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Physics_outreach | Physics outreach ' encompasses facets of science outreach and physics education and is an umbrella term for a variety of activities by schools , research institutes , universities , clubs and institutions such as science museums aimed at broadening the audience for and awareness and understanding of physics . While the general public may sometimes be the focus of such activities , physics outreach often centers on developing and providing resources and making presentations to students , educators in other disciplines , and in some cases researchers within different areas of physics . |
Phase_(matter) | In the physical sciences , a phase is a region of space ( a thermodynamic system ) , throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform . Examples of physical properties include density , index of refraction , magnetization and chemical composition . A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform , physically distinct , and ( often ) mechanically separable . In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar , the ice cubes are one phase , the water is a second phase , and the humid air over the water is a third phase . The glass of the jar is another separate phase . ( See state of matter #Glass ) The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter , but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter . Also , the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram . Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter , such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another , this latter usage is similar to the use of `` phase '' as a synonym for state of matter . However , the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used . |
Pluto_(Disney) | Pluto , also called Pluto the Pup , is a cartoon character created in 1930 at Walt Disney Productions . He is a yellow-orange color , medium-sized , short-haired dog with black ears . Unlike most Disney characters , Pluto is not anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial expression , though he did speak for a short portion of his history . He is Mickey Mouse 's pet . Officially a mixed-breed dog , he made his debut as a bloodhound in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang . Together with Mickey Mouse , Minnie Mouse , Donald Duck , Daisy Duck , and Goofy , Pluto is one of the `` Sensational Six '' -- the biggest stars in the Disney universe . Though all six are non-human animals , Pluto alone is not dressed as a human . Pluto debuted in animated cartoons and appeared in 24 Mickey Mouse films before receiving his own series in 1937 . All together Pluto appeared in 89 short films between 1930 and 1953 . Several of these were nominated for an Academy Award , including The Pointer ( 1939 ) , Squatter 's Rights ( 1946 ) , Pluto 's Blue Note ( 1947 ) , and Mickey and the Seal ( 1948 ) . One of his films , Lend a Paw ( 1941 ) , won the award in 1942 . Because Pluto does not speak , his films generally rely on physical humor . This made Pluto a pioneering figure in character animation , which is expressing personality through animation rather than dialogue . Like all of Pluto 's co-stars , the dog has appeared extensively in comics over the years , first making an appearance in 1931 . He returned to theatrical animation in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper and has also appeared in several direct-to-video films . Pluto also appears in the television series Mickey Mouse Works ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ( 2006 -- 2016 ) , and the new Mickey Mouse shorts ( 2013 -- present ) . In 1998 , Disney 's copyright on Pluto , set to expire in several years , was extended by the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act . Disney , along with other studios , lobbied for passage of the act to preserve their copyrights on characters such as Pluto for 20 additional years . |
Photon_(anime) | Photon : The Idiot Adventures is a six-episode anime OVA series created by Masaki Kajishima . The main character , Photon , possesses superhuman strength but is extremely simple-minded . He engages in heroic adventures of different varieties . He accidentally gets married to a rebel space pilot named Keyne , and becomes involved in fighting an evil wannabe galactic emperor and his `` bumbling henchmen '' . The ending song , `` Pinch ! '' , is performed by Yui Horie . A manga based on the anime was written by Hiroshi Kanno . |
Piano_Concerto_No._11_(Mozart) | Mozart 's Piano Concerto No. 11 in F major , K. 413 ( K. 387a in the sixth edition of the Köchel catalogue ) , was the second of the group of three early concertos he wrote when in Vienna , in the autumn of 1782 ( according to the latest edition of the Köchel catalogue , K. 414 was written first ) . It was the first full concerto he wrote for the subscription concerts he gave in the city . The autograph is held by the Jagiellońska Library , Kraków with an additional , now incomplete , copy that Mozart brought to Salzburg in 1783 , in the library of the Archabbey of St Peter 's , Salzburg . The concerto is in the usual three movements : Allegro in 3/4 Larghetto in 4/4 ( in B flat major ) Tempo di menuetto in 3/4 It is scored for two oboes , two bassoons ( second movement only ) , two horns and strings . The winds and brass do not play an important role throughout the concerto , and Mozart himself advertised an `` a quattro '' version , which is for string quartet and piano only , presumably for domestic use . The time signatures of the concerto are slightly unusual : Mozart wrote only two other concertos with first movements in 3/4 ( No. 14 , K. 449 and No. 24 , K. 491 ) . In the first movement , Mozart definitively modulates to the dominant , C major , when he introduces the second subject in the Prelude before returning to F major 8 bars later ; a scheme also followed in No. 14 . The second movement is in binary form , but has few particularly notable features . The third movement , on the other hand , is unusual both in its minuet form , and in its variation of the normal rondo structure . |
Physics | Physics ( from -LSB- φυσική , phusikḗ ( epistḗmē ) , knowledge of nature -RSB- , from φύσις phúsis `` nature '' ) is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time , along with related concepts such as energy and force . One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines , the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves . Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines , perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy . Over the last two millennia , physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry , biology , and certain branches of mathematics , but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century , the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right . Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research , such as biophysics and quantum chemistry , and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined . New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy . Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs . For example , advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society , such as television , computers , domestic appliances , and nuclear weapons ; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization , and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus . The United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics . |
Philadelphia_Sphas | The Philadelphia Sphas , also written SPHAs and SPHAS , were a team that competed in the Eastern Basketball League and then the American Basketball League . They played their home games in social halls and , from 1938 , in the ballroom of the Broadwood Hotel . After World War II they also played some games in the Philadelphia Arena . The name `` Spha '' was originally an acronym , derived from South Philadelphia Hebrew Association , and the team 's players were primarily Jewish . Many pundits of the time tried to explain this on the basis of genetics , stating that Jews were naturally more dexterous , had better rhythm , and more intrinsic athletic ability , exactly the same sort of comments that would later be made about basketball with regard to African Americans in later years . At times writers used more specifically ( and derogatory ) Jewish stereotypes : Paul Gallico stated that they did well because `` the game places a premium on an alert , scheming mind '' . The team was doomed once the National Basketball Association was formed and the owner of the Sphas got an NBA franchise ( the Philadelphia Warriors ) for the same arena . Essentially , the NBA destroyed the following of the entire league , which did not compete after 1953 although it did not formally cease to exist until 1955 . |
Philadelphia_(film) | Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama film and one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to acknowledge HIV/AIDS , homosexuality , and homophobia . It was written by Ron Nyswaner , directed by Jonathan Demme and stars Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington . Hanks won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Andrew Beckett in the film , while the song `` Streets of Philadelphia '' by Bruce Springsteen won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Nyswaner was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , but lost to Jane Campion for The Piano . |
Philip_F._Roach | Philip F. Roach was a commodore in the United States Coast Guard . |
Pee_(South_Park) | `` Pee '' is the thirteenth season finale of the American animated television series South Park . The 195th overall episode of the series , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 18 , 2009 . In the episode , the boys visit Pi Pi 's Splashtown waterpark , where so many people urinate in the pools that the entire park becomes engulfed in tsunamis of urine . The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker , and was rated TV-MA L in the United States . `` Pee '' served as a parody of the disaster film genre , particularly the movie 2012 which was released five days before `` Pee '' was broadcast . According to Nielsen ratings , the finale episode was seen by 2.87 million households , making it the highest rated cable show of the night . The episode received generally mixed reviews . |
Phantom_India | L'Inde fantôme : Reflexions sur un voyage is a 1969 French seven part television documentary miniseries about India , directed by Louis Malle . It was shown on BBC television as Phantom India . Malle later said that the film was his most personal work and the one he was most proud of , it is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of his career . It was initially inspired by a two-month trip to India in late 1967 that Malle made on behalf of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to present a selection of `` new French cinema '' throughout the country . Filming took place between January 5 , 1968 and May 1 , 1968 with a crew of two , a cameraman and a sound recordist . Malle arrived in India with no particular plans and financed the trip himself . The resulting 30 hours of footage was then edited down to the 363 minutes of Phantom India . The 105-minute-long Calcutta used the footage he had recorded over his three-week stay in that city . Phantom India was shown on French television and the BBC in the UK in 1969 . Many British Indians and the Indian Government felt that Malle had shown a one-sided portrait of India , focussing on the impoverished , rather than the developing , parts of the country . A diplomatic incident occurred when the Indian government asked the BBC to stop broadcasting the programme . The BBC refused and were briefly asked to leave their New Delhi bureau . |
Phenotype | A phenotype is the composite of an organism 's observable characteristics or traits , such as its morphology , development , biochemical or physiological properties , behavior , and products of behavior ( such as a bird 's nest ) . A phenotype results from the expression of an organism 's genetic code , its genotype , as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two . When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species , the species is called polymorphic . A well-documented polymorphism is Labrador Retriever coloring ; while the coat color depends on many genes , it is clearly seen in the environment as yellow , black and brown . This genotype-phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism 's heredity and what that heredity produces . The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann , who distinguished between germ plasm ( heredity ) and somatic cells ( the body ) . The genotype-phenotype distinction should not be confused with Francis Crick 's central dogma of molecular biology , which is a statement about the directionality of molecular sequential information flowing from DNA to protein , and not the reverse . Richard Dawkins in 1978 and then again in his 1982 book The Extended Phenotype suggested that bird nests and other built structures such as caddis fly larvae cases and beaver dams can be considered as `` extended phenotypes '' . |
Phylicia_Rashad | Phylicia Rashad or Rashād -LSB- ˈfɪliːʃəˈrɑːʃəd -RSB- ( born June 19 , 1948 ) is an American actress , singer and stage director . She is known for her role as Clair Huxtable on the long-running NBC sitcom The Cosby Show ( 1984 -- 92 ) , which earned her Emmy Award nominations in 1985 and 1986 . She was dubbed `` The Mother '' of the African-American community at the 2010 NAACP Image Awards . In 2004 , Rashad became the first black actress to win the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play , which she won for her role in the revival of A Raisin in the Sun . Her other Broadway credits include Into the Woods ( 1988 ) , Jelly 's Last Jam ( 1993 ) , Gem of the Ocean ( 2004 ) , and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 2008 ) . She won a NAACP Image Award when she reprised her A Raisin in the Sun role in the 2008 television adaptation . She has also appeared in the films For Colored Girls ( 2010 ) , Good Deeds ( 2012 ) , and Creed ( 2015 ) . |
Pleasant_Goat_and_Big_Big_Wolf | Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf ( the English name shown on the official merchandise ) ( `` Pleasant Goat and Grey Big Wolf '' ) is a Chinese animated television series created by Huang Weiming , Lin Yuting and Luo Yinggeng , and produced by Creative Power Entertaining . The show is about a group of goats living on the Green Pasture , Qing Qing Grasslands/Plains , and the story revolving around a clumsy wolf who wants to eat them . The cartoon became enormously popular with Chinese schoolchildren after its debut in 2005 . Cashing in on the cartoon 's success , the producer made an animated feature in 2009 . It generated a box office revenue of 130 million yuan ( approx . US $ 19.6 million ) during Chinese New Year that year . It is aired on over 40 local TV stations , including Hong Kong 's TVB , BTV Animation Channel and CCTV . The show was also aired in Taiwan , India and Singapore . As of 2011 , an English dub has been aired in Taiwan . In 2010 , Disney gained the licence to broadcast the popular children 's show on their Disney Channels . Toon Express Group owns the copyrights to the characters . Alpha Animation ( a Chinese company ) spent 634 million dollars ( HK ) to purchase Toon Express Group and Creative Power Entertaining . |
Perihelion_and_aphelion | The perihelion is the point in the orbit of a celestial body where it is nearest to its orbital focus , generally a star . It is the opposite of aphelion , which is the point in the orbit where the celestial body is farthest from its focus . The word `` perihelion '' stems from the Ancient Greek words `` peri '' , meaning `` around '' or `` surrounding '' , and `` helios '' , meaning `` the Sun '' . `` Aphelion '' derives from the preposition `` apo '' , meaning `` away , off , apart '' . ( The similar words `` perigee '' and `` apogee '' refer to the nearest and furthest points in some object 's orbit around the Earth . ) According to Kepler 's first law of planetary motion , all planets , comets , and asteroids in the Solar System have approximately elliptical orbits around the Sun . ( It is only approximate because the ellipse the body traces in any single orbit does not end exactly where it begins , due to precession . ) Hence , an orbiting body has a closest and a farthest point from its parent object , that is , a perihelion and an aphelion . Each extreme is known as an apsis . Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness ( departure from a perfect circle ) of the orbit . |
