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Occupy Oakland plans more antipolice rallies Oakland Tensions between Oakland police and Occupy protesters escalated Sunday, a day after an antipolice rally downtown turned violent and resulted in six arrests. Protesters pledged to hold weekly demonstrations against the police, who they say have been overzealous in enforcing no-lodging, trespassing and other laws to break up Occupy encampments. "The solution is very obvious. All (Mayor Jean Quan) has to do is stop enforcing these laws," said Occupy Oakland activist Phil Horne. "If they set reasonable rules, we'll abide by them." Clashes with police have been a hallmark of Occupy Oakland since October, when police made their initial clearance of a camp in front of City Hall that had become a gathering spot for economic injustice protests modeled on Occupy Wall Street. Saturday night, protesters marched peacefully from City Hall seven blocks to police headquarters carrying "F- the police" banners, hoping to draw attention to what they described as ongoing police harassment, oppression and abuse. As protesters approached the police station, officers in riot helmets stopped marchers along Washington Street near Seventh Street, where protesters started a bonfire and some threw bottles at officers from the back of the crowd. During the protest, protesters spray-painted a letter "A" with a circle around it - the symbol for anarchy - on a media van, and broke windows at a Starbucks coffee shop and on patrol cars, authorities said. Police chased protesters to Ninth and Washington streets and made arrests. Officers penned in the other protesters on Ninth Street between Washington and Broadway before declaring an unlawful assembly. The remaining protesters decided to leave. Officer Johnna Watson, an Oakland police spokeswoman, said six people were arrested for a variety of offenses, including assaulting officers, resisting arrest and vandalism. One protester was carrying a quarter stick of dynamite and was booked for possession of an explosive device, Watson said. Protesters said officers failed to give a dispersal order before chasing them down and beating some of them. At least two protesters were hit by bean-bag bullets, and one was treated at Alta Bates Medical Center for a broken arm and lacerations, protesters said. "The police are doing to us exactly what they do to a lot of people in this city," said Occupy activist Jaime Omar Yassin. "This isn't just about police brutality against Occupy - it's a rejection of the way the police work generally." To address the increased hostility between police and protesters, Oakland's Citizens' Police Review Board is hosting a forum Feb. 9 to discuss alleged police misconduct and possible solutions. Ideally, the protesters would stop confronting the police and start focusing on broader political and economic challenges, said board member Thomas Cameron. "If they really want to see some changes, they need to get their ass out and vote. And get their friends to do it, too," said Cameron. "Complaining about the police is just misplaced energy. I think a lot of these people are just being unreasonable." Occupiers don't plan to participate in the forum because they distrust city organizations, Yassin said. In addition, they don't support any Occupy-related discussions between city officials and members of the Interfaith Council, like the one that occurred Thursday which city staff touted as a productive step toward allowing ongoing demonstrations. Meanwhile, lawyers for the protesters are gearing up to fight charges against those who've been jailed. "It's ironic - (the mayor) wanted to clear away the protests but they've become bigger than ever," Horne said. "We're front and center."

d (-t + 0*t - 2*t)*(-2*t**2 - t**2 + 4*t**2) + (-4 - 4 + 5)*(t**3 + 2*t**3 - t**3) + 2*t**3 - 12*t**3 - 9*t**3 + t**2. -28*t**3 + t**2 Expand ((3 + 3 - 4)*(2 + 2*q - 2) + (-6*q + 4*q - q)*(2 - 1 - 15))*(-3 + 1 + 1). -46*q Expand 3*d**5 - 5*d**5 + 0*d**5 - 9*d**4 + 9*d**4 - 25*d**5 + (1 + 0 + 2)*(4*d**5 - d**5 - 2*d**5). -24*d**5 Expand -a - 6*a + 2*a + (a + 10*a + 3*a)*(0 - 3 - 1). -61*a Expand (-d**3 + 4*d**3 - d**3)*(2*d**2 + 3*d**2 - 3*d**2) - 3*d**5 - 4*d**5 + 5*d**5 + 13932 - 154*d**5 - 13932. -152*d**5 Expand (-l**2 + 4 - 4)*(0*l**3 + 0*l**3 - 4*l**3) - 24*l**3 - 3*l**5 + 24*l**3. l**5 Expand (0 - 2 + 1)*(-3 + 0 - 1)*(-5*k + 8*k + 20*k). 92*k Expand (-3 - 2 + 1)*(-162*x**3 + 42*x**2 + 17*x**3 - 43*x**2). 580*x**3 + 4*x**2 Expand (-4*q + 4*q - 2*q**3)*(-5 + 4 + 0) + q**3 - 2*q**3 + 5*q**3. 6*q**3 Expand (182 + 241 - 203)*(0 + 0 - 1)*(-1 + 1 + 3*j). -660*j Expand (-1 + 0 - 1)*(-2*j + 4*j - j). -2*j Expand (71 - 151*j - 153*j + 306*j)*(-2*j + 1 - 1) + (-2*j + 0*j + j)*(-3*j + 6*j - j). -6*j**2 - 142*j Expand (-3*a + 3*a - 2*a)*(-a - 3 + 3) - 2*a**2 + 4*a**2 - 19*a**2 - 3*a**2 - 1 + 11*a**2 - 10*a**2 + (4*a**2 + 2*a**2 - a**2)*(4 - 1 - 5). -27*a**2 - 1 Expand (-3*o**4 + 12 - 12)*(-4*o + 16 - 16) + (-2*o**3 + o**5 + 2*o**3)*(-1 + 2 + 0). 13*o**5 Expand (2*l**3 - 3*l**3 - l**3)*(-l + l + l) - 4743*l**3 - 4 + 4743*l**3 - l**4. -3*l**4 - 4 Expand ((3*r - r - 3*r)*(-7 - 2 + 2) + r - r - 14*r)*(1 - 2*r - 1). 14*r**2 Expand (-36 + 57 - 39)*(4*f + 3*f - f). -108*f Expand (3*o - o - o)*(-1246 - 33*o + 1246) + (o + 3 - 3)*(-2*o + o - o) + 3 - 3 - 2*o**2. -37*o**2 Expand (-5*z + 4*z - 4 + 3*z)*(0 + 1 + 1)*(-z + 3*z - 4*z)*(0 + 5 + 12). -136*z**2 + 272*z Expand -154*k - 37*k**2 + 154*k + (1 + 7 - 1)*(-1 + k + 1)*(k - 2*k + 3*k). -23*k**2 Expand (2*o - 2*o + 2*o**2 + (3 - 4*o**2 + 0*o**2 - 4)*(-1 - 2 + 0))*(2 + 3 - 3). 28*o**2 + 6 Expand (-2*n - 2*n**2 + 2*n)*(5*n**3 - 32*n**3 + 8*n**3) - 10*n**5 + 2*n**5 + n**5. 31*n**5 Expand 3*b**4 - b**4 + 3*b**5 - 5*b**5 + (4 - 4 - b)*(-23*b + 23*b - b**4). -b**5 + 2*b**4 Expand (-45 - 67 - 26)*(3*s - 3*s - 2*s). 276*s Expand (-7 - 4 - 151)*(4 + 1 - 4)*(-4*s + 3*s + 2*s). -162*s Expand -3*h + 0*h**2 - 2*h**2 - h + 3 - 3 + 2*h**2 + (-4*h + 5*h - 2*h)*(2*h + 0*h - h) + h**2 + 2*h**2 - h**2 + (h + h - 3*h)*(0 + 0 - 4*h). 5*h**2 - 4*h Expand -19*z**2 - 37 + 37 + (-1 + 4 - 2)*(-2*z**2 + 0*z**2 + 3*z**2) + 2*z**2 + 12 - 12. -16*z**2 Expand (c**3 + 0*c**3 + c**3 + (0*c**3 - c**3 - c**3)*(-1 + 0 + 5))*(-13 - 4 + 29). -72*c**3 Expand 2 - 3*f - 2 + (2*f + 0*f + 0*f)*(0 - 2 + 4) + (-2 + f + 2)*(-29 + 13 + 23). 8*f Expand 4*b + b + 0*b + (1 - 1 - 1)*(8*b - 5*b + 8*b). -6*b Expand -99*t + 55*t + 48*t - 8*t + t + t + (2 - 3 + 3)*(-4*t + 2*t + t). -4*t Expand (-7 + 7 + 3*l**2)*(2*l**2 + 2*l**2 + 0*l**2)*(825 - 34*l - 825). -408*l**5 Expand (i**3 - i**3 - 2*i**4)*(2 - 4 + 4) + 0*i**3 + i**4 + 0*i**3 - 50*i**4 + 56*i**4 + i**3 + 2*i**3. 3*i**4 + 3*i**3 Expand (5*z - 12*z - 30*z)*(-29*z**2 - 28*z**2 + 8*z**2). 1813*z**3 Expand (-9 - 5*b**2 + 9)*(-13 + 1 - 5)*(-4 + 2 + 1). -85*b**2 Expand (4 - 4 + 1 + (3 + 0 - 2)*(2 - 2 + 2) + (-4 + 2 + 0)*(-3 + 2 + 0))*(-7*l**4 + l**2 - l**2) + 360*l**3 + 6*l**4 - 360*l**3. -29*l**4 Expand (1 + 1 + 3)*(3 - 5 + 4)*(-2*f + 3*f + 3*f). 40*f Expand (-15*p + 25*p - 8*p - 78)*(-2*p + p + 0*p). -2*p**2 + 78*p Expand (-1 + 3 - 3)*(9 - 14 - 12)*(4*v**2 - v**2 - 5*v**2 + (2*v - 2*v - 2*v)*(0*v + 4*v - 3*v)). -68*v**2 Expand (0 - 1 - 1)*(3*z - z + 0*z) - z + z - 2*z - 1400*z - 42 + 1640*z + 42 + 4125*z. 4359*z Expand (0 + 9 - 1)*(0 + 3 + 0)*(2*r**3 + 3 - r**3 - 1). 24*r**3 + 48 Expand (0*w + 2*w - 3*w)*(8 - 15 + 4). 3*w Expand (0 + 0 - 1)*(-l + 5*l - 2*l) - 4 + 1 + 7*l - 10*l. -5*l - 3 Expand (2*x + x**3 - 2*x)*(-384*x + 171*x + 183*x). -30*x**4 Expand (-2*b + 0*b + 0*b)*(2*b**2 + 4*b - 3*b**2 - 3*b)*((0*b + 2*b - 4*b)*(-1 - 1 + 4) + 2*b - 3*b - 3*b - b + 1 - 1). -18*b**4 + 18*b**3 Expand (-p + 3*p - 4*p)*(2 + 1 - 2 + (357 - 119 + 147)*(5 - 3 + 0))*(-2 + 4 - 1). -1542*p Expand (-6*o - 4*o**2 + 6*o)*(2 + 0 - 4)*(18*o - 16*o + 8 + 4) - 2*o**3 + 4*o**3 + 6*o**3. 24*o**3 + 96*o**2 Expand (4 + 0 - 1 + (0 + 3 - 2)*(-8 + 10 + 1))*(4 + w - 4 + (0*w + 2*w - w)*(0 - 4 + 2)). -6*w Expand (-4367 + 2223 + 2232)*(-4 + 0 + 3)*(2*y**5 + 0*y**5 + 0*y**5). -176*y**5 Expand (-26 + 26 - 49*n + (1 + 2*n - 1)*(5 - 2 - 4))*(-6*n + 6*n + 4*n). -204*n**2 Expand (-100*i**2 - 212*i**2 - 156*i**2)*(i**3 + 0*i**2 + 0*i**2). -468*i**5 Expand (2 - 6 + 1)*(-3 - 1 + 2)*(n + 4 - 4)*(-2*n**3 - n**3 + 5*n**3). 12*n**4 Expand ((-3*s - 2*s - s)*(0 - 1 - 1) - 1 + 1 - s + (-3*s + 4*s - 3*s)*(-1 - 3 + 2))*(-3*s + 3*s**2 + 3*s). 45*s**3 Expand (4*r - 59*r + 9*r)*(-2*r**2 + 4*r**2 - 3*r**2). 46*r**3 Expand 3*o**2 + 49*o - 49*o + 13 + (0 + 0 - o)*(3*o - o - o). 2*o**2 + 13 Expand (-8*m + 7*m + 39*m)*(2*m**2 - 4*m**2 + 4*m**2)*(-3*m - m**2 + 3*m) + 2*m**5 + m**2 - m**2. -74*m**5 Expand s**3 + 5*s**3 - s**3 + (-2 + 2 - 2*s)*(0 + 0 + s**2) + 12*s**3 + 7*s**3 - 14*s**3. 8*s**3 Expand -4*n + n + 2*n + (-5 + 5 - 2*n)*(-5 + 2 + 2) + (3 - 2 + 2)*(2*n + 3*n - 8*n) - 12*n + 5*n + 9*n + (-n - n + n)*(-3 - 3 + 3) + 3*n - 2*n - 2*n. -4*n Expand (-3 + 3 - 1)*(-2*n - n + n) + (-n + 0*n + 2*n)*(-4 - 2 + 5) + 3*n + 0 + 0 - 5*n - 7*n - 10*n. -18*n Expand (-2*c**4 - c**4 + 5*c**4)*(-1180*c + 0 + 0 + 1547*c). 734*c**5 Expand (0*g - 4*g + 5*g)*(-7 + 3 + 1)*(-33 - 3*g + 33). 9*g**2 Expand (2*p + p - 6*p + (-2*p + 0 + 0)*(0 - 3 + 1) + 13*p + 7 - 7)*(4*p**2 - 2*p**2 - 4*p**2)*(-6*p + p - p + (-2*p + 0*p + 3*p)*(-1 - 1 + 0) + 0*p + 2*p - p). 196*p**4 Expand (2*o + 44*o + o)*(0*o**2 + 4*o**2 - 2*o**2)*(1 + 5 - 4 + (3 + 0 - 1)*(-1 + 4 - 1) - 1 + 3 - 3 - 4 - 1 + 3). 282*o**3 Expand (0*k**2 + 4*k**4 + k**2 - 2*k**4)*(k - 7*k - 15*k + (2 + 1 - 1)*(-26 + 17*k + 26)). 26*k**5 + 13*k**3 Expand (250*n + 82 - 499*n + 250*n)*(-2 + 1 + 0*n + 2*n). 2*n**2 + 163*n - 82 Expand (-2 + 2 + m)*(m**4 + 0*m**3 + 0*m**3) + m + m**5 - m + (3 - 1 + 6)*(3*m**3 - m**3 - 4*m**3)*(-4*m**2 + 5*m**2 + 0*m**2). -14*m**5 Expand -15*s**3 - 52*s**3 + 38*s**3 - s**3 - s + s + s**2 - 2*s**3 - s**2 + (1 - 4 + 2)*(-2*s**3 - 3*s**3 + 7*s**3). -34*s**3 Expand ((2*q**2 - 3*q**2 + 0*q**2)*(2*q - 2*q + q) + 4*q**2 - q**3 - 4*q**2)*(849*q - 362*q + 248*q). -1470*q**4 Expand (3 - 20 - 2)*(-2*a - 3*a + 3*a) + 15*a + 14 - 14. 53*a Expand (4*i + 7*i**2 - 4*i)*(411*i**2 - 819*i**2 - 3*i + 406*i**2 + 1). -14*i**4 - 21*i**3 + 7*i**2 Expand (-3*b**4 - 6*b**4 + 3*b**4)*(2 + 0 + 0 + (9 + 12 + 14)*(-3 + 4 + 1)). -432*b**4 Expand 0*r**2 + r**2 - 3*r**2 + (-1 + 0 + 2)*(-8*r**2 + 35 - 35)*(1 - 1 + 1 - 4 + 1 + 2 + (2 - 2 - 2)*(1 + 0 + 0)). 14*r**2 Expand (-10*u - 80 + 80)*(-2*u**4 + 0*u**4 + 0*u**4) + 9*u**5 - u**5 - 4*u**5 - u**5 + 0*u**5 + 0*u**5. 23*u**5 Expand (-6 + 2 - 2)*(-2*l - 12*l + 0*l). 84*l Expand (0 - 1 + 3)*(6 - 6 + 4*x) - 26 + 26 - 24*x - 3 + 2*x + 3 + (0 + 1 + 0)*(x - 3 + 3). -13*x Expand (l - 2 + 2)*((-6 + 2 + 3)*(-3 + 5 - 3) + 1 + 6 + 0)*(-6 + 4 - 3*l - 2). -24*l**2 - 32*l Expand (-3*w**3 + 2*w**3 - 5*w**3)*(-2*w**2 - w**2 + 5*w**2) - 66*w**5 + 240*w**5 + 156*w**5. 318*w**5 Expand (-2*n**4 + 3639 - 3639 + 16*n**3)*(-3 + 3 - n). 2*n**5 - 16*n**4 Expand 4 - 4 - 3*a**2 + a**2 - 2 + 2 - 3*a**2 + 3*a**2 + 3*a**2 + (2 - 2 - a)*(0*a + a - 3*a). 3*a**2 Expand (34*w**3 + 180*w**3 + 132*w**3)*(3*w + 0*w - 2*w)*(1 - 2 - 1). -692*w**4 Expand (b - 2*b + 4*b)*(-9*b - 20*b + 6*b) + b**2 - b**2 - 2*b**2. -71*b**2 Expand ((3 + 3 - 7)*(4*q - 5*q + 0*q) + 0 + 0 + q + q + 2*q + 2*q)*(55 + 12 + 67). 938*q Expand (2 - 2 - 2)*(-i - 1335*i**3 + 1213*i**3 - 2*i). 244*i**3 + 6*i Expand (-5*s + 4*s - 12*s)*(-3*s**3 - 19 - 2*s**3 + 21). 65*s**4 - 26*s Expand (4 + 5 - 11 - 6*u)*(-25*u + 25*u - 11*u**4). 66*u**5 + 22*u**4 Expand (3 - 98*t - 5 + 76*t)*(-6 + 2 + 2). 44*t + 4 Expand (3 - 1 + 48)*(3 - 3 + 2*u) + (-2 + 2 + 2)*(u - u + 2*u). 104*u Expand -19049*x + 19049*x + 309*x**3 + (x**2 + 4*x**2 - 3*x**2)*(-2*x + 4*x - 4*x). 305*x**3 Expand 0 + 0 - d + (-2*d + 5 - 3 + 0)*(-1 - 4 + 6)*(-1 + 12 + 22). -67*d + 66 Expand -5*x - x + 3*x + (2 + 2 - 3)*(0*x + x + 0*x). -2*x Expand (-20 - 23 - 20)*(f**2 - f + f). -63*f**2 Expand (-a**2 - 5*a**2 - 11*a**2)*(0*a - a - a) - 2*a + 2*a**3 + 2*a - 2*a**3 - a**3 + a**3 + 2*a - a**2 + 4*a**2 - a**2 + 1 + a**3.

Q: How to access an element in an array, within an array, within another array...in JavaScript I'm trying to call an element in an array, that is in another array, that is in yet another array. for example.... var a1 = ["1","2","3"]; var a2 = ["4","5","6"]; var a3 = ["7","8","9"]; var a4 = ["10","11","12"]; var b1 = ["a1","a2"]; var b2 = ["a3","a4"]; var c = ["b1","b2"]; var x = c[0]; console.log(x); The answer is x = b1 How can I define the var x = c[0] b1[1] a2[2] so that the answer would be 6? A: What you want are nested arrays. var a1 = ["1","2","3"]; var a2 = ["4","5","6"]; var a3 = ["7","8","9"]; var a4 = ["10","11","12"]; var b1 = [a1,a2]; var b2 = [a3,a4]; var c = [b1,b2]; var x = c[0][1][2]; console.log(x);

[Visual acuity and binocular vision following surgery of extreme retinal detachment]. Retinal surgery with implantation of silicone oil was performed in 33 patients presenting with idiopathic or traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Following removal of the oil patients were on average followed-up for 6 to 29 months (14 months). Sixteen patients had had buckling procedures prior to endosurgery. Improvement of vision up to 4 rows of optotypes was noted in 21 patients following silicone oil removal. Three cases showed a large, organic, central scotoma. Ten patients suffered from diplopia; 3 of whom were known to have had a preexisting strabismus. Suppression of the visual impression of the operated eye was seen in 4 cases. Eye muscle surgery was necessary in 4 cases. Sixteen patients demonstrated normal binocular vision as far as possible taking the visual acuity into account.

Disposable, wearable articles having an inner, body-facing, liquid pervious component, an intermediate, absorbent, liquid-retaining component and an outer, garment-facing, liquid-impervious component are well known. Articles of that type are commonly available in the form of disposable diapers, disposable underwear, pull-on diapers and training pants, incontinence pads, incontinence briefs, sanitary napkins, pantiliners, and the like. Such articles generally include a flexible, liquid-impervious outercover (i.e., backsheet) that is adapted to be positioned between an absorbent component of the article and the clothing of the wearer, to prevent wetting or soiling of the wearer's clothing when the article is in use. In order to provide improved comfort to the wearer of disposable absorbent articles, certain components of the articles, such as a backsheet, in addition to providing imperviousness to liquids, desirably permit the passage therethrough of moisture vapor and also preferably air, to help maintain dryness and to reduce the humidity adjacent the wearer's body. An impervious polymeric film to which breathability has been imparted to allow air and moisture vapor transmission through the film is disclosed U.S. Pat. No. 3,156,342, entitled “Flexible Absorbent Sheet,” which issued on Nov. 10, 1964, to G. A. Crowe, Jr.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,881,489, entitled “Breathable, Liquid Impervious Backsheet for Absorbent Devices,” which issued on May 6, 1975 to Edward Wallace Hartwell, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,989,867, entitled “Absorbent Devices Having Porous Backsheet,” which issued on Nov. 2, 1976, to James Bryant Sisson; U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,751, entitled “Process for Stretching an Impregnated Film of Material and The Microporous Product Produced Thereby,” which issued on May 8, 1979, to Eckhard C. A. Schwarz; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,256, entitled “Microporous Sheet Material, Method of Making and Articles Made Therewith,” which issued on Sep. 3, 1985, to Gene H. Shipman. In addition to imperviousness to liquids, and pervious to moisture vapor and air, the backsheet also preferably includes a cloth-like outer surface, which provides a softer feel, and also a more appealing visual appearance, as compared with the outer surface of a smooth, flat plastic film. Two-ply backsheets that provide a desirable, more cloth-like appearance for such disposable, wearable articles are also known. In that regard, U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,092, entitled “Absorbent Article with Dynamic Elastic Waist Feature Having a Predisposed Resilient Flexural Hinge,” which issued on Sep. 29, 1992, to Kenneth B. Buell, et al., discloses a disposable diaper backsheet formed either from a woven or a nonwoven material, a polymeric film, or a composite material in the form of a film-coated, nonwoven material. That patent also discloses the step of embossing of a plastic film backsheet to provide a more cloth-like appearance to a plastic film. Also known to those skilled in the art are methods for imparting extensibility to an otherwise substantially inelastic material, which may be employed as a backsheet. For example, the use of corrugating rolls to laterally or longitudinally stretch and to simultaneously provide a corrugated form to thin plastic films is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,892, entitled “Process for Stretching Incremental Portions of an Orientable Thermoplastic Substrate and Product Thereof,” which issued on Sep. 26, 1978, to Eckhard C. A. Schwarz; U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,741, entitled “Diaper With Waistband Elastic,” which issued on May 30, 1989, to Reinhardt N. Sabee; U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,793, entitled “Method for Incrementally Stretching Zero Strain Stretch Laminate Sheet In A Non-Uniform manner To Impart A Varying Degree Of Elasticity Thereto,” which issued on Oct. 20, 1992, to Kenneth B. Buell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,167,897, entitled “Method for Incrementally Stretching A Zero Strain Stretch Laminate Sheet To Impart Elasticity Thereto,” which issued on Dec. 1, 1992 to Gerald M. Webber et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,172, entitled “Elastic Laminated Sheet of An Incrementally Stretched Nonwoven Fibrous Sheet and Elastomeric Film and Method,” which issued on Jun. 6, 1995, to Pai-Chuan Wu. The corrugating rolls disclosed in each of those patents are employed in carrying out a process sometimes referred to as “ring-rolling,” to locally stretch and form corrugations in the material, in order to impart a greater degree of stretchability to selected portions of a sheet or web that may serve as a backsheet for disposable absorbent articles. Such backsheets can include both a polymeric film and an overlying and contacting layer of nonwoven, fibrous material. Although there have been significant product improvements in recent years that have resulted in improved functioning and increased consumer acceptance of disposable absorbent articles, it is still desirable to provide an improved material having optimal physical properties relating to permeability to water vapor and air, and impermeability to liquid. Additionally, the improved material should desirably have the optimal properties that are particularly useful in an absorbent article, such as good liquid impact value, and air flow rate. It is further desirable that the improved material has a soft, cloth-like outer surface and extensibility useful for comfort and fit provided by absorbent articles containing such a material. It would also be advantageous to provide an economical method for modifying a pre-formed web or laminate to have desirable properties which can be used as a structural component or an extensible component of a disposable absorbent article.

Holoptic Holoptic refers to one of the ways in which the Arthropod eye develops, particularly the eyes of various species of insects. As opposed to dichoptic and cycloptic eyes, holoptic eyes meet along the median dorsal line of the head, in many species nearly covering the exterior of the head. Holoptic eyes are typical of several Dipteran males, in particular some Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Pipunculidae, and Acroceridae. Some other insect orders that include species with holoptic males and some in which the females are holoptic as well, include the Coleoptera, Anisoptera and Archaeognatha. References Category:Insect anatomy Category:Eye

Orlando Pride forward Alex Morgan has been honored as the 2017 Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) Female Player of the Year, becoming the first player - male or female - to earn the honor three times. Morgan is a back-to-back winner, taking the honor in 2016, and won for the first time in 2013. Morgan appeared in 13 matches for the Pride during the 2017 campaign, ranking second on the team with nine goals, fifth best in the league. Morgan scored in each of the Pride five matches in the month of August, leading to her being named NWSL Player of the Month. The Cal product also added four assists on the year and helped lead the Pride to the team’s first-ever playoff appearance. On the international stage, Morgan finished the year with seven goals in seven straight matches for the U.S. Women’s National Team, ending the year with the team lead in goals. Prior to joining the Pride in July, Morgan opened the year with French side Olympique Lyonnais where she helped the team claim the treble - winning the French league, the French Cup and the Champions League title. Over all appearances, Morgan totaled 12 goals. Winners for the 2017 CONCACAF awards were selected in an in an equally-weighted vote among Member Association women’s and men’s national team coaches/captains, media members and fans. Winners were announced on Sunday night during the Premios Univision Deportes. The winners in nine additional categories for the annual CONCACAF Awards, including the Male and Female Best XIs, will be announced on Tuesday, December 19, 2017, via CONCACAF.com.

Error correction coding techniques can be used to reduce errors introduced during digital data transmission or storage. Prior to transmission, for example, each piece of data, such as a 16-bit word, can be encoded to incorporate additional information so that upon receipt, the data can be recovered even when errors are introduced during transit between transmitter and receiver. In addition, two or more coding techniques can be combined to create more powerful encoding schemes, such as product encoding scheme. Product code can act on a data matrix that can be arranged from a data sequence. The data matrix can include a first dimension and a second dimension. Product code can encode vectors of the first dimension to incorporate additional information, and then encode vectors of the second dimension to further incorporate additional information.

Coleophora katunella Coleophora katunella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in southern Russia. References katunella Category:Moths described in 1991 Category:Moths of Russia

Polyamine regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase synthesis through the 5'-untranslated region of its mRNA. The effect of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) mRNA and of polyamines on the translation of SAMDC mRNA was studied in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. Using synthetic SAMDC mRNAs possessing different sizes of 5'-UTR, it was shown that nucleotides in the 5'-end of 5'-UTR were responsible for polyamine inhibition at high concentrations. Existence of the 5'-end nucleotides decreased SAMDC synthesis and slightly increased the degree of polyamine stimulation of the synthesis at low concentrations. When poly(A)+ RNA from mouse SAMDC-overproducing cells was used as mRNA, the degree of polyamine inhibition at high concentrations was nearly the same, but that of polyamine stimulation at low concentrations was greater than with synthetic SAMDC mRNAs. The reason for this difference is discussed.

By ‘In anticipation of the DNR arriving on the scene, one farmer engaged in what can only be described as a heart-wrenching task of shooting his own pigs, one by one, including baby piglets before the DNR arrived. This was to avoid being arrested as a felon. His livelihood is now completely destroyed, as the state of Michigan has put him out of business. Even after this farmer informed the DNR that he had destroyed his entire herd of pigs, the DNR continued to illegally acquire a search warrant by providing false information to a court Judge, then conducting an armed raid on his ranch to verify that the entire herd of pigs had indeed already been shot to death. That this took place satisfied the DNR, which is now showing itself to be engaged in the mob-style destruction of targeted farming businesses through its mass-murder agenda of Michigan’s small-scale farm pigs.’

Q: Google apps script how to parse a link and extract the document ID? Given a document link, is there a simple method wich allow me to extract the ID from a google document? Or the only way is write a script that do something like this: var linkString = "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc? key=0AmEr9uNtZwnNdFNkNklYc3pVUzZINUV4eUtWVWFSVEf&usp=drive_web#gid=1" var docID = ''; for (i=0; i<=linkString.length(); i++) { if (linkString[i] = '='){ while (linkString[i] !== '&') { docID =+ linkString[i]; i+=1 ; } return docID } } A: You could make it simple using the split method var url = "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc? key=0AmEr9uNtZwnNdFNkNklYc3pVUzZINUV4eUtWVWFSVEf&usp=drive_web#gid=1" var id = url.split('key=')[1].split('&')[0]; Logger.log(id)

{ "jsonSchemaSemanticVersion": "1.0.0", "imports": [ { "corpusPath": "cdm:/foundations.1.1.cdm.json" }, { "corpusPath": "/core/operationsCommon/Common.1.0.cdm.json", "moniker": "base_Common" }, { "corpusPath": "/core/operationsCommon/DataEntityView.1.0.cdm.json", "moniker": "base_DataEntityView" }, { "corpusPath": "/core/operationsCommon/Tables/SupplyChain/ProductInformationManagement/Main/InventTable.1.0.cdm.json" }, { "corpusPath": "/core/operationsCommon/Tables/SupplyChain/ProcurementAndSourcing/WorksheetHeader/PurchTable.1.0.cdm.json" }, { "corpusPath": "/core/operationsCommon/Tables/SupplyChain/ProcurementAndSourcing/Transaction/VendPackingSlipJour.1.0.cdm.json" }, { "corpusPath": "/core/operationsCommon/Tables/SupplyChain/ProcurementAndSourcing/Transaction/VendPackingSlipTrans.1.0.cdm.json" }, { "corpusPath": "/core/operationsCommon/Tables/Finance/Ledger/Main/CompanyInfo.1.0.cdm.json" } ], "definitions": [ { "entityName": "PurchPackingSlipTmp", "extendsEntity": "base_Common/Common", "exhibitsTraits": [ { "traitReference": "is.CDM.entityVersion", "arguments": [ { "name": "versionNumber", "value": "1.0" } ] } ], "hasAttributes": [ { "name": "ExternalItemNum", "dataType": "ExternalItemId", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "InventDimPrint", "dataType": "FreeTxt", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "InventDimProduct", "dataType": "InventDimPrint", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "ItemId", "dataType": "ItemId", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "JournalRecId", "dataType": "VendPackingSlipJourRecId", "description": "" }, { "name": "Name", "dataType": "ItemFreeTxt", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "Ordered", "dataType": "PurchQty", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "PackingSlipId", "dataType": "PackingSlipId", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "pdsCWQty", "dataType": "PdsCWInventQty", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "pdsCWStr", "dataType": "String255", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "pdsCWUnitId", "dataType": "PdsCWUnitId", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "PurchId", "dataType": "PurchIdBase", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "PurchUnitTxt", "dataType": "UnitOfMeasureReportingText", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "Qty", "dataType": "PurchDeliveredQty", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "Remain", "dataType": "PurchQty", "isNullable": true, "description": "" }, { "name": "ValueMST", "dataType": "AmountMST", "isNullable": true, "displayName": "Value", "description": "" }, { "name": "VendPackingSlipTrans", "dataType": "VendPackingSlipTransRecId", "description": "" }, { "name": "DataAreaId", "dataType": "string", "isReadOnly": true }, { "entity": { "entityReference": "InventTable" }, "name": "Relationship_InventTableRelationship", "resolutionGuidance": { "entityByReference": { "allowReference": true } } }, { "entity": { "entityReference": "PurchTable" }, "name": "Relationship_PurchTableRelationship", "resolutionGuidance": { "entityByReference": { "allowReference": true } } }, { "entity": { "entityReference": "VendPackingSlipJour" }, "name": "Relationship_VendPackingSlipJourRelationship", "resolutionGuidance": { "entityByReference": { "allowReference": true } } }, { "entity": { "entityReference": "VendPackingSlipTrans" }, "name": "Relationship_VendPackingSlipTransRelationship", "resolutionGuidance": { "entityByReference": { "allowReference": true } } }, { "entity": { "entityReference": "CompanyInfo" }, "name": "Relationship_CompanyRelationship", "resolutionGuidance": { "entityByReference": { "allowReference": true } } } ], "displayName": "Show packing slip" }, { "dataTypeName": "ExternalItemId", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "FreeTxt", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "InventDimPrint", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "ItemId", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "VendPackingSlipJourRecId", "extendsDataType": "bigInteger" }, { "dataTypeName": "ItemFreeTxt", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "PurchQty", "extendsDataType": "decimal" }, { "dataTypeName": "PackingSlipId", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "PdsCWInventQty", "extendsDataType": "decimal" }, { "dataTypeName": "String255", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "PdsCWUnitId", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "PurchIdBase", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "UnitOfMeasureReportingText", "extendsDataType": "string" }, { "dataTypeName": "PurchDeliveredQty", "extendsDataType": "decimal" }, { "dataTypeName": "AmountMST", "extendsDataType": "decimal" }, { "dataTypeName": "VendPackingSlipTransRecId", "extendsDataType": "bigInteger" } ] }

/* TEMPLATE GENERATED TESTCASE FILE Filename: CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54b.c Label Definition File: CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135.label.xml Template File: sources-sinks-54b.tmpl.c */ /* * @description * CWE: 122 Heap Based Buffer Overflow * BadSource: Void pointer to a wchar_t array * GoodSource: Void pointer to a char array * Sinks: * GoodSink: Allocate memory using wcslen() and copy data * BadSink : Allocate memory using strlen() and copy data * Flow Variant: 54 Data flow: data passed as an argument from one function through three others to a fifth; all five functions are in different source files * * */ #include "std_testcase.h" #include <wchar.h> #ifndef OMITBAD /* bad function declaration */ void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54c_badSink(void * data); void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54b_badSink(void * data) { CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54c_badSink(data); } #endif /* OMITBAD */ #ifndef OMITGOOD /* goodG2B uses the GoodSource with the BadSink */ void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54c_goodG2BSink(void * data); void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54b_goodG2BSink(void * data) { CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54c_goodG2BSink(data); } /* goodB2G uses the BadSource with the GoodSink */ void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54c_goodB2GSink(void * data); void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54b_goodB2GSink(void * data) { CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__CWE135_54c_goodB2GSink(data); } #endif /* OMITGOOD */

Q: DFS over string trie (prefix) I wrote the following prefix trie: class TrieNode { char letter; HashMap<Character,TrieNode> children; boolean fullWord; TrieNode(char letter) { this.letter = letter; children = new HashMap<Character, TrieNode>(); this.fullWord = false; } } class Tree{ static TrieNode createTree() { return (new TrieNode('\0')); } static void insertWord(TrieNode root, String word) { int l = word.length(); char[] letters = word.toCharArray(); TrieNode curNode = root; for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) { if (!curNode.children.containsKey(letters[i])) curNode.children.put(letters[i], new TrieNode(letters[i])); curNode = curNode.children.get(letters[i]); } curNode.fullWord = true; } } I would like to add DFS method in order to find the first node that has more than 1 child (so it will show me the longest common prefix). I wrote this code: static void DFS(TrieNode node) { for (TrieNode tn: node.children.values()){ DFS(tn); if (node.children.size()>2) System.out.println("found the first vertex"); } } But it doesn't work. What am I doing wrong? A: Well, first we need to clarify that longest common prefix here means the longest common prefix of any two or more strings in the trie tree. So, your DFS method won't work well because it simply traverse the whole tree and will output "found the first vertex" on visiting any node whose children.size() > 2 (It should be >=2 here) What we want here is finding the longest common prefix only. So we need some extra information about which is the longest one. It's easy to see that in my example above: root --depth: 0 | a --depth: 1 | b --depth: 2 / \ c f --depth: 3 /|\ d g k --depth: 4 \ k --depth: 5 The longest common prefix node has children.size()>1 AND has max depth. In this case, it's node c So here's one possible correct DFS: static int max=-1; static TrieNode maxNode=null; static void dfs(TrieNode node, int depth){ if(node.children.size()>1 && depth>max){ max=depth; maxNode=node; } for (TrieNode tn: node.children.values()) dfs(tn,depth+1); } public static void test(){ TrieNode root = Tree.createTree(); Tree.insertWord(root, "abcd"); Tree.insertWord(root, "abcg"); Tree.insertWord(root, "abckk"); Tree.insertWord(root, "abf"); dfs(root,0); System.out.println("Max node:"+maxNode.letter); } After running of dfs, the maxNode will hold the node which longest common prefix stops. it's node c in this case.

