Datasets:

text2tech

/

ner_100abstracts_100full_texts_GPT4labeled_chat_dataset

like 0

Follow

Text2Tech 8

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nNeutrophils are the key players in inflammatory reactions and the release of superoxide through the NADPH-oxidase upon neutrophil activation contributes to bacterial clearance and surrounding tissue damage. Here we describe data on the mouse neutrophil NADPH-oxidase activation induced by the mouse formyl peptide receptor (Fpr) agonist WKYMVm and galectin-3. Neutrophils isolated from bone marrow, peritoneal exudated, and in vitro TNFα primed bone marrow neutrophils from four different laboratory strains (C57BL/6, DBA/1, BALB/c and NMRI) were used. Both Fpr agonist and galectin-3 activated neutrophils to release superoxide. No differences were observed in the amounts of superoxide released from neutrophils derived from four different strains. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"NADPH-oxidase\", \"short_description\": \"An enzyme that contributes to bacterial clearance and surrounding tissue damage when released from activated neutrophils\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"formyl peptide receptor (Fpr) agonist WKYMVm\", \"short_description\": \"a substance that activates the mouse neutrophil NADPH-oxidase\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"galectin-3\", \"short_description\": \"a protein that activates neutrophils to release superoxide\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"superoxide\", \"short_description\": \"A molecule released from neutrophils during NADPH-oxidase activation that contributes to bacterial clearance and surrounding tissue damage\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"neutrophils\", \"short_description\": \"White blood cells that play a key role in inflammatory reactions\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nIn a hybrid atom-optomechanical system, the optical coupling of a mechanical mode of a nanomembrane in an optical cavity with a distant interacting atom gas permits highly non-classical quantum many-body states. We show that the mechanical mode can be squeezed by the back-action of internal excitations of the atoms in the gas. A Bogoliubov approach reveals that these internal excitations form a fluctuating environment of quasi-particle excitations for the mechanical mode with a gaped spectral density. Nanomechanical squeezing arises due to quasi-particle excitations in the interacting atom gas when the mechanical frequency is close to resonance with the internal atomic transitions. Interestingly, nanomechanical squeezing is enhanced by atom-atom interactions. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"hybrid atom-optomechanical system\", \"short_description\": \"A system involving the optical coupling of a mechanical mode of a nanomembrane in an optical cavity with a distant interacting atom gas.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Bogoliubov approach\", \"short_description\": \"An approach used to reveal internal excitations in atoms that form a fluctuating environment of quasi-particle excitations for the mechanical mode.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"nanomechanical squeezing\", \"short_description\": \"A phenomenon that arises due to quasi-particle excitations in the interacting atom gas when the mechanical frequency is close to resonance with the internal atomic transitions.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"atom gas\", \"short_description\": \"A state of matter consisting of atoms that interact with each other and are coupled with a nanomembrane in an optical cavity.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nICARUS project proposes an innovative solution to the challenge of the Common Altitude Reference inside VLL airspaces with the definition of a new U-space service and its validation in a real operational environment. In manned aviation, the methods of determining the altitude of an aircraft are based on pressure altitude difference measurements (e.g. QFE, QNH and FL) referred to a common datum. The UA flights superimpose a new challenge, since a small drone may take off and land almost from everywhere, hence reducing the original significance of QFE settings, introduced on behalf of manned pilots to display on the altimeter the 0-height at touchdown on the local runway. In fact, the possibility for n drones to take off at n different places would generate a series of n different QFE corresponding to different heights of ground pressures referred to the take-off “Home points”. Therefore for a large number drones, new methodologies and procedures shall be put in place. The ICARUS defines a new U-space U3 service tightly coupled with the interface of the existing U-space services (e.g. Tracking, and Flight Planning services). The users of ICARUS service shall be remote pilots competent to fly in BVLOS in the specific category of UAS operations and ultralight GA pilots potentially sharing the same VLL airspace. The ICARUS proposed approach foresees the realization of DTM service embedded in an Application Program Interface (API) that can be queried by UAS pilot/operator (or by drone itself) based on the actual positioning of the UA along its trajectory, computed by the (E)GNSS receiver. The output of the DTM service would provide information on distance from ground/obstacles in combination with the common altitude reference. Accuracy, continuity, integrity and availability requirements for GNSS-based altimetry together with accuracy and resolution requirements of the DTM to be provided by ICARUS service are key topics of the study. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"ICARUS project\", \"short_description\": \"A solution proposed to the challenge of Common Altitude Reference in VLL airspaces with a new U-space service\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Pressure altitude difference measurements\", \"short_description\": \"Method of determining the altitude of an aircraft\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"QFE, QNH and FL\", \"short_description\": \"Standard measurements used to refer to a common datum while measuring altitude\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"U-space U3 service\", \"short_description\": \"New service defined by the ICARUS project, that interfaces with the existing U-space services\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"DTM service\", \"short_description\": \"An Application Program Interface (API) that can be queried by UAS pilot/operator based on the actual positioning of the UA along its trajectory\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"(E)GNSS receiver\", \"short_description\": \"Used to compute the actual positioning of the UA along its trajectory\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nBackground. Studies on HIV-associated central nervous system (CNS) diseases in Cameroon are rare. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, identify aetiological factors, and determine predictors of mortality in HIV patients with CNS disease. Methods. From January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2009, we did at the Douala General Hospital a clinical case note review of 672 admitted adult (age ≥ 18 years) HIV-1 patients, and 44.6% (300/672) of whom were diagnosed and treated for HIV-associated CNS disease. Results. The mean age of the study population was years, and median CD4 count was 49 cells/mm3 (interquartile range (QR): 17–90). The most common clinical presentations were headache (83%), focal signs (40.6%), and fever (37.7%). Toxoplasma encephalitis and cryptococcal meningitis were the leading aetiologies of HIV-associated CNS disease in 32.3% and 25% of patients, respectively. Overall mortality was 49%. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and bacterial meningitis had the highest case fatality rates of 100% followed by tuberculous meningitis (79.8%). Low CD4 count was an independent predictor of fatality (AOR: 3.2, 95%CI: 2.0–5.2). Conclusions. HIV-associated CNS disease is common in Douala. CNS symptoms in HIV patients need urgent investigation because of their association with diseases of high case fatality. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Clinical case note review\", \"short_description\": \"A process of examining and analyzing the medical notes of patients, utilized in the study to evaluate the patients afflicted with HIV-associated CNS disease\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nCooperation is essential for mitigating conflict between individual and collective interests in relationships and groups, such as providing public goods and conserving resources. Most research testing psychological and economic theory of cooperation has applied a highly specific lab method (e.g., the prisoner’s dilemma) that unnecessarily constrains the applicability of research findings. The discrepancies between cooperation observed in the lab and field can be due to variation in interdependence. Two limitations of lab studies to generalizing findings to the field are that (1) lab studies contain interdependence that differs from reality and (2) in the field people lack knowledge about their objective interdependence with others – and must infer their interdependence. I propose two inter-related research programs that test hypotheses derived from Functional Interdependence Theory on how objective and perceived interdependence affect cooperation. Project 1 applies meta-analysis to test hypotheses about how variation in objective interdependence across lab studies moderates the effectiveness of strategies to promote cooperation. Because Project 2 involves a pioneering effort to catalogue and analyze the 60 year history of research on cooperation, I will apply these efforts to develop an international, multidisciplinary institution and open access database for cataloguing studies in a way that facilitates scientific progress. Project 2 (a) develops a measure of perceived interdependence, (b) observes the interdependence people encounter in their daily lives, (c) tests two models of how people think about interdependence, and (d) innovates and applies a method to test hypotheses about factors that influence accuracy and bias in perceptions of interdependence. To maximize the ecological validity of research findings, I study cooperation in different samples (students, romantic couples, and employees) with the use of multiple methods (survey, experimental, and field). \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Functional Interdependence Theory\", \"short_description\": \"a theory used to understand how objective and perceived interdependence affect cooperation\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"meta-analysis\", \"short_description\": \"a statistical technique for combining the findings from independent studies\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"open access database\", \"short_description\": \"a type of database that's accessible by people with internet connection, and does not have licensing restrictions\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"measure of perceived interdependence\", \"short_description\": \"an analytical tool developed to observe the interdependence people encounter in their daily lives\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nAs a standard method for noise analysis of fiber optic gyro (FOG), Allan variance has too large offline computational burden and data storages to be applied to online estimation. To overcome the barriers, the state space model is firstly established for FOG. Then the Sage-husa adaptive Kalman filter (SHAKF) is introduced in this field. Through recursive calculation of measurement noise covariance matrix, SHAKF can avoid the storage of large amounts of history data. However, the precision and stability of this method are still the primary matters that needed to be addressed. Based on this point, a new online method for estimation of the coefficient of angular random walk is proposed. In the method, estimator of measurement noise is constructed by the recursive form of Allan variance at the shortest sampling time. Then the estimator is embedded into the SHAKF framework resulting in a new adaptive filter. The estimations of measurement noise variance and Kalman filter are independent of each other in this method. Therefore, it can address the problem of filtering divergence and precision degrading effectively. Test results of both digital simulation and experimental data of FOG verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed method. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Allan variance\", \"short_description\": \"A standard method for noise analysis of fiber optic gyro.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"state space model\", \"short_description\": \"A model established for fiber optic gyro.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Sage-husa adaptive Kalman filter (SHAKF)\", \"short_description\": \"A method introduced to overcome the barriers of Allan variance, helps in avoiding the storage of large amounts of history data.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"estimator of measurement noise\", \"short_description\": \"Constructed by the recursive form of Allan variance at the shortest sampling time, used in a new adaptive filter.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"coefficient of angular random walk\", \"short_description\": \"The component estimated by a new online method, embedded into the SHAKF framework.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThis is an exploratory project designed to assess the state-of -the art knowledge concerning the social and economic determinants of quality of life in old age. It is intended to review the scientific literature in selected Member States in order to compare and exchange information on the factors, which extend or limit quality life. This will include research on the views of older people themselves on the quality of their lives. The project will deliver brief reports on relevant research in six Member States together with an overview. The results of this work will form the basis of a workshop for scientists and policy-makers. European added value will be gained from the pooling and dissemination of existing knowledge across the Member States. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nIntegrating over a continuum Majorana fermion formally yields a functional pfaffian. We show that the phase of this pfaffian is ambiguous, as it depends on the choice of basis. This ambiguity is naturally resolved within a non-perturbative lattice definition, allowing us to discuss the relation between the phase of the lattice pfaffian and the effective $\\theta$ angle of the theory. We also resolve an apparent paradox regarding the induced $\\theta$ angle when a theory of $N$ Dirac fermions in a real representation of the gauge group is re-expressed in terms of $2N$ Majorana fermions. We discuss how all this is reflected in chiral perturbation theory. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Continuum Majorana fermion\", \"short_description\": \"A type of fermion, elementary particle\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Functional pfaffian\", \"short_description\": \"A mathematical concept related to the determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Non-perturbative lattice definition\", \"short_description\": \"A method of defining a system in quantum mechanics\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Effective theta angle of the theory\", \"short_description\": \"An angle that appears in the definition of the path integral in quantum mechanics\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Dirac fermions\", \"short_description\": \"A classification of fermions that obey the Dirac equation\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Chiral perturbation theory\", \"short_description\": \"An approximation method used in particle physics\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe architecture and urban planning competitions are a form of architectural activity that bring creative ideas important for parts of cities or territories, and they can precede the creation of future planning documentation. At the end of the 19th century and in the 20th century, the competitions were occasionally used for solving the most important problems in urban structure of cities. In this respect, Belgrade joined many important European cities. The great urban planning competitions influenced the urban planning solutions and the creation of the waterfront identity. This paper analyses three examples of great public urban planning competitions that were organized at the time of important turning point in the development of waterfronts of the rivers Sava and Danube. This research opens up the question of a specific role of competitions that marked the theoretical and practical problems of their time. Investigating the views of the city, authentic ambiences and recognizable images of the city, the participants provided numerous answers that have influenced the existing identity of the Belgrade waterfront area over time. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\n1403969/1403901 Meyer/Raman Collaborative Research: High Speed Imaging Guided Large Eddy Simulation Model Development for Turbulent Flames The proposed research effort is to develop computer models for practical flames that are usually embedded in turbulent flows such as those in aircraft engines and power generation plants. The improved modeling tools developed here can be extended for use in many other fields such as soot modeling, fire simulations, geophysical fluid dynamics, and environmental sciences. The principal investigators will furthermore continue their practice of mentoring a diverse group of high-school and undergraduate researchers to attract and prepare them for graduate careers in science and engineering. A comprehensive understanding of flame stabilization is critical for clean and efficient combustion in future power, propulsion, and transportation systems. In this context, the large eddy simulation (LES) methodology provides a suitable framework for modeling flame stabilization and related combustion dynamics. However, current LES models are far from ideal and introduce simplifications that potentially alter the temporal dynamics in the simulations. Here, the LES modeling approach will be reformulated to introduce temporal statistics and a non-equilibrium dissipation rate. Simultaneously, high-speed imaging data will be combined with very large-scale direct numerical simulations (DNS) to validate central assumptions in the statistical data and LES model. An industry partner will collaborate with the research team to ensure the relevance of models and experimental data. Educational and outreach components will aid the transfer of new knowledge and technologies to the classroom and industry. The intellectual merit of the proposed work lies in providing a comprehensive understanding of flame stabilization beyond typical one-point, ensemble statistical averages and will enable the development of a robust and predictive computational modeling. It will take advantage of recent advances in high-speed laser-based imaging and DNS to expand the range of applicability of the LES modeling approach. The CFD models and experimental data developed here will be made accessible to the gas turbine industry and the well-established international working group on turbulent non-premixed flames (TNF). \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"High Speed Imaging\", \"short_description\": \"Used in the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology for modeling flame stabilization and related combustion dynamics\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Large Eddy Simulation Model\", \"short_description\": \"A computational model used for practical flames usually embedded in turbulent flows like in aircraft engines and power generation plants\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS)\", \"short_description\": \"Used alongside high-speed imaging data to validate central assumptions in the statistical data and LES model\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe possibility that human evolution in Africa has been strongly influenced by Earth's climatic and environmental history over the last several million years has been an important question at the forefront of paleoanthropological research. One fundamental question is: can any of the potential envionmental drivers of evolutionary change be reconstructed with enough precision to allow us to relate them with confidence to the episodes of speciation, extinction and cultural evolution known to anthropologists, and thereby test their relationships in time and space?This team of paleoanthropologists and earth scientists plans to analyze climate and other environmental histories to provide direct tests of key hypotheses linking environmental history and mammal (including early human) evolution by collecting and analyzing detailed paleoenvironmental data at three key anthropological sites in Africa. They will collect continuous paleoenvironmental records by drilling long sediment cores from ancient lake beds in the northern Afar, Ethiopia (~3.8-2.9 million years ago-Ma), the Baringo Basin, Kenya (~3.2-2.35 Ma), and the Turkana Basin, Kenya (~2.3-1.42 Ma), and relate these records to the outcrops in the same basins that contain early human and other mammal fossils, as well as stone tools in the younger time periods. As a group these basins contain some of the most critical evidence for human evolutionary history in Africa. Although past investigators have reconstructed climate and other environmental histories from the outcrops in which the fossil humans and artifacts have been found, such environmental records are highly discontinuous due to the nature of the sediments where the fossils occur, and are unsuitable for many of the most informative geochemical records available today because of the weathering that has affected outcropping sediments. Drilling lakebeds near the fossil sites gets around these problems, because lake sediments accumulate much more continuously, and because drilling into the subsurface allows unweathered samples to be collected Funding for the drilling costs for this project has been secured from other sources: with the IPG funds the team will analyze the cores to generate quantitative and high resolution records of changes in temperature, precipitation, vegetation, fire and volcanic activity and other factors which may have influenced human evolution.The primary research goal is to obtain long cores from these basins, each of which span critical intervals in human evolution and are close to hominin fossil and archaeological sites. The researchers will apply state-of-the-art paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate methods to these cores to assemble high resolution records covering much of the past four million years of East African environmental history. The team will then evaluate existing hypotheses and generate new hypotheses linking climate history to early human physical and cultural evolutionary adaptations. The paleoenvironmental and paleoecological data collected from the drill cores will be linked directly in time and space to the nearby fossil human, mammal and stone tool records by way of the numerous volcanic ashes present in both the cores and outcrops, along with other dating techniques. By comparing the new records to similar records from nearby ocean sediment cores the researchers plan be able to distinguish local from global drivers of environmental change and in the process test a series of hypotheses linking key events in human evolution with climate and other aspects of environmental history. Finally, the team will use these new, combined paleoenvironmental and paleoanthropological data sets, combined with novel modeling techniques to better understand how landscape and climate change across various scales of time and space may have affected the availability and predictability of critical ecosystem resources upon which early humans would have depended. This project will greatly expand our understanding of African climate history and will be an opportunity to invigorate interest in human evolution and its relationship to climate with the US and African public. The project will train many American and African students during its field, analytical and internship/synthesis phases, and will generate numerous informal science learning opportunities through our collaborations with the National Museums of Kenya and Ethiopia and the Smithsonian Institution. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"paleoenvironmental data\", \"short_description\": \"Data about the ancient environment, used to understand how it influenced evolution\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"drilling long sediment cores\", \"short_description\": \"Method used to collect continuous environmental records from ancient periods\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"paleoclimate methods\", \"short_description\": \"Techniques used to study climate change over geological timescales\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"dating techniques\", \"short_description\": \"Methods used to determine the age of fossils and archaeological artefacts\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"modeling techniques\", \"short_description\": \"Methods to simulate and analyse climate and landscape changes and their influence on early humans\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"lake sediments\", \"short_description\": \"Material deposited in lakes which can provide a record of the environmental and climatic history\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nWith the proliferation of social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook and Google+, investigating the impact of SNSs on our lives has become an important research area in recent years. Though SNS usage plays a key role in connecting people with friends and families from distant places, SNSs also bring concern for families. We focus on imbalance SNS usage, i.e., an individual remains busy in using SNSs when her family member is expecting to spend time with her. More specifically, we investigate the cause and pattern of imbalance SNS usage and how the emotion of family members may become affected, if they use SNSs in an imbalanced way in a regular manner. This paper is the first attempt to identify the relationship between an individual's imbalance SNS usage and the emotion of her family member in the context of a developing country. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"social networking sites (SNSs)\", \"short_description\": \"Platforms like Facebook and Google+ which connect people and are used for social interaction\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe Research was conducted to determine the contribution Strongyloides ransomi againstdiarrhea in piglets on pig farms inBali. The number of sample 501 piglets feces fromBadung, Tabanan and Gianyar. The examination of worm eggs with Sodium AceticFoemaldehid method (SAF). The data obtained were analyzed statistically with Fischer test/ Chi Qwadrat Test.The results was obtained the prevalence of Strongyloides ransomi in piglets of 7.4%. Theresults was found a significant relationship between infection Strongyloides ransomi withdiarrhea, where the infected piglets Strongyloides ransomi higher risk ( OR=6 ) than ofpiglets uninfected. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Strongyloides ransomi\", \"short_description\": \"A worm often studied in relation to diarrhea in piglets\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Sodium Acetic Foemaldehid method (SAF)\", \"short_description\": \"A method used to examine worm eggs\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Fischer test/ Chi Qwadrat Test\", \"short_description\": \"Statistical analyses used to interpret the data\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe notion of &ndash;ideal is introduced in lattice implication algebras. Firstly, the equivalent conditions of &ndash;ideals and &ndash;ideals are given in lattice implication algebras. Then the proposition of &ndash;ideal is investigated in lattice implication algebras. Next, the relations between &ndash;ideal and &ndash;ideal, between &ndash;ideal and &ndash;filter, between &ndash;ideal and fuzzy impilcative ideals, between &ndash;ideal and implicative ideals are discussed in lattice implication algebras. Moreover, the extension theorem of &ndash;ideals is obtained, and &Psi;() which is composed of all &ndash;ideals constitutes a closure system. Finally, we prove that &forall;&alpha; &isin; [01] = (&micro; ) is an &ndash;ideal of lattice implication algebra if and only if is a lattice implication algebra. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"lattice implication algebras\", \"short_description\": \"a mathematical structure used in algebraic logic\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"&ndash;ideal\", \"short_description\": \"a concept introduced in lattice implication algebras\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"&ndash;filter\", \"short_description\": \"a concept related to &ndash;ideal in lattice implication algebras\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"fuzzy implicative ideals\", \"short_description\": \"a related concept in lattice implication algebras\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"implicative ideals\", \"short_description\": \"a concept related to &ndash;ideal in lattice implication algebras\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThis paper intends to focus on innovative material elements of the Brazilian telenovela Dancing Days (1978) such as props, recording techniques and costumes. We claim that this telenovela set new standards within the context of Brazilian television. The approach we propose here, of a non-hermeneutic study of its materiality, will enable us to see the telenovela as part of a contemporary urban esthetics. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"props\", \"short_description\": \"Items used on the set of a play, movie, or television show.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"recording techniques\", \"short_description\": \"Methods used for recording television shows or movies.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"costumes\", \"short_description\": \"Clothing worn by actors to represent a character in a play, movie, or television show.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nFilms can be used as a pedagogic means to improve language learning, based on the premise that, they provide real-life language input. In addition, films have the potential to provide language learners audio and visual stimuli; therefore they are essential tools in the development of foreign language proficiency. The present study aims at exploring the effectiveness of films as authentic materials on language learning. The questionnaire that was conducted on 80 undergraduate students in this study yielded that films can foster language learning. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nIn the Nastrom-Gage spectrum of atmospheric turbulence we observe a $k^{-3}$ energy spectrum that transitions into a $k^{-5/3}$ spectrum, with increasing wavenumber $k$. The transition occurs near a transition wavenumber $k_t$, located near the Rossby deformation wavenumber $k_R$. The Tung-Orlando theory interprets this spectrum as a double downscale cascade of potential enstrophy and energy, from large scales to small scales, in which the downscale potential enstrophy cascade coexists with the downscale energy cascade over the same length-scale range. We show that, in a temperature forced two-layer quasi-geostrophic model, the rates with which potential enstrophy and energy are injected place the transition wavenumber $k_t$ near $k_R$. We also show that if the potential energy dominates the kinetic energy in the forcing range, then the Ekman term suppresses the upscale cascading potential enstrophy more than it suppresses the upscale cascading energy, a behavior contrary to what occurs in two-dimensional turbulence. As a result, the ratio $\\gn/\\gee$ of injected potential enstrophy over injected energy, in the downscale direction, decreases, thereby tending to decrease the transition wavenumber $k_t$ further. Using a random Gaussian forcing model, we reach the same conclusion, under the modeling assumption that the asymmetric Ekman term predominantly suppresses the bottom layer forcing, thereby disregarding a possible entanglement between the Ekman term and the nonlinear interlayer interaction. Based on these results, we argue that the Tung-Orlando theory can account for the approximate coincidence between $k_t$ and $k_R$. We also identify certain open questions that require further investigation via numerical simulations. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Nastrom-Gage spectrum of atmospheric turbulence\", \"short_description\": \"A tool to observe energy spectrum in atmospheric turbulence\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"$k^{-3}$ energy spectrum\", \"short_description\": \"Represents a certain type of energy distribution spectrum in atmospheric turbulence\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"$k^{-5/3}$ energy spectrum\", \"short_description\": \"Represents a different energy distribution spectrum in atmospheric turbulence\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Tung-Orlando theory\", \"short_description\": \"Theory interpreting the energy and enstrophy cascade from large scales to small scales\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"temperature forced two-layer quasi-geostrophic model\", \"short_description\": \"A model to study potential enstrophy and energy in an atmospheric system\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"random Gaussian forcing model\", \"short_description\": \"An assumption model to study the effects of asymmetric Ekman term suppression in the bottom layer forcing\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe propagation of excitation along a one-dimensional chain of atoms is simulated by means of NMR. The physical system used as an analog quantum computer is a nucleus of 133-Cs (spin 7/2) in a liquid crystalline matrix. The Hamiltonian of migration is simulated by using a special 7-frequency pulse, and the dynamics is monitored by following the transfer of population from one of the 8 spin energy levels to the other. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"NMR\", \"short_description\": \"Used for simulating excitation propagation along a one-dimensional chain of atoms\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Analog Quantum Computer\", \"short_description\": \"Physical system of a nucleus of 133-Cs in a liquid crystalline matrix. Used to simulate propagation of excitation\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"7-frequency pulse\", \"short_description\": \"Used for simulating the Hamiltonian of Migration\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"133-Cs nucleus\", \"short_description\": \"Used as a core part of the analog quantum computer in liquid crystalline matrix\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"liquid crystalline matrix\", \"short_description\": \"Physical environment where the nucleus of 133-Cs is placed to function as an analog quantum computer\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nTamarindus indica often occurs wild in the tropics. Unimproved trees are often commercially exploited, but are considered as under-utilised crop. There is a lack of a national research agenda; global interest and research impact are insignificant. Tamarind is used for timber, tool handles, charcoal and fuel wood. Its leaves are a source of food and medicine; fruit pulp is the richest known natural source of tartaric acid and is used for flavouring chutneys, sauces and juices. Seed kernel powder, the major industrial product, is an important material used in sizing of textiles and paper. Adansonia digitata is a multipurpose, widely used African tree with similar research constraints/potentials as tamarind. Baobab occurs scattered in savannahs, often near dwellings. It has numerous medicinal properties and (non-) food uses. Young leaves, rich in minerals/vitamins, are cooked as spinach and sauces. High vitamin C fruit pulp, dissolved in water or milk is drunk, used as sauce, fermenting agent, etc. Seed kernels are eaten fresh, dry or ground and used in cooking, as thickening/flavouring agent, or roasted. Seeds are also a source of cooking oil. Bark fibre is used for rope, basket nets, fishing lines and weaving. Both species have high potential for (semi-) arid areas. However, improved disease-free cultivars are not available; rapid and easy methods of germplasm production/multiplication are not developed; and distribution pathways are mostly non-existent. Integration into agroforestry systems could stabilise them, but trees with desired growth habit have yet to be developed. There is also a need to collect/conserve/utilise germplasm for tree improvement. Market chains and infrastructure are poorly developed. The project addresses issues of new crop/niche development through a holistic research approach and envisages multidisciplinary activities to broaden availability of improved plant material for introduction into agroforestry systems. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Tamarindus indica\", \"short_description\": \"A tree species used for timber, tool handles, charcoal and fuel wood. Its leaves are used for food and medicine; fruit pulp is rich in tartaric acid and used for flavouring; seed kernel powder is used in sizing of textiles and paper.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"tartaric acid\", \"short_description\": \"A component found in the fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica, used for flavouring chutneys, sauces and juices.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"sizing of textiles and paper\", \"short_description\": \"The process where seed kernel powder from Tamarindus indica is used in the industry.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Adansonia digitata\", \"short_description\": \"A multi-purpose tree with medicinal properties and food uses. Its leaves, fruit pulp and seed kernels are rich in minerals/vitamins and used in cooking. Bark fibre is used for rope, basket nets, fishing lines and weaving.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Agroforestry systems\", \"short_description\": \"Integration of cultivated trees like Tamarindus indica and Adansonia digitata into these systems could stabilise them.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"germplasm production/multiplication\", \"short_description\": \"Methods of propagation and increase of genetic material for tree species. These methods are under-developed for both Tamarindus indica and Adansonia digitata.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nMethane (CH₄) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers for its critical roles in greenhouse warming and air pollution chemistry in the troposphere, and the water vapor budget in the stratosphere. It is estimated that up to about 8 % of global CH₄ emissions occur from South Asia, covering less than 1 % of the global land. With the availability of satellite observations from space, variability in CH₄ has been captured for most parts of the global land with major emissions, which were otherwise not covered by the surface observation network. The satellite observation of the columnar dry-air mole fractions of methane (<i>X</i>CH₄) is an integrated measure of CH₄ densities at all altitudes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. Here, we present an analysis of <i>X</i>CH₄ variability over different parts of India and the surrounding cleaner oceanic regions as measured by the Greenhouse gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT) and simulated by an atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM). Distinct seasonal variations of <i>X</i>CH₄ have been observed over the northern (north of 15° N) and southern (south of 15° N) parts of India, corresponding to the peak during the southwestern monsoon (July–September) and early autumn (October–December) seasons, respectively. Analysis of the transport, emission, and chemistry contributions to <i>X</i>CH₄ using ACTM suggests that a distinct <i>X</i>CH₄ seasonal cycle over northern and southern regions of India is governed by both the heterogeneous distributions of surface emissions and a contribution of the partial CH₄ column in the upper troposphere. Over most of the northern Indian Gangetic Plain regions, up to 40 % of the peak-to-trough amplitude during the southwestern (SW) monsoon season is attributed to the lower troposphere ( ∼ 1000–600 hPa), and ∼ 40 % to uplifted high-CH₄ air masses in the upper troposphere ( ∼ 600–200 hPa). In contrast, the <i>X</i>CH₄ seasonal enhancement over semi-arid western India is attributed mainly ( ∼ 70 %) to the upper troposphere. The lower tropospheric region contributes up to 60 % in the <i>X</i>CH₄ seasonal enhancement over the Southern Peninsula and oceanic region. These differences arise due to the complex atmospheric transport mechanisms caused by the seasonally varying monsoon. The CH₄ enriched air mass is uplifted from a high-emission region of the Gangetic Plain by the SW monsoon circulation and deep cumulus convection and then confined by anticyclonic wind in the upper tropospheric heights ( ∼ 200 hPa). The anticyclonic confinement of surface emission over a wider South Asia region leads to a strong contribution of the upper troposphere in the formation of the <i>X</i>CH₄ peak over northern India, including the semi-arid regions with extremely low CH₄ emissions. Based on this analysis, we suggest that a link between surface emissions and higher levels of <i>X</i>CH₄ is not always valid over Asian monsoon regions, although there is often a fair correlation between surface emissions and <i>X</i>CH₄. The overall validity of ACTM simulation for capturing GOSAT observed seasonal and spatial <i>X</i>CH₄ variability will allow us to perform inverse modeling of <i>X</i>CH₄ emissions in the future using <i>X</i>CH₄ data. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Methane (CH4)\", \"short_description\": \"An important short-lived climate forcer with critical roles in greenhouse warming and air pollution chemistry\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Greenhouse gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT)\", \"short_description\": \"A satellite used for observation of methane emmissions\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM)\", \"short_description\": \"A model used for analyzing the transport, emission, and chemistry contributions to methane concentration\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"inverse modeling of CH4 emissions\", \"short_description\": \"A potential future method to effectively model methane emissions\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nEntanglement and entanglement-assisted are useful resources to enhance the mutual information of the Pauli channels, when the noise on consecutive uses of the channel has some partial correlations. In this Paper, we study quantum-communication channels in $d$-dimensional systems and derive the mutual information of the quantum channels for maximally entangled states and product states coding with correlated noise. Then, we compare fidelity between these states. Our results show that there exists a certain fidelity memory threshold which depends on the dimension of the Hilbert space $(d)$ and the properties of noisy channels. We calculate the classical capacity of a particular correlated noisy channel and show that in order to achieve Holevo limit, we must use $d$ particles with $d$ degrees of freedom. Our results show that entanglement is a useful means to enhance the mutual information. We choose a special non-maximally entangled state and show that in the quasi-classical depolarizing and quantum depolarizing channels, maximum classical capacity in the higher memory channels is given by the maximally entangled state. Hence, our results show that for high error channels in every degree of memory, maximally entangled states have better mutual information. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Entanglement and entanglement-assisted\", \"short_description\": \"Resources used to enhance the mutual information of the Pauli channels\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Pauli channels\", \"short_description\": \"Quantum communication medium affected by partial correlations noise\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Maximally entangled states\", \"short_description\": \"A type of quantum state used in quantum communication channels\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Product states\", \"short_description\": \"Quantum states coded with correlated noise used for quantum communication\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Correlated Noise\", \"short_description\": \"Noise with partial correlation affecting the quantum communication channels\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Classical capacity\", \"short_description\": \"Performance metric of a quantum communication channel\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Holevo limit\", \"short_description\": \"Upper bound on the amount of classical information that can be transmitted through a quantum channel\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Quasi-classical depolarizing and quantum depolarizing channels\", \"short_description\": \"Types of channels in quantum communication where the maximum classical capacity is achieved through maximally entangled state\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nUsing blue-emitting GaN/6H-SiC chips as primary light sources, we have fabricated green, yellow, red and white emitting LEDs. The generation of mixed colors, as turquoise and magenta is also demonstrated. The underlying physical principle is that of luminescence down- conversion (Stokes shift), as typical for organic luminescent dye molecules. A white emitting LED, using an inorganic converter, Y3Al5O12:Ce(3+)(4 integral of 1 ), has also been realized. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"blue-emitting GaN/6H-SiC chips\", \"short_description\": \"Used as primary light sources in the fabrication of LEDs of various colors.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"LEDs\", \"short_description\": \"Light Emitting Diodes fabricated using blue-emitting GaN/6H-SiC chips as primary light sources for emitting different colors.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"luminescence down-conversion (Stokes shift)\", \"short_description\": \"Physical principle underlying the color generation in LEDs\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"organic luminescent dye molecules\", \"short_description\": \"Typically associated with the physical principle of luminescence down-conversion (Stokes shift)\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"inorganic converter, Y3Al5O12:Ce(3+)(4 integral of 1 )\", \"short_description\": \"Used in the realization of a white-emitting LED\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe adsorption of uranium (VI) by calcium alginate beads was examined by batch experiments. The effects of environmental conditions on U (VI) adsorption were studied, including contact time, pH, initial concentration of U (VI), and temperature. The alginate beads were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that hydroxyl and alkoxy groups are present at the surface of the beads. The experimental results showed that the adsorption of U (VI) by alginate beads was strongly dependent on pH, the adsorption increased at pH 3∼7, then decreased at pH 7∼9. The adsorption reached equilibrium within 2 minutes. The adsorption kinetics of U (VI) onto alginate beads can be described by a pseudo first-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm can be described by the Redlich-Peterson model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 237.15 mg/g. The sorption process is spontaneous and has an exothermic reaction. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"calcium alginate beads\", \"short_description\": \"Used for the adsorption of uranium (VI)\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"scanning electron microscopy\", \"short_description\": \"Used for characterizing the alginate beads\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"transmission electron microscopy\", \"short_description\": \"Used for characterizing the alginate beads\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy\", \"short_description\": \"Used for characterizing the alginate beads\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy\", \"short_description\": \"Used for characterizing the alginate beads and determining the presence of hydroxyl and alkoxy groups at the surface of the beads\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"pseudo first-order kinetic model\", \"short_description\": \"Describes the adsorption kinetics of U (VI) onto alginate beads\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Redlich-Peterson model\", \"short_description\": \"Describes the adsorption isotherm of U (VI) onto alginate beads\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThis paper discusses about the onset of instabilities and rod climbing effect due to rotation of inner cylinder in Taylor Couette flow with two immiscible Newtonian fluids. The rod climbing effect, also known as Weissenberg effect, occurs in non-Newtonian fluids due to imbalance in normal stresses which pull the liquid inwards and make it climb. In two immiscible Newtonian fluids it occurs due to the onset of flow instabilities causing Taylor vortices in less viscous fluid (bottom fluid) which makes the interface to climb. Two-dimensional numerical simulations have been performed for a cylinder of 55mm diameter and 60mm height (30mm by water & 30mm of silicon oil) by using the Volume of Fluid method (VoF) in FLUENT. The initial volume fraction of water is patched into the lower half domain containing water. The initial swirl velocity is patched for the whole domain. For higher values of rotational speed the rod climbing effect was observed with upper fluid as silicon oil (μ = 300 mPas) and bottom fluid as water (μ = 1 mPas). \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Taylor Couette flow\", \"short_description\": \"A flow created by a revolving cylinder inside another stationary cylinder which has a viscous fluid between. In this document the flow is used with two immiscible Newtonian fluids\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Rod climbing effect (Weissenberg effect)\", \"short_description\": \"The phenomenon in fluids that causes them to climb a rotating rod due to imbalance in normal stresses.