Pilot_(Modern_Family) | The pilot episode of the television series Modern Family , written by Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd and directed by Jason Winer , premiered on ABC in the United States on September 23 , 2009 . The pilot introduces viewers to three sets of people who make up a single family . The episode is shot in a mockumentary style , with a cameraman following the characters around their everyday lives and interviewing them at various intervals . It cuts between the experiences of the three separate units before they all come together at the end of the episode . In the episode , Jay 's family tries to function despite the age difference between himself and his wife . Claire 's family tries to punish their son and watch over her daughter and her new boyfriend . Mitchell tries to hide the fact that he and his partner Cameron have adopted a daughter in Vietnam from his family until Cameron invites Mitchell 's family without consulting him ( which is revealed to be the other two families ) . Reviews for the pilot episode compared Modern Family to shows such as Married ... with Children ( which starred Ed O'Neill ) , Frasier ( which the creators of this show worked on ) , Malcolm in the Middle and , most strongly , Arrested Development . In the United Kingdom , reviewers saw similarities between Modern Family and Outnumbered . The episode has received multiple nominations and has won Episodic Comedy at the Writers Guild of America Awards 2009 and also a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series . |
Physical_Review_Letters | Physical Review Letters ( PRL ) , established in 1958 , is a peer-reviewed , scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society . As also confirmed by various measurement standards , which include the Journal Citation Reports impact factor and the journal h-index proposed by Google Scholar , many physicists and other scientists consider Physical Review Letters one of the most prestigious journals in the field of physics . PRL is published as a print journal , and is in electronic format , online and CD-ROM . Its focus is rapid dissemination of significant , or notable , results of fundamental research on all topics related to all fields of physics . This is accomplished by rapid publication of short reports , called `` Letters '' . Papers are published and available electronically one article at a time . When published in such a manner , the paper is available to be cited by other work . The Lead Editor is Hugues Chaté . The Managing Editor is Reinhardt B. Schuhmann . |
Pluto | Pluto ( minor-planet designation : 134340 Pluto ) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt , a ring of bodies beyond Neptune . It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered . Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun . After 1992 , its planethood was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt . In 2005 , Eris , a dwarf planet in the scattered disc which is 27 % more massive than Pluto , was discovered . This led the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) to define the term `` planet '' formally in 2006 , during their 26th General Assembly . That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet . Pluto is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun . It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris . Like other Kuiper belt objects , Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small -- about one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume . It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU ( 4.4 -- 7.4 billion km ) from the Sun . This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune , but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding . Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance ( 39.5 AU ) . Pluto has five known moons : Charon ( the largest , with a diameter just over half that of Pluto ) , Styx , Nix , Kerberos , and Hydra . Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body . On July 14 , 2015 , the New Horizons spacecraft became the first spacecraft to fly by Pluto . During its brief flyby , New Horizons made detailed measurements and observations of Pluto and its moons . In September 2016 , astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins , organic macromolecules that may be ingredients for the emergence of life , and produced from methane , nitrogen and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred about 19,000 km to the orbiting moon . |
Pierre_Louis-Dreyfus | Pierre Louis-Dreyfus ( May 5 , 1908 -- January 15 , 2011 ) was a French Resistance fighter during World War II who later served as CEO of the Louis Dreyfus Cie. |
Police_Academy_2:_Their_First_Assignment | Police Academy 2 : Their First Assignment is a 1985 comedy film directed by Jerry Paris . It is the first of six sequels in the Police Academy series . Many actors return from the first film to respectively reprise their roles . Steve Guttenberg reprises his role as Mahoney , the class clown ; former American football player Bubba Smith returns as the man-mountain Hightower ; Marion Ramsey is featured again as Laverne Hooks ; David Graf returns as gun-crazy Officer Eugene Tackleberry ; Michael Winslow returns as sound effects wizard Officer Larvell Jones , and veteran actor George Gaynes returns as Commandant Eric Lassard . This was the only film in the franchise that does not feature Leslie Easterbrook as Lt. Debbie Callahan . New faces in Police Academy 2 include Howard Hesseman as Captain Pete Lassard ( the brother of Police Academy commandant Eric Lassard ) , Bobcat Goldthwait as Zed , the leader of `` The Scullions '' , an obnoxious gang , Art Metrano as Lt. Mauser , Peter Van Norden as slobbish police dog sergeant Vinnie , Tim Kazurinsky as hapless business owner Carl Sweetchuck , and Lance Kinsey as Sgt. Proctor . In the film , the Police Academy cadets have graduated and are assigned to the worst precinct in town , where they have to help Captain Pete Lassard fight Zed 's gang . |
Point_Arena,_California | Point Arena ( formerly , Punta Arenas and Puntas Arenas ) is a small coastal city in Mendocino County , California , United States . Point Arena is located 31 mi west of Hopland , at an elevation of 118 ft . The population was 449 at the 2010 census , down from 474 at the 2000 census , making it one of the smallest incorporated cities in the state . Its main street comprises part of State Route 1 , California 's coastal artery . Along with a number of other Mendocino County coastal communities , Point Arena is associated with the hippie and subsequent counterculture groups . Reportedly , the economy is largely geared toward servicing the summertime tourist industry . The City is near the headquarters of the tribal lands of Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria . The City is adjacent to the recently formed Point Arena Stornetta Public Lands National Monument . Hiking Trails can be accesses at the Point Arena City Hall Parking . Spectacular coastal prairie and ocean views await . Of special note is Arena Cove and pier with huge ocean front bluffs showing power of the interface of the Tectonic plates . |
Phish | Phish is an American rock band that was founded at the University of Vermont in 1983 . Known for musical improvisation , extended jams , blending of genres , and a dedicated fan base , the current line-up -- guitarist and lead vocalist Trey Anastasio , bassist and vocalist Mike Gordon , drummer and percussionist Jon Fishman , and keyboardist and vocalist Page McConnell -- solidified in 1985 and performed together for 15 years before going on hiatus from October 7 , 2000 to December 30 , 2002 . They resumed touring from December 31 , 2002 until August 15 , 2004 , when they announced that the Coventry Festival would be their last show . They reunited in March 2009 for a series of three consecutive concerts played in the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton , Virginia , and have since resumed performing regularly . Phish 's music blends elements of a wide variety of genres , including funk , progressive rock , psychedelic rock , folk , country , jazz , blues , bluegrass , and pop . Although the band has received little radio play or mainstream exposure , Phish has developed a large and dedicated following by word of mouth , the exchange of live recordings , and selling over 8 million albums and DVDs in the United States . Rolling Stone stated that the band helped to '' ... spawn a new wave of bands oriented around group improvisation and extended instrumental grooves '' . |
Planet_of_the_Spiders | Planet of the Spiders is the fifth and final serial of the 11th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was first broadcast in six weekly parts from 4 May to 8 June 1974 . It was Jon Pertwee 's last serial as the Third Doctor , and marks the first , uncredited appearance of Tom Baker as the Fourth Doctor . It marks the last regular appearance of Mike Yates . This serial introduces the term `` regeneration '' . |
Pingshu | In Chinese culture , Pingshu , or 说书 ( shuoshu ) , meaning `` storytelling '' , is one of forms of entertainment in mass culture in China . It is also called `` Pinghua '' in south China . Travelers in Beijing will often find taxi drivers listening to it through radio . It was extremely popular in 1980s , when the Chinese people were able to afford a radio , through which many of such storytelling programs were transmitted to every household . People , young and old , would stick to the radio when they had the time , in the morning , at noon , and in the evening , listening to these stories , many of which originated from ancient Chinese history . In the countryside , farmers would take a radio to their fields and listened to the stories while they were plowing . In cities , old men would sit in a comfortable bamboo chair enjoying the stories while sipping tea . Many stories such as The Story of Yue Fei , the Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Cavalier with White Eyebrows , and Sui Tang Yanyi gained popularity among young and old and became major topics of conversation . Famous storytellers or Pingshu performers such as Shan Tianfang ( 单田芳 , born 1934 ) , Yuan Kuocheng ( 袁阔成 , 1929-2015 ) , Tian Lianyuan ( 田连元 , born 1941 ) , and Liu Lanfang ( 刘兰芳 , born 1944 ) consequently became well-known . Pingshu performers often wear gowns and stand behind a table , with a folded fan and a gavel ( serving as a prop to strike the table as a warning to the audience to be quiet or as a means of attracting attention in order to strengthen the effect of the performance , especially at the beginning or during intervals ) . They often add their own commentaries on the subjects and the characters in their storytelling . In this way , the audience , while watching their performances , is not only entertained , but also educated and enlightened . Pingshu is popular in North and most of Northeast China . The art of storytelling , with its broad mass appeal , has resulted in the growth of other art forms , nurturing talented artists . Many great writers , in consequence , continued from there to tread the path of literature . |
Planet_of_the_Ood | `` Planet of the Ood '' is the third episode of the fourth series of British science fiction television series Doctor Who . It was broadcast on BBC One on 19 April 2008 . It features the return of the Ood , who appeared in the second series episodes `` The Impossible Planet '' and `` The Satan Pit '' . The episode takes place in the year 4126 on the Ood-Sphere , the titular planet of the episode . The Doctor ( David Tennant ) and his companion Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) investigate Ood Operations , a company that is selling the Ood as a servant race , to discover the reason the Ood are happy to serve . When they find a group of unprocessed Ood , they become horrified at the alterations performed and resolve to free the Ood . The episode was well-received for its central theme of slavery . |
Personality_development_disorder | A personality development disorder is an inflexible and pervasive pattern of inner experience and behavior in children and adolescents , that markedly deviates from the expectations of the individual 's culture . Personality development disorder is not recognized as a mental disorder in any of the medical manuals , such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV , neither is it part of the proposed revision of this manual , the DSM-5 . DSM-IV allows the diagnosis of personality disorders in children and adolescents only as an exception . This diagnosis is currently proposed by a few authors in Germany . The term personality development disorder is used to emphasize the changes in personality development which might still take place and the open outcome during development . Personality development disorder is considered to be a childhood risk factor or early stage of a later personality disorder in adulthood . Adults usually show personality patterns over a long duration of time . Children and adolescents however still show marked changes in personality development . Some of these children and adolescents have a hard time developing their personalities in an ordinary way . DSM-IV states , for example , that children and adolescents are at higher risk to develop an antisocial personality disorder if they showed signs of conduct disorder and attention deficit disorder before the age of 10 . This led Adam & Breithaupt-Peters ( 2010 ) to the idea that these children and adolescents need to be looked at more carefully . The therapy which these children and adolescents need might be more intense and maybe even different from looking at the disorders traditionally . The concept of personality development disorders also focuses on the severity of the disorder and the poor prognosis . An early diagnosis might help to get the right treatment at an early stage and thus might help to prevent a personality disorder outcome in adulthood . |
Personal_name | A personal name or full name the set of names by which an individual is known and that can be recited as a word-group , with the understanding that , taken together , they all relate to that one individual . In many cultures , the term is synonymous with the birth and legal names of the individual , seen below . The academic study of personal names is called anthroponymy . In Western culture , nearly all individuals possess at least one given name ( also known as a first name , personal name , forename , or Christian name ) , together with a surname ( also known as a last name , or family name ) -- respectively , the Thomas and Jefferson in Thomas Jefferson -- the latter to indicate that the individual belongs to a family , a tribe , or a clan . Where there are two or more given names , typically only one ( in English-speaking cultures usually the first ) is used in normal speech . Some cultures , including Western , also add ( or once added ) patronymics or matronymics , for instance , as a middle name as with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( whose father 's given name was Ilya ) , or as a last name as with Björk Guðmundsdóttir ( whose father was named Guðmund ) or Heiðar Helguson ( whose mother was named Helga ) . Similar concepts are present in Eastern cultures . However , in less urbanized areas of the world , many people are known by a single name , and so are said to be mononymous . Still other cultures lack the concept of specific , fixed names designating people , either individually or collectively . Certain isolated tribes , such as the Machiguenga of the Amazon , do not use personal names . A person 's full name usually identifies that person for legal and administrative purposes , although it may not be the name by which the person is commonly known ; some people use only a portion of their full name , or are known by titles , nicknames , pseudonyms or other formal or informal designations . It is nearly universal for people to have names ; the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child declares that a child has the right to a name from birth . |
Point_Richmond,_Richmond,_California | Point Richmond , also sometimes referred to locally as The Point , is a neighborhood in Richmond , California , United States , near the eastern end of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge , between Interstate 580 and the San Francisco Bay . Its compact size and many historic buildings give it a quaint `` small town '' feel that has also been described as `` highbrow '' . |
Phoebe_and_Her_Unicorn | Phoebe and Her Unicorn is a daily comic strip by American cartoonist Dana Simpson . Originally called Heavenly Nostrils , the strip debuted as a webcomic on April 22 , 2012 , in Universal Uclick 's GoComics website . It was later launched in more than 100 newspapers on March 30 , 2015 , under the current name . The strip begins when 9-year-old Phoebe Howell , a girl in the fourth grade , skips a rock across a pond and accidentally hits a unicorn in the face . Freed from her own reflection , the unicorn -- named Marigold Heavenly Nostrils -- gives Phoebe one wish , which she decides to use by making the unicorn her best friend . Marigold , like all unicorns in the series , is experienced in magic . Through various `` spellcraft '' , she is able to perform such feats as divert or redirect rain and send text messages and broadcast a Wi-Fi hotspot through her horn . However , her most frequently-used spell is `` The Shield of Boringness '' , which causes humans to view her as nothing out of the ordinary and allows her to interact with them on a daily basis . |