Supercritical fluid extraction of sinomenine from Sinomenium acutum (Thumb) Rehd et Wils. Supercritical carbon dioxide, with and without a methanol modifier, was used to extract sinomenine from Sinomenium acutum (Thumb) Rehd et Wils. Sinomenine determinations were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that the yield obtained after 2.5 h extraction with methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide was the highest (7.47 mg/g), while that obtained with only supercritical carbon dioxide was the lowest (0.17 mg/g). The recovery obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide, with and without a methanol modifier, could not be increased greatly by the method of the alkalinization of sample. Higher recoveries were obtained than extraction using methanol in Soxhlet extractor.

In my last blog I was mentioning the “Distribution Wettstreit” which translates in “distribution competition” held on the Chemnitzer Linuxtage event. The idea of that session is to have distros lined up on stage and give them a task and see how each of them is able to solve it and compare that. I participated for openSUSE but the session left some question marks for me. Here are my thoughts how the idea could be improved. As far as I know it happened the second time in Chemnitz, were Debian, Fedora, Mandriva, Pardus, Ubuntu and openSUSE were on stage. The tasks we got were every day problems, such as playing a flash movie or how to display a html 5 page. openSUSE was lucky with a one week old release, so wonder why we can handle HTML5 directly and others who released earlier can not? I have to say that I do not like this kind of session too much. It is great to compare distributions, and also to do it kind of interactively and live. But even given that all involved know that its not about finding a winner and a looser, in this format there are too many parameters that influence the whole thing: First, the release date. Younger distros tend to be better than older ones. Second, it highly depends on the person who sits in front of the machine and explains what he does to solve the problem. One must be able to solve the task technically, and than she/he must be able to talk about it appealingly. Different distros target at different user groups, and you quickly compare apples with oranges. I think it should be realized as a benefit that we’re different, and that does not necessarily need to end up in a competition everywhere. Moreover, we should appreciate if people remain playful and try distros as they like instead of trying to nail them to one forever. Maybe next time we can rather have a “The combined power of the Linux variety” -session [working title] instead? In that we could try to work out the differences between the distros and which user groups could benefit from them. I mean, the variety in the FOSS community is the great advantage that we have over other systems and we should express it. And our similarities which we certainly have should also be brought on the table. To whom do we really compete? I guess we should be compared against commercial systems which tend to lock the user in with huge consequences or have security-, innovation- and other issues. Why not line up on stage and show the audience how we together beat these system with free software in various ways for the good of the user? Yes, playing flash movies is a every users problem, and I know the “I don’t care, it simply needs to work!”-attitude lots of users do have. We as free software distributions had and have to find ways to deal with it, and we all have our solutions. But whats really important is not to present new users that we even though in general can not work with Flash, we found a workaround. The more important message is why its dark in some corners of FOSS world, how that can be improved and who is able to change that. I think it would be awesome if that could be taken more into account the next time we have the opportunity to speak to such an audience as distributions together. Both comments and pings are currently closed.

During the processing of molten steel in a ladle, an inert gas such as argon is typically bubbled into and through the molten steel. The bubbling of inert gas into the ladle facilitates uniform composition, uniform temperature control, oxygen removal, and purification of molten metal in the ladle. One conventional method of injecting the inert gas into the ladle involves the use of a port in the floor of the ladle. The space defining the port is occupied by a porous plug. Inert gas (typically argon) is continuously passed into the ladle through the porous plug, whereby the porous plug a) divides the inert gas into small bubbles and b) prevents molten metal from seeping into the gas inlet port, as long as the gas is being injected. Conventional porous plugs have typically been constructed from a ceramic porous brick material surrounded by a steel shell, and held into place by a refractory mortar. The typical porous plug includes a large number of irregular interconnected passages resembling the openings in a sponge. Porous plugs having regular interconnected passages are also known. Conventional porous plug structures are not very durable and tend to erode quickly, requiring frequent replacement. The tendency to erode, and become blocked, is due in part to the high temperatures in the ladle, which can reach 2700.degree.-2900.degree. F. Therefore, there is a need or desire in the iron and steel industry for porous plugs useful in ladle ports which accomplish all the objectives of conventional porous plugs, yet which are more durable and have much longer useful lives.

758 F.2d 649 Straderv.Allsbrook 84-6525 United States Court of Appeals,Fourth Circuit. 3/5/85 1 M.D.N.C. DISMISSED

<?php /* * This file is part of the Predis package. * * (c) Daniele Alessandri <[email protected]> * * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE * file that was distributed with this source code. */ namespace Predis\Command; /** * @link http://redis.io/commands/rpop * * @author Daniele Alessandri <[email protected]> */ class ListPopLast extends Command { /** * {@inheritdoc} */ public function getId() { return 'RPOP'; } }

# Copyright 2013 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved. # Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. # # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without # modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions # are met: # 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. # 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the # documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. # # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY APPLE INC. AND ITS CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY # EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED # WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE # DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE INC. OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY # DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES # (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; # LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON # ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT # (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS # SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. This test ensures that regeular expression literals are constants, and so persist over multiple executions On success, you will see a series of "PASS" messages, followed by "TEST COMPLETE". PASS currentRegExp === lastRegExp is false PASS currentRegExp === lastRegExp is false PASS returnRegExpLiteral() === returnRegExpLiteral() is false PASS returnConditionalRegExpLiteral(true) === returnConditionalRegExpLiteral(true) is false PASS returnConditionalRegExpLiteral(false) === returnConditionalRegExpLiteral(false) is false PASS returnConditionalRegExpLiteral(true) === returnConditionalRegExpLiteral(false) is false PASS returnRegExpLiteral().someAddedProperty is undefined. PASS successfullyParsed is true TEST COMPLETE

South Africa has the second highest murder rate in the world. It is a favourite hangout for organised crime syndicates from every corner of the world..CORRUPTION...Who Cares ? . No fear No Favour - The Truth sets you FREE........... Wednesday, January 21, 2015 Concern over rate of police firearm theft The DA says it will continue to ask questions about the loss or theft of hundreds of police firearms. 31 thousand knives and more than 3000 guns are being destroyed by police in Vereeniging on 5 February 2013. Picture: Govan Whittles/EWN. FILE: Concerns are being raised this afternoon about the number of firearms being stolen from police stations. Picture: Govan Whittles/EWN. Alex Eliseev | about an hour ago JOHANNESBURG - Concerns are being raised this afternoon about the number of firearms being stolen from police stations following the arrest of a senior Gauteng officer. Eyewitness News this morning revealed that Colonel Chris Prinsloo, who has served 35 years in the South African Police Service, was arrested in connection with the discovery of 750 rounds of ammunition at his house. The arrest is part of a wider investigation that has been running for over a year and is being conducted by a Western Cape task team. National police commissioner Riah Phiyega said the high-level arrest of Prinsloo shows the effectiveness of Crime Intelligence. She said Prinsloo’s arrest is a great disappointment. “That type of skill takes many years to build and surely to reach that level, the person should also have had passion.” The Democratic Alliance (DA) says it will continue to ask questions in Parliament about the loss or theft of hundreds of police firearms. The party also wants more clarity on the role police officers play in the flow of weapons to the criminal underworld. Prinsloo is due to appear in court in March. He appeared in court earlier this week, was released on R5,000 bail and now faces suspension while his trial runs its course. The police’s Solomon Makgale says the arrest relates strictly to the ammunition found at the colonel’s house. Prinsloo was renowned for his knowledge of firearm laws. Last week, over 9,000 confiscated weapons were destroyed in Vereeniging with Phiyega and senior police leadership overseeing the process.

{#sp1 .111}

JOHNNY DEPP is a troubled man. There's no getting away from the fact the Pirates of the Caribbean actor has endured a difficult couple of years. Aside from the fact he's popped up in a string of box office duds, Depp has faced increased scrutiny over his private life. The latest has been chronicled in a Rolling Stone profile of the actor that highlights, in particular, just how bonkers he's been when it comes to his finances. Not content with splashing out $75 million on 14 properties and spending a further $3 million shooting his pal Hunter S. Thompson's ashes out of a cannon, Depp has become embroiled in a series of lawsuits and settlements that have depleted his funds. Depp's not likely to go broke any time soon, of course, but at this rate, he may have to do the unthinkable - yeah, another Pirates of the Caribbean movie. In any case, The Cut decided to put together a handy rundown of every crazy purchase made by Depp of late and it makes for fascinating reading. Here are just a few of the things Depp has purchased of late: – A 10,500-square-foot rented mansion at 16 Bishopswood Road in London’s Highgate neighborhood, which is where the interview takes place. – A personal chef named Russell, who prepares Depp and Rodrick a “three-course meal of pad thai, duck and gingerbread with berries.” – A 1940 Harley-Davidson. – The Viper Room, an old speakeasy once owned by Bugsy Siegel. – An 8,000-square-foot estate nicknamed “Dracula’s Castle.” – Millions of dollars on an army of attorneys “to bail him out of numerous legal crises” and pay “hush money.” – $75 million for 14 residences. – $3 million to shoot his pal Hunter S. Thompson’s ashes into the sky from a cannon. (Though, “by the way, it was not $3 million to shoot Hunter into the fucking sky,” says Depp in the piece. “It was $5 million.”) – $7,000 on a couch from the set of Keeping Up With the Kardashians for his daughter. – 70 guitars. – 200 pieces of art, including Basquiats and Warhols. – 45 luxury vehicles. – $200,000 a month on private air travel. (In an email from Mandel asking Depp to curtail his holiday spending, this is what Depp had to say about his air travel options: “I don’t have all that many options at the moment. A commercial flight with paparazzis in tow would be a fucking nightmare of monumental proportions. . . . What else can I do??? You want me to sell some art??? I will. You want me to sell something else??? Sure . . . what???”). – A sound engineer on the payroll so he could feed him lines through an earpiece while filming. – 12 storage facilities for his Hollywood memorabilia, largely of Marlon Brando and Marilyn Monroe. – $1.2 million to keep a doctor on call. – $1.8 million a year on round-the-clock security. – $30,000 a month Mandel claimed he spent on wine. (“It’s insulting to say that I spent $30,000 on wine,” says Depp. “Because it was far more.”) – An island in the Bahamas. – A French villa for his ex Vanessa Paradis and their kids. – His family farm in Kentucky. – A $30,000-a-month L.A. rental house for his mom before she died, which continued to run up charges because “according to Depp, the Mandels forgot to cancel the lease.” – A Hollywood Hills compound, “where Depp had purchased five homes that he had knitted together into an urban estate.” – An undisclosed amount of money on houseplants. – A wedding, and rent and mortgage payments for his sister Christi. – $1 million on his wedding to his ex Amber Heard, held on his Bahamian island. – A $7 million payment to Heard after she sued him for domestic abuse. At this rate, we wouldn't rule out the prospect of Edward Scissorhands 2 actually happening. But at least there will never be a Mortdecai 2, right? And if you thought that was bad, check out our breakdown of all the crazy things Nicolas Cage blew his fortune on. It's just as mad/sad.

Q: Como usar a função 'len' num template em python - Flask Tenho uma AppWeb em python-Flask que gostaria de mostra a quantidade de jogadores online, só que estou meio perdido nessa parte já tentei {% len(data) %} e {% data|length %} e nenhum dois métodos teve resultado. se alguém poder me ajuda nessa parte. Observação: a variavel "data" me traz um dicionario json do servido do jogo. codigo em html <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <title>Infinite Fight Brasil</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='style.css') }}"> </head> <body> {% extends "bootstrap/base.html" %} {% block content %} <div id="carregando" class="center" align="center"> <br><br><iframe src='https://www.liveflightapp.com/embed?key=d92f147c-1300-462f-84a0-e198ff0aeb01' width='80%'height='500px' frameborder='0' scrolling='no'></iframe> <br> <br> </div> <br> <br> <div id="quant"> <h2> No momento a xxx online nesse momento.</h2> </div> <br> <div class="container"> <table id="customers"> <tr> <th>Piloto</th> <th>Voo</th> <th>DEP - ARR</th> <th>Altitude</th> <th>Velocidade</th> <th>Online</th> </tr> {% for i in range(930) %} {% if "IFBR" in data[i]["DisplayName"] %} <tr> <td>{{data[i]["DisplayName"]}}</td> <td>{{data[i]["CallSign"]}}</td> <td>--------</td> <td>{{"{0:.0f} ft".format (data[i]["Altitude"])}}</td> <td>{{"{0:.0f} kts".format (data[i]['Speed'])}}</td> <td>Expert Server</td> </tr> {% endif %} {% endfor %} </table> <br> <br> <br> </div> {% endblock %} <br> <br> </body> </html> --> parte do flask from flask import Flask, render_template from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap from models.database import BancoDados app = Flask(__name__) Bootstrap(app) @app.route('/') def index(): return render_template('index.html', data=BancoDados.total()) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run(debug=True) A: Simples, basta usar o filtro do próprio jinja2: <h2> No momento a {{ data|length }} online nesse momento.</h2> Ou também: <h2> No momento a {{ data|count }} online nesse momento.</h2> Mesma coisa para o "for": {% for i in range(data|length) %}

Manufacture of fine spherical granules by an extrusion/spheronization method. Fine spherical granules of uniform particle size less than 500 microm are desired for easy handling in dispensing pharmacy. These fine particles have been produced by layering an active ingredient and excipients on a core; however, several technical problems have been difficult to overcome, e.g., the amount of layered ingredients is limited and often granules themselves agglomerate during the layering process and affect the quality of the finished product. Here, we studied the feasibility of the manufacture of fine spherical granules by an extrusion/spheronization method. A screen with a pore size of 0.4mm or smaller was used for extrusion, and reduction of the extrusion pressure at the screen was necessary to prevent the screen from breaking. In light of the reduction of the screen pressure, we found low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC), croscarmellose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol) and carmellose calcium (ECG-505), markedly decreased the screen pressure. It is suggested that the high swelling property of these excipients is closely related to screen pressure reduction. In the spheronization process, it was found that L-HPC gave the highest sphericity, while Ac-Di-Sol and ECG-505 were unsatisfactory. It is concluded that L-HPC is the most appropriate excipient for the manufacture of fine spherical granules of less than 500 microm diameter by the extrusion/spheronization method.

What is (-4 - 3)/7*4/(-22)? 2/11 What is ((-8)/(-9))/((-12)/(-54))? 4 What is the value of (-8)/(224/(-70))*(-36)/(-15)? 6 Evaluate (3/(-3))/(-4) - 35/20. -3/2 (3/(-5))/((-36)/40) 2/3 What is the value of (-118)/15 + 44/(-330)? -8 3*-1 + (-8 + 4 - -3) -4 What is (-12)/36*(-24)/(-56)? -1/7 What is the value of -29 - -27 - 7/(-1)? 5 Calculate ((-9)/15 + 1)/(-1). -2/5 -1*16/14 + (-370)/(-2590) -1 What is 2/(-8) + (-1)/4*-2? 1/4 What is the value of (-413)/(-84) - 4 - (-4)/48? 1 (-2)/(-8)*-1 - (-2)/(-8) -1/2 Evaluate ((-87)/(-203))/((-20)/(-14)). 3/10 2/3 + 7 + (-285)/36 -1/4 (3/7)/(17/(-119)) -3 Calculate 11 + (-9 - -7) + -8. 1 What is (27/(-198))/(-3 + (-21)/(-6))? -3/11 What is the value of 70/84 + 2/(-6)? 1/2 What is (3 - 88/33) + (-5)/6? -1/2 What is -8 + (-166)/(-21) - (-4)/6? 4/7 ((-3)/2)/(33/6 - 5) -3 Calculate (-30)/18*(-36)/15. 4 What is the value of 9/10 + 12/20 + -1? 1/2 What is the value of (10/30)/((-8)/6 - 1)? -1/7 Evaluate (2/4)/(((-2)/(-2))/(-4)). -2 What is 24/(-42) + (-13)/14? -3/2 What is the value of ((-84)/273)/(30/(-13))? 2/15 Evaluate 42/216 + ((-224)/(-63) - 4). -1/4 Evaluate (-96)/(-32) - (8 + -1). -4 (-28)/49*(-49)/(-70) -2/5 Calculate (30/21)/(114/(-133)). -5/3 Evaluate ((-6)/(-165))/((-3)/(2 - 17)). 2/11 Evaluate 4/10 - ((-51)/(-15) + -5). 2 2 - (52/(-44) + 3) 2/11 Evaluate (-504)/24 - (-28)/2. -7 (-64)/72 + -6*3/(-27) -2/9 Calculate ((-54)/(-8))/((-24)/32). -9 What is 2 + 185/65 - 10/(-65)? 5 What is (-1)/((0 - 0) + 3)? -1/3 Evaluate (-8)/32 + ((-38)/8 - -2). -3 Evaluate 5 + 8 + -14 + 2. 1 What is ((-72)/(-42))/(18/84) + 2? 10 -8 - -10 - -36*1/(-17) -2/17 (-124)/120 + 3/15 -5/6 What is (12 - 4)/(-4)*(1 + 0)? -2 (20/(-6) + 3)*(-3)/(-4) -1/4 (-5)/(-2)*2/70*2 1/7 What is ((-8)/32)/((-84)/(-288))? -6/7 (1/(-2))/((-117)/(-52)) -2/9 Calculate (-14)/42*(-6)/(-10). -1/5 What is 1204/238 + 1/(-17)? 5 Calculate (-8)/3*((-44)/8 + 4). 4 What is 2/(-15)*2/(4/6)? -2/5 Evaluate 80/30 - ((-4)/(-6) + 0). 2 Calculate (2 - 8)*(-2)/(-3). -4 Evaluate (16/14)/((-2)/7). -4 What is (36/210)/(17/(-10) - -2)? 4/7 What is (-6)/16 - (-13 + 630/112)? 7 What is ((-4440)/72)/37 + 2/3? -1 What is the value of (6/30)/((-3)/(-20)*2)? 2/3 Calculate (((-102)/4)/1)/6 + 4. -1/4 Evaluate (-104)/(-12) + -9 - 16/(-3). 5 What is the value of -12*(11 - (-64)/(-6))? -4 Evaluate -2 + 0 - (-9 + -36)/(-9). -7 Calculate ((-11)/((-66)/12))/(-2). -1 Calculate (-13)/52*(16/12 - 0). -1/3 Calculate 34/(-5) + 9/5. -5 (-4 - 0)*(1 - -1 - 1) -4 Calculate (391/30)/(-23) + (-2)/(-5). -1/6 What is the value of (-2)/(-17) + -2 + (-12)/102? -2 (168/(-126))/(22/3) -2/11 What is the value of (-36)/63 + 54/168? -1/4 Evaluate 1/(18/(-4)) + (-6)/(-27). 0 What is the value of 234/(-26) - 1/((-1)/4)? -5 Evaluate 3*(-10)/(-15) - (-1 + 0). 3 What is the value of 28/49 - (-10)/(-15)? -2/21 What is the value of 2/12 + -24 + 573/18? 8 Calculate (132/(-176))/((-12)/(-64)). -4 What is (266/24 + -11)*1*4? 1/3 Calculate (6/10)/((-33)/(-110)). 2 What is (-30 - -32) + 33/(-15)? -1/5 36/(-45) - 0 - 77/35 -3 What is the value of 104/(-30) - 2/(-3) - -3? 1/5 (168/(-20) - -8)*(-4)/8 1/5 (2/52)/((2 - -4)/24) 2/13 (-6)/((-840)/(-68)) - 3/(-15) -2/7 Calculate 6 - 114/(-90)*-5. -1/3 Evaluate (-96)/14 + 19/(-133). -7 What is 18 - 15 - (2*-6)/(-3)? -1 What is ((-12)/(-10))/(4/10) + 0? 3 ((-376)/120 - -2) + (-2)/10 -4/3 Calculate (-4)/((-28)/(-16) + 2/8). -2 What is (0 - -1)*(17 + -12)? 5 What is (((-90)/105)/(2/(-7)))/(-3)? -1 Calculate 1 + 4 + -5 - (-8)/(-52). -2/13 What is the value of (-1240)/(-4340) - (-1 - (-8)/7)? 1/7 Evaluate -3 - -15*(-10)/(-45). 1/3 What is ((-294)/153 + 2)/(26/39)? 2/17 What is (2/(-4))/((-1)/40*4)? 5 What is 1/(((-28)/6)/(4/6))? -1/7 ((-5)/6)/((-1)/2) 5/3 Evaluate 4*((-2)/16)/((-2)/8). 2 What is ((-1)/2)/((-55)/640) - 6? -2/11 Evaluate 30/(-9) + (-70)/6 + 11. -4 What is (-14)/(-12) + 75/90? 2 (-4)/22 + (-2345)/(-737) 3 What is 154/21 - 8/6? 6 ((-10)/60)/((-1)/(-2)) -1/3 Evaluate (11 + -1)*(-30)/(-75). 4 Evaluate -1*(4 + (3 - 4)). -3 What is (9 + -11)/(5 - (-45)/(-10))? -4 ((-4)/(-42))/((-1)/7*3) -2/9 (0 + -3 + 2)*1 -1 Calculate 516/387 - -2*1/(-3). 2/3 Calculate ((-35)/(-42))/(2/4). 5/3 What is (21/(-6) - -1) + 2? -1/2 (196/35 - 5)/((-2)/10) -3 Evaluate 2*(-5)/(-15)*(-1)/4. -1/6 What is the value of 68/11 - 6 - 0/1? 2/11 Calculate (-4)/3*(-86)/(-1376). -1/12 What is (102/153)/(4/42)? 7 What is (-17)/85 + (-6)/(-5)? 1 Calculate 2/4*(-4)/(-4). 1/2 Evaluate (-8)/20 + (-69)/15*1. -5 ((-9)/(-6))/((0 - 3)/6) -3 2 + 92/(-16) + 3 -3/4 Evaluate 7 - (9 + 24/(-36)). -4/3 What is the value of (1/(-4))/((-3)/(-18))? -3/2 Calculate ((-124)/(-279))/((-52)/(-18)). 2/13 What is the value of (-90)/(-35) - 26/13? 4/7 Evaluate (-36)/8 - (-6)/(-12). -5 What is (55/99 + (-1 - -1))/5? 1/9 (-6 + 3)*(-1)/1 3 What is the value of (-40)/110*(-6 - 5)? 4 What is 1*-1 - ((-5)/(-20) + -1)? -1/4 (406/(-42) + 8)/1 -5/3 What is the value of 4/(-6) - 1955/(-1785)? 3/7 Calculate (-4)/46 + 1288/(-9522). -2/9 What is (48/(-60))/(0 + 2/(-5))? 2 Evaluate ((-32)/(-28))/(70/(-49)). -4/5 What is the value of -11 - 3 - (-24 + 15)? -5 Calculate 11/(-10) - 60/(-100). -1/2 Calculate 136/(-714)*18/(-8). 3/7 What is (-8)/(-4 + (2 + -4 - -4))? 4 What is (2 + (-3)/2)*(-3 + -7)? -5 (-8)/(-10) - (-946)/(-645) -2/3 What is (0/(-6) - -15)/(1 + 2)? 5 What is (-10)/(-9)*7/35? 2/9 What is (3/(-6))/(15/6)? -1/5 1/(-3)*(52 - 43) -3 What is ((-27)/(-30))/(34/(-10) - -4)? 3/2 What is (-8)/60 - 22/(-15)? 4/3 What is the value of (17/(119/(-14)))/(0 + 11)? -2/11 2/8 + (2 - (-27)/(-12)) 0 Evaluate 8/676*13 + (-218)/(-104). 9/4 What is the value of (-27)/(-9) - (-8)/(-6)*6? -5 What is the value of (-3)/(-2)*4/6? 1 What is (37/(925/600))/((-6)/(-2))? 8 What is the value of ((-3)/(-44))/(((-6)/16)/(-1))? 2/11 What is 36 - 36 - 4/(-10)? 2/5 Evaluate 5*6/5 + -11. -5 Calculate (40/(-16) - -2)*(0 - -2). -1 What is the value of (-1)/2*(90/(-63) + 2)? -2/7 What is the value of (-1 - 3/(-5))/(42/35)? -1/3 (33/(-22))/(-2 - (3 + -6)) -3/2 What is the value of 2/3 - (2 + 60/(-18))? 2 What is the value of (39/(-65))/((-1)/(-5))? -3 Calculate 26/(390/75)*(-18)/(-10). 9 (-3)/((2/(-10))/(4/(-90))) -2/3 What is 2 + -1 - (-198)/(-154)? -2/7 What is the value of (-14)/(-77) + (-63)/(-77)? 1 (1 + -3 - -6) + 76/(-18) -2/9 What is (1 - 13/12)/(244/(-366))? 1/8 1 - (18/(-45))/((-2)/(-5)) 2 Evaluate -4 + (4 - (-6)/21). 2/7 What is (-38)/133*7/2? -1 (-12)/(-9)*(-16)/32 -2/3 What is the value of 5/1 - (5 + (-20)/(-25))? -4/5 Calculate (-552)/(-115) - (0 + 6). -6/5 Evaluate ((-32)/(-9))/2 + (-64)/(-288). 2 What is the value of -2*2 - (-378)/99? -2/11 Calculate -3*8/30*30/(-12). 2 (-102)/9 - 93/(-279) -11 What is the value of 0 + -3*(4 + -5) + 0? 3 Calculate 2/19 + 1872/8208. 1/3 Calculate 4/4 - (-2 + 1). 2 What is the value of (-1)/(-6)*1*3? 1/2 What is 2/(-20)*9*(-50)/(-30)? -3/2 What is 5/12 + -2 + 101/404? -4/3 What is the value of (3/4)/(-1 - 14/(-32))? -4/3 (-2*1/8)/((-18)/96) 4/3 What is 408/(-56) + (9 - 2)? -2/7 What is (6/9)/(30/9 - 5)? -2/5 What is the value of ((-27)/(-135) - (-27)/(-35))/2? -2/7 What is (-9)/285*10/(-3)? 2/19 What is (-3)/(-2)*(0 + (-2)/3)? -1 What is the value of 5/(175/(-10))*2/(-1)? 4/7 Evaluate (-8 - -6)/((-6)/(-2)). -2/3 What is ((-5)/25)/(3*(-3)/135)? 3 What is the value of (-28)/(-6) - -1 - 7? -4/3 Calculate (-12)/(-6) - (-18)/(-10). 1/5 What is 180/(-40)*4/3? -6 What is the value of (-30)/372*(368/(-40) + 10)? -2/31 Calculate (-5)/((-45)/6)*(-3)/(-15). 2/15 15/60*4/(-5) -1/5 What is 2/(-4)*-4 - -1? 3 What is ((-10)/(-4) - 1)*28/(-105)? -2/5 Evaluate (-2)/(-6) + 56/(-312). 2/13 Evaluate (-4)/3*9/24. -1/2 What is the value of (-6 - -2) + (-1 - (-7 - 1))? 3 Calculate (0 - 24/(-15))*(-365)/(-438). 4/3 What is (-2)/(5 + -3 - (-3 - -2))? -2/3 Evaluate (-1 - 3/15)/(18/60). -4 Calculate (42/12 + 1)/(21/28). 6 Calculate (2/4)/(42/(-36)). -3/7 What is (-15)/(-6)*10/(-5)? -5 What is the value of (-3)/((-63)/(-2))*1? -2/21 What is -18*3/9*4/(-6)? 4 What is (-3 - 135/18) + 9? -3/2 What is ((-89)/1780)/(2/(-8))? 1/5 (-16)/(-12) + 2/(-6) 1 What is the value of (-1)/(-9) + 57/(-27)? -2 What is ((-9)/90)/((-2)/36) - 2? -1/5 What is the value of (-66)/12*(-32)/44? 4 What is the value of 2/(-3)*(-8 - 1308/(-168))? 1/7 Evaluate ((-184)/(-16) + -12)/

Investigators say the mysterious deaths of 330 elephants in Botswana were caused by toxic blooms of cyanobacteria, a dangerous phenomenon that has been ... Investigators say the mysterious deaths of 330 elephants in Botswana were caused by toxic blooms of cyanobacteria, a dangerous phenomenon that has been ...

Q: Do animals know God exists? I remember a scene from the Telugu movie Sri Ramadasu in which animals such as elephants, deer and peacocks are filled with ecstasy when Lord Vishnu descends to earth as Lord Rama, and welcomed Him. Now my questions are: Do animals really know God exists? Or was it just picturization in the film? (You can see that particular scene here). There is another story that Rama warmly stroked squirrel for the little help it could do while building Ramasethu. You can find the story from here. Does it mean that animals can recognize God (here Squirrel chants Rama-Nama and helps Him) in whatever form he exists? (Here Rama was human and some people who lived at that time saw him as human except Supraja and some other sages). A: Gajendra elephant got Moksha by chanting name of Lord Vishnu. Once Gajendra elephant went to a lake to drink water. One crocodile came and barked at elephant's feet. Crocodile was very strong and it holds elephant in water only. Gajendra elephant continuosly chanted Lord Vishnu's name and Lord Vishnu came to rescue it. Thus an elephant got Moskha. Nandhi is also devotee of Lord Shiva. Garuda is devotee of Vishnu and so on many deity has animals as their vehicle. This describes that even animals know GOD exists and they can get moksha too. Actually human is also one animal and Lord Shiva/Harihar is Pashupati. Read More Here at Wikipedia

library built_redux; export 'src/action.dart'; export 'src/reducer_builder.dart'; export 'src/middleware.dart'; export 'src/store.dart'; export 'src/store_change.dart'; export 'src/typedefs.dart';

Eryphus laetus Eryphus laetus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. References Category:Heteropsini

The present invention relates generally to confocal imaging systems, and more particularly to a confocal macroscope. Confocal microscopes with coherent optical illumination are capable of producing very thin optical sectioning yielding sharp 3-D image volume data sets and an image of a specimen with much better contrast between fine details than is possible with non-confocal imaging systems such as wide-field instruments known to those skilled in the art. Confocal microscopes are employed to produce images of many types of specimens such as biological materials and semiconductor devices. A schematic diagram of the essential components of a conventional confocal microscope 100 is shown in FIG. 1. A light source 110, such as a laser in the instance of monochromatic illumination, generates light that is deflected off of a beamsplitter 114, which directs the light toward an objective lens 116. The objective lens 116 focuses the light at a focal point 118 in a specimen 120. The focal point 118 is a small illuminated area in a focal plane, also called an object plane 122, in the specimen 120. In the instance of fluorescent imaging, if the specimen 120 is stained with fluorescent dye that is illuminated with a wavelength near its excitation maximum, then it will emit fluorescent light of a Stokes-shifted wavelength. Fluorescent molecules at the focal point 118 emit Stokes-shifted light rays toward the objective lens 116 which focuses the emitted rays into a confocal pinhole in a conjugate image plane. The confocal pinhole is also called an image pinhole 130 and is located in a plate 132 placed in the conjugate image plane for the focal point 118. In the instance of fluorescent imaging the beamsplitter 114 transmits the fluorescent light to the image pinhole 130, and the fluorescent light passing through the image pinhole 130 is detected by a photodetector 140 such as a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The photodetector 140 generates a signal indicating an intensity of the fluorescent light passing through the image pinhole 130, and the signal is processed by an appropriate data processing system (not shown). An image of the specimen 120 in the object plane 122 is generated by moving the focal point 118 relative to the specimen 120 such that the focal point 118 traverses the object plane 122 in the specimen 120 in a pattern such as a raster pattern. The data processing system assembles the signal from the photodetector 140 to generate the image. Images of different sectional depths of the specimen 120 may be generated by moving the object plane 122 relative to the specimen 120. If the specimen 120 is reflective then the illumination light is reflected back toward the objective lens 116 and the beamsplitter 114 to be focused on the image pinhole 130 and detected by the photodetector 140. An example of a reflective specimen 120 is an integrated circuit wafer specimen. Beam-scanning or stage-scanning confocal microscopes differ from wide-field instruments in two major aspects: an illumination spot and an image pinhole. First, in the confocal microscopes rays of light impinging on a specimen from an objective lens are converged along a cone to a single focal point or apex in an object plane in the specimen. This is in contrast to a wide-field instrument where, in each instant, the entire area circumscribed by the field-of-view of the objective lens is illuminated simultaneously. This area includes information from points extending through the entire depth of the specimen, including points above and below the object plane of the objective lens. One advantage of the beam-scanning or stage-scanning confocal microscopes is that all of the light is focused on the focal point in the object plane to produce a much more intense excitation of each scanned point of the specimen, with greater spatial specificity of the area being excited. A second advantage of the beam-scanning or stage-scanning confocal microscopes is the pinhole in the emission/detection path. Some of the rays of light emanating from the object plane as a result of the illumination light will retrace the path of the impinging path through the objective lens to be collected at a point in the conjugate image plane. The confocal pinhole or image pinhole at the conjugate image plane acts as a spatial-filter to remove out-of-focus rays of light which emanated from points above, below, or to the side of the focal point or apex in the specimen. A single focal point in the specimen is examined at a time. If the focal point of the objective lens is scanned over the specimen at different object planes, then a three-dimensional data set of the specimen may be obtained. The greater intensity of confocal illumination and a segregation of adjacent object planes through which the focal point is scanned allow for the generation of low-distortion images of slices of a thick specimen such as a biological tissue section. The intensity of illumination in a confocal microscope is enhanced if the excitation light source is a laser such as the laser 110 shown in FIG. 1. Arc-lamps normally used in wide-field instruments have much less optical power at a given excitation wavelength. Arc-lamps are also not as capable as a laser of providing a narrow excitation wavelength while excluding other wavelengths or colors, as arc-lamps emit wavelengths throughout a very broad spectrum. Lasers produce just a few colors or discrete wavelength lines with negligible energy in other spectral regions. The confocal microscope has undergone many exciting and ingenious changes since its conception by M. Minsky, described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,013,467, with its defining characteristic being a detector pinhole. Minsky used arc-lamp illumination and a pair of orthogonally oriented, electromechanically oscillated tuning forks to translate a specimen. Advances in confocal designs are disclosed in Sheppard et al. xe2x80x9cA Scanning Optical Microscope For The Inspection Of Electrical Devicesxe2x80x9d Microcircuit Eng., Cambridge, 1980, p.447-454 and in Marsman et al. xe2x80x9cMechanical Scan System for Microscopic Applicationsxe2x80x9d; Rev. Sci. Instrument, 1047-1052, 54(8). These confocal microscopes use resonant galvanometers to oscillate the specimen, incorporate laser illumination and PMT detection, scan in real-time, and are used for observing the functional processes of living cells. They are limited to scanning areas of only about 1 mm on a side. The confocal microscopes described so far are categorized as xe2x80x9cstage-scannersxe2x80x9d, because they move the specimen on a support stage with respect to a fixed optical beam. Laser beam scanning confocal microscopes, also called beam scanners, are described in xc3x85slund et al., xe2x80x9cPHOIBOS, A Microscope Scanner Designed For Micro-Fluorometric Applications, Using Laser Induced Fluorescence, Proceedings of the Third Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, Copenhagen, Denmark (1983). Beam scanners angularly deflect an illumination and detection beam with respect to a central axis of an objective lens, using tilting mirrors or acousto-optic devices. Beam scanners have an advantage in that a specimen is not jostled during scanning, and the specimen position may be adjusted without disturbing the scanner. However, spherical and chromatic aberrations in the objective lens are accentuated as the beam is deflected towards the periphery of the field. The field of view is both delimited and restricted by the diameter of the exit pupil of the objective lens which is typically less than half a millimeter. This produces an image that is bowl-shaped which may extend out of the specimen, and is not a flat-field scan. The introduction of beam scanners was contemporaneously accompanied by the implementation of digital storage. Beam scanners and early stage scanner designs have drawbacks due to an angular scan, nonlinear velocity, and a curved scan path. These result in images that are irregular in shape, flawed quantitatively, and limited in field-of-view. This is partly attributed to the fact that with a fixed time-clock, both the spatial size of samples and the strength of the detected optical signal relative to a concentration of fluorescent dye molecules in a specimen are inversely related to the instantaneous velocity of the beam within the specimen. Most of the commercially available confocal microscopes sold today are beam scanners. They are more than sufficient for viewing circumscribed specimens which fit neatly within the objective lens"" field of view. They are also more than sufficient for glimpsing isolated fields of a larger specimen. They also are well suited for monitoring live processes, where small scan spaces can translate into short frame times. Their edge distortion makes them problematic for producing images of extended areas. Attempts to seamlessly align image tiles produced by a beam-scanner to create a montage from scans of adjacent fields of view is cumbersome, due to the tiles"" distorted edges and the need for a separate mechanism, independent of the scanner, to move a specimen stage between tiles. Recently, large field-of-view stage scanners have been patented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,021 to Smith and U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,652 to Mathies et al. Each describe flat-bed x-y scanners. These models allow seamless scanning, but at a limited resolution and speed. Such large-specimen stage scanners also place great stresses on a specimen at high scan rates, which are necessary in fluorescent imaging to avoid bleaching fluorescent dye in the specimen, and to collect copious data in a timely manner. Not jostling the specimen is critical in applications in which biological tissue cannot be dry-mounted. Further, even dry-mounted biological specimens are susceptible to impact damage. U.K. Patent Application Number 2,184,321 to White describes a spiral configuration stage scanner having a scan motion without wasted time or as much jostling due to rectilinear motion reversal. However, the data set it generates is spatially irregular, due to uneven dwell time and a curved scan path. There remains a need for a confocal imaging system capable of efficiently, accurately, and without jarring a specimen, generating a clear image of the specimen having a large cross-sectional area. According to one embodiment of the present invention an imaging system comprises a specimen stage, a source of a collimated light beam centered on a beam axis, and a scan-head movably positioned to focus the collimated light beam on a focal point in an object plane above the specimen stage and to receive light emitted or reflected from the object plane. The collimated light beam is comprised of parallel light rays, and infinity space is the region in which the light beam is collimated. The scan-head is translated coaxial to the beam axis and takes advantage of the capacity of infinity space to stretch. According to another embodiment of the present invention a method comprises generating a collimated light beam centered on a beam axis and defining a region of infinity space, focusing the collimated light beam on a focal point in an object plane in a specimen on a specimen stage with an objective lens, and detecting light reflected or emitted from the specimen at the focal point to generate image data.

