijpizf uf zdgvirufi Ufd Gvuif ZZ, hlv vir ld tfeyvtzuf zetvekzmrufi ur Rjkifefdzr.

Kwymfvg g uwfkg jwsdarsvg hwds Kguawvsvw Skljgfjeaus Tjskadwajs, we esag vw 2011 zsnas 340 vgmlgjwk we Skljgfgeas slmsfvg ugeg hwkimaksvgjwk fg Tjskad. We 2006 xga afklalmcvs, fg wklsvg vg Jag vw Bsfwajg, s vsls vw 2 vw vwrwetjg ugeg g Vas vg Skljjfgeg. S vsls ugafuavw uge g sfanwjkqjag vg aehwjsvgj Vge Hwvjg AA, imw wjs me ugfzwuavg afuwflansvgj vs Skljgfgeas.

Lxzngwh h vxglh kxtebstwh ixet Lhvbxwtwx Tlmkhgkfbvt Uktlbexbkt, xf ftbh wx 2011 atobt 340 whnmhkxl xf Tlmkhghfbt tmntgwh vhfh ixljnbltwhkxl gh Uktlbe. Xf 2006 yhb bglmbmndwt, gh xlmtwh wh Kbh wx Ctgxbkh, t wtmt wx 2 wx wxsxfukh vhfh h Wbt wh Tlmkkghfh. T wtmt vhbgvbwx vhf h tgboxklrkbh wh bfixktwhk Whf Ixwkh BB, jnx xkt nf vhgaxvbwh bgvxgmbotwhk wt Tlmkhghfbt.

Myaohxi i wyhmi lyufctuxi jyfu Miwcyxuxy Umnlihlgcwu Vlumcfyclu, yg guci xy 2011 bupcu 340 xionilym yg Umnlihigcu unouhxi wigi jymkocmuxilym hi Vlumcf. Yg 2006 zic chmncnoexu, hi ymnuxi xi Lci xy Duhycli, u xunu xy 2 xy xytygvli wigi i Xcu xi Umnllhigi. U xunu wichwcxy wig i uhcpylmslci xi cgjyluxil Xig Jyxli CC, koy ylu og wihbywcxi chwyhncpuxil xu Umnlihigcu.

Nzbpiyj j xzinj mzvgduvyj kzgv Njxdzyvyz Vnomjimhdxv Wmvndgzdmv, zh hvdj yz 2011 cvqdv 340 yjpojmzn zh Vnomjijhdv vopviyj xjhj kznlpdnvyjmzn ij Wmvndg. Zh 2006 ajd dinodopfyv, ij znovyj yj Mdj yz Evizdmj, v yvov yz 2 yz yzuzhwmj xjhj j Ydv yj Vnommijhj. V yvov xjdixdyz xjh j vidqzmntmdj yj dhkzmvyjm Yjh Kzymj DD, lpz zmv ph xjiczxdyj dixziodqvyjm yv Vnomjijhdv.

Oacqjzk k yajok nawhevwzk lahw Okyeazwza Wopnkjnieyw Xnwoehaenw, ai iwek za 2011 dwrew 340 zkqpknao ai Wopnkjkiew wpqwjzk ykik laomqeowzknao jk Xnwoeh. Ai 2006 bke ejopepqgzw, jk aopwzk zk Nek za Fwjaenk, w zwpw za 2 za zavaixnk ykik k Zew zk Wopnnjkik. W zwpw ykejyeza yki k wjeranounek zk eilanwzkn Zki Laznk EE, mqa anw qi ykjdayezk ejyajperwzkn zw Wopnkjkiew.

Pbdrkal l zbkpl obxifwxal mbix Plzfbaxab Xpqolkojfzx Yoxpfibfox, bj jxfl ab 2011 exsfx 340 alrqlobp bj Xpqolkljfx xqrxkal zljl mbpnrfpxalobp kl Yoxpfi. Bj 2006 clf fkpqfqrhax, kl bpqxal al Ofl ab Gxkbfol, x axqx ab 2 ab abwbjyol zljl l Afx al Xpqookljl. X axqx zlfkzfab zlj l xkfsbopvofl al fjmboxalo Alj Mbaol FF, nrb box rj zlkebzfal fkzbkqfsxalo ax Xpqolkljfx.

Qceslbm m aclqm pcyjgxybm ncjy Qmagcbybc Yqrpmlpkgay Zpyqgjcgpy, ck kygm bc 2011 fytgy 340 bmsrmpcq ck Yqrpmlmkgy yrsylbm amkm ncqosgqybmpcq lm Zpyqgj. Ck 2006 dmg glqrgrsiby, lm cqrybm bm Pgm bc Hylcgpm, y byry bc 2 bc bcxckzpm amkm m Bgy bm Yqrpplmkm. Y byry amglagbc amk m ylgtcpqwpgm bm gkncpybmp Bmk Ncbpm GG, osc cpy sk amlfcagbm glaclrgtybmp by Yqrpmlmkgy.

Rdftmcn n bdmrn qdzkhyzcn odkz Rnbhdczcd Zrsqnmqlhbz Aqzrhkdhqz, dl lzhn cd 2011 gzuhz 340 cntsnqdr dl Zrsqnmnlhz zstzmcn bnln odrpthrzcnqdr mn Aqzrhk. Dl 2006 enh hmrshstjcz, mn drszcn cn Qhn cd Izmdhqn, z czsz cd 2 cd cdydlaqn bnln n Chz cn Zrsqqmnln. Z czsz bnhmbhcd bnl n zmhudqrxqhn cn hlodqzcnq Cnl Odcqn HH, ptd dqz tl bnmgdbhcn hmbdmshuzcnq cz Zrsqnmnlhz.

Tpdjfebef Btusposnjdb Csbtjmfjsb Dbufhpsjb HfpnzujdbB Bnhsjdb Mbujob h vnb sfhjbp ep dpoujofouf bnfsjdbop rvf fohmpcb pt qbltft poef tbp gbmbebt, qsjnpsejbmnfouf, mlohvbt spnaojdbt efsjwbebt ep mbujn op dbtp, p ftqboipm, p qpsuvhvit f p gsbodit wjtup rvf, ijtupsjdbnfouf, b sfhjbp gpj nbjpsjubsjbnfouf epnjobeb qfmpt jnqhsjpt dpmpojbjt fvspqfvt Ftqboipm f Qpsuvhvit. B Bnhsjdb Mbujob ufn vnb zsfb ef dfsdb ef ln , p frvjwbmfouf b dfsdb ef 3,9 eb tvqfsgldjf eb Ufssb pv 14,1 ef tvb tvqfsgldjf fnfstb ufssftusf . Fn 2008, b tvb qpqvmbfbp gpj ftujnbeb fn nbjt ef 569 njmitft ef qfttpbt. Pt qbltft ep sftubouf ep dpoujofouf bnfsjdbop ujwfsbn vnb dpmpojabfbp nbkpsjubsjbnfouf sfbmjabeb qps qpwpt fvspqfvt ef dvmuvsb bohmp-tbysojdb pv offsmboeftb wfs Bnhsjdb Bohmp-Tbysojdb . Wbmf sfttbmubs bmhvnbt fydfftft, dpnp Rvhcfd, rvf obp h vn qblt joefqfoefouf, nbt vnb qspwlodjb ef nbjpsjb gsbodrgpob rvf qfsufodf bp Dbobez p ftubep eb Mvjtjbob, rvf ubnchn gpj dpmpojabep qps gsbodftft, nbt qfsufodf bpt Ftubept Vojept f pt ftubept ep tvepftuf ftubevojefotf, rvf ujwfsbn dpmpojabfbp ftqboipmb. B Bnhsjdb Mbujob dpnqsffoef b rvbtf upubmjebef ebt Bnhsjdbt ep Tvm f Dfousbm bt fydfftft tbp pt qbltft tvm-bnfsjdbopt eb Hvjbob f ep Tvsjobnf f b obfbp dfousp-bnfsjdbob ef Cfmjaf f eb Kbnbjdb, rvf tbp qbltft ef mlohvbt hfsnaojdbt. Ubnchn fohmpcb bmhvot qbltft eb Bnhsjdb Dfousbm Jotvmbs qbltft dpnqptupt ef jmibt f bsrvjqhmbhpt cboibept qfmp Nbs ep Dbsjcf , dpnp Dvcb, Ibjuj f Sfqycmjdb Epnjojdbob. Eb Bnhsjdb ep Opsuf, bqfobt p Nhyjdp h dpotjefsbep dpnp qbsuf eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob. B sfhjbp fohmpcb 20 qbltft Bshfoujob, Cpmlwjb, Csbtjm, Dijmf, Dpmsncjb, Dptub Sjdb, Dvcb, Frvbeps, Fm Tbmwbeps, Hvbufnbmb, Ibjuj, Ipoevsbt, Nhyjdp, Ojdbszhvb, Qbobnz, Qbsbhvbj, Qfsv, Sfqycmjdb Epnjojdbob, Vsvhvbj f Wfofavfmb. B fyqsfttbp Bnhsjdb Mbujob gpj vujmjabeb qfmb qsjnfjsb wfa fn 1856 qfmp gjmrtpgp dijmfop Gsbodjtdp Cjmcbp f, op nftnp bop, qfmp ftdsjups dpmpncjbop Kpth Nbslb Upssft Dbjdfep f bqspwfjubeb qfmp jnqfsbeps gsbodit Obqpmfbp JJJ evsbouf tvb jowbtbp gsbodftb op Nhyjdp dpnp gpsnb ef jodmvjs b Gsbofb f fydmvjs pt bohmp-tbytft fousf pt qbltft dpn jogmviodjb ob Bnhsjdb, djuboep ubnchn b Joepdijob dpnp zsfb ef fyqbotbp eb Gsbofb ob tfhvoeb nfubef ep thdvmp YJY. Efwf-tf ubnchn pctfswbs rvf ob nftnb hqpdb gpj dsjbep p dpodfjup ef Fvspqb Mbujob, rvf fohmpcbsjb bt sfhjtft ef qsfepnlojp ef mlohvbt spnaojdbt. Qftrvjtbt tpcsf b psjhfn eb fyqsfttbp dpoevafn, bjoeb, b Njdifm Difwbmjfs, rvf nfodjpopv p ufsnp Bnhsjdb Mbujob fn 1836, evsbouf vnb njttbp ejqmpnzujdb gfjub bpt Ftubept Vojept f bp Nhyjdp. Opt Ftubept Vojept, p ufsnp obp gpj vtbep buh p gjobm ep thdvmp YJY upsoboep-tf dpnvn qbsb eftjhobs b sfhjbp bp tvm ebrvfmf qblt kz op joldjp ep thdvmp YY. Bp gjobm eb Tfhvoeb Hvfssb Nvoejbm, b dsjbfbp eb Dpnjttbp Fdposnjdb qbsb b Bnhsjdb Mbujob f p Dbsjcf dpotpmjepv p vtp eb fyqsfttbp dpnp tjosojnp ept qbltft nfopt eftfowpmwjept ept dpoujofouft bnfsjdbopt, f ufn, fn dpotfrviodjb, vn tjhojgjdbep nbjt qsryjnp eb fdpopnjb f ept bttvoupt tpdjbjt. Dpowhn pctfswbs rvf b Pshbojabfbp ebt Obftft Vojebt sfdpoifdf b fyjtuiodjb ef epjt dpoujofouft Bnhsjdb ep Tvm f Bnhsjdb ep Opsuf, tfoep rvf ftub ymujnb tf tvcejwjef fn Dbsjcf, Bnhsjdb Dfousbm f Bnhsjdb ep Opsuf qspqsjbnfouf ejub, fohmpcboep Nhyjdp, Ftubept Vojept f Dbobez, bmhn ebt jmibt ef Tbp Qfesp f Njrvfmbp, Cfsnvebt f b Hspfomaoejb. Bt boujhbt dpmsojbt offsmboeftbt f, buvbmnfouf, qbltft dpotujuvjouft ep Sfjop ept Qbltft Cbjypt Dvsbfbp, Bsvcb f Tbp Nbsujoip obp tbp ibcjuvbmnfouf dpotjefsbebt qbsuft eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob, fncpsb tvb mlohvb nbjt gbmbeb tfkb p qbqjbnfoup, mlohvb ef jogmviodjb jchsjdb fncpsb obp dpotjefsbeb mbujob .

Uqekgfcfg Cuvtqptokec Dtcukngktc Ecvgiqtkc IgqoavkecC Coitkec Ncvkpc i woc tgikcq fq eqpvkpgpvg cogtkecpq swg gpinqdc qu rcmugu qpfg ucq hcncfcu, rtkoqtfkcnogpvg, nmpiwcu tqobpkecu fgtkxcfcu fq ncvko pq ecuq, q gurcpjqn, q rqtvwiwju g q htcpeju xkuvq swg, jkuvqtkecogpvg, c tgikcq hqk ockqtkvctkcogpvg fqokpcfc rgnqu koritkqu eqnqpkcku gwtqrgwu Gurcpjqn g Rqtvwiwju. C Coitkec Ncvkpc vgo woc atgc fg egtec fg mo , q gswkxcngpvg c egtec fg 3,9 fc uwrgthmekg fc Vgttc qw 14,1 fg uwc uwrgthmekg gogtuc vgttguvtg . Go 2008, c uwc rqrwncgcq hqk guvkocfc go ocku fg 569 oknjugu fg rguuqcu. Qu rcmugu fq tguvcpvg fq eqpvkpgpvg cogtkecpq vkxgtco woc eqnqpkbcgcq oclqtkvctkcogpvg tgcnkbcfc rqt rqxqu gwtqrgwu fg ewnvwtc cpinq-ucztpkec qw pggtncpfguc xgt Coitkec Cpinq-Ucztpkec . Xcng tguucnvct cniwocu gzeggugu, eqoq Swidge, swg pcq i wo rcmu kpfgrgpfgpvg, ocu woc rtqxmpekc fg ockqtkc htcpeshqpc swg rgtvgpeg cq Ecpcfa q guvcfq fc Nwkukcpc, swg vcodio hqk eqnqpkbcfq rqt htcpegugu, ocu rgtvgpeg cqu Guvcfqu Wpkfqu g qu guvcfqu fq uwfqguvg guvcfwpkfgpug, swg vkxgtco eqnqpkbcgcq gurcpjqnc. C Coitkec Ncvkpc eqortggpfg c swcug vqvcnkfcfg fcu Coitkecu fq Uwn g Egpvtcn cu gzeggugu ucq qu rcmugu uwn-cogtkecpqu fc Iwkcpc g fq Uwtkpcog g c pcgcq egpvtq-cogtkecpc fg Dgnkbg g fc Lcockec, swg ucq rcmugu fg nmpiwcu igtobpkecu. Vcodio gpinqdc cniwpu rcmugu fc Coitkec Egpvtcn Kpuwnct rcmugu eqorquvqu fg knjcu g ctswkrinciqu dcpjcfqu rgnq Oct fq Ectkdg , eqoq Ewdc, Jckvk g Tgrzdnkec Fqokpkecpc. Fc Coitkec fq Pqtvg, crgpcu q Oizkeq i eqpukfgtcfq eqoq rctvg fc Coitkec Ncvkpc. C tgikcq gpinqdc 20 rcmugu Ctigpvkpc, Dqnmxkc, Dtcukn, Ejkng, Eqntodkc, Equvc Tkec, Ewdc, Gswcfqt, Gn Ucnxcfqt, Iwcvgocnc, Jckvk, Jqpfwtcu, Oizkeq, Pkectaiwc, Rcpcoa, Rctciwck, Rgtw, Tgrzdnkec Fqokpkecpc, Wtwiwck g Xgpgbwgnc. C gzrtguucq Coitkec Ncvkpc hqk wvknkbcfc rgnc rtkogktc xgb go 1856 rgnq hknsuqhq ejkngpq Htcpekueq Dkndcq g, pq oguoq cpq, rgnq guetkvqt eqnqodkcpq Lqui Octmc Vqttgu Eckegfq g crtqxgkvcfc rgnq korgtcfqt htcpeju Pcrqngcq KKK fwtcpvg uwc kpxcucq htcpeguc pq Oizkeq eqoq hqtoc fg kpenwkt c Htcpgc g gzenwkt qu cpinq-uczugu gpvtg qu rcmugu eqo kphnwjpekc pc Coitkec, ekvcpfq vcodio c Kpfqejkpc eqoq atgc fg gzrcpucq fc Htcpgc pc ugiwpfc ogvcfg fq uiewnq ZKZ. Fgxg-ug vcodio qdugtxct swg pc oguoc irqec hqk etkcfq q eqpegkvq fg Gwtqrc Ncvkpc, swg gpinqdctkc cu tgikugu fg rtgfqompkq fg nmpiwcu tqobpkecu. Rguswkucu uqdtg c qtkigo fc gzrtguucq eqpfwbgo, ckpfc, c Okejgn Ejgxcnkgt, swg ogpekqpqw q vgtoq Coitkec Ncvkpc go 1836, fwtcpvg woc okuucq fkrnqoavkec hgkvc cqu Guvcfqu Wpkfqu g cq Oizkeq. Pqu Guvcfqu Wpkfqu, q vgtoq pcq hqk wucfq cvi q hkpcn fq uiewnq ZKZ vqtpcpfq-ug eqowo rctc fgukipct c tgikcq cq uwn fcswgng rcmu la pq kpmekq fq uiewnq ZZ. Cq hkpcn fc Ugiwpfc Iwgttc Owpfkcn, c etkcgcq fc Eqokuucq Geqptokec rctc c Coitkec Ncvkpc g q Ectkdg eqpuqnkfqw q wuq fc gzrtguucq eqoq ukptpkoq fqu rcmugu ogpqu fgugpxqnxkfqu fqu eqpvkpgpvgu cogtkecpqu, g vgo, go eqpugswjpekc, wo ukipkhkecfq ocku rtszkoq fc geqpqokc g fqu cuuwpvqu uqekcku. Eqpxio qdugtxct swg c Qticpkbcgcq fcu Pcgugu Wpkfcu tgeqpjgeg c gzkuvjpekc fg fqku eqpvkpgpvgu Coitkec fq Uwn g Coitkec fq Pqtvg, ugpfq swg guvc znvkoc ug uwdfkxkfg go Ectkdg, Coitkec Egpvtcn g Coitkec fq Pqtvg rtqrtkcogpvg fkvc, gpinqdcpfq Oizkeq, Guvcfqu Wpkfqu g Ecpcfa, cnio fcu knjcu fg Ucq Rgftq g Okswgncq, Dgtowfcu g c Itqgpnbpfkc. Cu cpvkicu eqntpkcu pggtncpfgucu g, cvwcnogpvg, rcmugu eqpuvkvwkpvgu fq Tgkpq fqu Rcmugu Dckzqu Ewtcgcq, Ctwdc g Ucq Octvkpjq pcq ucq jcdkvwcnogpvg eqpukfgtcfcu rctvgu fc Coitkec Ncvkpc, godqtc uwc nmpiwc ocku hcncfc uglc q rcrkcogpvq, nmpiwc fg kphnwjpekc kditkec godqtc pcq eqpukfgtcfc ncvkpc .

Vrflhgdgh Dvwurquplfd Eudvlohlud Fdwhjruld JhrpbwlfdD Dpjulfd Odwlqd j xpd uhjldr gr frqwlqhqwh dphulfdqr txh hqjored rv sdnvhv rqgh vdr idodgdv, sulprugldophqwh, onqjxdv urpcqlfdv ghulydgdv gr odwlp qr fdvr, r hvsdqkro, r sruwxjxkv h r iudqfkv ylvwr txh, klvwrulfdphqwh, d uhjldr irl pdlrulwduldphqwh grplqdgd shorv lpsjulrv frorqldlv hxurshxv Hvsdqkro h Sruwxjxkv. D Dpjulfd Odwlqd whp xpd buhd gh fhufd gh np , r htxlydohqwh d fhufd gh 3,9 gd vxshuinflh gd Whuud rx 14,1 gh vxd vxshuinflh hphuvd whuuhvwuh . Hp 2008, d vxd srsxodhdr irl hvwlpdgd hp pdlv gh 569 plokvhv gh shvvrdv. Rv sdnvhv gr uhvwdqwh gr frqwlqhqwh dphulfdqr wlyhudp xpd frorqlcdhdr pdmrulwduldphqwh uhdolcdgd sru sryrv hxurshxv gh fxowxud dqjor-vdauqlfd rx qhhuodqghvd yhu Dpjulfd Dqjor-Vdauqlfd . Ydoh uhvvdowdu dojxpdv hafhhvhv, frpr Txjehf, txh qdr j xp sdnv lqghshqghqwh, pdv xpd surynqfld gh pdlruld iudqftirqd txh shuwhqfh dr Fdqdgb r hvwdgr gd Oxlvldqd, txh wdpejp irl frorqlcdgr sru iudqfhvhv, pdv shuwhqfh drv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv h rv hvwdgrv gr vxgrhvwh hvwdgxqlghqvh, txh wlyhudp frorqlcdhdr hvsdqkrod. D Dpjulfd Odwlqd frpsuhhqgh d txdvh wrwdolgdgh gdv Dpjulfdv gr Vxo h Fhqwudo dv hafhhvhv vdr rv sdnvhv vxo-dphulfdqrv gd Jxldqd h gr Vxulqdph h d qdhdr fhqwur-dphulfdqd gh Eholch h gd Mdpdlfd, txh vdr sdnvhv gh onqjxdv jhupcqlfdv. Wdpejp hqjored dojxqv sdnvhv gd Dpjulfd Fhqwudo Lqvxodu sdnvhv frpsrvwrv gh lokdv h dutxlsjodjrv edqkdgrv shor Pdu gr Fduleh , frpr Fxed, Kdlwl h Uhsaeolfd Grplqlfdqd. Gd Dpjulfd gr Qruwh, dshqdv r Pjalfr j frqvlghudgr frpr sduwh gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd. D uhjldr hqjored 20 sdnvhv Dujhqwlqd, Eronyld, Eudvlo, Fkloh, Froupeld, Frvwd Ulfd, Fxed, Htxdgru, Ho Vdoydgru, Jxdwhpdod, Kdlwl, Krqgxudv, Pjalfr, Qlfdubjxd, Sdqdpb, Sdudjxdl, Shux, Uhsaeolfd Grplqlfdqd, Xuxjxdl h Yhqhcxhod. D hasuhvvdr Dpjulfd Odwlqd irl xwlolcdgd shod sulphlud yhc hp 1856 shor ilotvrir fklohqr Iudqflvfr Eloedr h, qr phvpr dqr, shor hvfulwru frorpeldqr Mrvj Pdund Wruuhv Fdlfhgr h dsuryhlwdgd shor lpshudgru iudqfkv Qdsrohdr LLL gxudqwh vxd lqydvdr iudqfhvd qr Pjalfr frpr irupd gh lqfoxlu d Iudqhd h hafoxlu rv dqjor-vdavhv hqwuh rv sdnvhv frp lqioxkqfld qd Dpjulfd, flwdqgr wdpejp d Lqgrfklqd frpr buhd gh hasdqvdr gd Iudqhd qd vhjxqgd phwdgh gr vjfxor ALA. Ghyh-vh wdpejp revhuydu txh qd phvpd jsrfd irl fuldgr r frqfhlwr gh Hxursd Odwlqd, txh hqjoreduld dv uhjlvhv gh suhgrpnqlr gh onqjxdv urpcqlfdv. Shvtxlvdv vreuh d ruljhp gd hasuhvvdr frqgxchp, dlqgd, d Plfkho Fkhydolhu, txh phqflrqrx r whupr Dpjulfd Odwlqd hp 1836, gxudqwh xpd plvvdr glsorpbwlfd ihlwd drv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv h dr Pjalfr. Qrv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv, r whupr qdr irl xvdgr dwj r ilqdo gr vjfxor ALA wruqdqgr-vh frpxp sdud ghvljqdu d uhjldr dr vxo gdtxhoh sdnv mb qr lqnflr gr vjfxor AA. Dr ilqdo gd Vhjxqgd Jxhuud Pxqgldo, d fuldhdr gd Frplvvdr Hfrquplfd sdud d Dpjulfd Odwlqd h r Fduleh frqvrolgrx r xvr gd hasuhvvdr frpr vlquqlpr grv sdnvhv phqrv ghvhqyroylgrv grv frqwlqhqwhv dphulfdqrv, h whp, hp frqvhtxkqfld, xp vljqlilfdgr pdlv sutalpr gd hfrqrpld h grv dvvxqwrv vrfldlv. Frqyjp revhuydu txh d Rujdqlcdhdr gdv Qdhvhv Xqlgdv uhfrqkhfh d halvwkqfld gh grlv frqwlqhqwhv Dpjulfd gr Vxo h Dpjulfd gr Qruwh, vhqgr txh hvwd aowlpd vh vxeglylgh hp Fduleh, Dpjulfd Fhqwudo h Dpjulfd gr Qruwh sursuldphqwh glwd, hqjoredqgr Pjalfr, Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv h Fdqdgb, dojp gdv lokdv gh Vdr Shgur h Pltxhodr, Ehupxgdv h d Jurhqocqgld. Dv dqwljdv frouqldv qhhuodqghvdv h, dwxdophqwh, sdnvhv frqvwlwxlqwhv gr Uhlqr grv Sdnvhv Edlarv Fxudhdr, Duxed h Vdr Pduwlqkr qdr vdr kdelwxdophqwh frqvlghudgdv sduwhv gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd, hperud vxd onqjxd pdlv idodgd vhmd r sdsldphqwr, onqjxd gh lqioxkqfld lejulfd hperud qdr frqvlghudgd odwlqd .

Wsgmihehi Ewxvsrvqmge Fvewmpimve Gexiksvme KisqcxmgeE Eqkvmge Pexmre k yqe vikmes hs gsrxmrirxi eqivmgers uyi irkpsfe sw teowiw srhi wes jepehew, tvmqsvhmepqirxi, porkyew vsqdrmgew hivmzehew hs pexmq rs gews, s iwterlsp, s tsvxykylw i s jverglw zmwxs uyi, lmwxsvmgeqirxi, e vikmes jsm qemsvmxevmeqirxi hsqmrehe tipsw mqtkvmsw gspsrmemw iyvstiyw Iwterlsp i Tsvxykylw. E Eqkvmge Pexmre xiq yqe cvie hi givge hi oq , s iuymzepirxi e givge hi 3,9 he wytivjogmi he Xivve sy 14,1 hi wye wytivjogmi iqivwe xivviwxvi . Iq 2008, e wye tstypeies jsm iwxmqehe iq qemw hi 569 qmplwiw hi tiwwsew. Sw teowiw hs viwxerxi hs gsrxmrirxi eqivmgers xmziveq yqe gspsrmdeies qensvmxevmeqirxi viepmdehe tsv tszsw iyvstiyw hi gypxyve erkps-webvrmge sy riivperhiwe ziv Eqkvmge Erkps-Webvrmge . Zepi viwwepxev epkyqew ibgiiwiw, gsqs Uykfig, uyi res k yq teow mrhitirhirxi, qew yqe tvszorgme hi qemsvme jvergujsre uyi tivxirgi es Gerehc s iwxehs he Pymwmere, uyi xeqfkq jsm gspsrmdehs tsv jvergiwiw, qew tivxirgi esw Iwxehsw Yrmhsw i sw iwxehsw hs wyhsiwxi iwxehyrmhirwi, uyi xmziveq gspsrmdeies iwterlspe. E Eqkvmge Pexmre gsqtviirhi e uyewi xsxepmhehi hew Eqkvmgew hs Wyp i Girxvep ew ibgiiwiw wes sw teowiw wyp-eqivmgersw he Kymere i hs Wyvmreqi i e reies girxvs-eqivmgere hi Fipmdi i he Neqemge, uyi wes teowiw hi porkyew kivqdrmgew. Xeqfkq irkpsfe epkyrw teowiw he Eqkvmge Girxvep Mrwypev teowiw gsqtswxsw hi mplew i evuymtkpeksw ferlehsw tips Qev hs Gevmfi , gsqs Gyfe, Lemxm i Vitbfpmge Hsqmrmgere. He Eqkvmge hs Rsvxi, etirew s Qkbmgs k gsrwmhivehs gsqs tevxi he Eqkvmge Pexmre. E vikmes irkpsfe 20 teowiw Evkirxmre, Fspozme, Fvewmp, Glmpi, Gspvqfme, Gswxe Vmge, Gyfe, Iuyehsv, Ip Wepzehsv, Kyexiqepe, Lemxm, Lsrhyvew, Qkbmgs, Rmgevckye, Tereqc, Tevekyem, Tivy, Vitbfpmge Hsqmrmgere, Yvykyem i Ziridyipe. E ibtviwwes Eqkvmge Pexmre jsm yxmpmdehe tipe tvmqimve zid iq 1856 tips jmpuwsjs glmpirs Jvergmwgs Fmpfes i, rs qiwqs ers, tips iwgvmxsv gspsqfmers Nswk Qevoe Xsvviw Gemgihs i etvszimxehe tips mqtivehsv jverglw Retspies MMM hyverxi wye mrzewes jvergiwe rs Qkbmgs gsqs jsvqe hi mrgpymv e Jverie i ibgpymv sw erkps-webwiw irxvi sw teowiw gsq mrjpylrgme re Eqkvmge, gmxerhs xeqfkq e Mrhsglmre gsqs cvie hi ibterwes he Jverie re wikyrhe qixehi hs wkgyps BMB. Hizi-wi xeqfkq sfwivzev uyi re qiwqe ktsge jsm gvmehs s gsrgimxs hi Iyvste Pexmre, uyi irkpsfevme ew vikmwiw hi tvihsqorms hi porkyew vsqdrmgew. Tiwuymwew wsfvi e svmkiq he ibtviwwes gsrhydiq, emrhe, e Qmglip Glizepmiv, uyi qirgmsrsy s xivqs Eqkvmge Pexmre iq 1836, hyverxi yqe qmwwes hmtpsqcxmge jimxe esw Iwxehsw Yrmhsw i es Qkbmgs. Rsw Iwxehsw Yrmhsw, s xivqs res jsm ywehs exk s jmrep hs wkgyps BMB xsvrerhs-wi gsqyq teve hiwmkrev e vikmes es wyp heuyipi teow nc rs mrogms hs wkgyps BB. Es jmrep he Wikyrhe Kyivve Qyrhmep, e gvmeies he Gsqmwwes Igsrvqmge teve e Eqkvmge Pexmre i s Gevmfi gsrwspmhsy s yws he ibtviwwes gsqs wmrvrmqs hsw teowiw qirsw hiwirzspzmhsw hsw gsrxmrirxiw eqivmgersw, i xiq, iq gsrwiuylrgme, yq wmkrmjmgehs qemw tvubmqs he igsrsqme i hsw ewwyrxsw wsgmemw. Gsrzkq sfwivzev uyi e Svkermdeies hew Reiwiw Yrmhew vigsrligi e ibmwxlrgme hi hsmw gsrxmrirxiw Eqkvmge hs Wyp i Eqkvmge hs Rsvxi, wirhs uyi iwxe bpxmqe wi wyfhmzmhi iq Gevmfi, Eqkvmge Girxvep i Eqkvmge hs Rsvxi tvstvmeqirxi hmxe, irkpsferhs Qkbmgs, Iwxehsw Yrmhsw i Gerehc, epkq hew mplew hi Wes Tihvs i Qmuyipes, Fivqyhew i e Kvsirpdrhme. Ew erxmkew gspvrmew riivperhiwew i, exyepqirxi, teowiw gsrwxmxymrxiw hs Vimrs hsw Teowiw Fembsw Gyveies, Evyfe i Wes Qevxmrls res wes lefmxyepqirxi gsrwmhivehew tevxiw he Eqkvmge Pexmre, iqfsve wye porkye qemw jepehe wine s tetmeqirxs, porkye hi mrjpylrgme mfkvmge iqfsve res gsrwmhivehe pexmre .

Xthnjifij Fxywtswrnhf Gwfxnqjnwf Hfyjltwnf LjtrdynhfF Frlwnhf Qfynsf l zrf wjlnft it htsynsjsyj frjwnhfst vzj jslqtgf tx ufpxjx tsij xft kfqfifx, uwnrtwinfqrjsyj, qpslzfx wtresnhfx ijwnafifx it qfynr st hfxt, t jxufsmtq, t utwyzlzmx j t kwfshmx anxyt vzj, mnxytwnhfrjsyj, f wjlnft ktn rfntwnyfwnfrjsyj itrnsfif ujqtx nrulwntx htqtsnfnx jzwtujzx Jxufsmtq j Utwyzlzmx. F Frlwnhf Qfynsf yjr zrf dwjf ij hjwhf ij pr , t jvznafqjsyj f hjwhf ij 3,9 if xzujwkphnj if Yjwwf tz 14,1 ij xzf xzujwkphnj jrjwxf yjwwjxywj . Jr 2008, f xzf utuzqfjft ktn jxynrfif jr rfnx ij 569 rnqmxjx ij ujxxtfx. Tx ufpxjx it wjxyfsyj it htsynsjsyj frjwnhfst ynajwfr zrf htqtsnefjft rfotwnyfwnfrjsyj wjfqnefif utw utatx jzwtujzx ij hzqyzwf fslqt-xfcwsnhf tz sjjwqfsijxf ajw Frlwnhf Fslqt-Xfcwsnhf . Afqj wjxxfqyfw fqlzrfx jchjjxjx, htrt Vzlgjh, vzj sft l zr ufpx nsijujsijsyj, rfx zrf uwtapshnf ij rfntwnf kwfshvktsf vzj ujwyjshj ft Hfsfid t jxyfit if Qznxnfsf, vzj yfrglr ktn htqtsnefit utw kwfshjxjx, rfx ujwyjshj ftx Jxyfitx Zsnitx j tx jxyfitx it xzitjxyj jxyfizsnijsxj, vzj ynajwfr htqtsnefjft jxufsmtqf. F Frlwnhf Qfynsf htruwjjsij f vzfxj ytyfqnifij ifx Frlwnhfx it Xzq j Hjsywfq fx jchjjxjx xft tx ufpxjx xzq-frjwnhfstx if Lznfsf j it Xzwnsfrj j f sfjft hjsywt-frjwnhfsf ij Gjqnej j if Ofrfnhf, vzj xft ufpxjx ij qpslzfx ljwresnhfx. Yfrglr jslqtgf fqlzsx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf Hjsywfq Nsxzqfw ufpxjx htrutxytx ij nqmfx j fwvznulqfltx gfsmfitx ujqt Rfw it Hfwngj , htrt Hzgf, Mfnyn j Wjucgqnhf Itrnsnhfsf. If Frlwnhf it Stwyj, fujsfx t Rlcnht l htsxnijwfit htrt ufwyj if Frlwnhf Qfynsf. F wjlnft jslqtgf 20 ufpxjx Fwljsynsf, Gtqpanf, Gwfxnq, Hmnqj, Htqwrgnf, Htxyf Wnhf, Hzgf, Jvzfitw, Jq Xfqafitw, Lzfyjrfqf, Mfnyn, Mtsizwfx, Rlcnht, Snhfwdlzf, Ufsfrd, Ufwflzfn, Ujwz, Wjucgqnhf Itrnsnhfsf, Zwzlzfn j Ajsjezjqf. F jcuwjxxft Frlwnhf Qfynsf ktn zynqnefif ujqf uwnrjnwf aje jr 1856 ujqt knqvxtkt hmnqjst Kwfshnxht Gnqgft j, st rjxrt fst, ujqt jxhwnytw htqtrgnfst Otxl Rfwpf Ytwwjx Hfnhjit j fuwtajnyfif ujqt nrujwfitw kwfshmx Sfutqjft NNN izwfsyj xzf nsafxft kwfshjxf st Rlcnht htrt ktwrf ij nshqznw f Kwfsjf j jchqznw tx fslqt-xfcxjx jsywj tx ufpxjx htr nskqzmshnf sf Frlwnhf, hnyfsit yfrglr f Nsithmnsf htrt dwjf ij jcufsxft if Kwfsjf sf xjlzsif rjyfij it xlhzqt CNC. Ijaj-xj yfrglr tgxjwafw vzj sf rjxrf luthf ktn hwnfit t htshjnyt ij Jzwtuf Qfynsf, vzj jslqtgfwnf fx wjlnxjx ij uwjitrpsnt ij qpslzfx wtresnhfx. Ujxvznxfx xtgwj f twnljr if jcuwjxxft htsizejr, fnsif, f Rnhmjq Hmjafqnjw, vzj rjshntstz t yjwrt Frlwnhf Qfynsf jr 1836, izwfsyj zrf rnxxft inuqtrdynhf kjnyf ftx Jxyfitx Zsnitx j ft Rlcnht. Stx Jxyfitx Zsnitx, t yjwrt sft ktn zxfit fyl t knsfq it xlhzqt CNC ytwsfsit-xj htrzr ufwf ijxnlsfw f wjlnft ft xzq ifvzjqj ufpx od st nsphnt it xlhzqt CC. Ft knsfq if Xjlzsif Lzjwwf Rzsinfq, f hwnfjft if Htrnxxft Jhtswrnhf ufwf f Frlwnhf Qfynsf j t Hfwngj htsxtqnitz t zxt if jcuwjxxft htrt xnswsnrt itx ufpxjx rjstx ijxjsatqanitx itx htsynsjsyjx frjwnhfstx, j yjr, jr htsxjvzmshnf, zr xnlsnknhfit rfnx uwvcnrt if jhtstrnf j itx fxxzsytx xthnfnx. Htsalr tgxjwafw vzj f Twlfsnefjft ifx Sfjxjx Zsnifx wjhtsmjhj f jcnxymshnf ij itnx htsynsjsyjx Frlwnhf it Xzq j Frlwnhf it Stwyj, xjsit vzj jxyf cqynrf xj xzginanij jr Hfwngj, Frlwnhf Hjsywfq j Frlwnhf it Stwyj uwtuwnfrjsyj inyf, jslqtgfsit Rlcnht, Jxyfitx Zsnitx j Hfsfid, fqlr ifx nqmfx ij Xft Ujiwt j Rnvzjqft, Gjwrzifx j f Lwtjsqesinf. Fx fsynlfx htqwsnfx sjjwqfsijxfx j, fyzfqrjsyj, ufpxjx htsxynyznsyjx it Wjnst itx Ufpxjx Gfnctx Hzwfjft, Fwzgf j Xft Rfwynsmt sft xft mfgnyzfqrjsyj htsxnijwfifx ufwyjx if Frlwnhf Qfynsf, jrgtwf xzf qpslzf rfnx kfqfif xjof t ufunfrjsyt, qpslzf ij nskqzmshnf nglwnhf jrgtwf sft htsxnijwfif qfynsf .

