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ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืึทื’ืจื™.
nan
ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 1: "ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผื™ืฆืข." ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 2: "ืขืก ืœืขื’ืึทืžืจืข ื˜ื•ื˜! ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื™ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’." ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 1: "ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืคึผื™ืฆืึท ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ื˜ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ื–, ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืขืคึผืขืจืึธื ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ืจืฉื˜." ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 2: "ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืึทืœื˜ ื ื•ื“ื ืข ื˜ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ื–? ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืก ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืึท ืจืขืคืจืขืฉื™ื ื’ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜." ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 1: "ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื–. ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืฆืึท ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืœืฉ." ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 2: "ื ื•, ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืกืึทื’ืจื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง." ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 1: "ืคื™ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืฆืึท ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ." ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 2: "ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืžืขืจ ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜."
ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข Facts ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜.
nan
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ! ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜: 1. ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื ืึทืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท: ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึทื ื’ืฆืข ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื ืึทืœื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ "ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉ ืึทื’ืจืขืกืŸ" ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืฆื• ืึท ืึทื’ืจืขืกืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ 20 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืก ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ. 2. ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืึทืงืกืึทื“ืึทื ืฅ: ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ื ืก C ืื•ืŸ E, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืกื™ืึทื, ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืึทืงืกืึทื“ืึทื ืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 100 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืก ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ืŸ C, ืžืื›ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. 3. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜: ื‘ืฉืขืช ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืึทื ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืึทืงืกืึทื“ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ืŸ C. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื ืื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื•ื•ื™, ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืข ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜!
ืงืœืึทืกื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื–ืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืคืึธืจืขื.
ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’.
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทื ื˜.
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื ื’ืก (ื™ืึธื˜) ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืฅ.
nan
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื ื’ืก (IoT) ืจืขืคืขืจืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื“ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜.
ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคึฟื™ืœื.
Saving Private Ryan ( ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ : Saving Private Ryan ) ืื™ื– ื ืคื™ืœื ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืคื™ืœื‘ืขืจื’ , ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืจืžืื ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ . ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืืš ื ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•.
Saving Private Ryan ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืคึผื™ืœื‘ืขืจื’ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคึฟื™ืœื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•. ืขืก. ืึทืจืžื™ ืจืึทื ื’ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื ืึธืจืžืึทื ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’.
ื”ืขืžื“, ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื’ืึทืจื˜ืœ, ืฉื™ื›ืœืขืš
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืจื•ื›ืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื”ืขืžื“ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืฉ ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธืก, ืึทืงืกืขืกืขืจื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืขืžืœ-ื‘ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืจืึธื’ื–. ื“ืขื ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืงื•ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืงืœื•ื’-ื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜.
ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
![ืงืึทืจื˜ื•ืŸ](https://i.imgur.com/U67n6YB.jpg)
ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึทื–ืฉืŸ ื–ืื’ื˜ "ื ื•, ืขืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืก ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื•ืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข", ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื˜ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ืคืœืึทื“ื™ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื–ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืก ื™ืคืขืงืก ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจื™ืึทืกื ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืจื ื™ื ื’ื– ืื™ืฆื˜.
ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜.
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ื“ื™ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ +1 214 555 8444.
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœื ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง
nan
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœื ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืกื™ื™ืงืœื™ื ื’, ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจืกื™ืงืœื™ื ื’. ื”ืขืœืžืขืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื™ื–, ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืฉืœืึทื‘ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ืง ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–. ื”ืขืœืžืขืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคืจืึทืงืฉืขืจื–, ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืึทืจืš ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืงืึทืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคึผืจืึทืœ. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืคืœืึธื ื’ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืกืึทื–, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก, ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–. ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขื ื’ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ืงืขืœื™ื”ืึธืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจื‘ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึทืœ. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืขืœืžืขืฅ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืึธื˜ืึธืฆื™ืงืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืึธืกื™ืคึผืขื“, ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœื ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจื™ืงืึธืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื™ื–. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื.
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื‘ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ
nan
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ื›ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืกืคึผืจืขื“ ืึทื“ืึทืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ืงืกืคึผืœืึธืจื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžื™ื ื’ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื–, ืกื˜ืจื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜. ืขืก ื™ื’ื–ืึทืžืึทื ื– ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืžืึธื“ืขืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืงืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก-ืžืื›ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืจื™ืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ ืคึผืขืจืกื•ืฅ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื’ื–ืึทืžืึทื ื“. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื›ื™ื™ืœื™ื™ืฅ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžืื›ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืœื™ื ื’ ืึทืจื’ื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืœืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืึทืคึผืึทื“ืœื™ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.
ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื ืึธื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื ืึธื
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ
ืขืจ / ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ 5, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ Xbox Series X.
ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ 5, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ Xbox Series X?
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ! ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ 5 ืื•ืŸ ืงืกื‘ืึธืงืก ืกืขืจื™ืขืก X ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืžืžืขืจืกื™ื•ื•ืข ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขื ืœืขืš. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืฆืŸ AMD Zen 2 ืงืคึผื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ AMD RDNA 2 ื’ืคึผื•ืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืงืึทืœ ืžืึทื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ SSDs ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ืžืึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืžืขืจ ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื™ืคืขืงืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื ืจื™ื™ืฅ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 8 ืง ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 120 ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข (ืคืคึผืก), ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™, ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจื™ื™ึท ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืงืกื‘ืึธืงืก ืกืขืจื™ืขืก X ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืกื‘ืึธืงืก, ืงืกื‘ืึธืงืก 360 ืื•ืŸ ืงืกื‘ืึธืงืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจื™ื™ึท. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ 5, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ 4 ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจื™ื™ึท. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, Sony's PlayStation 5 ื”ืื˜ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart, Demon's Souls ืื•ืŸ Returnal, ื‘ืฉืขืช Microsoft's Xbox Series X ื”ืื˜ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ Halo Infinite, Forza Horizon 5 ืื•ืŸ Fable. ืœืขืกืึธืฃ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืกืคึผืขืงืก, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืึทื ื˜, ื“ื™ ื™ืงืึธื•ืกื™ืกื˜ืึทื ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจื™ื™ึท ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜.
ื“ื™ื‘ืึทื’ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืงืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืก ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš.
ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ = {"ื": [1, 2, 3], "ื‘": [4, 5, 6], "C": [7, 8, 9] } ื“ืขืฃ ืกืึทื_ื“ื™ืงื˜_ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก (ื“): ื’ืึทื ืฅ = 0 ืคึฟืึทืจ V ืื™ืŸ ื“.ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ืขืก (): ื’ืึทื ืฅ += V ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ
ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ืงืึธื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš: ``` ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ = { "ื": [1, 2, 3], "ื‘": [4, 5, 6], "C ": [7, 8, 9] } ื“ืขืฃ ืกืึทื_ื“ื™ืงื˜_ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก (ื“): ื’ืึทื ืฅ = 0 ืคึฟืึทืจ V ืื™ืŸ ื“.ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ืขืก (): ื’ืึทื ืฅ += ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ (ื•ื•) ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื“ืจื•ืง (ืกื•ืž_ื“ื™ืงื˜_ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก (ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ)) ``` ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืึธื“ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื“ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืžื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ืงืึธื“ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜-ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 45.
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜, ืงืœืึทืกื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ "ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื", "ืงื™ืœ", "ืงืึทืœื˜" ืื•ืŸ "ื”ื™ื™ืก".
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 22ยฐC ื‘ื™ื– 31ยฐC, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ื•ื ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืžืœ.
ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 22ยฐC ืฆื• 31ยฐC, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ "ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื" ืฆื• "ื”ื™ื™ืก".
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท.
ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ึทื–ืงืจืึธื ืงืจืึธื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ $ 9 ืื•ืŸ $ 10
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜: ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ืง ืขืงืกื˜ืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ืŸ ืึธืœื™ื•ื•ืข ืึธื™ืœ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–: $ 9.99
ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ืึทืœื– ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืœื™ืžืคึผื™ืงืก.
ืœืึทื ื“: ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ ืึธืœื™ืžืคึผื™ืงืก: 2008 ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืœื™ืžืคึผื™ืงืก
ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 25 ืžืขื“ืึทืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 2008 ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืœื™ืžืคึผื™ืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 9 ื’ืึธืœื“ ืžืขื“ืึทืœื–, 6 ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื“ืึทืœื– ืื•ืŸ 10 ื‘ืจืึธื ื“ื– ืžืขื“ืึทืœื–.
ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื–ืข ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ืžืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ.
ื“ื™ ืงืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ
ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฉ.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืกืึทืœืขืจื™ื–, ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึธื•ืึทืกื˜.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ: ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ_ืกืึทืœืึทืจื™
ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืžืคึผืœื•ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึธื•ืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข SQL ืึธื ืคึฟืจืขื’: ``` ืกืขืœืขืงื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ FROM ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ_ืกืึทืœืึทืจื™ ORDER BY ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืกืง ``` ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคึฟืจืขื’ ืกืึทืœืขืงืฅ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืฉืคืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ_ืกืึทืœืึทืจื™ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืืคื ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทืœ. ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžืคึผืœื•ื™ื™ื– ืจืึทื ื’ืงื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึธื•ืึทืกื˜.
ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท positive:
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืŸ.
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก.
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ.
nan
ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทื ืกื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 84 ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืจื™ื™ืก, ื’ืจื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื.
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื™ื ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš?
nan
ื“ื™ ืืžืช ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ืึทื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก, ืงืึธืกืžืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืกืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžืขืจืก. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื™ืจื™ื– ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ื ืคืึทื ืึทื˜, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื ื‘ืึทื•ื ื“ื™ื“. ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ื ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืฆื• ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜.
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ืœืึธืงื˜ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ.
nan
ื ื‘ืœืึทืงื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก. ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ, ืึท ื‘ืœืึทืงื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึทืงื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึทืจื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืึทื˜ืึทืงืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืึธืžืคึผืจืึธืžื™ืก ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ (ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท 51% ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ) ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืฆื• ืงืึธืžืคึผืจืึธืžื™ืก ื“ื™ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึทืงื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธืงื˜ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ืึท ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ื”ืึทืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืึธืง. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืึธืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึธืง. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืึธืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืฉ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทืงืก ื ืึธืš ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“. ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืžืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึทืงื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื“ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทืงื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธืงื˜ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฅ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ - ืึท ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื–. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืึทื˜ืึทืงืขืจ ืฆื• ื™ืžืคึผืขืจืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืจืึธื“ื–ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทืงื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ ืึทืœืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื.
ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ "ืฉื™ื™ืŸ" ืึธื“ืขืจ "ืฉื™ื™ืŸ".
ื“ืืก ืงืœืฒื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืฒืŸ.
ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ื™ื ื’.
ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื ื“ 'ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ืก 6
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ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขืจื–ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืจืฅ, ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ืก 6 ืฉื•ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš ืึท ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก 4 ืึธื“ืขืจ 4.5 ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืก ืฉื•ืš ืกื™ื–ืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื–, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง.
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืกืงื ื ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ.
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืคืึธืึธื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ื”ืื˜ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืขื“ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 2021.
ืžืกืงื ื: ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 2021, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ื ืึธื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืคืึธืึธื˜ื™ื ื’ืก.
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื•. ืขืก. ืคึผืจืขื–ืึทื“ืขื ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜.
nan
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ืึทื“ืขื ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจืขื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื–ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ (1933-1945) ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื ืึทืœื“ ืจืขืึทื’ืึทืŸ (1981-1989).
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงืขืจืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึทืฅ.
ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืืก ื ื™ืฉื˜.
ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืืก ื ื™ืฉื˜.
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ื–ืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’. ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื ื’ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ.
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื”ืึทื›ื ืึธืกืข.
ื“ืึทื•ื ืกื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื”ืึทื›ื ืึธืกืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก.
ื–ืื’ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจืก
nan
ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทื™, ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจืก, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืฆื”, ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก, ื”ืขืœืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืึทื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืคืึทืœืœ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฅ, ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ื™ื˜ืคืึทืœ ืคืึธื ื“, ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื“ืงื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืขืกืึธืฃ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ.
ืงืœืึทืกื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืึทืœ.
ืจื™ื™ื ืึทืกืขืจืึทืก
ืžืึทืžืึทืœ.
ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜
nan
ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืขืคืขืจืก ืฆื• ืึท ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื“ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื–. ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื’ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก, ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทื‘ื™ื–. ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืกื™ืคึผืจืึธืงืึทืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ื’ืขื‘ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. Friends ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืงืœื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขืฆื” ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ื‘ืฉืขืช ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืงืจืขื“ืึทื‘ืœื™ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 'ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืงื™ื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืงืœื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืฉืขืจื“ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ืœืข. ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืจืื ื’ืœืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง, ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจ. ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท positive ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ื™ึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ืจื•ืง. ื•ื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ืžืžืขืึทืกื•ืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ.
ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืข ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื–ืข "ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘"
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ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื–ืข "ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘" ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืขื˜ืึทืคืึธืจ. ื ืžืขื˜ืึทืคืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ื–ืื›ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ "ื•ื•ื™" ืึธื“ืขืจ "ื•ื•ื™." ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื•ื•ืข.
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืึท 3-5 ื–ืึทืฅ ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ "ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก".
nan
ื ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืขืก ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื˜ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื˜ืขืงืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืื™ื– ืขืงืกืึทืงื™ื•ื˜ืึทื“. ืึทืžืึธืœ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึธืจื•ืคึผืฆื™ืข ื˜ืขืงืขืก, ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข.
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืขืžืึธื™ืจ
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"ื ืกื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ: ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš-ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’"
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืคึผืขืจื™ื ื’ ืึท ื“ืึทืฉื‘ืึธืจื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืกืขืึธ. ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฅ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืฉื‘ืึธืจื“.
nan
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืฉื‘ืึธืจื“ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข 'ืก ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืึทื˜ืึธืจืก, ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืฅ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ-ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื–, ื˜ืจืึทืงื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ื ืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’.
ืงืึทื˜ืึทื’ืขืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง.
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืœืึทื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืึทืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื˜.
nan
ืึทืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ืคึผืึทืœืึทื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืกืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“. ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืœื•ื™ืึทืœื˜ื™. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืกืึทืžืึทื ื“ ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœ ืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืกื™. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืึทืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื˜, ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ื–, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“, ืืœื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื”. ืข ืจ ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืคืืจ ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื› ืŸ ืคืืจืจืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ , ืคืืจืฉืฐืขืจืขื  ืข ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืŸ ืื• ืŸ ื˜ื™ ืฃ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ . ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืจืึทื•ื•ืข. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ, ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื’ื’ืึทืœ. ืข ืจ ื”ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืฐืกื˜ , ื ื– ื“ื ื ืื™ ื– ื“ืข ืจ ืืจื˜ , ืฐื ื• ื“ืข ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื  ื’ ืคื• ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ , ืฐืขืจ ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ . ืข ืจ ืื™ ื– ืืจืฒ ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ื‘ื™ืชึพืžืงื“ืฉ , ืื• ืŸ ื ืื› ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืžืข ืŸ ื ืก ืš ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ืข ืŸ ืื• ืŸ ื–ื™ ืš ื‘ืืงืขืžืค ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืข ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช , ื”ื ื˜ ืข ืจ ืขื ื“ืœืข ืš ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื› ื˜ ื“ืข ืจ ืงืืžืขืจ , ืฐื ื• ื“ ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ . ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜. ืื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’, ืึท ื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื’ ืงื•ืœ ืขืงืึธื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื“ื™ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜, ืึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื–. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื“ื™ืึทืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื“ื™ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืก ื‘ืจืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืœืคืœืขืกืกื ืขืกืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜. ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื™ืžื›ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืœืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื”ืืจ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืขืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึท ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืœืึทื“ื™ื ืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืึท ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“.
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ (NLP) ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜.
nan
ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ (NLP) ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ืžืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–, ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ NLP ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื– ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื™ื ืคืœืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืก ื‘ื“ืขื” ืึธื ื–ืึธื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื–. NLP ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ืึธืงืขื ื™ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืงืขื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืกื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ NLP ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ (NER), ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืขื ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก, ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจืžืึทื ื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. NLP ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ืฅ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ-ื•ื•ื™ ืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ืกืขืก ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ื“ื ืก ืื™ ื– ื“ื ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืื›ืกื˜ ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืข ืจ ืื• ืŸ ื– ืฒ ืืจืื ื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ , ืื•ื™ ืฃ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ ืง ืื• ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ . ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืจื™ื“ืึทืžื– ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ NLP, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืžืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืขืจ, NLP ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึทืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’, ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ.
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื–ืข "ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื—ืœื•ื".
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ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฉืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืฉืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื›ื˜ืœืื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื‘ืฒื’ืขืœืืคืŸ.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื, ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื’ืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜.
ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ื™ื™ืคืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“.
ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ื™ื™ืคืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข. ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื ื’ืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืงื•ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ [ฮธ] ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ึทืขืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืืŸ (ฮธ) = ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ / ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ.
ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉ ื™ื ืกื˜ืจืึทืžืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“.
(ืœื™ื ืง ืฆื• ืึท ืœื™ื“)
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืึทื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืžืึธื“ืขืœ, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื ืกื˜ืจืึทืžืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“?
ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ
nan
ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื• ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜: 1. ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ 2. ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช 3. ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข 4. ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืข 5. ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœืึทื ื“ 6. ื™ืจืขืœืึทื ื“ 7. ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืข 8. ืกื™ื ื’ืึทืคึผืึธืจ 9. ื ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืึท 10. ื“ื–ืฉืึทืžืึทื™ืงืึท 11. ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื“ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื‘ืึทื’ืึธ 12. ื’ื•ื™ืื ืข 13. ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืžืึทืก 14. ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทื“ืึธืก 15. ื‘ืขืœื™ื– 16. ื‘ืึธืฆื•ื•ืึทื ืึท 17. ืงืึทืžืขืจื•ืŸ 18. ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืงืึท 19. ืคื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ 20. ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืžื‘ื™ืึท 21. ื’ืึทื ืึท 22. ื’ืจืขื ืึทื“ืข 23. ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข 25. ืœืขืกืึธื˜ื”ืึธ 26. ืœื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึท 27. ืžืึทืœืึทื•ื•ื™ 28. ืžืึทืœื˜ืึท 29. ืžืึทื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืก 30. ื ืึทืžื™ื‘ื™ืึท 31. ืคึผืึทืงื™ืกื˜ืึทืŸ 32. ืคึผืึทืคึผื•ืึท ื ื™ื• ื’ื™ื ื™ 33. ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ืขืŸ 34. ืจื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืึท 35. ืกืึทืžืึธืึท 36. ืกื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืœืก 37. ืกื™ืขืจืึท ืœื™ืึธื•ืŸ 38. ืฉืœืžื” ืก ืœืึทื ืงืึท ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ 39 ืกื™ืขืจืึท ืœื™ืึธื•ืŸ. ืขืกื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื ื™ 41. ื˜ืึทื ื–ืึทื ื™ืึท 42. ื˜ืึธื ื’ืึท 43. ืื•ื’ืื ื“ืข 44. ื•ื•ืึทื ื•ืึทื˜ื• 45. ื–ืึทืžื‘ื™ืึท 46. ื–ื™ืžื‘ืึทื‘ื•ื•ืข.