Pepper's_ghost | Pepper 's ghost is an illusion technique used in theatre , amusement parks , museums , television , and concerts . It is named after John Henry Pepper ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , a scientist who popularized the effect in a famed demonstration in 1862 . It has a long history , dating back into the 19th century , and remains widely performed today . Notable examples of the illusion are the Girl-to-Gorilla trick found in old carnival sideshows and the appearance of `` Ghosts '' at the Haunted Mansion and the `` Blue Fairy '' in Pinocchio 's Daring Journey at the Disneyland park in California . Teleprompters are a modern implementation of Pepper 's ghost . Examples of concert illusions based on Pepper 's ghost are the appearance of Tupac Shakur onstage with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg at the 2012 Coachella Music and Arts Festival and Michael Jackson at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards . |
Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles | Playa Vista is a neighborhood located in the Westside of the City of Los Angeles , California , United States , north of LAX . Prior to the development of Playa Vista , the area was the headquarters of Hughes Aircraft Company from 1941 to 1985 , and was the site of the construction of the Hughes H-4 Hercules `` Spruce Goose '' aircraft . The area began development in 2002 as a planned community with residential , commercial , and retail components . The community has become a choice address for businesses in technology , media and entertainment and , along with Santa Monica and Venice , has become known as Silicon Beach . |
Pierre-Yves_Roussel | Pierre-Yves Roussel ( born November 7 , 1965 ) is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of LVMH Fashion Group . He is a member of the LVMH Executive Committee since 2004 . |
Pinocchio_(1940_film) | Pinocchio is a 1940 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Italian children 's novel The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi . It was the second animated feature film produced by Disney , made after the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . The plot of the film involves an old wood-carver named Geppetto who carves a wooden puppet named Pinocchio . The puppet is brought to life by a blue fairy , who informs him that he can become a real boy if he proves himself to be `` brave , truthful , and unselfish '' . Pinocchio 's efforts to become a real boy involve encounters with a host of unsavory characters . The film was adapted by Aurelius Battaglia , William Cottrell , Otto Englander , Erdman Penner , Joseph Sabo , Ted Sears , and Webb Smith from Collodi 's book . The production was supervised by Ben Sharpsteen and Hamilton Luske , and the film 's sequences were directed by Norman Ferguson , T. Hee , Wilfred Jackson , Jack Kinney , and Bill Roberts . Pinocchio was a groundbreaking achievement in the area of effects animation , giving realistic movement to vehicles , machinery and natural elements such as rain , lightning , smoke , shadows and water . The film was released to theaters by RKO Radio Pictures on February 7 , 1940 . Critical analysis of Pinocchio identifies it as a simple morality tale that teaches children of the benefits of hard work and middle-class values . Although it became the first animated feature to win a competitive Academy Award -- winning two for Best Music , Original Score and for Best Music , Original Song for `` When You Wish Upon A Star '' -- it was initially a box office disaster . It eventually made a profit in its 1945 reissue , and is considered one of the greatest animated films ever made , with a rare 100 % rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes . The film and characters are still prevalent in popular culture , featuring at various Disney parks and in other forms of entertainment . In 1994 , Pinocchio was added to the United States National Film Registry for being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . |
Playaz_Club | `` Playaz Club '' is the lead single from Rappin ' 4-Tay 's second album , Do n't Fight the Feelin ' . The song was produced by Cyrus Esteban and Frank `` Franky J '' Hudson , Jr. who used a sample of Judy Clay and William Bell 's 1968 hit `` Private Number '' . Released during the summer of 1994 , `` Playaz Club '' became the first of two top 40 hits for Rappin ' 4-Tay and was his biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 36 . The song has become somewhat of a classic West Coast hip hop song and has appeared on several compilations including recently on Snoop Dogg 's 2010 compilation The West Coast Blueprint . |
Pretty_Paper_(song) | `` Pretty Paper '' is a song written by country music singer-songwriter Willie Nelson in 1963 . After being signed to Monument Records , Nelson played the song for producer Fred Foster . Foster pitched the song to Roy Orbison , who turned it into a hit . Nelson recorded his own version of the song in November 1964 . |
Program_music | Program music or programme music is a type of art music that attempts to musically render an extra-musical narrative . The narrative itself might be offered to the audience in the form of program notes , inviting imaginative correlations with the music . A classic example is Hector Berlioz 's Symphony fantastique , which relates a drug-induced series of morbid fantasies concerning the unrequited love of a sensitive poet involving murder , execution , and the torments of Hell . The genre culminates in the symphonic works of Richard Strauss that include narrations of the adventures of Don Quixote , TillEulenspiegel , the composer 's domestic life , and an interpretation of Nietzsche 's philosophy of the Superman . Following Strauss , the genre declined and new works with explicitly narrative content are rare . Nevertheless the genre continues to exert an influence on film music , especially where this draws upon the techniques of late romantic music . The term is almost exclusively applied to works in the European classical music tradition , particularly those from the Romantic music period of the 19th century , during which the concept was popular , but pieces which fit the description have long been a part of music . The term is usually reserved for purely instrumental works ( pieces without singers and lyrics ) , and not used , for example for Opera or Lieder . Single movement orchestral pieces of program music are often called symphonic poems . Absolute music , in contrast , is intended to be appreciated without any particular reference to the outside world . |
President_of_the_Soviet_Union | The President of the Soviet Union ( Президент Советского Союза , Prezident Sovetskogo Soyuza ) , officially called President of the USSR or President of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics , was the head of state of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991 . Mikhail Gorbachev was the only person to occupy the office . Gorbachev was also General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between March 1985 and August 1991 . He derived an increasingly greater share of his power from his position as president until he finally resigned as General Secretary after the Soviet coup d'état attempt of 1991 . The presidency was an executive post , based on a mixture of the U.S. and French presidencies . Prior to the creation of the post of president , the de jure head of state of the Soviet Union was the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , who was often called the `` president '' by non-Soviet sources . For most of the Soviet Union 's existence , all effective executive political power was in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , with the Chairman of the Presidium exercising largely symbolic and figurehead duties . Starting with Leonid Brezhnev in 1977 , the last four General Secretaries -- Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov , Konstantin Chernenko and Gorbachev -- simultaneously served as de jure head of state during their time in office . The president was initially elected by the Congress of People 's Deputies and served as ex officio chairman of that body , but all future elections were to have been by popular vote . During the election of the president several candidates were nominated , among leading contenders were KGB persona Vadim Bakatin and Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov . The Vice President of the Soviet Union '' ' was Gennady Yanayev , the only person to occupy that office . He was also the leader of the Gang of Eight which attempted the August coup of 1991 , and declared himself Acting President of the Soviet Union on the 19th of August . After three days the coup collapsed and Gorbachev was restored . |
Queens_Quay_(Toronto) | Queens Quay is a prominent street in the Harbourfront neighbourhood of Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The street was originally commercial in nature due to the many working piers along the waterfront ; parts of it have been extensively rebuilt in since the 1970s with parks , condominiums , retail , as well as institutional and cultural development . |
Postmasters_Gallery | Postmasters is a contemporary art gallery located in Manhattan 's Tribeca neighborhood , owned and directed by Magda Sawon and Tamas Banovich . The gallery opened in the East Village in December 1984 , moved to SoHo in 1989 , and relocated to Chelsea in September 1998 and in June 2013 Postmasters moved to 54 Franklin Street in Tribeca , taking over a 4500 sqft ground-floor space complete with large functional basement . Postmasters is the primary gallery for all the artists they represent . The gallery has a history of exhibiting work in media that is challenging for a commercial art gallery , including the work of several Net.artists and political activists . For example , Maciej Wisniewski 's media-rich e-mail software Netomat was exhibited as an artwork at the gallery in 1999 before being exhibited at the Whitney Museum of Art in 2000 . The gallery 's decision to exhibit software as an art form engages the Marshall McLuhan-coined concept `` The medium is the message '' by updating it with Wisnieski 's belief that ` the artist 's role is to challenge the existing notion of software development and distribution . ' And in May 2010 , Chatroulette became both medium and subject for artists Eva and Franco Mattes AKA 0100101110101101 . ORG . On September 6 , 2001 , German-born artist Wolfgang Staehle , installed three live-feed video projections in the gallery , one of which was a panoramic view of Lower Manhattan , which would remain on view for the rest of the month . In a strange coincidence , the feed captured the terrorist attacks of September 11th , transforming a fixed image of the city into what the art critic Roberta Smith of the New York Times called `` a live history painting . '' In 2007 , Hong Kong-based artist and Internet activist Kenneth Tin-Kin Hung exhibited a video critical of the George W. Bush Administration entitled `` Because Washington Is Hollywood for Ugly People '' . On occasion , Sawon has allowed artists to direct the public 's attention to her own role as an art dealer . In 1992 the gallery hosted an exhibition of work by Silvia Kolbowski that featured posters of the gallery itself . In an event called `` Ask the Dealer , '' during the month-long hashtagclass series at Winkleman Gallery in 2010 , Sawon promised to truthfully answer any question asked of her regarding her experience as a gallerist . |
Prince_of_Fire | The Prince of Fire is a 2005 spy novel by Daniel Silva . |
Psychological_astrology | Psychological astrology , or astropsychology , is the result of the cross-fertilisation of the fields of astrology with depth psychology , humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology . There are several methods of analyzing the horoscope in the contemporary psychological astrology : the horoscope can be analysed through the archetypes within astrology ( as is characteristic for Jungian approach in astrology ) or the analyses can be rooted in the psychological need and motivational theories . There might exist other astrological methods and approaches rooted in psychology . Astrologer and psychotherapist Glenn Perry characterises psychological astrology as `` both a personality theory and a diagnostic tool '' . |
Post_ship | Post ship was a designation used in the Royal Navy during the second half of the 18th century and the Napoleonic Wars to describe a ship of the sixth rate ( see rating system of the Royal Navy ) that was smaller than a frigate ( in practice , carrying fewer than 28 guns ) , but by virtue of being a rated ship ( with at least 20 guns ) , had to have as its captain a post captain rather than a lieutenant or commander . Thus ships with 20 to 26 guns were post ships , though this situation changed after 1817 . Sea officers often referred to the post ships as frigates though technically the Admiralty scrupulously never described them as such . The vessels were frigate-built , with traditional quarterdecks and forecastles ( the defining characteristic of post ships , distinguishing them from 20-gun ship-sloops ) , but , unlike true frigates , they lacked an orlop platform amidships . They had a high center of gravity , which made them slow and unweatherly , but they were seaworthy . In peacetime the Royal Navy frequently used them as substitutes for frigates , especially in distant foreign stations . In wartime their slowness meant they were used mostly as convoy escorts . Unlike other uses of the term `` ship '' during this era , `` post ship '' in itself implies nothing as regards the rig of the vessel ; however , all sixth rates were in practice ship-rigged , i.e. were square-rigged on three masts . For an example of a post ship , see HMS Camilla . She was one of ten Sphinx-class post ships built during the 1770s . The United States Navy termed ships of this type `` third-class frigates . '' |
Prise_2 | Prise 2 ( French : `` Take 2 '' ) is a Canadian French language Category B specialty channel owned by TVA Group , a division of Quebecor Media . Prise 2 broadcasts television series and films , primarily from Quebec and the United States , from the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s . |
Position_and_momentum_space | In physics and geometry , there are two closely related vector spaces , usually three-dimensional but in general could be any finite number of dimensions . Position space ( also real space or coordinate space ) is the set of all position vectors r in space , and has dimensions of length . A position vector defines a point in space . If the position vector of a point particle varies with time it will trace out a path , the trajectory of a particle . Momentum space is the set of all momentum vectors p a physical system can have . The momentum vector of a particle corresponds to its motion , with units of -LSB- mass -RSB- -LSB- length -RSB- -LSB- time -RSB- − 1 . Mathematically , the duality between position and momentum is an example of Pontryagin duality . In particular , if a function is given in position space , f ( r ) , then its Fourier transform obtains the function in momentum space , φ ( p ) . Conversely , the inverse transform of a momentum space function is a position space function . These quantities and ideas transcend all of classical and quantum physics , and a physical system can be described using either the positions of the constituent particles , or their momenta , both formulations equivalently provide the same information about the system in consideration . Another quantity is useful to define in the context of waves . The wave vector k ( or simply `` k-vector '' ) has dimensions of reciprocal length , making it an analogue of angular frequency ω which has dimensions of reciprocal time . The set of all wave vectors is k-space . Usually r is more intuitive and simpler than k , though the converse is also true , such as in solid-state physics . Quantum mechanics provides two fundamental examples of the duality between position and momentum , the Heisenberg uncertainty principle ΔxΔp ≥ ħ / 2 stating that position and momentum can not be simultaneously known to arbitrary precision , and the De Broglie relation p = ħk which states the momentum and wavevector of a free particle are proportional to each other . In this context , when it is unambiguous , the terms `` momentum '' and `` wavevector '' are used interchangeably . However , the De Broglie relation is not true in a crystal . |
