metadata

base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m
datasets: []
language: []
library_name: sentence-transformers
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:55744
  - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: 2014 Summer can i
      cash a check if my account is frozen?
    sentences:
      - >
        Jun 18 1927 Check Gift Card Balance. With your 16-digit card number and
        PIN, you can check the balance in a Walmart store, call 1-888-537-5503,
        or check your gift card balance online.
      - >
        13/07/2014 Frozen Account If your checking account has been frozen,
        which can happen if a levy has been placed on the account, you might
        still be able to cash a check. ... This means a check can be deposited
        into the account without being frozen, allowing you to access the cash.
      - >
        Guatemalan law allows firearm possession on shall-issue basis as a
        constitutional right. With approximately 12 civilian firearms per 100
        people, Guatemala is the 70th most armed country in the world.
        Constitution Guatemalan constitution protects right to own guns for
        home-defense: Law Current law regarding firearm possession was passed in
        2009. Permitted types of firearms Law allows civilians to own following
        types of firearms: Semi automatic pistols and revolvers of any calibre;
        Shotguns with barrel of length up to 24 inches; Mechanical and
        semi-automatic rifles. Firearm registration Simple possession requires
        registration of gun. Application for register must include:
        Certification proving ownership and legal acquisition of the firearm;
        Certification of lack of a criminal and police record in force (6 months
        of validity); Identity document; 4x4 photography on matte paper; Receipt
        of payment of all necessary fees; Presentation of firearm. Guatemalans
        are allowed possess any number of firearms. Carrying firearms Rules
        regarding carrying firearms are more strict with additional permit
        required and minimum age being 25 years. Only about 10% of legal guns
        can be carried in public places. Firearm possession Currently there are
        547,000 registered firearms in Guatemala (or 3 per 100 people). 60,658
        people have license to carry them. See also  Overview of gun laws by
        nation References  Guatemala Law of Guatemala
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Be Great at
      Oblivion Elder Scrolls IV
    sentences:
      - >
        The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is an intricate and very fun game. If you
        want to know how to completely just be the greatest at oblivion in the
        easiest way possible, this is the best guide for you.
      - >
        "08/03/75 Chronic elevation of potassium levels (also known as
        hyperkalemia) is usually a sign of reduced kidney function. However, it
        can also be caused by certain medications, acute injuries, or a severe
        diabetic crisis (called ""diabetic ketoacidosis"") among other things."
      - >
        12/01/2031 The major downfall of the Articles of Confederation was
        simply weakness. The federal government, under the Articles, was too
        weak to enforce their laws and therefore had no power. The Continental
        Congress had borrowed money to fight the Revolutionary War and could not
        repay their debts.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Renew Your
      Passport 11/19/71
    sentences:
      - >
        2025/02/18 The altitude affects the time an orbit takes, called the
        orbit period. The period of the space shuttle's orbit, at say 200
        kilometers, used to be about 90 minutes. Vanguard-1, by the way, has an
        orbital period of 134.2 minutes, with its periapsis altitude of 654 km,
        and apoapsis altitude of 3,969 km.
      - >
        The following article is for those who need to renew a United States of
        America Passport. You can usually renew your passport by mail, but under
        certain circumstances, you may need to renew your passport in person,
        instead. Nov 19 2071
      - >
        "09/06 You can say goodbye in German in nearly any circumstance if you
        know two phrases: ""Auf Wiedersehen"" and ""Tschüs."" If you really want
        to impress native German speakers, though, there are a few other phrases
        you can also use when parting ways."
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: today:2026-04-07
      last monday what is fx vs dx nikon?
    sentences:
      - >
        "spring 2026 Nikon makes a DX-format sensor and an FX-format sensor. The
        DX-format is the smaller sensor at 24x16mm; the larger FX-format sensor
        measures 36x24mm which is approximately the same size as 35mm film. ...
        The FX sensor, with more ""light gathering"" area, offers higher
        sensitivity and, generally, lower noise."
      - >
        10/21 A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of
        osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density,
        early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures. Eating disorders.
        Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens bone in
        both men and women.
      - >
        2040 June Mahoe is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
        Alectryon macrococcus, or ʻalaʻalahua, a species of tree in the
        soapberry family endemic to Hawaii Melicytus ramiflorus, a tree endemic
        to New Zealand Other Melicytus trees in New Zealand Talipariti elatum,
        or blue mahoe, a species of tree in the mallow family native to the
        Caribbean
  - source_sentence: >-
      Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Witki,
      Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship 2040 Oct 12
    sentences:
      - >
        09/10 Honey roasted nuts make an excellent snack for special occasions,
        such as during the festive season or a party. 
      - >
        12-21-2046 This is a list of electoral results for the Electoral
        district of Irwin in Western Australian state elections. Members for
        Irwin Election results Elections in the 1940s  Preferences were not
        distributed.  Preferences were not distributed. Elections in the 1930s 
        Preferences were not distributed. Elections in the 1920s Elections in
        the 1910s Elections in the 1900s Elections in the 1890s References
        Western Australian state electoral results by district
      - >
        Witki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina
        Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in
        northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of
        Russia. It lies approximately east of Bartoszyce and north-east of the
        regional capital Olsztyn. References Witki 12/10/2040