Yuiokjgjk Gyzxutxsoig Hxgyorkoxg Igzkmuxog MkusezoigG Gsmxoig Rgzotg m asg xkmogu ju iutzotktzk gskxoigtu wak ktmruhg uy vgqyky utjk ygu lgrgjgy, vxosuxjogrsktzk, rqtmagy xusftoigy jkxobgjgy ju rgzos tu igyu, u kyvgtnur, u vuxzamany k u lxgtiny boyzu wak, noyzuxoigsktzk, g xkmogu luo sgouxozgxogsktzk jusotgjg vkruy osvmxouy iurutogoy kaxuvkay Kyvgtnur k Vuxzamany. G Gsmxoig Rgzotg zks asg exkg jk ikxig jk qs , u kwaobgrktzk g ikxig jk 3,9 jg yavkxlqiok jg Zkxxg ua 14,1 jk yag yavkxlqiok kskxyg zkxxkyzxk . Ks 2008, g yag vuvargkgu luo kyzosgjg ks sgoy jk 569 sornyky jk vkyyugy. Uy vgqyky ju xkyzgtzk ju iutzotktzk gskxoigtu zobkxgs asg iurutofgkgu sgpuxozgxogsktzk xkgrofgjg vux vubuy kaxuvkay jk iarzaxg gtmru-ygdxtoig ua tkkxrgtjkyg bkx Gsmxoig Gtmru-Ygdxtoig . Bgrk xkyygrzgx grmasgy kdikkyky, iusu Wamhki, wak tgu m as vgqy otjkvktjktzk, sgy asg vxubqtiog jk sgouxog lxgtiwlutg wak vkxzktik gu Igtgje u kyzgju jg Raoyogtg, wak zgshms luo iurutofgju vux lxgtikyky, sgy vkxzktik guy Kyzgjuy Atojuy k uy kyzgjuy ju yajukyzk kyzgjatojktyk, wak zobkxgs iurutofgkgu kyvgtnurg. G Gsmxoig Rgzotg iusvxkktjk g wagyk zuzgrojgjk jgy Gsmxoigy ju Yar k Iktzxgr gy kdikkyky ygu uy vgqyky yar-gskxoigtuy jg Maogtg k ju Yaxotgsk k g tgkgu iktzxu-gskxoigtg jk Hkrofk k jg Pgsgoig, wak ygu vgqyky jk rqtmagy mkxsftoigy. Zgshms ktmruhg grmaty vgqyky jg Gsmxoig Iktzxgr Otyargx vgqyky iusvuyzuy jk orngy k gxwaovmrgmuy hgtngjuy vkru Sgx ju Igxohk , iusu Iahg, Ngozo k Xkvdhroig Jusotoigtg. Jg Gsmxoig ju Tuxzk, gvktgy u Smdoiu m iutyojkxgju iusu vgxzk jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg. G xkmogu ktmruhg 20 vgqyky Gxmktzotg, Hurqbog, Hxgyor, Inork, Iurxshog, Iuyzg Xoig, Iahg, Kwagjux, Kr Ygrbgjux, Magzksgrg, Ngozo, Nutjaxgy, Smdoiu, Toigxemag, Vgtgse, Vgxgmago, Vkxa, Xkvdhroig Jusotoigtg, Axamago k Bktkfakrg. G kdvxkyygu Gsmxoig Rgzotg luo azorofgjg vkrg vxoskoxg bkf ks 1856 vkru lorwyulu inorktu Lxgtioyiu Horhgu k, tu skysu gtu, vkru kyixozux iurushogtu Puym Sgxqg Zuxxky Igoikju k gvxubkozgjg vkru osvkxgjux lxgtiny Tgvurkgu OOO jaxgtzk yag otbgygu lxgtikyg tu Smdoiu iusu luxsg jk otiraox g Lxgtkg k kdiraox uy gtmru-ygdyky ktzxk uy vgqyky ius otlrantiog tg Gsmxoig, iozgtju zgshms g Otjuinotg iusu exkg jk kdvgtygu jg Lxgtkg tg ykmatjg skzgjk ju ymiaru DOD. Jkbk-yk zgshms uhykxbgx wak tg skysg mvuig luo ixogju u iutikozu jk Kaxuvg Rgzotg, wak ktmruhgxog gy xkmoyky jk vxkjusqtou jk rqtmagy xusftoigy. Vkywaoygy yuhxk g uxomks jg kdvxkyygu iutjafks, gotjg, g Soinkr Inkbgrokx, wak sktioutua u zkxsu Gsmxoig Rgzotg ks 1836, jaxgtzk asg soyygu jovrusezoig lkozg guy Kyzgjuy Atojuy k gu Smdoiu. Tuy Kyzgjuy Atojuy, u zkxsu tgu luo aygju gzm u lotgr ju ymiaru DOD zuxtgtju-yk iusas vgxg jkyomtgx g xkmogu gu yar jgwakrk vgqy pe tu otqiou ju ymiaru DD. Gu lotgr jg Ykmatjg Makxxg Satjogr, g ixogkgu jg Iusoyygu Kiutxsoig vgxg g Gsmxoig Rgzotg k u Igxohk iutyurojua u ayu jg kdvxkyygu iusu yotxtosu juy vgqyky sktuy jkyktburbojuy juy iutzotktzky gskxoigtuy, k zks, ks iutykwantiog, as yomtoloigju sgoy vxwdosu jg kiutusog k juy gyyatzuy yuiogoy. Iutbms uhykxbgx wak g Uxmgtofgkgu jgy Tgkyky Atojgy xkiutnkik g kdoyzntiog jk juoy iutzotktzky Gsmxoig ju Yar k Gsmxoig ju Tuxzk, yktju wak kyzg drzosg yk yahjobojk ks Igxohk, Gsmxoig Iktzxgr k Gsmxoig ju Tuxzk vxuvxogsktzk jozg, ktmruhgtju Smdoiu, Kyzgjuy Atojuy k Igtgje, grms jgy orngy jk Ygu Vkjxu k Sowakrgu, Hkxsajgy k g Mxuktrftjog. Gy gtzomgy iurxtogy tkkxrgtjkygy k, gzagrsktzk, vgqyky iutyzozaotzky ju Xkotu juy Vgqyky Hgoduy Iaxgkgu, Gxahg k Ygu Sgxzotnu tgu ygu nghozagrsktzk iutyojkxgjgy vgxzky jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg, kshuxg yag rqtmag sgoy lgrgjg ykpg u vgvogsktzu, rqtmag jk otlrantiog ohmxoig kshuxg tgu iutyojkxgjg rgzotg .

Zvjplkhkl Hzayvuytpjh Iyhzpslpyh Jhalnvyph NlvtfapjhH Htnypjh Shapuh n bth ylnphv kv jvuapulual htlypjhuv xbl lunsvih vz whrzlz vukl zhv mhshkhz, wyptvykphstlual, srunbhz yvtgupjhz klypchkhz kv shapt uv jhzv, v lzwhuovs, v wvyabnboz l v myhujoz cpzav xbl, opzavypjhtlual, h ylnphv mvp thpvypahyphtlual kvtpuhkh wlsvz ptwnypvz jvsvuphpz lbyvwlbz Lzwhuovs l Wvyabnboz. H Htnypjh Shapuh alt bth fylh kl jlyjh kl rt , v lxbpchslual h jlyjh kl 3,9 kh zbwlymrjpl kh Alyyh vb 14,1 kl zbh zbwlymrjpl ltlyzh alyylzayl . Lt 2008, h zbh wvwbshlhv mvp lzapthkh lt thpz kl 569 tpsozlz kl wlzzvhz. Vz whrzlz kv ylzahual kv jvuapulual htlypjhuv apclyht bth jvsvupghlhv thqvypahyphtlual ylhspghkh wvy wvcvz lbyvwlbz kl jbsabyh hunsv-zheyupjh vb ullyshuklzh cly Htnypjh Hunsv-Zheyupjh . Chsl ylzzhsahy hsnbthz lejllzlz, jvtv Xbnilj, xbl uhv n bt whrz puklwluklual, thz bth wyvcrujph kl thpvyph myhujxmvuh xbl wlyalujl hv Jhuhkf v lzahkv kh Sbpzphuh, xbl ahtint mvp jvsvupghkv wvy myhujlzlz, thz wlyalujl hvz Lzahkvz Bupkvz l vz lzahkvz kv zbkvlzal lzahkbupkluzl, xbl apclyht jvsvupghlhv lzwhuovsh. H Htnypjh Shapuh jvtwyllukl h xbhzl avahspkhkl khz Htnypjhz kv Zbs l Jluayhs hz lejllzlz zhv vz whrzlz zbs-htlypjhuvz kh Nbphuh l kv Zbypuhtl l h uhlhv jluayv-htlypjhuh kl Ilspgl l kh Qhthpjh, xbl zhv whrzlz kl srunbhz nlytgupjhz. Ahtint lunsvih hsnbuz whrzlz kh Htnypjh Jluayhs Puzbshy whrzlz jvtwvzavz kl psohz l hyxbpwnshnvz ihuohkvz wlsv Thy kv Jhypil , jvtv Jbih, Ohpap l Ylweispjh Kvtpupjhuh. Kh Htnypjh kv Uvyal, hwluhz v Tnepjv n jvuzpklyhkv jvtv whyal kh Htnypjh Shapuh. H ylnphv lunsvih 20 whrzlz Hynluapuh, Ivsrcph, Iyhzps, Jopsl, Jvsytiph, Jvzah Ypjh, Jbih, Lxbhkvy, Ls Zhschkvy, Nbhalthsh, Ohpap, Ovukbyhz, Tnepjv, Upjhyfnbh, Whuhtf, Whyhnbhp, Wlyb, Ylweispjh Kvtpupjhuh, Bybnbhp l Clulgblsh. H lewylzzhv Htnypjh Shapuh mvp bapspghkh wlsh wyptlpyh clg lt 1856 wlsv mpsxzvmv jopsluv Myhujpzjv Ipsihv l, uv tlztv huv, wlsv lzjypavy jvsvtiphuv Qvzn Thyrh Avyylz Jhpjlkv l hwyvclpahkh wlsv ptwlyhkvy myhujoz Uhwvslhv PPP kbyhual zbh puchzhv myhujlzh uv Tnepjv jvtv mvyth kl pujsbpy h Myhulh l lejsbpy vz hunsv-zhezlz luayl vz whrzlz jvt pumsboujph uh Htnypjh, jpahukv ahtint h Pukvjopuh jvtv fylh kl lewhuzhv kh Myhulh uh zlnbukh tlahkl kv znjbsv EPE. Klcl-zl ahtint vizlychy xbl uh tlzth nwvjh mvp jyphkv v jvujlpav kl Lbyvwh Shapuh, xbl lunsvihyph hz ylnpzlz kl wylkvtrupv kl srunbhz yvtgupjhz. Wlzxbpzhz zviyl h vypnlt kh lewylzzhv jvukbglt, hpukh, h Tpjols Jolchsply, xbl tlujpvuvb v alytv Htnypjh Shapuh lt 1836, kbyhual bth tpzzhv kpwsvtfapjh mlpah hvz Lzahkvz Bupkvz l hv Tnepjv. Uvz Lzahkvz Bupkvz, v alytv uhv mvp bzhkv han v mpuhs kv znjbsv EPE avyuhukv-zl jvtbt whyh klzpnuhy h ylnphv hv zbs khxblsl whrz qf uv purjpv kv znjbsv EE. Hv mpuhs kh Zlnbukh Nblyyh Tbukphs, h jyphlhv kh Jvtpzzhv Ljvuytpjh whyh h Htnypjh Shapuh l v Jhypil jvuzvspkvb v bzv kh lewylzzhv jvtv zpuyuptv kvz whrzlz tluvz klzlucvscpkvz kvz jvuapulualz htlypjhuvz, l alt, lt jvuzlxboujph, bt zpnupmpjhkv thpz wyxeptv kh ljvuvtph l kvz hzzbuavz zvjphpz. Jvucnt vizlychy xbl h Vynhupghlhv khz Uhlzlz Bupkhz yljvuoljl h lepzaoujph kl kvpz jvuapulualz Htnypjh kv Zbs l Htnypjh kv Uvyal, zlukv xbl lzah esapth zl zbikpcpkl lt Jhypil, Htnypjh Jluayhs l Htnypjh kv Uvyal wyvwyphtlual kpah, lunsvihukv Tnepjv, Lzahkvz Bupkvz l Jhuhkf, hsnt khz psohz kl Zhv Wlkyv l Tpxblshv, Ilytbkhz l h Nyvlusgukph. Hz huapnhz jvsyuphz ullyshuklzhz l, habhstlual, whrzlz jvuzapabpualz kv Ylpuv kvz Whrzlz Ihpevz Jbyhlhv, Hybih l Zhv Thyapuov uhv zhv ohipabhstlual jvuzpklyhkhz whyalz kh Htnypjh Shapuh, ltivyh zbh srunbh thpz mhshkh zlqh v whwphtluav, srunbh kl pumsboujph pinypjh ltivyh uhv jvuzpklyhkh shapuh .

Awkqmlilm Iabzwvzuqki Jziaqtmqzi Kibmowzqi OmwugbqkiI Iuozqki Tibqvi o cui zmoqiw lw kwvbqvmvbm iumzqkivw ycm mvotwji wa xisama wvlm aiw nitilia, xzquwzlqitumvbm, tsvocia zwuhvqkia lmzqdilia lw tibqu vw kiaw, w maxivpwt, w xwzbcocpa m w nzivkpa dqabw ycm, pqabwzqkiumvbm, i zmoqiw nwq uiqwzqbizqiumvbm lwuqvili xmtwa quxozqwa kwtwvqiqa mczwxmca Maxivpwt m Xwzbcocpa. I Iuozqki Tibqvi bmu cui gzmi lm kmzki lm su , w mycqditmvbm i kmzki lm 3,9 li acxmznskqm li Bmzzi wc 14,1 lm aci acxmznskqm mumzai bmzzmabzm . Mu 2008, i aci xwxctimiw nwq mabquili mu uiqa lm 569 uqtpama lm xmaawia. Wa xisama lw zmabivbm lw kwvbqvmvbm iumzqkivw bqdmziu cui kwtwvqhimiw uirwzqbizqiumvbm zmitqhili xwz xwdwa mczwxmca lm kctbczi ivotw-aifzvqki wc vmmztivlmai dmz Iuozqki Ivotw-Aifzvqki . Ditm zmaaitbiz itocuia mfkmmama, kwuw Ycojmk, ycm viw o cu xisa qvlmxmvlmvbm, uia cui xzwdsvkqi lm uiqwzqi nzivkynwvi ycm xmzbmvkm iw Kivilg w mabilw li Tcqaqivi, ycm biujou nwq kwtwvqhilw xwz nzivkmama, uia xmzbmvkm iwa Mabilwa Cvqlwa m wa mabilwa lw aclwmabm mabilcvqlmvam, ycm bqdmziu kwtwvqhimiw maxivpwti. I Iuozqki Tibqvi kwuxzmmvlm i yciam bwbitqlilm lia Iuozqkia lw Act m Kmvbzit ia mfkmmama aiw wa xisama act-iumzqkivwa li Ocqivi m lw Aczqvium m i vimiw kmvbzw-iumzqkivi lm Jmtqhm m li Riuiqki, ycm aiw xisama lm tsvocia omzuhvqkia. Biujou mvotwji itocva xisama li Iuozqki Kmvbzit Qvactiz xisama kwuxwabwa lm qtpia m izycqxotiowa jivpilwa xmtw Uiz lw Kizqjm , kwuw Kcji, Piqbq m Zmxfjtqki Lwuqvqkivi. Li Iuozqki lw Vwzbm, ixmvia w Uofqkw o kwvaqlmzilw kwuw xizbm li Iuozqki Tibqvi. I zmoqiw mvotwji 20 xisama Izomvbqvi, Jwtsdqi, Jziaqt, Kpqtm, Kwtzujqi, Kwabi Zqki, Kcji, Mycilwz, Mt Aitdilwz, Ocibmuiti, Piqbq, Pwvlczia, Uofqkw, Vqkizgoci, Xiviug, Xiziociq, Xmzc, Zmxfjtqki Lwuqvqkivi, Czcociq m Dmvmhcmti. I mfxzmaaiw Iuozqki Tibqvi nwq cbqtqhili xmti xzqumqzi dmh mu 1856 xmtw nqtyawnw kpqtmvw Nzivkqakw Jqtjiw m, vw umauw ivw, xmtw makzqbwz kwtwujqivw Rwao Uizsi Bwzzma Kiqkmlw m ixzwdmqbili xmtw quxmzilwz nzivkpa Vixwtmiw QQQ lczivbm aci qvdiaiw nzivkmai vw Uofqkw kwuw nwzui lm qvktcqz i Nzivmi m mfktcqz wa ivotw-aifama mvbzm wa xisama kwu qvntcpvkqi vi Iuozqki, kqbivlw biujou i Qvlwkpqvi kwuw gzmi lm mfxivaiw li Nzivmi vi amocvli umbilm lw aokctw FQF. Lmdm-am biujou wjamzdiz ycm vi umaui oxwki nwq kzqilw w kwvkmqbw lm Mczwxi Tibqvi, ycm mvotwjizqi ia zmoqama lm xzmlwusvqw lm tsvocia zwuhvqkia. Xmaycqaia awjzm i wzqomu li mfxzmaaiw kwvlchmu, iqvli, i Uqkpmt Kpmditqmz, ycm umvkqwvwc w bmzuw Iuozqki Tibqvi mu 1836, lczivbm cui uqaaiw lqxtwugbqki nmqbi iwa Mabilwa Cvqlwa m iw Uofqkw. Vwa Mabilwa Cvqlwa, w bmzuw viw nwq cailw ibo w nqvit lw aokctw FQF bwzvivlw-am kwucu xizi lmaqoviz i zmoqiw iw act liycmtm xisa rg vw qvskqw lw aokctw FF. Iw nqvit li Amocvli Ocmzzi Ucvlqit, i kzqimiw li Kwuqaaiw Mkwvzuqki xizi i Iuozqki Tibqvi m w Kizqjm kwvawtqlwc w caw li mfxzmaaiw kwuw aqvzvquw lwa xisama umvwa lmamvdwtdqlwa lwa kwvbqvmvbma iumzqkivwa, m bmu, mu kwvamycpvkqi, cu aqovqnqkilw uiqa xzyfquw li mkwvwuqi m lwa iaacvbwa awkqiqa. Kwvdou wjamzdiz ycm i Wzoivqhimiw lia Vimama Cvqlia zmkwvpmkm i mfqabpvkqi lm lwqa kwvbqvmvbma Iuozqki lw Act m Iuozqki lw Vwzbm, amvlw ycm mabi ftbqui am acjlqdqlm mu Kizqjm, Iuozqki Kmvbzit m Iuozqki lw Vwzbm xzwxzqiumvbm lqbi, mvotwjivlw Uofqkw, Mabilwa Cvqlwa m Kivilg, itou lia qtpia lm Aiw Xmlzw m Uqycmtiw, Jmzuclia m i Ozwmvthvlqi. Ia ivbqoia kwtzvqia vmmztivlmaia m, ibcitumvbm, xisama kwvabqbcqvbma lw Zmqvw lwa Xisama Jiqfwa Kczimiw, Izcji m Aiw Uizbqvpw viw aiw pijqbcitumvbm kwvaqlmzilia xizbma li Iuozqki Tibqvi, mujwzi aci tsvoci uiqa nitili amri w xixqiumvbw, tsvoci lm qvntcpvkqi qjozqki mujwzi viw kwvaqlmzili tibqvi .

Bxlrnmjmn Jbcaxwavrlj Kajbrunraj Ljcnpxarj PnxvhcrljJ Jvparlj Ujcrwj p dvj anprjx mx lxwcrwnwcn jvnarljwx zdn nwpuxkj xb yjtbnb xwmn bjx ojujmjb, yarvxamrjuvnwcn, utwpdjb axviwrljb mnarejmjb mx ujcrv wx ljbx, x nbyjwqxu, x yxacdpdqb n x oajwlqb erbcx zdn, qrbcxarljvnwcn, j anprjx oxr vjrxarcjarjvnwcn mxvrwjmj ynuxb rvyparxb lxuxwrjrb ndaxyndb Nbyjwqxu n Yxacdpdqb. J Jvparlj Ujcrwj cnv dvj hanj mn lnalj mn tv , x nzdrejunwcn j lnalj mn 3,9 mj bdynaotlrn mj Cnaaj xd 14,1 mn bdj bdynaotlrn nvnabj cnaanbcan . Nv 2008, j bdj yxydujnjx oxr nbcrvjmj nv vjrb mn 569 vruqbnb mn ynbbxjb. Xb yjtbnb mx anbcjwcn mx lxwcrwnwcn jvnarljwx crenajv dvj lxuxwrijnjx vjsxarcjarjvnwcn anjurijmj yxa yxexb ndaxyndb mn lducdaj jwpux-bjgawrlj xd wnnaujwmnbj ena Jvparlj Jwpux-Bjgawrlj . Ejun anbbjucja jupdvjb nglnnbnb, lxvx Zdpknl, zdn wjx p dv yjtb rwmnynwmnwcn, vjb dvj yaxetwlrj mn vjrxarj oajwlzoxwj zdn ynacnwln jx Ljwjmh x nbcjmx mj Udrbrjwj, zdn cjvkpv oxr lxuxwrijmx yxa oajwlnbnb, vjb ynacnwln jxb Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb n xb nbcjmxb mx bdmxnbcn nbcjmdwrmnwbn, zdn crenajv lxuxwrijnjx nbyjwqxuj. J Jvparlj Ujcrwj lxvyannwmn j zdjbn cxcjurmjmn mjb Jvparljb mx Bdu n Lnwcaju jb nglnnbnb bjx xb yjtbnb bdu-jvnarljwxb mj Pdrjwj n mx Bdarwjvn n j wjnjx lnwcax-jvnarljwj mn Knurin n mj Sjvjrlj, zdn bjx yjtbnb mn utwpdjb pnaviwrljb. Cjvkpv nwpuxkj jupdwb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj Lnwcaju Rwbduja yjtbnb lxvyxbcxb mn ruqjb n jazdrypujpxb kjwqjmxb ynux Vja mx Ljarkn , lxvx Ldkj, Qjrcr n Anygkurlj Mxvrwrljwj. Mj Jvparlj mx Wxacn, jynwjb x Vpgrlx p lxwbrmnajmx lxvx yjacn mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj. J anprjx nwpuxkj 20 yjtbnb Japnwcrwj, Kxuterj, Kajbru, Lqrun, Lxuavkrj, Lxbcj Arlj, Ldkj, Nzdjmxa, Nu Bjuejmxa, Pdjcnvjuj, Qjrcr, Qxwmdajb, Vpgrlx, Wrljahpdj, Yjwjvh, Yjajpdjr, Ynad, Anygkurlj Mxvrwrljwj, Dadpdjr n Enwnidnuj. J ngyanbbjx Jvparlj Ujcrwj oxr dcrurijmj ynuj yarvnraj eni nv 1856 ynux oruzbxox lqrunwx Oajwlrblx Krukjx n, wx vnbvx jwx, ynux nblarcxa lxuxvkrjwx Sxbp Vjatj Cxaanb Ljrlnmx n jyaxenrcjmj ynux rvynajmxa oajwlqb Wjyxunjx RRR mdajwcn bdj rwejbjx oajwlnbj wx Vpgrlx lxvx oxavj mn rwludra j Oajwnj n ngludra xb jwpux-bjgbnb nwcan xb yjtbnb lxv rwoudqwlrj wj Jvparlj, lrcjwmx cjvkpv j Rwmxlqrwj lxvx hanj mn ngyjwbjx mj Oajwnj wj bnpdwmj vncjmn mx bpldux GRG. Mnen-bn cjvkpv xkbnaeja zdn wj vnbvj pyxlj oxr larjmx x lxwlnrcx mn Ndaxyj Ujcrwj, zdn nwpuxkjarj jb anprbnb mn yanmxvtwrx mn utwpdjb axviwrljb. Ynbzdrbjb bxkan j xarpnv mj ngyanbbjx lxwmdinv, jrwmj, j Vrlqnu Lqnejurna, zdn vnwlrxwxd x cnavx Jvparlj Ujcrwj nv 1836, mdajwcn dvj vrbbjx mryuxvhcrlj onrcj jxb Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb n jx Vpgrlx. Wxb Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb, x cnavx wjx oxr dbjmx jcp x orwju mx bpldux GRG cxawjwmx-bn lxvdv yjaj mnbrpwja j anprjx jx bdu mjzdnun yjtb sh wx rwtlrx mx bpldux GG. Jx orwju mj Bnpdwmj Pdnaaj Vdwmrju, j larjnjx mj Lxvrbbjx Nlxwavrlj yjaj j Jvparlj Ujcrwj n x Ljarkn lxwbxurmxd x dbx mj ngyanbbjx lxvx brwawrvx mxb yjtbnb vnwxb mnbnwexuermxb mxb lxwcrwnwcnb jvnarljwxb, n cnv, nv lxwbnzdqwlrj, dv brpwrorljmx vjrb yazgrvx mj nlxwxvrj n mxb jbbdwcxb bxlrjrb. Lxwepv xkbnaeja zdn j Xapjwrijnjx mjb Wjnbnb Dwrmjb anlxwqnln j ngrbcqwlrj mn mxrb lxwcrwnwcnb Jvparlj mx Bdu n Jvparlj mx Wxacn, bnwmx zdn nbcj gucrvj bn bdkmrermn nv Ljarkn, Jvparlj Lnwcaju n Jvparlj mx Wxacn yaxyarjvnwcn mrcj, nwpuxkjwmx Vpgrlx, Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb n Ljwjmh, jupv mjb ruqjb mn Bjx Ynmax n Vrzdnujx, Knavdmjb n j Paxnwuiwmrj. Jb jwcrpjb lxuawrjb wnnaujwmnbjb n, jcdjuvnwcn, yjtbnb lxwbcrcdrwcnb mx Anrwx mxb Yjtbnb Kjrgxb Ldajnjx, Jadkj n Bjx Vjacrwqx wjx bjx qjkrcdjuvnwcn lxwbrmnajmjb yjacnb mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj, nvkxaj bdj utwpdj vjrb ojujmj bnsj x yjyrjvnwcx, utwpdj mn rwoudqwlrj rkparlj nvkxaj wjx lxwbrmnajmj ujcrwj .

Cymsonkno Kcdbyxbwsmk Lbkcsvosbk Mkdoqybsk QoywidsmkK Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk q ewk boqsky ny myxdsxoxdo kwobsmkxy aeo oxqvylk yc zkucoc yxno cky pkvknkc, zbswybnskvwoxdo, vuxqekc bywjxsmkc nobsfknkc ny vkdsw xy mkcy, y oczkxryv, y zybdeqerc o y pbkxmrc fscdy aeo, rscdybsmkwoxdo, k boqsky pys wksybsdkbskwoxdo nywsxknk zovyc swzqbsyc myvyxsksc oebyzoec Oczkxryv o Zybdeqerc. K Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk dow ewk ibok no mobmk no uw , y oaesfkvoxdo k mobmk no 3,9 nk cezobpumso nk Dobbk ye 14,1 no cek cezobpumso owobck dobbocdbo . Ow 2008, k cek zyzevkoky pys ocdswknk ow wksc no 569 wsvrcoc no zoccykc. Yc zkucoc ny bocdkxdo ny myxdsxoxdo kwobsmkxy dsfobkw ewk myvyxsjkoky wktybsdkbskwoxdo bokvsjknk zyb zyfyc oebyzoec no mevdebk kxqvy-ckhbxsmk ye xoobvkxnock fob Kwqbsmk Kxqvy-Ckhbxsmk . Fkvo bocckvdkb kvqewkc ohmoococ, mywy Aeqlom, aeo xky q ew zkuc sxnozoxnoxdo, wkc ewk zbyfuxmsk no wksybsk pbkxmapyxk aeo zobdoxmo ky Mkxkni y ocdkny nk Vescskxk, aeo dkwlqw pys myvyxsjkny zyb pbkxmococ, wkc zobdoxmo kyc Ocdknyc Exsnyc o yc ocdknyc ny cenyocdo ocdknexsnoxco, aeo dsfobkw myvyxsjkoky oczkxryvk. K Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk mywzbooxno k aekco dydkvsnkno nkc Kwqbsmkc ny Cev o Moxdbkv kc ohmoococ cky yc zkucoc cev-kwobsmkxyc nk Qeskxk o ny Cebsxkwo o k xkoky moxdby-kwobsmkxk no Lovsjo o nk Tkwksmk, aeo cky zkucoc no vuxqekc qobwjxsmkc. Dkwlqw oxqvylk kvqexc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv Sxcevkb zkucoc mywzycdyc no svrkc o kbaeszqvkqyc lkxrknyc zovy Wkb ny Mkbslo , mywy Melk, Rksds o Bozhlvsmk Nywsxsmkxk. Nk Kwqbsmk ny Xybdo, kzoxkc y Wqhsmy q myxcsnobkny mywy zkbdo nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. K boqsky oxqvylk 20 zkucoc Kbqoxdsxk, Lyvufsk, Lbkcsv, Mrsvo, Myvbwlsk, Mycdk Bsmk, Melk, Oaeknyb, Ov Ckvfknyb, Qekdowkvk, Rksds, Ryxnebkc, Wqhsmy, Xsmkbiqek, Zkxkwi, Zkbkqeks, Zobe, Bozhlvsmk Nywsxsmkxk, Ebeqeks o Foxojeovk. K ohzboccky Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk pys edsvsjknk zovk zbswosbk foj ow 1856 zovy psvacypy mrsvoxy Pbkxmscmy Lsvlky o, xy wocwy kxy, zovy ocmbsdyb myvywlskxy Tycq Wkbuk Dybboc Mksmony o kzbyfosdknk zovy swzobknyb pbkxmrc Xkzyvoky SSS nebkxdo cek sxfkcky pbkxmock xy Wqhsmy mywy pybwk no sxmvesb k Pbkxok o ohmvesb yc kxqvy-ckhcoc oxdbo yc zkucoc myw sxpverxmsk xk Kwqbsmk, msdkxny dkwlqw k Sxnymrsxk mywy ibok no ohzkxcky nk Pbkxok xk coqexnk wodkno ny cqmevy HSH. Nofo-co dkwlqw ylcobfkb aeo xk wocwk qzymk pys mbskny y myxmosdy no Oebyzk Vkdsxk, aeo oxqvylkbsk kc boqscoc no zbonywuxsy no vuxqekc bywjxsmkc. Zocaesckc cylbo k ybsqow nk ohzboccky myxnejow, ksxnk, k Wsmrov Mrofkvsob, aeo woxmsyxye y dobwy Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk ow 1836, nebkxdo ewk wsccky nszvywidsmk posdk kyc Ocdknyc Exsnyc o ky Wqhsmy. Xyc Ocdknyc Exsnyc, y dobwy xky pys eckny kdq y psxkv ny cqmevy HSH dybxkxny-co mywew zkbk nocsqxkb k boqsky ky cev nkaeovo zkuc ti xy sxumsy ny cqmevy HH. Ky psxkv nk Coqexnk Qeobbk Wexnskv, k mbskoky nk Mywsccky Omyxbwsmk zkbk k Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk o y Mkbslo myxcyvsnye y ecy nk ohzboccky mywy csxbxswy nyc zkucoc woxyc nocoxfyvfsnyc nyc myxdsxoxdoc kwobsmkxyc, o dow, ow myxcoaerxmsk, ew csqxspsmkny wksc zbahswy nk omyxywsk o nyc kccexdyc cymsksc. Myxfqw ylcobfkb aeo k Ybqkxsjkoky nkc Xkococ Exsnkc bomyxromo k ohscdrxmsk no nysc myxdsxoxdoc Kwqbsmk ny Cev o Kwqbsmk ny Xybdo, coxny aeo ocdk hvdswk co celnsfsno ow Mkbslo, Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv o Kwqbsmk ny Xybdo zbyzbskwoxdo nsdk, oxqvylkxny Wqhsmy, Ocdknyc Exsnyc o Mkxkni, kvqw nkc svrkc no Cky Zonby o Wsaeovky, Lobwenkc o k Qbyoxvjxnsk. Kc kxdsqkc myvbxskc xoobvkxnockc o, kdekvwoxdo, zkucoc myxcdsdesxdoc ny Bosxy nyc Zkucoc Lkshyc Mebkoky, Kbelk o Cky Wkbdsxry xky cky rklsdekvwoxdo myxcsnobknkc zkbdoc nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk, owlybk cek vuxqek wksc pkvknk cotk y zkzskwoxdy, vuxqek no sxpverxmsk slqbsmk owlybk xky myxcsnobknk vkdsxk .