1. Field of Invention The invention relates to a shoe having a spring-position limitation for use, in particular, in a torsional-vibration damper and to a torsional-vibration damper having end shoes and/or slide shoes designed on the basis of such shoe. 2. Description of Related Art EP 1 584 839 A1 discloses a torsional vibration damper having a drive-input-side primary element which has at least one primary driver and having a drive-output-side secondary element which has at least one secondary driver, which primary element and secondary element can be rotated relative to one another about a neutral position counter to at least one spring element which is provided between one of the primary drivers and one of the secondary drivers, and having end shoes arranged on the end sides of the spring elements, with at least one of the end shoes being designed such that, when a threshold relative rotational angle with respect to the neutral position is reached, at least one of the drivers comes into direct contact with the spring element, bypassing the at least one end shoe. Torsional vibration dampers or rotary vibration dampers are known in different variations and from different applications. They are provided in particular in automotive engineering for elastically coupling the internal combustion engine and drivetrain. In this way, it is sought to prevent vibrations from being transmitted from the internal combustion engine to the drivetrain or gearbox. Such a transmission of vibrations occurs in motor vehicle drives in particular in the case of internal combustion engines with comparatively few cylinders and at low rotational speeds. Effective damping of such vibrations makes it possible for the internal combustion engine to be operated at relatively low rotational speeds, which generally entails a reduced fuel consumption and is therefore both economically and ecologically advantageous. Torsional vibration dampers having a drive-input-side primary element and a drive-output-side secondary element which are coupled to one another by means of a spring device and which are rotatable with respect to one another to a limited extent about a rotational axis are known for example from EP 1 371 875 A1 or DE 195 22 718 A1. The primary element comprises a first driver which will also be referred to below as the primary driver. The secondary element comprises a second driver which will also be referred to below as the secondary driver. The torque is transmitted from the primary element by means of the primary driver firstly to the spring device and from there to the secondary driver of the secondary element. The spring device is generally composed of one or more spring elements arranged in series in the circumferential direction of the torsional vibration damper, preferably helical springs or helical spring sets which are if appropriate connected to one another by means of slide shoes and are supported at both end sides by means of end shoes against the respective driver. If a transmission of torque takes place from the primary element to the secondary element, the described transmission of torque is referred to as traction. If, in contrast, the transmission of torque takes place in the opposite direction from the secondary element to the primary element, this is referred to as overrun. It has been found that, in the event of a traction/overrun shift, in particular under low load conditions, a changeover noise can be heard. This can be attributed to the fact that, during the traction/overrun shift, the drivers of the primary and secondary elements abut against the end shoes which support the spring elements, and this can cause the changeover noise mentioned. For this reason, in DE 101 33 694 A1, additional spring elements were provided between the end shoes and the drivers in order to reduce the abutment of these against one another and the associated generation of noise. In contrast, in DE 199 58 814 A1, such additional spring elements are dispensed with and, instead, the end shoe which bears against the end side of the respective spring element is designed so as not to completely cover the end side of the spring element. Furthermore, the drivers are provided with an arm which is designed such that, in the event of an abutment of the driver and end shoe against one another, the arm of the driver firstly abuts directly against the spring element, bypassing the end shoe. In this way, the movement of the driver is initially damped slightly before the driver abuts over a large area against the end shoe, such that the abovementioned changeover noises can be reduced at least in the event of small torques to be transmitted. A disadvantage of the device is that the initial damping effect is not great enough if the driver is acted on with a high rotational impetus or a high torque. In this case, changeover noises are still generated as the driver abuts against the stop. Generally known from EP 0 236 159 is a torsional vibration damper in which use is made of two differently-dimensioned types of springs, with the first of the springs being connected in each case alternately in series with the second of the springs. DE 102 40 839 A1 discloses a torsional vibration damper in which, within the windings of a first spring, a second spring with a smaller outer diameter is inserted. Here, the second spring projects at the end side slightly out of the end side of the first spring. Here, the two springs are mounted in each case entirely within a common end stop, such that undesirable noises are generated in the event of an abutment of a driver. DE 199 09 044 A1 describes a further arrangement of a torsional vibration damper of this type, with the second spring having, in its central section, a spring winding with an increased diameter, which spring winding engage between two adjacent spring windings of the first, outer spring and thereby fix the second spring in the first spring. In this arrangement, the second, inner spring is dimensioned so as to be harder than the outer spring. The two springs are again mounted at the end side on in each case one end stop or driver. DE 100 19 873 A1 describes a torsional vibration damper having a multiplicity of springs which are mounted in slide shoes. Here, partially differently dimensioned first and second springs alternate in the circumferential direction. DE 41 41 723 C2 describes a torsional vibration damper having an idling spring system. In this arrangement, too, differently dimensioned springs are inserted in the circumferential direction. The problem on which the invention is based is that of proposing, in a simple manner, a shoe having a spring position limitation and having two springs which are arranged one inside the other, such that improved isolation and vibration damping can be realized. Furthermore, it is sought to propose a torsional vibration damper using a shoe of this type in the form of end shoes and/or slide shoes.

Pattie Mallette Discusses Her New Charity + Reveals What It’s Like Being The Mother Of A Celebrity Pattie Mallette is a woman who has an intense passion to help those who feel like they’ve struck out of round one of life and are looking to start over with round two. You may be familiar with her through her superstar son, Justin Bieber, but she is much more than a superstar mom. As a teen mother and someone who suffered from abuse, depression along with day-to-day struggles, Pattie has dedicated her life to giving back and helping people who walk in the same shoes she once did. Mallette has launched her own foundation, Round 2, that was founded to help people get a fresh start at life. “I love the idea of being able to help people who were like me. The idea of Round 2 is that after you’ve been knocked down from round one of live, there is round two. We’re here for those who have struggles with addiction, cutting or feeling alone or maybe someone just needs some financial help,” she says. Check out our brief interview with Pattie below where she gives us a little snippet of her story and she dishes on being the mother of an A-list celebrity. JESSICASIMIEN.COM: I’m familiar with your memoir, Nowhere But Up. It gave me a really good picture of who you are as a person and that you’re very passionate about reaching out to others just like you said. What was it like going through some of those things and coming out on top? How does that make you feel as you look back on some of those moments in your life?PM: Well, just being able to put it all on paper and write the book was really cathartic for me. I went through a lot of sexual abuse growing up, years of it, and I had abandonment issues from my dad leaving and my biological dad used to physically beat my mom and suicide attempts as a teenager and finding myself pregnant and alone as a teenager as well. So I write about all that stuff to let other people know that if they’ve been through similar circumstances, that if I can get through it, they can too. And it’s really about my healing journey and about my tenacity and not giving up and how I still fight for my healing every day. JESSICASIMIEN.COM: A little about being a superstar mom and being on tour with Justin…What is it like being the mom but also having a role in his career? Do you ever find yourself wanting to let your mom instincts kick in and having to take a step back when he wants his privacy? How do you balance it all out?PM: You know, I’m always a mom first and I raised him…I changed his diapers, right? If anybody knows who he is, I do. As our children grow, our world changes as parents. With him being 19, almost 20, he’s an adult child so that looks different than it did when he was a teenager…when he was a toddler. As an adult child, you have to let them make some of their own decisions. And I just have to hope that we have a great enough relationship that I’m still a voice in his ear. JESSICASIMIEN.COM: And what is it like for you to be in the spotlight as well? You have tons and tons of Twitter followers…I saw that you call them your two million children. What is it like for you to live in that spotlight?PM: It’s really amazing. I’ve been sharing my story since before Justin started his career so being able to use even his platform and have almost three million Twitter followers now that call you mom. It’s an amazing feeling to use this platform for good and to share my story and say hey, I can relate. I’ve been where you are, you don’t have to stay there. JESSICASIMIEN.COM: That’s awesome Pattie. Can you give us any details on when Round 2 will actually launch?PM: Right now we’re figuring out our first campaign so hopefully in the New Year we’ll have that campaign ready. When Mallette isn’t busy with her foundation, she’s on the road with Justin all year. She recently spent almost two months straight traveling with him while he was on tour and you can watch her in his upcoming film, Believe, that will be released in theaters on Christmas Day. Sharing is caring! Like this: LikeLoading... Reader Interactions Primary Sidebar Search... About Jessica Hey there, I'm Jessica! Welcome to my blog! Here you'll find posts about beauty, hair, what it's like being a millennial mom and a little of my life in between. I hope you are inspired and can relate. Thanks for visiting! Find me on social media so we can meet!

/* Kikoo */ /** * Kikoo */

List of Pan American Games medalists in athletics (men) This is the complete list of Pan American Games medalists in men's athletics from 1951 to 2015. Events 100 metres 200 metres 400 metres 800 metres 1,500 metres 5,000 metres 10,000 metres Marathon 110 metres hurdles 400 metres hurdles 3000 metre steeplechase 10,000 metre track walk 20km road walk 50km road walk 4 × 100 metres relay 4 × 400 metres relay High jump Pole vault Long jump Triple jump Shot put Discus throw Hammer throw Javelin throw Decathlon References External links Pan American Games medal winners up to 2003 * Pan American Games Pan American Games Athletics

Anticoagulation risk in spine surgery. Systematic review. To determine the high-risk populations for thromboembolic events in spine surgery patients, the risk of anticoagulation in spine surgery patients by type of anticoagulation, and whether there is a safe perioperative window of nonanticoagulation for these high-risk patients. Thromboembolic complications after major spinal surgery is a significant risk for patients. Anticoagulation to reduce this risk is of concern because of the possibility of excessive bleeding or postoperative hematomas and associated neurologic deficits. There seems to be a paucity of literature on this topic. A systematic review of the English-language literature was undertaken for articles published between January 1990 and December 2008. Electronic databases and reference lists of key articles were searched to identify published studies examining coagulopathy in major spine surgery. Two independent reviewers assessed the strength of literature using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, assessing quality, quantity, and consistency of results. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. A total of 93 articles were initially screened, and 29 ultimately met the predetermined inclusion criteria. The risk of thromboembolism in patients not receiving chemical prophylaxis was slightly higher in surgery to correct deformity (5.3%) and trauma patients (6.0%) than in surgery for degenerative conditions (2.3%). Fatal pulmonary embolism was rare. Bleeding complications occurred rarely with the use of anticoagulation; risk of major bleeding ranged from 0.0% to 4.3% across several types of anticoagulants. Postoperative hematoma was reported in only 10 of 2507 patients. Venous thromboembolism is uncommon after elective spine surgery. Trauma patients are at increased risk, and chemical prophylaxis should be considered. The safe timing of the administration of anticoagulation agents is unknown.

Q: Add code with a function I'm trying to insert some code thanks to a submit button. To sum up, I want that this button call an PHP function wich add a block of HTML code. Here is my function : function ajouterStag(){ print_r('<form method="post" action="AjoutFormation.php"> <label>Nom d\'un stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireNom"/><br/> <label>Mail du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireMail"/><br/> <label>Telephone du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireTel"/><br/> </form>'); } And here is how i use it : <h5>Et ses employés ?</h5> <label>Nom d'un stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireNom"/><br/> <label>Mail du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireMail"/><br/> <label>Telephone du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireTel"/><br/> <form method="post" action="AjoutFormation.php"> <?php ajouterStag(); ?> //Right there <input type="submit" value="Ajouter un stagiaire"/> </form> In result, i just have the same labels (the tree you can see) twice and my button do nothing. I'm a beginnner in PHP and dont see how to do that. Do you mind help me ? A: Update If you want something like, repeating additional form elements, you should be using JavaScript for that. This is something like a start using jQuery (an awesome JS library): $(function () { $(".add").click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).before('<label>Nom d\'un stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireNom"/><br/><label>Mail du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireMail"/><br/><label>Telephone du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireTel"/><br/><br/>'); }); }); <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.2.4.js"></script> <h5>Et ses employés ?</h5> <form method="post" action="AjoutFormation.php"> <label>Nom d'un stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireNom[]"/><br/> <label>Mail du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireMail[]"/><br/> <label>Telephone du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireTel[]"/><br/> <br/><a href="#" class="add">Add Another Set</a><br/> <input type="submit" value="Ajouter un stagiaire"/> </form> While using the above way, you need to send the data to the server in an array way. Like above. See the name for all the input elements. Let me know if this is what you want? I'm trying to insert some code thanks to a submit button. To sum up, I want that this button call an PHP function which add a block of HTML code. PHP is a server side language, which gets executed before the client side code renders. This is not possible with PHP, but you need to use some client side programming language such as JavaScript. For this, you can simply load the file with the form elements hidden and the on the click of a button, you can make it display with JavaScript. <h5>Et ses employés ?</h5> <form method="post" action="AjoutFormation.php"> <div style="display: none;" id="hidform"> <label>Nom d'un stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireNom" /><br/> <label>Mail du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireMail" /><br/> <label>Telephone du stagiaire : </label><input type="text" name="ajoutStagiaireTel" /><br/> </div> <a href="#" onclick="hidform.style.display = 'block'; return false;">Show Form</a><br/> <input type="submit" value="Ajouter un stagiaire" /> </form>

fusillade762:When Thomas White spotted a cougar approaching his teenage son outside their home in rural Washington state last week, there was only one thing to do - hand a gun to his 11-year-old daughter. I'd have thought the one thing to do would be to SHOOT THE GODDAMN THING YOURSELF. According to the article (grain of salt, and all that) the girl was the only one with a tag to shoot it. I'd probably shoot it myself and fark the consequences, but these kids look like they know what they're doing. fusillade762:When Thomas White spotted a cougar approaching his teenage son outside their home in rural Washington state last week, there was only one thing to do - hand a gun to his 11-year-old daughter. I'd have thought the one thing to do would be to SHOOT THE GODDAMN THING YOURSELF. If they kill me, let Bobby take the shot. At least I know he'll take me down clean. Doom MD:abhorrent1: Shelby's grandfather, William White, revealed that it was a fourth cougar killed on his property in the past several weeks. We're real avid hunters I moved out into the wilderness so I can kill any wild animal that walks onto my property How dare these wild animals exist in their own habitat! /seriously//these ass-hats sound like they just like to kill things Gun grabbing ninnies hate to admit it, but firearms are a vital tool for animal conservation. Think about this the next time you see a bear licking your grill. I get that. But if you live in the wilderness where there are bears and mountain lions, chances are some are going to wander into your yard. Doesn't mean you have to kill them every time they do. Getting a permit and hunting are one thing, since it's regulated. Shooting any animal that wanders onto your property is ass-hattery. You could probably live there your whole life and never see a mountain lion but for some reason, every one in the area wants to eat them? Bullshiat. They should be charged with poaching. violentsalvation:fusillade762: When Thomas White spotted a cougar approaching his teenage son outside their home in rural Washington state last week, there was only one thing to do - hand a gun to his 11-year-old daughter. I'd have thought the one thing to do would be to SHOOT THE GODDAMN THING YOURSELF. According to the article (grain of salt, and all that) the girl was the only one with a tag to shoot it. I'd probably shoot it myself and fark the consequences, but these kids look like they know what they're doing. See, here's the thing, though: Depending on whether the fish and wildlife guys want to be hard-asses or not, you could be facing some serious fines. Sure, it might be a valid "protection" shoot, but this way it doesn't matter: Girl has a tag for it, doesn't matter if the cat really was stalking her brother or not, it's legal for her to shoot it. If the father shot it, though, he'd have to be able to prove the cat was a serious immediate danger to himself or another person. Maybe the fish cops will believe him, maybe they won't. Maybe they'll think he cooked up the story just to justify shooting the cougar. abhorrent1:I get that. But if you live in the wilderness where there are bears and mountain lions, chances are some are going to wander into your yard. Doesn't mean you have to kill them every time they do. Getting a permit and hunting are one thing, since it's regulated. Shooting any animal that wanders onto your property is ass-hattery. Not that it's common that they attack, *BUT*, if I had a cougar prowling around my backyard on a consistent basis, I'd do what I did with the coyote problem we had a few years ago in my neighborhood: Try to scare them off by yelling, if they keep coming back, ding 'em in the ass with the air rifle to try to dissuade them even more, and if they still keep coming back, then I resort to lethal means. Seems only fair to give them a chance to regain their fear of humans. But if you've got one animal that doesn't "get the message", then that animal is a problem, and likely to hurt someone eventually. abhorrent1:Shelby's grandfather, William White, revealed that it was a fourth cougar killed on his property in the past several weeks. We're real avid hunters I moved out into the wilderness so I can kill any wild animal that walks onto my property How dare these wild animals exist in their own habitat! /seriously//these ass-hats sound like they just like to kill things TFA said the animal was a 4 y/o that weighed about 50lb--half what a cougar that age should weigh. If predators are starving, you damn well better believe they'll overcome their fear of humans and come sniffing around your house for a meal. My guess is the drought out west has resulted in smaller-than-normal deer populations and the predators aren't able to find their normal prey. Cthulhu_is_my_homeboy:TFA said the animal was a 4 y/o that weighed about 50lb--half what a cougar that age should weigh. If predators are starving, you damn well better believe they'll overcome their fear of humans and come sniffing around your house for a meal. Yeah, that's a danger sign right there. The coyotes we had coming around the house a few years back were in late February/early March, when prey for them is scarce. That's why I think they came out of the woods and were poking around the neighborhood, they were looking for food. I wasn't worried so much for the adults, but at the time the littlebopper was 6 or 7 years old (and he's small for his age), and we had a number of other kids that size in the neighborhood, some even younger. You don't want to worry about letting them play in the backyard when there are starving predators about. Mean Daddy:When Thomas White spotted a cougar approaching his teenage son outside their home in rural Washington state last week, there was only one thing to do - hand a gun to his 11-year-old daughter. Wait, what?!? Don't they know that guns are harmful? They should have called the gubmint. Fadder Oobama will take care of us all. The gubmint is my shepherd, I shall not want.... Don't you get it man? The gubbament already won. This poor defenseless family had to make do with a plain ol' RIFLE, they couldn't wheel out the minigun and call in a daisy-cutter airstrike like you're supposed to do when staring down a wild animal. The Man made it so they barely even had a chance for her brother to get chalked into the Acceptable Losses category when dealing with a threat to national security like a cat. abhorrent1:Doom MD: abhorrent1: Shelby's grandfather, William White, revealed that it was a fourth cougar killed on his property in the past several weeks. We're real avid hunters I moved out into the wilderness so I can kill any wild animal that walks onto my property How dare these wild animals exist in their own habitat! /seriously//these ass-hats sound like they just like to kill things Gun grabbing ninnies hate to admit it, but firearms are a vital tool for animal conservation. Think about this the next time you see a bear licking your grill. I get that. But if you live in the wilderness where there are bears and mountain lions, chances are some are going to wander into your yard. Doesn't mean you have to kill them every time they do. Getting a permit and hunting are one thing, since it's regulated. Shooting any animal that wanders onto your property is ass-hattery. You could probably live there your whole life and never see a mountain lion but for some reason, every one in the area wants to eat them? Bullshiat. They should be charged with poaching. Ok, you let apex predators skulk around your prepubescent children unharassed and I will light them up with my ar15. Given how underweight this animal was, it was either ill or there are too many predators than the local ecosystem can support. Bartman66:jaybeezey: abhorrent1: Shelby's grandfather, William White, revealed that it was a fourth cougar killed on his property in the past several weeks. We're real avid hunters I moved out into the wilderness so I can kill any wild animal that walks onto my property How dare these wild animals exist in their own habitat! /seriously//these ass-hats sound like they just like to kill things Right, when you have children and live stock around, you also want a preponderance of predator animals creepin gin the shadows. It's good for keeping the kids alert. Who cares how many get killed!?!! THIS.Hate the crying crowd of "you just want to kill everything" kids who probably have never been in the wilderness or have been two times for a campout and therefor they know everything. I kind of wonder how many of these people want to ban guns "for the children", then get upset an apex predator had to be killed with a gun in order to defend the life of a child. The cognitive dissonance must be unbearable. mokinokaro:An eight-nine year old hunting still seems like child endangerment but to each their own. My dad used (and played with) farking dynamite when he was a kid. Firearms are incredibly safe compared to other common rural hazards. Teaching 8 year olds gun safety is fine, they're old enough to realize that you're damn serious about it (and you should be), and if they screw around then they're never going to be allowed to touch guns again.

サントリーの自動販売機。 通常、自動販売機のディスプレイに飾られるのはダミーの商品だ。しかし設置主の趣味なのか、なぜか手書きの自動販売機が見つかったとネット上がざわついている。 一見、普通の自動販売機に見えるが…。 近くで見るとなんと商品パッケージが手書き。紙に文字やロゴを描いて完全に再現している。 色鉛筆だからだろうか。本物のパッケージより色が薄い。 出典：https://twitter.com/uranchon/status/992716169571319809 美大生のアート作品ならともかく、当たり前のように設置されている自動販売機でこれはすごい。誰が何の目的でこのようなことをしたのだろうか。 なお、自販機には魚のオリジナルキャラクターも。手に持っている缶には「あんこうジュース」の文字が。 やはり作者は相当な奇才だ。残念ながら詳しいことについては一切不明。担当の補充スタッフも気づいたときにさぞかし驚くに違いない。 おまけ。 全商品に手書きのPOPがつけられている自動販売機。値段が安めになっているのが嬉しいところ。 出典：https://twitter.com/___shidzuki/status/635343402045804545

/*========================================================================= * * Copyright NumFOCUS * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. * *=========================================================================*/ #ifndef itkQuadrilateralCell_h #define itkQuadrilateralCell_h #include "itkLineCell.h" #include "itkQuadrilateralCellTopology.h" namespace itk { /** \class QuadrilateralCell * \brief Represents a quadrilateral for a Mesh. * * \tparam TPixelType The type associated with a point, cell, or boundary * for use in storing its data. * * \tparam TCellTraits Type information of mesh containing cell. * * \ingroup MeshObjects * \ingroup ITKCommon */ template <typename TCellInterface> class ITK_TEMPLATE_EXPORT QuadrilateralCell : public TCellInterface , private QuadrilateralCellTopology { public: ITK_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(QuadrilateralCell); /** Standard class type aliases. */ itkCellCommonTypedefs(QuadrilateralCell); itkCellInheritedTypedefs(TCellInterface); /** Standard part of every itk Object. */ itkTypeMacro(QuadrilateralCell, CellInterface); /** The type of boundary for this triangle's vertices. */ using VertexType = VertexCell<TCellInterface>; using VertexAutoPointer = typename VertexType::SelfAutoPointer; /** The type of boundary for this triangle's edges. */ using EdgeType = LineCell<TCellInterface>; using EdgeAutoPointer = typename EdgeType::SelfAutoPointer; /** Quadrilateral-specific topology numbers. */ static constexpr unsigned int NumberOfPoints = 4; static constexpr unsigned int NumberOfVertices = 4; static constexpr unsigned int NumberOfEdges = 4; static constexpr unsigned int CellDimension = 2; static constexpr unsigned int NumberOfDerivatives = 8; /** Implement the standard CellInterface. */ CellGeometryEnum GetType() const override { return CellGeometryEnum::QUADRILATERAL_CELL; } void MakeCopy(CellAutoPointer &) const override; unsigned int GetDimension() const override; unsigned int GetNumberOfPoints() const override; CellFeatureCount GetNumberOfBoundaryFeatures(int dimension) const override; bool GetBoundaryFeature(int dimension, CellFeatureIdentifier, CellAutoPointer &) override; void SetPointIds(PointIdConstIterator first) override; void SetPointIds(PointIdConstIterator first, PointIdConstIterator last) override; void SetPointId(int localId, PointIdentifier) override; PointIdIterator PointIdsBegin() override; PointIdConstIterator PointIdsBegin() const override; PointIdIterator PointIdsEnd() override; PointIdConstIterator PointIdsEnd() const override; /** Quadrilateral-specific interface. */ virtual CellFeatureCount GetNumberOfVertices() const; virtual CellFeatureCount GetNumberOfEdges() const; virtual bool GetVertex(CellFeatureIdentifier, VertexAutoPointer &); virtual bool GetEdge(CellFeatureIdentifier, EdgeAutoPointer &); /** Evaluate the position inside the cell */ bool EvaluatePosition(CoordRepType * position, PointsContainer * points, CoordRepType * closestPoint, CoordRepType[CellDimension], double * dist2, InterpolationWeightType * weight) override; /** Visitor interface */ itkCellVisitMacro(CellGeometryEnum::QUADRILATERAL_CELL); /** Constructor and destructor */ QuadrilateralCell() { for (PointIdentifier i = 0; i < Self::NumberOfPoints; i++) { m_PointIds[i] = NumericTraits<PointIdentifier>::max(); } } #if defined(__GNUC__) // A bug in some versions of the GCC and Clang compilers // result in an ICE or linker error when "= default" is requested. // This was observed in at least gcc 4.8 and 5.4.0, and // AppleClang 7.0.2 and 8.0.0. Probably others too. // "= default" doesn't gain us much, so just don't use it here. ~QuadrilateralCell() override{}; #else ~QuadrilateralCell() override = default; #endif protected: /** Store the number of points needed for a quadrilateral. */ PointIdentifier m_PointIds[NumberOfPoints]; void InterpolationDerivs(const CoordRepType pointCoords[CellDimension], CoordRepType derivs[NumberOfDerivatives]); void InterpolationFunctions(const CoordRepType pointCoords[CellDimension], InterpolationWeightType weights[NumberOfPoints]); void EvaluateLocation(int & itkNotUsed(subId), const PointsContainer * points, const CoordRepType pointCoords[PointDimension], CoordRepType x[PointDimension], InterpolationWeightType * weights); }; } // end namespace itk #ifndef ITK_MANUAL_INSTANTIATION # include "itkQuadrilateralCell.hxx" #endif #endif

Jill Dixon Jill Dixon (born 1935) is an English actress. Personal life and career Jill Dixon was born in England in 1935. She made her debut as an actress at the age of three, appearing as a water nymph at the London Hippodrome. Although she appeared in several films, the majority of Dixon's career were parts in television series and television films. Her last film was the 1964 horror film Witchcraft co-starring Lon Chaney, Diane Clare and Jack Hedley. Dixon also acted in various Shakespeare stage productions including Much Ado About Nothing, King Lear and Love's Labour's Lost. Filmography Shop Spoiled (1954) as Jenny the maid Up in the World (1956) as Sylvia Checkpoint (1956) as Stewardess The Secret Place (1957) as Joan (uncredited) High Tide at Noon (1957) as Matille Trudeau Just My Luck (1957) as Anne A Night to Remember (1958) as Mrs Clarke Witchcraft (1964) as Tracy Lanier TV The Queen Came By – TV film (1955) as Kitty Tape The Merry Wives of Windsor – TV film (1955) as Anne Page ITV Play of the Week – TV series, 2 episodes (1957) as Petra/Doris Good Wives – TV series, 5 episodes (1958) as Amy Our Mutual Friend – TV series, 5 episodes (1958–1959) as Miss Lavinia Wilfer Sunday Night Theatre – TV series, 2 episodes (1960) as Diddo Geiss/Bunty Mainwaring An Age of Kings – TV series, 2 episodes (1960) as Queen Anne/Lady Anne Persuasion – TV series, 3 episodes (1960–1) as Louisa Musgrove The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse – TV film (1962) as Nurse Ann Thirty-Minute Theatre – TV series, 1 episode (1962) The Spread of the Eagle – TV mini series, 1 episode (1963) as Charmian Sergeant Cork – TV series, 1 episode (1964) as Emma Snedden The Man in Room 17 – TV series, 1 episode (1965) as Moira Leigh The Arthur Haynes Show – TV series, 1 episode (1965) Theatre 625 – TV series, 1 episode (1965) as Emily Jackson Love Story – TV series, 1 episode (1967) as Myra My Man Joe – TV series, 1 episode (1967) Armchair Theatre – TV series, 1 episode (1968) as Audrey Nash Sanctuary – TV series, 1 episode (1967) as Hilary Best of Enemies – TV series, 1 episode (1969) as Rowena Gordon Parkin's Patch – TV series, 1 episode (1970) as Mrs. Jackson Hadleigh – TV series, 1 episode (1971) as Nicola Penn Paul Temple – TV series, 1 episode (1971) as Liz The Capone Investment – TV series, 4 episodes (1974) as Abigail Softly, Softly: Taskforce – TV series, 1 episode (1976) as Doris East Lynne – TV film (1976) as Barbara Hare Jubilee – TV series, 1 episode (1977) as Anne Tallwatch Crown Court – TV series, 1 episode (1977) as Tanith Grant Grange Hill – TV series, 5 episodes (1978–9) as Miss Clarke The Professionals – TV series, 1 episode (1980) as Amanda's Mother Ladykillers – TV series, 1 episode (1981) as Edith Mabel Pegler External links Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:English television actresses Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members

Q: Default context menu for RichTextEdit? There doesn't seem to be a default context menu (with copy, paste, etc.) for the RichTextEdit control in WinForms? I try right-clicking inside the RichTextEdit and nothing happens? A: Correct. The RTE control doesn't have a default context menu. But you can assign it your own.

The effect of thioridazine on the Automatic Clinical Analyzer serum tricyclic anti-depressant screen. A patient who had ingested thioridazine and flurazepam was brought to the authors' emergency department. Initial laboratory evaluation included a positive result for a serum screening test for tricyclic anti-depressants performed with the DuPont Automatic Clinical Analyzer. This false positive test result caused considerable unnecessary treatment and expense for the patient. The authors have found that a serum thioridazine concentration of 125 ng/mL (within the usual therapeutic range for this drug) will produce a false positive automatic clinical analyzer serum tricyclic anti-depressant screen result. Because thioridazine is the most widely used phenothiazine and is prescribed more frequently than the most widely used tricyclic anti-depressant, it is important to recognize this cause of a false positive result.

Food safety concerns were fenced off quickly after officials reported Canada's 19th case of mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy, three weeks ago. No part of the cow reached any food system. The cow came from the same farm — and so might have contracted BSE the same way — as a case found in 2010. And the latest cow was born in 2009, before any changes resulting from the investigation of the 2010 case. This early information from the ongoing investigation may reassure North American consumers. It's still business-as-usual in a now-booming industry. But something strategically important has been lost. Fast-growing export markets Canada fought hard to capture have escaped. Borders in six countries slammed shut once again: Korea, Taiwan, Peru, Belarus and, finally, China — cruellest of all, given how hard Canada works to promote trade there. Indonesia also blocked non-edible products (carcass parts rendered for other uses.) Could be worse? "Everyone's pretty calm," said John Masswohl, the director of government relations for the Canadian Cattlemen's Association. "We're not happy, but it could have happened at a worse time," he said. Disruptions faced by some exporters are not on the same scale as a decade ago. BSE cost the Canadian beef industry — and the parts of Canada's economy that rely on it — billions. Producers and processors bailed or went bankrupt. Others dramatically downsized. Today, those who hung in enjoy record-high prices, with demand up and the supply of cattle tight worldwide. This new demand means Canadian exporters market the premium virtues of grain-fed beef and negotiate for the highest possible price. A decade ago, producers struggled to dump volumes as the country that still buys nearly 70 per cent of Canada's beef, the U.S., blocked imports until the initial BSE storm passed. Government and industry officials never want to weather that again. The hard lesson learned when a dominant buyer shuts you down is that market diversification is necessary. How painful, then, to lose the newer, hotter markets last month. Asian market hopes Agriculture Minister Gerry Ritz told the Commons agriculture committee last November the government's mix of trade negotiations, marketing missions and on-the-ground outreach were paying off in Asia. "If everyone in the middle class in China had a bacon cheese burger and a beer once a month, we couldn't supply it as a country. That's the size and scope of what's going to be required," he said. Agriculture Minister Gerry Ritz, here speaking at the 2013 Canada Beef Inc. forum in Calgary, has travelled to promote Canadian beef in key Asian markets like China. (Bill Graveland/Canadian Press) On beef in particular, he said, "It's always been the second- and third-tier cuts that we've had a problem moving. A lot of it was just going as trim to the U.S. to be ground into hamburger." "Now a lot of that's being diverted to the Pacific Rim — Korea, Japan, China and so on — for hot pot," the minister said, explaining that AA beef in Asian dishes commands more than plain old ground beef. "It's made a difference of a couple of hundred dollars an animal. It's keeping everybody else honest when they're bidding on our animals," said Ritz. Losing the "delicate market" in China is disappointing, Cattlemen's spokesman Masswohl said. Producers were "all set for expansion," and now they don't know how long they'll be out of the game. Chinese trade relations are "relationship-based," Masswohl said. Beef producers have hired their own marketers to work alongside government trade officials across China. Ritz's department says the government "remains engaged with Chinese government officials." In the meantime, Canada's competitors have an edge. 'Sensitive commodity' Canada's free-trade agreement with Korea came into force on Jan. 1, but a border closure based on food safety is not subject to dispute settlement under that deal, said trade lawyer Greg Kanargelidis. "You are allowed to pass laws to protect plant and human health," said the partner with Blakes International Trade Group, "but you have to show that they are truly necessary." Think Korea's safety protocol is trade restriction in disguise? Then you have to go to the World Trade Organization. Prime Minister Stephen Harper hosted Korean President Park Geun-hye last fall as they celebrated a comprehensive trade deal between the two countries. (Adrian Wyld/Canadian Press) It's a lengthy and costly process, but Canada's done it before, leading up to the 2012 deal that reopened trade last time. "Beef is a sensitive commodity for Korea," said Kanargelidis. Delays favour domestic industries. "That's what it's all about." Canada's deal includes a 15-year phasing out of beef tariffs that's "longer than what I've seen in other agreements," Kanargelidis said. "It's definitely a special case." Masswohl remembers the 18th case of BSE emerging when Canada and Korea were at the table in 2011. "We did ask the question, 'what about next time?'" he said, adding they were assured a protocol would be followed and customs clearance would resume. "In another month, we may start to wonder: was our faith in Korea misplaced?" Low-impact dispute? Despite promising growth, all six countries together amounted to less than five per cent of Canada's total beef exports last year. But when countries continue to accept American beef, despite the highly integrated North American industry, it raises questions of unjust trade discrimination, Kanargelidis said. "We've been through this before. To have it come off and come back on again is unfortunate, but not surprising," he said. Masswohl remains relatively optimistic, saying it's "way too premature" to think about a multi-year trade dispute. "I would never say any market is unimportant," he said. But other customers are available now. "There is no indication there are any concerns related to U.S. market access," Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's spokesman wrote to CBC News this week.

