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# Model Card for *NondeterministicShuffle* GPT-2 |
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<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. --> |
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This is one model in a collection of models trained on the impossible |
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languages of [Kallini et al. 2024](https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.06416). |
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This model is a GPT-2 Small model trained from scratch on the ***NondeterministicShuffle*** |
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language. We include a total of 30 checkpoints over the course of |
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model training, from step 100 to 3000 in increments of 100 steps. |
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The main branch contains the final checkpoint (3000), and the other |
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checkpoints are accessible as revisions. |
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## Model Details |
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- **Developed by:** Julie Kallini, Isabel Papadimitriou, Richard Futrell, Kyle Mahowald, Christopher Potts |
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- **Model type:** Causal Language Model |
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- **Language(s) (NLP):** English |
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- **GitHub Repository:** https://github.com/jkallini/mission-impossible-language-models |
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- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.06416 |
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## Uses |
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This artefact is solely intended for the study of language learning |
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and acquisition in computational models. It should not be |
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used in any production setting. |
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## How to Get Started with the Model |
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Use the code below to get started with the model. |
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```python |
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from transformers import GPT2LMHeadModel, GPT2Tokenizer |
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import torch |
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# Load model and tokenizer |
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model_id = "mission-impossible-lms/nondeterministic-shuffle-gpt2" |
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model = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained(model_id) |
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tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id) |
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# Set up the prompt and encode it |
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prompt = "He clean" |
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inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt") |
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# Generate text |
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output = model.generate(inputs.input_ids, max_length=20) |
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# Decode and print the generated text |
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generated_text = tokenizer.decode(output[0], skip_special_tokens=True) |
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print(generated_text) |
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``` |
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By default, the `main` branch of this model repo loads the |
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last model checkpoint (3000). To access the other checkpoints, |
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use the `revision` argument: |
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``` |
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model = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained(model_id, revision="checkpoint-500") |
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``` |
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This loads the model at checkpoint 500. |
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## Training Details |
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### Training Data |
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This model was trained on the [100M-word BabyLM dataset](https://babylm.github.io/). |
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Before training, we first transform the dataset into |
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the corresponding impossible language, as described in |
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our paper. |
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### Training Procedure |
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This model was trained for 3,000 gradient steps with |
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a batch size of 2^19 tokens. We train with a learning |
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rate that linearly warms up from 0 to 6e-4 over 300 steps. |
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## Environmental Impact |
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- **Hardware Type:** NVIDIA RTX 3090 (24GB) + NVIDIA RTX A6000 (48GB) GPUs. |
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- **Hours used:** ~24 hours. |
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## Citation |
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```bibtex |
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@inproceedings{kallini-etal-2024-mission, |
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title = "Mission: Impossible Language Models", |
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author = "Kallini, Julie and |
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Papadimitriou, Isabel and |
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Futrell, Richard and |
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Mahowald, Kyle and |
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Potts, Christopher", |
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editor = "Ku, Lun-Wei and |
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Martins, Andre and |
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Srikumar, Vivek", |
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)", |
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month = aug, |
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year = "2024", |
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address = "Bangkok, Thailand", |
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", |
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url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.787", |
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doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.787", |
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pages = "14691--14714", |
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} |
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``` |
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## Model Card Authors |
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Julie Kallini |
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## Model Card Contact |
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[email protected] |