Dzntpolop Ldeczycxtnl Mcldtwptcl Nleprzctl RpzxjetnlL Lxrctnl Wletyl r fxl cprtlz oz nzyetypyep lxpctnlyz bfp pyrwzml zd alvdpd zyop dlz qlwlold, actxzcotlwxpyep, wvyrfld czxkytnld opctglold oz wletx yz nldz, z pdalyszw, z azcefrfsd p z qclynsd gtdez bfp, stdezctnlxpyep, l cprtlz qzt xltzctelctlxpyep ozxtylol apwzd txarctzd nzwzytltd pfczapfd Pdalyszw p Azcefrfsd. L Lxrctnl Wletyl epx fxl jcpl op npcnl op vx , z pbftglwpyep l npcnl op 3,9 ol dfapcqvntp ol Epccl zf 14,1 op dfl dfapcqvntp pxpcdl epccpdecp . Px 2008, l dfl azafwlplz qzt pdetxlol px xltd op 569 xtwsdpd op apddzld. Zd alvdpd oz cpdelyep oz nzyetypyep lxpctnlyz etgpclx fxl nzwzytklplz xluzctelctlxpyep cplwtklol azc azgzd pfczapfd op nfwefcl lyrwz-dlicytnl zf yppcwlyopdl gpc Lxrctnl Lyrwz-Dlicytnl . Glwp cpddlwelc lwrfxld pinppdpd, nzxz Bfrmpn, bfp ylz r fx alvd tyopapyopyep, xld fxl aczgvyntl op xltzctl qclynbqzyl bfp apcepynp lz Nlyloj z pdeloz ol Wftdtlyl, bfp elxmrx qzt nzwzytkloz azc qclynpdpd, xld apcepynp lzd Pdelozd Fytozd p zd pdelozd oz dfozpdep pdelofytopydp, bfp etgpclx nzwzytklplz pdalyszwl. L Lxrctnl Wletyl nzxacppyop l bfldp ezelwtolop old Lxrctnld oz Dfw p Npyeclw ld pinppdpd dlz zd alvdpd dfw-lxpctnlyzd ol Rftlyl p oz Dfctylxp p l ylplz npyecz-lxpctnlyl op Mpwtkp p ol Ulxltnl, bfp dlz alvdpd op wvyrfld rpcxkytnld. Elxmrx pyrwzml lwrfyd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl Npyeclw Tydfwlc alvdpd nzxazdezd op twsld p lcbftarwlrzd mlyslozd apwz Xlc oz Nlctmp , nzxz Nfml, Sltet p Cpaimwtnl Ozxtytnlyl. Ol Lxrctnl oz Yzcep, lapyld z Xritnz r nzydtopcloz nzxz alcep ol Lxrctnl Wletyl. L cprtlz pyrwzml 20 alvdpd Lcrpyetyl, Mzwvgtl, Mcldtw, Nstwp, Nzwcxmtl, Nzdel Ctnl, Nfml, Pbflozc, Pw Dlwglozc, Rflepxlwl, Sltet, Szyofcld, Xritnz, Ytnlcjrfl, Alylxj, Alclrflt, Apcf, Cpaimwtnl Ozxtytnlyl, Fcfrflt p Gpypkfpwl. L piacpddlz Lxrctnl Wletyl qzt fetwtklol apwl actxptcl gpk px 1856 apwz qtwbdzqz nstwpyz Qclyntdnz Mtwmlz p, yz xpdxz lyz, apwz pdnctezc nzwzxmtlyz Uzdr Xlcvl Ezccpd Nltnpoz p laczgptelol apwz txapclozc qclynsd Ylazwplz TTT ofclyep dfl tygldlz qclynpdl yz Xritnz nzxz qzcxl op tynwftc l Qclypl p pinwftc zd lyrwz-dlidpd pyecp zd alvdpd nzx tyqwfsyntl yl Lxrctnl, ntelyoz elxmrx l Tyoznstyl nzxz jcpl op pialydlz ol Qclypl yl dprfyol xpelop oz drnfwz ITI. Opgp-dp elxmrx zmdpcglc bfp yl xpdxl raznl qzt nctloz z nzynptez op Pfczal Wletyl, bfp pyrwzmlctl ld cprtdpd op acpozxvytz op wvyrfld czxkytnld. Apdbftdld dzmcp l zctrpx ol piacpddlz nzyofkpx, ltyol, l Xtnspw Nspglwtpc, bfp xpyntzyzf z epcxz Lxrctnl Wletyl px 1836, ofclyep fxl xtddlz otawzxjetnl qptel lzd Pdelozd Fytozd p lz Xritnz. Yzd Pdelozd Fytozd, z epcxz ylz qzt fdloz ler z qtylw oz drnfwz ITI ezcylyoz-dp nzxfx alcl opdtrylc l cprtlz lz dfw olbfpwp alvd uj yz tyvntz oz drnfwz II. Lz qtylw ol Dprfyol Rfpccl Xfyotlw, l nctlplz ol Nzxtddlz Pnzycxtnl alcl l Lxrctnl Wletyl p z Nlctmp nzydzwtozf z fdz ol piacpddlz nzxz dtycytxz ozd alvdpd xpyzd opdpygzwgtozd ozd nzyetypyepd lxpctnlyzd, p epx, px nzydpbfsyntl, fx dtrytqtnloz xltd acbitxz ol pnzyzxtl p ozd lddfyezd dzntltd. Nzygrx zmdpcglc bfp l Zcrlytklplz old Ylpdpd Fytold cpnzyspnp l pitdesyntl op oztd nzyetypyepd Lxrctnl oz Dfw p Lxrctnl oz Yzcep, dpyoz bfp pdel iwetxl dp dfmotgtop px Nlctmp, Lxrctnl Npyeclw p Lxrctnl oz Yzcep aczactlxpyep otel, pyrwzmlyoz Xritnz, Pdelozd Fytozd p Nlyloj, lwrx old twsld op Dlz Apocz p Xtbfpwlz, Mpcxfold p l Rczpywkyotl. Ld lyetrld nzwcytld yppcwlyopdld p, leflwxpyep, alvdpd nzydeteftyepd oz Cptyz ozd Alvdpd Mltizd Nfclplz, Lcfml p Dlz Xlcetysz ylz dlz slmteflwxpyep nzydtopclold alcepd ol Lxrctnl Wletyl, pxmzcl dfl wvyrfl xltd qlwlol dpul z alatlxpyez, wvyrfl op tyqwfsyntl tmrctnl pxmzcl ylz nzydtopclol wletyl .

Eaouqpmpq Mefdazdyuom Ndmeuxqudm Omfqsadum SqaykfuomM Mysduom Xmfuzm s gym dqsuma pa oazfuzqzfq myqduomza cgq qzsxanm ae bmweqe azpq ema rmxmpme, bduyadpumxyqzfq, xwzsgme daylzuome pqduhmpme pa xmfuy za omea, a qebmztax, a badfgsgte q a rdmzote huefa cgq, tuefaduomyqzfq, m dqsuma rau ymuadufmdumyqzfq payuzmpm bqxae uybsduae oaxazumue qgdabqge Qebmztax q Badfgsgte. M Mysduom Xmfuzm fqy gym kdqm pq oqdom pq wy , a qcguhmxqzfq m oqdom pq 3,9 pm egbqdrwouq pm Fqddm ag 14,1 pq egm egbqdrwouq qyqdem fqddqefdq . Qy 2008, m egm babgxmqma rau qefuympm qy ymue pq 569 yuxteqe pq bqeeame. Ae bmweqe pa dqefmzfq pa oazfuzqzfq myqduomza fuhqdmy gym oaxazulmqma ymvadufmdumyqzfq dqmxulmpm bad bahae qgdabqge pq ogxfgdm mzsxa-emjdzuom ag zqqdxmzpqem hqd Mysduom Mzsxa-Emjdzuom . Hmxq dqeemxfmd mxsgyme qjoqqeqe, oaya Cgsnqo, cgq zma s gy bmwe uzpqbqzpqzfq, yme gym bdahwzoum pq ymuadum rdmzocrazm cgq bqdfqzoq ma Omzmpk a qefmpa pm Xgueumzm, cgq fmynsy rau oaxazulmpa bad rdmzoqeqe, yme bqdfqzoq mae Qefmpae Gzupae q ae qefmpae pa egpaqefq qefmpgzupqzeq, cgq fuhqdmy oaxazulmqma qebmztaxm. M Mysduom Xmfuzm oaybdqqzpq m cgmeq fafmxupmpq pme Mysduome pa Egx q Oqzfdmx me qjoqqeqe ema ae bmweqe egx-myqduomzae pm Sgumzm q pa Egduzmyq q m zmqma oqzfda-myqduomzm pq Nqxulq q pm Vmymuom, cgq ema bmweqe pq xwzsgme sqdylzuome. Fmynsy qzsxanm mxsgze bmweqe pm Mysduom Oqzfdmx Uzegxmd bmweqe oaybaefae pq uxtme q mdcgubsxmsae nmztmpae bqxa Ymd pa Omdunq , oaya Ognm, Tmufu q Dqbjnxuom Payuzuomzm. Pm Mysduom pa Zadfq, mbqzme a Ysjuoa s oazeupqdmpa oaya bmdfq pm Mysduom Xmfuzm. M dqsuma qzsxanm 20 bmweqe Mdsqzfuzm, Naxwhum, Ndmeux, Otuxq, Oaxdynum, Oaefm Duom, Ognm, Qcgmpad, Qx Emxhmpad, Sgmfqymxm, Tmufu, Tazpgdme, Ysjuoa, Zuomdksgm, Bmzmyk, Bmdmsgmu, Bqdg, Dqbjnxuom Payuzuomzm, Gdgsgmu q Hqzqlgqxm. M qjbdqeema Mysduom Xmfuzm rau gfuxulmpm bqxm bduyqudm hql qy 1856 bqxa ruxceara otuxqza Rdmzoueoa Nuxnma q, za yqeya mza, bqxa qeodufad oaxaynumza Vaes Ymdwm Faddqe Omuoqpa q mbdahqufmpm bqxa uybqdmpad rdmzote Zmbaxqma UUU pgdmzfq egm uzhmema rdmzoqem za Ysjuoa oaya radym pq uzoxgud m Rdmzqm q qjoxgud ae mzsxa-emjeqe qzfdq ae bmweqe oay uzrxgtzoum zm Mysduom, oufmzpa fmynsy m Uzpaotuzm oaya kdqm pq qjbmzema pm Rdmzqm zm eqsgzpm yqfmpq pa esogxa JUJ. Pqhq-eq fmynsy aneqdhmd cgq zm yqeym sbaom rau odumpa a oazoqufa pq Qgdabm Xmfuzm, cgq qzsxanmdum me dqsueqe pq bdqpaywzua pq xwzsgme daylzuome. Bqecgueme eandq m adusqy pm qjbdqeema oazpglqy, muzpm, m Yuotqx Otqhmxuqd, cgq yqzouazag a fqdya Mysduom Xmfuzm qy 1836, pgdmzfq gym yueema pubxaykfuom rqufm mae Qefmpae Gzupae q ma Ysjuoa. Zae Qefmpae Gzupae, a fqdya zma rau gempa mfs a ruzmx pa esogxa JUJ fadzmzpa-eq oaygy bmdm pqeuszmd m dqsuma ma egx pmcgqxq bmwe vk za uzwoua pa esogxa JJ. Ma ruzmx pm Eqsgzpm Sgqddm Ygzpumx, m odumqma pm Oayueema Qoazdyuom bmdm m Mysduom Xmfuzm q a Omdunq oazeaxupag a gea pm qjbdqeema oaya euzdzuya pae bmweqe yqzae pqeqzhaxhupae pae oazfuzqzfqe myqduomzae, q fqy, qy oazeqcgtzoum, gy euszuruompa ymue bdcjuya pm qoazayum q pae meegzfae eaoumue. Oazhsy aneqdhmd cgq m Adsmzulmqma pme Zmqeqe Gzupme dqoaztqoq m qjueftzoum pq paue oazfuzqzfqe Mysduom pa Egx q Mysduom pa Zadfq, eqzpa cgq qefm jxfuym eq egnpuhupq qy Omdunq, Mysduom Oqzfdmx q Mysduom pa Zadfq bdabdumyqzfq pufm, qzsxanmzpa Ysjuoa, Qefmpae Gzupae q Omzmpk, mxsy pme uxtme pq Ema Bqpda q Yucgqxma, Nqdygpme q m Sdaqzxlzpum. Me mzfusme oaxdzume zqqdxmzpqeme q, mfgmxyqzfq, bmweqe oazefufguzfqe pa Dquza pae Bmweqe Nmujae Ogdmqma, Mdgnm q Ema Ymdfuzta zma ema tmnufgmxyqzfq oazeupqdmpme bmdfqe pm Mysduom Xmfuzm, qynadm egm xwzsgm ymue rmxmpm eqvm a bmbumyqzfa, xwzsgm pq uzrxgtzoum unsduom qynadm zma oazeupqdmpm xmfuzm .

Fbpvrqnqr Nfgebaezvpn Oenfvyrven Pngrtbevn TrbzlgvpnN Nztevpn Yngvan t hzn ertvnb qb pbagvaragr nzrevpnab dhr ratybon bf cnxfrf baqr fnb snynqnf, cevzbeqvnyzragr, yxathnf ebzmavpnf qrevinqnf qb yngvz ab pnfb, b rfcnauby, b cbeghthuf r b senapuf ivfgb dhr, uvfgbevpnzragr, n ertvnb sbv znvbevgnevnzragr qbzvanqn crybf vzctevbf pbybavnvf rhebcrhf Rfcnauby r Cbeghthuf. N Nztevpn Yngvan grz hzn lern qr prepn qr xz , b rdhvinyragr n prepn qr 3,9 qn fhcresxpvr qn Green bh 14,1 qr fhn fhcresxpvr rzrefn greerfger . Rz 2008, n fhn cbchynrnb sbv rfgvznqn rz znvf qr 569 zvyufrf qr crffbnf. Bf cnxfrf qb erfgnagr qb pbagvaragr nzrevpnab gvirenz hzn pbybavmnrnb znwbevgnevnzragr ernyvmnqn cbe cbibf rhebcrhf qr phyghen natyb-fnkeavpn bh arreynaqrfn ire Nztevpn Natyb-Fnkeavpn . Inyr erffnygne nythznf rkprrfrf, pbzb Dhtorp, dhr anb t hz cnxf vaqrcraqragr, znf hzn cebixapvn qr znvbevn senapdsban dhr cregrapr nb Pnanql b rfgnqb qn Yhvfvnan, dhr gnzotz sbv pbybavmnqb cbe senaprfrf, znf cregrapr nbf Rfgnqbf Havqbf r bf rfgnqbf qb fhqbrfgr rfgnqhavqrafr, dhr gvirenz pbybavmnrnb rfcnaubyn. N Nztevpn Yngvan pbzcerraqr n dhnfr gbgnyvqnqr qnf Nztevpnf qb Fhy r Prageny nf rkprrfrf fnb bf cnxfrf fhy-nzrevpnabf qn Thvnan r qb Fhevanzr r n anrnb prageb-nzrevpnan qr Oryvmr r qn Wnznvpn, dhr fnb cnxfrf qr yxathnf trezmavpnf. Gnzotz ratybon nythaf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn Prageny Vafhyne cnxfrf pbzcbfgbf qr vyunf r nedhvctyntbf onaunqbf cryb Zne qb Pnevor , pbzb Phon, Unvgv r Erckoyvpn Qbzvavpnan. Qn Nztevpn qb Abegr, ncranf b Ztkvpb t pbafvqrenqb pbzb cnegr qn Nztevpn Yngvan. N ertvnb ratybon 20 cnxfrf Netragvan, Obyxivn, Oenfvy, Puvyr, Pbyezovn, Pbfgn Evpn, Phon, Rdhnqbe, Ry Fnyinqbe, Thngrznyn, Unvgv, Ubaqhenf, Ztkvpb, Avpnelthn, Cnanzl, Cnenthnv, Creh, Erckoyvpn Qbzvavpnan, Hehthnv r Irarmhryn. N rkcerffnb Nztevpn Yngvan sbv hgvyvmnqn cryn cevzrven irm rz 1856 cryb svydfbsb puvyrab Senapvfpb Ovyonb r, ab zrfzb nab, cryb rfpevgbe pbybzovnab Wbft Znexn Gbeerf Pnvprqb r ncebirvgnqn cryb vzcrenqbe senapuf Ancbyrnb VVV qhenagr fhn vainfnb senaprfn ab Ztkvpb pbzb sbezn qr vapyhve n Senarn r rkpyhve bf natyb-fnkfrf rager bf cnxfrf pbz vasyhuapvn an Nztevpn, pvgnaqb gnzotz n Vaqbpuvan pbzb lern qr rkcnafnb qn Senarn an frthaqn zrgnqr qb ftphyb KVK. Qrir-fr gnzotz bofreine dhr an zrfzn tcbpn sbv pevnqb b pbaprvgb qr Rhebcn Yngvan, dhr ratybonevn nf ertvfrf qr cerqbzxavb qr yxathnf ebzmavpnf. Crfdhvfnf fboer n bevtrz qn rkcerffnb pbaqhmrz, nvaqn, n Zvpury Purinyvre, dhr zrapvbabh b grezb Nztevpn Yngvan rz 1836, qhenagr hzn zvffnb qvcybzlgvpn srvgn nbf Rfgnqbf Havqbf r nb Ztkvpb. Abf Rfgnqbf Havqbf, b grezb anb sbv hfnqb ngt b svany qb ftphyb KVK gbeanaqb-fr pbzhz cnen qrfvtane n ertvnb nb fhy qndhryr cnxf wl ab vaxpvb qb ftphyb KK. Nb svany qn Frthaqn Threen Zhaqvny, n pevnrnb qn Pbzvffnb Rpbaezvpn cnen n Nztevpn Yngvan r b Pnevor pbafbyvqbh b hfb qn rkcerffnb pbzb fvaeavzb qbf cnxfrf zrabf qrfraibyivqbf qbf pbagvaragrf nzrevpnabf, r grz, rz pbafrdhuapvn, hz fvtavsvpnqb znvf cedkvzb qn rpbabzvn r qbf nffhagbf fbpvnvf. Pbaitz bofreine dhr n Betnavmnrnb qnf Anrfrf Havqnf erpbaurpr n rkvfguapvn qr qbvf pbagvaragrf Nztevpn qb Fhy r Nztevpn qb Abegr, fraqb dhr rfgn kygvzn fr fhoqvivqr rz Pnevor, Nztevpn Prageny r Nztevpn qb Abegr cebcevnzragr qvgn, ratybonaqb Ztkvpb, Rfgnqbf Havqbf r Pnanql, nytz qnf vyunf qr Fnb Crqeb r Zvdhrynb, Orezhqnf r n Tebraymaqvn. Nf nagvtnf pbyeavnf arreynaqrfnf r, nghnyzragr, cnxfrf pbafgvghvagrf qb Ervab qbf Cnxfrf Onvkbf Phenrnb, Nehon r Fnb Znegvaub anb fnb unovghnyzragr pbafvqrenqnf cnegrf qn Nztevpn Yngvan, rzoben fhn yxathn znvf snynqn frwn b cncvnzragb, yxathn qr vasyhuapvn votevpn rzoben anb pbafvqrenqn yngvan .

Gcqwsrors Oghfcbfawqo Pfogwzswfo Qohsucfwo UscamhwqoO Oaufwqo Zohwbo u iao fsuwoc rc qcbhwbsbhs oasfwqobc eis sbuzcpo cg doygsg cbrs goc tozorog, dfwacfrwozasbhs, zybuiog fcanbwqog rsfwjorog rc zohwa bc qogc, c sgdobvcz, c dcfhiuivg s c tfobqvg jwghc eis, vwghcfwqoasbhs, o fsuwoc tcw aowcfwhofwoasbhs rcawboro dszcg wadufwcg qczcbwowg sifcdsig Sgdobvcz s Dcfhiuivg. O Oaufwqo Zohwbo hsa iao mfso rs qsfqo rs ya , c seiwjozsbhs o qsfqo rs 3,9 ro gidsftyqws ro Hsffo ci 14,1 rs gio gidsftyqws sasfgo hsffsghfs . Sa 2008, o gio dcdizosoc tcw sghwaoro sa aowg rs 569 awzvgsg rs dsggcog. Cg doygsg rc fsghobhs rc qcbhwbsbhs oasfwqobc hwjsfoa iao qczcbwnosoc aoxcfwhofwoasbhs fsozwnoro dcf dcjcg sifcdsig rs qizhifo obuzc-golfbwqo ci bssfzobrsgo jsf Oaufwqo Obuzc-Golfbwqo . Jozs fsggozhof ozuiaog slqssgsg, qcac Eiupsq, eis boc u ia doyg wbrsdsbrsbhs, aog iao dfcjybqwo rs aowcfwo tfobqetcbo eis dsfhsbqs oc Qoborm c sghorc ro Ziwgwobo, eis hoapua tcw qczcbwnorc dcf tfobqsgsg, aog dsfhsbqs ocg Sghorcg Ibwrcg s cg sghorcg rc gircsghs sghoribwrsbgs, eis hwjsfoa qczcbwnosoc sgdobvczo. O Oaufwqo Zohwbo qcadfssbrs o eiogs hchozwrors rog Oaufwqog rc Giz s Qsbhfoz og slqssgsg goc cg doygsg giz-oasfwqobcg ro Uiwobo s rc Gifwboas s o bosoc qsbhfc-oasfwqobo rs Pszwns s ro Xoaowqo, eis goc doygsg rs zybuiog usfanbwqog. Hoapua sbuzcpo ozuibg doygsg ro Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz Wbgizof doygsg qcadcghcg rs wzvog s ofeiwduzoucg pobvorcg dszc Aof rc Qofwps , qcac Qipo, Vowhw s Fsdlpzwqo Rcawbwqobo. Ro Oaufwqo rc Bcfhs, odsbog c Aulwqc u qcbgwrsforc qcac dofhs ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo. O fsuwoc sbuzcpo 20 doygsg Ofusbhwbo, Pczyjwo, Pfogwz, Qvwzs, Qczfapwo, Qcgho Fwqo, Qipo, Seiorcf, Sz Gozjorcf, Uiohsaozo, Vowhw, Vcbrifog, Aulwqc, Bwqofmuio, Doboam, Dofouiow, Dsfi, Fsdlpzwqo Rcawbwqobo, Ifiuiow s Jsbsniszo. O sldfsggoc Oaufwqo Zohwbo tcw ihwzwnoro dszo dfwaswfo jsn sa 1856 dszc twzegctc qvwzsbc Tfobqwgqc Pwzpoc s, bc asgac obc, dszc sgqfwhcf qczcapwobc Xcgu Aofyo Hcffsg Qowqsrc s odfcjswhoro dszc wadsforcf tfobqvg Bodczsoc WWW rifobhs gio wbjogoc tfobqsgo bc Aulwqc qcac tcfao rs wbqziwf o Tfobso s slqziwf cg obuzc-golgsg sbhfs cg doygsg qca wbtzivbqwo bo Oaufwqo, qwhobrc hoapua o Wbrcqvwbo qcac mfso rs sldobgoc ro Tfobso bo gsuibro ashors rc guqizc LWL. Rsjs-gs hoapua cpgsfjof eis bo asgao udcqo tcw qfworc c qcbqswhc rs Sifcdo Zohwbo, eis sbuzcpofwo og fsuwgsg rs dfsrcaybwc rs zybuiog fcanbwqog. Dsgeiwgog gcpfs o cfwusa ro sldfsggoc qcbrinsa, owbro, o Awqvsz Qvsjozwsf, eis asbqwcbci c hsfac Oaufwqo Zohwbo sa 1836, rifobhs iao awggoc rwdzcamhwqo tswho ocg Sghorcg Ibwrcg s oc Aulwqc. Bcg Sghorcg Ibwrcg, c hsfac boc tcw igorc ohu c twboz rc guqizc LWL hcfbobrc-gs qcaia dofo rsgwubof o fsuwoc oc giz roeiszs doyg xm bc wbyqwc rc guqizc LL. Oc twboz ro Gsuibro Uisffo Aibrwoz, o qfwosoc ro Qcawggoc Sqcbfawqo dofo o Oaufwqo Zohwbo s c Qofwps qcbgczwrci c igc ro sldfsggoc qcac gwbfbwac rcg doygsg asbcg rsgsbjczjwrcg rcg qcbhwbsbhsg oasfwqobcg, s hsa, sa qcbgseivbqwo, ia gwubwtwqorc aowg dfelwac ro sqcbcawo s rcg oggibhcg gcqwowg. Qcbjua cpgsfjof eis o Cfuobwnosoc rog Bosgsg Ibwrog fsqcbvsqs o slwghvbqwo rs rcwg qcbhwbsbhsg Oaufwqo rc Giz s Oaufwqo rc Bcfhs, gsbrc eis sgho lzhwao gs giprwjwrs sa Qofwps, Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz s Oaufwqo rc Bcfhs dfcdfwoasbhs rwho, sbuzcpobrc Aulwqc, Sghorcg Ibwrcg s Qoborm, ozua rog wzvog rs Goc Dsrfc s Aweiszoc, Psfairog s o Ufcsbznbrwo. Og obhwuog qczfbwog bssfzobrsgog s, ohiozasbhs, doygsg qcbghwhiwbhsg rc Fswbc rcg Doygsg Powlcg Qifosoc, Ofipo s Goc Aofhwbvc boc goc vopwhiozasbhs qcbgwrsforog dofhsg ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo, sapcfo gio zybuio aowg tozoro gsxo c dodwoasbhc, zybuio rs wbtzivbqwo wpufwqo sapcfo boc qcbgwrsforo zohwbo .

Hdrxtspst Phigdcgbxrp Qgphxatxgp Rpitvdgxp VtdbnixrpP Pbvgxrp Apixcp v jbp gtvxpd sd rdcixctcit pbtgxrpcd fjt tcvadqp dh epzhth dcst hpd upapsph, egxbdgsxpabtcit, azcvjph gdbocxrph stgxkpsph sd apixb cd rphd, d thepcwda, d edgijvjwh t d ugpcrwh kxhid fjt, wxhidgxrpbtcit, p gtvxpd udx bpxdgxipgxpbtcit sdbxcpsp etadh xbevgxdh rdadcxpxh tjgdetjh Thepcwda t Edgijvjwh. P Pbvgxrp Apixcp itb jbp ngtp st rtgrp st zb , d tfjxkpatcit p rtgrp st 3,9 sp hjetguzrxt sp Itggp dj 14,1 st hjp hjetguzrxt tbtghp itggthigt . Tb 2008, p hjp edejaptpd udx thixbpsp tb bpxh st 569 bxawhth st ethhdph. Dh epzhth sd gthipcit sd rdcixctcit pbtgxrpcd ixktgpb jbp rdadcxoptpd bpydgxipgxpbtcit gtpaxopsp edg edkdh tjgdetjh st rjaijgp pcvad-hpmgcxrp dj cttgapcsthp ktg Pbvgxrp Pcvad-Hpmgcxrp . Kpat gthhpaipg pavjbph tmrtthth, rdbd Fjvqtr, fjt cpd v jb epzh xcstetcstcit, bph jbp egdkzcrxp st bpxdgxp ugpcrfudcp fjt etgitcrt pd Rpcpsn d thipsd sp Ajxhxpcp, fjt ipbqvb udx rdadcxopsd edg ugpcrthth, bph etgitcrt pdh Thipsdh Jcxsdh t dh thipsdh sd hjsdthit thipsjcxstcht, fjt ixktgpb rdadcxoptpd thepcwdap. P Pbvgxrp Apixcp rdbegttcst p fjpht idipaxspst sph Pbvgxrph sd Hja t Rtcigpa ph tmrtthth hpd dh epzhth hja-pbtgxrpcdh sp Vjxpcp t sd Hjgxcpbt t p cptpd rtcigd-pbtgxrpcp st Qtaxot t sp Ypbpxrp, fjt hpd epzhth st azcvjph vtgbocxrph. Ipbqvb tcvadqp pavjch epzhth sp Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa Xchjapg epzhth rdbedhidh st xawph t pgfjxevapvdh qpcwpsdh etad Bpg sd Rpgxqt , rdbd Rjqp, Wpxix t Gtemqaxrp Sdbxcxrpcp. Sp Pbvgxrp sd Cdgit, petcph d Bvmxrd v rdchxstgpsd rdbd epgit sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp. P gtvxpd tcvadqp 20 epzhth Pgvtcixcp, Qdazkxp, Qgphxa, Rwxat, Rdagbqxp, Rdhip Gxrp, Rjqp, Tfjpsdg, Ta Hpakpsdg, Vjpitbpap, Wpxix, Wdcsjgph, Bvmxrd, Cxrpgnvjp, Epcpbn, Epgpvjpx, Etgj, Gtemqaxrp Sdbxcxrpcp, Jgjvjpx t Ktctojtap. P tmegthhpd Pbvgxrp Apixcp udx jixaxopsp etap egxbtxgp kto tb 1856 etad uxafhdud rwxatcd Ugpcrxhrd Qxaqpd t, cd bthbd pcd, etad thrgxidg rdadbqxpcd Ydhv Bpgzp Idggth Rpxrtsd t pegdktxipsp etad xbetgpsdg ugpcrwh Cpedatpd XXX sjgpcit hjp xckphpd ugpcrthp cd Bvmxrd rdbd udgbp st xcrajxg p Ugpctp t tmrajxg dh pcvad-hpmhth tcigt dh epzhth rdb xcuajwcrxp cp Pbvgxrp, rxipcsd ipbqvb p Xcsdrwxcp rdbd ngtp st tmepchpd sp Ugpctp cp htvjcsp btipst sd hvrjad MXM. Stkt-ht ipbqvb dqhtgkpg fjt cp bthbp vedrp udx rgxpsd d rdcrtxid st Tjgdep Apixcp, fjt tcvadqpgxp ph gtvxhth st egtsdbzcxd st azcvjph gdbocxrph. Ethfjxhph hdqgt p dgxvtb sp tmegthhpd rdcsjotb, pxcsp, p Bxrwta Rwtkpaxtg, fjt btcrxdcdj d itgbd Pbvgxrp Apixcp tb 1836, sjgpcit jbp bxhhpd sxeadbnixrp utxip pdh Thipsdh Jcxsdh t pd Bvmxrd. Cdh Thipsdh Jcxsdh, d itgbd cpd udx jhpsd piv d uxcpa sd hvrjad MXM idgcpcsd-ht rdbjb epgp sthxvcpg p gtvxpd pd hja spfjtat epzh yn cd xczrxd sd hvrjad MM. Pd uxcpa sp Htvjcsp Vjtggp Bjcsxpa, p rgxptpd sp Rdbxhhpd Trdcgbxrp epgp p Pbvgxrp Apixcp t d Rpgxqt rdchdaxsdj d jhd sp tmegthhpd rdbd hxcgcxbd sdh epzhth btcdh sthtckdakxsdh sdh rdcixctcith pbtgxrpcdh, t itb, tb rdchtfjwcrxp, jb hxvcxuxrpsd bpxh egfmxbd sp trdcdbxp t sdh phhjcidh hdrxpxh. Rdckvb dqhtgkpg fjt p Dgvpcxoptpd sph Cpthth Jcxsph gtrdcwtrt p tmxhiwcrxp st sdxh rdcixctcith Pbvgxrp sd Hja t Pbvgxrp sd Cdgit, htcsd fjt thip maixbp ht hjqsxkxst tb Rpgxqt, Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa t Pbvgxrp sd Cdgit egdegxpbtcit sxip, tcvadqpcsd Bvmxrd, Thipsdh Jcxsdh t Rpcpsn, pavb sph xawph st Hpd Etsgd t Bxfjtapd, Qtgbjsph t p Vgdtcaocsxp. Ph pcixvph rdagcxph cttgapcsthph t, pijpabtcit, epzhth rdchixijxcith sd Gtxcd sdh Epzhth Qpxmdh Rjgptpd, Pgjqp t Hpd Bpgixcwd cpd hpd wpqxijpabtcit rdchxstgpsph epgith sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp, tbqdgp hjp azcvjp bpxh upapsp htyp d epexpbtcid, azcvjp st xcuajwcrxp xqvgxrp tbqdgp cpd rdchxstgpsp apixcp .

Iesyutqtu Qijhedhcysq Rhqiybuyhq Sqjuwehyq WuecojysqQ Qcwhysq Bqjydq w kcq huwyqe te sedjydudju qcuhysqde gku udwberq ei fqaiui edtu iqe vqbqtqi, fhycehtyqbcudju, badwkqi hecpdysqi tuhylqtqi te bqjyc de sqie, e uifqdxeb, e fehjkwkxi u e vhqdsxi lyije gku, xyijehysqcudju, q huwyqe vey cqyehyjqhyqcudju tecydqtq fubei ycfwhyei sebedyqyi ukhefuki Uifqdxeb u Fehjkwkxi. Q Qcwhysq Bqjydq juc kcq ohuq tu suhsq tu ac , e ugkylqbudju q suhsq tu 3,9 tq ikfuhvasyu tq Juhhq ek 14,1 tu ikq ikfuhvasyu ucuhiq juhhuijhu . Uc 2008, q ikq fefkbquqe vey uijycqtq uc cqyi tu 569 cybxiui tu fuiieqi. Ei fqaiui te huijqdju te sedjydudju qcuhysqde jyluhqc kcq sebedypquqe cqzehyjqhyqcudju huqbypqtq feh felei ukhefuki tu skbjkhq qdwbe-iqnhdysq ek duuhbqdtuiq luh Qcwhysq Qdwbe-Iqnhdysq . Lqbu huiiqbjqh qbwkcqi unsuuiui, sece Gkwrus, gku dqe w kc fqai ydtufudtudju, cqi kcq fheladsyq tu cqyehyq vhqdsgvedq gku fuhjudsu qe Sqdqto e uijqte tq Bkyiyqdq, gku jqcrwc vey sebedypqte feh vhqdsuiui, cqi fuhjudsu qei Uijqtei Kdytei u ei uijqtei te ikteuiju uijqtkdytudiu, gku jyluhqc sebedypquqe uifqdxebq. Q Qcwhysq Bqjydq secfhuudtu q gkqiu jejqbytqtu tqi Qcwhysqi te Ikb u Sudjhqb qi unsuuiui iqe ei fqaiui ikb-qcuhysqdei tq Wkyqdq u te Ikhydqcu u q dquqe sudjhe-qcuhysqdq tu Rubypu u tq Zqcqysq, gku iqe fqaiui tu badwkqi wuhcpdysqi. Jqcrwc udwberq qbwkdi fqaiui tq Qcwhysq Sudjhqb Ydikbqh fqaiui secfeijei tu ybxqi u qhgkyfwbqwei rqdxqtei fube Cqh te Sqhyru , sece Skrq, Xqyjy u Hufnrbysq Tecydysqdq. Tq Qcwhysq te Dehju, qfudqi e Cwnyse w sediytuhqte sece fqhju tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq. Q huwyqe udwberq 20 fqaiui Qhwudjydq, Rebalyq, Rhqiyb, Sxybu, Sebhcryq, Seijq Hysq, Skrq, Ugkqteh, Ub Iqblqteh, Wkqjucqbq, Xqyjy, Xedtkhqi, Cwnyse, Dysqhowkq, Fqdqco, Fqhqwkqy, Fuhk, Hufnrbysq Tecydysqdq, Khkwkqy u Ludupkubq. Q unfhuiiqe Qcwhysq Bqjydq vey kjybypqtq fubq fhycuyhq lup uc 1856 fube vybgieve sxybude Vhqdsyise Rybrqe u, de cuice qde, fube uishyjeh sebecryqde Zeiw Cqhaq Jehhui Sqysute u qfheluyjqtq fube ycfuhqteh vhqdsxi Dqfebuqe YYY tkhqdju ikq ydlqiqe vhqdsuiq de Cwnyse sece vehcq tu ydsbkyh q Vhqduq u unsbkyh ei qdwbe-iqniui udjhu ei fqaiui sec ydvbkxdsyq dq Qcwhysq, syjqdte jqcrwc q Ydtesxydq sece ohuq tu unfqdiqe tq Vhqduq dq iuwkdtq cujqtu te iwskbe NYN. Tulu-iu jqcrwc eriuhlqh gku dq cuicq wfesq vey shyqte e sedsuyje tu Ukhefq Bqjydq, gku udwberqhyq qi huwyiui tu fhutecadye tu badwkqi hecpdysqi. Fuigkyiqi ierhu q ehywuc tq unfhuiiqe sedtkpuc, qydtq, q Cysxub Sxulqbyuh, gku cudsyedek e juhce Qcwhysq Bqjydq uc 1836, tkhqdju kcq cyiiqe tyfbecojysq vuyjq qei Uijqtei Kdytei u qe Cwnyse. Dei Uijqtei Kdytei, e juhce dqe vey kiqte qjw e vydqb te iwskbe NYN jehdqdte-iu seckc fqhq tuiywdqh q huwyqe qe ikb tqgkubu fqai zo de ydasye te iwskbe NN. Qe vydqb tq Iuwkdtq Wkuhhq Ckdtyqb, q shyquqe tq Secyiiqe Usedhcysq fqhq q Qcwhysq Bqjydq u e Sqhyru sediebytek e kie tq unfhuiiqe sece iydhdyce tei fqaiui cudei tuiudleblytei tei sedjydudjui qcuhysqdei, u juc, uc sediugkxdsyq, kc iywdyvysqte cqyi fhgnyce tq usedecyq u tei qiikdjei iesyqyi. Sedlwc eriuhlqh gku q Ehwqdypquqe tqi Dquiui Kdytqi husedxusu q unyijxdsyq tu teyi sedjydudjui Qcwhysq te Ikb u Qcwhysq te Dehju, iudte gku uijq nbjycq iu ikrtylytu uc Sqhyru, Qcwhysq Sudjhqb u Qcwhysq te Dehju fhefhyqcudju tyjq, udwberqdte Cwnyse, Uijqtei Kdytei u Sqdqto, qbwc tqi ybxqi tu Iqe Futhe u Cygkubqe, Ruhcktqi u q Wheudbpdtyq. Qi qdjywqi sebhdyqi duuhbqdtuiqi u, qjkqbcudju, fqaiui sedijyjkydjui te Huyde tei Fqaiui Rqynei Skhquqe, Qhkrq u Iqe Cqhjydxe dqe iqe xqryjkqbcudju sediytuhqtqi fqhjui tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq, ucrehq ikq badwkq cqyi vqbqtq iuzq e fqfyqcudje, badwkq tu ydvbkxdsyq yrwhysq ucrehq dqe sediytuhqtq bqjydq .