Since the development of the photocomposing machine, photocomposing has grown to a position of major importance in the typesetting field. Although complex computerized photocomposing machines have geen developed with the capability to rapidly compose a large number of characters from type faces of diferent designs, such machines are extremely expensive. No photocomposing machine has been developed which employs conventional, relatively inexpensive logic control systems and techniques to facilitate the photocomposing of thousands of characters without requiring the changing of type fonts. Although photocomposing technology relating to composition in the English language is quite advanced, photocomposition in many foreign languages is still in a very rudimentary stage. For example, even with expensive computerized photocomposing machines, it is still extremely difficult to effectively compose in Japanese. Even a single type font including enough Japanese characters, punctuation, and English characters to provide an adequate range for Japanese composition must include over four thousand characters. For a photocomposing machine to be able to compose characters from just two type fonts with Japanese type faces of different design without a font change, over eight thousand characters are required. These requirements present keyboarding problems and character coding and selection requirements which have not been adequately solved. To accomplish justification when lines are photocomposed in English, the spaces between words in a line are adjusted. However, with Japanese characters, there are no word spaces to adjust, but the Japanese rules of inhibition, which require that certain characters known as Kanji be followed by other characters known as Kana, make justification desirable. Also, the justification of Japanese type is rendered more difficult by the fact that English words and characters are normally interspersed with Japanese characters in print. A photocomposing machine having the capability to compose the thousands of characters required for Japanese photocomposition would be readily adaptable for use with the English language, and with smaller alphabets, would have trmendous capabilities. It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel and improved photocomposing machine and method for composing thousands of characters without requiring computerization or type font substitution. Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved photocomposing machine which is adapted to select characters from a plurality of simultaneously rotating drums; each drum containing many hundreds of characters. A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved photocomposing machine which is adapted to employ a single functional main keyboard to select characters displayed on both the main keyboard and a plurality of display keyboards. Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel method of justification for characters of substantially two different width sizes wherein the smaller width characters are sensed and used in justification. A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for automating a photocomposing machine to operate in an automatic end of line mode. A still further object of this invention is to provide a novel method for justifying characters such as Japanese characters wherein major unit spaces such as those provided by punctuation are first sensed and used for justification and subsequently unit spaces available from characters of smaller width size are sensed and used for justification.

2016-07-27 05:33:45 - Seeking Alpha - 3 hours ago This is the 14th article in the series of putting together a 7% CEF portfolio that also protects against capital loss. Twelve CEFs have been back-tested 5 years that offer the retiree 7% cash returns and capital maintenance. 2016-06-30 06:30:00 - Market Digest - Jun 30, 2016 Tekla Healthcare Investors (NYSE:HQH) : $1.59 million worth of transactions were on upticks in Tekla Healthcare Investors (NYSE:HQH), compared to $1.21 million on downticks. The ratio between the two was 1.31, whereas, the net money flow stood at a ...

--- abstract: 'The representations of dimension vector $\alpha$ of the quiver $Q$ can be parametrised by a vector space $R(Q,\alpha)$ on which an algebraic group $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ acts so that the set of orbits is bijective with the set of isomorphism classes of representations of the quiver. We describe the semi–invariant polynomial functions on this vector space in terms of the category of representations. More precisely, we associate to a suitable map between projective representations a semi–invariant polynomial function that describes when this map is inverted on the representation and we show that these semi–invariant polynomial functions form a spanning set of all semi–invariant polynomial functions in characteristic $0$. If the quiver has no oriented cycles, we may replace consideration of inverting maps between projective representations by consideration of representations that are left perpendicular to some representation of dimension vector $\alpha$. These left perpendicular representations are just the cokernels of the maps between projective representations that we consider.' address: - | Department of Mathematics\ University of Bristol Senate House\ Tyndall Avenue\ Bristol BS8 1TH - | Departement WNI\ Limburgs Universitair Centrum\ Universitaire Campus\ Building D\ 3590 Diepenbeek\ Belgium author: - Aidan Schofield - Michel Van den Bergh title: 'Semi–invariants of quivers for arbitrary dimension vectors' --- Notation and Introduction {#s0} ========================= In the sequel $k$ will be an algebraically closed field. For our main result, Theorem \[t2\] below, $k$ will have characteristic zero. Let $Q$ be a quiver with finite vertex set $V$, finite arrow set $A$ and two functions $i,t:A\rightarrow V$ where for an arrow $a$ we shall usually write $ia$ in place of $i(a)$, the initial vertex, and $ta=t(a)$, the terminal vertex. A representation, $R$, of the quiver $Q$ associates a $k$-vector space $R(v)$ to each vertex $v$ of the quiver and a linear map $R(a):R(ia)\rightarrow R(ta)$ to each arrow $a$. A homomorphism $\phi$ of representations from $R$ to $S$ is given by a collection of linear maps for each vertex $\phi(v):R(v)\rightarrow S(v)$ such that for each arrow $a$, $R(a)\phi(ta)=\phi(ia)S(v)$. The category of representations of the quiver $\operatorname{Rep}(Q)$ is an abelian category as is the full subcategory of finite dimensional representations. We shall usually be interested in finite dimensional representations in which case each representation has a dimension vector $\operatorname{\underline{dim}}R$, which is a function from the set of vertices $V$ to the natural numbers $\mathbb{N}$ defined by $(\operatorname{\underline{dim}}R)(v) = \dim R(v)$. Now let $\alpha$ be a dimension vector for $Q$. The representations of dimension vector $\alpha$ are parametrised by the vector space $$R(Q,\alpha) = \times_{a \in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k^{\alpha(ta)}}$$ where ${^{m}k^{n}}$ is the vector space of $m$ by $n$ matrices over $k$ (and ${^{m}k}$ and $k^{n}$ are shorthand for ${^{m}k^{1}}$ and ${^{1}k^{n}}$ respectively). Given a point $p \in R(Q,\alpha)$, we denote the corresponding representation by $R_{p}$. The isomorphism classes of representations of dimension vector $\alpha$ are in $1$ to $1$ correspondence with the orbits of the algebraic group $$\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha) = \times_{v \in V} \operatorname{Gl}_{\alpha(v)}(k)$$ We consider the action of $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ on the co–ordinate ring $S(Q,\alpha)$ of $R(Q,\alpha)$; $f \in S(Q,\alpha)$ is said to be semi–invariant of weight $\psi$ where $\psi$ is a character of $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ if $g(f) = \psi(g)f, \; \forall g \in \operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$. The invariants and semi–invariants for this action are of importance for the description of the moduli spaces of representations of the quiver for fixed dimension vector. In characteristic $0$ we may apply Weyl’s theory of invariants for $\operatorname{Sl}_{n}(k)$ to give an explicit description of all such semi–invariants. We shall find a set of semi–invariants that span all semi–invariants as a vector space in characteristic $0$. It seems likely that the result we obtain here should hold in arbitrary characteristic and that this would follow from Donkin [@donkin; @donkin1]. However, we restrict ourselves in this paper to characteristic $0$. In [@schofield], the first author described all the semi–invariants when $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ has an open orbit on $R(Q,\alpha)$ in terms of certain polynomial functions naturally associated to the representation theory of the quiver. We shall begin by recalling the definition of these semi–invariants and some related theory. Given the quiver $Q$, let $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ be the additive $k$–category generated by $Q$. To describe this more precisely, we define a path of length $n>0$ from the vertex $v$ to the vertex $w$ to be a monomial in the arrows $p=a_{1}\dots a_{n}$ such that $ta_{i}=ia_{i+1}$ for $0<i<n$ and $ia_{1}=v$, $ta_{n}=w$. We define $ip=v$ and $tp=w$. For each vertex $v$ there is also the trivial path of length $0$, $e_{v}$, from $v$ to $v$. For each vertex $v$, we have an object $O(v)$ in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$, and $\operatorname{Hom}(O(v),O(w)) = P(v,w)$ where $P(v,w)$ is the vector space with basis the paths from $v$ to $w$ including the trivial path if $v = w$; finally, $$\operatorname{Hom}(\bigoplus_{v}O(v)^{a(v)}, \bigoplus_{v}O(v)^{b(v)})$$ is defined in the usual way for an additive category, where composition arises via matrix multiplication. Any representation $R$ of $Q$ extends uniquely to a covariant functor from $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ to $\operatorname{Mod}(k)$ which we shall continue to denote by $R$; thus given $\phi$ a map in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$, its image under the functor induced by $R$ is $R(\phi)$. Let $\alpha$ be some dimension vector, and $\phi$ a map in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ $$\phi: \bigoplus_{v\in V} O(v)^{a(v)} \rightarrow \bigoplus_{v\in V} O(v)^{b(v)}$$ then for any representation $R$ of dimension vector $\alpha$, $R(\phi)$ is a ${\sum_{v\in V} a(v)\alpha(v)}$ by ${\sum_{v\in V}b(v)\alpha(v)}$ matrix. If ${\sum_{v\in V}a(v)\alpha(v) = \sum_{v\in V}b(v)\alpha(v)}$, we define a semi–invariant polynomial function $P_{\phi,\alpha}$ on $R(Q,\alpha)$, by $$P_{\phi,\alpha}(p) = \det R_{p}(\phi).$$ We shall refer to these semi–invariants as determinantal semi–invariants in future. We will show that the determinantal semi–invariants span all semi–invariants (Theorem \[t2\] below). To prove Thereom \[t2\] we will use the classical symbolic method which was also used by Procesi to show that the invariants of matrices under conjugation are generated by traces [@Procesi]. Procesi’s result is generalized in [@LBP1] where it is shown that invariants of quiver-representations are generated by traces of oriented cycles. Subsequently Donkin showed that suitable analogues of these results were valid in characteristic $p$ [@donkin; @donkin1]. It was shown in [@schofield] that the determinantal semi-invariants can be defined in terms of the representation theory of $Q$. This is reviewed in Section §\[representationtheory\]. One corollary worth stating of this representation theoretic interpretation is the following: define a point $p$ of $R(Q,\beta)$ to be semistable if some non–constant semi–invariant polynomial function does not vanish at $p$. Then we have: \[interestingcorollary\] In characteristic zero the point $p$ of $R(Q,\beta)$ is semistable if and only there is some non–trivial (possibly infinite dimensional) representation $T$ of $Q$ such that $\operatorname{Hom}(T,R_p)=\operatorname{Ext}(T,R_p)=0$. For the proof we refer to the end of Section \[representationtheory\]. In the sequel we will frequently change the quiver $Q=(V,A)$ to another quiver $Q'=(V',A')$ which is connected to $Q$ through an additive funcor. $$s:\operatorname{add}(Q')\rightarrow \operatorname{add}(Q)$$ Through functoriality $s$ will act on various objects associated to $Q$ and $Q'$. We will list these derived actions below. In order to avoid having to introduce a multitude of adhoc notations we denote each of the derived actions also by $s$. To start there is an associated functor $$s:\operatorname{Rep}(Q)\rightarrow \operatorname{Rep}(Q'):R\mapsto R\circ s$$ If $R$ has dimension vector $\alpha$ then $s(R)$ has dimension vector $s(\alpha)\overset{\mathrm{def}}{=}\alpha\circ s$. Put $\alpha'=s(\alpha)$. We obtain that $s$ defines a map $$s:R(Q,\alpha)\rightarrow R(Q',\alpha')$$ such that $s(R_p)=R_{s(p)}$. As usual there is a corresponding $k$-algebra homomorphism $$s:S(Q',\alpha)\rightarrow S(Q,\alpha)$$ given by $s(f)=f\circ s$. Writing out the definitions one obtains: $$\label{relationwithdeterminantalinvariants} s(P_{\phi',\alpha'})=P_{s(\phi'),\alpha}$$ Finally $s$ defines a homomorphism $$s:\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)\rightarrow \operatorname{Gl}(\alpha')$$ which follows from functoriality by considering $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ as the automorphism group of $R_0(\alpha)$ in $\operatorname{Rep}(Q)$. One checks that for $g\in \operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$, $p\in R(Q,\alpha)$ one has $s(g\cdot p)=s(g)\cdot s(p)$. It follows in particular that if $f$ is a semi–invariant in $S(Q',\alpha')$ with character $\psi'$ then $s(f)$ is a semi-invariant with character $s(\psi')\overset{\mathrm{def}}{=}\psi'\circ s$. Semi–invariant polynomial functions {#s1} =================================== Next, we discuss the ring $S(Q,\alpha)$. $S(Q,\alpha)$ has two gradings, one of which is finer than the other. First of all, $S(Q,\alpha)$ may be graded by $\mathbb{Z}^{A}$ in the natural way since $R(Q,\alpha) = \times_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k^{\alpha(ta)}}$. We call this the $A$–grading. On the other hand, $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ acts on $R(Q,\alpha)$ and hence $S(Q,\alpha)$ and so $\times_{v\in V} k^{*}$ acts on $S(Q,\alpha)$; we may therefore decompose $S(Q,\alpha)$ as a direct sum of weight spaces for the action of $\times_{v\in V} k^{*}$ which gives a grading by $\mathbb{Z}^{V}$. We call this the $V$–grading. The semi–invariants $P_{\phi,\alpha}$ are homogeneous with respect to the second grading though not the first. The first grading is induced by the natural action of $\times_{a\in A} k^{*}$ on $\operatorname{add}(Q)$. $\times_{a\in A} k^{*}$ acts on $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ by $(\dots,\lambda_{a},\dots)(a) = \lambda_{a}a$ and according to $g P_{\phi,\alpha} = P_{g \phi, \alpha}$ for $g \in \times_{a\in A} k^{*}$. A standard Van der Monde determinant argument implies that the vector subspace spanned by determinantal semi–invariants in $S(Q,\alpha)$ is also the space spanned by the homogeneous components of the determinantal semi–invariants with respect to the $\mathbb{Z}^{A}$–grading. Thus it is enough to find the latter subspace. Given a character $\chi$ of $\times_{a\in A} k^{*}$, we define $P_{\phi,\alpha,\chi}$ to be the $\chi$–component of $P_{\phi,\alpha}$. We begin by describing the semi–invariants which are homogeneous with respect to the $A$–grading and linear in each component of $R(Q,\alpha) = \times_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k^{\alpha(ta)}}$. We call these the homogeneous multilinear semi–invariants. We need temporarily another kind of semi–invariant. A path $l$ in the quiver is an oriented cycle if $il = tl$. Associated to such an oriented cycle is an invariant $\operatorname{Tr}_{l}$ for the action of $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ on $R(Q,\alpha)$ defined by $\operatorname{Tr}_{l}(p) = \operatorname{Tr}(R_{p}(l))$ where $\operatorname{Tr}$ is the trace function. \[t1\] The homogeneous multilinear semi–invariants of $R(Q,\alpha)$ are spanned by semi–invariants of the form $P_{\phi,\alpha,\chi} \prod_{i} \operatorname{Tr}_{l_{i}}$ where $l_{i}$ are oriented cycles in the quiver. The semi–invariants are invariants for $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha) = \times_{v \in V} \operatorname{Sl}_{\alpha(v)}(k)$ and conversely, $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha)$–invariant polynomials that are homogeneous with respect to the $V$–grading are also semi–invariant for $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$. We may therefore use Weyl’s description of the homogeneous multilinear invariants for $\operatorname{Sl}_{n}(k)$ and hence for $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha)$. Given a homogeneous multilinear $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha)$–invariant $f: \times_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k^{\alpha(ta)}} \rightarrow k,$ it factors as $$\times_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k^{\alpha(ta)}} \rightarrow \otimes_{a\in A} {^{\alpha(ia)}k^{\alpha(ta)}} \xrightarrow{\tilde{f}} k$$ for a suitable linear map $\tilde{f}$. Since $${^{\alpha(ia)}k^{\alpha(ta)}} \cong {^{\alpha(ia)}k}\otimes k^{\alpha(ta)}$$ as $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha)$–representation, we may write $$\tilde{f}: \otimes_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k} \otimes k^{\alpha(ta)} \rightarrow k.$$ Moreover, $\otimes_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k} \otimes k^{\alpha(ta)}$ as $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha)$–representation is a tensor product of covariant and contravariant vectors for $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha)$. Thus we may re–write $$\bigotimes_{a\in A} {^{\alpha(ia)}k} \otimes k^{\alpha(ta)} = \bigotimes_{v\in V} \left(\bigotimes_{a,ia=v} {^{\alpha(v)}k} \otimes \bigotimes_{a,ta=v} k^{\alpha(v)}\right)$$ and $\tilde{f} = \prod_{v\in V} \tilde{f}_{v}$ for $\operatorname{Sl}_{\alpha(v)}(k)$–invariant linear maps: $$\tilde{f}_{v}: \bigotimes_{a,ia=v} {^{\alpha(v)}k} \otimes \bigotimes_{a,ta=v} k^{\alpha(v)} \rightarrow k.$$ Roughly speaking Weyl [@weyl] showed that there are $3$ basic linear semi–invariant functions on tensor products of covariant and contravariant vectors for $\operatorname{Sl}_{m}(k)$. Firstly, there is the linear map from ${^{m}k}\otimes k^{m}$ to $k$ given by $f(x\otimes y) = yx$; this is just the trace function on ${^{m}k}\otimes k^{m} \cong M_{m}(k)$. Secondly, there is the linear map from $\otimes_{i=1}^{m}{^{m}k}$ to $k$ determined by $f(x_{1}\otimes \dots \otimes x_{m}) = \det\left(x_1|\dots|x_m\right)$. The third case is similar to the second; there is a linear map from $\otimes_{i=1}^{m}k^{m}$ to $k$ again given by the determinant. A spanning set for the linear semi–invariant functions on a general tensor product of covariant and contravariant vectors is constructed from these next. A spanning set for the $\operatorname{Sl}_{m}(k)$–invariant linear maps from $\otimes_{B} {^{ m}k} \otimes \otimes_{C} k^{m}$ to $k$ is obtained in the following way. We take three disjoint indexing sets $I,J,K$: we have surjective functions $\mu: B \rightarrow I \cup K, \: \nu: C \rightarrow J \cup K$ such that $\mu^{-1}(k)$ and $\nu^{-1}(k)$ have one element each for $k \in K$, and $\mu^{-1}(i)$ and $\nu^{-1}(j)$ have $m$ elements each for $i \in I, \: j \in J$. We label this data by $\gamma = (\mu, \nu, I, J, K)$. To $\gamma$, we associate an $\operatorname{Sl}_{m}(k)$–invariant linear map $$f_{\gamma}\left(\bigotimes_{b \in B} x_{b} \otimes\bigotimes_{C} y_{c}\right) = \prod_{k\in K} y_{\nu^{-1}(k)}x_{\mu^{-1}(k)} \prod_{i\in I} \det\left(x_{b_{1}}|\dots|x_{b_{m}}\right) \prod_{j\in J} \det \begin{pmatrix} y_{c_{1}}\\ \vdots\\ y_{c_{m}} \end{pmatrix}$$ where $\{b_{1},\dots,b_{m}\} = \mu^{-1}(i), \; \{c_{1},\dots,c_{m}\} = \nu^{-1}(j)$. Note that $f_{\gamma}$ is determined only up to sign since we have not specified an ordering of $\mu^{-1}(i)$ or $\nu^{-1}(j)$. A spanning set for $\operatorname{Sl}(\alpha)$–invariant linear maps from $$\bigotimes_{v\in V} \left(\bigotimes_{a,ia = v}{^{\alpha(v)}k} \otimes \bigotimes_{a,ta=v} k^{\alpha(v)}\right)$$ is therefore determined by giving quintuples $(\mu,\nu,I,J,K) = \Gamma$ where $$\begin{aligned} I &= \bigcup_{v\in V}^{\bullet} I_{v}\\ J &= \bigcup_{v\in V}^{\bullet} J_{v}\\ K &= \bigcup_{v\in V}^{\bullet} K_{v}\end{aligned}$$ and surjective maps $$\begin{aligned} \mu &: A \rightarrow I \cup K,\\ \nu &: A \rightarrow J \cup K\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned} \mu(a) &\in I_{ia} \cup K_{ia},\\ \nu(a) &\in J_{ta} \cup K_{ta},\end{aligned}$$ $\mu^{-1}(k)$ and $\nu^{-1}(k)$ have one element each, $\mu^{-1}(i)$ and $\nu^{-1}(j)$ have $\alpha(v)$ elements each for $i \in I_{v}\text{ and } j\in J_{v}$. Then $\Gamma$ determines data $\gamma_{v}$ for each $v \in V$ and we define $$f_{\Gamma} = \prod_{v\in V} f_{\gamma_{v}}.$$ We show that these specific semi–invariants lie in the linear span of the homogeneous components of determinantal semi–invariants. First, we treat the case where $K$ is empty. Let $n = |A|$. We have two expressions for $n$: $$n = \sum_{v\in V} |I_{v}| \alpha(v) = \sum_{v\in V} |J_{v}| \alpha(v).$$ To each arrow $a$, we have a pair $(\mu(a), \nu(a))$ associated. To this data, we associate a map in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ in the following way. We consider a map $$\Phi_{\Gamma}: \bigoplus_{v\in V} O(v)^{I_{v}} \rightarrow \bigoplus_{v\in V} O(v)^{J_{v}}$$ whose $(i,j)$–entry is $$\sum_{a,(\mu(a),\nu(a))=(i,j)}a.$$ Given $p \in R(Q,\alpha), \; R_{p}(\Phi_{\Gamma})$ is an $n$ by $n$ matrix which we may regard as a partitioned matrix where the rows are indexed by $I$ and the columns by $J$, there are $\alpha(v)$ rows having index $i \in I_{v}$, $\alpha(v)$ columns having index $j \in J_{v}$ and the block having index $(i,j)$ is $$\sum_{a:(\mu(a),\nu(a))=(i,j)} R_{p}(a).$$ We claim that $f_{\Gamma} = P_{\Phi_{\Gamma},\alpha,\chi}$ up to sign where $\chi((\lambda_a)_a)=\prod_a \lambda_a$. To prove this it will be convenient to define a new quiver $Q'=(V',A')$ whose vertices are given by $I\cup J$ and whose edges are the same as those of $Q$. The initial and terminal vertex of $a\in A'=A$ are given by $(\mu(a),\nu(a))$. On $Q'$ we define data $\Gamma'$ which is defined by the same quintuple $(\mu,\nu,I,J,K)$ as $\Gamma$, but with has different decompositions $I=\bigcup_{i\in V'} I_{i}$, $J=\bigcup_{j \in V'} J_{j}$. In fact $$I_{i}=\begin{cases} \{i\}&\text{if $i\in I$}\\ \emptyset&\text{otherwise} \end{cases} \qquad \text{and} \qquad J_{j}=\begin{cases} \{j\}&\text{if $j\in J$}\\ \emptyset&\text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$ We define a functor $s:\operatorname{add}(Q')\rightarrow \operatorname{add}(Q)$ by $s(a)=a$, $s(O(i))=O(v)$, $s(O(j))=O(w)$ where $a\in A'=A$, $i\in I_v$, $j\in J_w$. Since $Q$ and $Q'$ have the same edges, the action of $\times_{a\in A}k^\ast$ on $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ lifts canonically to an action of $\times_{a\in A}k^\ast$ on $\operatorname{add}(Q')$. Put $\alpha'=s(\alpha)$. Using we then find $s(P_{\Phi_{\Gamma'},\alpha'})=P_{s(\Phi_{\Gamma'}),\alpha} =P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha}$ and similarly $s(P_{\Phi_{\Gamma'},\alpha',\chi})=P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha,\chi}$. Finally one also verifies that $s(f_{\Gamma'})=f_\Gamma$. Hence to prove that $f_\Gamma=\pm P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha,\chi}$ we may replace the triple $(Q,\alpha,\Gamma)$ by $(Q',\alpha',\Gamma')$. We do this now. In order to prove that $f_\Gamma=\pm P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha,\chi}$, we need only check that the two functions agree on the image of $W=\times_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k} \times k^{\alpha(ta)}$ in $\otimes_{a\in A} {^{\alpha(ia)}}k \otimes k^{\alpha(ta)}$. Let $\psi:\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)\rightarrow k^\ast$ be the character given by $$\psi((A_v)_{v\in V})=\prod_{i\in I}\det A_i \cdot \prod_{j\in J} (\det A_j)^{-1}$$ Then one checks that both $f_\Gamma$ and $P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha}$ are semi-invariants on $W$ with character $\psi$. Now we claim that on $W$ we have $f_\Gamma=P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha}$, up to sign. To prove this we use the fact that $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ has an open orbit on $W$. For vertices $i \in I$ and $j \in J$, we let $\{a_{i,1},\dots,a_{i,\alpha(i)}\}$ and $\{a_{j,1},\dots,\alpha_{j,\alpha(j)}\}$ be the sets of arrows incident with $i$ and $j$ respectively. So $$\times_{a\in A}{^{\alpha(ia)}k} \times k^{\alpha(ta)} = \times_{i\in I} \left(\times_{l=1}^{\alpha(i)}{^{\alpha(i)}k}\right) \times \times_{j\in J} \left(\times_{m=1}^{\alpha(j)} k^{\alpha(j)}\right).$$ We take the point $p$ whose $(i,l)$–th entry is the $l$–th standard column vector in $^{\alpha(i)}k$; that is its $n$th entry is $\delta_{nl}$ and whose $(j,m)$–th entry is the $m$–th standard row vector in $k^{\alpha(j)}$. The $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$-orbit of this point is open in $W$. Hence to show that $f_\Gamma=\pm P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha}$ on $W$, it suffices to do this in the point $p$. Now $f_{\Gamma}(p)=\pm 1$. Furthermore we have $$R_{p}(\Phi_{\gamma})_{(i,l),(j,m)}= \begin{cases} 1&\text{if $a_{il}=a_{jm}$}\\ 0&\text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$ In particular $R_p(\Phi_{\Gamma})$ is a permutation matrix and thus $P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha}(p)=\pm 1$. Hence indeed $f_{\Gamma} = \pm P_{\Phi_{\Gamma},\alpha}$ (on $W$). Note that the non-zero entries of $R_p(\Phi_{\Gamma})$ are naturally indexed by $A$. To prove that $f_\Gamma=\pm P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha,\chi}$ on $W$ it is now sufficient to prove that $P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha}=P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha,\chi}$ on $W$. To this end we lift the $\times_{a\in A} k^\ast$ action on $R(Q,\alpha)$ to $W$ by defining $(\lambda_a)_a\cdot (x_{ia},y_{ta})_a= (\lambda_a x_{ia},y_{ta})_a$ (this is just some convenient choice). Now we have to show that $P_{\Phi_\Gamma,\alpha}$ is itself homogeneous with character $\chi$ when restricted to $W$. Since the action of $\times_{a\in A} k^\ast$ commutes with the $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$-action it suffices to do this in the point $p$. Now if we put $q=(\lambda_a)_a\cdot p$ then $R_q(\Phi_\Gamma)$ is obtained from $R_p(\Phi_\Gamma)$ by multiplying by $\lambda_a$ for all $a\in A$ the non-zero entry in $R_p(\Phi_\Gamma)$ indexed by $a$. Therefore $P_{\Phi_\Gamma, \alpha}(p)$ is multiplied by $\prod_a\lambda_a$. This proves what we want. It remains to deal with the case where $K$ is non–empty. Roughly speaking one of two things happens here; if we have two distinct arrows $a=\nu^{-1}(k)$ and $b=\mu^{-1}(k)$ for some $k\in K$ then this element of $K$ corresponds to replacing $a$ and $b$ by their composition; if on the other hand $a=\nu^{-1}(k)=\mu^{-1}(k)$ then $ia=ta$ and this element of $K$ corresponds to taking the trace of $a$. We associate a quiver $Q(A,K)$ with vertex set $A$ and arrow set $K$; given $k \in K$, $ik = \nu^{-1}(k), \; tk = \mu^{-1}(k)$. This quiver has very little to do with the quiver $Q$; it is a temporary notational convenience. The connected components of $Q(A,K)$ are of three types: either they are oriented cycles, open paths or isolated points. The vertices of components of the first type are arrows of $Q$ that also form an oriented cycle, those of the second type are arrows that compose to a path in the $Q$ (which can in fact also be an oriented cycle); the isolated points we shall treat in the same way to the second type. We label the oriented cycles $\{L_{l}\}$ and the open paths $\{M_{m}\}$. To an oriented cycle $L$ in $Q(A,K)$, we associate the invariant $\operatorname{Tr}_{p_{L}}$ where $p_{L}$ is the path around the oriented cycle in $Q$. This is independent of our choice of starting point on the loop. To the open path $M$ in $Q(A,K)$, we associate the path $p_{M}$, the corresponding path in $Q$. We consider the adjusted quiver $Q_{K}$ with vertex set $V$ and arrow set $\{p_{M_{m}}\}$ where $i{p_{M}}$ and $t{p_{M}}$ are defined as usual. Define the functor $s:\operatorname{add}(Q_K)\rightarrow \operatorname{add}(Q)$ as follows: on vertices $s$ is the identity, and on edges $s(p_{M_m})=p_{M_m}$. If $p_{M_{m}} = a_{m,1} \dots a_{m,d}$, we define $$\begin{aligned} \mu(p_{M_{m}}) &= \mu(a_{m,1})\\ \nu(p_{M_{m}}) &= \nu(a_{m,d}).\end{aligned}$$ Then $$\begin{aligned} \mu &: \{p_{M_{m}}\} \rightarrow I\\ \nu &: \{p_{M_{m}}\} \rightarrow J\end{aligned}$$ are surjective functions giving data $\Gamma_{K}$ on $Q_{K}$. One checks directly that $$\begin{aligned} f_{\Gamma} = s(f_{\Gamma_{K}}) \prod_{L} \operatorname{Tr}_{p_{L}} &=s(P_{\phi_{\Gamma_{K}},\alpha,\chi_{K}})\prod_{L} \operatorname{Tr}_{p_{L}}\\ &=P_{s(\phi_{\Gamma_K}),\alpha,\chi}\prod_{L} \operatorname{Tr}_{p_{L}}\end{aligned}$$ for $\chi_{K}$ and $\chi$ of weight $1$ on each arrow for the quivers $Q_{K}$ and $Q$ respectively, which completes our proof. If $l$ is an oriented cycle in the quiver then $\operatorname{Tr}(R_{p}(l))$ lies in the linear span of $\det(I + \lambda R_{p}(l))$ for varying $\lambda \in k$ and $\det(I + \lambda R_{p}(l)) = P_{I + \lambda l,\alpha}(p)$ Also $$P_{\phi,\alpha} P_{\mu,\alpha} = P_{\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix} \phi & 0\\ 0 & \mu \end{smallmatrix}\bigr),\alpha}$$ so we may deduce the following corollary. \[t3\] Homogeneous multilinear semi–invariants lie in the linear span of determinantal semi–invariants. Since we have dealt with the multilinear case, standard arguments in characteristic $0$ apply to the general case. \[t2\] In characteristic $0$, the semi–invariant polynomial functions for the action of $\operatorname{Gl}(\alpha)$ on $R(Q,\alpha)$ are spanned by determinantal semi–invariants. It is enough to consider semi–invariants homogeneous with respect to the $A$–grading of weight $\chi$ where $\chi((\lambda_a)_a) = \prod_a \lambda_a^{m_{a}}$. We may also assume that no component of the $A$–grade on the semi–invariant is $0$ since we may always restrict to a smaller quiver. To $\chi$, we associate a new quiver $Q_{\chi}$ with vertex set $V$ and arrow set $A_{\chi}$ where $A_{\chi} = \bigcup_{a\in A} \{a_{1},\dots,a_{m_{a}}\}$ where $ia_{i} = ia, \; ta_{i} = ta$. We have functors $$\begin{gathered} \sigma: \operatorname{add}(Q) \rightarrow \operatorname{add}(Q_{\chi})\\ \sigma(a) = \sum a_{i}\\ \pi: \operatorname{add}(Q_{\chi}) \rightarrow \operatorname{add}(Q)\\ \pi (a_{i}) = a.\end{gathered}$$ Given a semi–invariant $f$ for $R(Q,\alpha)$, we define $\tilde{f}$ to be the $\chi'$–component of $\sigma(f)$ where $\chi'((\lambda_{a_i})_{a,i}) = \prod_{a,i} \lambda_{a_i}$. So $\tilde{f}$ is homogeneous multilinear. Then one checks that $\pi(\tilde{f)}=\prod_a m_{a}!\cdot f$. However, by the previous corollary, $\tilde{f}$ lies in the linear span of determinantal semi–invariants; therefore $$\tilde{f}=\sum_{i}\lambda_{i}P_{\phi_{i},\alpha}$$ and so $$\begin{aligned} \prod_{a\in A} m_{a}! \cdot f &= \pi(\tilde{f})\\ &=\sum_{i}\lambda_{i}\pi(P_{\phi_{i},\alpha})\\ &=\sum_{i}\lambda_{i}P_{\pi(\phi_{i}),\alpha}\qquad \text{(by \eqref{relationwithdeterminantalinvariants})} \end{aligned}$$ Hence, in characteristic 0, semi–invariants homogeneous with respect to the $A$–grading and hence all semi–invariants lie in the linear span of the determinantal semi–invariants as required. To finish this section we will give a a slightly more combinatorial interpretation of our proof of Theorem \[t2\]. Let us say that a pair $(Q,\alpha)$ is *standard* if one of the following holds. 1. $Q$ consists of one vertex with one loop. 2. $Q$ is bipartite with vertex set $I\cup J$ with all initial vertices in $I$ and all terminal vertices in $J$. Furthermore if $v\in V=I\cup J$ then $v$ belongs to exactly $\alpha(v)$ edges. To a standard pair $(Q,\alpha)$ we associate a standard semi–invariant as follows. If $Q$ is a loop then we take $\operatorname{Tr}(R_p(a))$ where $a$ is the loop. If $Q$ is bipartite then we take $P_{\phi,\alpha}$ where $\phi$ is given by $$\phi:\oplus_{i\in I} O(i)\rightarrow \oplus_{j\in J} O(j)$$ such that the $(i,j)$ component of $\phi$ is given by the sum of arrows from $i$ to $j$. If $(Q,\alpha)$ is arbitrary then we define the standard semi–invariants of $S(Q,\alpha)$ as those semi–invariants which are of the form $s(f)$ for some functor $$s:\operatorname{add}(Q')\rightarrow \operatorname{add}(Q)$$ such that $(Q',s(\alpha))$ is standard and such that $f$ is the corresponding standard semi–invariant. The follows corollary can now easily be obtained from our proof of Theorem \[t2\]. In characteristic zero the semi–invariants in $S(Q,\alpha)$ are generated by the standard semi–invariants. Interpretation in terms of representation theory {#representationtheory} ================================================ This section is mainly a review of some results of [@schofield] which provided the motivation for the current paper. We prove Corollary \[interestingcorollary\]. It is standard that the category $\operatorname{Rep}(Q)$ is equivalent to the category of right modules over $kQ$, the *path algebra* of $Q$. We will identify a representation with its corresponding $kQ$-module. With every vertex $v\in Q$ corresponds canonically an idempotent $e_v$ in $kQ$ given by the empty path. We denote by $P_v$ the representations of $Q$ associated to $e_v kQ$. Clearly this is a projective object in $\operatorname{Rep}(Q)$. For any representation $R$ we have $\operatorname{Hom}(P_{v},R)\cong R e_v=R(v)$ and furthermore $\operatorname{Hom}(P_v,P_w)=e_w kQ e_v$. Now $e_w kQ e_v$ is a vector space spanned by the paths having initial vertex $w$ and terminal vertex $v$. Hence in fact $$\operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Rep}(Q)}(P_v,P_w)=\operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{add}(Q)}(O(w),O(v))$$ In other words if we denote by $\operatorname{proj}(Q)$ the additive category generated by the $(P_v)_{v\in V}$ then $\operatorname{proj}(Q)$ is equivalent to the opposite category of $\operatorname{add}(Q)$. Now recall the following: \[projectiveslemma\] $\operatorname{proj}(Q)$ is equivalent to the category of finitely generated projective $kQ$-modules. Only in the case of quivers with oriented cycles, there is something to prove here; one must show that the finitely generated projective modules $kQ$ of the quiver are all direct sums of $P_v$’s. This may be proved in a similar way as the fact that over a free algebra all projective modules are free [@cohn1]. Given a map $$\gamma: \bigoplus_{v\in V} P_{v}^{b(v)} \rightarrow \bigoplus_{v\in V} P_{v}^{a(v)},$$ we denote by $$\hat{\gamma}: \bigoplus_{v\in V} O(v)^{a(v)} \rightarrow \bigoplus_{v\in V} O(v)^{b(v)}$$ the corresponding map in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$; similarly, for $\mu$ a map in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$, $\hat{\mu}$ is the corresponding map in $\operatorname{proj}(Q)$. In order to link the semi–invariant polynomial functions $P_{\phi,\alpha}$ with the representation theory of $Q$, we recall some facts and definitions about the category of representations of a quiver. First of all, $\operatorname{Ext}^{n}$ vanishes for $n>1$. Given dimension vectors $\alpha$ and $\beta$, we define the Euler inner product by $$\langle \alpha,\beta\rangle = \sum_{v\in V}\alpha(v)\beta(v)-\sum_{a\in A}\alpha(ia)\beta(ta).$$ If $R$ and $S$ are representations of dimension vector $\alpha$ and $\beta$ respectively, then $$\label{eulerformula} \dim\operatorname{Hom}(R,S)-\dim\operatorname{Ext}(R,S)=\langle\alpha,\beta\rangle.$$ Given representations $R$ and $S$, we say that $R$ is left perpendicular to $S$ and that $S$ is right perpendicular to $R$ if and only if $\operatorname{Hom}(R,S)=0=\operatorname{Ext}(R,S)$; Given a representation $R$ we define the right perpendicular category to $R$, $R^{\perp}$, to be the full subcategory of representations that are right perpendicular to $R$ and the left perpendicular category to $R$, ${^{\perp}R}$ is defined to be the full subcategory of representations that are left perpendicular to $R$. It is not hard to show that $R^{\perp}$ and ${}^\perp R$ are exact hereditary abelian subcategories of $\operatorname{Rep}(Q)$. In [@schofield] the first author even shows that if $Q$ has no oriented cycles and $R$ has an open orbit in $R(Q,\alpha)$ then $R^{\perp}$ is given by the representations of a quiver without oriented cycles and with $|V|-s$ vertices where $s$ is the number of non-isomorphic indecomposable summands of $R$. A similar result holds for ${}^\perp R$. If $R$ and $S$ are finite dimensional and $R$ is left perpendicular to $S$ then it follows from that $\langle\operatorname{\underline{dim}}R,\operatorname{\underline{dim}}S\rangle = 0$. The converse problem is interesting: suppose that we have a representation $R$ of dimension vector $\alpha$ and a dimension vector $\beta$ such that $\langle\alpha, \beta\rangle =0$, what are the conditions on a point $p\in R(Q,\beta)$ in order that $R_p$ lies in $R^{\perp}$? This problem was discussed and solved by the first author in [@schofield] in the case that $Q$ has no oriented cycles. Let us assume this for a moment. We start with a minimal projective resolution of $R$: $$0\rightarrow \bigoplus_v P_v ^{b(v)}\xrightarrow{\theta} \bigoplus_v P_v^{a(v)} \rightarrow R\rightarrow 0.$$ By the above discussion $\theta=\hat{\phi}$ for some map $\phi:\bigoplus_v O(v)^{a(v)}\rightarrow \bigoplus_v O(v)^{b(v)}$ in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$. Applying $\operatorname{Hom}(-,R_p)$ yields a long exact sequence $$\label{longexactsequence} 0\rightarrow \operatorname{Hom}(R,R_p)\rightarrow \operatorname{Hom}(\oplus_v P_v^{a(v)},R)\xrightarrow{\operatorname{Hom}(\hat{\phi},R_p)} \operatorname{Hom}(\oplus_v P_v^{b(v)},R)\rightarrow \operatorname{Ext}(R,R_p)\rightarrow 0$$ and clearly $\operatorname{Hom}(\hat{\phi},R_p)=R_p(\phi)$. The condition $\langle\alpha,\beta\rangle=0$ translates into $\sum_{v\in A} ((a(v)-b(v))\beta_v=0$, so that $R_p(\phi)$ is in fact represented by a square matrix. In [@schofield] the first author defined $P_{R,\beta}(p)=\det R_p(\phi)$. It is not hard to see that $P_{R,\beta}$ is independent of the choice of $\theta$ and furthermore that it is a polynomial on $R(Q,\beta)$. Hence if we define $$V(R,\beta)=\{p\in R(Q,\beta)\mid R\perp R_p\}$$ then it follows from that $$V(R,\beta)=\{p\in R(Q,\beta)\mid P_{R,\beta}(p)\neq 0\}$$ In other words, $V(R,\beta)$ is either trivial or the complement of a hypersurface. If there is an exact sequence in $\operatorname{Rep}(Q)$ $$0\rightarrow R_1\rightarrow R \rightarrow R_2\rightarrow 0$$ with $\langle\operatorname{\underline{dim}}R_1,\beta\rangle=\langle \operatorname{\underline{dim}}R_2,\beta\rangle=0$ then clearly $P_{R,\beta}=P_{R_1,\beta}P_{R_2,\beta}$. This provides some motivation for the main result of [@schofield] which we state below. Assume that $Q$ has no oriented cycles and let $S$ be a representation with dimension vector $\beta$ which has an open orbit in $R(Q,\beta)$. Let $R_1,\ldots,R_t$ be the simple objects of ${}^\perp S$. Then the ring of semi–invariants for $R(Q,\beta)$ is a polynomial ring in the generators $P_{R_i,\beta}$. Now let us go back to the general case. Thus we allow that $Q$ has oriented cycles. In this case $kQ$ may be infinite dimensional, so that it is not clear how to define the minimal resolution of a representation $R$. Therefore we will take the map $\phi:\bigoplus_v O(v)^{a(v)}\rightarrow \bigoplus_v O(v)^{b(v)}$ as our fundamental object and we put $P_{\phi,\beta}(p)=\det R_p(\phi)$ (provided $\sum_{v\in A} (a(v)-b(v))\beta_v=0$). To make the link with the discussion above we need that $\hat{\phi}$ is injective. What happens if $\hat{\phi}$ is not injective? Then there is a non-trival kernel $$0\rightarrow P\rightarrow \bigoplus_v P_v ^{b(v)}\xrightarrow{\hat{\phi}} \bigoplus_v P_v^{a(v)}$$ By the fact that $kQ$ is hereditary and lemma \[projectiveslemma\] $P\cong\oplus_v P_v^{c(v)}$. Furthermore, again because $kQ$ is hereditary $P$ is a direct summand of $\oplus_v P_v ^{b(v)}$. Now using the equivalence with $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ we find that $\hat{\phi}$ is not injective if and only if $\oplus_v O(v) ^{b(v)}$ has a direct summand in $\operatorname{add}(Q)$ which is in the kernel of $\phi$. Let $\phi'$ be the restriction of $\phi$ to the complementary summand. Then we find $$P_{\phi,\beta}= \begin{cases} P_{\phi',\beta}&\text{if $\forall: v\in\operatorname{Supp}\beta:c(v)=0$}\\ 0&\text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$ So for the purposes of semi-invariants we may assume that $\hat{\phi}$ is injective, which is what we will do below. If $Q$ has no oriented cycles then it follows that $P_{\phi,\beta}=P_{\operatorname{cok}\hat{\phi},\beta}$. In general we find (using ): $$\label{property} P_{\phi,\beta}(p) \neq 0 \Leftrightarrow \det R_{p}(\phi) \neq 0 \Leftrightarrow R_p \in {\operatorname{cok}\hat{\phi}}^{\perp}$$ Note however that $\operatorname{cok}\hat{\phi}$ may be infinite dimensional. Since the determinantal semi–invariant polynomial functions span all semi–invariant polynomial functions, there must exist some $\phi\in \operatorname{add}(Q)$ with the properties $P_{\phi,\beta}(p)\neq 0$, $P_{\phi,\beta}$ is not constant and $\hat{\phi}$ is injective. Then $\operatorname{cok}\hat{\phi}\in{^{\perp}R_{p}}$. If $\operatorname{cok}\hat{\phi}=0$ then by $P_{\phi,\beta}$ is nowhere vanishing, and hence constant by the Nullstellensatz. This is a contradiction, whence we may take $T=\operatorname{cok}\hat{\phi}$. [1]{} P. M. Cohn, [*Free rings and their relations.*]{}, London Mathematical Society Monographs, vol. 19, Academic Press, Inc., 1985. S. Donkin, [*Invariants of several matrices*]{}, Invent. Math. [**110**]{} (1992), no. 2, 389–401. [to3em]{}, [*Polynomial invariants of representations of quivers*]{}, Comment. Math. Helv. [**69**]{} (1994), no. 1, 137–141. L. Le Bruyn and C. Procesi, [*Semisimple representations of quivers*]{}, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. [**317**]{} (1990), no. 2, 585–598. C. Procesi, [*Invariant theory of [$n\times n$]{}-matrices*]{}, Adv. in Math. [**19**]{} (1976), 306–381. A. Schofield, [*Semi-invariants of quivers*]{}, J. London Math. Soc. (2) [ **43**]{} (1991), no. 3, 385–395. H. Weyl, [*The classical groups*]{}, Princeton University Press, 1946.