Prince_Planet | Prince Planet is the English-language title given to one of the earliest Japanese anime television series , , when it was transmitted on American television in the United States in the mid-1960s . It currently runs on `` The Works '' television network . A 52-episode monochrome anime series , it tells the story of a member of the Universal Peace Corps , originally from the planet Radion , coming to Earth on a mission to determine if this world meets standards for membership in the Galactic Union of Worlds and assist its inhabitants during his stay . While on his mission , Prince Planet adopts the identity of an Earth boy named Bobby and gains comrades who work together alongside him fighting forces of evil , both alien and terrestrial . |
Quay_(film) | Quay is a 2015 British short documentary film composed , shot , edited , produced , and directed by Christopher Nolan about animators Stephen and Timothy Quay . The film premiered at the Film Forum theatre in New York City on 19 August 2015 . |
Quad_(arts_centre) | Quad ( branded as QUAD and also known as Derby QUAD ) , is an arts centre in Derby , United Kingdom , first opened on 26 September 2008 . It has a steel-and-glass design by Bath architects Feilden Clegg Bradley , which was considered controversial when it was chosen by Derby council cabinet in 2004 . Quad provides an art gallery , two cinemas , artists ' studios , and a cafe bar . The centre also has available spaces in which people can create their own artwork . Quad is a cinema , gallery , cafe , and workshop space that anyone can use . Quad connects people and businesses to art and film for entertainment , education , and participation . There are artists ' studios which the public can hire , and a BFI Médiathèque , in which visitors can watch various videos . Quad offers creative courses for adults and children . The cinema shows a range of motion pictures , from old silent movies to the latest productions . Quad is home to Surtal South Asian Arts , graphic design company Firecatcher and 1623 , an award-winning Shakespeare theatre company . |
Pride_Fighting_Championships | Pride Fighting Championships ( Pride or Pride FC , founded as KRS-Pride ) was a Japanese mixed martial arts promotion company founded by Nobuyuki Sakakibara and Nobuhiko Takada . Its inaugural event was held at the Tokyo Dome on October 11 , 1997 . Pride held more than sixty mixed martial arts events , broadcast to about 40 countries worldwide . Pride held the largest live MMA event audience record of 91,107 people at the Pride and K-1 co-production , Shockwave/Dynamite , held in August 2002 , as well as the audience record of over 67,450 people at the Pride Final Conflict 2003 . For ten years PRIDE was one of the most popular MMA organizations in the world . In March 2007 , Dream Stage Entertainment ( DSE ) sold Pride to Lorenzo Fertitta and Frank Fertitta III , co-owners of Zuffa , which owns the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . While remaining as legally separate entities with separate managements , the two promotions were set to cooperate in a manner akin to the AFL-NFL merger . However , such an arrangement did not materialize , and in October 2007 , Pride Worldwide 's Japanese staff was laid off , marking the end of the organization as an active fight promoter . As a result , many of the Pride staff left to form a new organization alongside K-1 parent company Fighting and Entertainment Group . That new organization , founded in February 2008 , was named Dream . In 2015 , Pride 's co-founder and former president Nobuyuki Sakakibara established Rizin Fighting Federation in Japan with the same philosophy and ambition as for the defunct Pride organization . |
Quand_on_n'a_que_l'amour | Quand on n ' a que l'amour ( When love is all you have ) is the second studio album by Jacques Brel . Also known as Jacques Brel 2 , the original album was released in April 1957 by Philips ( N76 .085 R ) . The album was reissued on 23 September 2003 under the title Quand on n ' a que l'amour as part of the 16-CD box set Boîte à Bonbons by Barclay ( 980 816-4 ) . The title song `` Quand on a que l'amour '' has been covered by Dalida , Céline Dion , Lara Fabian , Patricia Kaas , and Latifa , among others . |
Prussian_Quartets_(Mozart) | The Prussian Quartets are a set of three string quartets , nos. 21 -- 23 ( K. 575 , 589 , 590 ) , nicknamed ` Prussian ' , composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart between 1789 -- 90 and dedicated to the King of Prussia , Friedrich Wilhelm II . They were posthumously published in December 1791 by Artaria as Op. 18 , only a few weeks after Mozart 's death . Although not considered on par with the earlier , more famous ` Haydn Quartets ' ( K. 387 , 421 , 428 , 458 , 464 , 465 ) , these pieces are noted for their beauty , equilibrium amongst the instruments and the exceptional prominence and cantabile nature of the cello part ( the instrument played by the king himself ) . These are also the only pieces in this genre that Mozart composed ` to order ' , i.e. as a commission from a royal patron . |
Pound_for_pound | Pound for pound is a term used in combat sports such as boxing or mixed martial arts to reflect an assessment as to who the better fighters are , regardless of size ( i.e. , regardless of weight class ) . As these fighters do not compete directly , judging the best fighter pound for pound is subjective , and ratings vary . They may be based on a range of criteria including `` quality of opposition '' , factors such as how exciting the fighter is or how famous they are , or be an attempt to determine who would win if all those ranked were the same size . In boxing , the term was historically associated with fighters such as Benny Leonard and Sugar Ray Robinson who were widely considered to be the most skilled fighters of their day , to distinguish them from the generally more popular ( and better compensated ) heavyweight champions . Since 1990 , The Ring magazine has maintained a pound for pound rank of fighters . ESPN.com has a list for mixed martial artists . In December 2013 , Ronda Rousey became the first woman to appear on the top 10 of a mixed-gender major publication . |
Prosopamnesia | Prosopamnesia ( Greek : προσωπον = `` face '' , αμνησια = forgetfulness ) is a selective neurological impairment in the ability to learn new faces . There is a special neural circuit for the processing of faces as opposed to other non-face objects . Prosopamnesia is a deficit in the part of this circuit responsible for encoding perceptions as memories . |
Psychological_behaviorism | Psychological behaviorism is a form of behaviorism -- a major theory within psychology which holds that behaviors are learned through positive and negative reinforcements . The theory recommends that psychological concepts ( such as personality , learning and emotion ) are to be explained in terms of observable behaviors that respond to stimulus . Behaviorism was first developed by John B. Watson ( 1912 ) , who coined the term `` behaviorism , '' and then B.F. Skinner who developed what is known as `` radical behaviorism . '' Watson and Skinner rejected the idea that psychological data could be obtained through introspection or by an attempt to describe consciousness ; all psychological data , in their view , was to be derived from the observation of outward behavior . Recently , Arthur W. Staats has proposed a psychological behaviorism -- a `` paradigmatic behaviorist theory '' which argues that personality consists of a set of learned behavioral patterns , acquired through the interaction between an individual 's biology , environment , cognition , and emotion . Holth also critically reviews psychological behaviorism as a `` path to the grand reunification of psychology and behavior analysis '' . Psychological behaviorism 's theory of personality represents one of psychological behaviorism 's central differences from the preceding behaviorism 's ; the other parts of the broader approach as they relate to each other will be summarized in the paradigm sections |
ProgPower_USA | ProgPower USA is a progressive , power metal , and progressive rock festival held annually in the United States since 2001 . Its most recent edition was held at Center Stage in Atlanta , Georgia from September 7 -- 10 , 2016 . ProgPower USA XVII is scheduled to take place September 6 -- 9 , 2017 . The festival 's band selection process focuses on quality over quantity . In addition to the emphasis on the power and progressive metal genres , the festival has branched out into other genres with the inclusion of the `` oddball '' slot that does n't fit the normal motif . ProgPower USA gives bands that have never performed in the States a chance to test the waters so to speak , and it also allows them to interact with fans more than ever . The festival has been described as a cultural experience for fans with autograph signing sessions , guest appearances , reunions , and meet-and-greets . The festival has hosted over 70 bands ' USA debuts including Blind Guardian , Gamma Ray , Nightwish , and Stratovarius . |
Pope_Callixtus_III | Pope Callixtus III or Callistus III ( 31 December 1378 -- 6 August 1458 ) , born Alfons de Borja , was Pope from 8 April 1455 to his death in 1458 . He is the most recent pope to have taken the pontifical name of `` Callixtus '' upon his election . He was also responsible for the retrial of Joan of Arc that saw her vindicated . A member of the powerful Borgia family , Callixtus III was the uncle of Pope Alexander VI , whom he appointed to the College of Cardinals . |
Pulitzer_Prize_for_Public_Service | The Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism . It recognizes a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper or news site through the use of its journalistic resources , which may include editorials , cartoons , photographs , graphics , video and other online material , and may be presented in print or online or both . The Public Service prize was one of the original Pulitzers , established in 1917 , but no award was given that year . It is the only prize in the program that awards a gold medal and is the most prestigious one for a newspaper to win . As with other Pulitzer Prizes , a committee of jurors narrows the field to three nominees , from which the Pulitzer Board generally picks a winner and finalists . Finalists have been made public since 1980 . The Pulitzer Board issues an official citation explaining the reason for the award . |
Quay_Bar | Quay Bar was a building situated next to the Bridgewater Canal basin in Castlefield , Manchester . It was designed by architects Stephenson Bell ( now stephenson STUDIO ) for their client Wolverhampton & Dudley Brewery ( better known as Banks ) . Shortly after completion in 1998 , the building won a number of awards , including an MSA Design Award , RIBA Award and the Manchester Civic Society Award . It was also shortlisted for the prestigious Stirling Prize . With competing bars and restaurants opening closer to the city centre , particularly the popular Deansgate Locks , Quay Bar faced difficulties in attracting the same crowds it achieved when it first opened . The bar closed in 2003 . It was bought by Urban Splash who rebranded it as the rather short-lived Modo Clubroom , and was subsequently let out on an occasional basis to Vietnamese military themed bar operator Canteena . The building became vacant in 2005 , subsequently falling into disrepair . During 2006-07 it became notorious for its use by drug addicts , suffering a number of arson attacks and prompting calls for its demolition . As of November 2007 the building has been demolished , due to its dilapidation and frequent vandalism . |
Post-captain | Post-captain is an obsolete alternative form of the rank of captain in the Royal Navy . The term served to distinguish those who were captains by rank from : Officers in command of a naval vessel , who were ( and still are ) addressed as captain regardless of rank ; Commanders , who received the title of captain as a courtesy , whether they currently had a command or not ( e.g. the fictional Captain Jack Aubrey in Master and Commander or the fictional Captain Horatio Hornblower in Hornblower and the Hotspur ) ; this custom is now defunct . In the Royal Navy of the time , an officer might be promoted from commander to captain , but not have a command . Until the officer obtained a command , he was `` on the beach '' and on half-pay . An officer `` took post '' or was `` made post '' when he was first commissioned to command a rated vessel -- that is , a ship too important to be commanded by a mere commander . Usually this was a rated vessel , but was occasionally an unrated one . Once a captain was given a command , his name was `` posted '' in The London Gazette . Being `` made post '' is portrayed as the most crucial event in an officer 's career in both Forester 's Horatio Hornblower series and O'Brian 's Aubrey-Maturin series . Once an officer was promoted to post-captain , further promotion was strictly by seniority ; if he could avoid death or disgrace , he would eventually become an admiral ( even if only a yellow admiral ) . A junior post-captain would usually command a frigate or a comparable ship , while more senior post-captains would command larger ships . An exception to this rule was that a very junior post-captain could be posted to command an admiral 's flagship , which was almost always a large ship of the line . The admiral would usually do this to keep his most junior captain under close observation and subject to his direct supervision . Captains commanding an admiral 's flagship were called `` flag captains '' . One example of this is the appointment of Alexander Hood to the command of HMS Barfleur , flagship of his brother , Admiral Sir Samuel Hood . Sometimes , a high-ranking admiral would have two post-captains on his flagship . The junior would serve as the flag captain and retain responsibility for the day-to-day operation of the vessel . The senior would be the fleet captain , or `` captain of the fleet '' , and would serve as the admiral 's chief-of-staff . These two captains would be listed in the ship 's roll as the `` second captain '' and `` first captain '' , respectively . After 1795 , when they were first introduced on Royal Navy uniforms , the number and position of epaulettes distinguished between commanders and post-captains of various seniorities . A commander wore a single epaulette on the left shoulder . A post-captain with less than three years seniority wore a single epaulette on the right shoulder , and a post-captain with three or more years seniority wore an epaulette on each shoulder . ( National Maritime Museum Uniform Collection , see below . ) In the O'Brian series , Aubrey `` wets the swab '' -- that is , he celebrates his promotion to commander and the acquisition of his `` swab '' or epaulette with the consumption of copious amounts of alcohol . Note that the term was descriptive only : no-one was ever styled `` Post-Captain John Smith '' . |
Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bermuda | Bermuda , a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean , was previously uninhabited when the British established a settlement in 1612 . |
Pompeia_Paulina | Pompeia Paulina ( -LSB- pɒmˈpiːə , _ - ˈpeɪə , _ pɔːˈlaɪnə -RSB- ) was the wife of the statesman , philosopher , and orator Lucius Annaeus Seneca , and she was part of a circle of educated Romans who sought to lead a principled life under the emperor Nero . Her husband was the emperor 's tutor and later became his political adviser and minister . In 65 CE Nero demanded that Seneca commit suicide , having accused Seneca of taking part in the Pisonian conspiracy against him . |
