SentenceTransformer based on BAAI/bge-large-en

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from BAAI/bge-large-en on the all-nli dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

  • Model Type: Sentence Transformer
  • Base model: BAAI/bge-large-en
  • Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
  • Output Dimensionality: 1024 tokens
  • Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
  • Training Dataset:
  • Language: en

Model Sources

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': True}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("gavinqiangli/mpnet-base-all-nli-triplet")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'A middle-aged man works under the engine of a train on rail tracks.',
    'A guy is working on a train.',
    'A guy is driving to work.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Metric Value
cosine_accuracy 0.8853
dot_accuracy 0.1147
manhattan_accuracy 0.8858
euclidean_accuracy 0.8853
max_accuracy 0.8858

Training Details

Training Dataset

all-nli

  • Dataset: all-nli at d482672
  • Size: 557,850 training samples
  • Columns: anchor, positive, and negative
  • Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
    anchor positive negative
    type string string string
    details
    • min: 7 tokens
    • mean: 10.46 tokens
    • max: 46 tokens
    • min: 6 tokens
    • mean: 12.81 tokens
    • max: 40 tokens
    • min: 5 tokens
    • mean: 13.4 tokens
    • max: 50 tokens
  • Samples:
    anchor positive negative
    A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane. A person is outdoors, on a horse. A person is at a diner, ordering an omelette.
    Children smiling and waving at camera There are children present The kids are frowning
    A boy is jumping on skateboard in the middle of a red bridge. The boy does a skateboarding trick. The boy skates down the sidewalk.
  • Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:
    {
        "scale": 20.0,
        "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
    }
    

Evaluation Dataset

all-nli

  • Dataset: all-nli at d482672
  • Size: 6,584 evaluation samples
  • Columns: anchor, positive, and negative
  • Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
    anchor positive negative
    type string string string
    details
    • min: 6 tokens
    • mean: 17.95 tokens
    • max: 63 tokens
    • min: 4 tokens
    • mean: 9.78 tokens
    • max: 29 tokens
    • min: 5 tokens
    • mean: 10.35 tokens
    • max: 29 tokens
  • Samples:
    anchor positive negative
    Two women are embracing while holding to go packages. Two woman are holding packages. The men are fighting outside a deli.
    Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink. Two kids in numbered jerseys wash their hands. Two kids in jackets walk to school.
    A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles A man selling donuts to a customer. A woman drinks her coffee in a small cafe.
  • Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:
    {
        "scale": 20.0,
        "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
    }
    

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

  • eval_strategy: steps
  • per_device_train_batch_size: 16
  • per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
  • num_train_epochs: 1
  • warmup_ratio: 0.1
  • fp16: True
  • batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand
  • overwrite_output_dir: False
  • do_predict: False
  • eval_strategy: steps
  • prediction_loss_only: True
  • per_device_train_batch_size: 16
  • per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
  • per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
  • per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
  • gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
  • eval_accumulation_steps: None
  • torch_empty_cache_steps: None
  • learning_rate: 5e-05
  • weight_decay: 0.0
  • adam_beta1: 0.9
  • adam_beta2: 0.999
  • adam_epsilon: 1e-08
  • max_grad_norm: 1.0
  • num_train_epochs: 1
  • max_steps: -1
  • lr_scheduler_type: linear
  • lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
  • warmup_ratio: 0.1
  • warmup_steps: 0
  • log_level: passive
  • log_level_replica: warning
  • log_on_each_node: True
  • logging_nan_inf_filter: True
  • save_safetensors: True
  • save_on_each_node: False
  • save_only_model: False
  • restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
  • no_cuda: False
  • use_cpu: False
  • use_mps_device: False
  • seed: 42
  • data_seed: None
  • jit_mode_eval: False
  • use_ipex: False
  • bf16: False
  • fp16: True
  • fp16_opt_level: O1
  • half_precision_backend: auto
  • bf16_full_eval: False
  • fp16_full_eval: False
  • tf32: None
  • local_rank: 0
  • ddp_backend: None
  • tpu_num_cores: None
  • tpu_metrics_debug: False
  • debug: []
  • dataloader_drop_last: False
  • dataloader_num_workers: 0
  • dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
  • past_index: -1
  • disable_tqdm: False
  • remove_unused_columns: True
  • label_names: None
  • load_best_model_at_end: False
  • ignore_data_skip: False
  • fsdp: []
  • fsdp_min_num_params: 0
  • fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
  • fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
  • accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
  • deepspeed: None
  • label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
  • optim: adamw_torch
  • optim_args: None
  • adafactor: False
  • group_by_length: False
  • length_column_name: length
  • ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
  • ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
  • ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
  • dataloader_pin_memory: True
  • dataloader_persistent_workers: False
  • skip_memory_metrics: True
  • use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
  • push_to_hub: False
  • resume_from_checkpoint: None
  • hub_model_id: None
  • hub_strategy: every_save
  • hub_private_repo: False
  • hub_always_push: False
  • gradient_checkpointing: False
  • gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
  • include_inputs_for_metrics: False
  • eval_do_concat_batches: True
  • fp16_backend: auto
  • push_to_hub_model_id: None
  • push_to_hub_organization: None
  • mp_parameters:
  • auto_find_batch_size: False
  • full_determinism: False
  • torchdynamo: None
  • ray_scope: last
  • ddp_timeout: 1800
  • torch_compile: False
  • torch_compile_backend: None
  • torch_compile_mode: None
  • dispatch_batches: None
  • split_batches: None
  • include_tokens_per_second: False
  • include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
  • neftune_noise_alpha: None
  • optim_target_modules: None
  • batch_eval_metrics: False
  • eval_on_start: False
  • eval_use_gather_object: False
  • batch_sampler: no_duplicates
  • multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch Step Training Loss Validation Loss all-nli-test_max_accuracy
0.3195 100 0.6642 0.6399 -
0.6390 200 0.1421 0.8174 -
0.9585 300 0.3632 1.0566 -
1.0 313 - - 0.8858

Framework Versions

  • Python: 3.10.12
  • Sentence Transformers: 3.2.1
  • Transformers: 4.44.2
  • PyTorch: 2.5.0+cu121
  • Accelerate: 0.34.2
  • Datasets: 3.1.0
  • Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
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Dataset used to train gavinqiangli/mpnet-base-all-nli-triplet

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