Digital Media Storage Websites The digital media storage websites page provides a list of digital media resources so that you can get additional information on digital storage media. Would you like to add a digital storage media resource to this page? This can be done by following the directions below. Please email [email protected] and provide the following information with the appropriate html code: • the url of your site • the title of the site as you would like it to appear• a short description An example of how the digital storage media submission should appear is as follows: Only submissions in this format will be considered for posting in this digital media storage websites resource list. Also, please copy the html code below and paste it on a page of your digital media website so that visitors to your website can consult additional digital storage media resources as well. In the e-mail sent to [email protected], please indicate the location of where the link to www.digital-scrapbooking-storage.com exists. Once digital-scrapbooking-storage.com receives your e-mail and verifies that a link has been placed on your digital media website in a suitable location, then your digital storage media resource will be added to the digital-scrapbooking-storage.com website. Listed below is a directory of digital resources to provide you with even more information on storage media for digital information.

Gastroprotective effect of fructus evodiae water extract on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Fructus Evodiae is a widely used herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory and analgetic activities in China. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Fructus Evodiae water extract (FE) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Three hours before ethanol challenge, animals were intraperitoneally treated with FE (424.8 mg/kg, 141.6 mg/kg, and 47.6 mg/kg). Subsequently, we employed ex-vivo chamber technique to examine the effect of FE on gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD) changes. NO(x) (nitrate and nitrite) in gastric perfusate and gastric lesion index of whole glandular stomach were determined by intubation. The results showed that FE dose-dependently accelerated the recovery of PD reduction by ethanol, and increased NO(x) production in gastric perfusate. FE also inhibited gastric lesion formation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that FE prevented ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions by strengthening the mucosal barrier integrity and increasing gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO) synthesis.

Q: Integrating android-misc-widget 'Panel' into Android project I'm running into a ClassCastException when trying to integrate the Panel widget from android-misc-widgets. I have copied the org.miscwidgets.widget and org.miscwidgets.interpolator packages into my project and am having trouble viewing the Panel show up in the graphical layout. The xml looks like this - <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:panel="org.miscwidgets.widget".. <FrameLayout android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" android:paddingLeft="37dip" android:paddingRight="37dip" > <org.miscwidgets.widget.Panel android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:id="@+id/topPanel" android:paddingBottom="4dip" panel:handle="@+id/panelHandle" panel:content="@+id/panelContent" panel:position="top" panel:animationDuration="1000" panel:linearFlying="true" panel:openedHandle="@drawable/top_switcher_expanded_background" panel:closedHandle="@drawable/top_switcher_collapsed_background" > <Button android:id="@+id/panelHandle" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="33dip" /> <LinearLayout android:id="@+id/panelContent" android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" > <CheckBox android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="60dip" android:gravity="center" android:text="top check box" android:background="#688" /> <TextView android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:gravity="center" android:text="Bounce\nInterpolator" android:textSize="16dip" android:padding="4dip" android:textColor="#eee" android:textStyle="bold" android:background="#323299" /> </LinearLayout> </org.miscwidgets.widget.Panel> </FrameLayout>... The stack trace is: java.lang.ClassCastException: com.android.layoutlib.bridge.MockView cannot be cast to android.view.ViewGroup at android.view.LayoutInflater_Delegate.rInflate(LayoutInflater_Delegate.java:77) at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:702) at android.view.LayoutInflater_Delegate.rInflate(LayoutInflater_Delegate.java:79) at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:702) at android.view.LayoutInflater_Delegate.rInflate(LayoutInflater_Delegate.java:79) at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:702) at android.view.LayoutInflater_Delegate.rInflate(LayoutInflater_Delegate.java:79) at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:702) at android.view.LayoutInflater_Delegate.rInflate(LayoutInflater_Delegate.java:79) at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:702) at android.view.LayoutInflater.inflate(LayoutInflater.java:479) at android.view.LayoutInflater.inflate(LayoutInflater.java:367) at com.android.layoutlib.bridge.impl.RenderSessionImpl.inflate(RenderSessionImpl.java:315) at com.android.layoutlib.bridge.Bridge.createSession(Bridge.java:314) at com.android.ide.common.rendering.LayoutLibrary.createSession(LayoutLibrary.java:283) at com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.internal.editors.layout.gle2.GraphicalEditorPart.renderWithBridge(GraphicalEditorPart.java:1506) at com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.internal.editors.layout.gle2.GraphicalEditorPart.renderWithBridge(GraphicalEditorPart.java:1312) at com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.internal.editors.layout.gle2.GraphicalEditorPart.recomputeLayout(GraphicalEditorPart.java:1043) at com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.internal.editors.layout.gle2.GraphicalEditorPart.activated(GraphicalEditorPart.java:870) at com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.internal.editors.layout.LayoutEditor.pageChange(LayoutEditor.java:365) at org.eclipse.ui.part.MultiPageEditorPart$2.widgetSelected(MultiPageEditorPart.java:290) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.TypedListener.handleEvent(TypedListener.java:234) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.EventTable.sendEvent(EventTable.java:84) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.sendEvent(Display.java:3783) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.sendEvent(Widget.java:1375) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.sendEvent(Widget.java:1398) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.sendEvent(Widget.java:1383) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.notifyListeners(Widget.java:1195) at org.eclipse.swt.custom.CTabFolder.setSelection(CTabFolder.java:2743) at org.eclipse.swt.custom.CTabFolder.onMouse(CTabFolder.java:1429) at org.eclipse.swt.custom.CTabFolder$1.handleEvent(CTabFolder.java:257) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.EventTable.sendEvent(EventTable.java:84) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.sendEvent(Display.java:3783) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.sendEvent(Widget.java:1375) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.sendEvent(Widget.java:1398) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.sendEvent(Widget.java:1383) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Widget.notifyListeners(Widget.java:1195) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.runDeferredEvents(Display.java:3629) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.readAndDispatch(Display.java:3284) at org.eclipse.ui.internal.Workbench.runEventLoop(Workbench.java:2640) at org.eclipse.ui.internal.Workbench.runUI(Workbench.java:2604) at org.eclipse.ui.internal.Workbench.access$4(Workbench.java:2438) at org.eclipse.ui.internal.Workbench$7.run(Workbench.java:671) at org.eclipse.core.databinding.observable.Realm.runWithDefault(Realm.java:332) at org.eclipse.ui.internal.Workbench.createAndRunWorkbench(Workbench.java:664) at org.eclipse.ui.PlatformUI.createAndRunWorkbench(PlatformUI.java:149) at org.eclipse.ui.internal.ide.application.IDEApplication.start(IDEApplication.java:115) at org.eclipse.equinox.internal.app.EclipseAppHandle.run(EclipseAppHandle.java:196) at org.eclipse.core.runtime.internal.adaptor.EclipseAppLauncher.runApplication(EclipseAppLauncher.java:110) at org.eclipse.core.runtime.internal.adaptor.EclipseAppLauncher.start(EclipseAppLauncher.java:79) at org.eclipse.core.runtime.adaptor.EclipseStarter.run(EclipseStarter.java:369) at org.eclipse.core.runtime.adaptor.EclipseStarter.run(EclipseStarter.java:179) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.eclipse.equinox.launcher.Main.invokeFramework(Main.java:620) at org.eclipse.equinox.launcher.Main.basicRun(Main.java:575) at org.eclipse.equinox.launcher.Main.run(Main.java:1408) Just trying to implement a top-down sliding drawer in android. Can someone help me figure out what I'm doing wrong? A: The line in the opening LinearLayout tag - xmlns:panel="org.miscwidgets.widget" should be xmlns:panel="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/name.of.the.package.that.contains.java.file.that.uses.this.layout.file" Hope this helps someone.

Garifuna community radio stations along the Caribbean coast of Honduras are facing harassment from National Telecommunications Commission officials. Garifuna organizers fear the radio stations may face closure. With the Canjel Dam already under construction, one must wonder, why the threats against Berta Caceres and COPINH? The reality is that much more is at stake than just the small Canjel Dam. In fact, there are so many dam projects planned for the area it seems as if every river the Lenca people have carefully stewarded for generations will soon be dammed. While the Honduran government continues its promotion of mining investment, communities around the country are voting against mining in open town hall assemblies. At least 10 municipalities in Honduras have now been declared territories free of mining. The Canadian government has been on a roll promoting the interests of Canadian extractive industry corporations in Honduras in the five years since democratically elected president Manuel Zelaya was ousted in a June 2009 coup d’état. Development aid, embassy resources and foreign affairs programming have all helped set the stage for new legislation conducive to Canadian corporate interests, and a new bilateral free trade agreement provides protection for their investments. Rudolf Virchow, a German doctor and one of the founders of social medicine, once stated, “Medicine is politics writ large.”In telling the story of the first Garifuna hospital, Revolutionary Medicine renders this wisdom both tangible and feasible. It should be required viewing for all medical students around the world. And for the rest of us, amongst the increasingly marginalized 99 percent, Revolutionary Medicine should rekindle the oft-forlorn hope of a better, fairer world, in the purest vision of Marx. Six children from the community of Puerto Castilla, Trujillo, suffered severe respiratory damage resulting from an attack carried out on May 23, 2014 by the Honduran National Police, Military Police, and in conjunction with the Operation Xatruch III military unit. Hundreds of tear gas canisters were fired into the community in a haphazard manner as a means of dispersing a peaceful protest. After inundating the town with tear gas, the roughly 500 security force members entered the community, dousing anyone within reach with pepper spray. Cries for justice rang out in the streets of the Honduran capital on June 2 as several dozen women of all ages, some with young children in tow, had gathered in a nearby park that morning in preparation for the march. Some donned masks, with multi-colored feathers waving in the air. All wore t-shirts with a message written clearly on the back in pink lettering: We demand the recognition of sex work. Every day and night for four consecutive months, the Lenca people of San Francisco Opalaca have been maintaining a 24-hour blockade and vigil at the entrance to their Mayor’s office, thus preventing the ruling party-imposed candidate from taking office. The Honduran government claims National Party candidate Socorro Sanchez won the Mayoral race in Opalaca during last November’s elections. However, the people of Opalaca know otherwise.

O nouă gafă a guvernului Dăncilă. A oferit un prânz de lucru delegaţiei conduse de preşedintele Parlamentului European în Sala Tronului de la Palatul Regal, deşi reşedinţa are o încăpere proiectată special pentru dineuri. Se numeşte Sufrageria Regală şi este exact sub Sala Tronului unde Executivul a instalat ieri un bufet suedez, o prezentare de produse tradiţionale. Gestul este lipsit de respect dacă ne gândim că în urmă cu doar un un an acolo a fost punctul central al funeraliilor de stat ale regelui Mihai, la al cărui catafalc au stat de strajă regi şi regine din toată Europa. Nu există o explicaţie oficială pentru alegerea făcută în detrimentul Guvernului sau al Parlamentului unde există destule săli de protocol.

Q: ES6 Set, WeakSet, Map and WeakMap There is already some questions about map and weak maps, like this: What's the difference between ES6 Map and WeakMap? but I would like to ask in which situation should I favor the use of these data structures? Or what should I take in consideration when I favor one over the others? Examples of the data structures from:https://github.com/lukehoban/es6features // Sets var s = new Set(); s.add("hello").add("goodbye").add("hello"); s.size === 2; s.has("hello") === true; // Maps var m = new Map(); m.set("hello", 42); m.set(s, 34); m.get(s) == 34; // Weak Maps var wm = new WeakMap(); wm.set(s, { extra: 42 }); wm.size === undefined // Weak Sets var ws = new WeakSet(); ws.add({ data: 42 }); // Because the added object has no other references, it will not be held in the set Bonus. Which of the above data structures will produce the same/similar result of doing: let hash = object.create(null); hash[index] = something; A: This is covered in §23.3 of the specification: If an object that is being used as the key of a WeakMap key/value pair is only reachable by following a chain of references that start within that WeakMap, then that key/value pair is inaccessible and is automatically removed from the WeakMap. So the entries in a weak map, if their keys aren't referenced by anything else, will be reclaimed by garbage collection at some point. In contrast, a Map holds a strong reference to its keys, preventing them from being garbage-collected if the map is the only thing referencing them. MDN puts it like this: The key in a WeakMap is held weakly. What this means is that, if there are no other strong references to the key, then the entire entry will be removed from the WeakMap by the garbage collector. And WeakSet does the same. ...in which situation should I favor the use of this data structures? Any situation where you don't want the fact you have a map/set using a key to prevent that key from being garbage-collected. One example of when you might use this would be to have instance-specific information which was truly private to the instance, which looks like this: let Thing = (() => { var privateData = new WeakMap(); class Thing { constructor() { privateData[this] = { foo: "some value" }; } doSomething() { console.log(privateData[this].foo); } } return Thing; })(); There's no way for code outside that scoping function to access the data in privateData. That data is keyed by the instance itself. You wouldn't do that without a WeakMap because if you did you'd have a memory leak, your Thing instances would never be cleaned up. But WeakMap only holds weak references, and so if your code using a Thing instance is done with it and releases its reference to the instance, the WeakMap doesn't prevent the instance from being garbage-collected; instead, the entry keyed by the instance is removed from the map. Which of the above data structures will produce the same/similar result of doing: let hash = Object.create(null); hash[index] = something; That would be nearest to Map, because the string index (the property name) will be held by a strong reference in the object (it and its associated property will not be reclaimed if nothing else references it).

/** * @file kinetis_pins.cpp * @brief Kinetis-compatible GPIO code * * @date Jun 02, 2019 * @author Andrey Belomutskiy, (c) 2012-2020 * @author andreika <[email protected]> */ #include "global.h" #include "engine.h" #include "efi_gpio.h" #if EFI_GPIO_HARDWARE // This is the radical departure from STM32 #define PORT_SIZE 18 static ioportid_t ports[] = {GPIOA, GPIOB, GPIOC, GPIOD, GPIOE }; #define PIN_REPO_SIZE (sizeof(ports) / sizeof(ports[0])) * PORT_SIZE // todo: move this into PinRepository class static const char *PIN_USED[PIN_REPO_SIZE + BOARD_EXT_PINREPOPINS]; #include "pin_repository.h" #include "io_pins.h" /** * @deprecated - use hwPortname() instead */ const char *portname(ioportid_t GPIOx) { if (GPIOx == GPIOA) return "PA"; if (GPIOx == GPIOB) return "PB"; if (GPIOx == GPIOC) return "PC"; if (GPIOx == GPIOD) return "PD"; if (GPIOx == GPIOE) return "PE"; return "unknown"; } static int getPortIndex(ioportid_t port) { efiAssert(CUSTOM_ERR_ASSERT, port != NULL, "null port", -1); if (port == GPIOA) return 0; if (port == GPIOB) return 1; if (port == GPIOC) return 2; if (port == GPIOD) return 3; if (port == GPIOE) return 4; firmwareError(CUSTOM_ERR_UNKNOWN_PORT, "unknown port"); return -1; } ioportid_t getBrainPort(brain_pin_e brainPin) { return ports[(brainPin - GPIOA_0) / PORT_SIZE]; } int getBrainPinIndex(brain_pin_e brainPin) { return (brainPin - GPIOA_0) % PORT_SIZE; } int getBrainIndex(ioportid_t port, ioportmask_t pin) { int portIndex = getPortIndex(port); return portIndex * PORT_SIZE + pin; } ioportid_t getHwPort(const char *msg, brain_pin_e brainPin) { if (brainPin == GPIO_UNASSIGNED || brainPin == GPIO_INVALID) return GPIO_NULL; if (brainPin < GPIOA_0 || brainPin > BRAIN_PIN_LAST_ONCHIP) { firmwareError(CUSTOM_ERR_INVALID_PIN, "%s: Invalid brain_pin_e: %d", msg, brainPin); return GPIO_NULL; } return ports[(brainPin - GPIOA_0) / PORT_SIZE]; } /** * this method returns the numeric part of pin name. For instance, for PC13 this would return '13' */ ioportmask_t getHwPin(const char *msg, brain_pin_e brainPin) { if (brainPin == GPIO_UNASSIGNED || brainPin == GPIO_INVALID) return EFI_ERROR_CODE; if (brain_pin_is_onchip(brainPin)) return getBrainPinIndex(brainPin); firmwareError(CUSTOM_ERR_INVALID_PIN, "%s: Invalid on-chip brain_pin_e: %d", msg, brainPin); return EFI_ERROR_CODE; } /** * Parse string representation of physical pin into brain_pin_e ordinal. * * @return GPIO_UNASSIGNED for "none", GPIO_INVALID for invalid entry */ brain_pin_e parseBrainPin(const char *str) { if (strEqual(str, "none")) return GPIO_UNASSIGNED; // todo: create method toLowerCase? if (str[0] != 'p' && str[0] != 'P') { return GPIO_INVALID; } char port = str[1]; brain_pin_e basePin; if (port >= 'a' && port <= 'z') { basePin = (brain_pin_e) ((int) GPIOA_0 + PORT_SIZE * (port - 'a')); } else if (port >= 'A' && port <= 'Z') { basePin = (brain_pin_e) ((int) GPIOA_0 + PORT_SIZE * (port - 'A')); } else { return GPIO_INVALID; } const char *pinStr = str + 2; int pin = atoi(pinStr); return (brain_pin_e)(basePin + pin); } unsigned int getNumBrainPins(void) { return PIN_REPO_SIZE; } void initBrainUsedPins(void) { memset(PIN_USED, 0, sizeof(PIN_USED)); } const char* & getBrainUsedPin(unsigned int idx) { return PIN_USED[idx]; } #endif /* EFI_GPIO_HARDWARE */

/* * CDDL HEADER START * * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License"). * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * * See LICENSE.txt included in this distribution for the specific * language governing permissions and limitations under the License. * * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each * file and include the License file at LICENSE.txt. * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner] * * CDDL HEADER END */ /* * Copyright (c) 2016, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. */ package opengrok.auth.plugin.util; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.IOException; import java.security.Principal; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Enumeration; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Locale; import java.util.Map; import javax.servlet.AsyncContext; import javax.servlet.DispatcherType; import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream; import javax.servlet.ServletRequest; import javax.servlet.ServletResponse; import javax.servlet.http.Cookie; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession; import javax.servlet.http.HttpUpgradeHandler; import javax.servlet.http.Part; import opengrok.auth.plugin.UserPlugin; import opengrok.auth.plugin.entity.User; import org.opengrok.indexer.util.RandomString; public class DummyHttpServletRequestLdap implements HttpServletRequest { private final Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>(); private final Map<String, Object> attrs = new HashMap<>(); private HttpSession sessions = new HttpSession() { private final Map<String, Object> attrs = new HashMap<>(); @Override public long getCreationTime() { return 0; } @Override public String getId() { User user; if ((user = (User) getAttribute(UserPlugin.REQUEST_ATTR)) != null) { return user.getUsername(); } return RandomString.generate(5); } @Override public long getLastAccessedTime() { return 0; } @Override public ServletContext getServletContext() { return (ServletContext) DummyHttpServletRequestLdap.this; } @Override public void setMaxInactiveInterval(int i) { } @Override public int getMaxInactiveInterval() { return 3600; } @Override @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") public javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionContext getSessionContext() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Object getAttribute(String string) { return attrs.get(string); } @Override @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") public Object getValue(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Enumeration<String> getAttributeNames() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") public String[] getValueNames() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public void setAttribute(String string, Object o) { attrs.put(string, o); } @Override @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") public void putValue(String string, Object o) { } @Override public void removeAttribute(String string) { attrs.remove(string); } @Override @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") public void removeValue(String string) { } @Override public void invalidate() { } @Override public boolean isNew() { return true; } }; @Override public String getAuthType() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Cookie[] getCookies() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public long getDateHeader(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getHeader(String string) { return headers.get(string); } @Override public Enumeration<String> getHeaders(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public int getIntHeader(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getMethod() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getPathInfo() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getPathTranslated() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getContextPath() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getQueryString() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getRemoteUser() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public boolean isUserInRole(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Principal getUserPrincipal() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getRequestedSessionId() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getRequestURI() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public StringBuffer getRequestURL() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getServletPath() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public HttpSession getSession(boolean bln) { return sessions; } @Override public HttpSession getSession() { return sessions; } @Override public String changeSessionId() { return null; } @Override public boolean isRequestedSessionIdValid() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromURL() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override @Deprecated public boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromUrl() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public boolean authenticate(HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) { return false; } @Override public void login(String s, String s1) { } @Override public void logout() { } @Override public Collection<Part> getParts() { return null; } @Override public Part getPart(String s) { return null; } @Override public <T extends HttpUpgradeHandler> T upgrade(Class<T> aClass) { return null; } @Override public Object getAttribute(String string) { return attrs.get(string); } @Override public Enumeration<String> getAttributeNames() { return Collections.enumeration(attrs.keySet()); } @Override public String getCharacterEncoding() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public void setCharacterEncoding(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public int getContentLength() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public long getContentLengthLong() { return 0; } @Override public String getContentType() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public ServletInputStream getInputStream() throws IOException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getParameter(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Enumeration<String> getParameterNames() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String[] getParameterValues(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Map<String, String[]> getParameterMap() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getProtocol() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getScheme() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getServerName() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public int getServerPort() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public BufferedReader getReader() throws IOException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getRemoteAddr() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getRemoteHost() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public void setAttribute(String name, Object o) { attrs.put(name, o); } @Override public void removeAttribute(String name) { attrs.remove(name); } @Override public Locale getLocale() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public Enumeration<Locale> getLocales() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public boolean isSecure() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override @Deprecated public String getRealPath(String string) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public int getRemotePort() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getLocalName() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public String getLocalAddr() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public int getLocalPort() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); } @Override public ServletContext getServletContext() { return null; } @Override public AsyncContext startAsync() throws IllegalStateException { return null; } @Override public AsyncContext startAsync(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse) throws IllegalStateException { return null; } @Override public boolean isAsyncStarted() { return false; } @Override public boolean isAsyncSupported() { return false; } @Override public AsyncContext getAsyncContext() { return null; } @Override public DispatcherType getDispatcherType() { return null; } }

Q: What are the differences/connections between the Churches of Christ and the Congregational Churches? I have done a fair amount of research but am still very confused about the difference between the two, the Churches of Christ and the Congregational Churches. I know of the United Church and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, but that is not what I am referring to with the Churches of Christ. Are they the same thing? Are they different? In what way are they different? If anyone has any knowledge regarding this, please share. Thank you very much! A: Congregationalist churches are of the Protestant Reformed tradition, and go way back to the English Civil War when the King tried to gain control over the governance of the Church. Back in the mid 1600’s, Puritans resisted the influence of the Church of England and broke away. By the early 1800’s, the Congregational Church had established itself in America with its own form of governance, with a strong emphasis on the autonomy of the local church, and tolerance of doctrinal variations. In 1957, the Evangelical Reformed Church merged with the Congregational Christian Churches to become the United Church of Christ. The Conservative Congregational Christian Conference was formed in 1948 in opposition to the liberal theology making inroads in other Congregational churches. Then, in 1955, the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches was formed. More information on the history of Congregationalism here: https://www.gotquestions.org/congregationalism.html The Churches of Christ came out of the Restoration Movement: The Restoration Movement began in the early 19th century... Among the most influential leaders of this movement were Alexander Campbell and Barton W. Stone. Although the fundamental views remained, in 1906 this group split. The followers of Campbell and Stone divided into two sects, called the Church of Christ (Non-Instrumental) and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Over time many additional schisms have formed from these core groups as well. Currently there are three major and several minor groups who trace their roots back to the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement: the Christian Churches/Disciples of Christ, Churches of Christ, Independent Christian Churches, Churches of Christ in Australia, Associated Churches of Christ (New Zealand), United Reformed Church (UK), and others... Although a key principle of the Restoration Movement is concern for Christian unity, the history of the movement is itself riddled with numerous splits, re-splits and schisms. Source: https://www.gotquestions.org/Restoration-movement.html Perhaps the most significant difference between the beliefs of Congregationalists and the Churches of Christ is the view of the latter that baptism by full water immersion (for consenting adults only) is a requirement for salvation. Equally worrying is the view that a person must continue to strive to maintain their salvation by doing works. Insisting that the use of music in worship is unbiblical almost certainly won’t affect anybody’s salvation, but it should be of concern that any religious group would be so dogmatic. Even the Free Church of Scotland has now conceded on that one! The article in the link below came to this conclusion: Many Church of Christ churches are in fact solid, biblically based churches. There are many Church of Christ churches which declare the true Gospel of salvation by faith alone, through grace alone, in Christ alone. At the same time, with an extreme over-emphasis on the absence of musical instruments, with a claim of exclusive access to salvation, and with a doctrine of salvation that is borderline (at best) works-based, there are other Church of Christ churches that should definitely not be attended / participated in. This requires discernment on the part of a believer considering joining a Church of Christ church. The answer to the question depends entirely on which type of Church of Christ church it is. Source: https://www.gotquestions.org/Church-of-Christ.html I hope this information will help you in your research into the differences and connections between the two groups.

Firearms Technology No signs mark the outside of the hidden 1960s-vintage government facility in the bucolic countryside of West Virginia’s panhandle. Even the parking lot is obscured by black tarps lining a cyclone fence. But just inside the warehouse-like brick building is the National Tracing Center, the epicenter of efforts by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to combat and control illegal gun use. When police need to trace a captured gun — be it from Durango, Mexico, or Durango, Colorado — the request lands here.

Like this product? Share it! Lemon Yellow Made of high quality stretch material, our table coverings and chair covers in Spandex are a modern and sleek way of designing your table décor. With covers in a myriad of hues and sizes, you will be thrilled to know we have something to fit within any event theme. Designed and manufactured here in the United States, discover the over 2,000,000 possibilities of our in stock items, as well as countless custom options. Do not forget that we also have covers for trash cans, tray jacks, and MORE… Contact our fashion consultants to create the perfect look for your next event.

(IN)-efficacy of salvage radiotherapy for rising PSA or clinically isolated local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. To determine the efficacy of external beam radiotherapy (RT) as salvage treatment for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure or local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Between 1991 and 1997, 98 patients underwent salvage RT to the prostatic bed at the Toronto Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre for PSA failure or local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Thirty-six patients were treated for persistently detectable postoperative PSA levels (Group A), 26 for a delayed PSA rise (Group B), and 36 for palpable and/or biopsy-proven local recurrence (Group C). None had clinically apparent distant metastasis at the time of salvage RT. Freedom from PSA failure was defined as the maintenance of PSA <or=0.2 ng/mL. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors predictive of relapse. The median follow-up from radical prostatectomy and RT was 5.11 and 4.21 years for Group A, 5.31 and 3.32 years for Group B, and 7.85 and 3.95 years for Group C, respectively. The initial PSA response rate was encouraging at a range of 86-94%. The complete PSA response rate (PSA <or=0.2 ng/mL) was lower, however and ranged from 53% to 62%. The actuarial relapse-free rate, including freedom from PSA failure, at 4 years was 26%, 39%, and 14% for Groups A, B, and C, respectively. At the time of the last follow-up, 49, 20, and 1 patient had PSA failure alone, distant metastasis, and local progression, respectively. The actuarial survival rate at 4 years was 89%, 95%, and 94% for Groups A, B, and C, respectively. On Cox regression analysis, the significant predictors for relapse were PSA level before salvage RT and Gleason score for Group A, none for Group B, and margin status for Group C. The efficacy of salvage RT for PSA failure or local recurrence after RT was limited, reflected by very low relapse-free rates. Salvage RT appeared more efficacious for patients with a delayed PSA rise than for those with either persistently detectable postoperative PSA levels or clinically palpable local recurrence. Other strategies such as a combination of salvage RT and hormonal therapy need to be explored.