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืึทืกื™ืึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืงืึธื ื™ืง ื”ื™ืžืœืœื™ื ืขืก.
nan
1. ื”ืึธื ื’ ืงืึธื ื’ - ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ - ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืึทืŸ ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืจืึธืœื™ื ื’ ื•ืจื‘ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืงืึทืžืขืจืก ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ื˜ืึทื•ืขืจ. 2. ืฉืึทื ื’ื”ืึทื™ - ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ "ืฉืึทื ื’ื”ืึทื™ ื˜ืึทื•ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืก ื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื’ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข, ืฉืึทื ื’ื”ืึทื™ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžืขืจื™ื™ึท ืึท ื”ื™ืžืœ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืง ืคึผืขืจืœ ื˜ืึทื•ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉืึทื ื’ื”ืึทื™ ื˜ืึทื•ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจ. 3. ืกื™ื ื’ืึทืคึผืึธืจ - ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกื˜ืึทื ื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ืžืœ - ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืกืึทื ื“ื–, ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืึธื ื™ืง ืžืขืจืœื™ืึธืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืข.
ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
nan
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ืึทืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœ. ืจื•ื™ืึทืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ืึทื– ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ื ืึทืก, ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ - ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜, ื’ืึธืœื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื•ืึธื•ืง ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš-ืึทืฉื•ืจื“ื ืขืกืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ื–ืข.
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜
nan
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’, ืคึผื™ืœืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœ ืฆื• ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื˜ืžืึทืกืคืขืจื™ืง ื˜ื ืึธื™ื. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืก ื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ ืขื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื›ื™ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืคื™ื•ื–ื“, ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ืคื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืง ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืก, ื’ืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื’ืึทืกืึทื–, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ.
ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: (ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึธืคึผื–ืึทืฅ, ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ)
nan
ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื–ืึทืฅ ืกื™ืžื“ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืคืึทืจืžืขืจืก ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืงืจืึทืคึผืก.
ืงืึทื˜ืึทื’ืขืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคึผืจืขื“ืึทื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื‘.
ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ืขืจืงืข
ืจื•ื™ื‘.
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืง ืจื™ืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก.
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืขืก ืื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืžืื ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข.
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืขืœื™ื ื’-ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข 'ืก ืœืึทื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจื– ืกืงืจืึทืžื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฆื• ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึธืกืกืขืก. ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก ืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืžืข ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ืžื– ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธื•ื–ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืกืชึผืžื ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืงืึทืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ืึธืจืก ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืคืœืึทืงื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืกืึทื–, ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจื– ืฉื™ื™ึทืขืš-ืขื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืึทื˜ืขื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก. ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืง ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื ืกืขืจื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™.
ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜.
nan
ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜; ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืึท, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืจื™ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื ืง, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 2017 ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– 9.2% ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 689 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ $ 1.90 ืคึผืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืคื™ืœืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ COVID-19 ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ ืกืึทื’ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2020 ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืกืึทื’ื“ื–ืฉืขืกืฅ ืึทื– ืึทืจื•ื 9.2% ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืกืชึผืžื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜.
ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ "ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ.
nan
ื•ืžื–ื™ื›ืขืจ
ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืœืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืกื“ืจ.
3 , 4 , 1 , 6 , 8
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืกืกืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืืคื ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืกื“ืจ. ื ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืกื“ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืกืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืกื“ืจ: 1, 3, 4, 6, 8.
ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ:
ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ืืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜.
ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ.
nan
ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ: 1. ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ, ืงืึทื ืกื™ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–. 2. ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืžืึทืจืง ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก: ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืึธื ืคื™ืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืžืึทืจืง ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœ ืžืึทืจืง, ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ื˜ืจืขื ื“ืก. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ื ืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. 3. ื ื’ื•ื˜-ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคื™ื ืื ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคืœืืŸ: ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืคืœืืŸ ืžื•ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื“ืขื˜ืืœื™ืจื˜ืข ืคื™ื ืื ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคืœืืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืืคื™ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ื–, ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผื™ื ื’ ืึท ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ.
ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื– 60 ื ืื™ืŸ 5 ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก?
nan
ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื ื’ 60 ื ืื™ืŸ 5 ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœืข ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ = ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ืกืข / ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืคึผืœืึทื’ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ = 60m/5s = 12m/s. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– 12 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข.
ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜.
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืกืžืึทืจื˜ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืœ ื•ื•ืึทืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜.
ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืขืคึผืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜.
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜: ื“ื™ ืคืืœื™ืฆื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜: ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ
ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ.
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ื™ื ืกื˜.
ื ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’
1. ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’: ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืœืึธื’ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื™ื ืคืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืงืก, ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ื˜ื™ืžื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคึผืจืึธื•ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืคืึธืงื•ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–. ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึฟืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–. 2. ื˜ืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืขื“ ืึทื“ืก: ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืขื“ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืจืึธืœืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฆื• ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื“ืก ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจื–. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืึทื“ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืข ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ-ืฆื•-ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื– ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’.
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท 5-ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ื˜ืึทื’ืœื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ COVID-19 ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืึธื•ื ืขืจื–, ืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืคึผืจืึทื ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืกื™ืžื™ื™ืงืขืจื– ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ืคืขืงืฅ.
ืžื™ื˜ื™ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข.
ืงืึทื˜ืึทื’ืขืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื–ืึทืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ.
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืคึฟื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื—ื‘ึฟืจ.
ื˜ื™ืคึผ: ื“ืขืงืœืึทืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื–ืึทืฅ.