Presidential_proclamation | A presidential proclamation is a statement issued by a president on a matter of public policy . They are generally defined as , `` The act of causing some state matters to be published or made generally known . A written or printed document in which are contained such matters , issued by proper authority ; as the president 's proclamation , the governor 's , the mayor 's proclamation . '' In the United States , the President 's proclamation does not have the force of law , unless authorized by Congress . If Congress were to pass an act , which would take effect upon the happening of a contingent event , and subsequently the President proclaimed that the event happened , then the proclamation would have the force of law . Generally , there are two types of proclamations issued by the U.S. President , `` ceremonial '' , which designate special observances or celebrate national holidays , and `` substantive '' , which usually relates to the conduct of foreign affairs and other sworn executive duties . These may be , but are not limited to , matters of international trade , the execution of set export controls , the establishment of tariffs , or the reservation of federal lands for the benefit of the public in some manner . Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical tool for policy making because they are considered to be largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature . The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute , making them `` delegated unilateral powers '' . Their issuances have on occasion led to important political and historical consequences in the development of the United States . George Washington 's Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 and Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 are some of America 's most famous presidential proclamations in this regard . The legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance . Other more recent policy-based proclamations have also made a substantial impact on economic and domestic policy , including Bill Clinton 's declaration of federal lands for national monuments and George W. Bush 's declaration of the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina as disaster areas . Proclamations are also used , often contentiously , to grant presidential pardons . Recent notable pardon proclamations are Gerald Ford 's pardon of former President Richard Nixon ( 1974 ) , Jimmy Carter 's pardon of Vietnam War draft evaders ( 1977 ) and George W. Bush 's clemency of Lewis `` Scooter '' Libby 's prison sentence ( 2007 ) . Although less significant in terms of public policy , proclamations are also used ceremonially by presidents to honor a group or situation or to call attention to certain issues or events . For instance , President George H. W. Bush issued a proclamation to honor veterans of World War II and Ronald Reagan called attention to the health of the nation 's eyes by proclaiming a `` Save Your Vision Week '' . |
Putney_Swope | Putney Swope , a 1969 satirical comedy film written and directed by Robert Downey Sr. and starring Arnold Johnson as Swope , is a comedy satirizing the advertising world , the portrayal of race in Hollywood films , the white power structure , and the nature of corporate corruption . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . |
Psychobabble | Psychobabble ( a portmanteau of `` psychology '' or `` psychoanalysis '' and `` babble '' ) is a form of speech or writing that uses psychological jargon , buzzwords , and esoteric language to create an impression of truth or plausibility . The term implies that the speaker or writer lacks the experience and understanding necessary for the proper use of psychological terms . Additionally , it may imply that the content of speech deviates markedly from common sense and good judgement . Some buzzwords that are commonly heard in psychobabble have come into widespread use in business management , motivational seminars , self-help , folk psychology , and popular psychology . Frequent use of psychobabble can associate a clinical , psychological word with meaningless , or less meaningful , buzzword definitions . Laypersons often use such words when they describe life problems as clinical maladies even though the clinical terms are not meaningful or appropriate . Most professions develop a unique vocabulary which , with frequent use , may become commonplace buzzwords . Professional psychologists may reject the `` psychobabble '' label when it is applied to their own special terminology . The allusions to psychobabble imply that some psychological concepts lack precision and have become meaningless or pseudoscientific , |
Pound_Puppies_(film) | The Pound Puppies is an animated television special , produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions , based on the popular toy line from Tonka , which aired in syndication on October 26 , 1985 , paired with Star Fairies . Characters in the special included the Fonzie-styled leader Cooler ( voiced by Dan Gilvezan ) , the cheerleader Bright Eyes ( voiced by Adrienne Alexander ) , and a dog with a very nasal like New York accent known only as `` The Nose '' ( voiced by Joanne Worley ) , and the goofy inventor aptly named Howler ( voiced by Frank Welker ) , who can only howl . |
Psychographic | Psychographics is the study of personality , values , opinions , attitudes , interests , and lifestyles . Because this area of research focuses on interests , attitudes , and opinions , psychographic factors are also called IAO variables . Psychographic studies of individuals or communities can be valuable in the fields of marketing , demographics , opinion research , prediction , and social research in general . They can be contrasted with demographic variables ( such as age and gender ) , behavioral variables ( such as usage rate or loyalty ) , and organizational demographics variables ( sometimes called firmographic variables ) , such as industry , number of employees , and functional area . Psychographics is often confused with demographics , where historical generations may be defined both by demographics , such as the years in which a particular generation is born or even the fertility rates of that generation 's parents , but also by psychographic variables like attitudes , personality formation , and cultural touchstones . For example , the traditional approaches to defining the Baby Boom Generation or Generation X or Millennials have relied on both demographic variables ( classifying individuals based on birth years ) and psychographic variables ( such as beliefs , attitudes , values and behaviors ) . When a relatively complete profile of a person or group 's psychographic make-up is constructed , this is called a `` psychographic profile '' . Psychographic profiles are used in market segmentation as well as in advertising . Some categories of psychographic factors used in market segmentation include : activity , interest , opinion ( AIOs ) attitudes values behavior Psychographics can also be seen as an equivalent of the concept of `` culture '' when it is used for segmentation at a national level . |
Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama | The Pulitzer Prize for Drama is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters , Drama , and Music . It is one of the original Pulitzers , for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes , four of which were awarded that year . ( No Drama prize was given , however , so that one was inaugurated 1918 in a sense . ) It recognizes a theatrical work staged in the U.S. during the preceding calendar year . Through 2006 the Drama Prize was unlike the majority of the other Pulitzer Prizes : during these years , the eligibility period for the drama prize ran from March 2 to March 1 , to reflect the Broadway ` season ' rather than the calendar year . The decision was made , however , that the 2007 Prize would consider works staged during an eligibility period of January 1 to December 31 , 2006 -- thus bringing the schedule for the Drama Prize in line with those of the other prizes . The drama jury , which consists of one academic and four critics , attends plays in New York and in regional theaters . The Pulitzer board has the authority to overrule the jury 's choice , however , as happened in 1986 when the jury chose the CIVIL warS to receive the prize , but due to the board 's opposition no award was given . In 1955 Joseph Pulitzer , Jr. pressured the prize jury into presenting the Prize to Cat on a Hot Tin Roof , which the jury considered the weakest of the five shortlisted nominees ( `` amateurishly constructed ... from the stylistic points of view annoyingly pretentious '' ) , instead of Clifford Odets ' The Flowering Peach ( their preferred choice ) or The Bad Seed , their second choice . Edward Albee 's Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that award 's committee . However , the committee 's selection was overruled by the award 's advisory board , the trustees of Columbia University , because of the play 's then-controversial use of profanity and sexual themes . Had Albee been awarded , he would be tied with Eugene O'Neill for the most Pulitzer Prizes for Drama ( four ) . |
Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland | The presidencies of Grover Cleveland lasted from March 4 , 1885 to March 4 , 1889 , and from March 4 , 1893 to March 4 , 1897 . The first Democrat elected after the Civil War , Grover Cleveland is the only President of the United States to leave office after one term and later return for a second term . His presidencies were the nation 's 22nd and 24th . Cleveland defeated James G. Blaine of Maine in 1884 , lost to Benjamin Harrison of Indiana in 1888 , and then defeated President Harrison in 1892 . Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs , Free Silver , inflation , imperialism , and subsidies to business , farmers , or veterans . His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era . Cleveland won praise for his honesty , self-reliance , integrity , and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism . He relentlessly fought political corruption , patronage , and bossism . As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party , called `` Mugwumps '' , largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his support in the 1884 election . Cleveland , a bachelor when he became President in 1885 , married Frances Folsom in the Blue Room at the White House on June 2 , 1886 ; he is the only President married in the White House . As his second presidency began , disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depression . In the midterm elections of 1894 , Cleveland 's failure to deal with the depression instigated the greatest realignment of voters since the Civil War . It also opened the way for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the Democratic Party and the election of Republican William McKinley as president in the 1896 presidential election . Cleveland was a formidable policymaker , and he also drew corresponding criticism . His intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 to keep the railroads moving angered labor unions nationwide in addition to the party in Illinois ; his support of the gold standard and opposition to Free Silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party . Critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation 's economic disasters -- depressions and strikes -- in his second term . Even so , his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term . Biographer Allan Nevins wrote : '' -LSB- I -RSB- n Grover Cleveland the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities . He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have . He possessed honesty , courage , firmness , independence , and common sense . But he possessed them to a degree other men do not . '' Today , Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader , generally ranked among the second quartile of American presidents . |
Ponderosa_Stomp | The Ponderosa Stomp is an annual American roots music festival dedicated to `` recognizing the architects of rock-n-roll , blues , jazz , country , swamp pop and soul music '' . Founded in New Orleans in 2002 and produced by the non-profit Mystic Knights of the Mau Mau ( MK Charities , Inc & Ponderosa Stomp Foundation ) , a 501 ( c ) 3 cultural organization dedicated to preserving and presenting the history of American roots music . The Festival now takes place in New Orleans in September of each year , having formerly been held in between two weekends of New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival . The first Festival was held at the Fine Arts Center in New Orleans ' Garden District . The next three Festivals took place at the Mid City Rock n ' Bowl . In 2006 , it temporarily moved to Memphis due to the effect of Hurricane Katrina . The Festival moved back to New Orleans the following year and was held at the House of Blues in the French Quarter . The 2011 Stomp is being held in September at the Howlin Wolf club in New Orleans . The Festival was named after a song by Lazy Lester who also has appeared at the Festival . The Ponderosa Stomp Foundation organizes varied programming , ranging from music education initiatives in public schools and museums to the signature annual concert event , The Ponderosa Stomp . It is a project of MK Charities , Inc. a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) , non-profit educational organization . The 7th annual Ponderosa Stomp took place on April 29 and 30 , 2008 at the House of Blues . |
Pusha_T | Terrence LeVarr Thornton ( born May 13 , 1977 ) , better known by his stage name Pusha T , is an American rapper . He initially gained major recognition as one-half of hip hop duo Clipse , alongside his brother Gene `` No Malice '' Thornton , with whom he founded Re-Up Records . In September 2010 , Thornton announced his signing to Kanye West 's GOOD Music imprint , under the aegis of Def Jam Recordings . In March 2011 , he released his first solo project , a mixtape titled Fear of God . Thornton released his debut solo album My Name Is My Name , in October 2013 . In November 2015 , Kanye West appointed Pusha T to take over his role as president of GOOD Music . |
Quentin_Tarantino | Quentin Jerome Tarantino ( -LSB- ˌtærənˈtiːnoʊ -RSB- born March 27 , 1963 ) is an American director , writer , and actor . His films are characterized by nonlinear storylines , satirical subject matter , an aestheticization of violence , extended scenes of dialogue , ensemble casts consisting of established and lesser-known performers , references to popular culture , soundtracks primarily containing songs and score pieces from the 1960s to the 1980s , and features of neo-noir film . He is widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers of his generation . His career began in the late 1980s , when he wrote and directed My Best Friend 's Birthday , the screenplay of which formed the basis for True Romance . In the early 1990s , he began his career as an independent filmmaker with the release of Reservoir Dogs in 1992 ; regarded as a classic and cult hit , it was called the `` Greatest Independent Film of All Time '' by Empire . Its popularity was boosted by his second film , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences . Judged the greatest film from 1983 -- 2008 by Entertainment Weekly , many critics and scholars have named it one of the most significant works of modern cinema . For his next effort , Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch . Kill Bill , a highly stylized `` revenge flick '' in the cinematic traditions of Kung fu films , Japanese martial arts , Spaghetti Westerns and Italian horror , followed six years later , and was released as two films : Volume 1 in 2003 and Volume 2 in 2004 . Tarantino directed Death Proof ( 2007 ) as part of a double feature with friend Robert Rodriguez , under the collective title Grindhouse . His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds , which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germany 's political leadership , was released in 2009 to positive reviews . After that came 2012 's critically acclaimed Django Unchained , a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South . It became the highest-grossing film of his career so far , making over $ 425 million at the box office . His eighth film , the mystery Western The Hateful Eight , was released in its roadshow version December 25 , 2015 , in 70 mm film format , complete with opening `` overture '' and halfway-point intermission , after the fashion of big-budget films of the 1960s and early 1970s . Tarantino 's films have garnered both critical and commercial success . He has received many industry awards , including two Academy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , two BAFTA Awards and the Palme d'Or , and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy . He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005 . Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him `` the single most influential director of his generation '' . In December 2015 , Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry . |
Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush | The presidency of George H. W. Bush began on January 20 , 1989 , at noon Eastern Standard Time , when George H. W. Bush was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on January 20 , 1993 . Bush , a Republican , and incumbent Vice President of the United States , took office after a landslide victory over Democrat Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential election . He was the first sitting vice president to be elected president since Martin Van Buren in 1836 . Later , Bush , the 41st United States president , and his oldest son , George W. Bush , the country 's 43rd ( 2001 -- 2009 ) , would become only the second father and son pair to become president . ( John Adams and John Quincy Adams were the first . ) Bush was denied a second term in the 1992 presidential election , which was won by Democrat Bill Clinton . International affairs drove the Bush presidency . Bush helped the country navigate the end of the Cold War and a new era of U.S. -- Soviet relations . After the Fall of the Berlin Wall , Bush successfully pushed for the reunification of Germany . He also led an international coalition of countries which forced Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait in the Gulf War , and undertook a U.S. military invasion of Panama . Though it was not ratified until after his presidency , Bush signed the North American Free Trade Agreement , which created a trilateral trade bloc consisting of the United States , Canada , and Mexico . From the beginning of his term , Bush faced the problem of what to do about the federal budget debt . At $ 2.8 trillion in 1990 , the deficit had grown to three times larger than it was in 1980 . Bush was dedicated to curbing the deficit , believing that America could not continue to be a leader in the world without doing so . He began an effort to persuade the Democratic controlled Congress to act on the budget ; with Republicans believing that the best way was to cut government spending , and Democrats convinced that the only way would be to raise taxes , consensus building proved difficult . Ultimately , Bush had no choice but to compromise with Congress , and to renege on his 1988 `` no new taxes '' campaign promise . He also had to address the continuing Savings and Loans industry crisis , which proved equally contentious . Now , two decades after his presidency , there is a consensus across much of the political spectrum that Bush was a president of some consequence , a man of conscience and reason , a steady hand at a time of geopolitical instability . A 2014 survey of 162 members of the American Political Science Association 's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Bush 17th among the 43 individuals who had at that time been president , immediately beneath James Monroe and above Barack Obama . Respondents also identified him ( along with Dwight Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman ) as the most underrated president . |
Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Writing | The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism . It has been awarded since 1917 for distinguished editorial writing , the test of excellence being clearness of style , moral purpose , sound reasoning , and power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction . Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers , for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes , four of which were awarded that year . The program has also recognized opinion journalism with its Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning from 1922 . Finalists have been announced from 1980 , ordinarily two others beside the winner . One person ordinarily wins the award for work with one newspaper or with affiliated papers , and that was true without exception between 1936 ( the only time two prizes were given ) and 1977 . In the early years , several newspapers were recognized without naming any writer , and that has occasionally happened recently . Several times from 1977 , two or three people have shared the award for their work with one paper . |
Purgatorio | Purgatorio ( -LSB- purɡaˈtɔːrjo -RSB- ; Italian for `` Purgatory '' ) is the second part of Dante 's Divine Comedy , following the Inferno , and preceding the Paradiso . The poem was written in the early 14th century . It is an allegory telling of the climb of Dante up the Mount of Purgatory , guided by the Roman poet Virgil , except for the last four cantos at which point Beatrice takes over as Dante 's guide . Purgatory in the poem is depicted as a mountain in the Southern Hemisphere , consisting of a bottom section ( Ante-Purgatory ) , seven levels of suffering and spiritual growth ( associated with the seven deadly sins ) , and finally the Earthly Paradise at the top . Allegorically , the Purgatorio represents the penitent Christian life . In describing the climb Dante discusses the nature of sin , examples of vice and virtue , as well as moral issues in politics and in the Church . The poem outlines a theory that all sins arise from love -- either perverted love directed towards others ' harm , or deficient love , or the disordered or excessive love of good things . |
Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome | Prostitution in Ancient Rome was legal and licensed . In Ancient Rome , even Roman men of the highest social status were free to engage prostitutes of either sex without incurring moral disapproval , as long as they demonstrated self-control and moderation in the frequency and enjoyment of sex . At the same time , the prostitutes themselves were considered shameful : most were either slaves or former slaves , or if free by birth relegated to the infames , people utterly lacking in social standing and deprived of most protections accorded to citizens under Roman law , a status they shared with actors and gladiators , all of whom , however , exerted sexual allure . Some large brothels in the 4th century , when Rome was becoming officially Christianized , seem to have been counted as tourist attractions and were possibly even state-owned . Latin literature makes frequent reference to prostitutes . Historians such as Livy and Tacitus mention prostitutes who had acquired some degree of respectability through patriotic , law-biding , or euergetic behavior . The high-class `` call girl '' ( meretrix ) is a stock character in Plautus 's comedies , which were influenced by Greek models . The poems of Catullus , Horace , Ovid , Martial , and Juvenal , as well the Satyricon of Petronius , offer fictional or satiric glimpses of prostitutes . Real-world practices are documented by provisions of Roman law that regulate prostitution , and by inscriptions , especially graffiti from Pompeii . Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum from sites presumed to be brothels has also contributed to scholarly views on prostitution . |
Pro_Wrestling_Guerrilla | Pro Wrestling Guerrilla ( PWG ) is an American independent professional wrestling promotion that is run by wrestlers themselves as it was created by Southern California wrestlers Disco Machine , Excalibur , Joey Ryan , Scott Lost , Super Dragon , and Top Gun Talwar . Since then , Disco , Talwar and Lost have retired and left the company . Since 2007 , Excalibur has been the head play-by-play commentator , with a rotation of wrestlers on color commentary . The promotion debuted on July 26 , 2003 , and is known for its unique mixes of humor and professional wrestling as well as their over the top press releases and show titles , such as Kee _ The _ ee Out of Our _ ool ! , Taste the Radness , Free Admission ( Just Kidding ) , Straight to DVD , Steen Wolf , Black Cole Sun , From Parts Well Known , and Matt Rushmore . In 2016 , Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter called PWG `` the best wrestling in North America '' . |
Question_authority | `` Question authority '' is a popular slogan often used on bumper stickers , T-shirts and as graffiti . The slogan was popularized by controversial psychologist Timothy Leary , although some people have suggested that the idea behind the slogan can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates . One of the most influential icons in the counterculture movement which formed in the late 1960s out of opposition to the Vietnam War 's escalation , Leary gained influence among much of the youth by advocating the use of Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) -- which was criminalized in the United States in 1966 -- as a way to escape from the burdens of society . Following the Watergate Scandal , which resulted in the resignation of US President Richard Nixon and the conviction of several officials in the Nixon administration , the slogan became arguably the most accepted form of ideology among baby boomers . It is intended to encourage people to avoid fallacious appeals to authority . The term has always symbolized the necessity of paying attention to the rules and regulations promulgated by a government unto its citizenry . However , psychologists have also criticized Leary 's method of questioning authority and have argued that it resulted in widespread dysfunctionality . In their book Question Authority , Think For Yourself , psychologists Beverly Potter and Mark Estren alleged that the practice of Leary 's philosophy enhances a person 's self-interest and greatly weakens the ability to cooperate with others . Psychiatrist Robert Coles also described the practice of Leary 's philosophy as `` dangerous '' and `` destructive '' behavior . |
Queen_II | Queen II is the second studio album by the British rock band Queen , released on 8 March 1974 by EMI Records at midnight in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States . It was recorded at Trident Studios and Langham 1 Studios , London from February to August 1973 with co-producers Roy Thomas Baker and Robin Cable , and engineered by Mike Stone . The album is notable for its combination of a heavy rock sound with an art rock sensibility . It has been called `` a pillar of grandiose , assaultive hard rock '' by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Queen II is not a concept album but a collection of songs with a loose theme running throughout . The two sides of the original LP were labelled `` Side White '' and `` Side Black '' ( instead of the conventional sides `` A '' and `` B '' ) , with corresponding photos of the band dressed in white or in black on either side of the record 's label face . The white side has songs with a more emotional theme and the black side is almost entirely about fantasy , often with quite dark themes . Mick Rock 's album cover photograph was frequently re-used by the band throughout its career , most notably in the music videos for the songs `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) , and `` One Vision '' ( 1985 ) it was also used as the cover to `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in the United Kingdom . Released to an initially mixed critical reception , Queen II remains one of the band 's lesser-known albums . Nonetheless , the album has retained a cult following since its release , has garnered praise from other musicians such as Axl Rose , Steve Vai and Billy Corgan , and is significant in being the first album to contain elements of the band 's signature sound of multi-layered overdubs , vocal harmonies , and varied musical styles . |
Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan | The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20 , 1981 , when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on January 20 , 1989 . Reagan , a Republican , took office as the 40th United States president following a landslide win over Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election . Reagan was succeeded by his vice president , George H. W. Bush , who won the 1988 presidential election with Reagan 's support . Domestically , Reagan introduced several tax cuts and sought to cut non-military spending . The economic policies enacted in 1981 , known as `` Reaganomics '' , were inspired by supply-side economics . The Tax Reform Act of 1986 simplified the tax code , reducing rates while removing several tax breaks . Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president , including four Supreme Court Justices . Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 , which enacted sweeping changes U.S. immigration law , and the administration escalated the `` War on Drugs '' . Reagan 's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist ; its plan of action , known as the Reagan Doctrine , sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War . Under this doctrine , the administration initiated a massive buildup of the military , promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems , and , in 1983 , undertook an invasion of Grenada , the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War . It also controversially granted aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments , particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan . During Reagan 's second term , he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , and the two leaders signed the INF Treaty , a major arms control agreement . The Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran in order to fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their socialist government . The resulting Iran -- Contra affair resulted in the conviction or resignation of several administration officials . Leaving office in 1989 , Reagan held an approval rating of sixty-eight percent , matching those of Franklin D. Roosevelt , and later Bill Clinton , as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era . Historians and political scientists generally rank Reagan as an above-average president . Due to Reagan 's impact on public discourse and advocacy of American conservatism , some historians have described the period during and after his presidency as the Reagan Era . |
Press_Cuttings | Press Cuttings ( 1909 ) , subtitled `` A Topical Sketch Compiled from the Editorial and Correspondence Columns of the Daily Papers '' is a play by George Bernard Shaw . It is a farcical comedy about the suffragettes ' campaign for votes for women in Britain . The play is a departure from Shaw 's earlier Ibsenesque dramas on social issues . Shaw 's own pro-feminist views are never articulated by characters in the play , but instead it ridicules the arguments of the anti-suffrage campaigners . Written in 1909 , the play is set three years in the then future , on April Fool 's Day 1912 , by which date the actions of the suffragettes are imagined to have led the government to declare martial law in central London . Because of potentially libellous satire of real politicians , the play was originally censored in Britain , but was soon performed in public with minor alterations . |
Project_Blue_Book | Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of unidentified flying objects ( UFOs ) conducted by the United States Air Force . It started in 1952 , and it was the third study of its kind ( the first two were projects Sign ( 1947 ) and Grudge ( 1949 ) ) . A termination order was given for the study in December 1969 , and all activity under its auspices ceased in January 1970 . Project Blue Book had two goals : To determine if UFOs were a threat to national security , and To scientifically analyze UFO-related data . Thousands of UFO reports were collected , analyzed and filed . As the result of the Condon Report ( 1968 ) , which concluded there was nothing anomalous about UFOs , Project Blue Book was ordered shut down in December 1969 and the Air Force continues to provide the following summary of its investigations : By the time Project Blue Book ended , it had collected 12,618 UFO reports , and concluded that most of them were misidentifications of natural phenomena ( clouds , stars , etc. ) or conventional aircraft . According to the National Reconnaissance Office a number of the reports could be explained by flights of the formerly secret reconnaissance planes U-2 and A-12 . A small percentage of UFO reports were classified as unexplained , even after stringent analysis . The UFO reports were archived and are available under the Freedom of Information Act , but names and other personal information of all witnesses have been redacted . |
Proposed_redefinition_of_SI_base_units | A committee of the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) has proposed revised formal definitions of the SI base units , which are being examined by the CIPM and which are expected to be adopted at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) on 16 November 2018 . The metric system was originally conceived as a system of measurement that was derivable from nature . When the metric system was first introduced in France in 1799 technical limitations necessitated the use of artefacts such as the prototype metre and prototype kilogram . In 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of light from a specified source , making it derivable from nature , leaving the kilogram as the only unit still defined by an artefact . If the proposed redefinition is accepted , the metric system ( SI ) will , for the first time , be wholly derivable from nature . The proposal can be summarised as follows : Further details are found in the draft chapter of the Ninth SI Units Brochure . The last major overhaul of the metric system was in 1960 when the International System of Units ( SI ) was formally published as a coherent set of units of measure . SI is structured around seven base units that have apparently `` arbitrary '' definitions and another twenty units that are derived from these base units . Although the set of units form a coherent system , the definitions do not . The proposal before the CIPM seeks to remedy this by using the fundamental quantities of nature as the basis for deriving the base units . This will mean , amongst other things , that the prototype kilogram will cease to be used as the definitive replica of the kilogram . The second and the metre are already defined in such a manner . A number of authors have published criticisms of the revised definitions -- in particular that proposal had failed to address the impact of breaking the link between the mole and the kilogram , the dalton and the unified atomic mass unit , and the Avogadro constant and Avogadro 's number . |