Tuesday, September 29, 2009 shoes It was cool this morning so I put Bryce in this cute little Winnie the Pooh outfit. I just love the little hoodie and I wish I could remember who gave it to us. Jason was helping Bryce stand this morning and he was trying to walk when I realized this outfit had shoes that matched. I know shoes are kind of pointless at this age, but it completed the outfit and made for a good picture. I swear we looked at the shoes and decided which was right and left, but it still looks like the shoes are on the wrong feet, ha! No comments: I married my high school sweetheart, Jason, in August 2003. We welcomed our son, Bryce, in February 2009 and our daughter, Emmy, in February 2012. We also have a dog, Macy, who is spoiled rotten and loved more than an animal should be. I'm a teacher, turned stay at home mom and I'm enjoying getting used to our new normal and loving every minute with my sweet babies!

package healthcheck import ( "bytes" "testing" "github.com/mitchellh/cli" "github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2/proto/spiffe/workload" common_cli "github.com/spiffe/spire/pkg/common/cli" "github.com/spiffe/spire/test/fakes/fakeworkloadapi" "github.com/stretchr/testify/suite" "google.golang.org/grpc/codes" "google.golang.org/grpc/status" ) func TestHealthCheck(t *testing.T) { suite.Run(t, new(HealthCheckSuite)) } type HealthCheckSuite struct { suite.Suite stdin *bytes.Buffer stdout *bytes.Buffer stderr *bytes.Buffer cmd cli.Command } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) SetupTest() { s.stdin = new(bytes.Buffer) s.stdout = new(bytes.Buffer) s.stderr = new(bytes.Buffer) s.cmd = newHealthCheckCommand(&common_cli.Env{ Stdin: s.stdin, Stdout: s.stdout, Stderr: s.stderr, }) } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestSynopsis() { s.Equal("Determines agent health status", s.cmd.Synopsis()) } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestHelp() { s.Equal("", s.cmd.Help()) s.Equal(`Usage of health: -shallow Perform a less stringent health check -socketPath string Path to Workload API socket (default "/tmp/agent.sock") -verbose Print verbose information `, s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestBadFlags() { code := s.cmd.Run([]string{"-badflag"}) s.NotEqual(0, code, "exit code") s.Equal("", s.stdout.String(), "stdout") s.Equal(`flag provided but not defined: -badflag Usage of health: -shallow Perform a less stringent health check -socketPath string Path to Workload API socket (default "/tmp/agent.sock") -verbose Print verbose information `, s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestFailsOnUnavailable() { code := s.cmd.Run([]string{"--socketPath", "doesnotexist.sock"}) s.NotEqual(0, code, "exit code") s.Equal("", s.stdout.String(), "stdout") s.Equal("Agent is unavailable.\n", s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestFailsOnUnavailableVerbose() { code := s.cmd.Run([]string{"--socketPath", "doesnotexist.sock", "--verbose"}) s.NotEqual(0, code, "exit code") s.Equal(`Contacting Workload API... Workload API returned rpc error: code = Unavailable desc = connection error: desc = "transport: Error while dialing dial unix doesnotexist.sock: connect: no such file or directory" `, s.stdout.String(), "stdout") s.Equal("Agent is unavailable.\n", s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestSucceedsOnPermissionDenied() { w := s.makeFailedWorkloadAPI(status.Error(codes.PermissionDenied, "permission denied")) code := s.cmd.Run([]string{"--socketPath", w.Addr().Name}) s.Equal(0, code, "exit code") s.Equal("Agent is healthy.\n", s.stdout.String(), "stdout") s.Equal("", s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestSucceedsOnUnknown() { w := s.makeFailedWorkloadAPI(status.Error(codes.Unknown, "unknown")) code := s.cmd.Run([]string{"--socketPath", w.Addr().Name}) s.Equal(0, code, "exit code") s.Equal("Agent is healthy.\n", s.stdout.String(), "stdout") s.Equal("", s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestSucceedsOnGoodResponse() { w := s.makeGoodWorkloadAPI() code := s.cmd.Run([]string{"--socketPath", w.Addr().Name}) s.Equal(0, code, "exit code") s.Equal("Agent is healthy.\n", s.stdout.String(), "stdout") s.Equal("", s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) TestSucceedsOnGoodResponseVerbose() { w := s.makeGoodWorkloadAPI() code := s.cmd.Run([]string{"--socketPath", w.Addr().Name, "--verbose"}) s.Equal(0, code, "exit code") s.Equal(`Contacting Workload API... SVID received over Workload API. Agent is healthy. `, s.stdout.String(), "stdout") s.Equal("", s.stderr.String(), "stderr") } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) makeFailedWorkloadAPI(err error) *fakeworkloadapi.WorkloadAPI { return fakeworkloadapi.New(s.T(), fakeworkloadapi.FetchX509SVIDErrorOnce(err)) } func (s *HealthCheckSuite) makeGoodWorkloadAPI() *fakeworkloadapi.WorkloadAPI { return fakeworkloadapi.New(s.T(), fakeworkloadapi.FetchX509SVIDResponses(&workload.X509SVIDResponse{})) }

Dermatobranchus oculus Dermatobranchus oculus is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Arminidae. Distribution This species occurs in the Indo-Pacific region. References Category:Arminidae Category:Gastropods described in 2011

California Governor Jerry Brown this week said the state’s flagship -- the University of California at Berkeley -- has closed its doors to “normal” people. The remark, one of Brown’s characteristically blunt assertions, taps into years of concern that the state’s most prestigious universities are increasingly out of reach for many Californians. Brown said that back in his day (he entered Berkeley in 1960) he and his two sisters could get into the University of California at Berkeley without much worry. So could his nieces and grand-nieces. But things have changed at Berkeley, he said. “It just feels that whatever used to belong to the normal people of California – assuming the Brown extended family is normal – it’s not available anymore,” Brown said during a Board of Regents meeting this week. “And so you got your foreign students and you got your 4.0 folks, but just the kind of ordinary, normal students, you know, that got good grades but weren’t at the top of the heap there – they’re getting frozen out.” (It might not be fair to deem the Brown family “normal.” Jerry Brown's father, Pat, was governor the year Jerry enrolled at Berkeley. And after Jerry Brown graduated, he attended Yale Law School.) Brown said his offhand remarks were "purely anecdotal," but those anecdotes shape how he feels about the UC system. “When UC campuses like Berkeley started to be particularly selective and hard to get into, campus officials worried that a Stephen Bechtel or a Earl Warren (both not stellar high school students) never would have gotten in,” said John Aubrey Douglass, a senior research fellow at Berkeley’s Center for Studies in Higher Education. Bechtel went on to found the construction and engineering company that bears his name, and Warren was California governor and U.S. Supreme Court justice. Brown seemed to blame the university, but others blame Brown himself, as well as the politicians who preceded him. They say his fiscal conservatism – tuition freezes for students and tight appropriations for colleges – have given the university little room to grow. The university, in turn, has taken to enrolling profitable out-of-state and international students, who pay about $23,000 more per year than Californians. Douglass said while it’s not the role of politicians to make admissions decisions, Berkeley could do more to admit students without impeccable grades or test scores. In recent years, most Berkeley freshmen had a high school grade-point average of 4.0 or higher. When so many highly qualified students are trying to get in – many of whom easily surpass the basic admission requirements for the university – "admissions policies have arbitrary outcomes," Douglass argues. So why not admit students using considerations beyond just grades and test scores? Fewer than 1 percent of recent admits had below a 3.0 GPA. “They still use special action,” he said, “but it has sort of fallen off the menu cart.” Berkeley admits a huge number of low-income students -- 43 percent of its in-state undergraduates received the federal Pell Grant, which goes to students with very low family incomes. Berkeley spokeswoman Janet Gilmore said Berkeley is academically rigorous and looks for prepared students at every school in the state. "We consider whether the student made the most of available opportunities as well as indications of qualities such as leadership and persistence," she said in an email. "Ultimately, we seek to enroll a strong class of scholars and leaders representing a cross-section of communities, incomes, backgrounds, interests and talents." David Fajnor, a college counselor at Oakwood High School who was an admissions officer at the University of California at Santa Cruz for 28 years, said Brown’s view of the system is outdated. In the five decades since Brown entered Berkeley, California K-12 education has improved, there are more Advanced Placement and honors classes, and the sheer number of people in the state and graduating from high school has jumped. Berkeley and others have not prepared, in part because of funding decisions made by the governor. “We basically got to your economic supply and demand, there were more students better prepared and not an equally increasing number of spaces available,” Fajnor said. As state funding failed to keep up with growth, he said, Berkeley and others began looking outside the state for students, which meant new spots were created – just not for Californians. In 2014, about 1,800 students – a third of Berkeley’s first-year undergraduates – were from outside California. The same year, 44,564 Californians applied to Berkeley and 8,391 were admitted. Of those, about half ended up enrolling. The university also admits about 3,600 transfer students a year, 90 percent of whom are from California community colleges. Jon Reider, the director of college counseling at the prestigious San Francisco University High School, said Berkeley faculty must be thrilled to have such talented students, but it’s harder for strong California students to get into the college. “It wasn’t always thus; as recently as 10 years ago, it was noticeably harder for a kid from New York to get into Berkeley than a kid from California – it’s because of the budget,” Reider said. Fajnor also said that competition for the prestige of going to Berkeley or the University of California at Los Angeles has undermined elements of the state’s famed master plan. Under the plan, UCs had a research mission, other four-year colleges in the California State University system were meant to prepare students for professional life, and two-year community colleges were for technical training. Those distinctions have “grayed,” Fajnor said, because universities want to become more selective to move up in the rankings, while students want the cachet that comes with attending a more highly ranked college. “More families wrongly are trying to get their students into the University of California, thinking it’s better,” Fajnor said. Unlike Douglass, Fajnor doesn’t think adding more special admits will get more so-called “normal” people into Berkeley. “When Berkeley can figure out how to graduate an athlete they should be allowed to expand their special admit pool – or maybe even win a football game,” he said. Caitlin Quinn, a Berkeley political science major who is also a vice president for the Associated Students of the University of California, said that as Berkeley grows more competitive, students don’t blame each other. “The university tries to pit us against each other from admissions to introductory weeder classes to research opportunities – more funding from the state would mean more spots for everyone, more housing, more research, more great professors,” she wrote in an email. Students learn from one other, Quinn said, so if the so-called normal students end up getting frozen out, it's a detriment to the students and the university. The state and the system share responsibility, she said. Brown is pushing the UC system to become more efficient. This week, he and UC system President Janet Napolitano formed an unusual two-person committee to study the system’s finances. They have clashed over how to find more money for the system. Napolitano favors a major influx of state dollars, or several consecutive years of tuition hikes. Brown favors a tuition freeze, a modest increase in state appropriations and belt-tightening by the system. During the regents' meeting this week, UC Regent Hadi Makarechian compared Brown’s plan for the system to only partially fueling up an airplane and then packing it full of passengers. “You’re going to crash,” Makarechian said. “And you say, ‘I’m not going to give you any more fuel and I’m not going to give you any more pilots, and I’m not going to give raises to your pilots – but they have to go in and fly anyway.’ It’s not going to happen. Something has to give.”

It appears that North Korea's fresh declaration of its nuclear ambitions and defiance of UN sanctions are not resonating with its only long-time ally China. A South Korean news outlet reports... citing unnamed sources in China that Beijing is tightening sanctions against Pyongyang... refusing to issue new working visas for North Koreans and halting their financial transactions in the country. Kim Hye-sung reports. Chinese authorities announced Monday that it will stop issuing new visas for North Koreans who plan to work for Chinese firms and North Korean restaurants operating near border cities, according to Korea's Yonhap News Agency. Such a move is expected to cut the inflow of foreign currency to the cash-strapped North. Chinese business owners operating North Korean restaurants say that visas will only be extended for North Koreans already working in the country, which is likely to cut at their business. "There are around 20,000 North Koreans working in China. They usually work for three years then return to home. If new working visas are not issued, many Chinese firms may soon face labor shortages and an annual loss of 100 million dollars." The Chinese government is also reportedly planning to stop North Korean workers from using credit and debit cards in China. This is all part of a larger effort to tighten up on the North in line with the tougher UN Security Council sanctions following Pyongyang's fourth nuclear test earlier this year. In March, China, which usually vetoes tough sanctions against the North, agreed to ban exports of coal, iron and iron ore, and rare earth minerals from North Korea for the first time. And now it's cracking down on North Korean labor. "China is frustrated by Pyongyang's nuclear and missile tests, which only serve to increase U.S. involvement in Northeast Asia. By imposing tighter sanctions, China is pressuring the North to return to the negotiation table." Last month, 13 North Korean restaurant workers fled China and defected to the South, as those businesses struggled to make profits. As sanctions against the regime tighten further, businesses operating along the North Korea-China border could suffer even more. Kim Hye-sung, Arirang News.

2017 XIXO Ladies Open Hódmezővásárhely – Doubles Laura Pigossi and Nadia Podoroska were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate. Kotomi Takahata and Prarthana Thombare won the title after Ulrikke Eikeri and Tereza Mrdeža retired in the final at 1–0. Seeds Draw References Main Draw XIXO Ladies Open Hódmezővásárhely - Doubles

Description Double productivity without doubling the price The AA Duo is the world's only atomic absorption spectrometer with true simultaneous operation of flame and graphite furnace. The Agilent AA Duo provides simultaneous operation of two permanently mounted atomizers from one central computer. Operation is more flexible, setup and changeover times are eliminated, and simultaneous operation doubles your productivity.

113 F.Supp.2d 388 (2000) John F. JURGENS, Gail Jurgens, Bridget Jurgens and Kate Jurgens, Plaintiffs, v. POLING TRANSPORTATION CORPORATION, Chester A. Poling, Inc., Mabel L. Poling Corp., Motor Vessel Poling Bros. 9, Inc., Metro Fuel Oil Corporation, Metro Terminals Corp., Ultimate Transport Inc., Janet Mahland, the Anthony J., the Clara P. and the Jeanne C., their tackle, engines and appurtenances, etc. in Rem, Defendants. Philip Becker and Patricia Becker, Plaintiffs, v. Poling Transportation Corporation, Chester A. Poling, Inc., Mabel L. Poling Corp., Motor Vessel Poling Bros. 9, Inc., Metro Fuel Oil Corporation, Metro Terminals Corp., Ultimate Transport Inc., Janet Mahland, the Anthony J., the Clara P. and the Jeanne C., their tackle, engines and appurtenances, etc. in Rem, Defendants. Nos. 96 CV 1265, 96 CV 1768. United States District Court, E.D. New York. September 19, 2000. *389 *390 *391 Bantle & Levy LLP (Lee F. Bantle, of counsel), New York City, for plaintiffs John, Gail, Bridget, and Kate Jurgens. Cappiello, Hoffman & Katz, P.C. (Paul T. Hoffman, of counsel), New York City, for plaintiffs Philip and Patricia Becker. Freehill, Hogan & Mahar (John J. Walsh, of counsel), New York City, for defendants Poling Transportation Corporation, Chester A. Poling, Inc., Motor Vessel Poling Bros. No. 9, Inc., Janet Mahland, and Mabel L. Poling Corp. Jacobowitz, Garfinkel & Lesman (Frank A. Lisi, of counsel), New York City, for defendant Metro Fuel Oil Corporation. Callan, Regenstreich, Koster & Brady (Joseph H. Herbert, III, of counsel), New York City, for defendant Ultimate Transport. Inc. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER NICKERSON, District Judge. Plaintiffs John F. Jurgens and Philip Becker, seamen employed on the ANTHONY J, a commercial vessel, brought these consolidated actions against the named defendants under the admiralty law as modified by the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C.App. § 688, the general maritime law, 28 U.S.C. § 1333, and the common law of negligence, seeking recovery for injuries they sustained from a fire while transferring gasoline from a barge called THE CLARA P. into a fuel truck. The only defendants now remaining before the court are Janet P. Mahland, Metro Fuel Oil Corp., and Metro Terminals Corp. The other defendants are no longer parties before the court. Plaintiffs have moved for partial summary judgment against defendant Janet P. Mahland, and she has cross-moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaints as to her. Defendants Metro Fuel Oil Corp. and Metro Terminals Corp. have also moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaints as to them. *392 I. BACKGROUND Procedural Background Plaintiffs Jurgens and Becker were seaman working on the coastal tanker called THE ANTHONY J. Jurgens as captain and Becker as chief engineer. The record contains conflicting evidence as to whether plaintiffs were employed by defendant Poling Transportation Corporation or defendant Chester A. Poling, Inc. Defendant Chester A. Poling, Inc. (Chester A. Poling) is the parent corporation of Poling Transportation Corporation (Poling Transportation). Poling Transportation, in turn, is the corporate parent of several corporations that own or owned one or more vessels in navigation, among them the defendant Motor Vessel Poling Bros. No. 9, which owned a barge called THE CLARA P. Another Poling Transportation subsidiary owned THE ANTHONY J. Janet Mahland was in August 1995 a director and president of Poling Transportation and Motor Vessel Poling Bros. No. 9, and president of Chester A. Poling. The court entered a default judgment against all three corporations. Defendants Metro Fuel Oil Corporation (Metro Fuel) and Metro Terminals Corp. (Metro Terminals) collectively "Metro," are companies based in Brooklyn, New York, in the business of buying, selling and distributing petroleum products. Metro Fuel is a marketing entity that buys and sells petroleum products using terminal facilities owned by Metro Terminals. Metro Terminals is also licensed to buy and sell gasoline. Joseph Squadrito was a purchase and sales manager for Metro Fuel, and also handled purchases made by Metro Terminals. Defendant Ultimate Transport Inc. ("Ultimate") owned and operated a small fleet of trucks for transporting fuel oil and other products. The Court entered default judgment against Ultimate on March 10, 1997. Ultimate and plaintiffs entered into a settlement agreement on April 14, 2000. The Proposed Sale of THE CLARA P. In August 1995 THE CLARA P. was moored at a dock operated by Poling Transportation in Staten Island, New York. A person the parties knew only as "Marcos," an agent for a buyer named Abdullah Abdullah, approached Mahland in 1995 with an offer to buy THE CLARA P. Upon inspection, Marcos discovered that THE CLARA P.'s "slop" tanks contained a substance that smelled of gasoline. This substance, referred to by the parties as "product," included water mixed with gasoline or some other hydrocarbon fluid. The parties disagree as to its precise composition. On behalf of Abdullah, Marcos agreed to buy THE CLARA P. provided that the tank containing the product and the other storage compartments were cleaned. Mahland negotiated the agreement. It is unclear whether she did so as president of Poling Transportation or of Motor Vessel Poling Bros. On August 17, 1995, Mahland told Frederick Carmant, a dispatcher for Poling Transportation, to arrange for THE CLARA P.'s slop tanks to be cleaned out. She and Carmant were both aware that THE CLARA P.'s onboard pumping system was inoperative. Discussions with Metro Fuel At Mahland's suggestion, Carmant called several companies who provide pumping services in the harbor. When he told Mahland that none of the companies was available, Mahland told him to call Metro Fuel. She did not give specific instructions on how the boat was to be cleaned. Carmant stated that Metro had often bought gasoline or fuel oil from Poling Transportation, and that a boat in Poling Transportation's fleet would typically transport the product to Metro Terminals *393 where it would be offloaded. THE CLARA P. could not do this job because its internal pumps were inoperative and, apparently, it was not then authorized to travel upon navigable waters. Carmant then called Joseph Squadrito, Metro's purchase and sales manager. Carmant claimed that he offered to give Metro the product on the Clara P. without charge if Metro would arrange have it offloaded from the barge and transported to Metro Terminal. Squadrito said Carmant offered to sell him gasoline, without mentioning that Metro Fuel needed to arrange for its transportation. Squadrito came to the Poling Transportation yard on the morning of August 18, 1995 to obtain a sample of the product from THE CLARA P. Carmant, Mahland and Squadrito gave different versions of Squadrito's visit and of subsequent events. In a deposition Squadrito testified in substance as follows. When he visited the Poling yard, Carmant told him that the product would have to be pumped off of the barge onto a truck prior to any delivery. Squadrito told Carmant that Metro Terminal could not receive fuel unless it was delivered by barge, and so probably could not accept the product. Carmant then asked Squadrito to recommend a company that could offload and transport the product to another location within the Poling Transportation yard. Squadrito said he suggested Ultimate Transportation and two other trucking companies. Carmant's testimony was that Squadrito obtained a sample of the product and said he would have it tested and tell Carmant later that day whether Metro Fuel would accept it. Squadrito then left Poling's yard without discussing Ultimate. Carmant said Squadrito called him early the same afternoon and said the product had been tested and found to be clean gasoline. Squadrito allegedly said also that Metro would accept the product. Carmant said he then told Squadrito that the product would have to be pumped off THE CLARA P. and then transported to Metro Terminal. It was Carmant's understanding that Metro Fuel would accept delivery at Metro Terminal, and would pay for the transportation. Carmant also said he asked Squadrito how Poling should transport the product. Carmant said he told Squadrito that a "vacuum truck" was needed for the job. Carmant gave conflicting testimony as to whether Squadrito instructed him to call Ultimate or simply recommended Ultimate as a potential transport company. Carmant said Squadrito characterized Ultimate as "our trucking company" or a company that Metro "had used ... before and were satisfied with." Mahland was sitting next to Carmant when Squadrito called on the afternoon of August 18, 1995. Carmant said he told Mahland that Metro could accept the product via truck, and that Squadrito recommended Ultimate. Mahland corroborated this statement. Jurgens was also present when Carmant spoke to Squadrito on the phone. He said it was his understanding that Metro agreed to accept the product and that "they would take it off that night." Specifically, he believed that Metro would supply a truck to offload and transport the product. Squadrito admitted that he called Carmant, but said he did so only to confirm that Metro Fuel would not accept the product. Squadrito admitted knowing that Ultimate did not have vacuum trucks. On the morning of August 18, Carmant told Jurgens to pump water from a different tank on THE CLARA P., using a portable hand pump stored on the Poling yard. He later told Jurgens to have the crew of THE ANTHONY J. help remove the product from the slop tanks, and said a vacuum truck would arrive later that day. Discussions with Ultimate Carmant said that after the phone call with Squadrito, he called Ultimate and *394 spoke to a secretary named Tina Henson. Carmant said he told Henson that Squadrito had recommended Ultimate, and asked whether Ultimate could provide a vacuum truck to remove gasoline from a barge and transport it to Metro Terminal. Carmant said Henson told him a truck would come to the Poling Transportation yard later that afternoon. Carmant said he assumed that Metro Fuel would pay for the truck, and that he never discussed payment with anyone at Ultimate. Yuri Schemelzman, the owner of Ultimate, gave a different version of the sequence of events. He said the first call to Ultimate regarding the transaction was not from Carmant but from Squadrito to Henson. Squadrito allegedly asked if Ultimate could help Poling Transportation and asked Henson to contact Carmant directly. Henson then spoke to Carmant, arranged for Poling to "lease" a truck for the afternoon, and negotiated a price, according to Schemelzman. Schemelzman said he understood that Metro Fuel needed the truck to pump an unidentified substance from a boat into the truck and transport it to barrels to be stored on the Poling yard. But later in his deposition, Schemelzman said he thought that the product was to be transported to Metro Terminal. It is undisputed that Ultimate did not have vacuum trucks, and that Squadrito knew this before recommending Ultimate to Carmant. Squadrito maintains that he did not know a vacuum truck was needed, although he admits knowing that fuel of some sort was to be pumped from THE CLARA P. Ultimate eventually dispatched a regular tanker truck, not a vacuum truck. The truck was driven by Etvern O. Nugent, an Ultimate employee. Nugent was accompanied by Calver Leslie, whom he characterized as a visiting friend rather than an Ultimate employee. Jurgens and Becker testified that Leslie appeared to be Nugent's assistant and helped in the pumping operation. Nugent said that Ultimate's dispatcher gave him the following instructions. He was to drive first to a storage facility in Brooklyn to pick up a piece of equipment called a coupler, which is typically used to link two lengths of hose. Nugent was then instructed to drive to the Poling yard, where he would pick up "something" and take it to Metro Terminal. While at Poling, Nugent was to follow instructions from Poling's employees. The Fire Nugent arrived at Poling's yard at approximately 4:00 p.m. on August 18, 1995. Mahland left the Poling yard just as Nugent was arriving. Jurgens said that when he discovered that Ultimate had not sent a vacuum truck, he discussed with Becker, Nugent and Leslie how they should to remove the product from the boat. He said that together the men decided to use the portable pump Jurgens and Becker had used earlier to remove water from a different tank on THE CLARA P. Nugent testified that he played no part in this decision and, per his instructions from Ultimate's dispatcher, he merely did what Poling's employees told him to do. George Reid, a master mariner retained by Jurgens as an expert, stated in an affidavit that the pump used by plaintiffs was not designed to pump combustible products, and that such a use of the pump posed a significant risk of fire or explosion. Jurgens said that he, Becker, Leslie and another Poling employee set up the pump using the coupler that Nugent had picked up. The pump sat on the deck of THE CLARA P., which was moored to a small tugboat. The tugboat, in turn, was moored to the dock. The men ran an intake hose from the pump through a cargo hatch into THE CLARA P.'s slop tank, and ran an output hose from the pump across the deck of the tugboat and to the *395 truck. Such an arrangement is known as an "over-the-top transfer." Jurgens started the pump and began filling the first of two compartments on the Ultimate truck. When Nugent signaled Jurgens that the compartment was full, Jurgens shut the pump off and transferred the hose to the truck's other compartment. When Jurgens restarted the pump, an explosion occurred onboard THE CLARA P. The cause of the explosion has not been definitively identified, but the parties agree it was related to the pumping operation. The fire quickly engulfed Jurgens and Becker, both of whom jumped into the water. Both men suffered burns over much of their bodies. They were taken by ambulance to Cornell University Medical Center where both remained in intensive care for more than two weeks. As soon as he saw the fire, Nugent disconnected the hose from the pump and drove the truck from the Poling yard. Nugent and Shemelzman say that Nugent then drove the truck to Metro, where Metro employees directed him to unload the product from THE CLARA P. using pumping equipment at the terminal. Squadrito denied that the product was delivered to Metro. He and Thomas Torre, Vice President and Treasurer of Metro Fuel, testified that Metro Terminal did not have equipment to receive fuel deliveries by truck. At some point after the explosion, the output hose was pulled out of THE CLARA P.'s tank, causing an undetermined amount of oil to spill into the water. The record includes no written records of arrangements or transactions between any of the Poling parties, Ultimate, or the Metro defendants. Cover-Up Carmant said that after the fire, he and Mahland "agreed that damage control had to be done, and we agreed to attempt to protect the customer, who was Metro, ... and protect the company, which was Poling Transportation." Specifically, they agreed "to concoct a story" to tell any law enforcement officials who investigated the accident. They agreed to tell investigators that Poling had planned to offload the product from THE CLARA P. and store it in barrels at the Poling yard rather than give it to Metro Fuels, and that they hired Ultimate to help in this operation. Carmant said he and Mahland were concerned that law enforcement officials would view the transfer of product to Metro Fuels as a black market gasoline sale. They also wished to protect Metro, a long-standing Poling customer, from any potential civil liability. Carmant said he spoke to Squadrito twice after the fire, once on the telephone and once at Carmant's house. Carmant said he conveyed to Squadrito Poling's plan to "keep[ ] Metro completely out of it." Squadrito listened but was "very non-committal" and refused to comment, according to Carmant. Squadrito admits that he spoke with Carmant and visited his house to discuss the fire, but denies hearing about a cover-up. Carmant also said that he relayed the plan to the secretary at Ultimate. Carmant told her to tell investigators that Ultimate had supplied Poling with a vacuum truck to move the product from the barge into barrels on the shipyard. The secretary told him that Ultimate "would have a problem with that story because [they] did not have vacuum trucks." Carmant said he called Shemelzman to discuss the plan and that Shemelzman suggested that they meet, but Carmant declined. Carmant gave the allegedly false version of events to Federal Bureau of Investigations agents who were investigating the fire, but later recanted this story. *396 Mahland admitted to having one conversation with Carmant regarding what they would tell investigators. She says Carmant told her "to say that `Metro wasn't involved in this.'" Mahland said at that point she did not know whether and to what extent Metro was involved. Criminal Proceedings An "over-the-top" transfer of oil or gasoline is a criminal violation of the Ports and Waterways Safety Act and its implementing regulations. See 46 U.S.C.App. §§ 3703(a), 3718(b); 46 C.F.R. § 35.35-20. Negligent discharge of oil into navigable waters violates the Clean Water Act. See 33 U.S.C. §§ 1319(c)(1) and 1321(b)(3). Poling Transportation was indicted on four counts of criminal violations of the Ports and Waterways Safety Act and the Clean Water Act. United States v. Poling Transportation Corp., No. 96 CR 853. On January 14, 1997, the corporation, through its counsel, pleaded guilty to two counts: the "over-the-top transfer" of oil, a Class D felony, and negligent discharge of oil into navigable waters, a Class A misdemeanor. On December 11, 1996, a misdemeanor information was filed in the Eastern District of New York charging Mahland with negligent discharge of oil in violation of the Clean Water Act. United States v. Janet Poling Mahland, No. 96 CR 1099. Mahland pleaded guilty on December 11, 1996, and on April 4, 1997, Judge Carol Bagley Amon sentenced her to three years probation and imposed a fine of $6,000. In her plea colloquy, Mahland admitted that she was negligent with respect to the discharge of oil into navigable waters on August 18, 1995. In particular, she said she instructed her employees to have the vessel cleaned and was negligent in not supervising the process of cleaning out the boat. II. THE METRO DEFENDANTS Plaintiffs assert a common law claim of negligence against Metro. The Metro defendants move for summary judgment on the grounds that (i) they had no duty of care to plaintiffs under these circumstances, and (ii) their actions were not the proximate cause of plaintiffs' injuries. A. Summary Judgment Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the moving party is entitled to summary judgment "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Summary judgment is warranted only if "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could not return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id. Moreover, "the inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts ... must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion." Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). The substantive law governing the case will determine those facts that are material, and "only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). B. Applicable Law Because plaintiffs were seaman injured upon a vessel in navigable waters, maritime law governs their claims. See Executive Jet Aviation, Inc. v. City of Cleveland, 409 U.S. 249, 253, 93 S.Ct. 493, 497, 34 L.Ed.2d 454 (1972) (maritime jurisdiction established by locality of tort); Shipping Corp. of India v. American Bureau of Shipping, 744 F.Supp. 447, 448 n. 1 (S.D.N.Y.1990). Federal maritime law incorporates common-law negligence principles, and New York law in particular. See *397 International Ore & Fertilizer Corp. v. SGS Control Services, Inc., 38 F.3d 1279, 1284 (2d Cir.1994). To prevail on a claim for negligence under the general maritime law, "the burden is on the plaintiff to establish duty, breach of duty, causation (both cause in fact and proximate cause) and damages." Naglieri v. Bay, 93 F.Supp.2d 170, 174-75 (D.Conn.1999). C. Duty Plaintiffs assert that Metro had a direct duty to them because a Metro employee "arranged" for the removal of oil from the barge. They also argue that Metro had a duty to prevent negligence on the part of Ultimate, whom plaintiffs characterize as an agent or independent contractor to Metro. Metro's Negligence Plaintiffs first seek to hold Metro directly liable for their own negligence, as distinct from Ultimate's negligence. Relying on Havas v. Victory Paper Stock Co., 49 N.Y.2d 381, 426 N.Y.S.2d 233, 402 N.E.2d 1136 (1980), they assert that the transfer of product from THE CLARA P. was a combined effort among Squadrito, plaintiffs, and Ultimate's driver, Etvar Nugent. In Havas, the plaintiff was injured while assisting employees of the defendant trucking company in loading waste paper from garbage trucks. The hydraulic fork-lift was broken, and the plaintiff and defendant's employees agreed to use an ad hoc method of loading the trucks. The Court of Appeals held that the trucking company was liable because its employees agreed to proceed even though "the shortcomings of the [improvised] method ... were patent." Id., 49 N.Y.2d at 386, 426 N.Y.S.2d at 236, 402 N.E.2d 1136. Havas might be applicable as against Ultimate, the company whose equipment and employees were used in the offloading operation. But it is irrelevant as against Metro except insofar as Metro is liable for Ultimate's actions. Plaintiffs do not assert that any employee of either Metro defendant actually took part in the transfer operation or that these defendants owned or operated any of the equipment used in the operation. Plaintiffs do allege that Metro exercised control over Ultimate's conduct during the pumping operation. But that claim, if proven, would support a claim of vicarious liability under an agency theory rather than direct liability. Vicarious Liability Generally The New York courts are reluctant to impose a duty to anticipate the tortious conduct of third parties. See Purdy v. Public Adm'r of Westchester Cty., 72 N.Y.2d 1, 8, 530 N.Y.S.2d 513, 516, 526 N.E.2d 4 (1988); Pulka v. Edelman, 40 N.Y.2d 781, 785-86, 390 N.Y.S.2d 393, 396-97, 358 N.E.2d 1019 (1976). But such a duty exists where there is a special relationship that confers on the defendant either the obligation to control the third person's conduct or to protect the plaintiffs from the harm in question. See Pulka v. Edelman, 40 N.Y.2d 781, 783, 390 N.Y.S.2d 393, 395, 358 N.E.2d 1019 (1976). Plaintiffs contend that such a special relationship existed because Squadrito "arranged for" Ultimate to conduct the pumping operation, and Metro was the intended recipients of the product. The possibility of an agency relationship between Metro and Ultimate is discussed below. But plaintiffs also assert that Metro had a duty to prevent Ultimate's negligence even in the absence of an agency relationship. Specifically, they allege that Metro's duty arose when their employee recommended Ultimate or instructed Poling to retain Ultimate. A party who negligently provides false information to another may be liable "for physical harm caused by action taken by the other in reasonable reliance upon such information." Restatement (Second) Torts § 311(1). Such liability may arise where harm results either to the person *398 who receives the information or to "such third persons as the actor should expect to be put in peril by the action taken." Id. To state a claim for negligent misrepresentation, a plaintiff must establish that the "defendant had a duty to use reasonable care to impart correct information because of some special relationship between the parties, that the information was incorrect or false, and that the plaintiff reasonably relied upon the information provided." Grammer v. Turits, 271 A.D.2d 644, 706 N.Y.S.2d 453 (2d Dept. 2000). The requisite relationship must include "actual privity of contract between the parties or a relationship so close as to approach that of privity." Ossining Union Free School District v. Anderson LaRocca Anderson, 73 N.Y.2d 417, 419, 541 N.Y.S.2d 335, 335, 539 N.E.2d 91 (1989); see also International Ore & Fertilizer Corp. v. SGS Control Services, Inc., 38 F.3d 1279, 1283, n. 1, 1284 (2d Cir.1994) (maritime law incorporates New York law of negligent misrepresentation). To establish such a relationship, plaintiffs must show (1) that defendants were aware that their statement would be used for a particular purpose; (2) detrimental reliance by a known party on the statement in furtherance of that purpose; (3) some conduct by the maker of the statement linking it to the relying party and evidencing its understanding of that reliance. See Dorking Genetics v. United States, 76 F.3d 1261, 1269 (2d Cir.1996). Under this rule, a defendant is not liable merely for the tortious acts of a third party whom they have simply recommended to the plaintiff, where a party other than the plaintiff actually retained the party inflicting the injury. See Cohen v. Wales, 133 A.D.2d 94, 518 N.Y.S.2d 633 (2d Dept.1987) (school district not liable for recommending teacher formerly charged with sexual misconduct). But plaintiffs allege that Metro did more than merely recommend that Poling use Ultimate. Rather, Metro purportedly agreed to accept the product from the barge, called Ultimate to tell them to contact Poling, either recommended or instructed Poling to use Ultimate, and agreed to pay for Ultimate's services. Such conduct established a relationship between Metro and Poling "sufficiently approaching privity" to render the Metro defendants liable for their misrepresentation. Security Pacific Business Credit, Inc. v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 79 N.Y.2d 695, 705, 586 N.Y.S.2d 87, 597 N.E.2d 1080 (1992). Admittedly, the record shows only that Metro may have had a special relationship with Poling. But that relationship would clearly extend to Poling's employees, just as Squadrito's acts may be imputed to Metro. Indeed, plaintiffs' reliance upon Squadrito's representations as to Ultimate's ability to provide the necessary equipment "was a consequence which, to the [defendants'] knowledge, was the end and aim of the transaction." Glanzer v. Shepard, 233 N.Y. 236, 238-39, 135 N.E. 275 (1922). Ultimate as Metro's Agent Federal maritime law embraces the principles of agency, see, e.g., Kirno Hill Corp. v. Holt, 618 F.2d 982, 985 (2d Cir. 1980), under which "a principal is liable to third parties for the acts of an agent operating within the scope of his real or apparent authority." Citibank, N.A. v. Nyland (CF8) Ltd., 878 F.2d 620, 623-24 (2d Cir. 1989). To establish an agency relationship, a party must show "the manifestation by the principal that the agent shall act for him[;] the agent's acceptance of the undertaking[;] and the understanding of the parties that the principal is to be in control of the undertaking." Cabrera v. Jakabovitz, 24 F.3d 372, 386 (2d Cir.1994) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1 cmt. b (1958)). *399 The most critical element is that the agent "acts subject to the principal's direction and control," In re Shulman Transport Enterprises, Inc., 744 F.2d 293, 295 (2d Cir.1984), that is, that the principal exercises "day-to-day control" over the "detailed physical performance" of the agent. United States v. Orleans, 425 U.S. 807, 814-16, 96 S.Ct. 1971, 1976-77, 48 L.Ed.2d 390 (1976). The Court looks for "the exertion of actual control, not formal indicia of control." Royal Insurance Company of America v. RU-VAL Electric Corp., 918 F.Supp. 647, 653 (E.D.N.Y. 1996). Whether an agency relationship exists under this standard is a mixed question of law and fact. Cabrera, 24 F.3d at 385-86. Summary judgment is appropriate "only where application of the law to ... undisputed facts will reasonably support only one ultimate conclusion." Richardson v. New York State Dept. of Correctional Service, 180 F.3d 426, 438 (2d Cir. 1999). Material questions of fact remain at least as to the first two elements of agency, that is, whether either Metro or Ultimate expressed an understanding that Ultimate would act as Metro's agent. For example, Carmant stated in his deposition that Squadrito recommended that Poling use Ultimate. But he also said that Squadrito instructed him to call Ultimate and that he understood that Metro would pay for the transport. Yuri Schemelzman, Ultimate's owner, testified that Squadrito called Ultimate to ask if they could help Poling, and that Poling arranged to "lease" a truck from Ultimate. Carmant, Jurgens and Squadrito also gave conflicting testimony as to whether Metro agreed to accept the product. Likewise, Nugent said he was told by Ultimate's dispatcher to deliver the product to Metro Terminal, while Schemelzman said that Ultimate agreed only to move the product to barrels located on the Poling yard. Squadrito and Thomas Torre both testified that it was physically impossible to deliver gasoline to Metro Terminal by truck, but Nugent and Schemelzman testified that Nugent did just that. In short, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the facts may support a finding that Metro hired Ultimate to help pump the product from the barge and transport it to Metro Terminal. Summary judgment is thus inappropriate on the question of whether the parties understood that Ultimate would act on behalf of Metro. Whether Metro exercised the requisite control over Ultimate's conduct presents a closer question. The record provides some support for plaintiffs' allegation that Squadrito instructed Ultimate to go to the Poling yard, offload the product, and deliver it to Metro Terminal. There is also evidence that Squadrito agreed that Metro would pay for the transfer. Witnesses differed as to who would direct the pumping operation. Nugent said he was told to follow the instructions of Poling employees, while Jurgens said he was told "to assist the truck in getting the gasoline off the barge." But there was no direct evidence that in deciding to conduct an over-the-top transfer using a portable pump the men were deferring to instructions from Metro. In fact, both Jurgens and Nugent said Jurgens initially suggested that method. Nevertheless, the over-the-top transfer was made necessary only because no vacuum truck arrived, and the evidence may support a finding that Metro was responsible for this lapse. In addition, Ultimate's dispatcher instructed Nugent to pick up a coupler before going to the Poling yard. Plaintiffs urge that this order must have originated with Squadrito, since only Squadrito knew both that Ultimate would not be bringing a vacuum truck and the position of THE CLARA P. within the Poling yard. Plaintiffs also note that when Nugent drove to Metro Terminal after the fire, Metro employees specifically instructed *400 him how and where to offload the product. These facts may indicate, albeit circumstantially, that Metro had or exercised the right to control the "detailed physical performance" of the operation. Orleans, 425 U.S. at 814-16, 96 S.Ct. at 1976-77. Summary judgment dismissing plaintiffs' claim against Metro is thus not appropriate. Ultimate as Independent Contractor Plaintiffs argue that even if Metro retained Ultimate only as an independent contractor, they are vicariously liable for Ultimate's negligence because the transfer operation was an "inherently dangerous activity." An independent contractor, like an agent, is a party hired by a principal or employer. See Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1 cmnt. e (1958); O'Connor v. Davis, 126 F.3d 112, 115 (2d Cir.1997). Remuneration to the purported contractor by the employer is an "essential characteristic" of the independent contractor relationship. O'Connor, 126 F.3d at 115. "[T]he typical test of whether one is an independent contractor [as opposed to a servant or employee] lies in the control exercised by the employer, and in who has the right to direct what will be done and when and how it will be done." Makarova v. U.S., 201 F.3d 110, 114 (2d Cir.2000); see also Restatement (Second) of Agency § 220(2). One who hires an independent contractor generally is not liable for the negligence the contractor or its employees. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 409 (1965). But "where the activity performed by the contractor is an inherently dangerous one, the negligence of the contractor may be imputed to the employer." Alva Steamship Co. v. City of New York, 616 F.2d 605, 610 (2d Cir.1980). Alternatively, a principal may be liable for hiring a negligent or unqualified independent contractor "provided that the employer either failed to exercise reasonable care in the selection of the contractor or had actual or constructive knowledge of the contractor's insufficiency." Waite v. American Airlines, Inc., 73 F.Supp.2d 349, 355 (S.D.N.Y.1999); see also O'Keefe v. Sprout-Bauer, Inc., 970 F.2d 1244, 1251 (3d Cir.1992); Restatement (Second) of Agency § 411. It is Metro's position that Squadrito simply suggested that Poling use Ultimate's services, and thus that Ultimate was neither their agent nor an independent contractor. But, as noted, a reasonable jury could conclude that Metro hired Ultimate to help pump the product from the barge and transport it to Metro Terminals. The Court does note the complete absence of documentary evidence on this issue in the form of invoices, contracts and the like. Torre, Metro Fuel's treasurer, stated in a deposition that both Metro Fuel and Metro Terminal typically issue "delivery tickets" to document fuel transfers made by trucking companies on their behalf, but that he knew of no records of the transaction at issue. Nonetheless, summary judgment on the question of Ultimate's relationship with the Metro defendants is inappropriate in the face of conflicting affidavits and deposition testimony. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Metro also asserts that the transfer operation was not an "inherently dangerous activity." Whether an activity is inherently dangerous "is a question of fact to be determined by the fact-finder" as long as "reasonable minds" can differ. McMillan v. United States, 112 F.3d 1040, 1044 (9th Cir.1997); see also Rosenberg v. Equitable Life Assur. Socy., 79 N.Y.2d 663, 668, 584 N.Y.S.2d 765, 595 N.E.2d 840 (1992). A trier of fact could easily find that the removal of the product from THE CLARA P. was inherently dangerous. Plaintiffs' expert, George Reid, stated that offloading gasoline without a vacuum truck posed a risk of fire. The Second Circuit has found that handling gasoline in analogous circumstances *401 was inherently dangerous. See Alva Steamship Co. v. City of New York, 616 F.2d 605, 610 (2d Cir.1980) (salvage of liquid fuel from damaged ship); see also 46 C.F.R. § 35.35-20 (requiring special precautions in loading and unloading flammable liquid cargo from tank vessels). Even if the gasoline transfer was not "inherently dangerous," Metro may have been negligent in selecting an independent contractor that lacked the proper equipment. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 411, illustration 2 (if employer hires trucking company to haul logs but knew or should have known that company's trucks were unsuitable for work, employer is liable to third party injured by falling logs). It is undisputed that Squadrito knew that Ultimate had no vacuum trucks and that offloading the product without such a truck was unsafe. There are issues of fact as to whether Metro may be liable on the ground that the offloading was inherently dangerous or for negligence in selecting Ultimate. E. Proximate Cause The Metro defendants argue that their acts did not proximately cause plaintiffs' injuries because they neither created the conditions that led to the accident nor set in motion the over-the-top transfer. Similarly, they argue that the negligence of Poling and its employees were superseding causes of the injuries. "Proximate cause ... limits a defendant's liability to those foreseeable consequences that the defendant's negligence was a substantial factor in producing." Bonsignore v. City of New York, 683 F.2d 635, 637 (2d Cir.1982). The chain of legal causation is broken by "a later cause of independent origin that was not foreseeable." Exxon Co. U.S.A. v. Sofec, Inc., 517 U.S. 830, 837, 116 S.Ct. 1813, 1818, 135 L.Ed.2d 113 (1996) (quoting 1 T. Schoenbaum, Admiralty and Maritime Law § 5-3, pp. 165-66 (2d ed.1994)). The foreseeable intervening negligence of a plaintiff or a third party "may reduce, but does not bar, recovery for personal injuries, that is, the plaintiff's recovery is reduced in proportion to his own fault." Pope & Talbot, Inc. v. Hawn, 346 U.S. 406, 408-09, 74 S.Ct. 202, 98 L.Ed. 143 (1953). Metro relies on a series of decisions denying recovery to plaintiffs injured under conditions created because the defendant supplied defective equipment. Benaquista v. Municipal Housing Auth., 212 A.D.2d 860, 622 N.Y.S.2d 129 (2d Dept. 1995) (defendant landlord's defective intercom not the proximate cause of plaintiff's fall in stairwell); see also Ferguson v. Callanan Ind., 223 A.D.2d 862, 636 N.Y.S.2d 207 (3d Dept.1996) (defendant's inoperative equipment not the proximate cause of injuries sustained when plaintiff used alternative means of accomplishing task); McMahon v. ConAgra, Inc., 1992 WL 131115 (W.D.N.Y.1992) (same). These decisions support the proposition that a defendant is not liable who "merely furnished the condition or occasion upon which plaintiff's injuries were received but did not put in motion the agency by which the injuries were inflicted." Benaquista, 622 N.Y.S.2d at 129. In Ferguson, for example, the defendant supplied defective equipment to plaintiff's employer, but "took no part in the decision" to have plaintiff perform a task usually made less dangerous by defendant's equipment. 636 N.Y.S.2d at 208. But plaintiffs seek to hold Metro vicariously liable for Ultimate's negligence. And Ultimate's employees allegedly did not merely create the conditions under which plaintiffs were injured, that is, the absence of a vacuum truck. They also allegedly helped plaintiffs "put in motion the agency" causing plaintiff's injuries, namely, the over-the-top transfer. Cf. Benaquista, 622 N.Y.S.2d at 129. Moreover, the Metro defendants themselves allegedly had a hand in proceeding *402 with the transfer despite the lack of proper equipment. Plaintiffs contend that Squadrito knew that THE CLARA P.'s pumps were inoperative and that Ultimate had no vacuum trucks, but nonetheless requested that Ultimate help offload and transfer the product. Cf. Lopez v. A/S/D/S Svendborg, 581 F.2d 319, 325 (2d Cir.1978) (defendant ship owner is liable where he knew of danger but had plaintiff stevadore continue working or joined in their decision to do so); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 413 (1965) (employer of independent contractor liable for injuries caused by dangerous work of which employer was aware and for which employer failed to take precautions). Similarly, any intervening negligence on plaintiffs' part was foreseeable. Plaintiffs' expert testified that a risk of fire was inherent in any procedure to remove gasoline from the boat without the proper equipment. Nonetheless, Squadrito allegedly arranged for Poling and Ultimate to complete the transfer without a vacuum truck. In these circumstances, it cannot be said that "the subsequent actor's negligence was `extraordinary' (defined as `neither normal nor reasonably foreseeable')." Exxon, 517 U.S. at 835, 116 S.Ct. at 1817 (citations omitted). Since there are triable issues of fact as to Metro's liability, summary judgment is inappropriate. IV. MAHLAND'S MOTION Mahland moves for summary judgment on the grounds that plaintiffs have no claims against her under either the Jones Act or the unseaworthiness doctrine; that general maritime law bars an action by a seaman against a fellow employee; and that her acts were neither negligent nor the proximate cause of plaintiffs' injuries. Jones Act and the Fellow Servant Doctrine The Jones Act, 46 U.S.C.App. § 688, allows a seaman to seek recovery from his or her employer for injuries caused by the employer's negligence. The Jones Act provides a right of action only against a seaman's "employer." Cosmopolitan Co. v. McAllister, 337 U.S. 783, 789, 69 S.Ct. 1317, 1321, 93 L.Ed. 1692 (1949); Mahramas v. American Export Isbrandtsen Lines, Inc., 475 F.2d 165, 170 (2d Cir. 1973). "[T]he Jones Act provides the exclusive recovery in negligence for claims by seamen against their employers." Ellenwood v. Exxon Shipping Co., 984 F.2d 1270, 1283 (1st Cir.1993). "Employers" under the Jones Act include "those standing in the proximate relation of employer," Cosmopolitan Co. v. McAllister, 337 U.S. 783, 790, 69 S.Ct. 1317, 1321, 93 L.Ed. 1692 (1949), including the employer's "officers, agents, or employees." Hopson v. Texaco, Inc., 383 U.S. 262, 263, 86 S.Ct. 765, 766, 15 L.Ed.2d 740 (1966). The Jones Act does not bar negligence actions by seaman against non-employer third parties under general maritime law. But general maritime negligence actions against fellow employees are barred by the fellow servant doctrine. McAleer v. Smith, 57 F.3d 109, 116 (1st Cir.1995). Plaintiffs apparently concede that they may not sue Mahland either for negligence under the Jones Act or for unseaworthiness. But they contend she may be held liable for negligence under the general maritime law as a non-employer third party. Plaintiffs seek to avoid the fellow servant rule by arguing that the parties worked for different employers. They allege that Becker and Jurgens were employees of Chester A. Poling, while Mahland is sued in her capacity as president or corporate officer of Poling Transport or Motor Vessel Poling Bros. No. 9. But a seaman employed by one entity may be considered a temporary or shared employee for purposes of the Jones act under the doctrines of "borrowed" and "dual" servants. See Kelley v. Southern *403 Pacific Co., 419 U.S. 318, 324, 95 S.Ct. 472, 476, 42 L.Ed.2d 498 (1974) (applying Federal Employers' Liability Act); Kernan v. American Dredging Co., 355 U.S. 426, 439, 78 S.Ct. 394, 401, 2 L.Ed.2d 382 (1958) (Jones Act incorporates "the entire judicially developed doctrine of liability" under the Federal Employers' Liability Act); Walker v. Braus, 995 F.2d 77 (5th Cir. 1993) (applying borrowed servant doctrine under Jones Act). A borrowed servant is one "directed or permitted by his master to perform services for another." Restatement (Second) of Agency § 227; Williamson v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 926 F.2d 1344, 1349 (3d Cir.1991). A "dual servant" is the servant "of two masters ... at one time as to one act, if the service to one does not involve abandonment of service to the other." Restatement (Second) of Agency § 226; Williamson, 926 F.2d at 1349. Under either rule, an employee-employer relationship is not established for Jones Act purposes unless the employer "had the power to control, manage and direct the servant in the performance of [the seaman's] work." Addison v. Gulf Coast Contracting Servs., 744 F.2d 494, 499 (5th Cir.1984); see Kelley, 419 U.S. at 324, 95 S.Ct. at 476. Whether the requisite control was present turns on several factors, most importantly who exercised "significant supervisory control" over the operation in which the plaintiff was injured. Kelley, 419 U.S. at 327, 95 S.Ct. at 477. The Court also looks to "who selected and engaged the plaintiff to do the work; ... and who furnished the tools with which the work was performed and the place of work." Williamson, 926 F.2d at 1349. It is unclear on the present record whether Becker and Jurgens, as crew members of THE ANTHONY J., were employed by Chester A. Poling or Poling Transportation. But the record clearly shows that, at the time of the accident, plaintiffs were borrowed or dual servants of the corporation that controlled the unloading operation. That entity employer was either Motor Vessel Poling Bros. No. 9, which owned THE CLARA P., or of Poling Transportation, its parent corporation. On the day of the accident, Mahland told Carmant, a Poling Transportation employee, to have THE CLARA P. cleaned out in preparation for its sale. Carmant, in turn, told Jurgens to pump water from a storage tank using a portable hand pump and to determine how much product was in the slop tanks. He later "left instructions for the crew of the ANTHONY J. to do whatever ... was needed" in the pumping operation. Even without resort to agency law, the undisputed facts also show that Mahland, at the time she committed acts charged in the complaint, was acting as an officer of the same corporate entity as plaintiffs. She was president of Chester A. Poling, Poling Transportation, and Motor Vessel Poling Bros. No. 9. She negotiated the sale of the barge, agreed to have the boat's tanks cleaned, and instructed Carmant to make the necessary arrangements. In her capacity as president of Poling Transportation, Mahland was subsequently indicted and pleaded guilty for Clean Water Act violations committed in connection with that cleaning operation. In short, at the time of the fire, either plaintiffs and Mahland were fellow servants or Mahland was the agent of plaintiffs' employer. In either event, plaintiffs may not recover for Mahland's negligence except through a suit against their employer under the Jones Act. See Ellenwood, 984 F.2d at 1283 (Jones Act provides "exclusive recovery in negligence for claims by seamen against their employers"); Hopson, 383 U.S. at 263, 86 S.Ct. at 766 ("employer" under the Jones Act includes "officers [or] agents" of nominal employer). Plaintiffs next contend that even if the parties were employed by the same corporation, *404 the fellow-servant doctrine in maritime law only bars suits by a seaman against the master of his vessel or fellow crew members. Mahland indisputably was not the master of a vessel or a fellow crew member. It is true that the rule as applied to seaman is often phrased in the language urged by plaintiffs. See, e.g., The Osceola, 189 U.S. at 175, 23 S.Ct. at 487 ("all the members of the crew ... are, as between themselves, fellow servants, and hence seamen cannot recover for injuries sustained through the negligence of another member of the crew"). But plaintiffs have not cited, and the Court could not locate, any decision allowing a seaman to bring a negligence action against a fellow corporate employee, as distinct from a fellow crew member, without running afoul of the fellow servant doctrine and the Jones Act. As noted, the Jones Act allows recovery for the negligence of "those standing in the proximate relation of employer," McAllister, 337 U.S. at 790, 69 S.Ct. at 1321, including the employer's "officers [or] agents." Hopson, 383 U.S. at 263, 86 S.Ct. at 766. Under plaintiffs' view of the fellow servant doctrine, a seaman could recover against the officer of a corporation under both the Jones Act and the general maritime law. Such a rule would be contrary to both the Jones Act, which provides the "exclusive recovery in negligence" for claims against an employer and its officers or agents, Ellenwood, 984 F.2d at 1283, and the fellow servant doctrine. Mahland's Personal Liability for Corporate Acts Plaintiffs also argue that Mahland may be held personally liable under New York law for negligent acts undertaken in her corporate capacity. Under both state and maritime law "a corporate officer who commits or participates in a tort, even if it is in the course of his duties on behalf of corporation, may be held individually liable." Lopresti v. Terwilliger, 126 F.3d 34, 42 (2d Cir.1997); see also Armada Supply Inc. v. S/T Agios Nikolas, 613 F.Supp. 1459, 1471 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (applying maritime law). But this rule does not create a distinct basis for holding any party liable; it merely allows recovery from a different source. As seaman injured in the course of their employment, plaintiffs still must seek recovery for negligence under either the Jones Act or general maritime law. In other words, holding Mahland personally liable would not transform the suit from a Jones Act claim against an employer to a general maritime action against a non-employer third party. It simply would place Mahland in the shoes of the corporation that otherwise may be liable as plaintiffs' employer. But a Jones Act claim lies only against the employer, and the employer is liable for corporate acts and the acts of its officers, agents and employees. See Mahramas v. American Export Isbrandtsen Lines, Inc., 475 F.2d 165, 170 (2d Cir. 1973). "[O]nly one person, be it an individual or a corporation, [may] be sued as the employer." Id. Unless plaintiffs could establish that Mahland was the alter ego of plaintiffs' "borrowed" employer, they cannot hold her liable under the Jones Act. Cf. Williams v. McAllister Bros., Inc., 534 F.2d 19, 21 (2d Cir.1976) (plaintiff may hold parent corporation liable as alter ego to Jones Act employer); Guillie v. Marine Towing, Inc., 670 So.2d 1298, 1303 (La. App.1996) (corporate officer could not be held individually liable under Jones Act without piercing the corporate veil); Palladino v. VNA of Southern New Jersey, Inc., 68 F.Supp.2d 455, (D.N.J.1999) (corporate officers were not "employers" for purposes of False Claims Act in absence of allegations sufficient to pierce corporate veil). Recovery for Mahland's negligence, if any, must be sought from the corporate Poling parties. Mahland's motion for summary judgment is therefore granted. *405 V. PLAINTIFFS' MOTION Plaintiffs seek summary judgment on the issue of Mahland's liability, arguing that her guilty plea in United States v. Mahland has preclusive effect on the question of her negligence with respect to the fire on THE CLARA P. Mahland's motion for summary judgment having been granted, plaintiffs' cross-motion for partial summary judgment is dismissed as moot. VI. SUMMARY The Metro defendants' motion for summary judgment is denied. Mahland's motion for summary judgment is granted. Plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment is denied. So ordered.