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ.
nan
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ืจื•ืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื™ื•, ื”ืึทืจื‘ืกื˜ ื–ืื’ื˜, "ืื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ." ื ืงืจื•ื›ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ, ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืœ, ืฐืื ื˜ืจืฒืื˜ ืืฒืขืจ ื”ืืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืฒื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒืžืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืฒ, ืืฒื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืื ืฐืฒืืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืื–ืŸ, ื ืคืืจื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืก, ื ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืคื™ื ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. ื›ืืค ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื‘ืฒ ื ืคืฒืขืจ , ืฐ ื™ ื“ ื™ ืฐืขืœ ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืฆ ื• ืžื™ื“ , ืฐืืจื˜ ืŸ ืžื™ ืจ ืื•ื™ ืฃ ื“ืข ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ , ืฐ ื™ ื“ ื™ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื’ ื–ืฒื ืข ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ . ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื™ึท, ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื™ืงืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืึท ืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทืœืฅ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™. ืคืฒื’ืข ืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืข ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ , ื ืฐืืจืขืž ืข ืื• ืŸ ืžื™ืœื“ ืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืœ , ืฐ ื™ ื“ ื™ ืฐืขืœ ื˜ ืฐืข ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื ื ืš ืืžืืœ , ื ืฆื™ืงืœ , ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขืžื™ ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ . ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ, ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ-ืกืึธืฃ ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืกืคึผื™ื ื– ืึทืจื•ื, ืึท ื ื™ื™ึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ.
ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืฆื• ืงืจืึธื ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ.
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ื ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ: - 'ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ': ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš (ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ) - 'ืžื—ื‘ืจ': ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš (ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก) - 'ISBN `: ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื‘ื•ืš ื ื•ืžืขืจ (ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ) - `ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท`: ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš (ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก) - `Publisher`: ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš (ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ) - `PublicationDate`: ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก (ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ื™ื) - `ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš`: ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ (ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ) - `PageCount`: ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš (ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจ) - `ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’`: ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืจืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ (ืคืœืึธื•ื˜) - 'ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ': ืึท ืงื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš (ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ) ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื“ืขืจืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืขื ืฅ ืึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ื•ืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืขื ืฅ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืขื ืฅ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืœ: ``` json { "Title": "The Great Gatsby", "Author": "F. Scott Fitzgerald", "ISBN": " 9780141182636", "ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท": ["ืคื™ืงืฉืึทืŸ", "ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืก"], "Publisher": "ืคึผื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ", "PublicationDate": "2000-02-24", "Language": "ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ", "PageCount": 180, "ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’": 3.9, "ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ": "ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ ื’ืึทืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืึทืœืฅ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ... ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก. ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜, ื“ืึทื ืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ." } ```
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 150 ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ.
ืึธืจื˜: ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ
ืืžืืœ , ืื™ ืŸ ื”ืืจ ืฅ ืคื•ื ืข ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืŸ ืฐืืœื“ , ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืข ืŸ ื ืคืืจืœืื–ืขื ืข ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– . ืข ืก ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืฐืข ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืืงืก ืŸ ืžื™ ื˜ ืฐืฒื ืฉื˜ืืง , ืื• ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืขื  ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ , ืฐื ืก ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขืžืื› ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื› ืข ืื• ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืœืื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข . ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืกืงืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืขืก. ืื™ ืŸ ื ืงื™ืœืข ืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ึพื ืื›ื˜ , ื”ืื‘ ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืคื™ื  ืฃ ืคืจืฒื  ื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืค ื˜ ื“ืข ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ , ืื• ืŸ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขืžืื› ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ ืฃ ืื•ื™ ืฃ ื“ืข ืจ ืคืืจื˜ . ื– ืฒ ื”ืื‘ ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื˜ ืžืขืฉืฑ ืช ืฐืขื’ ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– , ืฐืขื’ ืŸ ืฐ ื™ ืื–ื• ื™ ืข ืก ืคืœืขื’ ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืŸ ืฆ ื• ื ืจืฒื›ืข ืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข , ืื‘ืข ืจ ื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ ืฉ ื”ื ื˜ ื– ืฒ ื’ืขืžืื› ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ , ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืื–ื ื“ื™ ืง ืืœ ืข ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ . ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืœืึทืฉืœื™ื’ื”ืฅ ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง ืžืขื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืึทื ื“ืึทืœื™ื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ , ืฐืข ืŸ ื– ืฒ ื”ืื‘ ืŸ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขืžืื› ื˜ ืฆ ื• ื“ ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ ืข ืฉื˜ืืงืŸ , ื”ืื‘ ืŸ ื– ืฒ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืŸ ืฐ ื™ ื– ืฒ ื–ืขื ืข ืŸ ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ ืืœืฒืŸ . ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืง ืงืึทืœื˜ ืคืœืขืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื– ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ื’ืขืœืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืคึผื™ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ.
ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื.
ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื”ืขืึทืœื˜ื”ืงืึทืจืข
ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื ื“ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื“ื–ืฉื“ ื‘ืึทืงื’ืจืึทื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขื ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืื ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’-ืคืึทื ื“ืึทื“ ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง-ื”ืึทื›ื ืึธืกืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื™ื ืกื•ืขืจื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื’ืึทื•ื•ืขืจืžืึทื ืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืžืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื ืขื  ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืœื™ืคืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืžืขื“ื™ืกื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื–. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื“ืืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ื  ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื’ื ืึธื–ื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืขื ืฅ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธืžืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ื•ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื• ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“. ืงืึทืžื™ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืกืขืจื•ื•ื“ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืจืึทื’ืึทืจื“ืœืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื, ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืึทืจื ืขืจื“ ื“ื™ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื•ื•ืขืจืžืึทื ืฅ, ื’ืึธื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื– ืขื ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืขืก. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ืึทืจื˜ืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ.
ืฉื™ื™ึทืขืš-ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื–ืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ.
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืงืกืขืกื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกืžืึทื ืฅ, ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกืžืึทื ืฅ.
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1975. ืจืขืคึผืœืึทืกืขืžืขื ืฅ: "ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜" ืื•ืŸ "1992"
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1992.
ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ?
nan
ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ: 1. ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ: ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืกื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื’ื™ื ืขืจื–, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืจืึทื’ืึทืจื“ืœืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜. 2. ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทื˜ืึทืœ: ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงืก, ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ื‘ื“ืขื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ Python. 3. ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจื: ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ Windows, macOS ืื•ืŸ Linux, ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืึทื– ืงืึธื“ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืงืœื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. 4. ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง: ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜-ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก, ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทืฆืŸ. 5. ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงืึทืžื™ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ: ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 6. ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’: ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืก ืจื™ื“ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืงืึทื ืกื™ื™ืกืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืึทื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“, ืกืคึผื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืขืจ, Python ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’-ืฆื•-ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–-ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงื”ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’.
ืคืึทืจืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื–ืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื›ึผืœืœื™ื.
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ.
ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก.
ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืกืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš, ื‘ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึทื›ื ืึธืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœืœืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ. ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ื™ืกืŸ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืึทืงืึทื•ื ืฅ, ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจื“ืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจื ื–, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜.
ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’, ื‘ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื’ื’ืจืขื’ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจื•ื ื’.
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• COVID-19
nan
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ COVID-19 ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ COVID-19, ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึธื ืึทื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื™ื ืคืขืงื˜ื™ืึธื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืœืืกืŸ, ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœืžื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ื™ืžื– ืฆื• ืึธืคึผื“ืึทืš ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ COVID-19 ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, COVID-19 ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืงื•ืจืก. ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื ืคืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืขืจืคืึทืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืึทืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ื  ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืขืจืคืึทืกื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ 72 ืฉืขื”, ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ื ืงืจืขื“ืึทื‘ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ ืจื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืขืก. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ COVID-19 ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืœื“ ืกื™ืžืคึผื˜ืึธืžืก, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผื™ื ื’ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. COVID-19 ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืกืขืก, ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืึทืงืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ืกื™ื ื’, ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืึทื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ื™ืง ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืขื ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื›ืึทืกืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืกืงื™ื™ืจืึทืงืึทื˜ื™ื“, ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืึท ื“ื•ื—ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื“ื–, ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื›ืขืœื˜ืงืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืœื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• COVID-19. ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื–. COVID-19 ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก. ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื“ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืฆื•
ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ 5 ื™ืึธืจ.
nan
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ, ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจืขื ื“ืก ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ (AI), ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื ื’ืก (ื™ืึธื˜), 5G ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืึธืจืŸ: 1. ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืึทื“ืึทืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื™ื ืงืึธืจืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก, ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’. 2. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืกืคึผืจืขื“ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 5G: ื“ื™ ืจืึธื•ืœืึทื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 5G ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืจืขื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืกืคึผื™ื“ื–, ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืžืขื“ื™ืกื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’. 3. ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกืžืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจ: ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื™ืžืžืขืจืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. 4. ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ IoT: ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื ื’ืก (IOT) ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืคึผืœื™ืึทื ืกืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ ื”ืึธืžืขืก ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืงืึทืจืก. 5. ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜: ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืžืื›ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ื™ืžื– ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ืกืึทื–. ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง, ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™, ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜.
ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื•. ืขืก. ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืง ืืงืขืืŸ?
nan
ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืง ืืงืขืืŸ: ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึธืจืขื’ืึธืŸ, ืงืึทืœื™ืคืึธืจื ื™ืึท, ืึทืœืึทืกืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื™ื™.
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืง.
nan
ืืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ื’ืจืึทื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ: 1. ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืจืขืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™: ืื™ืŸ 1905, ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืจืขืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืืจื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืื‘ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืงื•ื•ื•ื, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ. ื“ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ E=mc^2, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืžืื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ืื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข. 2. ื˜ืขืืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืขืœืื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜: ืื™ืŸ 1915 ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืขืœืื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืขืืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืึทืกื™ื•ื• ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืงืกื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื˜ืขืกื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื•ื ืžืึทืงืึทื ื™ืงืก. 3. ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื ื˜ืขืืจื™ืข: ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื ื˜ืขืืจื™ืข, ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื•ื˜ืืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืื‘ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1921. ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ'ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื– ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ ืกื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข. ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึทืงืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจืขื˜ืข ืคึผืึทืงืึทืฅ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืึท. 4. ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืง: ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ'ืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืง ื”ืื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึทื•ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืžืคื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคึฟื•ืŸ "ื‘ืึธืกืขึพืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืข", ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืขื™ื ืกื˜ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜.
ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ืึท ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืงื•ื ื”
ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื– ื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜.
ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ื“ ืงื•ื ื”, ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ. ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข? ืึทืžืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท positive ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื–. ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืก, ืงื•ื ื” ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜.
ืงืœืึทืกื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ.
ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ, ืึธืกืึทืงืึท, ื™ืึธืงืึธื”ืึทืžืึท
ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ, ืึธืกืึทืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืงืึธื”ืึทืžืึท ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ. - ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 13 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 47 ืคึผืจืขืคืขืงื˜ื•ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืฉื•, ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ. - ืึธืกืึทืงืึท ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 2.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืกืึทืงืึท ืคึผืจืขืคืขืงื˜ื•ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืฉื•. - ื™ืึธืงืึธื”ืึทืžืึท ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜-ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 3.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื’ืึทื•ื•ืึท ืคึผืจืขืคืขืงื˜ื•ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ ื‘ื™ื™ึท.
ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืกืžืึทืจื˜ืคืึธื ืข.
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1. ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: ืคืึทืกืขื‘ืึธืึธืง, ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื’ืจืึทื, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืึธืง, ืกื ืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืึทื˜. 2. ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: ื•ื•ื”ืึทืฆืึทืคึผืคึผ, ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื, ืกืงื™ืคึผืข, ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ. 3. ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: Google ืžืึทืคึผืก, Waze, Uber, Lyft, Airbnb, Booking.com. 4. ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: VSCO, Adobe Lightroom, Google Photos, Prisma, Camera360. 5. ืคึผืจืึธื•ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: Evernote, Trello, Microsoft Office, Google Drive, ToDoist. 6. ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: Spotify, Apple Music, SoundCloud, Audible, Pandora. 7. ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: Paypal, Venmo, Zelle, Mint, Credit Karma, Robinhood. 8. ืฉืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: Amazon, eBay, AliExpress, Groupon, Pinterest. 9. ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: MyFitnessPal, Fitbit, Headspace, Calm, Nike Training Club. 10. ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: ื–ื™ืกื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืขื ื’ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคึผืึธืงืขืžืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืœืึทืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทื ื–.
ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื™ึทืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 12,4,7
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ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืœืขื ื’, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื”ืขืจืึธืŸ'ืก ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ a, b, ืื•ืŸ c ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ืคื•ืŸ s (sa)(sb)(sc) ), ื•ื•ื• s ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ึทืขืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืœืขื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 12, 4 ืื•ืŸ 7, ื“ื™ ืกืขืžื™ืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ s ืื™ื– (12 + 4 + 7) / 2 = 11.5. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ึทืขืง ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ืคื•ืŸ 11.5 * (11.5 - 12) * (11.5 - 4) * (11.5 - 7), ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 9.899494936611665 ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ื•ื ื™ืฅ.