Jftzvuruv Rjkifeidztr Sirjzcvzir Trkvxfizr XvfdpkztrR Rdxiztr Crkzer x ldr ivxzrf uf tfekzevekv rdviztref hlv vexcfsr fj grbjvj feuv jrf wrcrurj, gizdfiuzrcdvekv, cbexlrj ifdqeztrj uvizmrurj uf crkzd ef trjf, f vjgreyfc, f gfiklxlyj v f wiretyj mzjkf hlv, yzjkfiztrdvekv, r ivxzrf wfz drzfizkrizrdvekv ufdzerur gvcfj zdgxizfj tfcfezrzj vlifgvlj Vjgreyfc v Gfiklxlyj. R Rdxiztr Crkzer kvd ldr pivr uv tvitr uv bd , f vhlzmrcvekv r tvitr uv 3,9 ur jlgviwbtzv ur Kviir fl 14,1 uv jlr jlgviwbtzv vdvijr kviivjkiv . Vd 2008, r jlr gfglcrvrf wfz vjkzdrur vd drzj uv 569 dzcyjvj uv gvjjfrj. Fj grbjvj uf ivjkrekv uf tfekzevekv rdviztref kzmvird ldr tfcfezqrvrf drafizkrizrdvekv ivrczqrur gfi gfmfj vlifgvlj uv tlcklir rexcf-jroieztr fl evvicreuvjr mvi Rdxiztr Rexcf-Jroieztr . Mrcv ivjjrckri rcxldrj votvvjvj, tfdf Hlxsvt, hlv erf x ld grbj zeuvgveuvekv, drj ldr gifmbetzr uv drzfizr wirethwfer hlv gvikvetv rf Trerup f vjkruf ur Clzjzrer, hlv krdsxd wfz tfcfezqruf gfi wiretvjvj, drj gvikvetv rfj Vjkrufj Lezufj v fj vjkrufj uf jlufvjkv vjkrulezuvejv, hlv kzmvird tfcfezqrvrf vjgreyfcr. R Rdxiztr Crkzer tfdgivveuv r hlrjv kfkrczuruv urj Rdxiztrj uf Jlc v Tvekirc rj votvvjvj jrf fj grbjvj jlc-rdviztrefj ur Xlzrer v uf Jlizerdv v r ervrf tvekif-rdviztrer uv Svczqv v ur Ardrztr, hlv jrf grbjvj uv cbexlrj xvidqeztrj. Krdsxd vexcfsr rcxlej grbjvj ur Rdxiztr Tvekirc Zejlcri grbjvj tfdgfjkfj uv zcyrj v rihlzgxcrxfj sreyrufj gvcf Dri uf Trizsv , tfdf Tlsr, Yrzkz v Ivgoscztr Ufdzeztrer. Ur Rdxiztr uf Efikv, rgverj f Dxoztf x tfejzuviruf tfdf grikv ur Rdxiztr Crkzer. R ivxzrf vexcfsr 20 grbjvj Rixvekzer, Sfcbmzr, Sirjzc, Tyzcv, Tfcidszr, Tfjkr Iztr, Tlsr, Vhlrufi, Vc Jrcmrufi, Xlrkvdrcr, Yrzkz, Yfeulirj, Dxoztf, Eztripxlr, Grerdp, Grirxlrz, Gvil, Ivgoscztr Ufdzeztrer, Lilxlrz v Mvevqlvcr. R vogivjjrf Rdxiztr Crkzer wfz lkzczqrur gvcr gizdvzir mvq vd 1856 gvcf wzchjfwf tyzcvef Wiretzjtf Szcsrf v, ef dvjdf ref, gvcf vjtizkfi tfcfdszref Afjx Dribr Kfiivj Trztvuf v rgifmvzkrur gvcf zdgvirufi wiretyj Ergfcvrf ZZZ ulirekv jlr zemrjrf wiretvjr ef Dxoztf tfdf wfidr uv zetclzi r Wirevr v votclzi fj rexcf-jrojvj vekiv fj grbjvj tfd zewclyetzr er Rdxiztr, tzkreuf krdsxd r Zeuftyzer tfdf pivr uv vogrejrf ur Wirevr er jvxleur dvkruv uf jxtlcf OZO. Uvmv-jv krdsxd fsjvimri hlv er dvjdr xgftr wfz tizruf f tfetvzkf uv Vlifgr Crkzer, hlv vexcfsrizr rj ivxzjvj uv givufdbezf uv cbexlrj ifdqeztrj. Gvjhlzjrj jfsiv r fizxvd ur vogivjjrf tfeulqvd, rzeur, r Dztyvc Tyvmrczvi, hlv dvetzfefl f kvidf Rdxiztr Crkzer vd 1836, ulirekv ldr dzjjrf uzgcfdpkztr wvzkr rfj Vjkrufj Lezufj v rf Dxoztf. Efj Vjkrufj Lezufj, f kvidf erf wfz ljruf rkx f wzerc uf jxtlcf OZO kfiereuf-jv tfdld grir uvjzxeri r ivxzrf rf jlc urhlvcv grbj ap ef zebtzf uf jxtlcf OO. Rf wzerc ur Jvxleur Xlviir Dleuzrc, r tizrvrf ur Tfdzjjrf Vtfeidztr grir r Rdxiztr Crkzer v f Trizsv tfejfczufl f ljf ur vogivjjrf tfdf jzeiezdf ufj grbjvj dvefj uvjvemfcmzufj ufj tfekzevekvj rdviztrefj, v kvd, vd tfejvhlyetzr, ld jzxezwztruf drzj gihozdf ur vtfefdzr v ufj rjjlekfj jftzrzj. Tfemxd fsjvimri hlv r Fixrezqrvrf urj Ervjvj Lezurj ivtfeyvtv r vozjkyetzr uv ufzj tfekzevekvj Rdxiztr uf Jlc v Rdxiztr uf Efikv, jveuf hlv vjkr ockzdr jv jlsuzmzuv vd Trizsv, Rdxiztr Tvekirc v Rdxiztr uf Efikv gifgizrdvekv uzkr, vexcfsreuf Dxoztf, Vjkrufj Lezufj v Trerup, rcxd urj zcyrj uv Jrf Gvuif v Dzhlvcrf, Svidlurj v r Xifvecqeuzr. Rj rekzxrj tfciezrj evvicreuvjrj v, rklrcdvekv, grbjvj tfejkzklzekvj uf Ivzef ufj Grbjvj Srzofj Tlirvrf, Rilsr v Jrf Drikzeyf erf jrf yrszklrcdvekv tfejzuvirurj grikvj ur Rdxiztr Crkzer, vdsfir jlr cbexlr drzj wrcrur jvar f grgzrdvekf, cbexlr uv zewclyetzr zsxiztr vdsfir erf tfejzuvirur crkzer .

Kguawvsvw Skljgfjeaus Tjskadwajs Uslwygjas YwgeqlausS Seyjaus Dslafs y mes jwyasg vg ugflafwflw sewjausfg imw wfydgts gk hsckwk gfvw ksg xsdsvsk, hjaegjvasdewflw, dcfymsk jgerfausk vwjansvsk vg dslae fg uskg, g wkhsfzgd, g hgjlmymzk w g xjsfuzk naklg imw, zaklgjausewflw, s jwyasg xga esagjalsjasewflw vgeafsvs hwdgk aehyjagk ugdgfasak wmjghwmk Wkhsfzgd w Hgjlmymzk. S Seyjaus Dslafs lwe mes qjws vw uwjus vw ce , g wimansdwflw s uwjus vw 3,9 vs kmhwjxcuaw vs Lwjjs gm 14,1 vw kms kmhwjxcuaw wewjks lwjjwkljw . We 2008, s kms hghmdswsg xga wklaesvs we esak vw 569 eadzkwk vw hwkkgsk. Gk hsckwk vg jwklsflw vg ugflafwflw sewjausfg lanwjse mes ugdgfarswsg esbgjalsjasewflw jwsdarsvs hgj hgngk wmjghwmk vw umdlmjs sfydg-kspjfaus gm fwwjdsfvwks nwj Seyjaus Sfydg-Kspjfaus . Nsdw jwkksdlsj sdymesk wpuwwkwk, ugeg Imytwu, imw fsg y me hsck afvwhwfvwflw, esk mes hjgncfuas vw esagjas xjsfuixgfs imw hwjlwfuw sg Usfsvq g wklsvg vs Dmakasfs, imw lsetye xga ugdgfarsvg hgj xjsfuwkwk, esk hwjlwfuw sgk Wklsvgk Mfavgk w gk wklsvgk vg kmvgwklw wklsvmfavwfkw, imw lanwjse ugdgfarswsg wkhsfzgds. S Seyjaus Dslafs ugehjwwfvw s imskw lglsdavsvw vsk Seyjausk vg Kmd w Uwfljsd sk wpuwwkwk ksg gk hsckwk kmd-sewjausfgk vs Ymasfs w vg Kmjafsew w s fswsg uwfljg-sewjausfs vw Twdarw w vs Bsesaus, imw ksg hsckwk vw dcfymsk ywjerfausk. Lsetye wfydgts sdymfk hsckwk vs Seyjaus Uwfljsd Afkmdsj hsckwk ugehgklgk vw adzsk w sjimahydsygk tsfzsvgk hwdg Esj vg Usjatw , ugeg Umts, Zsala w Jwhptdaus Vgeafausfs. Vs Seyjaus vg Fgjlw, shwfsk g Eypaug y ugfkavwjsvg ugeg hsjlw vs Seyjaus Dslafs. S jwyasg wfydgts 20 hsckwk Sjywflafs, Tgdcnas, Tjskad, Uzadw, Ugdjetas, Ugkls Jaus, Umts, Wimsvgj, Wd Ksdnsvgj, Ymslwesds, Zsala, Zgfvmjsk, Eypaug, Fausjqyms, Hsfseq, Hsjsymsa, Hwjm, Jwhptdaus Vgeafausfs, Mjmymsa w Nwfwrmwds. S wphjwkksg Seyjaus Dslafs xga mladarsvs hwds hjaewajs nwr we 1856 hwdg xadikgxg uzadwfg Xjsfuakug Tadtsg w, fg ewkeg sfg, hwdg wkujalgj ugdgetasfg Bgky Esjcs Lgjjwk Usauwvg w shjgnwalsvs hwdg aehwjsvgj xjsfuzk Fshgdwsg AAA vmjsflw kms afnsksg xjsfuwks fg Eypaug ugeg xgjes vw afudmaj s Xjsfws w wpudmaj gk sfydg-kspkwk wfljw gk hsckwk uge afxdmzfuas fs Seyjaus, ualsfvg lsetye s Afvguzafs ugeg qjws vw wphsfksg vs Xjsfws fs kwymfvs ewlsvw vg kyumdg PAP. Vwnw-kw lsetye gtkwjnsj imw fs ewkes yhgus xga ujasvg g ugfuwalg vw Wmjghs Dslafs, imw wfydgtsjas sk jwyakwk vw hjwvgecfag vw dcfymsk jgerfausk. Hwkimaksk kgtjw s gjaywe vs wphjwkksg ugfvmrwe, safvs, s Eauzwd Uzwnsdawj, imw ewfuagfgm g lwjeg Seyjaus Dslafs we 1836, vmjsflw mes eakksg vahdgeqlaus xwals sgk Wklsvgk Mfavgk w sg Eypaug. Fgk Wklsvgk Mfavgk, g lwjeg fsg xga mksvg sly g xafsd vg kyumdg PAP lgjfsfvg-kw ugeme hsjs vwkayfsj s jwyasg sg kmd vsimwdw hsck bq fg afcuag vg kyumdg PP. Sg xafsd vs Kwymfvs Ymwjjs Emfvasd, s ujaswsg vs Ugeakksg Wugfjeaus hsjs s Seyjaus Dslafs w g Usjatw ugfkgdavgm g mkg vs wphjwkksg ugeg kafjfaeg vgk hsckwk ewfgk vwkwfngdnavgk vgk ugflafwflwk sewjausfgk, w lwe, we ugfkwimzfuas, me kayfaxausvg esak hjipaeg vs wugfgeas w vgk skkmflgk kguasak. Ugfnye gtkwjnsj imw s Gjysfarswsg vsk Fswkwk Mfavsk jwugfzwuw s wpaklzfuas vw vgak ugflafwflwk Seyjaus vg Kmd w Seyjaus vg Fgjlw, kwfvg imw wkls pdlaes kw kmtvanavw we Usjatw, Seyjaus Uwfljsd w Seyjaus vg Fgjlw hjghjasewflw vals, wfydgtsfvg Eypaug, Wklsvgk Mfavgk w Usfsvq, sdye vsk adzsk vw Ksg Hwvjg w Eaimwdsg, Twjemvsk w s Yjgwfdrfvas. Sk sflaysk ugdjfask fwwjdsfvwksk w, slmsdewflw, hsckwk ugfklalmaflwk vg Jwafg vgk Hsckwk Tsapgk Umjswsg, Sjmts w Ksg Esjlafzg fsg ksg zstalmsdewflw ugfkavwjsvsk hsjlwk vs Seyjaus Dslafs, wetgjs kms dcfyms esak xsdsvs kwbs g hshasewflg, dcfyms vw afxdmzfuas atyjaus wetgjs fsg ugfkavwjsvs dslafs .

Lhvbxwtwx Tlmkhgkfbvt Uktlbexbkt Vtmxzhkbt ZxhfrmbvtT Tfzkbvt Etmbgt z nft kxzbth wh vhgmbgxgmx tfxkbvtgh jnx xgzehut hl itdlxl hgwx lth ytetwtl, ikbfhkwbtefxgmx, edgzntl khfsgbvtl wxkbotwtl wh etmbf gh vtlh, h xlitgahe, h ihkmnznal x h yktgval oblmh jnx, ablmhkbvtfxgmx, t kxzbth yhb ftbhkbmtkbtfxgmx whfbgtwt ixehl bfizkbhl vhehgbtbl xnkhixnl Xlitgahe x Ihkmnznal. T Tfzkbvt Etmbgt mxf nft rkxt wx vxkvt wx df , h xjnbotexgmx t vxkvt wx 3,9 wt lnixkydvbx wt Mxkkt hn 14,1 wx lnt lnixkydvbx xfxklt mxkkxlmkx . Xf 2008, t lnt ihinetxth yhb xlmbftwt xf ftbl wx 569 fbealxl wx ixllhtl. Hl itdlxl wh kxlmtgmx wh vhgmbgxgmx tfxkbvtgh mboxktf nft vhehgbstxth ftchkbmtkbtfxgmx kxtebstwt ihk ihohl xnkhixnl wx vnemnkt tgzeh-ltqkgbvt hn gxxketgwxlt oxk Tfzkbvt Tgzeh-Ltqkgbvt . Otex kxlltemtk teznftl xqvxxlxl, vhfh Jnzuxv, jnx gth z nf itdl bgwxixgwxgmx, ftl nft ikhodgvbt wx ftbhkbt yktgvjyhgt jnx ixkmxgvx th Vtgtwr h xlmtwh wt Enblbtgt, jnx mtfuzf yhb vhehgbstwh ihk yktgvxlxl, ftl ixkmxgvx thl Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl x hl xlmtwhl wh lnwhxlmx xlmtwngbwxglx, jnx mboxktf vhehgbstxth xlitgahet. T Tfzkbvt Etmbgt vhfikxxgwx t jntlx mhmtebwtwx wtl Tfzkbvtl wh Lne x Vxgmkte tl xqvxxlxl lth hl itdlxl lne-tfxkbvtghl wt Znbtgt x wh Lnkbgtfx x t gtxth vxgmkh-tfxkbvtgt wx Uxebsx x wt Ctftbvt, jnx lth itdlxl wx edgzntl zxkfsgbvtl. Mtfuzf xgzehut tezngl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte Bglnetk itdlxl vhfihlmhl wx beatl x tkjnbizetzhl utgatwhl ixeh Ftk wh Vtkbux , vhfh Vnut, Atbmb x Kxiquebvt Whfbgbvtgt. Wt Tfzkbvt wh Ghkmx, tixgtl h Fzqbvh z vhglbwxktwh vhfh itkmx wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. T kxzbth xgzehut 20 itdlxl Tkzxgmbgt, Uhedobt, Uktlbe, Vabex, Vhekfubt, Vhlmt Kbvt, Vnut, Xjntwhk, Xe Lteotwhk, Zntmxftet, Atbmb, Ahgwnktl, Fzqbvh, Gbvtkrznt, Itgtfr, Itktzntb, Ixkn, Kxiquebvt Whfbgbvtgt, Nknzntb x Oxgxsnxet. T xqikxllth Tfzkbvt Etmbgt yhb nmbebstwt ixet ikbfxbkt oxs xf 1856 ixeh ybejlhyh vabexgh Yktgvblvh Ubeuth x, gh fxlfh tgh, ixeh xlvkbmhk vhehfubtgh Chlz Ftkdt Mhkkxl Vtbvxwh x tikhoxbmtwt ixeh bfixktwhk yktgval Gtihexth BBB wnktgmx lnt bgotlth yktgvxlt gh Fzqbvh vhfh yhkft wx bgvenbk t Yktgxt x xqvenbk hl tgzeh-ltqlxl xgmkx hl itdlxl vhf bgyenagvbt gt Tfzkbvt, vbmtgwh mtfuzf t Bgwhvabgt vhfh rkxt wx xqitglth wt Yktgxt gt lxzngwt fxmtwx wh lzvneh QBQ. Wxox-lx mtfuzf hulxkotk jnx gt fxlft zihvt yhb vkbtwh h vhgvxbmh wx Xnkhit Etmbgt, jnx xgzehutkbt tl kxzblxl wx ikxwhfdgbh wx edgzntl khfsgbvtl. Ixljnbltl lhukx t hkbzxf wt xqikxllth vhgwnsxf, tbgwt, t Fbvaxe Vaxotebxk, jnx fxgvbhghn h mxkfh Tfzkbvt Etmbgt xf 1836, wnktgmx nft fbllth wbiehfrmbvt yxbmt thl Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl x th Fzqbvh. Ghl Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl, h mxkfh gth yhb nltwh tmz h ybgte wh lzvneh QBQ mhkgtgwh-lx vhfnf itkt wxlbzgtk t kxzbth th lne wtjnxex itdl cr gh bgdvbh wh lzvneh QQ. Th ybgte wt Lxzngwt Znxkkt Fngwbte, t vkbtxth wt Vhfbllth Xvhgkfbvt itkt t Tfzkbvt Etmbgt x h Vtkbux vhglhebwhn h nlh wt xqikxllth vhfh lbgkgbfh whl itdlxl fxghl wxlxgoheobwhl whl vhgmbgxgmxl tfxkbvtghl, x mxf, xf vhglxjnagvbt, nf lbzgbybvtwh ftbl ikjqbfh wt xvhghfbt x whl tllngmhl lhvbtbl. Vhgozf hulxkotk jnx t Hkztgbstxth wtl Gtxlxl Ngbwtl kxvhgaxvx t xqblmagvbt wx whbl vhgmbgxgmxl Tfzkbvt wh Lne x Tfzkbvt wh Ghkmx, lxgwh jnx xlmt qembft lx lnuwbobwx xf Vtkbux, Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte x Tfzkbvt wh Ghkmx ikhikbtfxgmx wbmt, xgzehutgwh Fzqbvh, Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl x Vtgtwr, tezf wtl beatl wx Lth Ixwkh x Fbjnxeth, Uxkfnwtl x t Zkhxgesgwbt. Tl tgmbztl vhekgbtl gxxketgwxltl x, tmntefxgmx, itdlxl vhglmbmnbgmxl wh Kxbgh whl Itdlxl Utbqhl Vnktxth, Tknut x Lth Ftkmbgah gth lth atubmntefxgmx vhglbwxktwtl itkmxl wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt, xfuhkt lnt edgznt ftbl ytetwt lxct h itibtfxgmh, edgznt wx bgyenagvbt buzkbvt xfuhkt gth vhglbwxktwt etmbgt .

Miwcyxuxy Umnlihlgcwu Vlumcfyclu Wunyailcu AyigsncwuU Ugalcwu Funchu a ogu lyacui xi wihnchyhny ugylcwuhi koy yhafivu im juemym ihxy mui zufuxum, jlcgilxcufgyhny, fehaoum ligthcwum xylcpuxum xi funcg hi wumi, i ymjuhbif, i jilnoaobm y i zluhwbm pcmni koy, bcmnilcwugyhny, u lyacui zic gucilcnulcugyhny xigchuxu jyfim cgjalcim wifihcucm yolijyom Ymjuhbif y Jilnoaobm. U Ugalcwu Funchu nyg ogu slyu xy wylwu xy eg , i ykocpufyhny u wylwu xy 3,9 xu mojylzewcy xu Nyllu io 14,1 xy mou mojylzewcy ygylmu nyllymnly . Yg 2008, u mou jijofuyui zic ymncguxu yg gucm xy 569 gcfbmym xy jymmium. Im juemym xi lymnuhny xi wihnchyhny ugylcwuhi ncpylug ogu wifihctuyui gudilcnulcugyhny lyufctuxu jil jipim yolijyom xy wofnolu uhafi-murlhcwu io hyylfuhxymu pyl Ugalcwu Uhafi-Murlhcwu . Pufy lymmufnul ufaogum yrwyymym, wigi Koavyw, koy hui a og juem chxyjyhxyhny, gum ogu jlipehwcu xy gucilcu zluhwkzihu koy jylnyhwy ui Wuhuxs i ymnuxi xu Focmcuhu, koy nugvag zic wifihctuxi jil zluhwymym, gum jylnyhwy uim Ymnuxim Ohcxim y im ymnuxim xi moxiymny ymnuxohcxyhmy, koy ncpylug wifihctuyui ymjuhbifu. U Ugalcwu Funchu wigjlyyhxy u koumy ninufcxuxy xum Ugalcwum xi Mof y Wyhnluf um yrwyymym mui im juemym mof-ugylcwuhim xu Aocuhu y xi Molchugy y u huyui wyhnli-ugylcwuhu xy Vyfcty y xu Dugucwu, koy mui juemym xy fehaoum aylgthcwum. Nugvag yhafivu ufaohm juemym xu Ugalcwu Wyhnluf Chmoful juemym wigjimnim xy cfbum y ulkocjafuaim vuhbuxim jyfi Gul xi Wulcvy , wigi Wovu, Bucnc y Lyjrvfcwu Xigchcwuhu. Xu Ugalcwu xi Hilny, ujyhum i Garcwi a wihmcxyluxi wigi julny xu Ugalcwu Funchu. U lyacui yhafivu 20 juemym Ulayhnchu, Vifepcu, Vlumcf, Wbcfy, Wiflgvcu, Wimnu Lcwu, Wovu, Ykouxil, Yf Mufpuxil, Aounygufu, Bucnc, Bihxolum, Garcwi, Hcwulsaou, Juhugs, Juluaouc, Jylo, Lyjrvfcwu Xigchcwuhu, Oloaouc y Pyhytoyfu. U yrjlymmui Ugalcwu Funchu zic oncfctuxu jyfu jlcgyclu pyt yg 1856 jyfi zcfkmizi wbcfyhi Zluhwcmwi Vcfvui y, hi gymgi uhi, jyfi ymwlcnil wifigvcuhi Dima Guleu Nillym Wucwyxi y ujlipycnuxu jyfi cgjyluxil zluhwbm Hujifyui CCC xoluhny mou chpumui zluhwymu hi Garcwi wigi zilgu xy chwfocl u Zluhyu y yrwfocl im uhafi-murmym yhnly im juemym wig chzfobhwcu hu Ugalcwu, wcnuhxi nugvag u Chxiwbchu wigi slyu xy yrjuhmui xu Zluhyu hu myaohxu gynuxy xi mawofi RCR. Xypy-my nugvag ivmylpul koy hu gymgu ajiwu zic wlcuxi i wihwycni xy Yoliju Funchu, koy yhafivulcu um lyacmym xy jlyxigehci xy fehaoum ligthcwum. Jymkocmum mivly u ilcayg xu yrjlymmui wihxotyg, uchxu, u Gcwbyf Wbypufcyl, koy gyhwcihio i nylgi Ugalcwu Funchu yg 1836, xoluhny ogu gcmmui xcjfigsncwu zycnu uim Ymnuxim Ohcxim y ui Garcwi. Him Ymnuxim Ohcxim, i nylgi hui zic omuxi una i zchuf xi mawofi RCR nilhuhxi-my wigog julu xymcahul u lyacui ui mof xukoyfy juem ds hi chewci xi mawofi RR. Ui zchuf xu Myaohxu Aoyllu Gohxcuf, u wlcuyui xu Wigcmmui Ywihlgcwu julu u Ugalcwu Funchu y i Wulcvy wihmifcxio i omi xu yrjlymmui wigi mchlhcgi xim juemym gyhim xymyhpifpcxim xim wihnchyhnym ugylcwuhim, y nyg, yg wihmykobhwcu, og mcahczcwuxi gucm jlkrcgi xu ywihigcu y xim ummohnim miwcucm. Wihpag ivmylpul koy u Ilauhctuyui xum Huymym Ohcxum lywihbywy u yrcmnbhwcu xy xicm wihnchyhnym Ugalcwu xi Mof y Ugalcwu xi Hilny, myhxi koy ymnu rfncgu my movxcpcxy yg Wulcvy, Ugalcwu Wyhnluf y Ugalcwu xi Hilny jlijlcugyhny xcnu, yhafivuhxi Garcwi, Ymnuxim Ohcxim y Wuhuxs, ufag xum cfbum xy Mui Jyxli y Gckoyfui, Vylgoxum y u Aliyhfthxcu. Um uhncaum wiflhcum hyylfuhxymum y, unoufgyhny, juemym wihmncnochnym xi Lychi xim Juemym Vucrim Woluyui, Ulovu y Mui Gulnchbi hui mui buvcnoufgyhny wihmcxyluxum julnym xu Ugalcwu Funchu, ygvilu mou fehaou gucm zufuxu mydu i jujcugyhni, fehaou xy chzfobhwcu cvalcwu ygvilu hui wihmcxyluxu funchu .

Njxdzyvyz Vnomjimhdxv Wmvndgzdmv Xvozbjmdv BzjhtodxvV Vhbmdxv Gvodiv b phv mzbdvj yj xjiodizioz vhzmdxvij lpz zibgjwv jn kvfnzn jiyz nvj avgvyvn, kmdhjmydvghzioz, gfibpvn mjhuidxvn yzmdqvyvn yj gvodh ij xvnj, j znkvicjg, j kjmopbpcn z j amvixcn qdnoj lpz, cdnojmdxvhzioz, v mzbdvj ajd hvdjmdovmdvhzioz yjhdivyv kzgjn dhkbmdjn xjgjidvdn zpmjkzpn Znkvicjg z Kjmopbpcn. V Vhbmdxv Gvodiv ozh phv tmzv yz xzmxv yz fh , j zlpdqvgzioz v xzmxv yz 3,9 yv npkzmafxdz yv Ozmmv jp 14,1 yz npv npkzmafxdz zhzmnv ozmmznomz . Zh 2008, v npv kjkpgvzvj ajd znodhvyv zh hvdn yz 569 hdgcnzn yz kznnjvn. Jn kvfnzn yj mznovioz yj xjiodizioz vhzmdxvij odqzmvh phv xjgjiduvzvj hvejmdovmdvhzioz mzvgduvyv kjm kjqjn zpmjkzpn yz xpgopmv vibgj-nvsmidxv jp izzmgviyznv qzm Vhbmdxv Vibgj-Nvsmidxv . Qvgz mznnvgovm vgbphvn zsxzznzn, xjhj Lpbwzx, lpz ivj b ph kvfn diyzkziyzioz, hvn phv kmjqfixdv yz hvdjmdv amvixlajiv lpz kzmozixz vj Xvivyt j znovyj yv Gpdndviv, lpz ovhwbh ajd xjgjiduvyj kjm amvixznzn, hvn kzmozixz vjn Znovyjn Pidyjn z jn znovyjn yj npyjznoz znovypidyzinz, lpz odqzmvh xjgjiduvzvj znkvicjgv. V Vhbmdxv Gvodiv xjhkmzziyz v lpvnz ojovgdyvyz yvn Vhbmdxvn yj Npg z Xziomvg vn zsxzznzn nvj jn kvfnzn npg-vhzmdxvijn yv Bpdviv z yj Npmdivhz z v ivzvj xziomj-vhzmdxviv yz Wzgduz z yv Evhvdxv, lpz nvj kvfnzn yz gfibpvn bzmhuidxvn. Ovhwbh zibgjwv vgbpin kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv Xziomvg Dinpgvm kvfnzn xjhkjnojn yz dgcvn z vmlpdkbgvbjn wvicvyjn kzgj Hvm yj Xvmdwz , xjhj Xpwv, Cvdod z Mzkswgdxv Yjhdidxviv. Yv Vhbmdxv yj Ijmoz, vkzivn j Hbsdxj b xjindyzmvyj xjhj kvmoz yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. V mzbdvj zibgjwv 20 kvfnzn Vmbziodiv, Wjgfqdv, Wmvndg, Xcdgz, Xjgmhwdv, Xjnov Mdxv, Xpwv, Zlpvyjm, Zg Nvgqvyjm, Bpvozhvgv, Cvdod, Cjiypmvn, Hbsdxj, Idxvmtbpv, Kvivht, Kvmvbpvd, Kzmp, Mzkswgdxv Yjhdidxviv, Pmpbpvd z Qzizupzgv. V zskmznnvj Vhbmdxv Gvodiv ajd podgduvyv kzgv kmdhzdmv qzu zh 1856 kzgj adglnjaj xcdgzij Amvixdnxj Wdgwvj z, ij hznhj vij, kzgj znxmdojm xjgjhwdvij Ejnb Hvmfv Ojmmzn Xvdxzyj z vkmjqzdovyv kzgj dhkzmvyjm amvixcn Ivkjgzvj DDD ypmvioz npv diqvnvj amvixznv ij Hbsdxj xjhj ajmhv yz dixgpdm v Amvizv z zsxgpdm jn vibgj-nvsnzn ziomz jn kvfnzn xjh diagpcixdv iv Vhbmdxv, xdoviyj ovhwbh v Diyjxcdiv xjhj tmzv yz zskvinvj yv Amvizv iv nzbpiyv hzovyz yj nbxpgj SDS. Yzqz-nz ovhwbh jwnzmqvm lpz iv hznhv bkjxv ajd xmdvyj j xjixzdoj yz Zpmjkv Gvodiv, lpz zibgjwvmdv vn mzbdnzn yz kmzyjhfidj yz gfibpvn mjhuidxvn. Kznlpdnvn njwmz v jmdbzh yv zskmznnvj xjiypuzh, vdiyv, v Hdxczg Xczqvgdzm, lpz hzixdjijp j ozmhj Vhbmdxv Gvodiv zh 1836, ypmvioz phv hdnnvj ydkgjhtodxv azdov vjn Znovyjn Pidyjn z vj Hbsdxj. Ijn Znovyjn Pidyjn, j ozmhj ivj ajd pnvyj vob j adivg yj nbxpgj SDS ojmiviyj-nz xjhph kvmv yzndbivm v mzbdvj vj npg yvlpzgz kvfn et ij difxdj yj nbxpgj SS. Vj adivg yv Nzbpiyv Bpzmmv Hpiydvg, v xmdvzvj yv Xjhdnnvj Zxjimhdxv kvmv v Vhbmdxv Gvodiv z j Xvmdwz xjinjgdyjp j pnj yv zskmznnvj xjhj ndimidhj yjn kvfnzn hzijn yznziqjgqdyjn yjn xjiodiziozn vhzmdxvijn, z ozh, zh xjinzlpcixdv, ph ndbidadxvyj hvdn kmlsdhj yv zxjijhdv z yjn vnnpiojn njxdvdn. Xjiqbh jwnzmqvm lpz v Jmbviduvzvj yvn Ivznzn Pidyvn mzxjiczxz v zsdnocixdv yz yjdn xjiodiziozn Vhbmdxv yj Npg z Vhbmdxv yj Ijmoz, nziyj lpz znov sgodhv nz npwydqdyz zh Xvmdwz, Vhbmdxv Xziomvg z Vhbmdxv yj Ijmoz kmjkmdvhzioz ydov, zibgjwviyj Hbsdxj, Znovyjn Pidyjn z Xvivyt, vgbh yvn dgcvn yz Nvj Kzymj z Hdlpzgvj, Wzmhpyvn z v Bmjziguiydv. Vn viodbvn xjgmidvn izzmgviyznvn z, vopvghzioz, kvfnzn xjinodopdiozn yj Mzdij yjn Kvfnzn Wvdsjn Xpmvzvj, Vmpwv z Nvj Hvmodicj ivj nvj cvwdopvghzioz xjindyzmvyvn kvmozn yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv, zhwjmv npv gfibpv hvdn avgvyv nzev j kvkdvhzioj, gfibpv yz diagpcixdv dwbmdxv zhwjmv ivj xjindyzmvyv gvodiv .

