metadata

base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-s
datasets: []
language: []
library_name: sentence-transformers
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:55736
  - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: 07/16/64 are sour
      things good for you?
    sentences:
      - >
        07/06/2006 ['Select the cells that you want to copy For more
        information, see Select cells, ranges, rows, or columns on a worksheet.
        ... ', 'Click Home > Find & Select, and pick Go To Special.', 'Click
        Visible cells only > OK.', 'Click Copy (or press Ctrl+C).', 'Select the
        upper-left cell of the paste area and click Paste (or press Ctrl+V).']
      - >
        jul 16 1964 Yet, this doesn't mean that sour foods are always unsafe to
        eat. In fact, many sour foods are quite nutritious and rich in plant
        compounds called antioxidants, which help protect your cells from damage
        ( 7 , 8 ).
      - >
        "05/19/2044 Chicken tikka masala differs from the recipe, chicken tikka
        , because of the various spices (the meaning of ""masala""). Despite the
        origin being debated between a British-take on Indian food and an actual
        Indian dish, it has become very popular in the U.K. and in other
        countries."
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: 07/27/32 Avoid
      Mononucleosis
    sentences:
      - >
        07/27/32 The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes mononucleosis, also known
        as mono. Transmitted through saliva, mono is most commonly spread by
        kissing, sharing eating or drinking utensils, coughing and sneezing.
      - >
        Making your own pencil bag is a great way to use up scrap fabric that
        you love but that isn't large enough for bigger craft projects. It's
        also an eco-friendly option for toting pencils around, and a reflection
        of your own style. 5/01
      - >
        11/24 Being beautiful on the inside requires as much attention as your
        appearance, if not more so. With a dose of humility and self-reflection,
        along with some consideration for others, becoming beautiful on the
        inside is possible for every girl.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: today:2044-07-28
      6 months ago Downtown Getdown
    sentences:
      - >
        "10/04 You can say goodbye in German in nearly any circumstance if you
        know two phrases: ""Auf Wiedersehen"" and ""Tschüs."" If you really want
        to impress native German speakers, though, there are a few other phrases
        you can also use when parting ways."
      - >
        2044-01-14 The City of Tallahassee's Downtown Getdown is a seasonal
        festival in fall that happens in the central business district in the
        City of Tallahassee, Florida. The festival involves concerts, stands for
        food, dancing, street entertainers, make up artist, clowns, grilling,
        and fun for everyone. The city attracts people from all over the area,
        including Gadsden County, Wakulla County, Jefferson County, Jackson
        County, Gulf County, Liberty County, Madison County, Taylor County, and
        even south Georgia counties, including Thomas and Grady counties. The
        festival attracts tens of thousands of people every year and directly
        benefits United Way of the Big Bend. The GetDowns are supported by title
        sponsor Capital City Bank and supporting sponsors, Bud Light along with
        Tri-Eagle Sales, Aarons, Inc, Tallahassee Democrat, WCTV, Clear Channel
        Radio, Coke and the City of Tallahassee. References Culture of
        Tallahassee, Florida
      - >
        03/04 Sloppy joes are the kind of food that you never outgrow. But if
        you don’t eat meat, you may find yourself wistfully reminiscing over the
        the childhood joy of tucking into a messy sandwich while nibbling on a
        much less exciting snack.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: today:2039-12-02
      last tuesday what happens after you beat the elite four in sun and moon?
    sentences:
      - >
        11-29-2039 Go catch all the Ultra Beasts It's pretty hard to miss this
        mission, since it starts right after Sun and Moon's storyline wraps.
        After beating the Elite Four and heading home, the player is given a new
        task: Head to the previously empty motel on Route 8 for a new mission.
      - >
        Anaphalis acutifolia is a species of flowering plants within the family
        Asteraceae. It is found in South Tibet (Yadong). References acutifolia
        Flora of Tibet February 4
      - >
        05/09/02 Math is not as daunting as it seems, it's all about following
        simple rules. Repeated use of these rules builds understanding and
        confidence. This article will teach you how to use and understand those
        rules.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Philadelphia
      Business Journal 01/30/83
    sentences:
      - >
        2017/10/17 Circle with Towers is a concrete block 2005/2012 sculpture by
        American artist Sol LeWitt, installed outside the Bill and Melinda Gates
        Computer Science Complex on the University of Texas at Austin campus in
        Austin, Texas, United States. Previously, the artwork was installed in
        Madison Square Park; the university's public art program, Landmarks,
        purchased the sculpture from the Madison Square Park Conservancy.
        References External links   Concrete sculptures in the United States
        Outdoor sculptures in Austin, Texas University of Texas at Austin campus
      - >
        Have you just bought your brand new Nintendo Wii console? Are you gutted
        that you can't get Wii Connect 24 in your country of residence? This
        article will resolve this problem, so you can surf the Internet on your
        Wii!
      - >
        The Philadelphia Business Journal is a diversified business media
        company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, publishing daily stories on its
        website and social networks, and a weekly edition available in print and
        online. It is published by the American City Business Journals. See also
        List of newspapers in Pennsylvania References External links Business
        newspapers published in the United States Newspapers published in
        Philadelphia Jan 30 1983