mkdir -p $PREFIX/bin ./configure --disable-debugging make # cmfinder.pl requires env-var CMfinder be set to bin parent dir mv bin/cmfinder.pl bin/_cmfinder.pl echo 'export CMfinder='$PREFIX > bin/cmfinder.pl echo '_cmfinder.pl "$@"' >> bin/cmfinder.pl chmod +x bin/cmfinder.pl cp bin/* $PREFIX/bin/

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14 Responses to “Mouthing Off: Girls Can Be Pretty And Good At Math” Well, that’s some serious bullshit. As someone who was A) a math major in college and B) has two girls at a top school I can honestly say that doing math and being pretty is not only possible but mandatory. Sadly, this doesn’t surprise me. Have you ever looked at the model info on Forever 21’s site? They put the girls’ height and the size they wear. Very VERY disturbing. It will say: “Meagan is 6’5″ and is wearing a size small.” WTF?? Not. A. Good. Influence. On Girls! Anybody remember the Barbie that said about the same thing (“Math is so hard!”)? ‘Cause I do! Anyway, my parents – my mom in particular – were livid about that. Just pisses me off that 20 years later, it’s the same crap. oh, and I didn’t take much from the Barbie – just like I don’t think that blondes are best, it didn’t stop me from loving math class! I majored in chemistry (science = applied math) in college and before my son was born, I was a math & science teacher. […] tipping accordingly. Or it’s possible that they just never considered the issue and are just too pretty to do math. If they happily throw in their share, great! But if they resist, accept the tip that they […] […] you said, she’s a sweet and bright young girl! She sounds like a charmer already, fully capable of making her way in a new crowd, and I bet she […] 10.14.11#12 Comment by Math Whiz. This is just disgusting. I’m a teenager in an advanced math class and, though the class is pretty small (8 kids), I’m the only girl. There were two others, but they switched, voluntarily, from this class to a less difficult one. This seems to me to demonstrate just how much stereotypes like this are affecting girls today. Although The Mouthy Housewives offer a great deal of wisdom, this is an entertainment site and should not take the place of medical and psychological treatment. All questions submitted become the exclusive property of The Mouthy Housewives. Questions may be edited for clarity and length. The opinions expressed on the site are solely those of The Mouthy Housewives.

This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely represents the estimated amount of Center infrastructure utilized by the subproject, not direct funding provided by the NCRR grant to the subproject or subproject staff. Excessive alcohol ingestion, occasionally or chronically, is co-morbid with medical disorders affecting the brain and behavior as well as other organ damage. Much of what is known about risk for and the consequence of heavy alcohol consumption, including mechanisms of organ damage, is derived from rodent studies or retrospective human accounts. The Monkey Alcohol Tissue Research Resource (MATRR) is a unique post-mortem tissue bank to ensure tissue from animals chronically drinking alcohol, as well as their related drinking and genetic information, is available to the wider alcohol research community insuring reduced numbers of animals used in research. The tissue is derived from a standard protocol of ethanol self-administration in three species of monkeys housed at ONPRC (rhesus and cynomolgus) and Wake Forest (vervet). This resource will provide novel data for hypothesis testing relating the risk for and consequences of alcohol consumption and serve to bi-directionally bridge the gap between rodent and human studies. The basis of the MATRR is that non human primates, specifically monkeys, show a range of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol (3.0 g/kg or a 12 drink equivalent/day) over long periods of time (12-30 months) with concomitant pathological changes in endocrine, hepatic and central nervous system (CNS) processes. These longitudinal designs span "stages of drinking" from ethanol-naive to early alcohol exposure to chronic abuse. The demand for, and the quality of, the tissues are already high as reflected in the number of requests and publications. Nevertheless, this resource needs further development in order to fulfill its potential as a cutting edge translational tool in alcoholism research.

Q: Python Pandas Regex: Search for strings with a wildcard in a column and return matches I have a search list in a column which may contain a key: 'keyword1*keyword2' to try to find the match in a separate dataframe column. How can I include the regex wildcard type 'keyword1.*keyword2' #using str.extract, extractall or findall? Using .str.extract works great matching exact substrings but I need it to also match substrings with wildcards in between the keyword. # dataframe column or series list as keys to search for: dfKeys = pd.DataFrame() dfKeys['SearchFor'] = ['this', 'Something', 'Second', 'Keyword1.*Keyword2', 'Stuff', 'One' ] # col_next_to_SearchFor_col dfKeys['AdjacentCol'] = ['this other string', 'SomeString Else', 'Second String Player', 'Keyword1 Keyword2', 'More String Stuff', 'One More String Example' ] # dataframe column to search in: df1['Description'] = ['Something Here','Second Item 7', 'Something There', 'strng KEYWORD1 moreJARGON 06/0 010 KEYWORD2 andMORE b4END', 'Second Item 7', 'Even More Stuff']] # I've tried: df1['Matched'] = df1['Description'].str.extract('(%s)' % '|'.join(key['searchFor']), flags=re.IGNORECASE, expand=False) I've also tried substituting 'extract' from the code above with both 'extractall' and 'findall' but it still does not give me the results I need. I expected 'Keyword1*Keyword2' to match "strng KEYWORD1 moreJARGON 06/0 010 KEYWORD2 andMORE b4END" UPDATE: The '.*' worked! I'm also trying to add the value from the cell next to the matched key in 'SearchFor' column i.e. dfKeys['AdjacentCol']. I've tried: df1['From_AdjacentCol'] = df1['Description'].str.extract('(%s)' % '|'.join(key['searchFor']), flags=re.IGNORECASE, expand=False).map(dfKeys.set_index('SearchFor')['AdjacentCol'].to_dict()).fillna('') which works for everything but the keys with the wildcards. # expected: Description Matched From_AdjacentCol 0 'Something Here' 'Something' 'this other string' 1 'Second Item 7' 'Second' 'Second String Player' 2 'Something There' 'Something' 'this other string' 3 'strng KEYWORD1 moreJARGON 06/0 010 KEYWORD2...' 'Keyword1*Keyword2' 'Keyword1 Keyword2' 4 'Second Item 7' 'Second' 'Second String Player' 5 'Even More Stuff' 'Stuff' 'More String Stuff' Any help with this is much appreciated. thanks! A: Solution You are close to the solution, just change * to .*. Reading the docs: . (Dot.) In the default mode, this matches any character except a newline. If the DOTALL flag has been specified, this matches any character including a newline. * Causes the resulting RE to match 0 or more repetitions of the preceding RE, as many repetitions as are possible. ab* will match ‘a’, ‘ab’, or ‘a’ followed by any number of ‘b’s. In Regular Expression star symbol * alone means nothing. It has a different meaning than the usual glob operator * in Unix/Windows file systems. Star symbol is a quantifier (namely the gready quantifier), it must be associated to some pattern (here . to match any character) to mean something. MCVE Reshaping your MCVE: import re import pandas as pd keys = ['this', 'Something', 'Second', 'Keyword1.*Keyword2', 'Stuff', 'One' ] df1 = pd.DataFrame() df1['Description'] = ['Something Here','Second Item 7', 'Something There', 'strng KEYWORD1 moreJARGON 06/0 010 KEYWORD2 andMORE b4END', 'Second Item 7', 'Even More Stuff'] regstr = '(%s)' % '|'.join(keys) df1['Matched'] = df1['Description'].str.extract(regstr, flags=re.IGNORECASE, expand=False) The regexp is now: (this|Something|Second|Keyword1.*Keyword2|Stuff|One) And matches the missing case: Description Matched 0 Something Here Something 1 Second Item 7 Second 2 Something There Something 3 strng KEYWORD1 moreJARGON 06/0 010 KEYWORD2 an... KEYWORD1 moreJARGON 06/0 010 KEYWORD2 4 Second Item 7 Second 5 Even More Stuff Stuff

Employee Rights Workers across the world — including Australia — are being denied important basic human rights, a new global investigation warns. The new International Trade Union Confederation’s (ITUC) Global Rights Index ranks countries on how well they protect employment rights including freedom of association, collective bargaining and the right to strike. Budget cuts for staff in any workplace brings with it a number of risks – spiralling overtime, higher levels of stress and an expectation that everyone left needs to ‘step up.’ What happens when ‘stepping up’ or ‘embracing change’ means that your Job Description Form (JDF) suddenly becomes unrecognisable to you?

Roquecor Roquecor is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. See also Communes of the Tarn-et-Garonne department References INSEE Category:Communes of Tarn-et-Garonne

Q: missing values,classification task I am using this dataset breastcancer from UCI but it contains missing values. Can anyone help me to fix it? I am new to ML and I don't know a lot about missing values techniques. Here is the link for dataset cancerdata. I tried this code on R : data <- read.csv('D:/cancer.csv', header=FALSE) # Reading the data for(i in 1:ncol(data)) { data[is.na(data[,i]), i] <- mean(data[,i], na.rm=TRUE) } but it gives me an error (sorry it may be trivial but I am really pretty new here is a screenshot of the thank you for your time and consideration here is the output I have A: Try the missForest package in R: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/missForest/missForest.pdf It is really easy to use, fast and does a great job imputing categorical and numeric values. For a quick tutorial, see here: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/03/tutorial-powerful-packages-imputing-missing-values/ Edit: You have total 16 missing values in the data, all in column 7 (V7). You can check this by data <- read.csv('D:/cancer.csv', header=FALSE) # Reading the data sum(data == "?") sum(data$V7 == "?") Now, missForest will impute all in NAs in data, no matter where they are. If you want to retain some NAs, separate that data first. To impute all NAs: data[data == "?"] <- NA library(missForest) data <- missForest(data)$ximp Now all the NAs have been imputed and replaced with some meaningful values. To verify this: sum(is.na(data)) Use this data with imputed values.

In 2011, she began developing Nevermind as part of a grad school thesis project, with a concept that centered around fear and feedback. Reynolds was eager to integrate sensors for measuring physiciological functions not only to track how users were responding to the extreme situations in the game, but also to use that data to alter the action in real-time. The successful Kickstarter campaign Reynolds launched to fund the early R&D included this bold statement: “If you let your fears get the best of you, the game becomes harder. If you’re able to calm yourself in the face of terror, the game will be more forgiving.” And that gets at Reynolds’s commitment that Nevermind would have a positive impact on players. “It would be entertaining, but also benefit them in some way, shape, or form,” she says. Reynolds believed that by understanding their body’s response to unnerving scenarios and rewarding players for keeping their cool, they would then be able to better handle real life’s unexpected stressors and panic points. At the time, the only consumer gear with the kind of monitoring capabilities she required were chest straps used to track heart rate during exercise. The system required gameplayers to lift their shirts up, rub a little conductive gel on their chests to ensure a clear signal, and strap on the device before starting the game. “The tech itself worked great for our purposes, but that is a lot to ask of a lot of players,” she says. So while it wasn’t entirely practical, the chest strap did provide enough of a proof of concept for Reynolds, whose timing and entry into the industry could not have been better.

Christopher Owens @ Wilshire Ebell Theatre Christopher Owens, formerly of the band Girls, performed his new album Lysandre as well as a host of classic covers at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre on Friday night. Melted Toys opened the show. All photos by Timothy Norris. Christopher Owens, formerly of the band Girls, performed his new album Lysandre as well as a host of classic covers at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre on Friday night. Melted Toys opened the show. All photos by Timothy Norris.

More for The Playroom VR Explore more games and downloadable content for The Playroom VR! Description PlayStation®VR is not for use by children under age 12. PlayStation®VR and PlayStation®Camera are required. VR Games may cause some players to experience motion sickness. Download TOY WARS, the latest addition to THE PLAYROOM VR, completely free! As a VR player, jump into your gun turret and defend the bedroom from the incoming alien invasion. Up to 3 more players can join the fun on the TV and help you in your fight! VR Required. No online Play. PS Camera Required. PS Move not used. ©2016 Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc.