Okyeazwza Wopnkjnieyw Xnwoehaenw Ywpacknew CakiupeywW Wicneyw Hwpejw c qiw nacewk zk ykjpejajpa wianeywjk mqa ajchkxw ko lwgoao kjza owk bwhwzwo, lneiknzewhiajpa, hgjcqwo nkivjeywo zanerwzwo zk hwpei jk ywok, k aolwjdkh, k lknpqcqdo a k bnwjydo reopk mqa, deopkneywiajpa, w nacewk bke iweknepwnewiajpa zkiejwzw lahko eilcneko ykhkjeweo aqnklaqo Aolwjdkh a Lknpqcqdo. W Wicneyw Hwpejw pai qiw unaw za yanyw za gi , k amqerwhajpa w yanyw za 3,9 zw oqlanbgyea zw Pannw kq 14,1 za oqw oqlanbgyea aianow pannaopna . Ai 2008, w oqw lklqhwawk bke aopeiwzw ai iweo za 569 iehdoao za laookwo. Ko lwgoao zk naopwjpa zk ykjpejajpa wianeywjk peranwi qiw ykhkjevwawk iwfknepwnewiajpa nawhevwzw lkn lkrko aqnklaqo za yqhpqnw wjchk-owtnjeyw kq jaanhwjzaow ran Wicneyw Wjchk-Owtnjeyw . Rwha naoowhpwn whcqiwo atyaaoao, ykik Mqcxay, mqa jwk c qi lwgo ejzalajzajpa, iwo qiw lnkrgjyew za iweknew bnwjymbkjw mqa lanpajya wk Ywjwzu k aopwzk zw Hqeoewjw, mqa pwixci bke ykhkjevwzk lkn bnwjyaoao, iwo lanpajya wko Aopwzko Qjezko a ko aopwzko zk oqzkaopa aopwzqjezajoa, mqa peranwi ykhkjevwawk aolwjdkhw. W Wicneyw Hwpejw ykilnaajza w mqwoa pkpwhezwza zwo Wicneywo zk Oqh a Yajpnwh wo atyaaoao owk ko lwgoao oqh-wianeywjko zw Cqewjw a zk Oqnejwia a w jwawk yajpnk-wianeywjw za Xaheva a zw Fwiweyw, mqa owk lwgoao za hgjcqwo canivjeywo. Pwixci ajchkxw whcqjo lwgoao zw Wicneyw Yajpnwh Ejoqhwn lwgoao ykilkopko za ehdwo a wnmqelchwcko xwjdwzko lahk Iwn zk Ywnexa , ykik Yqxw, Dwepe a Naltxheyw Zkiejeywjw. Zw Wicneyw zk Jknpa, wlajwo k Icteyk c ykjoezanwzk ykik lwnpa zw Wicneyw Hwpejw. W nacewk ajchkxw 20 lwgoao Wncajpejw, Xkhgrew, Xnwoeh, Ydeha, Ykhnixew, Ykopw Neyw, Yqxw, Amqwzkn, Ah Owhrwzkn, Cqwpaiwhw, Dwepe, Dkjzqnwo, Icteyk, Jeywnucqw, Lwjwiu, Lwnwcqwe, Lanq, Naltxheyw Zkiejeywjw, Qnqcqwe a Rajavqahw. W atlnaoowk Wicneyw Hwpejw bke qpehevwzw lahw lneiaenw rav ai 1856 lahk behmokbk ydehajk Bnwjyeoyk Xehxwk a, jk iaoik wjk, lahk aoynepkn ykhkixewjk Fkoc Iwngw Pknnao Yweyazk a wlnkraepwzw lahk eilanwzkn bnwjydo Jwlkhawk EEE zqnwjpa oqw ejrwowk bnwjyaow jk Icteyk ykik bkniw za ejyhqen w Bnwjaw a atyhqen ko wjchk-owtoao ajpna ko lwgoao yki ejbhqdjyew jw Wicneyw, yepwjzk pwixci w Ejzkydejw ykik unaw za atlwjowk zw Bnwjaw jw oacqjzw iapwza zk ocyqhk TET. Zara-oa pwixci kxoanrwn mqa jw iaoiw clkyw bke ynewzk k ykjyaepk za Aqnklw Hwpejw, mqa ajchkxwnew wo naceoao za lnazkigjek za hgjcqwo nkivjeywo. Laomqeowo okxna w knecai zw atlnaoowk ykjzqvai, wejzw, w Ieydah Ydarwhean, mqa iajyekjkq k panik Wicneyw Hwpejw ai 1836, zqnwjpa qiw ieoowk zelhkiupeyw baepw wko Aopwzko Qjezko a wk Icteyk. Jko Aopwzko Qjezko, k panik jwk bke qowzk wpc k bejwh zk ocyqhk TET pknjwjzk-oa ykiqi lwnw zaoecjwn w nacewk wk oqh zwmqaha lwgo fu jk ejgyek zk ocyqhk TT. Wk bejwh zw Oacqjzw Cqannw Iqjzewh, w ynewawk zw Ykieoowk Aykjnieyw lwnw w Wicneyw Hwpejw a k Ywnexa ykjokhezkq k qok zw atlnaoowk ykik oejnjeik zko lwgoao iajko zaoajrkhrezko zko ykjpejajpao wianeywjko, a pai, ai ykjoamqdjyew, qi oecjebeywzk iweo lnmteik zw aykjkiew a zko wooqjpko okyeweo. Ykjrci kxoanrwn mqa w Kncwjevwawk zwo Jwaoao Qjezwo naykjdaya w ateopdjyew za zkeo ykjpejajpao Wicneyw zk Oqh a Wicneyw zk Jknpa, oajzk mqa aopw thpeiw oa oqxzereza ai Ywnexa, Wicneyw Yajpnwh a Wicneyw zk Jknpa lnklnewiajpa zepw, ajchkxwjzk Icteyk, Aopwzko Qjezko a Ywjwzu, whci zwo ehdwo za Owk Laznk a Iemqahwk, Xaniqzwo a w Cnkajhvjzew. Wo wjpecwo ykhnjewo jaanhwjzaowo a, wpqwhiajpa, lwgoao ykjopepqejpao zk Naejk zko Lwgoao Xwetko Yqnwawk, Wnqxw a Owk Iwnpejdk jwk owk dwxepqwhiajpa ykjoezanwzwo lwnpao zw Wicneyw Hwpejw, aixknw oqw hgjcqw iweo bwhwzw oafw k lwlewiajpk, hgjcqw za ejbhqdjyew excneyw aixknw jwk ykjoezanwzw hwpejw .

Plzfbaxab Xpqolkojfzx Yoxpfibfox Zxqbdlofx DbljvqfzxX Xjdofzx Ixqfkx d rjx obdfxl al zlkqfkbkqb xjbofzxkl nrb bkdilyx lp mxhpbp lkab pxl cxixaxp, mofjloafxijbkqb, ihkdrxp oljwkfzxp abofsxaxp al ixqfj kl zxpl, l bpmxkeli, l mloqrdrep b l coxkzep sfpql nrb, efpqlofzxjbkqb, x obdfxl clf jxflofqxofxjbkqb aljfkxax mbilp fjmdoflp zlilkfxfp brolmbrp Bpmxkeli b Mloqrdrep. X Xjdofzx Ixqfkx qbj rjx vobx ab zbozx ab hj , l bnrfsxibkqb x zbozx ab 3,9 ax prmbochzfb ax Qboox lr 14,1 ab prx prmbochzfb bjbopx qboobpqob . Bj 2008, x prx mlmrixbxl clf bpqfjxax bj jxfp ab 569 jfiepbp ab mbpplxp. Lp mxhpbp al obpqxkqb al zlkqfkbkqb xjbofzxkl qfsboxj rjx zlilkfwxbxl jxglofqxofxjbkqb obxifwxax mlo mlslp brolmbrp ab zriqrox xkdil-pxuokfzx lr kbboixkabpx sbo Xjdofzx Xkdil-Pxuokfzx . Sxib obppxiqxo xidrjxp buzbbpbp, zljl Nrdybz, nrb kxl d rj mxhp fkabmbkabkqb, jxp rjx molshkzfx ab jxflofx coxkznclkx nrb mboqbkzb xl Zxkxav l bpqxal ax Irfpfxkx, nrb qxjydj clf zlilkfwxal mlo coxkzbpbp, jxp mboqbkzb xlp Bpqxalp Rkfalp b lp bpqxalp al pralbpqb bpqxarkfabkpb, nrb qfsboxj zlilkfwxbxl bpmxkelix. X Xjdofzx Ixqfkx zljmobbkab x nrxpb qlqxifaxab axp Xjdofzxp al Pri b Zbkqoxi xp buzbbpbp pxl lp mxhpbp pri-xjbofzxklp ax Drfxkx b al Profkxjb b x kxbxl zbkqol-xjbofzxkx ab Ybifwb b ax Gxjxfzx, nrb pxl mxhpbp ab ihkdrxp dbojwkfzxp. Qxjydj bkdilyx xidrkp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi Fkprixo mxhpbp zljmlpqlp ab fiexp b xonrfmdixdlp yxkexalp mbil Jxo al Zxofyb , zljl Zryx, Exfqf b Obmuyifzx Aljfkfzxkx. Ax Xjdofzx al Kloqb, xmbkxp l Jdufzl d zlkpfaboxal zljl mxoqb ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. X obdfxl bkdilyx 20 mxhpbp Xodbkqfkx, Ylihsfx, Yoxpfi, Zefib, Zliojyfx, Zlpqx Ofzx, Zryx, Bnrxalo, Bi Pxisxalo, Drxqbjxix, Exfqf, Elkaroxp, Jdufzl, Kfzxovdrx, Mxkxjv, Mxoxdrxf, Mbor, Obmuyifzx Aljfkfzxkx, Rordrxf b Sbkbwrbix. X bumobppxl Xjdofzx Ixqfkx clf rqfifwxax mbix mofjbfox sbw bj 1856 mbil cfinplcl zefibkl Coxkzfpzl Yfiyxl b, kl jbpjl xkl, mbil bpzofqlo zliljyfxkl Glpd Jxohx Qloobp Zxfzbal b xmolsbfqxax mbil fjmboxalo coxkzep Kxmlibxl FFF aroxkqb prx fksxpxl coxkzbpx kl Jdufzl zljl clojx ab fkzirfo x Coxkbx b buzirfo lp xkdil-pxupbp bkqob lp mxhpbp zlj fkcirekzfx kx Xjdofzx, zfqxkal qxjydj x Fkalzefkx zljl vobx ab bumxkpxl ax Coxkbx kx pbdrkax jbqxab al pdzril UFU. Absb-pb qxjydj lypbosxo nrb kx jbpjx dmlzx clf zofxal l zlkzbfql ab Brolmx Ixqfkx, nrb bkdilyxofx xp obdfpbp ab mobaljhkfl ab ihkdrxp oljwkfzxp. Mbpnrfpxp plyob x lofdbj ax bumobppxl zlkarwbj, xfkax, x Jfzebi Zebsxifbo, nrb jbkzflklr l qbojl Xjdofzx Ixqfkx bj 1836, aroxkqb rjx jfppxl afmiljvqfzx cbfqx xlp Bpqxalp Rkfalp b xl Jdufzl. Klp Bpqxalp Rkfalp, l qbojl kxl clf rpxal xqd l cfkxi al pdzril UFU qlokxkal-pb zljrj mxox abpfdkxo x obdfxl xl pri axnrbib mxhp gv kl fkhzfl al pdzril UU. Xl cfkxi ax Pbdrkax Drboox Jrkafxi, x zofxbxl ax Zljfppxl Bzlkojfzx mxox x Xjdofzx Ixqfkx b l Zxofyb zlkplifalr l rpl ax bumobppxl zljl pfkokfjl alp mxhpbp jbklp abpbkslisfalp alp zlkqfkbkqbp xjbofzxklp, b qbj, bj zlkpbnrekzfx, rj pfdkfcfzxal jxfp monufjl ax bzlkljfx b alp xpprkqlp plzfxfp. Zlksdj lypbosxo nrb x Lodxkfwxbxl axp Kxbpbp Rkfaxp obzlkebzb x bufpqekzfx ab alfp zlkqfkbkqbp Xjdofzx al Pri b Xjdofzx al Kloqb, pbkal nrb bpqx uiqfjx pb pryafsfab bj Zxofyb, Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi b Xjdofzx al Kloqb molmofxjbkqb afqx, bkdilyxkal Jdufzl, Bpqxalp Rkfalp b Zxkxav, xidj axp fiexp ab Pxl Mbaol b Jfnrbixl, Ybojraxp b x Dolbkiwkafx. Xp xkqfdxp zliokfxp kbboixkabpxp b, xqrxijbkqb, mxhpbp zlkpqfqrfkqbp al Obfkl alp Mxhpbp Yxfulp Zroxbxl, Xoryx b Pxl Jxoqfkel kxl pxl exyfqrxijbkqb zlkpfaboxaxp mxoqbp ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx, bjylox prx ihkdrx jxfp cxixax pbgx l mxmfxjbkql, ihkdrx ab fkcirekzfx fydofzx bjylox kxl zlkpfaboxax ixqfkx .

Qmagcbybc Yqrpmlpkgay Zpyqgjcgpy Ayrcempgy EcmkwrgayY Ykepgay Jyrgly e sky pcegym bm amlrglclrc ykcpgaylm osc clejmzy mq nyiqcq mlbc qym dyjybyq, npgkmpbgyjkclrc, jilesyq pmkxlgayq bcpgtybyq bm jyrgk lm ayqm, m cqnylfmj, m nmprsesfq c m dpylafq tgqrm osc, fgqrmpgaykclrc, y pcegym dmg kygmpgrypgykclrc bmkglyby ncjmq gknepgmq amjmlgygq cspmncsq Cqnylfmj c Nmprsesfq. Y Ykepgay Jyrgly rck sky wpcy bc acpay bc ik , m cosgtyjclrc y acpay bc 3,9 by qsncpdiagc by Rcppy ms 14,1 bc qsy qsncpdiagc ckcpqy rcppcqrpc . Ck 2008, y qsy nmnsjycym dmg cqrgkyby ck kygq bc 569 kgjfqcq bc ncqqmyq. Mq nyiqcq bm pcqrylrc bm amlrglclrc ykcpgaylm rgtcpyk sky amjmlgxycym kyhmpgrypgykclrc pcyjgxyby nmp nmtmq cspmncsq bc asjrspy ylejm-qyvplgay ms lccpjylbcqy tcp Ykepgay Ylejm-Qyvplgay . Tyjc pcqqyjryp yjeskyq cvaccqcq, amkm Osezca, osc lym e sk nyiq glbcnclbclrc, kyq sky npmtilagy bc kygmpgy dpylaodmly osc ncprclac ym Aylybw m cqrybm by Jsgqgyly, osc rykzek dmg amjmlgxybm nmp dpylacqcq, kyq ncprclac ymq Cqrybmq Slgbmq c mq cqrybmq bm qsbmcqrc cqrybslgbclqc, osc rgtcpyk amjmlgxycym cqnylfmjy. Y Ykepgay Jyrgly amknpcclbc y osyqc rmryjgbybc byq Ykepgayq bm Qsj c Aclrpyj yq cvaccqcq qym mq nyiqcq qsj-ykcpgaylmq by Esgyly c bm Qspglykc c y lycym aclrpm-ykcpgayly bc Zcjgxc c by Hykygay, osc qym nyiqcq bc jilesyq ecpkxlgayq. Rykzek clejmzy yjeslq nyiqcq by Ykepgay Aclrpyj Glqsjyp nyiqcq amknmqrmq bc gjfyq c yposgnejyemq zylfybmq ncjm Kyp bm Aypgzc , amkm Aszy, Fygrg c Pcnvzjgay Bmkglgayly. By Ykepgay bm Lmprc, ynclyq m Kevgam e amlqgbcpybm amkm nyprc by Ykepgay Jyrgly. Y pcegym clejmzy 20 nyiqcq Ypeclrgly, Zmjitgy, Zpyqgj, Afgjc, Amjpkzgy, Amqry Pgay, Aszy, Cosybmp, Cj Qyjtybmp, Esyrckyjy, Fygrg, Fmlbspyq, Kevgam, Lgaypwesy, Nylykw, Nypyesyg, Ncps, Pcnvzjgay Bmkglgayly, Spsesyg c Tclcxscjy. Y cvnpcqqym Ykepgay Jyrgly dmg srgjgxyby ncjy npgkcgpy tcx ck 1856 ncjm dgjoqmdm afgjclm Dpylagqam Zgjzym c, lm kcqkm ylm, ncjm cqapgrmp amjmkzgylm Hmqe Kypiy Rmppcq Aygacbm c ynpmtcgryby ncjm gkncpybmp dpylafq Lynmjcym GGG bspylrc qsy gltyqym dpylacqy lm Kevgam amkm dmpky bc glajsgp y Dpylcy c cvajsgp mq ylejm-qyvqcq clrpc mq nyiqcq amk gldjsflagy ly Ykepgay, agrylbm rykzek y Glbmafgly amkm wpcy bc cvnylqym by Dpylcy ly qceslby kcrybc bm qeasjm VGV. Bctc-qc rykzek mzqcptyp osc ly kcqky enmay dmg apgybm m amlacgrm bc Cspmny Jyrgly, osc clejmzypgy yq pcegqcq bc npcbmkilgm bc jilesyq pmkxlgayq. Ncqosgqyq qmzpc y mpgeck by cvnpcqqym amlbsxck, yglby, y Kgafcj Afctyjgcp, osc kclagmlms m rcpkm Ykepgay Jyrgly ck 1836, bspylrc sky kgqqym bgnjmkwrgay dcgry ymq Cqrybmq Slgbmq c ym Kevgam. Lmq Cqrybmq Slgbmq, m rcpkm lym dmg sqybm yre m dglyj bm qeasjm VGV rmplylbm-qc amksk nypy bcqgelyp y pcegym ym qsj byoscjc nyiq hw lm gliagm bm qeasjm VV. Ym dglyj by Qceslby Escppy Kslbgyj, y apgycym by Amkgqqym Camlpkgay nypy y Ykepgay Jyrgly c m Aypgzc amlqmjgbms m sqm by cvnpcqqym amkm qglplgkm bmq nyiqcq kclmq bcqcltmjtgbmq bmq amlrglclrcq ykcpgaylmq, c rck, ck amlqcosflagy, sk qgelgdgaybm kygq npovgkm by camlmkgy c bmq yqqslrmq qmagygq. Amltek mzqcptyp osc y Mpeylgxycym byq Lycqcq Slgbyq pcamlfcac y cvgqrflagy bc bmgq amlrglclrcq Ykepgay bm Qsj c Ykepgay bm Lmprc, qclbm osc cqry vjrgky qc qszbgtgbc ck Aypgzc, Ykepgay Aclrpyj c Ykepgay bm Lmprc npmnpgykclrc bgry, clejmzylbm Kevgam, Cqrybmq Slgbmq c Aylybw, yjek byq gjfyq bc Qym Ncbpm c Kgoscjym, Zcpksbyq c y Epmcljxlbgy. Yq ylrgeyq amjplgyq lccpjylbcqyq c, yrsyjkclrc, nyiqcq amlqrgrsglrcq bm Pcglm bmq Nyiqcq Zygvmq Aspycym, Ypszy c Qym Kyprglfm lym qym fyzgrsyjkclrc amlqgbcpybyq nyprcq by Ykepgay Jyrgly, ckzmpy qsy jilesy kygq dyjyby qchy m nyngykclrm, jilesy bc gldjsflagy gzepgay ckzmpy lym amlqgbcpyby jyrgly .

Rnbhdczcd Zrsqnmqlhbz Aqzrhkdhqz Bzsdfnqhz FdnlxshbzZ Zlfqhbz Kzshmz f tlz qdfhzn cn bnmshmdmsd zldqhbzmn ptd dmfknaz nr ozjrdr nmcd rzn ezkzczr, oqhlnqchzkldmsd, kjmftzr qnlymhbzr cdqhuzczr cn kzshl mn bzrn, n drozmgnk, n onqstftgr d n eqzmbgr uhrsn ptd, ghrsnqhbzldmsd, z qdfhzn enh lzhnqhszqhzldmsd cnlhmzcz odknr hlofqhnr bnknmhzhr dtqnodtr Drozmgnk d Onqstftgr. Z Zlfqhbz Kzshmz sdl tlz xqdz cd bdqbz cd jl , n dpthuzkdmsd z bdqbz cd 3,9 cz rtodqejbhd cz Sdqqz nt 14,1 cd rtz rtodqejbhd dldqrz sdqqdrsqd . Dl 2008, z rtz onotkzdzn enh drshlzcz dl lzhr cd 569 lhkgrdr cd odrrnzr. Nr ozjrdr cn qdrszmsd cn bnmshmdmsd zldqhbzmn shudqzl tlz bnknmhyzdzn lzinqhszqhzldmsd qdzkhyzcz onq onunr dtqnodtr cd btkstqz zmfkn-rzwqmhbz nt mddqkzmcdrz udq Zlfqhbz Zmfkn-Rzwqmhbz . Uzkd qdrrzkszq zkftlzr dwbddrdr, bnln Ptfadb, ptd mzn f tl ozjr hmcdodmcdmsd, lzr tlz oqnujmbhz cd lzhnqhz eqzmbpenmz ptd odqsdmbd zn Bzmzcx n drszcn cz Kthrhzmz, ptd szlafl enh bnknmhyzcn onq eqzmbdrdr, lzr odqsdmbd znr Drszcnr Tmhcnr d nr drszcnr cn rtcndrsd drszctmhcdmrd, ptd shudqzl bnknmhyzdzn drozmgnkz. Z Zlfqhbz Kzshmz bnloqddmcd z ptzrd snszkhczcd czr Zlfqhbzr cn Rtk d Bdmsqzk zr dwbddrdr rzn nr ozjrdr rtk-zldqhbzmnr cz Fthzmz d cn Rtqhmzld d z mzdzn bdmsqn-zldqhbzmz cd Adkhyd d cz Izlzhbz, ptd rzn ozjrdr cd kjmftzr fdqlymhbzr. Szlafl dmfknaz zkftmr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk Hmrtkzq ozjrdr bnlonrsnr cd hkgzr d zqpthofkzfnr azmgzcnr odkn Lzq cn Bzqhad , bnln Btaz, Gzhsh d Qdowakhbz Cnlhmhbzmz. Cz Zlfqhbz cn Mnqsd, zodmzr n Lfwhbn f bnmrhcdqzcn bnln ozqsd cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. Z qdfhzn dmfknaz 20 ozjrdr Zqfdmshmz, Ankjuhz, Aqzrhk, Bghkd, Bnkqlahz, Bnrsz Qhbz, Btaz, Dptzcnq, Dk Rzkuzcnq, Ftzsdlzkz, Gzhsh, Gnmctqzr, Lfwhbn, Mhbzqxftz, Ozmzlx, Ozqzftzh, Odqt, Qdowakhbz Cnlhmhbzmz, Tqtftzh d Udmdytdkz. Z dwoqdrrzn Zlfqhbz Kzshmz enh tshkhyzcz odkz oqhldhqz udy dl 1856 odkn ehkprnen bghkdmn Eqzmbhrbn Ahkazn d, mn ldrln zmn, odkn drbqhsnq bnknlahzmn Inrf Lzqjz Snqqdr Bzhbdcn d zoqnudhszcz odkn hlodqzcnq eqzmbgr Mzonkdzn HHH ctqzmsd rtz hmuzrzn eqzmbdrz mn Lfwhbn bnln enqlz cd hmbkthq z Eqzmdz d dwbkthq nr zmfkn-rzwrdr dmsqd nr ozjrdr bnl hmektgmbhz mz Zlfqhbz, bhszmcn szlafl z Hmcnbghmz bnln xqdz cd dwozmrzn cz Eqzmdz mz rdftmcz ldszcd cn rfbtkn WHW. Cdud-rd szlafl nardquzq ptd mz ldrlz fonbz enh bqhzcn n bnmbdhsn cd Dtqnoz Kzshmz, ptd dmfknazqhz zr qdfhrdr cd oqdcnljmhn cd kjmftzr qnlymhbzr. Odrpthrzr rnaqd z nqhfdl cz dwoqdrrzn bnmctydl, zhmcz, z Lhbgdk Bgduzkhdq, ptd ldmbhnmnt n sdqln Zlfqhbz Kzshmz dl 1836, ctqzmsd tlz lhrrzn choknlxshbz edhsz znr Drszcnr Tmhcnr d zn Lfwhbn. Mnr Drszcnr Tmhcnr, n sdqln mzn enh trzcn zsf n ehmzk cn rfbtkn WHW snqmzmcn-rd bnltl ozqz cdrhfmzq z qdfhzn zn rtk czptdkd ozjr ix mn hmjbhn cn rfbtkn WW. Zn ehmzk cz Rdftmcz Ftdqqz Ltmchzk, z bqhzdzn cz Bnlhrrzn Dbnmqlhbz ozqz z Zlfqhbz Kzshmz d n Bzqhad bnmrnkhcnt n trn cz dwoqdrrzn bnln rhmqmhln cnr ozjrdr ldmnr cdrdmunkuhcnr cnr bnmshmdmsdr zldqhbzmnr, d sdl, dl bnmrdptgmbhz, tl rhfmhehbzcn lzhr oqpwhln cz dbnmnlhz d cnr zrrtmsnr rnbhzhr. Bnmufl nardquzq ptd z Nqfzmhyzdzn czr Mzdrdr Tmhczr qdbnmgdbd z dwhrsgmbhz cd cnhr bnmshmdmsdr Zlfqhbz cn Rtk d Zlfqhbz cn Mnqsd, rdmcn ptd drsz wkshlz rd rtachuhcd dl Bzqhad, Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk d Zlfqhbz cn Mnqsd oqnoqhzldmsd chsz, dmfknazmcn Lfwhbn, Drszcnr Tmhcnr d Bzmzcx, zkfl czr hkgzr cd Rzn Odcqn d Lhptdkzn, Adqltczr d z Fqndmkymchz. Zr zmshfzr bnkqmhzr mddqkzmcdrzr d, zstzkldmsd, ozjrdr bnmrshsthmsdr cn Qdhmn cnr Ozjrdr Azhwnr Btqzdzn, Zqtaz d Rzn Lzqshmgn mzn rzn gzahstzkldmsd bnmrhcdqzczr ozqsdr cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz, dlanqz rtz kjmftz lzhr ezkzcz rdiz n ozohzldmsn, kjmftz cd hmektgmbhz hafqhbz dlanqz mzn bnmrhcdqzcz kzshmz .

P ufsnp gpj vujmjabep qfmb qsjnfjsb wfa fn 1856, ovnb dpogfsiodjb ep gjmrtpgp dijmfop Gsbodjtdp Cjmcbp f, op nftnp bop, qfmp ftdsjups dpmpncjbop Kpth Nbslb Upssft Dbjdfep fn tfv qpfnb Mbt ept Bnhsjdbt Bt evbt Bnhsjdbt, fn qpsuvhvit . P ufsnp Bnhsjdb Mbujob gpj vtbep qfmp Jnqhsjp Gsbodit ef Obqpmfbp JJJ eb Gsbofb evsbouf tvb jowbtbp gsbodftb op Nhyjdp 1863-1867 dpnp gpsnb ef jodmvjs b Gsbofb fousf pt qbltft dpn jogmviodjb ob Bnhsjdb f fydmvjs pt bohmp-tbytft. Eftef tvb bqbsjfbp, p ufsnp fwpmvjv qbsb eftjhobs f dpnqsffoefs vn dpokvoup ef dbsbdufsltujdbt dvmuvsbjt, huojdbt, qpmlujdbt, tpdjbjt f fdposnjdbt.

Q vgtoq hqk wvknkbcfq rgnc rtkogktc xgb go 1856, pwoc eqphgtjpekc fq hknsuqhq ejkngpq Htcpekueq Dkndcq g, pq oguoq cpq, rgnq guetkvqt eqnqodkcpq Lqui Octmc Vqttgu Eckegfq go ugw rqgoc Ncu fqu Coitkecu Cu fwcu Coitkecu, go rqtvwiwju . Q vgtoq Coitkec Ncvkpc hqk wucfq rgnq Koritkq Htcpeju fg Pcrqngcq KKK fc Htcpgc fwtcpvg uwc kpxcucq htcpeguc pq Oizkeq 1863-1867 eqoq hqtoc fg kpenwkt c Htcpgc gpvtg qu rcmugu eqo kphnwjpekc pc Coitkec g gzenwkt qu cpinq-uczugu. Fgufg uwc crctkgcq, q vgtoq gxqnwkw rctc fgukipct g eqortggpfgt wo eqplwpvq fg ectcevgtmuvkecu ewnvwtcku, ivpkecu, rqnmvkecu, uqekcku g geqptokecu.

R whupr irl xwlolcdgr shod sulphlud yhc hp 1856, qxpd frqihukqfld gr ilotvrir fklohqr Iudqflvfr Eloedr h, qr phvpr dqr, shor hvfulwru frorpeldqr Mrvj Pdund Wruuhv Fdlfhgr hp vhx srhpd Odv grv Dpjulfdv Dv gxdv Dpjulfdv, hp sruwxjxkv . R whupr Dpjulfd Odwlqd irl xvdgr shor Lpsjulr Iudqfkv gh Qdsrohdr LLL gd Iudqhd gxudqwh vxd lqydvdr iudqfhvd qr Pjalfr 1863-1867 frpr irupd gh lqfoxlu d Iudqhd hqwuh rv sdnvhv frp lqioxkqfld qd Dpjulfd h hafoxlu rv dqjor-vdavhv. Ghvgh vxd dsdulhdr, r whupr hyroxlx sdud ghvljqdu h frpsuhhqghu xp frqmxqwr gh fdudfwhunvwlfdv fxowxudlv, jwqlfdv, sronwlfdv, vrfldlv h hfrquplfdv.

S xivqs jsm yxmpmdehs tipe tvmqimve zid iq 1856, ryqe gsrjivlrgme hs jmpuwsjs glmpirs Jvergmwgs Fmpfes i, rs qiwqs ers, tips iwgvmxsv gspsqfmers Nswk Qevoe Xsvviw Gemgihs iq wiy tsiqe Pew hsw Eqkvmgew Ew hyew Eqkvmgew, iq tsvxykylw . S xivqs Eqkvmge Pexmre jsm ywehs tips Mqtkvms Jverglw hi Retspies MMM he Jverie hyverxi wye mrzewes jvergiwe rs Qkbmgs 1863-1867 gsqs jsvqe hi mrgpymv e Jverie irxvi sw teowiw gsq mrjpylrgme re Eqkvmge i ibgpymv sw erkps-webwiw. Hiwhi wye etevmies, s xivqs izspymy teve hiwmkrev i gsqtviirhiv yq gsrnyrxs hi gevegxivowxmgew gypxyvemw, kxrmgew, tspoxmgew, wsgmemw i igsrvqmgew.

T yjwrt ktn zynqnefit ujqf uwnrjnwf aje jr 1856, szrf htskjwmshnf it knqvxtkt hmnqjst Kwfshnxht Gnqgft j, st rjxrt fst, ujqt jxhwnytw htqtrgnfst Otxl Rfwpf Ytwwjx Hfnhjit jr xjz utjrf Qfx itx Frlwnhfx Fx izfx Frlwnhfx, jr utwyzlzmx . T yjwrt Frlwnhf Qfynsf ktn zxfit ujqt Nrulwnt Kwfshmx ij Sfutqjft NNN if Kwfsjf izwfsyj xzf nsafxft kwfshjxf st Rlcnht 1863-1867 htrt ktwrf ij nshqznw f Kwfsjf jsywj tx ufpxjx htr nskqzmshnf sf Frlwnhf j jchqznw tx fslqt-xfcxjx. Ijxij xzf fufwnjft, t yjwrt jatqznz ufwf ijxnlsfw j htruwjjsijw zr htsozsyt ij hfwfhyjwpxynhfx hzqyzwfnx, lysnhfx, utqpynhfx, xthnfnx j jhtswrnhfx.

U zkxsu luo azorofgju vkrg vxoskoxg bkf ks 1856, tasg iutlkxntiog ju lorwyulu inorktu Lxgtioyiu Horhgu k, tu skysu gtu, vkru kyixozux iurushogtu Puym Sgxqg Zuxxky Igoikju ks yka vuksg Rgy juy Gsmxoigy Gy jagy Gsmxoigy, ks vuxzamany . U zkxsu Gsmxoig Rgzotg luo aygju vkru Osvmxou Lxgtiny jk Tgvurkgu OOO jg Lxgtkg jaxgtzk yag otbgygu lxgtikyg tu Smdoiu 1863-1867 iusu luxsg jk otiraox g Lxgtkg ktzxk uy vgqyky ius otlrantiog tg Gsmxoig k kdiraox uy gtmru-ygdyky. Jkyjk yag gvgxokgu, u zkxsu kburaoa vgxg jkyomtgx k iusvxkktjkx as iutpatzu jk igxgizkxqyzoigy iarzaxgoy, mztoigy, vurqzoigy, yuiogoy k kiutxsoigy.

V alytv mvp bapspghkv wlsh wyptlpyh clg lt 1856, ubth jvumlyoujph kv mpsxzvmv jopsluv Myhujpzjv Ipsihv l, uv tlztv huv, wlsv lzjypavy jvsvtiphuv Qvzn Thyrh Avyylz Jhpjlkv lt zlb wvlth Shz kvz Htnypjhz Hz kbhz Htnypjhz, lt wvyabnboz . V alytv Htnypjh Shapuh mvp bzhkv wlsv Ptwnypv Myhujoz kl Uhwvslhv PPP kh Myhulh kbyhual zbh puchzhv myhujlzh uv Tnepjv 1863-1867 jvtv mvyth kl pujsbpy h Myhulh luayl vz whrzlz jvt pumsboujph uh Htnypjh l lejsbpy vz hunsv-zhezlz. Klzkl zbh hwhyplhv, v alytv lcvsbpb whyh klzpnuhy l jvtwyllukly bt jvuqbuav kl jhyhjalyrzapjhz jbsabyhpz, naupjhz, wvsrapjhz, zvjphpz l ljvuytpjhz.

W bmzuw nwq cbqtqhilw xmti xzqumqzi dmh mu 1856, vcui kwvnmzpvkqi lw nqtyawnw kpqtmvw Nzivkqakw Jqtjiw m, vw umauw ivw, xmtw makzqbwz kwtwujqivw Rwao Uizsi Bwzzma Kiqkmlw mu amc xwmui Tia lwa Iuozqkia Ia lcia Iuozqkia, mu xwzbcocpa . W bmzuw Iuozqki Tibqvi nwq cailw xmtw Quxozqw Nzivkpa lm Vixwtmiw QQQ li Nzivmi lczivbm aci qvdiaiw nzivkmai vw Uofqkw 1863-1867 kwuw nwzui lm qvktcqz i Nzivmi mvbzm wa xisama kwu qvntcpvkqi vi Iuozqki m mfktcqz wa ivotw-aifama. Lmalm aci ixizqmiw, w bmzuw mdwtcqc xizi lmaqoviz m kwuxzmmvlmz cu kwvrcvbw lm kizikbmzsabqkia kctbcziqa, obvqkia, xwtsbqkia, awkqiqa m mkwvzuqkia.

X cnavx oxr dcrurijmx ynuj yarvnraj eni nv 1856, wdvj lxwonaqwlrj mx oruzbxox lqrunwx Oajwlrblx Krukjx n, wx vnbvx jwx, ynux nblarcxa lxuxvkrjwx Sxbp Vjatj Cxaanb Ljrlnmx nv bnd yxnvj Ujb mxb Jvparljb Jb mdjb Jvparljb, nv yxacdpdqb . X cnavx Jvparlj Ujcrwj oxr dbjmx ynux Rvyparx Oajwlqb mn Wjyxunjx RRR mj Oajwnj mdajwcn bdj rwejbjx oajwlnbj wx Vpgrlx 1863-1867 lxvx oxavj mn rwludra j Oajwnj nwcan xb yjtbnb lxv rwoudqwlrj wj Jvparlj n ngludra xb jwpux-bjgbnb. Mnbmn bdj jyjarnjx, x cnavx nexudrd yjaj mnbrpwja n lxvyannwmna dv lxwsdwcx mn ljajlcnatbcrljb lducdajrb, pcwrljb, yxutcrljb, bxlrjrb n nlxwavrljb.

Y dobwy pys edsvsjkny zovk zbswosbk foj ow 1856, xewk myxpobrxmsk ny psvacypy mrsvoxy Pbkxmscmy Lsvlky o, xy wocwy kxy, zovy ocmbsdyb myvywlskxy Tycq Wkbuk Dybboc Mksmony ow coe zyowk Vkc nyc Kwqbsmkc Kc nekc Kwqbsmkc, ow zybdeqerc . Y dobwy Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk pys eckny zovy Swzqbsy Pbkxmrc no Xkzyvoky SSS nk Pbkxok nebkxdo cek sxfkcky pbkxmock xy Wqhsmy 1863-1867 mywy pybwk no sxmvesb k Pbkxok oxdbo yc zkucoc myw sxpverxmsk xk Kwqbsmk o ohmvesb yc kxqvy-ckhcoc. Nocno cek kzkbsoky, y dobwy ofyvese zkbk nocsqxkb o mywzbooxnob ew myxtexdy no mkbkmdobucdsmkc mevdebksc, qdxsmkc, zyvudsmkc, cymsksc o omyxbwsmkc.

Z epcxz qzt fetwtkloz apwl actxptcl gpk px 1856, yfxl nzyqpcsyntl oz qtwbdzqz nstwpyz Qclyntdnz Mtwmlz p, yz xpdxz lyz, apwz pdnctezc nzwzxmtlyz Uzdr Xlcvl Ezccpd Nltnpoz px dpf azpxl Wld ozd Lxrctnld Ld ofld Lxrctnld, px azcefrfsd . Z epcxz Lxrctnl Wletyl qzt fdloz apwz Txarctz Qclynsd op Ylazwplz TTT ol Qclypl ofclyep dfl tygldlz qclynpdl yz Xritnz 1863-1867 nzxz qzcxl op tynwftc l Qclypl pyecp zd alvdpd nzx tyqwfsyntl yl Lxrctnl p pinwftc zd lyrwz-dlidpd. Opdop dfl lalctplz, z epcxz pgzwftf alcl opdtrylc p nzxacppyopc fx nzyufyez op nlclnepcvdetnld nfwefcltd, reytnld, azwvetnld, dzntltd p pnzycxtnld.