Pour_que_tu_m'aimes_encore | `` Pour que tu m ` aimes encore '' ( English : `` So That You 'll Love Me Again '' ) ( sometimes shortened to `` Tu m ` aimes encore '' ) is the first hit single from album D'eux by Celine Dion . It was released on 13 March 1995 in Francophone countries and in September 1995 in other European countries . In Canada it was a radio only release . The song was also released in Japan in October 1996 . According to Dion , herself , it is the biggest song of her French career . Dion also recorded the song in English as `` If That 's What it Takes '' which was featured on her 1996 album , Falling into You . |
Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion) | Project Orion was a study of a spacecraft intended to be directly propelled by a series of explosions of atomic bombs behind the craft ( nuclear pulse propulsion ) . Early versions of this vehicle were proposed to take off from the ground with significant associated nuclear fallout ; later versions were presented for use only in space . The idea of rocket propulsion by combustion of explosive substance was first proposed by Russian explosives expert Nikolai Kibalchich in 1881 , and in 1891 similar ideas were developed independently by German engineer Hermann Ganswindt . General proposals of nuclear propulsion were first made by Stanislaw Ulam in 1946 , and preliminary calculations were made by F. Reines and Ulam in a Los Alamos memorandum dated 1947 . The actual project , initiated in 1958 , was led by Ted Taylor at General Atomics and physicist Freeman Dyson , who at Taylor 's request took a year away from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton to work on the project . The Orion concept offered high thrust and high specific impulse , or propellant efficiency , at the same time . The unprecedented extreme power requirements for doing so would be met by nuclear explosions , of such power relative to the vehicle 's mass as to be survived only by using external detonations without attempting to contain them in internal structures . As a qualitative comparison , traditional chemical rockets -- such as the Saturn V that took the Apollo program to the Moon -- produce high thrust with low specific impulse , whereas electric ion engines produce a small amount of thrust very efficiently . Orion would have offered performance greater than the most advanced conventional or nuclear rocket engines then under consideration . Supporters of Project Orion felt that it had potential for cheap interplanetary travel , but it lost political approval over concerns with fallout from its propulsion . The Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 is generally acknowledged to have ended the project . However , from Project Longshot to Project Daedalus , Mini-Mag Orion , and other proposals which reach engineering analysis at the level of considering thermal power dissipation , the principle of external nuclear pulse propulsion to maximize survivable power has remained common among serious concepts for interstellar flight without external power beaming and for very high-performance interplanetary flight . Such later proposals have tended to modify the basic principle by envisioning equipment driving detonation of much smaller fission or fusion pellets , although in contrast Project Orion 's larger nuclear pulse units ( nuclear bombs ) were based on less speculative technology . To Mars by A-Bomb : The Secret History of Project Orion was a 2003 BBC documentary film about the project . |
Printer_(computing) | In computing , a printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media . The first computer printer design was a mechanically driven apparatus by Charles Babbage for his difference engine in the 19th century ; his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000 . The first electronic printer was the EP-101 , invented by Japanese company Epson and released in 1968 . The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from electric typewriters and Teletype machines The demand for higher speed led to the development of new systems specifically for computer use . In the 1980s were daisy wheel systems similar to typewriters , line printers that produced similar output but at much higher speed , and dot matrix systems that could mix text and graphics but produced relatively low-quality output . The plotter was used for those requiring high quality line art like blueprints . The introduction of the low-cost laser printer in 1984 with the first HP LaserJet , and the addition of PostScript in next year 's Apple LaserWriter , set off a revolution in printing known as desktop publishing . Laser printers using PostScript mixed text and graphics , like dot-matrix printers , but at quality levels formerly available only from commercial typesetting systems . By 1990 , most simple printing tasks like fliers and brochures were now created on personal computers and then laser printed ; expensive offset printing systems were being dumped as scrap . The HP Deskjet of 1988 offered the same advantages as laser printer in terms of flexibility , but produced somewhat lower quality output ( depending on the paper ) from much less expensive mechanisms . Inkjet systems rapidly displaced dot matrix and daisy wheel printers from the market . By the 2000s high-quality printers of this sort had fallen under the $ 100 price point and became commonplace . The rapid update of internet email through the 1990s and into the 2000s has largely displaced the need for printing as a means of moving documents , and a wide variety of reliable storage systems means that a `` physical backup '' is of little benefit today . Even the desire for printed output for `` offline reading '' while on mass transit or aircraft has been displaced by e-book readers and tablet computers . Today , traditional printers are being used more for special purposes , like printing photographs or artwork , and are no longer a must-have peripheral . Starting around 2010 , 3D printing became an area of intense interest , allowing the creation of physical objects with the same sort of effort as an early laser printer required to produce a brochure . These devices are in their earliest stages of development and have not yet become commonplace . |
Quantum_entanglement | Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle can not be described independently of the others , even when the particles are separated by a large distance -- instead , a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole . Measurements of physical properties such as position , momentum , spin , and polarization , performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated . For example , if a pair of particles are generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero , and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis , the spin of the other particle , measured on the same axis , will be found to be counterclockwise , as to be expected due to their entanglement . However , this behavior gives rise to paradoxical effects : any measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle ( e.g. , by collapsing a number of superposed states ) and will change the original quantum property by some unknown amount ; and in the case of entangled particles , such a measurement will be on the entangled system as a whole . It thus appears that one particle of an entangled pair `` knows '' what measurement has been performed on the other , and with what outcome , even though there is no known means for such information to be communicated between the particles , which at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large distances . Such phenomena were the subject of a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein , Boris Podolsky , and Nathan Rosen , and several papers by Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter , describing what came to be known as the EPR paradox . Einstein and others considered such behavior to be impossible , as it violated the local realist view of causality ( Einstein referring to it as `` spooky action at a distance '' ) and argued that the accepted formulation of quantum mechanics must therefore be incomplete . Later , however , the counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics were verified experimentally . Experiments have been performed involving measuring the polarization or spin of entangled particles in different directions , which -- by producing violations of Bell 's inequality -- demonstrate statistically that the local realist view can not be correct . This has been shown to occur even when the measurements are performed more quickly than light could travel between the sites of measurement : there is no lightspeed or slower influence that can pass between the entangled particles . Recent experiments have measured entangled particles within less than one hundredth of a percent of the travel time of light between them . According to the formalism of quantum theory , the effect of measurement happens instantly . It is not possible , however , to use this effect to transmit classical information at faster-than-light speeds ( see Faster-than-light § Quantum mechanics ) . Quantum entanglement is an area of extremely active research by the physics community , and its effects have been demonstrated experimentally with photons , neutrinos , electrons , molecules the size of buckyballs , and even small diamonds . Research is also focused on the utilization of entanglement effects in communication and computation . |
Pre-Code_Hollywood | Pre-Code Hollywood refers to the brief era in the American film industry between the introduction of sound pictures in 1929 and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines , popularly known as the `` Hays Code '' , in mid-1934 . Although the Code was adopted in 1930 , oversight was poor and it did not become rigorously enforced until July 1 , 1934 , with the establishment of the Production Code Administration ( PCA ) . Before that date , movie content was restricted more by local laws , negotiations between the Studio Relations Committee ( SRC ) and the major studios , and popular opinion , than strict adherence to the Hays Code , which was often ignored by Hollywood filmmakers . As a result , films in the late 1920s and early 1930s included depictions of sexual innuendo , miscegenation , profanity , illegal drug use , promiscuity , prostitution , infidelity , abortion , intense violence , and homosexuality . Strong female characters were ubiquitous in such pre-Code films as Female , Baby Face , and Red-Headed Woman . Gangsters in films like The Public Enemy , Little Caesar , and Scarface were seen by many as heroic rather than evil . Along with featuring stronger female characters , films examined female subject matters that would not be revisited until decades later in US films . Nefarious characters were seen to profit from their deeds , in some cases without significant repercussions , and drug use was a topic of several films . Many of Hollywood 's biggest stars such as Clark Gable , Barbara Stanwyck , Joan Blondell and Edward G. Robinson got their start in the era . Other stars who excelled during this period , however , like Ruth Chatterton ( who decamped to England ) and Warren William ( the so-called `` king of Pre-Code '' , who died in 1948 ) , would wind up essentially forgotten by the general public within a generation . Beginning in late 1933 and escalating throughout the first half of 1934 , American Roman Catholics launched a campaign against what they deemed the immorality of American cinema . This , plus a potential government takeover of film censorship and social research seeming to indicate that movies which were seen to be immoral could promote bad behavior , was enough pressure to force the studios to capitulate to greater oversight . |
President | A president is the leader of a state ( or `` country '' ) or a division thereof , typically a republic , a democracy , or a dictatorship . `` President '' today is a common title for the heads of state of most republics , whether presidential republics , semi-presidential republics or parliamentary republics . Etymologically , a president is one who presides ( from Latin prae - `` before '' + sedere `` to sit '' ; giving the term praeses ) . |
Quadrophonia | Quadrophonia were a Dutch/Belgian techno music collective , formed by Olivier Abbeloos ( also known as part of T99 ) and Lucien Foort in the late 1980s , with several of their tracks performed by Marvin D ( Marvin Tholen ) . They had two Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom . `` Quadrophonia '' , which reached # 14 in April 1991 , followed by `` The Wave Of The Future '' , which charted at # 40 in July of the same year . Three of their other singles were `` Find the Time ( Part 1 ) '' , `` Schizofrenia - The Worst Day Of My Life '' and `` The Man With the Masterplan '' , all three of which were not successful . Later in the year the group released their only album , Cozmic Jam . Following their work in 1991 and 1992 , Quadrophonia went on to release three more singles in 1993 . They were `` Intergalactic Crosstalk ( Amazonia ) '' , `` Moondance '' and `` Warp Factor One '' ; as well as a couple of remix singles in 1997 and 1998 , called `` Quadrophonia '97 ( Remixes Part 1 ) '' and `` Quadrophonia '98 ( Remixes Part 2 ) '' . Quadrophonia also recorded under the aliases CMOS , Holographic Hallucination , and Warp Factor 1 ( as well as Orion on one white label release ) . Marvin D ultimately introduced his friend Ray Slijngaard to Phil Wilde and Jean-Paul de Coster , who together with Anita Doth later formed 2 Unlimited . |
Quatermass_(TV_serial_and_film) | Quatermass ( also known as The Quatermass Conclusion or Quatermass IV ) is a British television science fiction serial produced by Euston Films for Thames Television and broadcast on the ITV network in October and November 1979 . Like its three predecessors , Quatermass was written by Nigel Kneale . It is the fourth and final television serial to feature the character of Professor Bernard Quatermass . In this version , the character is played by John Mills . Influenced by the social and geopolitical situation of the early 1970s and the hippie youth movement of the late 1960s , Quatermass is set in a near future in which large numbers of young people are joining a cult , the `` Planet People '' , and gathering at prehistoric sites , believing they will be transported to a better life on another planet . The series begins with Professor Quatermass arriving in London to look for his granddaughter , Hettie Carlson , and witnessing the destruction of two spacecraft and the disappearance of a group of Planet People at a stone circle by an unknown force . He investigates this force , believing that Hettie may be in danger . As the series progresses , it becomes apparent that the Planet People are being harvested rather than transported . Quatermass was originally conceived as a BBC production , but after they lost faith in the project , due to spiralling costs , production was halted . The scripts were taken by Euston Films and Kneale , then working for Independent Television , was commissioned to rewrite the scripts into two versions : a four-part television serial and The Quatermass Conclusion , a 100-minute film , intended for international theatrical release . |
Primal_Scream_(song) | `` Primal Scream '' is a song by the American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe . The single was released on their 1991 album Decade of Decadence 81-91 , which was the band 's first of many greatest hits compilations . The song charted at number 63 on The Billboard 200 and number 21 on the Mainstream rock charts . The album Decade of Decadence was released on October 19 , 1991 and `` Primal Scream '' was one of three newly recorded songs for the album , the other two being `` Angela '' and `` Anarchy in the U.K. '' `` Primal Scream '' features a music video . The uncensored version of the music video contained full-frontal nudity of a female dancing at the end , but that scene was edited for heavy rotation when aired on worldwide television . The song was said by Nikki Sixx himself via an AskSixx session on Twitter in October 2015 , to be written about Arthur Janov 's 1970 book `` The Primal Scream . Primal Therapy : A Cure For Neurosis . '' As well as his own childhood . Decade of Decadence also featured another single , The remix version of `` Home Sweet Home '' which was the band 's 8th and final Top 40 hit in 1991 , reaching # 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The original 1985 version only reached # 89 on the same chart . |