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Volume of Fluid method (VoF)\", \"short_description\": \"A numerical method for tracking and locating the free surface in fluid flows.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"FLUENT\", \"short_description\": \"A computational fluid dynamics software for modelling fluid flow and heat transfer processes.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Water\", \"short_description\": \"In this context, used as one of the two Newtonian fluids in the Taylor Couette flow experiment.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Silicon oil\", \"short_description\": \"In this context, used as the other Newtonian fluid in the Taylor Couette flow experiment, specifically identified as the upper fluid.\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nTwo possible definitions of fixed points in the self-similar analysis of time series are considered. One definition is based on the minimal-difference condition and another, on a simple averaging. From studying stock market time series, one may conclude that these two definitions are practically equivalent. A forecast is made for the stock market indices for the end of March 1998. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Self-similar analysis of time series\", \"short_description\": \"An analytical method used for the study of stock market time series\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Minimal-difference condition\", \"short_description\": \"A condition used in the definition of fixed points in time series analysis\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Simple averaging\", \"short_description\": \"A method used in the definition of fixed points in time series analysis\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nTraveling wave solutions of nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff equation are constructed by using improved (G′/G)-expansion and extended tanh-function methods. We demonstrate that some of the obtained exact solutions of these two methods are analogous, but they are not one and the same. The solutions obtained in this article may be imperative and significant for the explanation of some practical physical phenomena. It is observed that improved (G′/G)-expansion method gives a variety of exact solutions. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"(2+1)-dimensional Calogero\\u2013Bogoyavlenskii\\u2013Schiff equation\", \"short_description\": \"An equation used in the field of physics.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"improved (G\\u2032/G)-expansion method\", \"short_description\": \"A method for constructing solutions of nonlinear equations.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"extended tanh-function method\", \"short_description\": \"Another method used for finding solutions to non-linear equations.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe event formalism is a non-linear extension of quantum field theory designed to be compatible with the closed time-like curves that appear in general relativity. Whilst reducing to standard quantum field theory in flat space-time the formalism leads to testably different predictions for entanglement distribution in curved space. In this paper we introduce a more general version of the formalism and use it to analyse the practicality of an experimental test of its predictions in the earth's gravitational well. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Event formalism\", \"short_description\": \"A non-linear extension of quantum field theory designed to be compatible with the closed time-like curves that appear in general relativity\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Quantum field theory\", \"short_description\": \"A theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"entanglement distribution\", \"short_description\": \"A phenomena in quantum mechanics where particles become interconnected\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nMrk 1498 is part of a sample of galaxies with extended emission line regions (extended outwards up to a distance of $\\sim$7 kpc) suggested to be photo-ionized by an AGN that has faded away or that is still active but heavily absorbed. Interestingly, the nucleus of Mrk 1498 is at the center of two giant radio lobes with a projected linear size of 1.1 Mpc. Our multi-wavelength analysis reveals a complex nuclear structure, with a young radio source (Giga-hertz Peaked Spectrum) surrounded by a strong X-ray nuclear absorption, a mid-infrared spectrum that is dominated by the torus emission, plus a circum-nuclear extended emission in the [OIII] image (with radius of $\\sim$ 1 kpc), most likely related to the ionization of the AGN, aligned with the small and large scale radio jet and extended also at X-rays. In addition a large-scale extended emission (up to $\\sim$ 10 kpc) is only visible in [OIII]. These data show conclusive evidence of a heavily absorbed nucleus and has recently restarted its nuclear activity. To explain its complexity, we propose that Mrk 1498 is the result of a merging event or secular processes, such as a minor interaction, that has triggered the nuclear activity and produced tidal streams. The large-scale extended emission that gives place to the actual morphology could either be explained by star formation or outflowing material from the AGN. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Mrk 1498\", \"short_description\": \"a galaxy with extended emission line regions, indicating photo-ionization by an AGN\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"AGN (Active Galactic Nucleus)\", \"short_description\": \"fades away or is heavily absorbed, potentially causing photo-ionization\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"radio lobes\", \"short_description\": \"with a projected linear size of 1.1 Mpc, related to galactic structure \", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Giga-hertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS)\", \"short_description\": \"an indicator of a young radio source, possibly linked to AGN\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"X-ray nuclear absorption\", \"short_description\": \"demonstrates strong absorption in the nuclear region\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"mid-infrared spectrum\", \"short_description\": \"dominated by the torus emission, used to analyze galactic structure\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"[OIII] image\", \"short_description\": \"indicates ionization possibly by AGN and shows large-scale extended emission\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nA new trend in programming languages and system design is the use of constructs derived from the functional language field. Owning to a variety of inherent characteristics, functionally enabled languages are emerging as a competent alternative to object-orientation in environments requiring fast development turnover. Despite the apparent increase in their use, the software engineering properties, including the alleged advantages, of such languages are largely unexplored. With the proposed project, I aim to investigate whether the functional characteristics present in modern languages improve developer productivity and reduce code complexity, by designing tools and methods that will allow me to empirically assess existing applications. On the software complexity front, I propose the design of a new metric that unifies complexity estimation in functional and imperative environments. On the productivity front, I propose functional equivalents as a way to compare developer expressiveness between programming languages. In addition to the research targets, the project complements my long term objective to achieve research independence, by enabling my move to a different working environment and allowing me to receive training in career advancement fields, such as research leadership and teaching. The project has a target duration of 18 months and will be executed at TU Delft, with guidance provided by Prof. Arie van Deursen. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Functional programming languages\", \"short_description\": \"Languages that rely on functions to produce outputs from inputs, minimizing the use of mutable data\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Object-oriented programming\", \"short_description\": \"A programming paradigm based on the concept of 'objects', combining data and behaviour\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"New metric for complexity estimation\", \"short_description\": \"A proposed design to unify complexity estimation in functional and imperative environments\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Functional equivalents\", \"short_description\": \"A proposed methodology to compare developer expressiveness between programming languages\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nToday the issue of ethics and most importantly moral values are being seen as merely based upon opinions and emotions. This has led towards a relativisation of moral values and thus towards the erosion of values amongst societies. This paper would analyze and suggest ways of preserving values for the structuring of developmental ideas for thinkers in developing countries. Coming from an Islamic standpoint the ideas of virtues have to be rooted within the transcendent or the Absolute. Such defense of virtues are definitely beyond the grasp of usual western philosophy as the philosophy that is propagated by Islam is not a mere intellectual exercise but a transformative exercise which connects the profane to the sacred, the outer to the inner and the physical world to the spiritual world. The loci or the focus point is the human being thus developing the idea of being human via the inculcation of and preservation of virtues is of utmost importance. The virtues most important in Islam such as justice, moderation or temperance have been discussed by various muslim philosophers. These virtues are rooted in the Absolute and through His presence in the various levels of existences are they known. For Using ideas from malay cosmology and soteriology based upon the writings of Malay scholars, this paper would highlight ways to preserve and ensure Malay society does not fall under the threat of relativism of moral values. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nPlant electrical signals often contains low frequency drifts with or without the application of external stimuli. Quantification of the randomness in plant signals in a stimulus-specific way is hindered because the knowledge of vital frequency information in the actual biological response is not known yet. Here we design an optimum Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter which removes the low frequency drifts and preserves the frequency spectrum corresponding to the random component of the unstimulated plant signals by bringing the bias due to unknown artifacts and drifts to a minimum. We use energy criteria of wavelet packet transform (WPT) for optimization based tuning of the IIR filter parameters. Such an optimum filter enforces that the energy distribution of the pre-stimulus parts in different experiments are almost overlapped but under different stimuli the distributions of the energy get changed. The reported research may popularize plant signal processing, as a separate field, besides other conventional bioelectrical signal processing paradigms. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter\", \"short_description\": \"A filter designed to remove low frequency drifts and preserve the frequency spectrum corresponding to the random component of plant signals\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"wavelet packet transform (WPT)\", \"short_description\": \"A method used for optimization based tuning of the IIR filter parameters\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nWe investigate decoupling, one of the most important primitives in quantum Shannon theory, by replacing the uniformly distributed random unitaries commonly used to achieve the protocol, with repeated applications of random unitaries diagonal in the Pauli-$Z$ and -$X$ bases. This strategy was recently shown to achieve an approximate unitary $2$-design after a number of repetitions of the process, which implies that the strategy gradually achieves decoupling. Here, we prove that even fewer repetitions of the process achieve decoupling at the same rate as that with the uniform ones, showing that rather imprecise approximations of unitary $2$-designs are sufficient for decoupling. We also briefly discuss efficient implementations of them and implications of our decoupling theorem to coherent state merging and relative thermalisation. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Decoupling\", \"short_description\": \"Important primitive in quantum Shannon theory\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Random unitaries diagonal\", \"short_description\": \"Used in the process of achieving approximate unitary 2-designs\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Unitary 2-designs\", \"short_description\": \"Approximation used to achieve decoupling in quantum Shannon theory\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Coherent state merging\", \"short_description\": \"Implication of the decoupling theorem\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Relative thermalisation\", \"short_description\": \"Implication of the decoupling theorem\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nAim: Evaluate costs and benefits of erlotinib as 2nd or 3rd line treatment of advanced or metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) versus docetaxel, pemetrexed and best supportive care. Materials and methods: Cost-minimisation and cost-utility analysis were performed. Time horizon of two years. Portuguese National Health System (NHS) perspective was applied. Survival and time to progression were obtained from three clinical trials. Base-case analysis: 2nd or 3rd line patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC. Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) were obtained from a UK study. Resource consumption was estimated by a Portuguese panel of experts. Costs were calculated according to official Portuguese databases (updated to 2008). Only direct health costs were applied. Annual discount rate: 5%. Sensitivity analysis included different subpopulations, a three year time horizon and a probabilistic analysis. Results: The cost per patient was lower with erlotinib (€26 478) than docetaxel (€29 262) or pemetrexed (€32 762) and higher than best supportive care (€16 112). QALYs per patient were higher with erlotinib (0.250) than docetaxel (0.225), pemetrexed (0.241) or best supportive care (0.186). Erlotinib was dominant in the cost-utility analysis, with a lower cost and a higher efficacy than docetaxel and pemetrexed. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the base-case analysis results. Conclusions: The use of erlotinib instead of docetaxel or pemetrexed could contribute to annual savings for the NHS (substitution rates: 5%–65%) ranging from €135 046-€1 755 602 (docetaxel replacement) and €291 801-€3 793 409 (pemetrexed replacement), with a gain in terms of QALYs. Resumo: Objectivo: Avaliar o custo-efectividade de erlotinib na segunda ou terceira linha do tratamento do cancro do pulmão de não pequenas células (CPNPC) avançado ou metastizado versus docetaxel, pemetrexedo ou tratamento de suporte. Material e métodos: Análises de minimização de custos e custo-utilidade. Horizonte temporal: dois anos. Perspectiva do Sistema Nacional de Saúde (SNS) português. Sobrevivência e tempo até progressão obtidos a partir de três ensaios clínicos. Análise-base inclui doentes com CPNPC avançado ou metastizado em segunda ou terceira linhas. Anos de vida ajustados pela qualidade (ou QALY) obtidos a partir de estudo no Reino Unido. Consumo de recursos estimado por painel de peritos portugueses. Incluíram-se apenas custos directos, obtidos a partir de fontes oficiais (preços actualizados para 2008). Taxa de actualização anual: 5%. Análises de sensibilidade: diferentes subpopulações, horizonte temporal a três anos e análise probabilística. Resultados: O custo total/doente foi menor com erlotinib (26 478€) versus docetaxel (29 262€) ou pemetrexedo (32 762€) e superior versus tratamento de suporte (16 112€). Obtiveram-se QALY/doente mais elevados com erlotinib (0,250) versus docetaxel (0,225), pemetrexedo (0,241) ou tratamento de suporte (0,186). Assim, o erlotinib mostrou-se “dominante” em segunda ou terceira linhas versus docetaxel e pemetrexedo. A análise de sensibilidade comprova a robustez dos resultados. Conclusões: A substituição de docetaxel ou pemetrexedo por erlotinib poderia contribuir para uma redução anual dos gastos do SNS que se estima (taxas substituição: 5%–65%) com uma variação entre 135 046€-1 755 602€ e entre 291 801€-3 793 409€, respectivamente, e com ganho em termos de QALY. Key-words: Non-small cell lung cancer, economics, Portugal, utility, cost-effectiveness, Palavras-chave: Cancro do pulmão de não pequenas células, económico, Portugal, utilidade, custo-efectividade \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"erlotinib\", \"short_description\": \"a medicine used as 2nd or 3rd line treatment of advanced or metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"docetaxel\", \"short_description\": \"a medicine used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including nonsmall cell lung cancer\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"pemetrexed\", \"short_description\": \"a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Cost-minimisation and cost-utility analysis\", \"short_description\": \"methods used to evaluate costs and benefits of erlotinib treatment in comparison to other treatments\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)\", \"short_description\": \"a measure of the state of health of a person or group in which the benefits, in terms of length of life, are adjusted to reflect the quality of life\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Sensitivity analysis\", \"short_description\": \"a method used to understand the effect of different inputs on a given output or model\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nBackground Posttranslational modifications of beta amyloid (Aβ) have been shown to affect its biophysical and neurophysiological properties. One of these modifications is N-terminal pyroglutamate (pE) formation. Enzymatic glutaminyl cyclase (QC) activity catalyzes cyclization of truncated Aβ(3-x), generating pE3-Aβ. Compared to unmodified Aβ, pE3-Aβ is more hydrophobic and neurotoxic. In addition, it accelerates aggregation of other Aβ species. To directly investigate pE3-Aβ formation and toxicity in vivo, transgenic (tg) ETNA (E at the truncated N-terminus of Aβ) mice expressing truncated human Aβ(3–42) were generated and comprehensively characterized. To further investigate the role of QC in pE3-Aβ formation in vivo, ETNA mice were intercrossed with tg mice overexpressing human QC (hQC) to generate double tg ETNA-hQC mice. Results Expression of truncated Aβ(3–42) was detected mainly in the lateral striatum of ETNA mice, leading to progressive accumulation of pE3-Aβ. This ultimately resulted in astrocytosis, loss of DARPP-32 immunoreactivity, and neuronal loss at the sites of pE3-Aβ formation. Neuropathology in ETNA mice was associated with behavioral alterations. In particular, hyperactivity and impaired acoustic sensorimotor gating were detected. Double tg ETNA-hQC mice showed similar Aβ levels and expression sites, while pE3-Aβ were significantly increased, entailing increased astrocytosis and neuronal loss. Conclusions ETNA and ETNA-hQC mice represent novel mouse models for QC-mediated toxicity of truncated and pE-modified Aβ. Due to their significant striatal neurodegeneration these mice can also be used for analysis of striatal regulation of basal locomotor activity and sensorimotor gating, and possibly for DARPP-32-dependent neurophysiology and neuropathology. The spatio-temporal correlation of pE3-Aβ and neuropathology strongly argues for an important role of this Aβ species in neurodegenerative processes in these models. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"N-terminal pyroglutamate (pE)\", \"short_description\": \"A modification of beta amyloid affecting its biophysical and neurophysiological properties\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Enzymatic glutaminyl cyclase (QC)\", \"short_description\": \"Enzyme catalyzing cyclization of truncated A\\u03b2\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"pE3-A\\u03b2\", \"short_description\": \"A form of A\\u03b2 that is more hydrophobic and neurotoxic\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"transgenic (tg) ETNA\", \"short_description\": \"Mice expressing truncated human A\\u03b2 for the study of pE3-A\\u03b2 formation and toxicity\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"transgenic mice overexpressing human QC (hQC)\", \"short_description\": \"Mice engineered to produce increased levels of QC to study the role of QC in pE3-A\\u03b2 formation\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"double tg ETNA-hQC mice\", \"short_description\": \"Mice models for study of toxicity of truncated and pE-modified A\\u03b2\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nA low level radio frequency (LLRF) control system is designed and constructed at Peking University, which is for the DC-SRF photo injector operating at 2K. Besides with continuous wave (CW), the system is also reliable with pulsed RF and pulsed beam, the stability of amplitude and phase can achieve 0.13% and 0.1{\\deg}respectively. It is worth noting that the system works perfectly when the cavity is driven at both generator driven resonator (GDR) and self-excited loop (SEL), the latter is useful in measuring the performance of the cavity. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Low Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) control system\", \"short_description\": \"A system designed and constructed at Peking University for the DC-SRF photo injector operating at 2K. It's reliable with continuous wave, pulsed RF and pulsed beam. The system can achieve a stability of amplitude and phase of 0.13% and 0.1 degree respectively.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Generator Driven Resonator (GDR)\", \"short_description\": \"A mode in which the LLRF control system can operate when driving a cavity.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Self-Excited Loop (SEL)\", \"short_description\": \"Another mode in which the LLRF control system can operate. It is useful in measuring the performance of the cavity.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nTwelve strains of Skeletonema from Chinese coastal waters and another strain from the West Sea of Korea were examined using light microscopy (LM), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), and small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequence analysis. We identified four species of Skeletonema: S. marinoi Sarno and Zingone, S. subsalsum (A.Cleve) Bethge, S. dohrnii Sarno and Kooistra, S. tropicum Cleve, as well as a Skeletonema-like species. These are the first records of S. marinoi, S. dohrnii and S. subsalsum in China. The Skeletonema-like species, MMDL5067, was isolated from the estuary of the Changjiang River. The morphologic and phylogenetic characteristics of this species do not correspond to those of any previously published Skeletonema species. The intercalary fultoportula processes (IFPPs) have long open tubes, and the intercalary rimoportula process (IRP) is short and located inside the rim of the IFPPs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MMDL5630 clustered with S. tropicum in the NJ and MP trees, but its IRPs differed from those of previously described specimens of S. tropicum. The IRP is partially open, with an elongated opening at the base of the tube, and is longer than the IFPPs. Some specimens of S. marinoi and S. dohrnii also have longer tubular IRPs than the IFPPs. Compared to previously described specimens of S. marinoi and S. dohrnii, these two specimens we identified have shorter IRPs. Our results reflect the ambiguity and diversity of Skeletonema taxonomy. They are also significant for the future identification and management of red tides caused by Skeletonema in the seas around China. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Light Microscopy\", \"short_description\": \"A method used to examine the strains\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM)\", \"short_description\": \"A method used to examine the strains\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Small subunit rDNA sequence analysis\", \"short_description\": \"Method used for genetic profiling of the strains\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Skeletonema\", \"short_description\": \"A genus of diatoms, including species such as S. marinoi, S. subsalsum, S. dohrnii, and S. tropicum\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Phylogenetic analysis\", \"short_description\": \"A method used to examine the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nA 43-year-old woman, with a history of asthma that had been treated for the previous 3 years, was diagnosed with an endobronchial tumor, based on chest computed tomography. A biopsy proved the tumor to be adenoid cystic carcinoma. For carinal involvement and submucosal extension in the left main bronchus, rigid bronchoscopy was done to maintain airway patency, and then a left sleeve pneumonectomy was done via a right thoracotomy and left video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The distance between the tumor-free left main bronchus and the carina was large; therefore, preservation of the left lung would have compromised the healing of the carinal tracheobronchoplasty and led to life-threatening complications. This case revealed that endobronchial lesions should be highly suspected after treatment for asthma fails. It also highlighted that, because the carina naturally deviates to the right, combined right thoracotomy and left video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for left sleeve pneumonectomy provides an anatomical advantage for carinal tracheobronchoplasty. Furthermore, the combination reduces the postoperative physiological burden that could be caused by bilateral thoracotomy. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Chest computed tomography\", \"short_description\": \"A diagnostic imaging test used to detect diseases like tumors in the chest\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Rigid bronchoscopy\", \"short_description\": \"A medical procedure used to visualize the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Left sleeve pneumonectomy\", \"short_description\": \"A surgical procedure to remove the lung\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Right thoracotomy\", \"short_description\": \"An incision into the pleural space of the chest to gain access to the thoracic organs\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Left video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery\", \"short_description\": \"A type of thoracic surgery performed using a small video camera that is introduced into the patient's chest via small incisions\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Carinal tracheobronchoplasty\", \"short_description\": \"A surgical procedure that reshapes the windpipe and bronchi at the point where they split into two\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nAbstract Background Mutations in keratin proteins have been vastly associated with a wide array of genodermatoses; however, mutations of keratins in psoriasis have not been fully investigated. The main aim of the current research was to identify the mutation in K14, K10, K16, and K17 genes in two stages of psoriasis patients. Methods Ninety-six psoriatic skin biopsies were collected. mRNA transcript of K14, K10, K16, and K17 was prepared, amplified, and sequenced. Sanger sequences of all keratins were further validated for mutational analysis using Mutation Surveyor and Alamut Visual. Then, in silico analysis of protein stability and protein and gene expression of all keratins was performed and validated. Results Out of 44 mutations, about 75% of keratins are highly pathogenic and deleterious. Remaining 25% mutations are less pathogenic and tolerated in nature. In these 33 deleterious mutations were immensely found to decrease keratin protein stability. We also found a correlation between keratin and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score which added that alteration in keratin gene in skin causes severity of psoriasis. Conclusions We strongly concluded that acanthosis and abnormal terminal differentiation was mainly due to the mutation in epidermal keratins. In turn, disease severity and relapsing of psoriasis are mainly due to the mutation of hyperproliferative keratins. These novel keratin mutations in psoriatic epidermis might be one of the causative factors for psoriasis. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"keratin proteins\", \"short_description\": \"Proteins associated with a wide array of genodermatoses\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"K14, K10, K16, and K17 genes\", \"short_description\": \"Genes of keratins which may have mutations causing psoriasis\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"mRNA transcript\", \"short_description\": \"Used to prepare, amplify and sequence the keratin genes mentioned\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Sanger sequences\", \"short_description\": \"Method used to validate mutations in keratins\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Mutation Surveyor and Alamut Visual\", \"short_description\": \"Software used for mutational analysis\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"in silico analysis\", \"short_description\": \"Analysis performed to validate protein stability and protein and gene expression of all keratins\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nWe present an explicit solution of the eigen-spectrum Toeplitz matrix $C_{ij}= e^{- \\kappa |i-j|}$ with $0\\leq i,j \\leq N$ and apply it to find analytically the plasma modes of a layered assembly of 2-dimensional electron gas. The solution is found by elementary means that bypass the Wiener-Hopf technique usually used for this class of problems. It rests on the observation that the inverse of $C_{ij}$ is effectively a nearest neighbor hopping model with a specific onsite energies which can in turn be diagonalized easily. Extensions to a combination of a Toeplitz and Hankel matrix, and to a generalization of $C_{ij}$, are discussed at the end of the paper. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"eigen-spectrum Toeplitz matrix\", \"short_description\": \"Mathematical structure often used in physics and engineering, particularly signal processing and control theory.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Wiener-Hopf technique\", \"short_description\": \"A method for solving integral equations and certain types of differential equations.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"2-dimensional electron gas\", \"short_description\": \"A scientific model in solid-state physics where electrons are free to move in two spatial dimensions, but are tightly confined in the third dimension.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"nearest neighbor hopping model\", \"short_description\": \"A model used in quantum mechanics to describe electron behaviour in a crystal lattice.