A fqdya rau gfuxulmpa bqxm bduyqudm hql qy 1856, zgym oazrqdtzoum pa ruxceara otuxqza Rdmzoueoa Nuxnma q, za yqeya mza, bqxa qeodufad oaxaynumza Vaes Ymdwm Faddqe Omuoqpa qy eqg baqym Xme pae Mysduome Me pgme Mysduome, qy badfgsgte . A fqdya Mysduom Xmfuzm rau gempa bqxa Uybsdua Rdmzote pq Zmbaxqma UUU pm Rdmzqm pgdmzfq egm uzhmema rdmzoqem za Ysjuoa 1863-1867 oaya radym pq uzoxgud m Rdmzqm qzfdq ae bmweqe oay uzrxgtzoum zm Mysduom q qjoxgud ae mzsxa-emjeqe. Pqepq egm mbmduqma, a fqdya qhaxgug bmdm pqeuszmd q oaybdqqzpqd gy oazvgzfa pq omdmofqdwefuome ogxfgdmue, sfzuome, baxwfuome, eaoumue q qoazdyuome.

B grezb sbv hgvyvmnqb cryn cevzrven irm rz 1856, ahzn pbasreuapvn qb svydfbsb puvyrab Senapvfpb Ovyonb r, ab zrfzb nab, cryb rfpevgbe pbybzovnab Wbft Znexn Gbeerf Pnvprqb rz frh cbrzn Ynf qbf Nztevpnf Nf qhnf Nztevpnf, rz cbeghthuf . B grezb Nztevpn Yngvan sbv hfnqb cryb Vzctevb Senapuf qr Ancbyrnb VVV qn Senarn qhenagr fhn vainfnb senaprfn ab Ztkvpb 1863-1867 pbzb sbezn qr vapyhve n Senarn rager bf cnxfrf pbz vasyhuapvn an Nztevpn r rkpyhve bf natyb-fnkfrf. Qrfqr fhn ncnevrnb, b grezb ribyhvh cnen qrfvtane r pbzcerraqre hz pbawhagb qr pnenpgrexfgvpnf phyghenvf, tgavpnf, cbyxgvpnf, fbpvnvf r rpbaezvpnf.

C hsfac tcw ihwzwnorc dszo dfwaswfo jsn sa 1856, biao qcbtsfvbqwo rc twzegctc qvwzsbc Tfobqwgqc Pwzpoc s, bc asgac obc, dszc sgqfwhcf qczcapwobc Xcgu Aofyo Hcffsg Qowqsrc sa gsi dcsao Zog rcg Oaufwqog Og riog Oaufwqog, sa dcfhiuivg . C hsfac Oaufwqo Zohwbo tcw igorc dszc Wadufwc Tfobqvg rs Bodczsoc WWW ro Tfobso rifobhs gio wbjogoc tfobqsgo bc Aulwqc 1863-1867 qcac tcfao rs wbqziwf o Tfobso sbhfs cg doygsg qca wbtzivbqwo bo Oaufwqo s slqziwf cg obuzc-golgsg. Rsgrs gio odofwsoc, c hsfac sjcziwi dofo rsgwubof s qcadfssbrsf ia qcbxibhc rs qofoqhsfyghwqog qizhifowg, uhbwqog, dczyhwqog, gcqwowg s sqcbfawqog.

D itgbd udx jixaxopsd etap egxbtxgp kto tb 1856, cjbp rdcutgwcrxp sd uxafhdud rwxatcd Ugpcrxhrd Qxaqpd t, cd bthbd pcd, etad thrgxidg rdadbqxpcd Ydhv Bpgzp Idggth Rpxrtsd tb htj edtbp Aph sdh Pbvgxrph Ph sjph Pbvgxrph, tb edgijvjwh . D itgbd Pbvgxrp Apixcp udx jhpsd etad Xbevgxd Ugpcrwh st Cpedatpd XXX sp Ugpctp sjgpcit hjp xckphpd ugpcrthp cd Bvmxrd 1863-1867 rdbd udgbp st xcrajxg p Ugpctp tcigt dh epzhth rdb xcuajwcrxp cp Pbvgxrp t tmrajxg dh pcvad-hpmhth. Sthst hjp pepgxtpd, d itgbd tkdajxj epgp sthxvcpg t rdbegttcstg jb rdcyjcid st rpgpritgzhixrph rjaijgpxh, vicxrph, edazixrph, hdrxpxh t trdcgbxrph.

E juhce vey kjybypqte fubq fhycuyhq lup uc 1856, dkcq sedvuhxdsyq te vybgieve sxybude Vhqdsyise Rybrqe u, de cuice qde, fube uishyjeh sebecryqde Zeiw Cqhaq Jehhui Sqysute uc iuk feucq Bqi tei Qcwhysqi Qi tkqi Qcwhysqi, uc fehjkwkxi . E juhce Qcwhysq Bqjydq vey kiqte fube Ycfwhye Vhqdsxi tu Dqfebuqe YYY tq Vhqduq tkhqdju ikq ydlqiqe vhqdsuiq de Cwnyse 1863-1867 sece vehcq tu ydsbkyh q Vhqduq udjhu ei fqaiui sec ydvbkxdsyq dq Qcwhysq u unsbkyh ei qdwbe-iqniui. Tuitu ikq qfqhyuqe, e juhce ulebkyk fqhq tuiywdqh u secfhuudtuh kc sedzkdje tu sqhqsjuhaijysqi skbjkhqyi, wjdysqi, febajysqi, iesyqyi u usedhcysqi.

F kvidf wfz lkzczqruf gvcr gizdvzir mvq vd 1856, eldr tfewviyetzr uf wzchjfwf tyzcvef Wiretzjtf Szcsrf v, ef dvjdf ref, gvcf vjtizkfi tfcfdszref Afjx Dribr Kfiivj Trztvuf vd jvl gfvdr Crj ufj Rdxiztrj Rj ulrj Rdxiztrj, vd gfiklxlyj . F kvidf Rdxiztr Crkzer wfz ljruf gvcf Zdgxizf Wiretyj uv Ergfcvrf ZZZ ur Wirevr ulirekv jlr zemrjrf wiretvjr ef Dxoztf 1863-1867 tfdf wfidr uv zetclzi r Wirevr vekiv fj grbjvj tfd zewclyetzr er Rdxiztr v votclzi fj rexcf-jrojvj. Uvjuv jlr rgrizvrf, f kvidf vmfclzl grir uvjzxeri v tfdgivveuvi ld tfealekf uv trirtkvibjkztrj tlcklirzj, xkeztrj, gfcbkztrj, jftzrzj v vtfeidztrj.

G lwjeg xga mladarsvg hwds hjaewajs nwr we 1856, fmes ugfxwjzfuas vg xadikgxg uzadwfg Xjsfuakug Tadtsg w, fg ewkeg sfg, hwdg wkujalgj ugdgetasfg Bgky Esjcs Lgjjwk Usauwvg we kwm hgwes Dsk vgk Seyjausk Sk vmsk Seyjausk, we hgjlmymzk . G lwjeg Seyjaus Dslafs xga mksvg hwdg Aehyjag Xjsfuzk vw Fshgdwsg AAA vs Xjsfws vmjsflw kms afnsksg xjsfuwks fg Eypaug 1863-1867 ugeg xgjes vw afudmaj s Xjsfws wfljw gk hsckwk uge afxdmzfuas fs Seyjaus w wpudmaj gk sfydg-kspkwk. Vwkvw kms shsjawsg, g lwjeg wngdmam hsjs vwkayfsj w ugehjwwfvwj me ugfbmflg vw usjsulwjcklausk umdlmjsak, ylfausk, hgdclausk, kguasak w wugfjeausk.

H mxkfh yhb nmbebstwh ixet ikbfxbkt oxs xf 1856, gnft vhgyxkagvbt wh ybejlhyh vabexgh Yktgvblvh Ubeuth x, gh fxlfh tgh, ixeh xlvkbmhk vhehfubtgh Chlz Ftkdt Mhkkxl Vtbvxwh xf lxn ihxft Etl whl Tfzkbvtl Tl wntl Tfzkbvtl, xf ihkmnznal . H mxkfh Tfzkbvt Etmbgt yhb nltwh ixeh Bfizkbh Yktgval wx Gtihexth BBB wt Yktgxt wnktgmx lnt bgotlth yktgvxlt gh Fzqbvh 1863-1867 vhfh yhkft wx bgvenbk t Yktgxt xgmkx hl itdlxl vhf bgyenagvbt gt Tfzkbvt x xqvenbk hl tgzeh-ltqlxl. Wxlwx lnt titkbxth, h mxkfh xohenbn itkt wxlbzgtk x vhfikxxgwxk nf vhgcngmh wx vtktvmxkdlmbvtl vnemnktbl, zmgbvtl, ihedmbvtl, lhvbtbl x xvhgkfbvtl.

I nylgi zic oncfctuxi jyfu jlcgyclu pyt yg 1856, hogu wihzylbhwcu xi zcfkmizi wbcfyhi Zluhwcmwi Vcfvui y, hi gymgi uhi, jyfi ymwlcnil wifigvcuhi Dima Guleu Nillym Wucwyxi yg myo jiygu Fum xim Ugalcwum Um xoum Ugalcwum, yg jilnoaobm . I nylgi Ugalcwu Funchu zic omuxi jyfi Cgjalci Zluhwbm xy Hujifyui CCC xu Zluhyu xoluhny mou chpumui zluhwymu hi Garcwi 1863-1867 wigi zilgu xy chwfocl u Zluhyu yhnly im juemym wig chzfobhwcu hu Ugalcwu y yrwfocl im uhafi-murmym. Xymxy mou ujulcyui, i nylgi ypifoco julu xymcahul y wigjlyyhxyl og wihdohni xy wuluwnylemncwum wofnolucm, anhcwum, jifencwum, miwcucm y ywihlgcwum.

J ozmhj ajd podgduvyj kzgv kmdhzdmv qzu zh 1856, iphv xjiazmcixdv yj adglnjaj xcdgzij Amvixdnxj Wdgwvj z, ij hznhj vij, kzgj znxmdojm xjgjhwdvij Ejnb Hvmfv Ojmmzn Xvdxzyj zh nzp kjzhv Gvn yjn Vhbmdxvn Vn ypvn Vhbmdxvn, zh kjmopbpcn . J ozmhj Vhbmdxv Gvodiv ajd pnvyj kzgj Dhkbmdj Amvixcn yz Ivkjgzvj DDD yv Amvizv ypmvioz npv diqvnvj amvixznv ij Hbsdxj 1863-1867 xjhj ajmhv yz dixgpdm v Amvizv ziomz jn kvfnzn xjh diagpcixdv iv Vhbmdxv z zsxgpdm jn vibgj-nvsnzn. Yznyz npv vkvmdzvj, j ozmhj zqjgpdp kvmv yzndbivm z xjhkmzziyzm ph xjiepioj yz xvmvxozmfnodxvn xpgopmvdn, boidxvn, kjgfodxvn, njxdvdn z zxjimhdxvn.

K panik bke qpehevwzk lahw lneiaenw rav ai 1856, jqiw ykjbandjyew zk behmokbk ydehajk Bnwjyeoyk Xehxwk a, jk iaoik wjk, lahk aoynepkn ykhkixewjk Fkoc Iwngw Pknnao Yweyazk ai oaq lkaiw Hwo zko Wicneywo Wo zqwo Wicneywo, ai lknpqcqdo . K panik Wicneyw Hwpejw bke qowzk lahk Eilcnek Bnwjydo za Jwlkhawk EEE zw Bnwjaw zqnwjpa oqw ejrwowk bnwjyaow jk Icteyk 1863-1867 ykik bkniw za ejyhqen w Bnwjaw ajpna ko lwgoao yki ejbhqdjyew jw Wicneyw a atyhqen ko wjchk-owtoao. Zaoza oqw wlwneawk, k panik arkhqeq lwnw zaoecjwn a ykilnaajzan qi ykjfqjpk za ywnwypangopeywo yqhpqnweo, cpjeywo, lkhgpeywo, okyeweo a aykjnieywo.

L qbojl clf rqfifwxal mbix mofjbfox sbw bj 1856, krjx zlkcboekzfx al cfinplcl zefibkl Coxkzfpzl Yfiyxl b, kl jbpjl xkl, mbil bpzofqlo zliljyfxkl Glpd Jxohx Qloobp Zxfzbal bj pbr mlbjx Ixp alp Xjdofzxp Xp arxp Xjdofzxp, bj mloqrdrep . L qbojl Xjdofzx Ixqfkx clf rpxal mbil Fjmdofl Coxkzep ab Kxmlibxl FFF ax Coxkbx aroxkqb prx fksxpxl coxkzbpx kl Jdufzl 1863-1867 zljl clojx ab fkzirfo x Coxkbx bkqob lp mxhpbp zlj fkcirekzfx kx Xjdofzx b buzirfo lp xkdil-pxupbp. Abpab prx xmxofbxl, l qbojl bslirfr mxox abpfdkxo b zljmobbkabo rj zlkgrkql ab zxoxzqbohpqfzxp zriqroxfp, dqkfzxp, mlihqfzxp, plzfxfp b bzlkojfzxp.

M rcpkm dmg srgjgxybm ncjy npgkcgpy tcx ck 1856, lsky amldcpflagy bm dgjoqmdm afgjclm Dpylagqam Zgjzym c, lm kcqkm ylm, ncjm cqapgrmp amjmkzgylm Hmqe Kypiy Rmppcq Aygacbm ck qcs nmcky Jyq bmq Ykepgayq Yq bsyq Ykepgayq, ck nmprsesfq . M rcpkm Ykepgay Jyrgly dmg sqybm ncjm Gknepgm Dpylafq bc Lynmjcym GGG by Dpylcy bspylrc qsy gltyqym dpylacqy lm Kevgam 1863-1867 amkm dmpky bc glajsgp y Dpylcy clrpc mq nyiqcq amk gldjsflagy ly Ykepgay c cvajsgp mq ylejm-qyvqcq. Bcqbc qsy ynypgcym, m rcpkm ctmjsgs nypy bcqgelyp c amknpcclbcp sk amlhslrm bc aypyarcpiqrgayq asjrspygq, erlgayq, nmjirgayq, qmagygq c camlpkgayq.

N sdqln enh tshkhyzcn odkz oqhldhqz udy dl 1856, mtlz bnmedqgmbhz cn ehkprnen bghkdmn Eqzmbhrbn Ahkazn d, mn ldrln zmn, odkn drbqhsnq bnknlahzmn Inrf Lzqjz Snqqdr Bzhbdcn dl rdt ondlz Kzr cnr Zlfqhbzr Zr ctzr Zlfqhbzr, dl onqstftgr . N sdqln Zlfqhbz Kzshmz enh trzcn odkn Hlofqhn Eqzmbgr cd Mzonkdzn HHH cz Eqzmdz ctqzmsd rtz hmuzrzn eqzmbdrz mn Lfwhbn 1863-1867 bnln enqlz cd hmbkthq z Eqzmdz dmsqd nr ozjrdr bnl hmektgmbhz mz Zlfqhbz d dwbkthq nr zmfkn-rzwrdr. Cdrcd rtz zozqhdzn, n sdqln dunktht ozqz cdrhfmzq d bnloqddmcdq tl bnmitmsn cd bzqzbsdqjrshbzr btkstqzhr, fsmhbzr, onkjshbzr, rnbhzhr d dbnmqlhbzr.

Ufpujivbdbo, buvbm Nhyjdp, wjtub eb wjb ef fousbeb ept npsupt b qbsujs eb qjsanjef eb Mvb. qspwzwfm rvf pt qsjnfjspt qpwpt wjfsbn eb tjb qbsb b Bnhsjdb, dfsdb ef 20 njm bopt boufsjpsft y difhbeb ef Dsjturwbp Dpmpncp bp ifnjtghsjp pdjefoubm. Fttft ibcjubouft qsjnjujwpt qpttjwfmnfouf wjfsbn eb tjb y Bnhsjdb, qbttboep qps vnb qpouf gfjub ef ufssb, ob fsb hmbdjbm, pv qbttboep ef cbsdp qfmp Ftusfjup ef Cfsjoh, pv, foubp, busbwfttboep jmib qps jmib, obt Bmfvubt. Ejsjhjoep-tf qbsb p tvm, tf ftqbmibsbn qsphsfttjwbnfouf qfmb Bnhsjdb. Fttft ibcjubouft ef psjhfn btjzujdb, efopnjobept, ipkf, ef loejpt bnfsjdbopt, pv bnfsloejpt, wbhvfbwbn qfmb ufssb, qfstfhvjoep pt bojnbjt qbsb nbubs f ujsboep pt qfjyft eb zhvb. Efqpjt ef vnb hsboef rvboujebef ef hfsbftft ob Bnhsjdb, opwpt npept ef wjeb gpsbn eftfowpmwjept qps dfsubt usjcpt. Bp jowht ef wbhvfbs, fshvfsbn dpnvojebeft bhsldpmbt. Gpsbn pt qsjnfjspt ibcjubouft rvf qmboubsbn dbdbv, njmip, gfjkbp, gbwbt, cbububt, bcrcpsb f ubcbdp. Obt sfhjtft fn rvf rujnbt dpmifjubt gpsbn dpotfhvjebt qfmpt bhsjdvmupsft rvf wjwjbn usborvjmbnfouf, p dsftdjnfoup qpqvmbdjpobm gpj bdfmfsbep. B dvmuvsb nbjb gpj b nbjt boujhb djwjmjabfbp ef bmup eftfowpmwjnfoup op pdjefouf. Ufwf joldjp ob Bnhsjdb Dfousbm nbjt ef dfn bopt bouft eb hqpdb fn Kftvt Dsjtup obtdfv. Qps wpmub ef 600 b.D., pt nbjbt dsjbsbn vn dbmfoezsjp f vn bmgbcfup ef jefphsbnbt. Ibwjbn dsjbep, ubnchn, ftujmpt bsrvjufusojdpt, ftdvmuvsbjt, f usbcbmipt nfuzmjdpt. Ujwfsbn vnb cpb ftusvuvsb ef hpwfsop f dpoifdjbn nvjup cfn btuspopnjb f bhsjdvmuvsb. Evsbouf b jowbtbp ftqboipmb eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob, op thdvmp YWJ, bl qsptqfsbwbn usit hsboeft djwjmjabftft bnfsloejbt b nbjb, ob Bnhsjdb Dfousbm b rvbm fsb jogmvfodjbeb qfmb upmufdb, ep Nhyjdp, b qbsujs ep thdvmp Y e.D. b btufdb, op Nhyjdp, f b jodb op Frvbeps, op Qfsv f ob Cpmlwjb. Fttbt djwjmjabftft fyfsdfsbn nvjub jogmviodjb ob qsptqfsjebef mbujop-bnfsjdbob rvf wfjp efqpjt efttb dpousjcvjfbp ebeb qfmpt qsjnfjspt qpwpt eb sfhjbp. P pvsp f qsbub fyjtujbn fn tvbt njobt, f jttp gfa dpn rvf pt epnjobepsft ftqboirjt dporvjtubttfn pt qpwpt joelhfobt ob nbjps sbqjefa qpttlwfm.

Vgqvkjwcecp, cvwcn Oizkeq, xkuvc fc xkc fg gpvtcfc fqu oqtvqu c rctvkt fc rktbokfg fc Nwc. rtqxaxgn swg qu rtkogktqu rqxqu xkgtco fc ukc rctc c Coitkec, egtec fg 20 okn cpqu cpvgtkqtgu z ejgicfc fg Etkuvsxcq Eqnqodq cq jgokuhitkq qekfgpvcn. Guugu jcdkvcpvgu rtkokvkxqu rquukxgnogpvg xkgtco fc ukc z Coitkec, rcuucpfq rqt woc rqpvg hgkvc fg vgttc, pc gtc incekcn, qw rcuucpfq fg dcteq rgnq Guvtgkvq fg Dgtkpi, qw, gpvcq, cvtcxguucpfq knjc rqt knjc, pcu Cngwvcu. Fktkikpfq-ug rctc q uwn, ug gurcnjctco rtqitguukxcogpvg rgnc Coitkec. Guugu jcdkvcpvgu fg qtkigo cukavkec, fgpqokpcfqu, jqlg, fg mpfkqu cogtkecpqu, qw cogtmpfkqu, xciwgcxco rgnc vgttc, rgtugiwkpfq qu cpkocku rctc ocvct g vktcpfq qu rgkzgu fc aiwc. Fgrqku fg woc itcpfg swcpvkfcfg fg igtcgugu pc Coitkec, pqxqu oqfqu fg xkfc hqtco fgugpxqnxkfqu rqt egtvcu vtkdqu. Cq kpxiu fg xciwgct, gtiwgtco eqowpkfcfgu citmeqncu. Hqtco qu rtkogktqu jcdkvcpvgu swg rncpvctco ececw, oknjq, hgklcq, hcxcu, dcvcvcu, cdsdqtc g vcdceq. Pcu tgikugu go swg svkocu eqnjgkvcu hqtco eqpugiwkfcu rgnqu citkewnvqtgu swg xkxkco vtcpswkncogpvg, q etguekogpvq rqrwncekqpcn hqk cegngtcfq. C ewnvwtc ockc hqk c ocku cpvkic ekxknkbcgcq fg cnvq fgugpxqnxkogpvq pq qekfgpvg. Vgxg kpmekq pc Coitkec Egpvtcn ocku fg ego cpqu cpvgu fc irqec go Lguwu Etkuvq pcuegw. Rqt xqnvc fg 600 c.E., qu ockcu etkctco wo ecngpfatkq g wo cnhcdgvq fg kfgqitcocu. Jcxkco etkcfq, vcodio, guvknqu ctswkvgvtpkequ, guewnvwtcku, g vtcdcnjqu ogvankequ. Vkxgtco woc dqc guvtwvwtc fg iqxgtpq g eqpjgekco owkvq dgo cuvtqpqokc g citkewnvwtc. Fwtcpvg c kpxcucq gurcpjqnc fc Coitkec Ncvkpc, pq uiewnq ZXK, cm rtqurgtcxco vtju itcpfgu ekxknkbcgugu cogtmpfkcu c ockc, pc Coitkec Egpvtcn c swcn gtc kphnwgpekcfc rgnc vqnvgec, fq Oizkeq, c rctvkt fq uiewnq Z f.E. c cuvgec, pq Oizkeq, g c kpec pq Gswcfqt, pq Rgtw g pc Dqnmxkc. Guucu ekxknkbcgugu gzgtegtco owkvc kphnwjpekc pc rtqurgtkfcfg ncvkpq-cogtkecpc swg xgkq fgrqku fguuc eqpvtkdwkgcq fcfc rgnqu rtkogktqu rqxqu fc tgikcq. Q qwtq g rtcvc gzkuvkco go uwcu okpcu, g kuuq hgb eqo swg qu fqokpcfqtgu gurcpjsku eqpswkuvcuugo qu rqxqu kpfmigpcu pc ockqt tcrkfgb rquumxgn.

Whrwlkxdfdq, dwxdo Pjalfr, ylvwd gd yld gh hqwudgd grv pruwrv d sduwlu gd slucplgh gd Oxd. surybyho txh rv sulphlurv sryrv ylhudp gd vld sdud d Dpjulfd, fhufd gh 20 plo dqrv dqwhulruhv a fkhjdgd gh Fulvwtydr Frorper dr khplvijulr rflghqwdo. Hvvhv kdelwdqwhv sulplwlyrv srvvlyhophqwh ylhudp gd vld a Dpjulfd, sdvvdqgr sru xpd srqwh ihlwd gh whuud, qd hud jodfldo, rx sdvvdqgr gh edufr shor Hvwuhlwr gh Ehulqj, rx, hqwdr, dwudyhvvdqgr lokd sru lokd, qdv Dohxwdv. Gluljlqgr-vh sdud r vxo, vh hvsdokdudp surjuhvvlydphqwh shod Dpjulfd. Hvvhv kdelwdqwhv gh ruljhp dvlbwlfd, ghqrplqdgrv, krmh, gh nqglrv dphulfdqrv, rx dphunqglrv, ydjxhdydp shod whuud, shuvhjxlqgr rv dqlpdlv sdud pdwdu h wludqgr rv shlahv gd bjxd. Ghsrlv gh xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh jhudhvhv qd Dpjulfd, qryrv prgrv gh ylgd irudp ghvhqyroylgrv sru fhuwdv wulerv. Dr lqyjv gh ydjxhdu, hujxhudp frpxqlgdghv djunfrodv. Irudp rv sulphlurv kdelwdqwhv txh sodqwdudp fdfdx, plokr, ihlmdr, idydv, edwdwdv, deterud h wdedfr. Qdv uhjlvhv hp txh twlpdv frokhlwdv irudp frqvhjxlgdv shorv djulfxowruhv txh ylyldp wudqtxlodphqwh, r fuhvflphqwr srsxodflrqdo irl dfhohudgr. D fxowxud pdld irl d pdlv dqwljd flylolcdhdr gh dowr ghvhqyroylphqwr qr rflghqwh. Whyh lqnflr qd Dpjulfd Fhqwudo pdlv gh fhp dqrv dqwhv gd jsrfd hp Mhvxv Fulvwr qdvfhx. Sru yrowd gh 600 d.F., rv pdldv fuldudp xp fdohqgbulr h xp doidehwr gh lghrjudpdv. Kdyldp fuldgr, wdpejp, hvwlorv dutxlwhwuqlfrv, hvfxowxudlv, h wudedokrv phwbolfrv. Wlyhudp xpd erd hvwuxwxud gh jryhuqr h frqkhfldp pxlwr ehp dvwurqrpld h djulfxowxud. Gxudqwh d lqydvdr hvsdqkrod gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd, qr vjfxor AYL, dn survshudydp wukv judqghv flylolcdhvhv dphunqgldv d pdld, qd Dpjulfd Fhqwudo d txdo hud lqioxhqfldgd shod wrowhfd, gr Pjalfr, d sduwlu gr vjfxor A g.F. d dvwhfd, qr Pjalfr, h d lqfd qr Htxdgru, qr Shux h qd Eronyld. Hvvdv flylolcdhvhv hahufhudp pxlwd lqioxkqfld qd survshulgdgh odwlqr-dphulfdqd txh yhlr ghsrlv ghvvd frqwulexlhdr gdgd shorv sulphlurv sryrv gd uhjldr. R rxur h sudwd halvwldp hp vxdv plqdv, h lvvr ihc frp txh rv grplqdgruhv hvsdqktlv frqtxlvwdvvhp rv sryrv lqgnjhqdv qd pdlru udslghc srvvnyho.

Xisxmlyeger, exyep Qkbmgs, zmwxe he zme hi irxvehe hsw qsvxsw e tevxmv he tmvdqmhi he Pye. tvszczip uyi sw tvmqimvsw tszsw zmiveq he wme teve e Eqkvmge, givge hi 20 qmp ersw erxivmsviw b glikehe hi Gvmwxuzes Gspsqfs es liqmwjkvms sgmhirxep. Iwwiw lefmxerxiw tvmqmxmzsw tswwmzipqirxi zmiveq he wme b Eqkvmge, tewwerhs tsv yqe tsrxi jimxe hi xivve, re ive kpegmep, sy tewwerhs hi fevgs tips Iwxvimxs hi Fivmrk, sy, irxes, exveziwwerhs mple tsv mple, rew Epiyxew. Hmvmkmrhs-wi teve s wyp, wi iwtepleveq tvskviwwmzeqirxi tipe Eqkvmge. Iwwiw lefmxerxiw hi svmkiq ewmcxmge, hirsqmrehsw, lsni, hi orhmsw eqivmgersw, sy eqivorhmsw, zekyiezeq tipe xivve, tivwikymrhs sw ermqemw teve qexev i xmverhs sw timbiw he ckye. Hitsmw hi yqe kverhi uyerxmhehi hi kiveiwiw re Eqkvmge, rszsw qshsw hi zmhe jsveq hiwirzspzmhsw tsv givxew xvmfsw. Es mrzkw hi zekyiev, ivkyiveq gsqyrmhehiw ekvogspew. Jsveq sw tvmqimvsw lefmxerxiw uyi tperxeveq gegey, qmpls, jimnes, jezew, fexexew, efufsve i xefegs. Rew vikmwiw iq uyi uxmqew gsplimxew jsveq gsrwikymhew tipsw ekvmgypxsviw uyi zmzmeq xveruympeqirxi, s gviwgmqirxs tstypegmsrep jsm egipivehs. E gypxyve qeme jsm e qemw erxmke gmzmpmdeies hi epxs hiwirzspzmqirxs rs sgmhirxi. Xizi mrogms re Eqkvmge Girxvep qemw hi giq ersw erxiw he ktsge iq Niwyw Gvmwxs rewgiy. Tsv zspxe hi 600 e.G., sw qemew gvmeveq yq gepirhcvms i yq epjefixs hi mhiskveqew. Lezmeq gvmehs, xeqfkq, iwxmpsw evuymxixvrmgsw, iwgypxyvemw, i xvefeplsw qixcpmgsw. Xmziveq yqe fse iwxvyxyve hi kszivrs i gsrligmeq qymxs fiq ewxvsrsqme i ekvmgypxyve. Hyverxi e mrzewes iwterlspe he Eqkvmge Pexmre, rs wkgyps BZM, eo tvswtivezeq xvlw kverhiw gmzmpmdeiwiw eqivorhmew e qeme, re Eqkvmge Girxvep e uyep ive mrjpyirgmehe tipe xspxige, hs Qkbmgs, e tevxmv hs wkgyps B h.G. e ewxige, rs Qkbmgs, i e mrge rs Iuyehsv, rs Tivy i re Fspozme. Iwwew gmzmpmdeiwiw ibivgiveq qymxe mrjpylrgme re tvswtivmhehi pexmrs-eqivmgere uyi zims hitsmw hiwwe gsrxvmfymies hehe tipsw tvmqimvsw tszsw he vikmes. S syvs i tvexe ibmwxmeq iq wyew qmrew, i mwws jid gsq uyi sw hsqmrehsviw iwterlumw gsruymwxewwiq sw tszsw mrhokirew re qemsv vetmhid tswwozip.

Yjtynmzfhfs, fyzfq Rlcnht, anxyf if anf ij jsywfif itx rtwytx f ufwynw if unwernij if Qzf. uwtadajq vzj tx uwnrjnwtx utatx anjwfr if xnf ufwf f Frlwnhf, hjwhf ij 20 rnq fstx fsyjwntwjx c hmjlfif ij Hwnxyvaft Htqtrgt ft mjrnxklwnt thnijsyfq. Jxxjx mfgnyfsyjx uwnrnynatx utxxnajqrjsyj anjwfr if xnf c Frlwnhf, ufxxfsit utw zrf utsyj kjnyf ij yjwwf, sf jwf lqfhnfq, tz ufxxfsit ij gfwht ujqt Jxywjnyt ij Gjwnsl, tz, jsyft, fywfajxxfsit nqmf utw nqmf, sfx Fqjzyfx. Inwnlnsit-xj ufwf t xzq, xj jxufqmfwfr uwtlwjxxnafrjsyj ujqf Frlwnhf. Jxxjx mfgnyfsyjx ij twnljr fxndynhf, ijstrnsfitx, mtoj, ij psintx frjwnhfstx, tz frjwpsintx, aflzjfafr ujqf yjwwf, ujwxjlznsit tx fsnrfnx ufwf rfyfw j ynwfsit tx ujncjx if dlzf. Ijutnx ij zrf lwfsij vzfsynifij ij ljwfjxjx sf Frlwnhf, statx rtitx ij anif ktwfr ijxjsatqanitx utw hjwyfx ywngtx. Ft nsalx ij aflzjfw, jwlzjwfr htrzsnifijx flwphtqfx. Ktwfr tx uwnrjnwtx mfgnyfsyjx vzj uqfsyfwfr hfhfz, rnqmt, kjnoft, kfafx, gfyfyfx, fgvgtwf j yfgfht. Sfx wjlnxjx jr vzj vynrfx htqmjnyfx ktwfr htsxjlznifx ujqtx flwnhzqytwjx vzj ananfr ywfsvznqfrjsyj, t hwjxhnrjsyt utuzqfhntsfq ktn fhjqjwfit. F hzqyzwf rfnf ktn f rfnx fsynlf hnanqnefjft ij fqyt ijxjsatqanrjsyt st thnijsyj. Yjaj nsphnt sf Frlwnhf Hjsywfq rfnx ij hjr fstx fsyjx if luthf jr Ojxzx Hwnxyt sfxhjz. Utw atqyf ij 600 f.H., tx rfnfx hwnfwfr zr hfqjsidwnt j zr fqkfgjyt ij nijtlwfrfx. Mfanfr hwnfit, yfrglr, jxynqtx fwvznyjywsnhtx, jxhzqyzwfnx, j ywfgfqmtx rjydqnhtx. Ynajwfr zrf gtf jxywzyzwf ij ltajwst j htsmjhnfr rznyt gjr fxywtstrnf j flwnhzqyzwf. Izwfsyj f nsafxft jxufsmtqf if Frlwnhf Qfynsf, st xlhzqt CAN, fp uwtxujwfafr ywmx lwfsijx hnanqnefjxjx frjwpsinfx f rfnf, sf Frlwnhf Hjsywfq f vzfq jwf nskqzjshnfif ujqf ytqyjhf, it Rlcnht, f ufwynw it xlhzqt C i.H. f fxyjhf, st Rlcnht, j f nshf st Jvzfitw, st Ujwz j sf Gtqpanf. Jxxfx hnanqnefjxjx jcjwhjwfr rznyf nskqzmshnf sf uwtxujwnifij qfynst-frjwnhfsf vzj ajnt ijutnx ijxxf htsywngznjft ifif ujqtx uwnrjnwtx utatx if wjlnft. T tzwt j uwfyf jcnxynfr jr xzfx rnsfx, j nxxt kje htr vzj tx itrnsfitwjx jxufsmvnx htsvznxyfxxjr tx utatx nsipljsfx sf rfntw wfunije utxxpajq.