Technical Report and Model Pipeline

To access our technical report and model pipeline scripts visit our github

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-s

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-s. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-s
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 384 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Philadelphia Business Journal 01/30/83',
    'The Philadelphia Business Journal is a diversified business media company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, publishing daily stories on its website and social networks, and a weekly edition available in print and online. It is published by the American City Business Journals. See also List of newspapers in Pennsylvania References External links Business newspapers published in the United States Newspapers published in Philadelphia Jan 30 1983\n',
    "Have you just bought your brand new Nintendo Wii console? Are you gutted that you can't get Wii Connect 24 in your country of residence? This article will resolve this problem, so you can surf the Internet on your Wii!\n",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 55,736 training samples
Columns: anchors and positive
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchors positive
type string string
details
min: 14 tokens
mean: 20.25 tokens
max: 33 tokens

min: 15 tokens
mean: 47.2 tokens
max: 75 tokens

	anchors	positive
type	string	string
details	min: 14 tokens mean: 20.25 tokens max: 33 tokens	min: 15 tokens mean: 47.2 tokens max: 75 tokens

Samples:

anchors	positive
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: are bugs attracted to citronella November 10?`	`Citronella is naturally occurring oil that repels insects. ... “Citronella oil is repellent to mosquitoes to a degree, but the amount being put out by a candle isn't going to be very effective,” Eric Hoffer, president of Hoffer Pest, told TODAY Home. 11/10`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: are bugs attracted to citronella 11/10/09?`	`Citronella is naturally occurring oil that repels insects. ... “Citronella oil is repellent to mosquitoes to a degree, but the amount being put out by a candle isn't going to be very effective,” Eric Hoffer, president of Hoffer Pest, told TODAY Home. 11/10/09`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: are bugs attracted to citronella Jan 15?`	`Citronella is naturally occurring oil that repels insects. ... “Citronella oil is repellent to mosquitoes to a degree, but the amount being put out by a candle isn't going to be very effective,” Eric Hoffer, president of Hoffer Pest, told TODAY Home. 01/15`

Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 1,000 evaluation samples
Columns: anchors and positive
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchors positive
type string string
details
min: 11 tokens
mean: 21.67 tokens
max: 39 tokens

min: 15 tokens
mean: 67.0 tokens
max: 512 tokens

	anchors	positive
type	string	string
details	min: 11 tokens mean: 21.67 tokens max: 39 tokens	min: 15 tokens mean: 67.0 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchors	positive
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: 4/23 Socialize With Someone Who Is Losing Interest in You`	`04/23 It can hurt to realize that someone you care about is losing interest in you. If a friend has stopped calling you and no longer makes plans to hang out, your first instinct might be to contact them more frequently or to ignore them in return.`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Alathur taluk, Perambalur 04/19/29`	`Alathur taluk is a taluk in Perambalur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was created by former chief minister J.Jayalalithaa for issues of population increase. Kunnam taluk was bifurcated to form this new taluk. Villages There are 39 villages in Alathur taluk excluding the headquarters Alathur. References Perambalur district Taluks of Perambalur district 2029 Apr 19`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: 01/04 how much weight does a baby gain in the first month?`	`01/04 During their first month, most newborns gain weight at a rate of about 1 ounce (30 grams) per day. They generally grow in height about 1 to 1½ inches (2.54 to 3.81 centimeters) during the first month. Many newborns go through a period of rapid growth when they are 7 to 10 days old and again at 3 and 6 weeks.`

Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
num_train_epochs: 1
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 400
bf16: True
torch_compile: True
torch_compile_backend: inductor
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 400
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: True
torch_compile_backend: inductor
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	loss
0.0023	1	2.3154	-
0.0229	10	2.3237	-
0.0459	20	2.4036	-
0.0688	30	2.3314	-
0.0917	40	2.3171	-
0.1147	50	2.2891	-
0.0023	1	2.2343	-
0.0229	10	2.2256	-
0.0459	20	2.2924	-
0.0688	30	2.2354	-
0.0917	40	2.2281	-
0.1147	50	2.2018	-
0.1376	60	2.2377	-
0.1606	70	2.2001	-
0.1835	80	2.158	-
0.2064	90	2.1405	-
0.2294	100	2.0916	-
0.2523	110	2.0374	-
0.2752	120	2.0492	-
0.2982	130	1.9824	-
0.3211	140	1.9571	-
0.3440	150	1.8317	-
0.3670	160	1.7183	-
0.3899	170	1.5928	-
0.4128	180	1.5695	-
0.4358	190	1.4592	-
0.4587	200	1.2667	0.2031
0.4817	210	1.3865	-
0.5046	220	1.2924	-
0.5275	230	1.3042	-
0.5505	240	1.4393	-
0.5734	250	1.3402	-
0.5963	260	1.1939	-
0.6193	270	1.1795	-
0.6422	280	1.1012	-
0.6651	290	1.0379	-
0.6881	300	0.9865	-
0.7110	310	0.9088	-
0.7339	320	0.9132	-
0.7569	330	0.8819	-
0.7798	340	0.8631	-
0.8028	350	1.4084	-
0.8257	360	1.325	-
0.8486	370	1.2373	-
0.8716	380	1.1881	-
0.8945	390	1.1656	-
0.9174	400	0.7767	0.0607
0.9404	410	0.1511	-
0.9633	420	0.1439	-
0.9862	430	0.1216	-

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
Transformers: 4.43.3
PyTorch: 2.4.0+cu121
Accelerate: 0.33.0
Datasets: 2.20.0
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, 
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}