Qajar_dynasty | The Qajar dynasty ( ; سلسله قاجار ; also romanised as Ghajar , Kadjar , Qachar etc. ; قاجارلر Qacarlar ) was an Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin , specifically from the Qajar tribe , which ruled Persia ( Iran ) from 1785 to 1925 . The state ruled by the dynasty was officially known as the Sublime State of Iran . The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794 , deposing Lotf ` Ali Khan , the last of the Zand dynasty , and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus . In 1796 , Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease , putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty , and Mohammad Khan was formally crowned as shah after his punitive campaign against Iran 's Georgian subjects . In the Caucasus , the Qajar dynasty permanently lost many of Iran 's integral areas to the Russians over the course of the 19th century , comprising modern-day Georgia , Dagestan , Azerbaijan , and Armenia . |
Quatermass_2 | Quatermass 2 ( a.k.a. Enemy From Space in the United States ) is a 1957 black-and-white British science fiction horror film from Hammer Film Productions , produced by Anthony Hinds , directed by Val Guest , that stars Brian Donlevy , and co-stars John Longden , Sid James , Bryan Forbes , Vera Day , and William Franklyn . Quatermass 2 is a sequel to Hammer 's earlier film The Quatermass Xperiment ( 1955 ) . Like its predecessor , it is based on the BBC Television serial Quatermass II written by Nigel Kneale . Brian Donlevy reprises his role as the eponymous Professor Bernard Quatermass , making him the only actor to twice play the character on the silver screen . The storyline concerns Quatermass 's investigation of reports of hundreds of meteorites landing only in the Winnerden Flats area of the UK . His inquiries lead him to a huge industrial complex , strikingly similar to his own plans for a moon colony . This top-secret facility is in fact the centre of a conspiracy involving the alien infiltration of the highest echelons of the British Government . Quatermass and his allies must now do whatever is necessary to defeat the alien threat before it is too late . |
Queens_Club_(band) | Queens Club was an alternative rock band from Kansas City , Missouri who were signed to Tooth & Nail Records . Queens Club formed in 2007 with former members of The Chariot , Dan Eaton ( Vocals / guitar ) , and Jake Ryan ( drums ) , as well as Andy Nichols ( guitar ) and Tyler Bottles ( bass ) . The band signed to Tooth and Nail records in 2009 , and has released one EP , Nightmarer , and one full-length album Young Giant . Since signing with Tooth & Nail the band has toured with Breathe Carolina , Hyper Crush , Let 's Get It , The Forecast , Emery , Sent by Ravens , Cash Cash and Family Force 5 . The band announced their breakup in September 2011 via their Facebook Page in the midst of the creating of their new album . After losing their lead vocalist , Dan Eaton , who is pursuing his own solo career the band decided to move on . Most of the members plan on continuing in the music and art field . |
Promenade_de_la_Croisette | The Promenade de la Croisette ( -LSB- pʀɔmənad də la kʁwazɛt -RSB- ) ( or Boulevard de la Croisette ) is a prominent road in Cannes , France . It stretches along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and is about 2 km long . The Croisette is known for the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès , where the Cannes Film Festival ( Le Festival International du Film de Cannes ) is held . Many expensive shops ( Prada , Gucci , Hermes , Longchamps , Burma , Chanel , Bulgari , Louis Vuitton , Harry Winston ) , restaurants , and hotels ( such as the Carlton , Majestic , JW Marriott Cannes , and Martinez ) line the road . It goes completely along the coastline of Cannes . The Croisette is listed in the cultural heritage general inventory of France . |
Prisoner_of_the_Daleks | Prisoner of the Daleks is a BBC Books original novel written by Trevor Baxendale and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who . It features the Tenth Doctor without a companion and was released on 2 April 2009 , alongside Judgement of the Judoon and The Slitheen Excursion . |
Psychological_well-being | Psychological well-being refers to the theory that social , psychological , and physical factors contribute to an individual 's psychological well-being , contentment , and happiness Psychological well-being consists of positive relationships with others , personal mastery , autonomy , a feeling of purpose and meaning in life , and personal growth and development Psychological well-being is attained by achieving a state of balance affected by both challenging and rewarding life events . There are two approaches typically taken to understand psychological well-being . The first is to distinguish positive and negative effects , and defines optimal psychological well-being and happiness as a balance between the two . The second approach emphasizes life-satisfaction as the key indicator of psychological well-being . Three subdisciplines in psychology are critical for the study of psychological well-being . The first is developmental psychology , in which psychological well-being may be analyzed in terms of a pattern of growth across the lifespan . The second is personality psychology , in which it is possible to apply Maslow 's concept of self-actualization , Rogers ' concept of the fully functioning person , Jung 's concept of individuation , and Allport 's concept of maturity to account for psychological well-being . The third subdiscipline is abnormal psychology , in which it may be asserted that the absence of mental illness constitutes psychological well-being . |
Port_of_San_Francisco | The Port of San Francisco is a semi-independent organization run by a five-member commission , appointed by the Mayor and approved by the Board of Supervisors . The Port is responsible for managing the larger waterfront area that extends from the anchorage of the Golden Gate Bridge , along the Marina district , all the way around the north and east shores of the city of San Francisco including Fisherman 's Wharf and the Embarcadero , and southward to the city line just beyond Candlestick Point . In 1968 , the State of California via the California State Lands Commission for the State operated San Francisco Port Authority ( est. 1957 ) transferred its responsibilities for the Harbor of San Francisco waterfront to the City and County of San Francisco / San Francisco Harbor Commission through the Burton Act AB2649 . All eligible State port authority employees had the option to become employees of the City and County of San Francisco to maintain consistent operation of the Port of San Francisco . The Port of San Francisco lies on the western edge of the San Francisco Bay near the Golden Gate . It has been called one of the three great natural harbors in the world , but it took two long centuries for navigators from Spain and England to find the anchorage originally called Yerba Buena . A port , as was said in its early days , in which all the fleets of the world could find anchorage . The port area under the commission 's control comprises nearly eight miles of waterfront lands , commercial real estate and maritime piers from Hyde Street on the north to India Basin in the southeast . The list of landmarks under port control include Fisherman 's Wharf , Pier 39 , the Ferry Building , AT&T Park ( formerly SBC Park and Pacific Bell Park ) , located next to China Basin and Pier 70 at Potrero Point . Huge covered piers on piles jut out into San Francisco bay along much of the waterfront , bordered by the Embarcadero roadway . |
Project_Mercury | Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States , running from 1958 through 1963 . An early highlight of the Space Race , its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and return him safely , ideally before the Soviet Union . Taken over from the U.S. Air Force by the newly created civilian space agency NASA , it conducted twenty unmanned developmental flights ( some using animals ) , and six successful flights by astronauts . The program , which took its name from the god of travel in Roman mythology , cost $ 277 million in 1965 US dollars , and involved the work of 2 million people . The astronauts were collectively known as the `` Mercury Seven '' , and each spacecraft was given a name ending with a `` 7 '' by its pilot . The Space Race began with the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 . This came as a shock to the American public , and led to the creation of NASA to expedite existing U.S. space exploration efforts , and place most of them under civilian control . After the successful launch of the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958 , manned spaceflight became the next goal . The Soviet Union put the first human , cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin , into a single orbit aboard Vostok 1 on April 12 , 1961 . Shortly after this , on May 5 , the U.S. launched its first astronaut , Alan Shepard , on a suborbital flight . Soviet Gherman Titov followed with a day-long orbital flight in August 1961 . The U.S. reached its orbital goal on February 20 , 1962 , when John Glenn made three orbits around the Earth . When Mercury ended in May 1963 , both nations had sent six people into space , but the Soviets led the U.S. in total time spent in space . The Mercury space capsule was produced by McDonnell Aircraft , and carried supplies of water , food and oxygen for about one day in a pressurized cabin . Mercury flights were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , on launch vehicles modified from the Redstone and Atlas D missiles . The capsule was fitted with a launch escape rocket to carry it safely away from the launch vehicle in case of a failure . The flight was designed to be controlled from the ground via the Manned Space Flight Network , a system of tracking and communications stations ; back-up controls were outfitted on board . Small retrorockets were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit , after which an ablative heat shield protected it from the heat of atmospheric reentry . Finally , a parachute slowed the craft for a water landing . Both astronaut and capsule were recovered by helicopters deployed from a U.S. Navy ship . After a slow start riddled with humiliating mistakes , the Mercury project gained popularity , its missions followed by millions on radio and TV around the world . Its success laid the groundwork for Project Gemini , which carried two astronauts in each capsule and perfected space docking maneuvers essential for manned lunar landings in the subsequent Apollo program announced a few weeks after the first manned Mercury flight . |
Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton | The presidency of Bill Clinton began on January 20 , 1993 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on January 20 , 2001 . His running mate , Al Gore , took office as Vice President on the same day . Clinton , a Democrat , took office after defeating Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election . Four years later , he defeated Perot and Republican Bob Dole to win a second term . During both elections , Clinton ran as a New Democrat , and many of his administration 's policy proposals reflected his centrist , Third Way thinking . The 42nd United States president , he was the first president elected after the end of the Cold War , the first Baby Boomer to become president , and also the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to serve two full terms . He was succeeded in office by Republican George W. Bush , who won the 2000 presidential election . The nation experienced an extended period of economic prosperity during the Clinton presidency . Months into his first term , he signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 , which raised taxes and set the stage for future budget surpluses . He also signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement , a trade pact negotiated by President George H. W. Bush among the United States , Canada , and Mexico . His most ambitious legislative initiative , a plan to provide universal health care , never received a vote in Congress after strong lobbying from opponents such as the American Medical Association . Clinton 's party suffered a strong rebuke in the 1994 elections , and Republicans took control of both houses of Congress for the first time since the 1950s . The `` Republican Revolution , '' as the 1994 elections came to be known , empowered Congressional Republicans led by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich to propose several conservative policies . While Clinton vetoed many of these policies , he also signed some , including the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act . After disagreements with Congressional Republicans led to two shutdowns of the federal government between 1995 and 1996 . In foreign policy , Clinton 's first term saw American interventions in Haiti and the Balkans and an emphasis on the peace processes in the Arab-Israeli Conflict and Ireland . Clinton also appointed two Supreme Court Justices : Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer . Clinton 's second term saw the first federal budget surpluses since the 1960s , but this was partially overshadowed by his impeachment in 1998 . His impeachment arose after he denied having an affair with a White House intern , Monica Lewinsky . Though the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton , he was acquitted of all charges by the Senate . In 1997 , Clinton signed into law a bill creating the State Children 's Health Insurance Program , which was to help provide health care coverage for millions of children . In 1999 , he signed the Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act , which allowed for the consolidation of investment banks , commercial banks , and insurance companies . In foreign policy , Clinton launched a major bombing campaign in the Balkans , which led to the creation of a United Nations protectorate in Kosovo . Clinton also pursued numerous trade agreements , most notably with China , which joined the World Trade Organization shortly after Clinton left office . Since the end of his presidency , historians and political scientists have tended to rank Clinton as an `` average '' to `` above average '' president . A 2014 survey of 162 members of the American Political Science Association 's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Clinton ninth among the 43 individuals who had at that time been president , immediately beneath Eisenhower and above Andrew Jackson . |
Psychology_of_the_Unconscious | Psychology of the Unconscious ( Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido ) is an early work of Carl Jung , first published in 1912 . The English translation by Beatrice M. Hinkle appeared in 1916 under the full title of Psychology of the Unconscious : a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido , a contribution to the history of the evolution of thought ( London : Kegan Paul Trench Trubner ) . Hinkle 's translation was reissued in 1992 as supplementary volume B to the The Collected Works of C. G. Jung . In 1952 Jung published a thoroughly revised version of the work , which was translated into English in 1956 as Symbols of Transformation , reissued as volume five of the Collected Works . The book illustrates a theoretical divergence between Jung and Freud on the nature of the libido , and its publication led to a break in the friendship between the two men , both stating that the other was unable to admit he could possibly be wrong . According to Jung , his work is an `` extended commentary on a practical analysis of the prodromal stages of schizophrenia '' ( Jung , -LSB- 1956 -RSB- 1967 : xxv ) . The analysis is of the Miller Fantasies . These are fantasies of Miss Frank Miller , an American woman Jung did not know , whose writings he had encountered in the work of Théodore Flournoy . Jung wrote in his 1924 edition of the book that Miller 's unusual name was a `` pseudonym , '' which it was not . Miller , named for her father , was an Alabama-born performer and lecturer who often gave `` speeches '' in character as various cultural and historical figures . She published a few of her most vivid historic fantasies , with her own comments and impressions , in 1905 with an introduction by Flournoy . Jung explains their crucially significant mythological content and portending influence , declaring that Miller exhibited signs of `` prodromal '' stages of schizophrenia , and predicting that she would eventually suffer a schizophrenic breakdown . Jung was wrong ; although Miller would indeed later receive psychiatric treatment , it was not for a diagnosis of schizophrenia . The Miller Fantasies are included as an appendix in Symbols of Transformation . Jung would later acknowledge that in closely delving into the Miller Fantasies , he was in fact - without admitting it to himself - trying to analyze the same critical questions about his own psyche . |