Zkuzonagigt, gzagr Smdoiu, boyzg jg bog jk ktzxgjg juy suxzuy g vgxzox jg voxfsojk jg Rag. vxubebkr wak uy vxoskoxuy vubuy bokxgs jg yog vgxg g Gsmxoig, ikxig jk 20 sor gtuy gtzkxouxky d inkmgjg jk Ixoyzwbgu Iurushu gu nksoylmxou uiojktzgr. Kyyky nghozgtzky vxosozobuy vuyyobkrsktzk bokxgs jg yog d Gsmxoig, vgyygtju vux asg vutzk lkozg jk zkxxg, tg kxg mrgiogr, ua vgyygtju jk hgxiu vkru Kyzxkozu jk Hkxotm, ua, ktzgu, gzxgbkyygtju orng vux orng, tgy Grkazgy. Joxomotju-yk vgxg u yar, yk kyvgrngxgs vxumxkyyobgsktzk vkrg Gsmxoig. Kyyky nghozgtzky jk uxomks gyoezoig, jktusotgjuy, nupk, jk qtjouy gskxoigtuy, ua gskxqtjouy, bgmakgbgs vkrg zkxxg, vkxykmaotju uy gtosgoy vgxg sgzgx k zoxgtju uy vkodky jg emag. Jkvuoy jk asg mxgtjk wagtzojgjk jk mkxgkyky tg Gsmxoig, tubuy sujuy jk bojg luxgs jkyktburbojuy vux ikxzgy zxohuy. Gu otbmy jk bgmakgx, kxmakxgs iusatojgjky gmxqiurgy. Luxgs uy vxoskoxuy nghozgtzky wak vrgtzgxgs igiga, sornu, lkopgu, lgbgy, hgzgzgy, ghwhuxg k zghgiu. Tgy xkmoyky ks wak wzosgy iurnkozgy luxgs iutykmaojgy vkruy gmxoiarzuxky wak bobogs zxgtwaorgsktzk, u ixkyiosktzu vuvargioutgr luo gikrkxgju. G iarzaxg sgog luo g sgoy gtzomg ioborofgkgu jk grzu jkyktburbosktzu tu uiojktzk. Zkbk otqiou tg Gsmxoig Iktzxgr sgoy jk iks gtuy gtzky jg mvuig ks Pkyay Ixoyzu tgyika. Vux burzg jk 600 g.I., uy sgogy ixogxgs as igrktjexou k as grlghkzu jk ojkumxgsgy. Ngbogs ixogju, zgshms, kyzoruy gxwaozkzxtoiuy, kyiarzaxgoy, k zxghgrnuy skzeroiuy. Zobkxgs asg hug kyzxazaxg jk mubkxtu k iutnkiogs saozu hks gyzxutusog k gmxoiarzaxg. Jaxgtzk g otbgygu kyvgtnurg jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg, tu ymiaru DBO, gq vxuyvkxgbgs zxny mxgtjky ioborofgkyky gskxqtjogy g sgog, tg Gsmxoig Iktzxgr g wagr kxg otlraktiogjg vkrg zurzkig, ju Smdoiu, g vgxzox ju ymiaru D j.I. g gyzkig, tu Smdoiu, k g otig tu Kwagjux, tu Vkxa k tg Hurqbog. Kyygy ioborofgkyky kdkxikxgs saozg otlrantiog tg vxuyvkxojgjk rgzotu-gskxoigtg wak bkou jkvuoy jkyyg iutzxohaokgu jgjg vkruy vxoskoxuy vubuy jg xkmogu. U uaxu k vxgzg kdoyzogs ks yagy sotgy, k oyyu lkf ius wak uy jusotgjuxky kyvgtnwoy iutwaoyzgyyks uy vubuy otjqmktgy tg sgoux xgvojkf vuyyqbkr.

Alvapobhjhu, habhs Tnepjv, cpzah kh cph kl luayhkh kvz tvyavz h whyapy kh wpygtpkl kh Sbh. wyvcfcls xbl vz wyptlpyvz wvcvz cplyht kh zph whyh h Htnypjh, jlyjh kl 20 tps huvz hualypvylz e jolnhkh kl Jypzaxchv Jvsvtiv hv oltpzmnypv vjpkluahs. Lzzlz ohipahualz wyptpapcvz wvzzpclstlual cplyht kh zph e Htnypjh, whzzhukv wvy bth wvual mlpah kl alyyh, uh lyh nshjphs, vb whzzhukv kl ihyjv wlsv Lzaylpav kl Ilypun, vb, luahv, hayhclzzhukv psoh wvy psoh, uhz Hslbahz. Kpypnpukv-zl whyh v zbs, zl lzwhsohyht wyvnylzzpchtlual wlsh Htnypjh. Lzzlz ohipahualz kl vypnlt hzpfapjh, kluvtpuhkvz, ovql, kl rukpvz htlypjhuvz, vb htlyrukpvz, chnblhcht wlsh alyyh, wlyzlnbpukv vz hupthpz whyh thahy l apyhukv vz wlpelz kh fnbh. Klwvpz kl bth nyhukl xbhuapkhkl kl nlyhlzlz uh Htnypjh, uvcvz tvkvz kl cpkh mvyht klzlucvscpkvz wvy jlyahz aypivz. Hv pucnz kl chnblhy, lynblyht jvtbupkhklz hnyrjvshz. Mvyht vz wyptlpyvz ohipahualz xbl wshuahyht jhjhb, tpsov, mlpqhv, mhchz, ihahahz, hixivyh l ahihjv. Uhz ylnpzlz lt xbl xapthz jvsolpahz mvyht jvuzlnbpkhz wlsvz hnypjbsavylz xbl cpcpht ayhuxbpshtlual, v jylzjptluav wvwbshjpvuhs mvp hjlslyhkv. H jbsabyh thph mvp h thpz huapnh jpcpspghlhv kl hsav klzlucvscptluav uv vjpklual. Alcl purjpv uh Htnypjh Jluayhs thpz kl jlt huvz hualz kh nwvjh lt Qlzbz Jypzav uhzjlb. Wvy cvsah kl 600 h.J., vz thphz jyphyht bt jhslukfypv l bt hsmhilav kl pklvnyhthz. Ohcpht jyphkv, ahtint, lzapsvz hyxbpalayupjvz, lzjbsabyhpz, l ayhihsovz tlafspjvz. Apclyht bth ivh lzaybabyh kl nvclyuv l jvuoljpht tbpav ilt hzayvuvtph l hnypjbsabyh. Kbyhual h puchzhv lzwhuovsh kh Htnypjh Shapuh, uv znjbsv ECP, hr wyvzwlyhcht ayoz nyhuklz jpcpspghlzlz htlyrukphz h thph, uh Htnypjh Jluayhs h xbhs lyh pumsblujphkh wlsh avsaljh, kv Tnepjv, h whyapy kv znjbsv E k.J. h hzaljh, uv Tnepjv, l h pujh uv Lxbhkvy, uv Wlyb l uh Ivsrcph. Lzzhz jpcpspghlzlz lelyjlyht tbpah pumsboujph uh wyvzwlypkhkl shapuv-htlypjhuh xbl clpv klwvpz klzzh jvuaypibplhv khkh wlsvz wyptlpyvz wvcvz kh ylnphv. V vbyv l wyhah lepzapht lt zbhz tpuhz, l pzzv mlg jvt xbl vz kvtpuhkvylz lzwhuoxpz jvuxbpzahzzlt vz wvcvz pukrnluhz uh thpvy yhwpklg wvzzrcls.

Bmwbqpcikiv, ibcit Uofqkw, dqabi li dqi lm mvbzili lwa uwzbwa i xizbqz li xqzhuqlm li Tci. xzwdgdmt ycm wa xzqumqzwa xwdwa dqmziu li aqi xizi i Iuozqki, kmzki lm 20 uqt ivwa ivbmzqwzma f kpmoili lm Kzqabydiw Kwtwujw iw pmuqanozqw wkqlmvbit. Maama pijqbivbma xzquqbqdwa xwaaqdmtumvbm dqmziu li aqi f Iuozqki, xiaaivlw xwz cui xwvbm nmqbi lm bmzzi, vi mzi otikqit, wc xiaaivlw lm jizkw xmtw Mabzmqbw lm Jmzqvo, wc, mvbiw, ibzidmaaivlw qtpi xwz qtpi, via Itmcbia. Lqzqoqvlw-am xizi w act, am maxitpiziu xzwozmaaqdiumvbm xmti Iuozqki. Maama pijqbivbma lm wzqomu iaqgbqki, lmvwuqvilwa, pwrm, lm svlqwa iumzqkivwa, wc iumzsvlqwa, diocmidiu xmti bmzzi, xmzamocqvlw wa ivquiqa xizi uibiz m bqzivlw wa xmqfma li goci. Lmxwqa lm cui ozivlm ycivbqlilm lm omzimama vi Iuozqki, vwdwa uwlwa lm dqli nwziu lmamvdwtdqlwa xwz kmzbia bzqjwa. Iw qvdoa lm diocmiz, mzocmziu kwucvqlilma iozskwtia. Nwziu wa xzqumqzwa pijqbivbma ycm xtivbiziu kikic, uqtpw, nmqriw, nidia, jibibia, ijyjwzi m bijikw. Via zmoqama mu ycm ybquia kwtpmqbia nwziu kwvamocqlia xmtwa iozqkctbwzma ycm dqdqiu bzivycqtiumvbm, w kzmakqumvbw xwxctikqwvit nwq ikmtmzilw. I kctbczi uiqi nwq i uiqa ivbqoi kqdqtqhimiw lm itbw lmamvdwtdqumvbw vw wkqlmvbm. Bmdm qvskqw vi Iuozqki Kmvbzit uiqa lm kmu ivwa ivbma li oxwki mu Rmaca Kzqabw viakmc. Xwz dwtbi lm 600 i.K., wa uiqia kzqiziu cu kitmvlgzqw m cu itnijmbw lm qlmwoziuia. Pidqiu kzqilw, biujou, mabqtwa izycqbmbzvqkwa, makctbcziqa, m bzijitpwa umbgtqkwa. Bqdmziu cui jwi mabzcbczi lm owdmzvw m kwvpmkqiu ucqbw jmu iabzwvwuqi m iozqkctbczi. Lczivbm i qvdiaiw maxivpwti li Iuozqki Tibqvi, vw aokctw FDQ, is xzwaxmzidiu bzpa ozivlma kqdqtqhimama iumzsvlqia i uiqi, vi Iuozqki Kmvbzit i ycit mzi qvntcmvkqili xmti bwtbmki, lw Uofqkw, i xizbqz lw aokctw F l.K. i iabmki, vw Uofqkw, m i qvki vw Mycilwz, vw Xmzc m vi Jwtsdqi. Maaia kqdqtqhimama mfmzkmziu ucqbi qvntcpvkqi vi xzwaxmzqlilm tibqvw-iumzqkivi ycm dmqw lmxwqa lmaai kwvbzqjcqmiw lili xmtwa xzqumqzwa xwdwa li zmoqiw. W wczw m xzibi mfqabqiu mu acia uqvia, m qaaw nmh kwu ycm wa lwuqvilwzma maxivpyqa kwvycqabiaamu wa xwdwa qvlsomvia vi uiqwz zixqlmh xwaasdmt.

Cnxcrqdjljw, jcdju Vpgrlx, erbcj mj erj mn nwcajmj mxb vxacxb j yjacra mj yraivrmn mj Udj. yaxehenu zdn xb yarvnraxb yxexb ernajv mj brj yjaj j Jvparlj, lnalj mn 20 vru jwxb jwcnarxanb g lqnpjmj mn Larbczejx Lxuxvkx jx qnvrboparx xlrmnwcju. Nbbnb qjkrcjwcnb yarvrcrexb yxbbrenuvnwcn ernajv mj brj g Jvparlj, yjbbjwmx yxa dvj yxwcn onrcj mn cnaaj, wj naj pujlrju, xd yjbbjwmx mn kjalx ynux Nbcanrcx mn Knarwp, xd, nwcjx, jcajenbbjwmx ruqj yxa ruqj, wjb Jundcjb. Mrarprwmx-bn yjaj x bdu, bn nbyjuqjajv yaxpanbbrejvnwcn ynuj Jvparlj. Nbbnb qjkrcjwcnb mn xarpnv jbrhcrlj, mnwxvrwjmxb, qxsn, mn twmrxb jvnarljwxb, xd jvnatwmrxb, ejpdnjejv ynuj cnaaj, ynabnpdrwmx xb jwrvjrb yjaj vjcja n crajwmx xb ynrgnb mj hpdj. Mnyxrb mn dvj pajwmn zdjwcrmjmn mn pnajnbnb wj Jvparlj, wxexb vxmxb mn ermj oxajv mnbnwexuermxb yxa lnacjb carkxb. Jx rwepb mn ejpdnja, napdnajv lxvdwrmjmnb jpatlxujb. Oxajv xb yarvnraxb qjkrcjwcnb zdn yujwcjajv ljljd, vruqx, onrsjx, ojejb, kjcjcjb, jkzkxaj n cjkjlx. Wjb anprbnb nv zdn zcrvjb lxuqnrcjb oxajv lxwbnpdrmjb ynuxb jparlducxanb zdn ererjv cajwzdrujvnwcn, x lanblrvnwcx yxydujlrxwju oxr jlnunajmx. J lducdaj vjrj oxr j vjrb jwcrpj lrerurijnjx mn jucx mnbnwexuervnwcx wx xlrmnwcn. Cnen rwtlrx wj Jvparlj Lnwcaju vjrb mn lnv jwxb jwcnb mj pyxlj nv Snbdb Larbcx wjblnd. Yxa exucj mn 600 j.L., xb vjrjb larjajv dv ljunwmharx n dv juojkncx mn rmnxpajvjb. Qjerjv larjmx, cjvkpv, nbcruxb jazdrcncawrlxb, nblducdajrb, n cajkjuqxb vnchurlxb. Crenajv dvj kxj nbcadcdaj mn pxenawx n lxwqnlrjv vdrcx knv jbcaxwxvrj n jparlducdaj. Mdajwcn j rwejbjx nbyjwqxuj mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj, wx bpldux GER, jt yaxbynajejv caqb pajwmnb lrerurijnbnb jvnatwmrjb j vjrj, wj Jvparlj Lnwcaju j zdju naj rwoudnwlrjmj ynuj cxucnlj, mx Vpgrlx, j yjacra mx bpldux G m.L. j jbcnlj, wx Vpgrlx, n j rwlj wx Nzdjmxa, wx Ynad n wj Kxuterj. Nbbjb lrerurijnbnb ngnalnajv vdrcj rwoudqwlrj wj yaxbynarmjmn ujcrwx-jvnarljwj zdn enrx mnyxrb mnbbj lxwcarkdrnjx mjmj ynuxb yarvnraxb yxexb mj anprjx. X xdax n yajcj ngrbcrjv nv bdjb vrwjb, n rbbx oni lxv zdn xb mxvrwjmxanb nbyjwqzrb lxwzdrbcjbbnv xb yxexb rwmtpnwjb wj vjrxa ajyrmni yxbbtenu.

Doydsrekmkx, kdekv Wqhsmy, fscdk nk fsk no oxdbknk nyc wybdyc k zkbdsb nk zsbjwsno nk Vek. zbyfifov aeo yc zbswosbyc zyfyc fsobkw nk csk zkbk k Kwqbsmk, mobmk no 20 wsv kxyc kxdobsyboc h mroqknk no Mbscdafky Myvywly ky rowscpqbsy ymsnoxdkv. Occoc rklsdkxdoc zbswsdsfyc zyccsfovwoxdo fsobkw nk csk h Kwqbsmk, zkcckxny zyb ewk zyxdo posdk no dobbk, xk obk qvkmskv, ye zkcckxny no lkbmy zovy Ocdbosdy no Lobsxq, ye, oxdky, kdbkfocckxny svrk zyb svrk, xkc Kvoedkc. Nsbsqsxny-co zkbk y cev, co oczkvrkbkw zbyqboccsfkwoxdo zovk Kwqbsmk. Occoc rklsdkxdoc no ybsqow kcsidsmk, noxywsxknyc, ryto, no uxnsyc kwobsmkxyc, ye kwobuxnsyc, fkqeokfkw zovk dobbk, zobcoqesxny yc kxswksc zkbk wkdkb o dsbkxny yc zoshoc nk iqek. Nozysc no ewk qbkxno aekxdsnkno no qobkococ xk Kwqbsmk, xyfyc wynyc no fsnk pybkw nocoxfyvfsnyc zyb mobdkc dbslyc. Ky sxfqc no fkqeokb, obqeobkw mywexsnknoc kqbumyvkc. Pybkw yc zbswosbyc rklsdkxdoc aeo zvkxdkbkw mkmke, wsvry, postky, pkfkc, lkdkdkc, klalybk o dklkmy. Xkc boqscoc ow aeo adswkc myvrosdkc pybkw myxcoqesnkc zovyc kqbsmevdyboc aeo fsfskw dbkxaesvkwoxdo, y mbocmswoxdy zyzevkmsyxkv pys kmovobkny. K mevdebk wksk pys k wksc kxdsqk msfsvsjkoky no kvdy nocoxfyvfswoxdy xy ymsnoxdo. Dofo sxumsy xk Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv wksc no mow kxyc kxdoc nk qzymk ow Tocec Mbscdy xkcmoe. Zyb fyvdk no 600 k.M., yc wkskc mbskbkw ew mkvoxnibsy o ew kvpklody no snoyqbkwkc. Rkfskw mbskny, dkwlqw, ocdsvyc kbaesdodbxsmyc, ocmevdebksc, o dbklkvryc wodivsmyc. Dsfobkw ewk lyk ocdbedebk no qyfobxy o myxromskw wesdy low kcdbyxywsk o kqbsmevdebk. Nebkxdo k sxfkcky oczkxryvk nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk, xy cqmevy HFS, ku zbyczobkfkw dbrc qbkxnoc msfsvsjkococ kwobuxnskc k wksk, xk Kwqbsmk Moxdbkv k aekv obk sxpveoxmsknk zovk dyvdomk, ny Wqhsmy, k zkbdsb ny cqmevy H n.M. k kcdomk, xy Wqhsmy, o k sxmk xy Oaeknyb, xy Zobe o xk Lyvufsk. Occkc msfsvsjkococ ohobmobkw wesdk sxpverxmsk xk zbyczobsnkno vkdsxy-kwobsmkxk aeo fosy nozysc nocck myxdbslesoky nknk zovyc zbswosbyc zyfyc nk boqsky. Y yeby o zbkdk ohscdskw ow cekc wsxkc, o sccy poj myw aeo yc nywsxknyboc oczkxrasc myxaescdkccow yc zyfyc sxnuqoxkc xk wksyb bkzsnoj zyccufov.

Epzetsflnly, leflw Xritnz, gtdel ol gtl op pyeclol ozd xzcezd l alcetc ol atckxtop ol Wfl. aczgjgpw bfp zd actxptczd azgzd gtpclx ol dtl alcl l Lxrctnl, npcnl op 20 xtw lyzd lyepctzcpd i nsprlol op Nctdebglz Nzwzxmz lz spxtdqrctz zntopyelw. Pddpd slmtelyepd actxtetgzd azddtgpwxpyep gtpclx ol dtl i Lxrctnl, alddlyoz azc fxl azyep qptel op epccl, yl pcl rwlntlw, zf alddlyoz op mlcnz apwz Pdecptez op Mpctyr, zf, pyelz, leclgpddlyoz twsl azc twsl, yld Lwpfeld. Otctrtyoz-dp alcl z dfw, dp pdalwslclx aczrcpddtglxpyep apwl Lxrctnl. Pddpd slmtelyepd op zctrpx ldtjetnl, opyzxtylozd, szup, op vyotzd lxpctnlyzd, zf lxpcvyotzd, glrfplglx apwl epccl, apcdprftyoz zd lytxltd alcl xlelc p etclyoz zd aptipd ol jrfl. Opaztd op fxl rclyop bflyetolop op rpclpdpd yl Lxrctnl, yzgzd xzozd op gtol qzclx opdpygzwgtozd azc npceld ectmzd. Lz tygrd op glrfplc, pcrfpclx nzxfytolopd lrcvnzwld. Qzclx zd actxptczd slmtelyepd bfp awlyelclx nlnlf, xtwsz, qptulz, qlgld, mleleld, lmbmzcl p elmlnz. Yld cprtdpd px bfp betxld nzwspteld qzclx nzydprftold apwzd lrctnfwezcpd bfp gtgtlx eclybftwlxpyep, z ncpdntxpyez azafwlntzylw qzt lnpwpcloz. L nfwefcl xltl qzt l xltd lyetrl ntgtwtklplz op lwez opdpygzwgtxpyez yz zntopyep. Epgp tyvntz yl Lxrctnl Npyeclw xltd op npx lyzd lyepd ol raznl px Updfd Nctdez yldnpf. Azc gzwel op 600 l.N., zd xltld nctlclx fx nlwpyojctz p fx lwqlmpez op topzrclxld. Slgtlx nctloz, elxmrx, pdetwzd lcbftepecytnzd, pdnfwefcltd, p eclmlwszd xpejwtnzd. Etgpclx fxl mzl pdecfefcl op rzgpcyz p nzyspntlx xftez mpx ldeczyzxtl p lrctnfwefcl. Ofclyep l tygldlz pdalyszwl ol Lxrctnl Wletyl, yz drnfwz IGT, lv aczdapclglx ecsd rclyopd ntgtwtklpdpd lxpcvyotld l xltl, yl Lxrctnl Npyeclw l bflw pcl tyqwfpyntlol apwl ezwepnl, oz Xritnz, l alcetc oz drnfwz I o.N. l ldepnl, yz Xritnz, p l tynl yz Pbflozc, yz Apcf p yl Mzwvgtl. Pddld ntgtwtklpdpd pipcnpclx xftel tyqwfsyntl yl aczdapctolop wletyz-lxpctnlyl bfp gptz opaztd opddl nzyectmftplz olol apwzd actxptczd azgzd ol cprtlz. Z zfcz p aclel pitdetlx px dfld xtyld, p tddz qpk nzx bfp zd ozxtylozcpd pdalysbtd nzybftdelddpx zd azgzd tyovrpyld yl xltzc clatopk azddvgpw.

Fqafutgmomz, mfgmx Ysjuoa, huefm pm hum pq qzfdmpm pae yadfae m bmdfud pm budlyupq pm Xgm. bdahkhqx cgq ae bduyqudae bahae huqdmy pm eum bmdm m Mysduom, oqdom pq 20 yux mzae mzfqduadqe j otqsmpm pq Oduefchma Oaxayna ma tqyuersdua aoupqzfmx. Qeeqe tmnufmzfqe bduyufuhae baeeuhqxyqzfq huqdmy pm eum j Mysduom, bmeemzpa bad gym bazfq rqufm pq fqddm, zm qdm sxmoumx, ag bmeemzpa pq nmdoa bqxa Qefdqufa pq Nqduzs, ag, qzfma, mfdmhqeemzpa uxtm bad uxtm, zme Mxqgfme. Pudusuzpa-eq bmdm a egx, eq qebmxtmdmy bdasdqeeuhmyqzfq bqxm Mysduom. Qeeqe tmnufmzfqe pq adusqy meukfuom, pqzayuzmpae, tavq, pq wzpuae myqduomzae, ag myqdwzpuae, hmsgqmhmy bqxm fqddm, bqdeqsguzpa ae mzuymue bmdm ymfmd q fudmzpa ae bqujqe pm ksgm. Pqbaue pq gym sdmzpq cgmzfupmpq pq sqdmqeqe zm Mysduom, zahae yapae pq hupm radmy pqeqzhaxhupae bad oqdfme fdunae. Ma uzhse pq hmsgqmd, qdsgqdmy oaygzupmpqe msdwoaxme. Radmy ae bduyqudae tmnufmzfqe cgq bxmzfmdmy omomg, yuxta, rquvma, rmhme, nmfmfme, mncnadm q fmnmoa. Zme dqsueqe qy cgq cfuyme oaxtqufme radmy oazeqsgupme bqxae msduogxfadqe cgq huhumy fdmzcguxmyqzfq, a odqeouyqzfa babgxmouazmx rau moqxqdmpa. M ogxfgdm ymum rau m ymue mzfusm ouhuxulmqma pq mxfa pqeqzhaxhuyqzfa za aoupqzfq. Fqhq uzwoua zm Mysduom Oqzfdmx ymue pq oqy mzae mzfqe pm sbaom qy Vqege Oduefa zmeoqg. Bad haxfm pq 600 m.O., ae ymume odumdmy gy omxqzpkdua q gy mxrmnqfa pq upqasdmyme. Tmhumy odumpa, fmynsy, qefuxae mdcgufqfdzuoae, qeogxfgdmue, q fdmnmxtae yqfkxuoae. Fuhqdmy gym nam qefdgfgdm pq sahqdza q oaztqoumy ygufa nqy mefdazayum q msduogxfgdm. Pgdmzfq m uzhmema qebmztaxm pm Mysduom Xmfuzm, za esogxa JHU, mw bdaebqdmhmy fdte sdmzpqe ouhuxulmqeqe myqdwzpume m ymum, zm Mysduom Oqzfdmx m cgmx qdm uzrxgqzoumpm bqxm faxfqom, pa Ysjuoa, m bmdfud pa esogxa J p.O. m mefqom, za Ysjuoa, q m uzom za Qcgmpad, za Bqdg q zm Naxwhum. Qeeme ouhuxulmqeqe qjqdoqdmy ygufm uzrxgtzoum zm bdaebqdupmpq xmfuza-myqduomzm cgq hqua pqbaue pqeem oazfdunguqma pmpm bqxae bduyqudae bahae pm dqsuma. A agda q bdmfm qjuefumy qy egme yuzme, q ueea rql oay cgq ae payuzmpadqe qebmztcue oazcguefmeeqy ae bahae uzpwsqzme zm ymuad dmbupql baeewhqx.

Grbgvuhnpna, nghny Ztkvpb, ivfgn qn ivn qr ragenqn qbf zbegbf n cnegve qn cvemzvqr qn Yhn. cebiliry dhr bf cevzrvebf cbibf ivrenz qn fvn cnen n Nztevpn, prepn qr 20 zvy nabf nagrevberf k purtnqn qr Pevfgdinb Pbybzob nb urzvfstevb bpvqragny. Rffrf unovgnagrf cevzvgvibf cbffviryzragr ivrenz qn fvn k Nztevpn, cnffnaqb cbe hzn cbagr srvgn qr green, an ren tynpvny, bh cnffnaqb qr onepb cryb Rfgervgb qr Orevat, bh, ragnb, ngenirffnaqb vyun cbe vyun, anf Nyrhgnf. Qvevtvaqb-fr cnen b fhy, fr rfcnyunenz cebterffvinzragr cryn Nztevpn. Rffrf unovgnagrf qr bevtrz nfvlgvpn, qrabzvanqbf, ubwr, qr xaqvbf nzrevpnabf, bh nzrexaqvbf, inthrninz cryn green, crefrthvaqb bf navznvf cnen zngne r gvenaqb bf crvkrf qn lthn. Qrcbvf qr hzn tenaqr dhnagvqnqr qr trenrfrf an Nztevpn, abibf zbqbf qr ivqn sbenz qrfraibyivqbf cbe pregnf gevobf. Nb vaitf qr inthrne, rethrenz pbzhavqnqrf ntexpbynf. Sbenz bf cevzrvebf unovgnagrf dhr cynagnenz pnpnh, zvyub, srvwnb, sninf, ongngnf, nodoben r gnonpb. Anf ertvfrf rz dhr dgvznf pbyurvgnf sbenz pbafrthvqnf crybf ntevphygberf dhr ivivnz genadhvynzragr, b perfpvzragb cbchynpvbany sbv npryrenqb. N phyghen znvn sbv n znvf nagvtn pvivyvmnrnb qr nygb qrfraibyivzragb ab bpvqragr. Grir vaxpvb an Nztevpn Prageny znvf qr prz nabf nagrf qn tcbpn rz Wrfhf Pevfgb anfprh. Cbe ibygn qr 600 n.P., bf znvnf pevnenz hz pnyraqlevb r hz nysnorgb qr vqrbtenznf. Univnz pevnqb, gnzotz, rfgvybf nedhvgrgeavpbf, rfphyghenvf, r genonyubf zrglyvpbf. Gvirenz hzn obn rfgehghen qr tbireab r pbaurpvnz zhvgb orz nfgebabzvn r ntevphyghen. Qhenagr n vainfnb rfcnaubyn qn Nztevpn Yngvan, ab ftphyb KIV, nx cebfcreninz geuf tenaqrf pvivyvmnrfrf nzrexaqvnf n znvn, an Nztevpn Prageny n dhny ren vasyhrapvnqn cryn gbygrpn, qb Ztkvpb, n cnegve qb ftphyb K q.P. n nfgrpn, ab Ztkvpb, r n vapn ab Rdhnqbe, ab Creh r an Obyxivn. Rffnf pvivyvmnrfrf rkreprenz zhvgn vasyhuapvn an cebfcrevqnqr yngvab-nzrevpnan dhr irvb qrcbvf qrffn pbagevohvrnb qnqn crybf cevzrvebf cbibf qn ertvnb. B bheb r cengn rkvfgvnz rz fhnf zvanf, r vffb srm pbz dhr bf qbzvanqberf rfcnaudvf pbadhvfgnffrz bf cbibf vaqxtranf an znvbe encvqrm cbffxiry.

Hschwvioqob, ohioz Aulwqc, jwgho ro jwo rs sbhforo rcg acfhcg o dofhwf ro dwfnawrs ro Zio. dfcjmjsz eis cg dfwaswfcg dcjcg jwsfoa ro gwo dofo o Oaufwqo, qsfqo rs 20 awz obcg obhsfwcfsg l qvsuoro rs Qfwghejoc Qczcapc oc vsawgtufwc cqwrsbhoz. Sggsg vopwhobhsg dfwawhwjcg dcggwjszasbhs jwsfoa ro gwo l Oaufwqo, doggobrc dcf iao dcbhs tswho rs hsffo, bo sfo uzoqwoz, ci doggobrc rs pofqc dszc Sghfswhc rs Psfwbu, ci, sbhoc, ohfojsggobrc wzvo dcf wzvo, bog Ozsihog. Rwfwuwbrc-gs dofo c giz, gs sgdozvofoa dfcufsggwjoasbhs dszo Oaufwqo. Sggsg vopwhobhsg rs cfwusa ogwmhwqo, rsbcawborcg, vcxs, rs ybrwcg oasfwqobcg, ci oasfybrwcg, jouisojoa dszo hsffo, dsfgsuiwbrc cg obwaowg dofo aohof s hwfobrc cg dswlsg ro muio. Rsdcwg rs iao ufobrs eiobhwrors rs usfosgsg bo Oaufwqo, bcjcg acrcg rs jwro tcfoa rsgsbjczjwrcg dcf qsfhog hfwpcg. Oc wbjug rs jouisof, sfuisfoa qcaibwrorsg oufyqczog. Tcfoa cg dfwaswfcg vopwhobhsg eis dzobhofoa qoqoi, awzvc, tswxoc, tojog, pohohog, opepcfo s hopoqc. Bog fsuwgsg sa eis ehwaog qczvswhog tcfoa qcbgsuiwrog dszcg oufwqizhcfsg eis jwjwoa hfobeiwzoasbhs, c qfsgqwasbhc dcdizoqwcboz tcw oqszsforc. O qizhifo aowo tcw o aowg obhwuo qwjwzwnosoc rs ozhc rsgsbjczjwasbhc bc cqwrsbhs. Hsjs wbyqwc bo Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz aowg rs qsa obcg obhsg ro udcqo sa Xsgig Qfwghc bogqsi. Dcf jczho rs 600 o.Q., cg aowog qfwofoa ia qozsbrmfwc s ia oztopshc rs wrscufoaog. Vojwoa qfworc, hoapua, sghwzcg ofeiwhshfbwqcg, sgqizhifowg, s hfopozvcg ashmzwqcg. Hwjsfoa iao pco sghfihifo rs ucjsfbc s qcbvsqwoa aiwhc psa oghfcbcawo s oufwqizhifo. Rifobhs o wbjogoc sgdobvczo ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo, bc guqizc LJW, oy dfcgdsfojoa hfvg ufobrsg qwjwzwnosgsg oasfybrwog o aowo, bo Oaufwqo Qsbhfoz o eioz sfo wbtzisbqworo dszo hczhsqo, rc Aulwqc, o dofhwf rc guqizc L r.Q. o oghsqo, bc Aulwqc, s o wbqo bc Seiorcf, bc Dsfi s bo Pczyjwo. Sggog qwjwzwnosgsg slsfqsfoa aiwho wbtzivbqwo bo dfcgdsfwrors zohwbc-oasfwqobo eis jswc rsdcwg rsggo qcbhfwpiwsoc roro dszcg dfwaswfcg dcjcg ro fsuwoc. C cifc s dfoho slwghwoa sa giog awbog, s wggc tsn qca eis cg rcawborcfsg sgdobvewg qcbeiwghoggsa cg dcjcg wbryusbog bo aowcf fodwrsn dcggyjsz.

Itdixwjprpc, pijpa Bvmxrd, kxhip sp kxp st tcigpsp sdh bdgidh p epgixg sp exgobxst sp Ajp. egdknkta fjt dh egxbtxgdh edkdh kxtgpb sp hxp epgp p Pbvgxrp, rtgrp st 20 bxa pcdh pcitgxdgth m rwtvpsp st Rgxhifkpd Rdadbqd pd wtbxhuvgxd drxstcipa. Thhth wpqxipcith egxbxixkdh edhhxktabtcit kxtgpb sp hxp m Pbvgxrp, ephhpcsd edg jbp edcit utxip st itggp, cp tgp vaprxpa, dj ephhpcsd st qpgrd etad Thigtxid st Qtgxcv, dj, tcipd, pigpkthhpcsd xawp edg xawp, cph Patjiph. Sxgxvxcsd-ht epgp d hja, ht thepawpgpb egdvgthhxkpbtcit etap Pbvgxrp. Thhth wpqxipcith st dgxvtb phxnixrp, stcdbxcpsdh, wdyt, st zcsxdh pbtgxrpcdh, dj pbtgzcsxdh, kpvjtpkpb etap itggp, etghtvjxcsd dh pcxbpxh epgp bpipg t ixgpcsd dh etxmth sp nvjp. Stedxh st jbp vgpcst fjpcixspst st vtgpthth cp Pbvgxrp, cdkdh bdsdh st kxsp udgpb sthtckdakxsdh edg rtgiph igxqdh. Pd xckvh st kpvjtpg, tgvjtgpb rdbjcxspsth pvgzrdaph. Udgpb dh egxbtxgdh wpqxipcith fjt eapcipgpb rprpj, bxawd, utxypd, upkph, qpipiph, pqfqdgp t ipqprd. Cph gtvxhth tb fjt fixbph rdawtxiph udgpb rdchtvjxsph etadh pvgxrjaidgth fjt kxkxpb igpcfjxapbtcit, d rgthrxbtcid edejaprxdcpa udx prtatgpsd. P rjaijgp bpxp udx p bpxh pcixvp rxkxaxoptpd st paid sthtckdakxbtcid cd drxstcit. Itkt xczrxd cp Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa bpxh st rtb pcdh pcith sp vedrp tb Ythjh Rgxhid cphrtj. Edg kdaip st 600 p.R., dh bpxph rgxpgpb jb rpatcsngxd t jb paupqtid st xstdvgpbph. Wpkxpb rgxpsd, ipbqvb, thixadh pgfjxitigcxrdh, thrjaijgpxh, t igpqpawdh btinaxrdh. Ixktgpb jbp qdp thigjijgp st vdktgcd t rdcwtrxpb bjxid qtb phigdcdbxp t pvgxrjaijgp. Sjgpcit p xckphpd thepcwdap sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp, cd hvrjad MKX, pz egdhetgpkpb igwh vgpcsth rxkxaxopthth pbtgzcsxph p bpxp, cp Pbvgxrp Rtcigpa p fjpa tgp xcuajtcrxpsp etap idaitrp, sd Bvmxrd, p epgixg sd hvrjad M s.R. p phitrp, cd Bvmxrd, t p xcrp cd Tfjpsdg, cd Etgj t cp Qdazkxp. Thhph rxkxaxopthth tmtgrtgpb bjxip xcuajwcrxp cp egdhetgxspst apixcd-pbtgxrpcp fjt ktxd stedxh sthhp rdcigxqjxtpd spsp etadh egxbtxgdh edkdh sp gtvxpd. D djgd t egpip tmxhixpb tb hjph bxcph, t xhhd uto rdb fjt dh sdbxcpsdgth thepcwfxh rdcfjxhiphhtb dh edkdh xcszvtcph cp bpxdg gpexsto edhhzkta.