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืขืงืึธ-ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืœ.
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1. ืจืขื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืขืงืึธ-ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื•ื–ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืขืคึผืœืขืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคืึทืกืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคืขื˜ืขืจื™ืึทื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜. 2. ืึทื“ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข-ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื–: ืึทื“ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข-ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืœื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ CFL ื‘ืึทืœื‘ื– ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ-ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื™ืง ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืœ. ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทื“ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื ืงืขืจืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ื˜ื•ืขืจืก ืฆื• ืงืึทืจืคึผื•ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืึทื“ื•ืกืึทื– ืคืึทืจืคึผืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืจื™ืกืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืึทื ื–ืฉืขืจื™ื™ ื’ืึทืกืึทื–. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื•ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืจ ืขืงืึธ-ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ืœืขืš.
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื–ืข "ืคึผืœืึทื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื“", ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืคืจืึทื–ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ.
nan
"ื’ืขื˜ืฉืขืคืขื˜ ื”ืขืžื“"
ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜.
nan
ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜: ```python def is_balanced(string): stack = [] ืคึฟืึทืจ char ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ: if char == '(': stack.append( char) elif char == ')': ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ stack.pop() != '(': ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ # ื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงืึทืกืขืก print(is_balanced('((())')) # ืืžืช - ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ืจื•ืง (ืื™ื–_ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜('()')) # ืืžืช - ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ืจื•ืง (ืื™ื–_ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜('((())')) # ืคืึทืœืฉ - ืึทื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ืจื•ืง (ืื™ื–_ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜('())')) # ืคืึทืœืฉ - ืึทื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜ ``` ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื, ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ืึธื ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคืŸ ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืคืŸ ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืงื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜.
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’.
nan
ื™ืึธ, ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ, ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึทืœืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ - ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืกืึทื–, ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื•ืจื. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–-ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขืœืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืืงืขืื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืฉืื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืืœืขืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉืคืขื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึทื“ ืคื•ื˜ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืึทื ืฅ, ืจื™ื ื•ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ืกืึทืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื“, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ึทืคืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืก ื ื™ืฆืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœื™ื™ืงืขื ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึธื“ื ืข.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ, ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ.
ื˜ืึธื ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงืขื ื“ื–.
ืึทื– ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ื– ื›ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงืขื ื“ื–! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืฉืคืืฆื™ืจืŸ?
ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’.
nan
ื”ื™ื™ืžืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ ื•ื•ื• ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืœืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’: ืคึผืจืึธืก: 1. ืงื•ืกื˜ืึธืžื™ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ: ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืึท ืงืขืจื™ืงื™ืึทืœืึทื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทื˜ืขืจืก ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 'ืก ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ื’. 2. ืคืœืขืงืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™: ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืึท ืžืขืจ ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื˜ืจื™ืคึผืก, ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื–. 3. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ-ืื•ื™ืฃ-ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜: ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืขืก, ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืง ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“. 4. ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข: ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ื™ืœื™ืžืึทื ื™ื™ืฅ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื’, ืคึผื™ืจื– ื“ืจื•ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื ืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข. 5. ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ-ืงื™ื ื“ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื‘ืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’. ืงืึธื ืก: 1. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™: ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 'ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื“ืขืจืŸ. 2. ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ: ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœืขื“ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจืข ืึทืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ื ืึทื˜ื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœื™ ื™ืžืคึผืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืกืงื™ืœื–. 3. ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ: ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœืขื“ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื˜ื™ืžื–, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืœืŸ. 4. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืจื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’: ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ 'ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ. 5. ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ: ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธืžืขืกื˜ืฉืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžื™ื ื’.
ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืขื ืึท ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื•ื ื“ ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•:
ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืœื™ื›ื˜
ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ-ืœื™ื›ื˜
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื“ืขื“ื•ืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’.
ืจืฉื™ืžื” = [2, 5, 4, 2, 3, 5, 3]
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื“ื•ืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื›ื•ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืžื•ื•ื•ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืจ ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื“ืึธ ืก ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื“ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ: ืจืฉื™ืžื” = [2, 5, 4, 2, 3, 5, 3] ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ = ืจืฉื™ืžื” (ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ (ืœื™ืกื˜)) ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ (ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜) ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜: `[2, 3, 4, 5]` ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ืคื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื•ืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื™ื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื™ื ื˜ืจืึธื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืžืข.
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžื™ื˜, ืึท ื ื™ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจื“ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืง ื™ื ืง.
ืœื™ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ABC ื™ื ืง., ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ืžื™ื™ึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ื›ื™ื™ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ABC ื™ื ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกืงื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื•ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืึธืขื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืคื™ืœืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ืง ื™ื ืง. ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืก, Jane Smith Data Scientist ื‘ื™ื™ ABC Inc.
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืจื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
nan
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืจื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ื ืงืึธืจืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืฅ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื“ืจื’ื”. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื“ื–ืฉืึทื’, ืกื™ื™ืงืœื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื™ืึธื’ืึท. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ืœืึธื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืžื™ื™ึทื›ืœ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืึทืคึผื•ื™ื ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืงืึทื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึทืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืึธื•ื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืึทื•ื ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืึทื•ืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื‘ื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ "ื“ืจ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ".
ื“"ืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืึทืŸ ืคืœืขืžื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืึธื ื“. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ Fleming's Goldeneye ื ื—ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืžืึทื™ืงืึท, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืš Jonathan Cape ืื™ืŸ 1958.
1. ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ "ื“"ืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืขืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืก? 2. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– "ื“"ืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ" ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืงืขื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจ? 3. ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ "ื“"ืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืฉืขืช'ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ?
ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืงืึธืคึผ:
ื ื™ื• ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ื ื’
ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธื ื˜ืฉื˜!
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ.
nan
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ, ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข.
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืืฆืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข.
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™. ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜.
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™. ืขืจ ื’ืฒื˜.