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nIncreased levels of adhesion molecules or metalloproteinases (MMPs) may indicate endothelial dysfunction. Exercise mobilizes circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) from bone marrow in healthy subjects, improving vascular function. However, it is unclear whether this mechanism is preserved in the early stages of metabolic syndrome (early MetS). We aimed to evaluate the acute effects of exercise on adhesion molecules, angiogenic factors, MMPs, and CACs in early MetS. Fifteen subjects with early MetS and nine healthy controls underwent an exercise session and a nonexercise session, randomly. Adhesion molecules, angiogenic factors, CACs, and MMPs were evaluated before and after exercise or nonexercise sessions. At baseline, levels of sE-selectin, sICAM-1, and MMP-9 were higher in early MetS than in controls (P≤0.03). After exercise, sE-selectin, sICAM-1, and MMP-9 levels were still higher in early MetS (P<0.05). Subjects with early MetS presented less CACs (P=0.02) and higher MMP-9 activity (P≤0.04), while healthy controls presented higher MMP-2 activity after exercise. There was no difference between moments in nonexercise session (P>0.05). In conclusion, subjects with early MetS already presented impaired endothelial function at rest along with a decrease in CACs and an increase in MMP-9 activity in response to exercise. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Adhesion molecules\", \"short_description\": \"Biomolecules that mediate the binding of cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Metalloproteinases (MMPs)\", \"short_description\": \"Enzymes capable of degrading all kinds of extracellular matrix proteins\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs)\", \"short_description\": \"Precursor cells that, when mobilized from bone marrow, contribute to vascular repair and angiogenesis\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"sE-selectin\", \"short_description\": \"A cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"sICAM-1\", \"short_description\": \"A protein that functions in the immune system, and it mediates the adhesion of cells by binding to integrins\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"MMP-9\", \"short_description\": \"An enzyme that degrades extracellular matrix proteins and plays a crucial role in cell migration and tissue remodeling\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"MMP-2\", \"short_description\": \"An enzyme involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nIn the era of modern digital sky surveys, uncertainties in the flux of stellar standards are commonly the dominant systematic error in photometric calibration and can often affect the results of higher-level experiments. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spectrophotometry, which is based on computed model atmospheres for three hot (Teff > 30,000 K) pure-hydrogen (DA) white dwarfs, is currently considered the most reliable and internally consistent flux calibration. However many next generation facilities (e.g. Harmoni on E-ELT, Euclid and JWST) will focus on IR observations, a regime in which white dwarf calibration has not yet been robustly tested. Cool DA white dwarfs have energy distributions that peak close to the optical or near-IR, do not have shortcomings from UV metal line blanketing, and have a reasonably large sky density ($\\simeq$ 4 deg$^{-2}$ at G < 20), making them, potentially, excellent calibrators. Here we present a pilot study based on STIS+WFC3 observations of two bright DA white dwarfs to test whether targets cooler than current hot primary standards (Teff < 20,000 K) are consistent with the HST flux scale. We also test the robustness of white dwarf models in the IR regime from an X-shooter analysis of Paschen lines and by cross-matching our previously derived Gaia white dwarf catalogue with observations obtained with 2MASS, UKIDSS, VHS, and WISE. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spectrophotometry\", \"short_description\": \"Based on computed model atmospheres for three hot (Teff > 30,000 K) pure-hydrogen (DA) white dwarfs, it is currently considered the most reliable and internally consistent flux calibration.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"STIS+WFC3 observations\", \"short_description\": \"This is used in a pilot study to observe bright DA white dwarfs and test whether targets cooler than current hot primary standards (Teff < 20,000 K) are consistent with the HST flux scale.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"X-shooter analysis of Paschen lines\", \"short_description\": \"This method is used to test the robustness of white dwarf models in the IR regime.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Gaia white dwarf catalogue\", \"short_description\": \"This catalogue is cross-matched with observations obtained with 2MASS, UKIDSS, VHS, and WISE to test white dwarf models in the IR regime.\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"2MASS, UKIDSS, VHS, and WISE observations\", \"short_description\": \"These observations are used to cross-match with the previously derived Gaia white dwarf catalogue to test white dwarf models in the IR regime.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nWe present a method to implement 3-dimensional polariton confinement with in-situ spectral tuning of the cavity mode. Our tunable microcavity is a hybrid system consisting of a bottom semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with a cavity containing quantum wells (QWs) grown on top and a dielectric concave DBR separated by a micrometer sized gap. Nanopositioners allow independent positioning of the two mirrors and the cavity mode energy can be tuned by controlling the distance between them. When close to resonance we observe a characteristic anticrossing between the cavity modes and the QW exciton demonstrating strong coupling. For the smallest radii of curvature concave mirrors of 5.6 $\\mu$m and 7.5 $\\mu$m real-space polariton imaging reveals submicron polariton confinement due to the hemispherical cavity geometry. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"3-dimensional polariton confinement\", \"short_description\": \"A method to achieve polariton confinement in 3 dimensions\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"in-situ spectral tuning\", \"short_description\": \"Technique to adjust the spectrum of the cavity mode while it's in the actual operation context\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"tunable microcavity\", \"short_description\": \"A hybrid system featuring a bottom semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with a cavity containing quantum wells (QWs) on top and a dielectric concave DBR separated by a micrometer sized gap\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Nanopositioners\", \"short_description\": \"Equipment for precise independent positioning of the two mirrors in the microcavity system\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Quantum wells (QWs)\", \"short_description\": \"Nanostructures that confine particles to potential wells with discrete energy levels\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR)\", \"short_description\": \"A structure that is used to reflect light spectrums in order to create highly reflective mirrors\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nWe investigate the influence of the epitaxial layer roughness on the far-field profile of the optical mode in gallium Nitride-based, c-plane ridge waveguide laser diodes. Occasionally, we observe long-range growth instabilities leading to a periodical modulation of the surface. Amplitude and period of this surface roughness is typically on the order of a few 10nm and 20 μm, respectively. Using different characterization techniques, we investigate the influence of the surface roughness on the vertical mode profile along the fast axis in the far-field, in particular the contribution of light scattering at the rough waveguide interfaces, as well as that of substrate modes. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"epitaxial layer\", \"short_description\": \"a layer of material deposited on a substrate to form a high-quality crystal\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"c-plane ridge waveguide laser diodes\", \"short_description\": \"a type of laser diode where light wave is guided, with gallium Nitride-based\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"characterization techniques\", \"short_description\": \"techniques to investigate the surface roughness\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nNingbo City in Zhejiang Province is one of the largest port cities in China and has achieved high economic development during the past decades. The port construction, land reclamation, urban development and silt deposition in the Ningbo coastal zone have resulted in extensive coastline change. In this study, the spatio-temporal change of the Ningbo coastlines during 1976–2015 was detected and analysed using Landsat time-series images from different sensors, including Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI). Fourteen individual scenes (covering seven phases) of cloud-free Landsat images within the required tidal range of ±63 cm were collected. The ZiYuan-3 (ZY-3) image of 2015 was used to extract the reference coastline for the accuracy assessment. The normalised difference water index (NDWI) and the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were applied to discriminate surface water and land features, respectively. The on-screen digitising approach was then used to further refine the extracted time-series coastlines in the period from 1976 to 2015. Six relevant indices, length, length change, annual length change, fractal dimension (FD), average net shoreline movement (NSM) and average annual NSM, were calculated to analyse and explore the spatio-temporal change features of Ningbo coastlines. Results show that the length of the Ningbo coastlines increased from 910 km to 986 km, and the value of FD increased from 1.09 to 1.12, and the coastline morphology changed from sinuous to straight. The average NSM increased from 187 m to 298 m and the average annual NSM reached 85 m/year, indicating the advance of coastlines towards the sea at a high level. The spatio-temporal change patterns also varied in different areas. In Hangzhou Bay, significant advancement along the coastlines was experienced since 2001 mainly because of urban construction and land reclamation. In Xiangshan Bay, the forces of nature played a major role in coastline dynamics before 2008, whilst port construction, urban construction and island link projections moved the coastlines towards the sea. The coastline changes of Sanmen Bay were affected by the interaction of nature and human activities. All these observations indicate that forces of nature and human activities were the two important influential factors for the observed coastline change. In this case, the coastline complexity variation was considered responsible for various coastline patterns change of the Ningbo coast. In addition, erosion and accretion occurred in turn because of forces of nature and human activities, such as urban development and agricultural exploitation. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Landsat time-series images\", \"short_description\": \"A collection of images taken by different Landsat sensors over a specific time range\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Multispectral Scanner (MSS)\", \"short_description\": \"A type of sensor used in Landsat satellites that captures image data in multiple wavelengths\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Thematic Mapper (TM)\", \"short_description\": \"A type of sensor used in Landsat satellites for capturing high-resolution images\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)\", \"short_description\": \"A sensor aboard the Landsat 7 satellite that captures high-resolution multispectral imagery\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Operational Land Imager (OLI)\", \"short_description\": \"A sensor onboard the Landsat 8 satellite that captures image data for a range of spectral bands\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"ZiYuan-3 (ZY-3)\", \"short_description\": \" A high-resolution remote sensing satellite\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"normalised difference water index (NDWI)\", \"short_description\": \"An index used in remote sensing to monitor water content in vegetation\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI)\", \"short_description\": \"A version of the NDWI that has been modified to improve the performance in water body extraction\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"on-screen digitising approach\", \"short_description\": \"A method used to extract more refined coastlines by manually tracing them on the screen\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"net shoreline movement (NSM)\", \"short_description\": \"An index used to measure the movement of a coastline over a certain period\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe possible occurence of ultralight boson clouds around Kerr black holes has attracted a lot of interest. In this work, we determine the signatures of boson cloud evolution in the shadow of a black hole. We assess the detectability of such variations in current and future imaging techniques of black hole shadow observations. We look at several black hole candidates, both intragalactic and extragalactic, and suggest Sgr$A^*$ as an optimal candidate for observation of such signatures. Thus black hole shadow observations could be instrumental in searching for ultralight bosons or axion like particles. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"ultralight boson clouds\", \"short_description\": \"Potential occurrence around Kerr black holes, used to detect variations in the shadow of a black hole\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Kerr black holes\", \"short_description\": \"Type of black hole around which ultralight boson clouds may occur\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Sgr$A^*$\", \"short_description\": \"Black hole candidate suggested for observation of boson-cloud-induced signatures\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"boson cloud evolution\", \"short_description\": \"Phenomenon being observed in the shadow of a black hole to detect ultralight bosons\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"black hole shadow observations\", \"short_description\": \"Technique used to detect signatures of boson cloud evolution\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nA fundamental building block for on-chip quantum photonics is a single-photon source with high repetition rates, which can enable many applications such as high-speed quantum communication and quantum information processing. Ideally, such single photon sources would then require a large on-chip photon extraction decay rate, namely the rate of excited photons coupled into nanofibers or waveguides, over a broad spectral range. However, this goal has remained elusive till date. Here we propose a feasible scheme to enhance the on-chip photon extraction decay rate of quantum emitters, through the tilting of the optical axis of hyperbolic metamaterials with respect to the end-facet of nanofibers. Importantly, the revealed scheme is applicable to arbitrarily orientated quantum emitters over a broad spectral range, e.g., up to ~80 nm for visible light. The underlying physics relies on the emerging unique feature of hyperbolic metamaterials if their optical axis is judiciously tilted. That is, their supported high-k (i.e., wavevector) hyperbolic eigenmodes, which are intrinsically confined inside them if their optical axis is un-tilted, can now become momentum-matched with the guided modes of nanofibers, and more importantly, they can safely couple into nanofibers almost without reflection. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Single-photon source\", \"short_description\": \"A source with high repetition rates used for on-chip quantum photonics\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"On-chip photon extraction decay rate\", \"short_description\": \"The rate of excited photons coupled into nanofibers or waveguides\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Hyperbolic metamaterials\", \"short_description\": \"Materials used to tilt the optical axis, enhancing the on-chip photon extraction decay rate of quantum emitters\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"Nanofibers\", \"short_description\": \"Used to guide the photons excited by quantum emitters\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nSimulation of wireless sensor networks with very large number of motes poses significant challenges with respect to computational complexity. Application level code prototyping with reasonable accuracy and fidelity can however be accomplished through simulation that models only the effects of the wireless and distributed computations which materialize as delay and drop for the messages being exchanged among the motes. This study pursues that idea of empirical modelling of delay and drop and employs such a model to affect the reception times of wirelessly communicated messages. The delay and drop is therefore, modelled as random variables with probability distributions empirically approximated based on the data reported in the literature. The paper concludes with a case study that employs the proposed empirical delay and drop models for multilayer perceptron neural networks distributed across a wireless sensor network for a classification task on the Isolet dataset. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Wireless sensor networks\", \"short_description\": \"A network composed of wireless sensors used for monitoring and control\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Empirical modelling of delay and drop\", \"short_description\": \"A method of simulating delay and drop in wireless communications\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Multilayer perceptron neural networks\", \"short_description\": \"A type of artificial neural network\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Isolet dataset\", \"short_description\": \"A dataset used for classification tasks\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThis research attempts to understand how Himalayan rates of erosion vary as a function of space and time. Some initial data suggest that erosion rates become much steadier at longer time scales. This research hypothesizes that spatial variations in rainfall distributions modulate differences in erosion rates and that specific stream power (the product of discharge and channel gradient) provides a reliable proxy for modern erosion rates. This project will use very high resolution remote-sensing data on rainfall along with digital topography to predict variations in stream power. The effect on erosion rates will be evaluated through cosmogenic nuclide (CRN)analyses of samples from catchments with contrasting stream power. Cooling ages of various minerals from transects in the catchments will be analyzed using thermokinematic models to create reliable reconstructions of temporal changes in erosion rates over longer time scales. The Himalayas are in an active tectonic region, and the proposal presents the hypothesis that topography advects laterally in response to the ongoing collision of tectonic plates. This advection is hypothesized to cause major re-organization of Himalayan drainages and related topography. As advection leads to stream capture and creation of new Transhimalayan rivers with greatly enhanced erosive power, other trunk channels will be beheaded, thereby losing power. Such changes in stream power should be expressed by changes in both erosion rates and topographic relief. The project will test these ideas by reconstructing changes in topographic relief using bedrock cooling ages both from their relief transects and from equal-elevation transects. This project focuses on how mountain belts grow and decay and how climatically modulated erosion may affect where earthquakes occur within them. Recent theory suggests that, in actively deforming mountain belts, spatially varying patterns of rainfall cause contrasts in erosion rates and that these differences in erosion influence where deformation occurs. The Himalayas, with their strong monsoonal rains, large-scale topography, and rapid rates of tectonic deformation, are an ideal setting in which to explore these proposed interactions. Satellite data ground-based observation reveal that the amount of rainfall changes abruptly both along the length and breadth of the Himalaya range. By combining the rainfall data with the topography of the Himalaya, this project's numerical models will predict where erosion should be rapid or slow. Much of the current spatial variation in rainfall along the Himalaya appears to result from the role of large river valleys that slice across the Himalaya: they provide topographic conduits that guide precipitation into the mountains and, thereby, appear to influence where erosion is more or less intense. This proposal contends that these valleys are not permanently locked in place, but they can shift and change drainage patterns. The field and laboratory investigation will document changes in erosion rates through time and changes in the topography of the Himalaya. Over 300 million people live downstream from the Himalaya and utilize the waters that flow from it. This work will provide insight on rainfall, snow, and water balance in remote (and currently poorly known) areas, and it will help facilitate better forecasting of river behavior, a significant benefit for the people of India and Nepal. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Remote-sensing data\", \"short_description\": \"Used to gather data on rainfall to predict variations in stream power\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Digital Topography\", \"short_description\": \"Used to predict variations in stream power\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Cosmogenic Nuclide Analysis\", \"short_description\": \"Used to evaluate the effect on erosion rates\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Thermokinematic models\", \"short_description\": \"Used for analyzing cooling ages of minerals for reliable reconstructions of temporal changes in erosion rates\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Satellite data ground-based observation\", \"short_description\": \"Used to understand the variations in rainfall and topography of the Himalayas\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Numerical models\", \"short_description\": \"Used along with rainfall and topography data to predict where erosion would occur\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nIn this work we present a brief history of Optics, begun several centuries BC in its evolution characterized as Classical Optics; later on, this theory became also characterized as Quantum Optics. The first of these two theories was completed in the great work of J. C. Maxwell while the second actually started in 1977 with the discovery of the first quantum effect in Optics, having in Roy Glauber one of its greatest representatives. Here, a quick walk along these two theories was made, including the various technological applications of both in science and society \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Optics\", \"short_description\": \"The scientific study of light and vision\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Classical Optics\", \"short_description\": \"Traditional study of light based on ray and wave models\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Quantum Optics\", \"short_description\": \"Study of light and its interaction with matter taking into account theories of quantum mechanics\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nFor the first time, in situ the hole shape evolution during ultrashort pulse laser drilling in semiconductor material is imaged. The trans-illumination of the sample at a wavelength of 1.06 µm is projected onto a standard CCD camera during the ablation, providing an image of the contour of the ablated structure perpendicular to the irradiation for drilling. This demonstrated technique enables a direct, high resolution investigation of the temporal evolution of the drilling process in the depth of the material without complex sample preparation or post processing. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Ultrashort pulse laser drilling\", \"short_description\": \"A method of creating holes in a material using ultra short laser pulses\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Semiconductor material\", \"short_description\": \"Material typically used in electronics, which can vary its conductivity\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"CCD camera\", \"short_description\": \"Device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThis study aims to understand if women academics in Turkey experience their double shift as a role conflict or role expansion. Previous studies on women academics in Turkey generally found that most of them experience their double shift as a role conflict. This study is a qualitative research made with 14 women academics. The findings suggest that they experience role conflict and role expansion simultaneously during their double shift. The present study supports previous international and national research suggesting that women academics’ role conflict is accompanied by their role expansion and thus breaks the old role conflict - role expansion dichotomy. Moreover, according to this research, voluntariness in acquiring new roles might be significant when it comes to explain how women academics in Turkey interpret their double shift as a role expansion. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nPlato’s Symposium and Xenophon’s work of the same name are the first two Greek texts entirely devoted to a banquet. In both cases, a group of learned men get together at a party and talk with one another around a table after the meal while wine is served. The aim of this article, by comparing the two texts, is to identify each one’s underlying concept of conviviality. It begins with the key points on which the two texts converge, and then, considers the points on which the choices of Plato and Xenophon differ. These differences will highlight especially the different attitude of the two authors with regard to this institution of the Greek city, since in Plato’s banquet, unlike what happens in Xenophon’s, appears a clear will to protest against the traditional banquet and to criticize it. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nWe theoretically study a single quantized vortex in the fermionic component of a mixture of Fermi superfluid and Bose-Einstein condensate. As the density ratio between the boson and the fermion components is tuned, we identify a transition in the vortex-core structure, across which fermions in the vortex core becomes completely depleted even in the weak-coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer regime. This is accompanied by changes in key properties of the vortex state, as well as by the localization of the Bose-Einstein condensate in the vortex core. The transition originates from the repulsive Bose-Fermi interactions, and can be understood as the combined effects of the interaction-induced potentials on the boson and the fermion components. The transition in the vortex-core structure can be experimentally probed in Bose-Fermi superfluid mixtures by detecting the size and visibility of the vortices. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Fermi superfluid\", \"short_description\": \"A specific state of the fermionic component of a mixture\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Bose-Einstein condensate\", \"short_description\": \"A state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer regime\", \"short_description\": \"A crucial element in the theory of superconductivity\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Bose-Fermi interactions\", \"short_description\": \"Interactions between bosons and fermions\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Bose-Fermi superfluid mixtures\", \"short_description\": \"Mixtures of Bose and Fermi superfluids\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe growing amount of integral-field spectroscopic data creates an increased demand for understanding kinematic peculiarities that carry valuable information about the evolution of the host galaxies. For kinematically distinct cores (KDCs), a number of formation mechanisms have been proposed, but it is still unclear which of them commonly occur in the Universe. We aim to address the KDC formation in the cosmological context. We used the publicly available data of the large-scale hydrodynamic cosmological simulation Illustris. We identify 134 KDCs, study their properties, and follow their evolution back in time. Examples of four galaxies hosting KDCs are presented and described in detail. The masses of the KDC hosts follow the general distribution of the Illustris galaxies, with a possible slight preference towards massive galaxies. KDCs can be long-lived features, with their formation epochs roughly uniformly distributed in look-back times 0-11.4 Gyr, and they can survive even major or multiple subsequent mergers. There is no single channel of KDC formation, but mergers seem to be the formation mechanism for about 60% of KDCs with a significant preference for major mergers and with the percentage being higher among massive hosts. Other KDCs formed during a pericentric passage or flyby of another galaxy, by precession of a previously formed rapidly rotating core, or without an obvious external cause. The mean mass-weighted stellar age inside the KDC radius is either about the same as the look-back time of the KDC formation or older. Although the radii of our KDCs are on average larger than observed, we find that younger stellar ages are typically associated with smaller KDCs. A significant fraction of KDC hosts possess stellar shells formed during mergers that led to KDCs within the last 5 Gyr, or double peaks in their velocity dispersion maps. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"integral-field spectroscopic data\", \"short_description\": \"A type of data that provides three-dimensional information about celestial bodies\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"kinematically distinct cores (KDCs)\", \"short_description\": \"Features of galaxies that show distinct kinematic properties, indicating different formation processes\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"large-scale hydrodynamic cosmological simulation Illustris\", \"short_description\": \"A computer-based simulation that utilizes large-scale hydrodynamic and cosmological models to understand astronomical processes\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"mergers\", \"short_description\": \"The process where two or more galaxies combine to form a single galaxy\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"pericentric passage\", \"short_description\": \"An event in which one galaxy passes close to the center of another galaxy\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"precession of a previously formed rapidly rotating core\", \"short_description\": \"A phenomenon where the rotation axis of an existing galaxy core changes direction slowly, contributing to the formation of KDCs\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"stellar shells\", \"short_description\": \"Structures in galaxies that are comprised of stars and have a shell-like appearance, usually formed during mergers\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nI present an informal discussion of various cases where two-dimensional surface metal-insulator structural and charge-density-wave instabilities driven by partly filled surface states have been advocated. These include reconstructions of clean semiconductor surfaces and of W(100) and Mo(100), as well as anomalies on the hydrogen-covered surfaces H/W(110) and H/Mo(110), and possibly alkali-covered surfaces such as K/Cu(111). In addition I will also discuss the opposite type of phenomena, namely surface insulator-metal transitions, which can be argued to occur on $\\alpha -$% Ga(001), high-temperature Ge(111), and probably Be(0001). \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"two-dimensional surface metal-insulator structural and charge-density-wave instabilities\", \"short_description\": \"Method related to metal-insulator properties in relation to structural instabilities on surfaces and charge-density-wave\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"reconstructions of clean semiconductor surfaces\", \"short_description\": \"Technique employed in dealing with semiconductor surfaces\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"W(100) and Mo(100)\", \"short_description\": \"Metal surfaces used in study\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"hydrogen-covered surfaces H/W(110) and H/Mo(110)\", \"short_description\": \"Special types of surfaces covered with hydrogen\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"alkali-covered surfaces such as K/Cu(111)\", \"short_description\": \"Surface covered with alkali, specifically Potassium and Copper\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"surface insulator-metal transitions\", \"short_description\": \"Process that involves transition from surface insulator to metal\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"$\\\\alpha -$% Ga(001), high-temperature Ge(111), and Be(0001)\", \"short_description\": \"Specific materials and conditions discussed in relation to surface insulator-metal transitions\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThis RAPID award supports critical work related to the Lenape Tribe of Pennsylvania. Their language, which is related to Delaware (SIL code: DEL), has been considered extinct in Pennsylvania. Recently, however, elements of the language retained by the descendants of the last speakers have become known to researchers. This project includes interviews with community elders who retain this language knowledge, specifically related to ceremonies, kinship terms, flora and fauna, and thus contributes to our understanding of language loss within this community. The intellectual merit of the project is seen in the development of annotated texts and new dictionary materials, including previously unavailable tables of verb paradigms which will be of particular interest to scholars of Algonquian languages. The broader impacts are impressive in that the project pairs Swarthmore college students, who are learning the language in the school setting, with community members who have a retained knowledge of parts of the language, in workshops where the students' linguistic skills assist in the development of community language materials. As such, the project offers a model for broadening participation which could be replicated in similar university-community partnerships. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Interviews\", \"short_description\": \"Used to collect language knowledge from community elders\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Annotated texts\", \"short_description\": \"Developed as part of the language preservation project\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"New dictionary materials\", \"short_description\": \"Include previously unavailable tables of verb paradigms for Algonquian languages\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"Language workshops\", \"short_description\": \"Involve pairing college students with community members for developing community language materials\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nWhat happens when scientists are, at certain points in a field's development, playing a game? I present a framework for such an analysis that draws on the theory of games provided by the historian Johan Huizinga. Huizinga gives five conditions for a social practice to become a game: free engagement, disconnection, boundedness in time and arena, the order-creation of rules, and the presence of tension. Application of this theory to scientific practice predicts patterns of behavior that can be tested by quantitative analysis: the emergence of hard boundaries between disciplines, the closure of loopholes in theory creation, resistance to certain innovations in journal publication, and the ways in which scientists fail to prosecute colleagues who engage in questionable research practices. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nAlthough transmission laser welding is highly reliable and characterized by high levels of process parameter repeatability, unforeseen influences can give rise to unsatisfactory welding results in practice. Therefore an early on detecting of defective welding has to be warranted to avoid defects in the weld seam. Unlike most of the other conventional monitoring methods used with transmission laser welding, the reflection diagnosis technique involves the direct analysis of the welding seam. In addition to measuring the height of welded components, it can also be used to detect a wide range of faults, and therefore ensure the quality of the seam. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Transmission laser welding\", \"short_description\": \"A reliable method characterized by high levels of process parameter repeatability\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Reflection diagnosis technique\", \"short_description\": \"Method involves the direct analysis of the welding seam, can measure height of welded components and detect faults\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nIn this paper, we consider a lopsided flavor texture compatible with thermal leptogenesis in partially composite Pati--Salam unification. The Davidson--Ibarra bound for the successful thermal leptogenesis can be recast to the Froggatt--Nielsen (FN) charge of the lopsided texture. We found the FN charge $n_{\\nu1}$ of the lightest right-handed neutrino $\\nu_{R1}$ can not be larger than a upper bound, $n_{\\nu1} \\lesssim 4.5$. To realize these FN charges, we utilize the partial compositeness. In this picture, the hierarchies of the Yukawa matrices is a consequence of mixing between massless chiral fermions $f$ and heavy vector fermions $F$. That is induced by the linear mixing terms $\\lambda^{f} \\bar f_{L} F_{R}$ and $\\lambda^{f'} \\bar F'_{L} f'_{R}$. If the GUT breaking Higgs contributes these linear mixing terms, the resulting Yukawa interactions can be different between quarks and leptons. For this purpose, we use the bi-fundamental Higgs $H_{R}$ (4,1,2) under the PS group $G_{PS} = SU(4)_{c} \\times SU(2)_{L} \\times SU(2)_{R}$. A particular set of non-renormalizable couplings between this GUT Higgs and fermions generates GUT breaking linear mixing. As a result, the large $\\tan \\beta$ case $n_{\\nu i} = (1,0,0)$ in which leptons receive mass term seems to be natural. Moreover, it is found that heavy (composite) neutrino sector should have (almost) same flavor structure to reproduce the large mixing of neutrinos by the seesaw formula. If the VEV of GUT breaking Higgs mediates some flavor structure, they contribute to some mass term. Then, this statement can be hold for even in other Pati--Salam model, that does not assume the partial compositeness. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Partial Compositeness\", \"short_description\": \"A method utilized to realize FN charges in thermal leptogenesis\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Linear Mixing Terms\", \"short_description\": \"They are induced by mixing between two types of fermions - massless chiral and heavy vector. This can result in different Yukawa interactions between quarks and leptons if GUT breaking Higgs contributes.\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"Bi-fundamental Higgs $H_{R}$ (4,1,2) under the PS group $G_{PS} = SU(4)_{c} \\times SU(2)_{L} \\times SU(2)_{R}$\", \"short_description\": \"Used for contributing to linear mixing terms for Yukawa interactions - differential for quarks and leptons\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"GUT breaking Linear Mixing\", \"short_description\": \"Generated by particular set of non-renormalizable couplings between GUT Higgs and fermions\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nCourts often reproduce existant power differentials; it is difficult to make legal claims in court from more powerful groups. This research finding has been addressed in multiple venues and across multiple areas of law. It has not been tested historically, nor do we know enough about what that means when members of disadvantaged groups take court cases in local courts against people who may only be marginally more advantaged, or may differ in legal status. Yet in multiple jurisdictions, members of minority groups have used the courts to make claims and vindicate interests. Finally, the framework remains underexplored in explicit comparisons across types of legal regimes. This project will test the significance of both legal status and jurisdiction in making claims in the courts, comparing across common-law and civil-law regimes. Civil law jurisdictions organize legal claims making differently from common law systems. People who took cases to court varied by legal status. That variation will allow the project to evaluate the significance of legal status in making legal claims, both in process and outcomes. Litigation indicates that the legal system was not solely the province of the elite. Reimagining members of subordinated groups as shrewd litigators will complicate our interpretation of power and will serve as a model for understanding the legal action of other subordinated groups. This project will generate a dataset of all extant lower court cases involving black litigants in four counties (about 2,000 cases), preserving records that are fragile and making them more broadly available. Unpublished local court records stored in courthouse basements and storage sheds are rarely accessed and rapidly deteriorating. These records represent an important resource for understanding the relationship between legal systems and formally legally marginalized peoples in stratified societies. The project will also contribute to the training of a student in the social sciences. In addition the project will allow improved teaching of undergraduates concerning legal stratification and use of the courts. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": []}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nA simple fragmentation model is introduced and analysed. We show that, under very general conditions, an effective power law for the mass distribution arises with realistic exponent. This exponent has a universal limit, but in practice the effective exponent depends on the detailed breaking mechanism and the initial conditions. This dependence is in good agreement with experimental results of fragmentation. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"fragmentation model\", \"short_description\": \"A model to analyze how specific materials or substances break or fragment\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"power law for the mass distribution\", \"short_description\": \"a principle or relation that states the mass distribution of a fragmenting substance can be governed by a power law\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"breaking mechanism\", \"short_description\": \"The process or method by which substances or materials break or fragment\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nThe gamma-ray irradiation sensitivity to radiation dose range from 0.5 Gy to 5 Gy and post-irradiation annealing at room and elevated temperatures have been studied for p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (also known as radiation sensitive field effect transistors or pMOS dosimeters) with gate oxide thicknesses of 400 nm and 1 mm. The gate biases during the irradiation were 0 and 5 V and 5 V during the annealing. The radiation and the post-irradiation sensitivity were followed by measuring the threshold voltage shift, which was determined by using transfer characteristics in saturation and reader circuit characteristics. The dependence of threshold voltage shift DVT on absorbed radiation dose D and annealing time was assessed. The results show that there is a linear dependence between DVT and D during irradiation, so that the sensitivity can be defined as DVT/D for the investigated dose interval. The annealing of irradiated metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors at different temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 150°C was performed to monitor the dosimetric information loss. The results indicated that the dosimeters information is saved up to 600 hours at room temperature, whereas the annealing at 150°C leads to the complete loss of dosimetric information in the same period of time. The mechanisms responsible for the threshold voltage shift during the irradiation and the later annealing have been discussed also. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 17007] \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"gamma-ray irradiation\", \"short_description\": \"process used for testing radiation sensitivity\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (pMOS dosimeters)\", \"short_description\": \"Device used to measure radiation\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"post-irradiation annealing\", \"short_description\": \"process used to analyze the effect of irradiation\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"gate oxide\", \"short_description\": \"component of the pMOS dosimeters\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"threshold voltage shift\", \"short_description\": \"parameter measured to assess radiation and post-irradiation sensitivity\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "\n\n\nYou are a technical entity extraction assistant. Extract the most relevant technical systems, technical methods and/or raw materials from the input documents.\nDon't extract all entities, limit yourself to those entities, that are essential to the document or are presented as new and innovative!\nIf the document does not mainly describe technical entities return an empty \"entities\" array.\nReply with a json in the following format:\n{\n \"entities\": [\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example System\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of entity example system\",\n \"category\": \"technical system\"\n },\n {\n \"entity\": \"Example Method\",\n \"short_description\": \"Description of example method\",\n \"category\": \"technical method\"\n },\n ]\n}\n<</SYS>>\n\nInput text:\nAdvanced lightweight structures become more and more important in the automotive area due to governmental regulations and restrictions in terms of emission. Besides advanced steels and aluminum also fiber reinforced polymers and new joining technologies like adhesive bonding are used for lightweight design in order to meet the above mentioned requirements. In order to improve the quality and costs of these advanced lightweight structures non-destructive testing and evaluation over the whole life cycle is one crucial key technology. Non-destructive evaluation can be applied, e.g. for materials characterization, inspection of material defects, control and monitoring of manufacturing processes and system components up to material identification for recycling. In this paper new approaches for non-destructive methods are presented which offer a significant advantage in terms of quality and cost management of future advanced materials and manufacturing processes. Furthermore it can be shown, that additional improvements can be achieved when several non-destructive testing methods are combined. \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\n\n{\"entities\": [{\"entity\": \"Advanced lightweight structures\", \"short_description\": \"structures used in the automotive area\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}, {\"entity\": \"advanced steels\", \"short_description\": \"used for lightweight design in automotive area\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"aluminum\", \"short_description\": \"used for lightweight design in automotive area\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"fiber reinforced polymers\", \"short_description\": \"material used for lightweight design in automotive area\", \"category\": \"raw material\"}, {\"entity\": \"joining technologies like adhesive bonding\", \"short_description\": \"used for lightweight design in automotive area\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"non-destructive testing and evaluation\", \"short_description\": \"technology to improve quality and costs of advanced lightweight structures\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"materials characterization\", \"short_description\": \"part of non-destructive evaluation, for inspection, control and monitoring\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"inspection of material defects\", \"short_description\": \"part of non-destructive evaluation, for better quality and cost management\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"control and monitoring of manufacturing processes\", \"short_description\": \"part of non-destructive evaluation, for better quality and cost management\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"material identification for recycling\", \"short_description\": \"part of non-destructive evaluation, for better quality and cost management\", \"category\": \"technical method\"}, {\"entity\": \"advanced materials and manufacturing processes\", \"short_description\": \"used in the construction of lightweight structures for automotive sector\", \"category\": \"technical system\"}]}\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]