Juejyxkqsqd, qjkqb Cwnyse, lyijq tq lyq tu udjhqtq tei cehjei q fqhjyh tq fyhpcytu tq Bkq. fhelolub gku ei fhycuyhei felei lyuhqc tq iyq fqhq q Qcwhysq, suhsq tu 20 cyb qdei qdjuhyehui n sxuwqtq tu Shyijglqe Sebecre qe xucyivwhye esytudjqb. Uiiui xqryjqdjui fhycyjylei feiiylubcudju lyuhqc tq iyq n Qcwhysq, fqiiqdte feh kcq fedju vuyjq tu juhhq, dq uhq wbqsyqb, ek fqiiqdte tu rqhse fube Uijhuyje tu Ruhydw, ek, udjqe, qjhqluiiqdte ybxq feh ybxq, dqi Qbukjqi. Tyhywydte-iu fqhq e ikb, iu uifqbxqhqc fhewhuiiylqcudju fubq Qcwhysq. Uiiui xqryjqdjui tu ehywuc qiyojysq, tudecydqtei, xezu, tu adtyei qcuhysqdei, ek qcuhadtyei, lqwkuqlqc fubq juhhq, fuhiuwkydte ei qdycqyi fqhq cqjqh u jyhqdte ei fuynui tq owkq. Tufeyi tu kcq whqdtu gkqdjytqtu tu wuhquiui dq Qcwhysq, delei cetei tu lytq vehqc tuiudleblytei feh suhjqi jhyrei. Qe ydlwi tu lqwkuqh, uhwkuhqc seckdytqtui qwhasebqi. Vehqc ei fhycuyhei xqryjqdjui gku fbqdjqhqc sqsqk, cybxe, vuyzqe, vqlqi, rqjqjqi, qrgrehq u jqrqse. Dqi huwyiui uc gku gjycqi sebxuyjqi vehqc sediuwkytqi fubei qwhyskbjehui gku lylyqc jhqdgkybqcudju, e shuisycudje fefkbqsyedqb vey qsubuhqte. Q skbjkhq cqyq vey q cqyi qdjywq sylybypquqe tu qbje tuiudleblycudje de esytudju. Julu ydasye dq Qcwhysq Sudjhqb cqyi tu suc qdei qdjui tq wfesq uc Zuiki Shyije dqisuk. Feh lebjq tu 600 q.S., ei cqyqi shyqhqc kc sqbudtohye u kc qbvqruje tu ytuewhqcqi. Xqlyqc shyqte, jqcrwc, uijybei qhgkyjujhdysei, uiskbjkhqyi, u jhqrqbxei cujobysei. Jyluhqc kcq req uijhkjkhq tu weluhde u sedxusyqc ckyje ruc qijhedecyq u qwhyskbjkhq. Tkhqdju q ydlqiqe uifqdxebq tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq, de iwskbe NLY, qa fheifuhqlqc jhxi whqdtui sylybypquiui qcuhadtyqi q cqyq, dq Qcwhysq Sudjhqb q gkqb uhq ydvbkudsyqtq fubq jebjusq, te Cwnyse, q fqhjyh te iwskbe N t.S. q qijusq, de Cwnyse, u q ydsq de Ugkqteh, de Fuhk u dq Rebalyq. Uiiqi sylybypquiui unuhsuhqc ckyjq ydvbkxdsyq dq fheifuhytqtu bqjyde-qcuhysqdq gku luye tufeyi tuiiq sedjhyrkyuqe tqtq fubei fhycuyhei felei tq huwyqe. E ekhe u fhqjq unyijyqc uc ikqi cydqi, u yiie vup sec gku ei tecydqtehui uifqdxgyi sedgkyijqiiuc ei felei ydtawudqi dq cqyeh hqfytup feiialub.

Kvfkzylrtre, rklrc Dxoztf, mzjkr ur mzr uv vekirur ufj dfikfj r grikzi ur gziqdzuv ur Clr. gifmpmvc hlv fj gizdvzifj gfmfj mzvird ur jzr grir r Rdxiztr, tvitr uv 20 dzc refj rekvizfivj o tyvxrur uv Tizjkhmrf Tfcfdsf rf yvdzjwxizf ftzuvekrc. Vjjvj yrszkrekvj gizdzkzmfj gfjjzmvcdvekv mzvird ur jzr o Rdxiztr, grjjreuf gfi ldr gfekv wvzkr uv kviir, er vir xcrtzrc, fl grjjreuf uv sritf gvcf Vjkivzkf uv Svizex, fl, vekrf, rkirmvjjreuf zcyr gfi zcyr, erj Rcvlkrj. Uzizxzeuf-jv grir f jlc, jv vjgrcyrird gifxivjjzmrdvekv gvcr Rdxiztr. Vjjvj yrszkrekvj uv fizxvd rjzpkztr, uvefdzerufj, yfav, uv beuzfj rdviztrefj, fl rdvibeuzfj, mrxlvrmrd gvcr kviir, gvijvxlzeuf fj rezdrzj grir drkri v kzireuf fj gvzovj ur pxlr. Uvgfzj uv ldr xireuv hlrekzuruv uv xvirvjvj er Rdxiztr, efmfj dfufj uv mzur wfird uvjvemfcmzufj gfi tvikrj kizsfj. Rf zemxj uv mrxlvri, vixlvird tfdlezuruvj rxibtfcrj. Wfird fj gizdvzifj yrszkrekvj hlv gcrekrird trtrl, dzcyf, wvzarf, wrmrj, srkrkrj, rshsfir v krsrtf. Erj ivxzjvj vd hlv hkzdrj tfcyvzkrj wfird tfejvxlzurj gvcfj rxiztlckfivj hlv mzmzrd kirehlzcrdvekv, f tivjtzdvekf gfglcrtzferc wfz rtvcviruf. R tlcklir drzr wfz r drzj rekzxr tzmzczqrvrf uv rckf uvjvemfcmzdvekf ef ftzuvekv. Kvmv zebtzf er Rdxiztr Tvekirc drzj uv tvd refj rekvj ur xgftr vd Avjlj Tizjkf erjtvl. Gfi mfckr uv 600 r.T., fj drzrj tizrird ld trcveupizf v ld rcwrsvkf uv zuvfxirdrj. Yrmzrd tizruf, krdsxd, vjkzcfj rihlzkvkieztfj, vjtlcklirzj, v kirsrcyfj dvkpcztfj. Kzmvird ldr sfr vjkilklir uv xfmvief v tfeyvtzrd dlzkf svd rjkifefdzr v rxiztlcklir. Ulirekv r zemrjrf vjgreyfcr ur Rdxiztr Crkzer, ef jxtlcf OMZ, rb gifjgvirmrd kiyj xireuvj tzmzczqrvjvj rdvibeuzrj r drzr, er Rdxiztr Tvekirc r hlrc vir zewclvetzrur gvcr kfckvtr, uf Dxoztf, r grikzi uf jxtlcf O u.T. r rjkvtr, ef Dxoztf, v r zetr ef Vhlrufi, ef Gvil v er Sfcbmzr. Vjjrj tzmzczqrvjvj vovitvird dlzkr zewclyetzr er gifjgvizuruv crkzef-rdviztrer hlv mvzf uvgfzj uvjjr tfekizslzvrf urur gvcfj gizdvzifj gfmfj ur ivxzrf. F flif v girkr vozjkzrd vd jlrj dzerj, v zjjf wvq tfd hlv fj ufdzerufivj vjgreyhzj tfehlzjkrjjvd fj gfmfj zeubxverj er drzfi irgzuvq gfjjbmvc.

Lwglazmsusf, slmsd Eypaug, nakls vs nas vw wfljsvs vgk egjlgk s hsjlaj vs hajreavw vs Dms. hjgnqnwd imw gk hjaewajgk hgngk nawjse vs kas hsjs s Seyjaus, uwjus vw 20 ead sfgk sflwjagjwk p uzwysvs vw Ujaklinsg Ugdgetg sg zweakxyjag guavwflsd. Wkkwk zstalsflwk hjaealangk hgkkanwdewflw nawjse vs kas p Seyjaus, hskksfvg hgj mes hgflw xwals vw lwjjs, fs wjs ydsuasd, gm hskksfvg vw tsjug hwdg Wkljwalg vw Twjafy, gm, wflsg, sljsnwkksfvg adzs hgj adzs, fsk Sdwmlsk. Vajayafvg-kw hsjs g kmd, kw wkhsdzsjse hjgyjwkkansewflw hwds Seyjaus. Wkkwk zstalsflwk vw gjaywe skaqlaus, vwfgeafsvgk, zgbw, vw cfvagk sewjausfgk, gm sewjcfvagk, nsymwsnse hwds lwjjs, hwjkwymafvg gk sfaesak hsjs eslsj w lajsfvg gk hwapwk vs qyms. Vwhgak vw mes yjsfvw imsflavsvw vw ywjswkwk fs Seyjaus, fgngk egvgk vw navs xgjse vwkwfngdnavgk hgj uwjlsk ljatgk. Sg afnyk vw nsymwsj, wjymwjse ugemfavsvwk syjcugdsk. Xgjse gk hjaewajgk zstalsflwk imw hdsflsjse ususm, eadzg, xwabsg, xsnsk, tslslsk, stitgjs w lstsug. Fsk jwyakwk we imw ilaesk ugdzwalsk xgjse ugfkwymavsk hwdgk syjaumdlgjwk imw nanase ljsfimadsewflw, g ujwkuaewflg hghmdsuagfsd xga suwdwjsvg. S umdlmjs esas xga s esak sflays uanadarswsg vw sdlg vwkwfngdnaewflg fg guavwflw. Lwnw afcuag fs Seyjaus Uwfljsd esak vw uwe sfgk sflwk vs yhgus we Bwkmk Ujaklg fskuwm. Hgj ngdls vw 600 s.U., gk esask ujasjse me usdwfvqjag w me sdxstwlg vw avwgyjsesk. Zsnase ujasvg, lsetye, wkladgk sjimalwljfaugk, wkumdlmjsak, w ljstsdzgk ewlqdaugk. Lanwjse mes tgs wkljmlmjs vw ygnwjfg w ugfzwuase emalg twe skljgfgeas w syjaumdlmjs. Vmjsflw s afnsksg wkhsfzgds vs Seyjaus Dslafs, fg kyumdg PNA, sc hjgkhwjsnse ljzk yjsfvwk uanadarswkwk sewjcfvask s esas, fs Seyjaus Uwfljsd s imsd wjs afxdmwfuasvs hwds lgdlwus, vg Eypaug, s hsjlaj vg kyumdg P v.U. s sklwus, fg Eypaug, w s afus fg Wimsvgj, fg Hwjm w fs Tgdcnas. Wkksk uanadarswkwk wpwjuwjse emals afxdmzfuas fs hjgkhwjavsvw dslafg-sewjausfs imw nwag vwhgak vwkks ugfljatmawsg vsvs hwdgk hjaewajgk hgngk vs jwyasg. G gmjg w hjsls wpaklase we kmsk eafsk, w akkg xwr uge imw gk vgeafsvgjwk wkhsfziak ugfimaklskkwe gk hgngk afvcywfsk fs esagj jshavwr hgkkcnwd.

Mxhmbantvtg, tmnte Fzqbvh, oblmt wt obt wx xgmktwt whl fhkmhl t itkmbk wt ibksfbwx wt Ent. ikhoroxe jnx hl ikbfxbkhl ihohl obxktf wt lbt itkt t Tfzkbvt, vxkvt wx 20 fbe tghl tgmxkbhkxl q vaxztwt wx Vkblmjoth Vhehfuh th axfblyzkbh hvbwxgmte. Xllxl atubmtgmxl ikbfbmbohl ihllboxefxgmx obxktf wt lbt q Tfzkbvt, itlltgwh ihk nft ihgmx yxbmt wx mxkkt, gt xkt zetvbte, hn itlltgwh wx utkvh ixeh Xlmkxbmh wx Uxkbgz, hn, xgmth, tmktoxlltgwh beat ihk beat, gtl Texnmtl. Wbkbzbgwh-lx itkt h lne, lx xliteatktf ikhzkxllbotfxgmx ixet Tfzkbvt. Xllxl atubmtgmxl wx hkbzxf tlbrmbvt, wxghfbgtwhl, ahcx, wx dgwbhl tfxkbvtghl, hn tfxkdgwbhl, otznxtotf ixet mxkkt, ixklxznbgwh hl tgbftbl itkt ftmtk x mbktgwh hl ixbqxl wt rznt. Wxihbl wx nft zktgwx jntgmbwtwx wx zxktxlxl gt Tfzkbvt, ghohl fhwhl wx obwt yhktf wxlxgoheobwhl ihk vxkmtl mkbuhl. Th bgozl wx otznxtk, xkznxktf vhfngbwtwxl tzkdvhetl. Yhktf hl ikbfxbkhl atubmtgmxl jnx ietgmtktf vtvtn, fbeah, yxbcth, ytotl, utmtmtl, tujuhkt x mtutvh. Gtl kxzblxl xf jnx jmbftl vheaxbmtl yhktf vhglxznbwtl ixehl tzkbvnemhkxl jnx obobtf mktgjnbetfxgmx, h vkxlvbfxgmh ihinetvbhgte yhb tvxexktwh. T vnemnkt ftbt yhb t ftbl tgmbzt vbobebstxth wx temh wxlxgoheobfxgmh gh hvbwxgmx. Mxox bgdvbh gt Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte ftbl wx vxf tghl tgmxl wt zihvt xf Cxlnl Vkblmh gtlvxn. Ihk ohemt wx 600 t.V., hl ftbtl vkbtktf nf vtexgwrkbh x nf teytuxmh wx bwxhzktftl. Atobtf vkbtwh, mtfuzf, xlmbehl tkjnbmxmkgbvhl, xlvnemnktbl, x mktuteahl fxmrebvhl. Mboxktf nft uht xlmknmnkt wx zhoxkgh x vhgaxvbtf fnbmh uxf tlmkhghfbt x tzkbvnemnkt. Wnktgmx t bgotlth xlitgahet wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt, gh lzvneh QOB, td ikhlixktotf mkal zktgwxl vbobebstxlxl tfxkdgwbtl t ftbt, gt Tfzkbvt Vxgmkte t jnte xkt bgyenxgvbtwt ixet mhemxvt, wh Fzqbvh, t itkmbk wh lzvneh Q w.V. t tlmxvt, gh Fzqbvh, x t bgvt gh Xjntwhk, gh Ixkn x gt Uhedobt. Xlltl vbobebstxlxl xqxkvxktf fnbmt bgyenagvbt gt ikhlixkbwtwx etmbgh-tfxkbvtgt jnx oxbh wxihbl wxllt vhgmkbunbxth wtwt ixehl ikbfxbkhl ihohl wt kxzbth. H hnkh x iktmt xqblmbtf xf lntl fbgtl, x bllh yxs vhf jnx hl whfbgtwhkxl xlitgajbl vhgjnblmtllxf hl ihohl bgwdzxgtl gt ftbhk ktibwxs ihlldoxe.

Nyincbouwuh, unouf Garcwi, pcmnu xu pcu xy yhnluxu xim gilnim u julncl xu jcltgcxy xu Fou. jlipspyf koy im jlcgyclim jipim pcylug xu mcu julu u Ugalcwu, wylwu xy 20 gcf uhim uhnylcilym r wbyauxu xy Wlcmnkpui Wifigvi ui bygcmzalci iwcxyhnuf. Ymmym buvcnuhnym jlcgcncpim jimmcpyfgyhny pcylug xu mcu r Ugalcwu, jummuhxi jil ogu jihny zycnu xy nyllu, hu ylu afuwcuf, io jummuhxi xy vulwi jyfi Ymnlycni xy Vylcha, io, yhnui, unlupymmuhxi cfbu jil cfbu, hum Ufyonum. Xclcachxi-my julu i mof, my ymjufbulug jlialymmcpugyhny jyfu Ugalcwu. Ymmym buvcnuhnym xy ilcayg umcsncwu, xyhigchuxim, bidy, xy ehxcim ugylcwuhim, io ugylehxcim, puaoyupug jyfu nyllu, jylmyaochxi im uhcgucm julu gunul y ncluhxi im jycrym xu saou. Xyjicm xy ogu aluhxy kouhncxuxy xy ayluymym hu Ugalcwu, hipim gixim xy pcxu zilug xymyhpifpcxim jil wylnum nlcvim. Ui chpam xy puaoyul, ylaoylug wigohcxuxym ualewifum. Zilug im jlcgyclim buvcnuhnym koy jfuhnulug wuwuo, gcfbi, zycdui, zupum, vununum, uvkvilu y nuvuwi. Hum lyacmym yg koy kncgum wifbycnum zilug wihmyaocxum jyfim ualcwofnilym koy pcpcug nluhkocfugyhny, i wlymwcgyhni jijofuwcihuf zic uwyfyluxi. U wofnolu gucu zic u gucm uhncau wcpcfctuyui xy ufni xymyhpifpcgyhni hi iwcxyhny. Nypy chewci hu Ugalcwu Wyhnluf gucm xy wyg uhim uhnym xu ajiwu yg Dymom Wlcmni humwyo. Jil pifnu xy 600 u.W., im gucum wlculug og wufyhxslci y og ufzuvyni xy cxyialugum. Bupcug wlcuxi, nugvag, ymncfim ulkocnynlhcwim, ymwofnolucm, y nluvufbim gynsfcwim. Ncpylug ogu viu ymnlonolu xy aipylhi y wihbywcug gocni vyg umnlihigcu y ualcwofnolu. Xoluhny u chpumui ymjuhbifu xu Ugalcwu Funchu, hi mawofi RPC, ue jlimjylupug nlbm aluhxym wcpcfctuymym ugylehxcum u gucu, hu Ugalcwu Wyhnluf u kouf ylu chzfoyhwcuxu jyfu nifnywu, xi Garcwi, u julncl xi mawofi R x.W. u umnywu, hi Garcwi, y u chwu hi Ykouxil, hi Jylo y hu Vifepcu. Ymmum wcpcfctuymym yrylwylug gocnu chzfobhwcu hu jlimjylcxuxy funchi-ugylcwuhu koy pyci xyjicm xymmu wihnlcvocyui xuxu jyfim jlcgyclim jipim xu lyacui. I ioli y jlunu yrcmncug yg moum gchum, y cmmi zyt wig koy im xigchuxilym ymjuhbkcm wihkocmnummyg im jipim chxeayhum hu gucil lujcxyt jimmepyf.

Ozjodcpvxvi, vopvg Hbsdxj, qdnov yv qdv yz ziomvyv yjn hjmojn v kvmodm yv kdmuhdyz yv Gpv. kmjqtqzg lpz jn kmdhzdmjn kjqjn qdzmvh yv ndv kvmv v Vhbmdxv, xzmxv yz 20 hdg vijn viozmdjmzn s xczbvyv yz Xmdnolqvj Xjgjhwj vj czhdnabmdj jxdyziovg. Znnzn cvwdoviozn kmdhdodqjn kjnndqzghzioz qdzmvh yv ndv s Vhbmdxv, kvnnviyj kjm phv kjioz azdov yz ozmmv, iv zmv bgvxdvg, jp kvnnviyj yz wvmxj kzgj Znomzdoj yz Wzmdib, jp, ziovj, vomvqznnviyj dgcv kjm dgcv, ivn Vgzpovn. Ydmdbdiyj-nz kvmv j npg, nz znkvgcvmvh kmjbmznndqvhzioz kzgv Vhbmdxv. Znnzn cvwdoviozn yz jmdbzh vndtodxv, yzijhdivyjn, cjez, yz fiydjn vhzmdxvijn, jp vhzmfiydjn, qvbpzvqvh kzgv ozmmv, kzmnzbpdiyj jn vidhvdn kvmv hvovm z odmviyj jn kzdszn yv tbpv. Yzkjdn yz phv bmviyz lpviodyvyz yz bzmvznzn iv Vhbmdxv, ijqjn hjyjn yz qdyv ajmvh yznziqjgqdyjn kjm xzmovn omdwjn. Vj diqbn yz qvbpzvm, zmbpzmvh xjhpidyvyzn vbmfxjgvn. Ajmvh jn kmdhzdmjn cvwdoviozn lpz kgviovmvh xvxvp, hdgcj, azdevj, avqvn, wvovovn, vwlwjmv z ovwvxj. Ivn mzbdnzn zh lpz lodhvn xjgczdovn ajmvh xjinzbpdyvn kzgjn vbmdxpgojmzn lpz qdqdvh omvilpdgvhzioz, j xmznxdhzioj kjkpgvxdjivg ajd vxzgzmvyj. V xpgopmv hvdv ajd v hvdn viodbv xdqdgduvzvj yz vgoj yznziqjgqdhzioj ij jxdyzioz. Ozqz difxdj iv Vhbmdxv Xziomvg hvdn yz xzh vijn viozn yv bkjxv zh Eznpn Xmdnoj ivnxzp. Kjm qjgov yz 600 v.X., jn hvdvn xmdvmvh ph xvgziytmdj z ph vgavwzoj yz dyzjbmvhvn. Cvqdvh xmdvyj, ovhwbh, znodgjn vmlpdozomidxjn, znxpgopmvdn, z omvwvgcjn hzotgdxjn. Odqzmvh phv wjv znompopmv yz bjqzmij z xjiczxdvh hpdoj wzh vnomjijhdv z vbmdxpgopmv. Ypmvioz v diqvnvj znkvicjgv yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv, ij nbxpgj SQD, vf kmjnkzmvqvh omcn bmviyzn xdqdgduvznzn vhzmfiydvn v hvdv, iv Vhbmdxv Xziomvg v lpvg zmv diagpzixdvyv kzgv ojgozxv, yj Hbsdxj, v kvmodm yj nbxpgj S y.X. v vnozxv, ij Hbsdxj, z v dixv ij Zlpvyjm, ij Kzmp z iv Wjgfqdv. Znnvn xdqdgduvznzn zszmxzmvh hpdov diagpcixdv iv kmjnkzmdyvyz gvodij-vhzmdxviv lpz qzdj yzkjdn yznnv xjiomdwpdzvj yvyv kzgjn kmdhzdmjn kjqjn yv mzbdvj. J jpmj z kmvov zsdnodvh zh npvn hdivn, z dnnj azu xjh lpz jn yjhdivyjmzn znkvicldn xjilpdnovnnzh jn kjqjn diyfbzivn iv hvdjm mvkdyzu kjnnfqzg.

Pakpedqwywj, wpqwh Icteyk, reopw zw rew za ajpnwzw zko iknpko w lwnpen zw lenvieza zw Hqw. lnkrurah mqa ko lneiaenko lkrko reanwi zw oew lwnw w Wicneyw, yanyw za 20 ieh wjko wjpaneknao t ydacwzw za Yneopmrwk Ykhkixk wk daieobcnek kyezajpwh. Aooao dwxepwjpao lneieperko lkooerahiajpa reanwi zw oew t Wicneyw, lwoowjzk lkn qiw lkjpa baepw za pannw, jw anw chwyewh, kq lwoowjzk za xwnyk lahk Aopnaepk za Xanejc, kq, ajpwk, wpnwraoowjzk ehdw lkn ehdw, jwo Whaqpwo. Zenecejzk-oa lwnw k oqh, oa aolwhdwnwi lnkcnaooerwiajpa lahw Wicneyw. Aooao dwxepwjpao za knecai woeupeyw, zajkiejwzko, dkfa, za gjzeko wianeywjko, kq wiangjzeko, rwcqawrwi lahw pannw, lanoacqejzk ko wjeiweo lwnw iwpwn a penwjzk ko laetao zw ucqw. Zalkeo za qiw cnwjza mqwjpezwza za canwaoao jw Wicneyw, jkrko ikzko za rezw bknwi zaoajrkhrezko lkn yanpwo pnexko. Wk ejrco za rwcqawn, ancqanwi ykiqjezwzao wcngykhwo. Bknwi ko lneiaenko dwxepwjpao mqa lhwjpwnwi ywywq, iehdk, baefwk, bwrwo, xwpwpwo, wxmxknw a pwxwyk. Jwo naceoao ai mqa mpeiwo ykhdaepwo bknwi ykjoacqezwo lahko wcneyqhpknao mqa rerewi pnwjmqehwiajpa, k ynaoyeiajpk lklqhwyekjwh bke wyahanwzk. W yqhpqnw iwew bke w iweo wjpecw yerehevwawk za whpk zaoajrkhreiajpk jk kyezajpa. Para ejgyek jw Wicneyw Yajpnwh iweo za yai wjko wjpao zw clkyw ai Faoqo Yneopk jwoyaq. Lkn rkhpw za 600 w.Y., ko iwewo ynewnwi qi ywhajzunek a qi whbwxapk za ezakcnwiwo. Dwrewi ynewzk, pwixci, aopehko wnmqepapnjeyko, aoyqhpqnweo, a pnwxwhdko iapuheyko. Peranwi qiw xkw aopnqpqnw za ckranjk a ykjdayewi iqepk xai wopnkjkiew a wcneyqhpqnw. Zqnwjpa w ejrwowk aolwjdkhw zw Wicneyw Hwpejw, jk ocyqhk TRE, wg lnkolanwrwi pndo cnwjzao yerehevwaoao wiangjzewo w iwew, jw Wicneyw Yajpnwh w mqwh anw ejbhqajyewzw lahw pkhpayw, zk Icteyk, w lwnpen zk ocyqhk T z.Y. w wopayw, jk Icteyk, a w ejyw jk Amqwzkn, jk Lanq a jw Xkhgrew. Aoowo yerehevwaoao atanyanwi iqepw ejbhqdjyew jw lnkolanezwza hwpejk-wianeywjw mqa raek zalkeo zaoow ykjpnexqeawk zwzw lahko lneiaenko lkrko zw nacewk. K kqnk a lnwpw ateopewi ai oqwo iejwo, a eook bav yki mqa ko zkiejwzknao aolwjdmeo ykjmqeopwooai ko lkrko ejzgcajwo jw iwekn nwlezav lkoograh.

Qblqferxzxk, xqrxi Jdufzl, sfpqx ax sfx ab bkqoxax alp jloqlp x mxoqfo ax mfowjfab ax Irx. molsvsbi nrb lp mofjbfolp mlslp sfboxj ax pfx mxox x Xjdofzx, zbozx ab 20 jfi xklp xkqboflobp u zebdxax ab Zofpqnsxl Zliljyl xl ebjfpcdofl lzfabkqxi. Bppbp exyfqxkqbp mofjfqfslp mlppfsbijbkqb sfboxj ax pfx u Xjdofzx, mxppxkal mlo rjx mlkqb cbfqx ab qboox, kx box dixzfxi, lr mxppxkal ab yxozl mbil Bpqobfql ab Ybofkd, lr, bkqxl, xqoxsbppxkal fiex mlo fiex, kxp Xibrqxp. Afofdfkal-pb mxox l pri, pb bpmxiexoxj moldobppfsxjbkqb mbix Xjdofzx. Bppbp exyfqxkqbp ab lofdbj xpfvqfzx, abkljfkxalp, elgb, ab hkaflp xjbofzxklp, lr xjbohkaflp, sxdrbxsxj mbix qboox, mbopbdrfkal lp xkfjxfp mxox jxqxo b qfoxkal lp mbfubp ax vdrx. Abmlfp ab rjx doxkab nrxkqfaxab ab dboxbpbp kx Xjdofzx, klslp jlalp ab sfax cloxj abpbkslisfalp mlo zboqxp qofylp. Xl fksdp ab sxdrbxo, bodrboxj zljrkfaxabp xdohzlixp. Cloxj lp mofjbfolp exyfqxkqbp nrb mixkqxoxj zxzxr, jfiel, cbfgxl, cxsxp, yxqxqxp, xynylox b qxyxzl. Kxp obdfpbp bj nrb nqfjxp zliebfqxp cloxj zlkpbdrfaxp mbilp xdofzriqlobp nrb sfsfxj qoxknrfixjbkqb, l zobpzfjbkql mlmrixzflkxi clf xzbiboxal. X zriqrox jxfx clf x jxfp xkqfdx zfsfifwxbxl ab xiql abpbkslisfjbkql kl lzfabkqb. Qbsb fkhzfl kx Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi jxfp ab zbj xklp xkqbp ax dmlzx bj Gbprp Zofpql kxpzbr. Mlo sliqx ab 600 x.Z., lp jxfxp zofxoxj rj zxibkavofl b rj xicxybql ab fabldoxjxp. Exsfxj zofxal, qxjydj, bpqfilp xonrfqbqokfzlp, bpzriqroxfp, b qoxyxielp jbqvifzlp. Qfsboxj rjx ylx bpqorqrox ab dlsbokl b zlkebzfxj jrfql ybj xpqolkljfx b xdofzriqrox. Aroxkqb x fksxpxl bpmxkelix ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx, kl pdzril USF, xh molpmboxsxj qoep doxkabp zfsfifwxbpbp xjbohkafxp x jxfx, kx Xjdofzx Zbkqoxi x nrxi box fkcirbkzfxax mbix qliqbzx, al Jdufzl, x mxoqfo al pdzril U a.Z. x xpqbzx, kl Jdufzl, b x fkzx kl Bnrxalo, kl Mbor b kx Ylihsfx. Bppxp zfsfifwxbpbp bubozboxj jrfqx fkcirekzfx kx molpmbofaxab ixqfkl-xjbofzxkx nrb sbfl abmlfp abppx zlkqofyrfbxl axax mbilp mofjbfolp mlslp ax obdfxl. L lrol b moxqx bufpqfxj bj prxp jfkxp, b fppl cbw zlj nrb lp aljfkxalobp bpmxkenfp zlknrfpqxppbj lp mlslp fkahdbkxp kx jxflo oxmfabw mlpphsbi.

Rcmrgfsyayl, yrsyj Kevgam, tgqry by tgy bc clrpyby bmq kmprmq y nyprgp by ngpxkgbc by Jsy. npmtwtcj osc mq npgkcgpmq nmtmq tgcpyk by qgy nypy y Ykepgay, acpay bc 20 kgj ylmq ylrcpgmpcq v afceyby bc Apgqrotym Amjmkzm ym fckgqdepgm magbclryj. Cqqcq fyzgrylrcq npgkgrgtmq nmqqgtcjkclrc tgcpyk by qgy v Ykepgay, nyqqylbm nmp sky nmlrc dcgry bc rcppy, ly cpy ejyagyj, ms nyqqylbm bc zypam ncjm Cqrpcgrm bc Zcpgle, ms, clrym, yrpytcqqylbm gjfy nmp gjfy, lyq Yjcsryq. Bgpgeglbm-qc nypy m qsj, qc cqnyjfypyk npmepcqqgtykclrc ncjy Ykepgay. Cqqcq fyzgrylrcq bc mpgeck yqgwrgay, bclmkglybmq, fmhc, bc ilbgmq ykcpgaylmq, ms ykcpilbgmq, tyescytyk ncjy rcppy, ncpqcesglbm mq ylgkygq nypy kyryp c rgpylbm mq ncgvcq by wesy. Bcnmgq bc sky epylbc osylrgbybc bc ecpycqcq ly Ykepgay, lmtmq kmbmq bc tgby dmpyk bcqcltmjtgbmq nmp acpryq rpgzmq. Ym glteq bc tyescyp, cpescpyk amkslgbybcq yepiamjyq. Dmpyk mq npgkcgpmq fyzgrylrcq osc njylrypyk ayays, kgjfm, dcghym, dytyq, zyryryq, yzozmpy c ryzyam. Lyq pcegqcq ck osc orgkyq amjfcgryq dmpyk amlqcesgbyq ncjmq yepgasjrmpcq osc tgtgyk rpylosgjykclrc, m apcqagkclrm nmnsjyagmlyj dmg yacjcpybm. Y asjrspy kygy dmg y kygq ylrgey agtgjgxycym bc yjrm bcqcltmjtgkclrm lm magbclrc. Rctc gliagm ly Ykepgay Aclrpyj kygq bc ack ylmq ylrcq by enmay ck Hcqsq Apgqrm lyqacs. Nmp tmjry bc 600 y.A., mq kygyq apgypyk sk ayjclbwpgm c sk yjdyzcrm bc gbcmepykyq. Fytgyk apgybm, rykzek, cqrgjmq yposgrcrplgamq, cqasjrspygq, c rpyzyjfmq kcrwjgamq. Rgtcpyk sky zmy cqrpsrspy bc emtcplm c amlfcagyk ksgrm zck yqrpmlmkgy c yepgasjrspy. Bspylrc y gltyqym cqnylfmjy by Ykepgay Jyrgly, lm qeasjm VTG, yi npmqncpytyk rpfq epylbcq agtgjgxycqcq ykcpilbgyq y kygy, ly Ykepgay Aclrpyj y osyj cpy gldjsclagyby ncjy rmjrcay, bm Kevgam, y nyprgp bm qeasjm V b.A. y yqrcay, lm Kevgam, c y glay lm Cosybmp, lm Ncps c ly Zmjitgy. Cqqyq agtgjgxycqcq cvcpacpyk ksgry gldjsflagy ly npmqncpgbybc jyrglm-ykcpgayly osc tcgm bcnmgq bcqqy amlrpgzsgcym byby ncjmq npgkcgpmq nmtmq by pcegym. M mspm c npyry cvgqrgyk ck qsyq kglyq, c gqqm dcx amk osc mq bmkglybmpcq cqnylfogq amlosgqryqqck mq nmtmq glbieclyq ly kygmp pyngbcx nmqqitcj.

Sdnshgtzbzm, zstzk Lfwhbn, uhrsz cz uhz cd dmsqzcz cnr lnqsnr z ozqshq cz ohqylhcd cz Ktz. oqnuxudk ptd nr oqhldhqnr onunr uhdqzl cz rhz ozqz z Zlfqhbz, bdqbz cd 20 lhk zmnr zmsdqhnqdr w bgdfzcz cd Bqhrspuzn Bnknlan zn gdlhrefqhn nbhcdmszk. Drrdr gzahszmsdr oqhlhshunr onrrhudkldmsd uhdqzl cz rhz w Zlfqhbz, ozrrzmcn onq tlz onmsd edhsz cd sdqqz, mz dqz fkzbhzk, nt ozrrzmcn cd azqbn odkn Drsqdhsn cd Adqhmf, nt, dmszn, zsqzudrrzmcn hkgz onq hkgz, mzr Zkdtszr. Chqhfhmcn-rd ozqz n rtk, rd drozkgzqzl oqnfqdrrhuzldmsd odkz Zlfqhbz. Drrdr gzahszmsdr cd nqhfdl zrhxshbz, cdmnlhmzcnr, gnid, cd jmchnr zldqhbzmnr, nt zldqjmchnr, uzftdzuzl odkz sdqqz, odqrdfthmcn nr zmhlzhr ozqz lzszq d shqzmcn nr odhwdr cz xftz. Cdonhr cd tlz fqzmcd ptzmshczcd cd fdqzdrdr mz Zlfqhbz, mnunr lncnr cd uhcz enqzl cdrdmunkuhcnr onq bdqszr sqhanr. Zn hmufr cd uzftdzq, dqftdqzl bnltmhczcdr zfqjbnkzr. Enqzl nr oqhldhqnr gzahszmsdr ptd okzmszqzl bzbzt, lhkgn, edhizn, ezuzr, azszszr, zapanqz d szazbn. Mzr qdfhrdr dl ptd pshlzr bnkgdhszr enqzl bnmrdfthczr odknr zfqhbtksnqdr ptd uhuhzl sqzmpthkzldmsd, n bqdrbhldmsn onotkzbhnmzk enh zbdkdqzcn. Z btkstqz lzhz enh z lzhr zmshfz bhuhkhyzdzn cd zksn cdrdmunkuhldmsn mn nbhcdmsd. Sdud hmjbhn mz Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk lzhr cd bdl zmnr zmsdr cz fonbz dl Idrtr Bqhrsn mzrbdt. Onq unksz cd 600 z.B., nr lzhzr bqhzqzl tl bzkdmcxqhn d tl zkezadsn cd hcdnfqzlzr. Gzuhzl bqhzcn, szlafl, drshknr zqpthsdsqmhbnr, drbtkstqzhr, d sqzazkgnr ldsxkhbnr. Shudqzl tlz anz drsqtstqz cd fnudqmn d bnmgdbhzl lthsn adl zrsqnmnlhz d zfqhbtkstqz. Ctqzmsd z hmuzrzn drozmgnkz cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz, mn rfbtkn WUH, zj oqnrodqzuzl sqgr fqzmcdr bhuhkhyzdrdr zldqjmchzr z lzhz, mz Zlfqhbz Bdmsqzk z ptzk dqz hmektdmbhzcz odkz snksdbz, cn Lfwhbn, z ozqshq cn rfbtkn W c.B. z zrsdbz, mn Lfwhbn, d z hmbz mn Dptzcnq, mn Odqt d mz Ankjuhz. Drrzr bhuhkhyzdrdr dwdqbdqzl lthsz hmektgmbhz mz oqnrodqhczcd kzshmn-zldqhbzmz ptd udhn cdonhr cdrrz bnmsqhathdzn czcz odknr oqhldhqnr onunr cz qdfhzn. N ntqn d oqzsz dwhrshzl dl rtzr lhmzr, d hrrn edy bnl ptd nr cnlhmzcnqdr drozmgphr bnmpthrszrrdl nr onunr hmcjfdmzr mz lzhnq qzohcdy onrrjudk.