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืขืœ "ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜"
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"ืกื˜ืึทืจืจื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜" ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ Vincent van Gogh. ื“ื™ ืึธื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ึทื•ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื•ื•ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืืœืงื ืก, ืึท ื”ืขืœ ืงืจืขืกืกืขื ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืึธื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ืจืึทื•ื ื“, ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื™ืคึผืจืขืกืก ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืขืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ืœื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื– ื“ืึทืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืกืฆืขื ืข, ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ืึทืคืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื”. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึธืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจืฉื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, "ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜" ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื’ืึธื• ืก ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื”ื™ืžืœ.
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ 8 ft.
nan
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืœืงื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืึทืœื˜ืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ื‘ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืœืขื ื’ 8 ft, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜: ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืฉื˜ื— = 6 ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขื  (ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืœืขื ื’) ^ 2 ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืฉื˜ื— = 6 ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขื  (8 ft) ^ 2 ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืฉื˜ื— = 6 X 64 ft^2 ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืฉื˜ื— = 384 ft^2 ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ 8 ft ืื™ื– 384 ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืคึฟื™ืก.
ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ื™ ืคึฟื™ืœื.
nan
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืœื•ื ืึท, ืึท ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืœืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื“ื™ืกื ื™ื™ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ, "ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืœืฃ ืคึผืจื™ื ืกืขืก." ืœื•ื ืึท ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘-ื›ืึทืจื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืกืขืœื™ ืคืจื™ื™ึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืœืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืœื•ื ืึท ื”ืื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืง. ื–ื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ, ื˜ืจืขื˜ืึทื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืกืึธืจืกืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื›ืขื–ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืœื•ื ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื–ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ ืึทืœื˜ ืึทื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื™ืฉ ืฉืึทืคึผ. ืœื•ื ืึท ืคื™ื™ืกื™ื– ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืื™ืจ ื ืกื™ืขื”, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืœืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ, ืœื•ื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืจืกืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืœื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื”ืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทืง, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืืžืชืข ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืœื•ื ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืžืขืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’.
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทื ืคืึทื“ืขื ืฉื™ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“.
nan
ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื• ืงืึทื ืคืึทื“ืขื ืฉื™ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคืขืœื“. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคืึทื“ืขื ืฉืึทืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื, ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ืึทื’ื ืึธืกื™ืก, ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคึผืขืจืกืึทื ืขืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื˜ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคืึทื“ืขื ืฉื™ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜. ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืคืึทื“ืขื ืฉืึทืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™, ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜ 'ืก ื’ื™ื™ึทืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืกืึทื–.
ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข.
nan
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืกืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข: 1. ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืขืคื™ืงืึทืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™: ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืกื˜ืจื™ืžืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™. ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ ืจื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก, ืคื™ืจืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืึธืจื™, ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืคึผืœื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–. 2. ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข: ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืึท ืฉืขืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื“ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก-ืžืื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื™ื ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœื– ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ื˜ืจืขื ื“ืก, ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื–. 3. ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ: ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ื™ื ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœื– ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ื ื™ื™ึท ืžืืจืงืคืœืขืฆืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืึทืžืขืกื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜, ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืžืึทืจืง, ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ. 4. ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜: ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœื“ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืคืขืœื“, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก. ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืง, ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ. 5. ื ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก: ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ E- ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ, ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืงืึทืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื–, ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื“ื–ืฉืึธื‘ืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก. 6. ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’: ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืึธืงืข ื˜ื•ืขืจืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก, ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ืขืจืก, ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึท ืึทืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ื ืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก, ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืกืขืก ืึท ืคึผื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึทืœ ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’.
ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืฉืึทืŸ.
ื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’: ื“ื™ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท
ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืขื ืฅ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ "ื“ื™ ืกืึทื›ืึทืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™" ืื™ื–: 5 + 3.
ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืจื™ืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื”?
nan
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™, ืคึผืจืึทืคืขืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“. ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™: 1. ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™: ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื– ืึธืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. 2. ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ: ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื–ื“. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ื“ื™ืคื™ื•ื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’. 3. ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ: ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื ื” ืก ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข. 4. ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’: ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ืก ื“ื™ื™ึทื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืคื™ืงืกื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื”. 5. ื’ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ: ื ืึธืš ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ ืฆื• ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื“ืจืขืกื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื–, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื– ืึท positive ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื›ื™ื™ึทื•ื•ืขืก ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ืกื˜.
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื• ืึทืŸ ืึทื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก
nan
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื• ืึทืŸ ืึทื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึทื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืจืขื–ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึทืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื ืฅ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืจืขื–ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ "ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื“" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืขื–ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืกืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธืจืฉืึทื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืจืึทื ื’ืงื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืึทื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืกื™ื–. ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืกืคึผืจืขื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืจื™ื“ืขืžื™ืง ืคืึธืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื–ืึทืฅ, ืจื™ืคืจืึทืกืข ืขืก ืึธืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ.
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืืคืŸ.
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืกืœื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื“.
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืกื˜ืจืึทื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื˜.
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“
ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืจืขืกื˜ืจืึทื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ: 1) Nobelhart & Schmutzig: ื“ืขื ืคื™ื™ึทืŸ-ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืึทืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“-ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืžืขื ื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืข, ืกื™ื–ืึทื ืึทืœ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœ, ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืก ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืข ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืง ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ. 2) Eins44: ื ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืงื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืŸ, ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžืขื ื™ื• ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ื ื’ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ืœืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ Neukรถlln. 3) Einsunternull: ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืขืœื™ืŸ-ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื• ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ, ืกื™ื–ืึทื ืึทืœ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืึธืคึผืฉื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื“ื™ืง ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื–, ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืงืœื™ื™ืžื“. ื”ื ืื”!

This repository contains the dataset used for the TaCo paper.

Please refer to the paper for more details: OpenReview

If you have used our dataset, please cite it as follows:

Citation

@inproceedings{upadhayay2024taco,
title={TaCo: Enhancing Cross-Lingual Transfer for Low-Resource Languages in {LLM}s through Translation-Assisted Chain-of-Thought Processes},
author={Bibek Upadhayay and Vahid Behzadan},
booktitle={5th Workshop on practical ML for limited/low resource settings, ICLR},
year={2024},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=02MLWBj8HP}
}

The original dataset (Alpaca-52K) was translated using Google Translate.

Copyright and Intended Use This dataset has been released under CC BY-NC, intended for academic and research purposes only. Please review the licenses and terms and conditions of Alpaca-52K, Dolly-15K, and Google Cloud Translation before using this dataset for any purpose other than research.

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