Technical Report and Model Pipeline

To access our technical report and model pipeline scripts visit our github

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Witki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship 2040 Oct 12',
    'Witki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Bartoszyce and north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. References Witki 12/10/2040\n',
    '12-21-2046 This is a list of electoral results for the Electoral district of Irwin in Western Australian state elections. Members for Irwin Election results Elections in the 1940s  Preferences were not distributed.  Preferences were not distributed. Elections in the 1930s  Preferences were not distributed. Elections in the 1920s Elections in the 1910s Elections in the 1900s Elections in the 1890s References Western Australian state electoral results by district\n',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 55,744 training samples
Columns: anchors and positive
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchors positive
type string string
details
min: 14 tokens
mean: 20.33 tokens
max: 33 tokens

min: 17 tokens
mean: 48.58 tokens
max: 75 tokens

	anchors	positive
type	string	string
details	min: 14 tokens mean: 20.33 tokens max: 33 tokens	min: 17 tokens mean: 48.58 tokens max: 75 tokens

Samples:

anchors	positive
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: are bugs attracted to citronella November 10?`	`Citronella is naturally occurring oil that repels insects. ... “Citronella oil is repellent to mosquitoes to a degree, but the amount being put out by a candle isn't going to be very effective,” Eric Hoffer, president of Hoffer Pest, told TODAY Home. 11/10`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: are bugs attracted to citronella 11/10/09?`	`Citronella is naturally occurring oil that repels insects. ... “Citronella oil is repellent to mosquitoes to a degree, but the amount being put out by a candle isn't going to be very effective,” Eric Hoffer, president of Hoffer Pest, told TODAY Home. 11/10/09`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: are bugs attracted to citronella Jan 15?`	`Citronella is naturally occurring oil that repels insects. ... “Citronella oil is repellent to mosquitoes to a degree, but the amount being put out by a candle isn't going to be very effective,” Eric Hoffer, president of Hoffer Pest, told TODAY Home. 01/15`

Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 1,000 evaluation samples
Columns: anchors and positive
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchors positive
type string string
details
min: 12 tokens
mean: 21.57 tokens
max: 43 tokens

min: 8 tokens
mean: 66.44 tokens
max: 512 tokens

	anchors	positive
type	string	string
details	min: 12 tokens mean: 21.57 tokens max: 43 tokens	min: 8 tokens mean: 66.44 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchors	positive
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Identify a Psychopath 3/28`	`Psychopathy is a personality construct consisting of a cluster of characteristics used by mental health professionals to describe someone who is charming, manipulative, emotionally ruthless and potentially criminal. 03/28`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: what is dangerous high blood pressure in pregnancy?`	`A blood pressure that is greater than 130/90 mm Hg or that is 15 degrees higher on the top number from where you started before pregnancy may be cause for concern. High blood pressure during pregnancy is defined as 140 mm Hg or higher systolic, with diastolic 90 mm Hg or higher.`
`Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Be a Better Cheerleader June 22`	`What do you think when you think of a good cheerleader? Tight with motions? Can hold a stunt? Well, it's not just that. You need to be fit in 3 categories: mental/emotional health, social health, and physical health. 06/22`

Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
learning_rate: 1.5e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
num_train_epochs: 1
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 400
bf16: True
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 1.5e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 400
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	loss
0.0023	1	2.4713	-
0.0229	10	2.4907	-
0.0459	20	2.4574	-
0.0688	30	2.4861	-
0.0917	40	2.4612	-
0.1147	50	2.4353	-
0.1376	60	2.3967	-
0.1606	70	2.3609	-
0.1835	80	2.3079	-
0.2064	90	2.1928	-
0.2294	100	2.1581	-
0.2523	110	2.0822	-
0.2752	120	1.9739	-
0.2982	130	1.8393	-
0.3211	140	1.7397	-
0.3440	150	1.5249	-
0.3670	160	1.4281	-
0.3899	170	1.3197	-
0.4128	180	1.211	-
0.4358	190	1.1086	-
0.4587	200	0.9598	0.2301
0.4817	210	1.0904	-
0.5046	220	0.9813	-
0.5275	230	1.1148	-
0.5505	240	1.2813	-
0.5734	250	1.2259	-
0.5963	260	1.221	-
0.6193	270	1.1547	-
0.6422	280	1.1286	-
0.6651	290	0.9932	-
0.6881	300	0.978	-
0.7110	310	0.9505	-
0.7339	320	0.8731	-
0.7569	330	0.824	-
0.7798	340	0.8979	-
0.8028	350	1.756	-
0.8257	360	1.6785	-
0.8486	370	1.5944	-
0.8716	380	1.5417	-
0.8945	390	1.4788	-
0.9174	400	0.9873	0.0695
0.9404	410	0.1664	-
0.9633	420	0.1336	-
0.9862	430	0.1193	-

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
Transformers: 4.43.4
PyTorch: 2.4.0+cu121
Accelerate: 0.33.0
Datasets: 2.20.0
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, 
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}