--- abstract: 'We address the relation between star formation and AGN activity in a sample of 231 nearby ($0.0002<z<0.0358$) early type galaxies by carrying out a multi-wavelength study using archival observations in the UV, IR and radio. Our results indicate that early type galaxies in the current epoch are rarely powerful AGNs, with $P<10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$ for a majority of the galaxies. Only massive galaxies are capable of hosting powerful radio sources while less massive galaxies are hosts to lower radio power sources. Evidence of ongoing star formation is seen in approximately 7% of the sample. The SFR of these galaxies is less than 0.1 $M_{\odot}yr^{-1}$. They also tend to be radio faint ($P<10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$). There is a nearly equal fraction of star forming galaxies in radio faint ($P<10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$) and radio bright galaxies ($P\geq10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$) suggesting that both star formation and radio mode feedback are constrained to be very low in our sample. We notice that our galaxy sample and the Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) follow similar trends in radio power versus SFR. This may be produced if both radio power and SFR are related to stellar mass.' author: - 'Sravani Vaddi, Christopher P. O’Dea, Stefi A. Baum, Samantha Whitmore, Rabeea Ahmed, Katherine Pierce , Sara Leary' title: 'Constraints on Feedback in the local Universe: The relation between star formation and AGN activity in early type galaxies' --- Introduction ============ It is now well known that supermassive black holes (SBH) are present in the centers of massive galaxies [@kormendy1995] and share interesting correlations with the host galaxy properties such as the velocity dispersion [@ferrarese2000; @gebhardt2000], bulge mass [@haring2004], bulge luminosity [@kormendy1995; @magorrian1998] and galaxy light concentration [@graham2001]. These empirical correlations suggest that the growth of the central SBH and the host galaxy are fundamentally interlinked. AGN feedback may be responsible for the correlations observed [@silkrees1998; @king2003; @fabian2012], although it has also been argued that the origin of the observed relations is entirely non-causal and is a natural consequence of merger driven galaxy growth [@peng2007; @jahnke2011; @graham2013]. The energy released from the central SBH is several orders more than the binding energy of massive galaxies [@fabian2012]. This energy has the potential to expel gas from the galaxy (radiative-mode feedback) or deposit energy into the surroundings and thus heat up the inter galactic medium (mechanical feedback). These two modes may operate at different redshifts and accretion rates and ensure to regulate the growth of the black hole and the galaxy [review of @mcnamara2007; @fabian2012; @churazov2005].\ Various theoretical models that invoke AGN feedback in galaxy evolution are also able to successfully reproduce the observed galaxy luminosity function [@silkrees1998; @king2003; @granato2004; @dimatteo2005; @springel2005; @croton2006; @hopkins2008]. This theoretical picture has been supported by numerous observations. The strongest evidence comes from the brightest cluster galaxies (BCG) of cool core clusters, whose powerful radio jets have swept out cavities in the intracluster medium (ICM)[@rosner1989; @allen2001; @mcnamara2007]. While in some individual galaxies, energy transportation into the ISM via AGN driven outflows are observed to remove gas from the central regions of the galaxy [@crenshaw2003; @nesvadba2007; @alexander2010; @morganti2013]. All these show the negative effect of AGN feedback by removing/heating up the gas and eventually suppressing the star formation and regulating the galaxy growth. However, several other theoretical studies [@begelman1989; @rees1989; @silk2005; @santini2012; @silk2013] have reported an increased star formation rate in AGN especially at high redshifts via induced pressure by jets/winds. All this evidence thus far has been obtained mostly from studies of large groups, clusters and galaxies at higher redshifts. At low redshifts, the majority of the luminous AGNs reside in early type galaxies [@mclure1999; @bahcall1997]. But how common AGN feedback is in the local universe is not yet well understood. To explore this, we focused our attention on a carefully selected sample of nearby early type galaxies and studied them at multiple wavelengths. We describe the sample selection in Section \[sample\]. In Section \[data\], we discuss the data, steps carried out to retrieve the magnitude in the UV and in the IR, flux from radio images and extinction correction. We present our results in Section \[results\]. In Section \[summary\] we discuss the implications of the results. In the Appendix, we describe the photometry technique in more detail. The sample {#sample} ========== This study is focused on a sample of early type (ellipticals and S0) galaxies that are present at low redshift. The sample was selected from the *Two Micron All Sky Survey* ([*2MASS*]{}; [@jarrett2003]) that have an apparent $K_{s}$ band (2.2 $\mu$m) magnitude of 13.5 and brighter and whose positions correlate with the Chandra archive of ACIS-I and ACIS-S observations (C. Jones, private communication). A total of 231 galaxies were identified. The Chandra selection criteria was used to create a sample which would allow a study of the nature of AGN activity in early type galaxies. X-ray emission is detected for approximately 80% of the galaxies. The X-ray luminosities of the nuclei range from $10^{38}$ to $10^{41}$ erg $s^{-1}$. The Eddington ratios are measured to be small $\sim$ $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-9}$ suggesting that these galaxies are low-luminosity AGNs [@jones2013]. In this paper, we present a parallel study on the star formation in the sample. In a second paper in this series, we will study the relation between the X-ray properties and the star formation. The data are homogeneous and since the sample is not selected based on specific properties in radio or UV, the data can be considered to be unbiased regarding their star formation and radio source properties. Our large dataset at low redshift allows us to study the interplay between star formation and AGN activity in typical galaxies in the current epoch.\ Figure  \[fig:redshift\_hist\] shows the redshift distribution of the sample. All the galaxies are nearby galaxies. The redshift range of the galaxies in the sample is $0.0002<z<0.0358$ with a median of $z=0.006$, of which, 63% are at a redshift of less than 0.01. Adopting a Hubble constant of $71 \,km\, s^{-1}Mpc^{-1}$ [@jarosik2011], $z=0.01$ corresponds to a distance of 42 Mpc and 1 correspond to a scale of 210 pc.\ ![Figure shows the histogram of redshift for the sample indicating that most of the galaxies are at low redshifts. Redshift of 0.01 corresponds to a distance of 42 Mpc.[]{data-label="fig:redshift_hist"}](fig1.pdf){width="50.00000%"} The Data {#data} ======== We examine observations in multiple wavelengths for this study namely, radio, IR and UV. Infrared observations were collected from *Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer* [*WISE*]{}[@wright2010] and [*2MASS*]{}[@jarrett2003]. We use the [$K_s$]{}band to trace the stellar mass distribution; [*WISE*]{}and [*GALEX*]{}data to study star formation and radio data at 1.4 GHz to study AGN properties. Basic and observational properties for a subset of the sample are given in Table  \[tab:sample\]. A complete list of the sample properties in machine readable format can be obtained in the online version.\ IR data ------- The Two Micron All Sky Survey ([*2MASS*]{}) was conducted in the near-infrared $J(1.25 \mu m)$, $H(1.65 \mu m)$ and $K_{s}(2.16 \mu m)$ wavebands using two 1.3 m diameter telescopes with a resolution of $\sim$ 2-3. The detectors are sensitive to point sources brighter than 1 mJy at the 10$\sigma$ level. The astrometric accuracy is on order of 100 mas. The camera contains three NICMOS 256$\times$256 HgCdTe arrays. The *WISE* mission observed the entire sky at four infrared wavebands - $W1$ at 3.4 $\mu$m, $W2$ at 4.6 $\mu$m, $W3$ at 12 $\mu$m, and $W4$ at 22 $\mu$m with an angular resolution of 6.1, 6.4, 6.5and 12.0respectively. The field of view (FOV) is 47. The short wavelength detectors are HgCdTe arrays whereas long wavelength detectors are SiAs BIB arrays. The arrays are 1024$\times$1024 pixels in size. WISE has 5$\sigma$ point source sensitivity higher than 0.08, 0.11, 1 and 6 mJy at 3.4, 4.6,12 and 22 $\mu m$ wavelengths respectively.\ Rather than use the existing cataloged values, we chose to perform photometry on [*2MASS*]{}[$K_s$]{}band images and [*WISE*]{}band images for the following reasons: 1. Underestimation of the WISE flux: The extended source photometry for WISE is based on the [*2MASS*]{}aperture. Since WISE is most sensitive to galaxies in W1 and W2 bands, the extended emission in these bands is much larger than the [*2MASS*]{}aperture. The [*2MASS*]{}aperture is too small by 10-20% for resolved sources, thus resulting in an underestimate of the total flux by about 30-40%  [@cutri2012]. 2. Contamination of the flux from nearby sources: In galaxies that have close companions, such as stars or other galaxies, there is an over estimation of the total flux since no masking was employed to remove the flux from unwanted sources. Surface photometry of our galaxy sample was performed using the ELLIPSE task in IRAF. The task reads an input image and initial guess isophotal parameters and then returns the fitted isophote parameters and several other geometrical parameters. A program has been written in Pyraf to automate the photometry for the entire sample. The program runs the ELLIPSE task in two stages. In the first stage, the RA and DEC positions of [*2MASS*]{}as the initial central values were used and allowed for a non-linear increase of the semi-major axis step size. In images where the target galaxy has close companions (e.g. saturated stars or or other galaxies), masks were created for those regions and the ELLIPSE task was allowed to flag the pixels in the mask. The region masks were created by inspecting each galaxy by eye and is not done by the program itself. These regions are then given as input to the program that calls the MSKREGIONS task. This task creates pixel masks which in turn are used by the ELLIPSE task.\ In the first stage, the ellipse parameters are allowed to change freely. From the output of the first stage, we extract the ellipse parameters (center, PA and ellipticity) of the isophote at which the intensity is 3$\sigma$ above the mean of the sky. This gives the set of ellipse parameters that best describes the outer isophotes of the galaxy. The mean and the standard deviation of the sky background is estimated by calculating the mode of an annulus region around the galaxy using the task FITSKY. The task also allows for k-sigma clipping to reject any deviant pixels.\ The program uses the new set of parameters obtained in the first stage as the initial guess for the second stage of the ELLIPSE run while keeping the center, PA and the ellipticity fixed. The task outputs a list of isophotes that have the same center, PA and ellipticity at different semi-major axes. Ideally, total brightness of a galaxy is obtained by integrating the light from the entire galaxy. Since galaxies do not have well defined edges and additionally our observations are limited by the sensitivity of the telescope, we integrate the light out to an isophote of specified brightness or to a specified radius. For our analysis, the isophote whose intensity is one standard deviation above the mean of the sky background is considered the best aperture for that galaxy, encloseing all of the visible galaxy light. Flux enclosed by this aperture is considered to be the $\lq$total flux’ of the galaxy. This process is repeated for all the galaxies in each band ($K_s,$ W1, W2, W3 and W4).\ A sample galaxy is shown in Figure  \[fig:modelfit\]. The top panel shows the ellipse fit to a sample galaxy NGC 4476. The middle panel shows the 2D smooth model image obtained from the isophotal analysis. A residual image is obtained by subtracting the model from the galaxy image. This is shown in the right panel. The residual is nearly smooth. Also shown is a plot of the mean isophotal intensity with respect to the semi-major axis. The mean intensity is normalized with the peak intensity. The solid red line marks the semi-major axis at which the intensity drops to one $\sigma$ above the mean of the sky. The ellipticity and the position angle as a function of the semi-major axis are also shown.\ Shown in the bottom panel of Figure  \[fig:modelfit\] is the ellipse fit to a sample galaxy in which masking of close companion has been done. The ellipticity and the position angle are quite robust. {width="70.00000%"} Radio data ---------- Radio data for our sample are drawn from several resources. It is obtained from NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS; [@condon1998])[^1], Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST; [@becker1995])[^2], Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS; [@mauch2003])[^3]. We retrieved total flux density for the galaxies in the sample.\ NVSS is a radio continuum survey conducted using Very Large Array (VLA) at 1.4 GHz and covers the entire sky north of $-40^{\circ}$ declination. The array is used in D (with baseline of 1 km) and DnC (a hybrid configuration in which antennas in the east and the west arms are maintained in D configuration while the northern arm remain in C configuration with a baseline of 3.6 km) configuration and has angular resolution of 45. The catalog has 3$\sigma$ detection limit of $S\sim1.35$ mJy with typical RMS of 0.45 mJy/beam. FIRST is the survey conducted over 10,000 square degrees of the North and South Galactic Caps. The array is used in B-configuration with frequency centered at 1365 and 1435 MHz which gives a resolution of 5. The 5$\sigma$ sensitivity of the survey is $\sim$1 mJy. The typical rms is 0.2 mJy. If NVSS images are unavailable, FIRST images were used. We estimated the total flux density using the TVWIN+IMSTAT tasks in AIPS.\ For sources that lie in the southern hemisphere of the sky, data from SUMSS is used. SUMSS is a survey carried out at 843 MHz with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST). The survey covers 8000 square degrees from $-30$ degrees declination southwards. The RMS noise level is $\sim$1 mJy/beam with a detection limit of 5 mJy. The SUMSS resolution of 43$\arcsec$ matches with NVSS resolution and thus, SUMSS and NVSS together provide a complete survey of the radio sky. To match the 843 MHz flux density to 1.4 GHz flux density, we use a simple linear extrapolation using the relation $S = S_{o}\nu^{-\alpha}$ with a power law index of 0.83 [@mauch2003]. Hence we use the following relation to estimate the flux density at 1.4 GHz using the flux density at 843 MHz, $$S_{1.4GHz} = S_{843MHz}\left(\frac{1400 MHz}{843 MHz}\right)^{-0.83}$$ The total radio power is calculated using the following equation $$P_{1.4GHz} = S_{1.4GHz} 4 \pi D_L^2\;,$$ where $D_L$ is the luminosity distance calculated using Equation   in the Appendix.\ For sources that are not detected in any of the surveys, we searched in the VLA image archive. We also searched the literature for the total flux density measurements. If the radio flux density could not be determined using the above mentioned resources, the catalog detection limit at the source position is taken as an upper limit in the detection. UV data ------- Far-UV (FUV) and Near-UV (NUV) magnitudes are collected from Galaxy Evolution Survey (GALEX; [@martin2005]). GALEX is a wide-field UV imaging survey performed in two UV bands: FUV ($\lambda_{eff} = 1539\AA, \Delta\lambda=1344-1786\AA$) and NUV ($\lambda_{eff} = 2316\AA, \Delta\lambda=1771-2831\AA$) with angular resolution of 4.2and 5.3respectively. The data is retrieved from GALEX GR6 release[^4]. The GALEX pipeline photometry estimates the magnitudes using the Kron-type SExtractor MAG\_AUTO aperture. It uses an elliptical aperture with the characteristic radius of the ellipse given by the first moment of the source brightness distribution. The limiting magnitude for FUV and NUV is 24.7 and 25.5 respectively.\ Galactic Extinction Correction ------------------------------ FUV, NUV and [$K_s$]{}band magnitudes are corrected for galactic extinction using the corrections from [@wyder2005]. For FUV, NUV and K bands, the ratio of $\frac{A(\lambda)}{E(B-V)}$ is 8.376, 8.741 and 0.347 where $A_{\lambda}$, the extinction at wavelength $\lambda$, is the difference between the observed magnitude and the actual magnitude of the source. Values of color excess $E(B-V)$ are retrieved from the [*GALEX*]{}GR6 catalog which uses the Schlegel maps for the reddening. For galaxies whose $E(B-V)$ are unavailable in the GR6 catalog, we obtained it from NED (which also estimates reddening using Schlegel maps). Because the extinction for the infrared WISE bands is minimal, the correction for these bands have been ignored.\ \ Results ======= Properties of star formation in the sample galaxies {#Radio-FUV-K} --------------------------------------------------- A color magnitude plot such as the one shown in Figure  \[fig:fuv-k\_mk\] can be used to distinguish between actively star-forming and more passive galaxies. The galaxies are color coded according to the strength of the radio power. Those with high radio power are shown in red and low radio power galaxies are shown in blue. We do not see a systematic change in the [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}color with absolute [$K_s$]{}magnitude. An [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}color of 8.8 mag is defined as the transition point between non-star-forming and star-forming galaxies [@gilde2007]. Consistent with the color properties of typical early type galaxies, most of the galaxies in our sample lie in a band of [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}$\sim$ 9-11 [@gilde2007]. A majority of the galaxies are UV weak, and only $\sim$7% of the galaxies in our sample have [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}bluer than 8.8 mag suggesting signs of recent star formation or bright accretion disks. Furthermore, these FUV bright galaxies are not powerful in the radio ($P_{1.4GHz} < 10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$) and are also less luminous in the [$K_s$]{}band and thus less massive. ![**[$[FUV-K_s]$]{}versus absolute [$K_s$]{}magnitude**. The green dashed line at 8.8 mag defines the separation between star forming and non-star forming as per [@gilde2007]. The galaxies are color coded to represent the strength of the radio power. Galaxies that are redder than 8.8 mag do not show signs of star formation; these consist of $\sim$92% of the sample. Galaxies that have [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}bluer than 8.8 mag show indications of significant star formation; they are less luminous (thus less massive) and are also weak in the radio. The more massive galaxies tend to be FUV faint but are more luminous in the radio. Note here that [$K_s$]{}magnitudes are in the Vega system and FUV are in the AB system.[]{data-label="fig:fuv-k_mk"}](fig3.pdf){width="50.00000%"} We have examined the 13 FUV bright galaxies for evidence of star formation. These fall into three categories: - Galaxies with on-going star formation: The two bluest galaxies (NGC 3413, NGC 1705) are known to be undergoing a strong star burst (evidence from SDSS strong H$\alpha$ emission and [@annibali2003] respectively). The radio power at 1.4 GHz for these galaxies is less than $10^{20}\,WHz^{-1}$ indicating that the FUV emission is dominated via star formation and not by AGN. Also, NGC 855 shows CO emission [@nakanishi2007], NGC 3928 has a starburst nucleus [@balzano1983] and IC5267 has a large number of star formation sites[@caldwell1991], indicating ongoing star formation activity. NGC 7252 is a merger remnant[@chien2010] that has old and new star forming population residing in the nuclear regions of the galaxy. - AGN contribution: NGC 5252 and NGC 5283 are AGNs with Seyfert type Sy1.9 and Sy2, respectively. They show slight excess in the FUV light. Similarly, NGC 4457 hosts a bright UV nucleus which is attributed to the central AGN [@flohic2006]. - Unknown FUV origin: In the rest of the galaxies, NGC 3955, NGC 4344, NGC 4627, and UGC 3097 do not have any strong evidence of ongoing star formation or AGN activity. Thus far, the origin of the excess UV emission in these galaxies is unclear. Similar to the UV, the mid-infrared (MIR) emission is also a good indicator of star formation in a galaxy. A color-color diagram in [$[12\mu m-22\mu m]$]{}vs [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}for the galaxy sample is shown in Figure  \[fig:w3-w4\_fuv-k\]. Only 160 galaxies have the photometry for 12 $\mu$m, 22 $\mu$m, FUV and [$K_s$]{}band. The green dashed vertical line at [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}= 8.8 mag separates star forming and non-star forming galaxies. We draw the horizontal line at [$[12\mu m-22\mu m]$]{}= 2.0 mag to emphasize the concentration of galaxies centered at (10, 0.5). The galaxies are color coded with ellipticals in pink circles and lenticular galaxies in blue plus symbols. The four quadrants are named I, II, III and IV for convenience. The galaxies in quadrant II and III (\[[$[FUV-K_s]$]{}$<$ 8.8 mag) are bright in the FUV and show signs of a young stellar population. The galaxies in quadrant I are bright in the IR but faint in the FUV, indicating star formation that is obscured by dust. Galaxies in IV quadrant are redder in [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}and are not undergoing substantial star formation. The majority of the galaxies that show star formation (i.e. in quadrants I, II and III) are lenticular galaxies.\ ![**Plot of [*WISE*]{}[$[12\mu m-22\mu m]$]{}color versus [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}color**. The vertical green line is as defined in Figure  \[fig:fuv-k\_mk\]. The horizontal line defines the redder galaxies. Galaxies to the left of the vertical line (quadrant II and III) are star forming, those in the top right quadrant (quadrant I) are dust obscured star forming galaxies. Non-star forming galaxies tend to occupy the bottom right quadrant (IV). Elliptical galaxies are colored in red and lenticular galaxies in blue. $\sim$7% of the galaxies show indication of ongoing and obscured star formation.[]{data-label="fig:w3-w4_fuv-k"}](fig4.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Using the IR and FUV colors, we examine the star forming properties of our sample. We notice a small fraction of star forming galaxies ($\sim$7%) that are identified based on the FUV excess in the [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}and IR excess in the [$[12\mu m-22\mu m]$]{}. These star forming galaxies are also less massive and weaker in radio power than that of the galaxies without excess [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}.\ \ SFR estimation using FUV ------------------------ We now proceed to estimate the star formation rate (SFR) for our galaxy sample. The most frequently used SFR indicators are UV continuum, recombination lines (primarily H$\alpha$, but H$\beta$, P$\alpha$, P$\beta$ have been used) , forbidden lines (\[OII\]$\lambda$3727), mid to far IR dust emission and radio continuum emission at 1.4 GHz [@kennicutt1998]. The calibration of SFR for these different star formation tracers are prone to systematic uncertainties from uncertainties in IMF, dust content and distribution and metallicity. However, the scaling relations offer a convenient method to compare the SFR properties in a large galaxy sample. To estimate the SFR in our galaxy sample, we use the calibration in [@salim2007] which was derived to suit the GALEX wavebands. This relation is valid in the $\lq$constant star formation approximation’ where the SFR is assumed to remain constant over the life time of the UV emitting population ($<10^8$ year). It also assumes a Salpeter IMF with mass limits from 0.1 to 100$M_{\odot}$.\ {width="90.00000%"} The FUV emission can be from young stars as well as the evolved stellar population and from the accretion disks of AGNs. To account for the FUV luminosity ($L_{FUV}$) from the young stars alone, we use the following technique to remove the contribution from the evolved stellar population: We chose galaxies that have [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}above the median [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}and treat them as non-star forming galaxies (which is a fair assumption to make, since star forming galaxies are defined to occupy the region below [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}$<$8.8 mag). We then compare the [$K_s$]{}and the FUV luminosity. A fit to the $L_{FUV}$ vs $L_{K_s}$ gives an indication of the amount of FUV emission from the evolved stars. We obtained the following relation $$\label{eq:fuv_evolved} \log L_{FUV,evolved*} = a\,\log L_{K _s}+ b,$$ with a =1.0072 and b = $-3.63$. This fit is used to estimate the FUV contribution from the evolved stellar population for the rest of the galaxies and subtract it from the observed FUV luminosity. This gives the FUV luminosity that is preferentially due to young stars ($L_{FUV,young*}$), which is then used to estimate the SFR. For galaxies that have not been detected in the FUV, we use the [*GALEX*]{}detection limit magnitude of 24.7. FUV emission can also be contaminated by the AGN accretion disk especially from unobscured Sy1 galaxies. There are five Sy1 in our sample and these have been removed in the SFR estimation. Also, these Sy1 have [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}$<8.8$ mag.\ We estimate the SFR using the following relation from [@salim2007], $$\label{eq:sfr} SFR (M_{\odot}yr^{-1}) = 1.08 \times 10^{-28} L_{FUV} \quad (ergs^{-1}Hz^{-1}).$$ The FUV luminosity, $L_{FUV}$ has been corrected for Galactic extinction alone (ignoring internal extinction due to dust). Thus our SFR estimates can be considered as lower limits. From here on, we label $SFR_{FUV,young*}$ as just $SFR_{FUV}$. All the derived quantities (stellar mass, SFR, radio power and the absolute [$K_s$]{}band magnitude) are available online in machine readable format. Table  \[tab:derivedprop\] lists these quantities for a subset of the sample.\ In Figure  \[fig:sfr\], the left panel shows the plot of the SFR obtained using $L_{FUV,young*}$ against [$K_s$]{}band luminosity. The SFR for our galaxy sample with FUV detections is less than 0.4 $M_{\odot}yr^{-1}$. The green diamonds are the galaxies whose SFR is estimated using the total FUV luminosity, i.e., before subtracting the UV light expected from evolved stars. Galaxies that are marked with blue cross are the star forming galaxies identified with [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}$<8.8$ mag. There is an overlap of green diamonds and the blue crosses suggesting that there is no significant change in the SFR before and after subtracting the evolved stellar contribution. All of the detected FUV emission is probably from young stellar population. The red circles are the galaxies with [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}$\geq8.8$ and their SFR are less than the $SFR_{FUV,total}$ indicating a significant contribution to FUV from evolved stellar population. The black dots show the SFR estimated from FUV using equation . The down arrows are the galaxies with FUV upper limits. The right panel shows the distribution of $SFR_{FUV}$ for our sample. The distribution is asymmetric and left skewed. Most of the galaxies have SFR within 0.1-1 $M_{\odot}$/yr with a median at 0.4 $M_{\odot}$/yr and tails off at lower star formation rates. The median SFR for ellipticals is higher at 0.5 whereas for the lenticulars, the median SFR is 0.2. This probably is due to the fact that SFR correlates with the stellar mass [@brinchmann2004], and the average (and the median) stellar mass for the ellipticals in our sample is greater than for the lenticulars.\ ![**Histogram of the specific SFR**. sSFR for ellipticals and lenticular galaxies is shown in red and blue lines respectively. The total sSFR is shown with the black line. The upper limits in the FUV are not considered in the making of the histogram.[]{data-label="fig:ssfr"}](fig6.pdf){width="49.00000%"} Figure  \[fig:ssfr\] shows the normalized distribution of the SFR per unit stellar mass, known as the specific SFR ($sSFR_{FUV}$). It is color coded in red for ellipticals and in blue for lenticulars. The median sSFR for ellipticals and lenticular is roughly equal ($1.1\times 10^{-13}$ and $1.3 \times 10^{-13}$ respectively). We perform a simple KS (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) statistical two-sample test to verify the claim (null hypothesis) that the distribution of the two population is the same. The test gives a p-value of 0.05 and a KS statistic of 0.2. The p-value gives us the probability of the strength of evidence against or in favor of the null hypothesis and the KS statistic tells the maximum distance between the cumulative distribution function of the two samples. In this test, the small p-value suggests that there is only 5% probability that the distribution of ellipticals and lenticulars appear to be same. This suggests that there is significant difference between the distribution of the two populations. Relation between radio power and host galaxy properties ------------------------------------------------------- ### Radio power versus stellar mass {#Radio-Kband} Galaxy luminosities in the [$K_s$]{}-band are 5 to 10 times less sensitive to dust than in the optical band, which allows them to be used as excellent tracers of stellar luminosity and thus stellar mass [@bell2001]. Assuming constant mass to light ratio, which is a good approximation to make especially in the [$K_s$]{}-band, the [$K_s$]{}-band luminosity gives an estimate of the stellar mass of the galaxy [e.g., @bell2003].\ Shown in Figure  \[fig:radio\_k\] is a plot of 1.4 GHz radio power and absolute [$K_s$]{}band magnitude. The radio power ranges between $10^{17}\,WHz^{-1}$ to $10^{25}\,WHz^{-1}$ and $M_{K_s}$ range from $-18$ to $-27$. Galaxies that are fainter than 21 mag have radio power less than $10^{21}\, WHz^{-1}$. Star forming galaxies are known to produce up to $10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$ radio power at 5 GHz [@wrobel1991] which corresponds to $\sim$ $10^{21}\, WHz^{-1}$ at 1.4 GHz . The weakest radio source detected is NGC 855, and it has a radio power of $3.86\times10^{19}\, WHz^{-1}$ and $M_{K_s} =-19.4$. This is a blue star forming dwarf elliptical galaxy [@nakanishi2007; @walsh1990].\ ![**Plot of total radio power (1.4 GHz) versus absolute k magnitude**. Out of 231 sources, only 195 galaxies have [$K_s$]{}band magnitudes. Sources with upper limits to the radio power are indicated with $\downarrow$. About 56% of the sources have radio flux measurements. The dashed line shows the median radio power binned by the absolute [$K_s$]{}magnitude. The median is calculated considering both the detected and undetected sources. The plots shows that the upper envelope of radio power is a steep function of the total mass of the galaxy. This indicates that massive galaxies are capable of hosting powerful radio sources.[]{data-label="fig:radio_k"}](fig7.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Figure \[fig:radio\_k\] shows the relationship between the radio power and the stellar luminosity (mass). Our results are consistent with previous investigations [@hummel1983; @heckman1983; @feretti1984; @sadler1987; @calvani1989; @brown2011]. But, a relation such as this between two luminosities need to be addressed carefully. Since there is a tight correlation between luminosity and distance, any property that is related to distance can appear as a luminosity dependent relation (Malmquist Bias). Before we claim to see any correlation between radio power and stellar luminosity, it is important to correct for this bias. Following [@singal2014], we examine whether the observed relation is due to Malmquist bias or is an intrinsic property of the sample. We show in Figure \[fig:bias\] the normalized cumulative distribution of $M_{K_s}$ at different radio power bins and at different distance bins. We divided the sample into equal distance bins, except that we combined the last two bins into one bin due to the small number of sources. In each distance bin, the sources are separated into two bins of radio power defined by the median radio power of the sample in that distance bin. Each graph in the plot is the normalized cumulative distribution of $M_{K_s}$. We notice that the median value of $M_{K_s}$, indicated by the dashed line, is higher for the higher radio power bin except in the third distance bin. This suggests that the relation that we see in the Figure \[fig:radio\_k\], i.e., luminous galaxies have higher radio power, is most likely intrinsic to the sample.\ {width="110.00000%"} Compared to previous studies, our sample extends the investigation of radio power and galaxy absolute magnitude to fainter galaxies. There is a broad distribution of radio power at a fixed [$K_s$]{}band absolute magnitude. However, the two quantities show a strong correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.75, and the probability of it arising by chance is $10^{-37}$. There is an upper envelope of radio power that is a steep function of absolute [$K_s$]{}magnitude. The median radio power (shown in the dotted blue line) also increases monotonically as a function of the galaxy brightness. These results suggest that the maximum radio power from the galaxy is dependent on the mass of the galaxy. Less massive galaxies appear to be capable of hosting only low radio power sources, while more massive galaxies are capable of hosting more powerful radio sources [@kauffmann2003; @best2005; @best2007]. There is an apparent change in the slope of the median radio power around [$K_s$]{}magnitude of $-24$, which suggests that there may be two distinct processes that are responsible for the radio emission in a galaxy. In the fainter galaxies, radio power can be attributed to star formation, i.e., a young stellar population going supernovae, whereas for massive galaxies, the radio power may be dominated by an AGN (see section \[radio\_mir\]).\ This type of relation between galaxy mass and radio power is also found to exist in high redshift quasars [@browne1987; @carballo1998; @serjeant1998; @willott1998; @sanchez2003] and in radio galaxies [@yates1986; @vanvelzen2014]. Galaxies have to be massive enough to be powerful radio sources. The fact that such a correlation exists for AGN and non-AGN population, from faint to bright galaxies is interesting. Since the black hole mass scales with the bulge mass [e.g., @haring2004], the correlation also suggests that the black hole mass closely relates to the maximum radio power [@franceschini1998; @laor2000; @liu2006]. The plot also shows that there is a broad dispersion in radio power at a given absolute magnitude even for the most massive galaxies in our sample. This is consistent with the hypothesis that high black hole mass is necessary but not sufficient to produce a powerful radio source. Other physical parameters such as the spin of the black hole, accretion efficiency and other large-scale environmental effects may be responsible for the broad dispersion in radio power [e.g., @baum1995; @meier1999; @wold2007]. ### Radio power and nuclear activity {#sec:radio_wise} The origin of [*WISE*]{}mid-IR emission is associated with a combination of continuum emission from dust, atomic and molecular emission lines and features associated with PAHs that are heated by young stars and AGN, as well as Gyr old evolved stellar population [@jarrett2013]. Shown in Figure \[fig:radio\_w1-w2\] is a plot of 1.4 GHz radio power against [$[3.4\mu m-4.6\mu m]$]{}infrared color. The [$[3.4\mu m-4.6\mu m]$]{}color is sensitive to warm/hot dust and thus to optical/UV nuclear activity. An excess in this color identifies galaxies in which hot dust surrounding the AGNs produces a strong mid-IR continuum that dominates the host galaxy emission [@stern2012]. This enhanced mid-IR continuum may be associated with the dusty torus heated by the radiation from an accretion disk. About 83% of the galaxies in our sample lie in a narrow color range (between $-0.3$ and 0.1 mag), and only a few galaxies show excess IR emission. The fact that most of the galaxies do not show a color excess indicates that the galaxies in our sample are not associated with bright accretion disks, and if they are AGN, they are accreting in a radiatively inefficient process[e.g. ADAF @narayan1994].\ ![**Plot of radio power at 1.4 GHz versus WISE [$[3.4\mu m-4.6\mu m]$]{}color**. Galaxies marked with down arrow have upper limit in the radio. Most of the galaxies do not show a color excess. This indicates that the galaxies in the sample are not associated with bright accretion disks.[]{data-label="fig:radio_w1-w2"}](fig9.pdf){width="50.00000%"} ### Radio power and SFR relation The supply of cold gas to fuel star formation and AGN activity can include galaxy mergers/interactions, the cooling of gas in the ISM or surrounding hot halo, and the mass loss from stars [e.g., @heckman2014]. The relation between radio power and SFR can provide some insight into the source of the fueling (Figure  \[fig:radio\_sfr\]).\ We see a clear correlation (spearman correlation coefficient of 0.45 at a significance level of $10^{-6}$) although with a bit of scatter, between radio power and the SFR (Figure \[fig:radio\_sfr\]). Figure  \[fig:radio\_k\] shows a weak correlation between radio power and galaxy mass, while Figure  \[fig:sfr\_mass\] shows a correlation between SFR and galaxy mass [see also @brinchmann2004]. This suggests that the weak correlation between radio power and SFR may be due to a correlation of both radio power and SFR with galaxy mass. Such a correlation with galaxy mass would be consistent with an origin of the gas supply which fuels the AGN and star formation associated with the host galaxy itself rather than a predominantly external origin (e.g., major mergers). In this case the gas supply might be due to stellar mass loss [e.g., @faber1976; @knapp1992; @voit2011] or perhaps cooling from the ISM or halo [@binney1981; @forman1985; @canizares1987; @voit2015].\ The figure also shows a broad dispersion of several orders of magnitude between the radio power and SFR (especially between 0.01 and 0.1 $M_{\odot}yr^{-1}$). A similar large dispersion is observed in the radio power vs stellar mass relation (Figure \[fig:radio\_k\]), which indicates that, producing a radio source is a complicated process that depends not only on the gas supply but also on the gas transport mechanism, black hole spin and black hole mass, accretion rate and the external environment [e.g., @baum1995; @meier1999; @wold2007]. These will naturally add dispersion to the relation between radio power and the SFR. In addition irregular fuel supply [@tadhunter2011; @kaviraj2014] and variability in the AGN $\lq$on’ phase [@hickox2014] will further weaken the correlation.\ Determining the connection between AGN feedback and star formation from this relation is not straightforward. Although we notice that galaxies that have low SFR do not have high radio power, it is not clear whether AGN is responsible for the low SFRs by suppressing the star formation via feedback. If AGN feedback is ongoing and has suppressed the star formation even though the radio power is low, this would imply that radio power is not a good indicator of AGN feedback. There can be other possibilities for the observed low radio power at low SFRs. Absence of major mergers (as suggested above) can leave a galaxy with less cold gas, that is insufficient for high SFR and power nuclear accretion. ![**Relation between radio power and the estimated rate of star formation.**Upper limits in the radio are shown with a down arrow, FVU with a left arrow and upper limits in both FUV and radio are shown with an oplus symbol. Radio detections are shown in pink. The observed weak correlation between the radio power and SFR is likely due to the correction of both radio power and SFR with galaxy mass (Figure  \[fig:radio\_k\] and Figure  \[fig:sfr\_mass\] respectively).[]{data-label="fig:radio_sfr"}](fig10.pdf){width="50.00000%"} ![**Plot of SFR against stellar mass of our sample.** []{data-label="fig:sfr_mass"}](fig11.pdf){width="50.00000%"} ### Radio-MIR flux correlation {#radio_mir}  Radio emission observed in a galaxy is non-thermal from relativistic electrons accelerated either by the AGN or by the supernovae [@dejong1985; @condon1992]. One way to identify the origin of the radio emission is to compare the radio flux with the far-IR flux. A correlation between radio and infrared emission suggests that sources that are responsible for IR emission, are also responsible for emission in the radio. Young stars with $M\sim8M_{\odot}$ and above emit most of their energy in the UV which is then absorbed and re-radiated in the IR by the dust. At the end of their life, these massive stars explode as supernovae which accelerate the electrons to relativistic speeds resulting in radio emission due to synchrotron. Thus, the relationship between radio and IR emission can trace star formation activity [@dejong1985; @helou1985].\ Figure  \[fig:radio\_w3flux\] shows the relationship between 1.4 GHz radio flux and [*WISE*]{}mid-IR apparent magnitudes. At both 12 and 22 [$\mu$m]{}, we find a correlation similar to the radio-FIR (see also @appleton2004). We compute the radio-MIR regression coefficients using Kaplan-Meier method so as to consider the upper limits in the radio during the fit. We used iraf task *buckleyjames* for this purpose and obtained the following relation:\ $$\begin{aligned} \log S_{1.4GHz} &= -0.33(\pm0.04) m_{12\mu m} + 2.87 \\ \log S_{1.4GHz} &= -0.30(\pm0.04) m_{22\mu m} + 1.96, \end{aligned}$$ where $S_{1.4GHz}$ is the radio flux at 1.4 GHz and $m_{12\mu m}$, $m_{22\mu m}$ are the apparent magnitudes at 12 and 22$\mu$m waveband respectively. The correlation coefficient for both the relations is 0.83 and the dispersion in the regression is $\sim$ 0.35 dex. In terms of the MIR flux, the slope of the radio-12 [$\mu$m]{}and radio-22 [$\mu$m]{}relation is $\sim$ 0.8 and 0.75 respectively which are comparable to the slope obtained in the previous studies of radio-MIR [@gruppioni2003] and radio-FIR relation (which is $\sim$ 0.9). Unlike the tight radio-FIR correlation, the radio-MIR relation has a high dispersion [@appleton2004], possibly because the $12\mu m$ emission is not solely due to the dust heated by young stars, but can arise from the PAHs heated by young/evolved stars/AGN or from the dust shells of AGB population.\ Galaxies shown in pink triangles in Figure  \[fig:radio\_w3flux\] are the galaxies with $P_{1.4GHz}\geq 10^{22} \, WHz^{-1}$. Although this radio power cut was chosen arbitrary (but with the knowledge that star forming galaxies have $P_{1.4GHz}\sim 10^{21} \, WHz^{-1}$ [@wrobel1991]), these galaxies show a noticeable departure from the normal radio-MIR and follow a different relation with a slope of 0.4. Despite the huge scatter, we notice a trend in the radio-MIR relation. These galaxies show an excess radio emission relative to its MIR flux, which can be attributed to AGN origin. Thus, these galaxies are potential candidates for being an AGN. We define $10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$ as the threshold radio power and for the rest of the sections, we define galaxies above this threshold as radio bright’ and below the threshold as radio faint’ galaxies.\ The rest of the galaxies are identified by pale blue dots. These are fainter than 5 mag in 12[$\mu$m]{}and 4 mag in 22[$\mu$m]{}. Although with a large scatter, these galaxies appear to follow the radio-12[$\mu$m]{}relation. On the other hand, in the radio-22[$\mu$m]{}plot, these galaxies do not seem to follow the radio-22[$\mu$m]{}relation for star forming galaxies. Also, these fall in the region that is mid-way between the star forming galaxies and the radio bright galaxies. About 28% of the radio faint galaxies are star forming galaxies and fall on the radio-MIR correlation.\ ### Specific SFR and stellar mass Specific star formation rate (sSFR), which is the SFR normalized by the stellar mass, traces the star formation efficiency. The sSFR indicates fractional galaxy growth due to star formation. Figure  \[fig:ssfr\_k\] shows the sSFR with respect to the absolute [$K_s$]{}magnitude. Radio bright galaxies with $P_{1.4GHz}\geq10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$ are indicated with pink triangles. The mean and one sigma deviation above mean for the sSFR is shown in solid and dashed lines respectively. The mean sSFR for the radio bright and radio faint galaxies is nearly the same. Most of the galaxies have a low sSFR of $10^{-13}\,yr^{-1}$. The least square regression for the two quantities gives a flat slope slope of $10^{-12}$. This flat relation suggests that the sSFR is not a strong function of galaxy stellar mass.\ There are a few outlier galaxies (above the dashed lines) that show increased sSFR which is observed in both galaxy populations i.e. radio bright and radio faint galaxies. The standard deviation in the sSFR is noticeably different in the two populations. But the proportion of high to low sSFR (i.e. above and below the dashed line) in radio bright galaxy is nearly the same as that in radio faint galaxies. A statistical test using z-score proportionality is calculated for these two populations on the null hypothesis that the two population proportions are the same. The test statistic gives a p-value of 0.4 indicating that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. What this tells us is that, the fraction of star forming galaxies in high radio power galaxies is similar to the fraction of galaxies forming stars in low radio power galaxies. In addition, the KS two-sample test gives a high p-value of 0.9 indicating that the two samples are drawn from the same distribution further supporting the idea that the distribution of the sSFR in both the samples is nearly the same. Thus, we find that star formation efficiency is small and independent of radio power in our sample. This suggests that our sample galaxies are not experiencing significant growth or significant AGN feedback.\ \ ![**Specific SFR vs absolute [$K_s$]{}band magnitude**. Pink triangles indicate galaxies that have an excess radio power ($P_{1.4GHz} \geq 10^{22}WHz^{-1}$) and the blue circles indicate low radio power ($P_{1.4GHz} \le 10^{22}WHz^{-1}$) galaxies. The average sSFR is indicated with solid line and the deviation from the mean is indicated with dashed line. The average sSFR for both the groups is small and almost equal. The results indicate that galaxies are not experiencing significant growth or significant AGN feedback.[]{data-label="fig:ssfr_k"}](fig13.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Comparision to galaxy clusters ------------------------------ Observational evidence exists for AGN feedback in action in the Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCG) in the form of X-ray cavities [@mcnamara2007; @fabian2012] and shocks [@mcnamara2005; @fabian2006; @forman2007] in the ICM . Here we compare our sample with the Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCG) in cool cores. We selected the BCGs from [@odea2008] (hereafter Odea08) and used their 1.4GHz radio data and IR derived SFR. The Odea08 sample consists of BCGs that are located in the cores of X-ray luminous clusters that have optical line emission, thus preferentially selecting BCGs in cool cores. We also considered BCGs from [@rafferty2006] (hereafter R06) sample. The R06 sample consists of BCGs that show evidence of X-ray cavities indicating AGN feedback. The R06 data set provides X-ray cavity power and mass cooling rate which are related to AGN jet power and the rate of star formation respectively. The cavity power scales to jet radio power according to the following relation (Equation 1 of [@cavagnolo2010] ) : $$\log P_{cav} = 0.75(\pm 0.14) \log P_{1.4} + 1.91(\pm 0.18),$$ and the average mass cooling rate is $\sim$ 4 times the SFR (section 4.3 of [@rafferty2006]) which is within the range of 3-10 suggested by [@odea2008].\ In Figure  \[fig:radio\_sfr\_bcg\] we plot the radio power as a function of SFR extending the relation to the BCGs. Our galaxy sample follows broadly along the R06 line thus extending the relation from weak radio power galaxies to more radio powerful galaxies in clusters . It covers about eight orders of magnitude in both radio power and in SFR. However, there is a scatter about this relation which spans roughly four orders of magnitude. A Spearman test for the combined sample indicates a strong correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 and the probability of it arising by chance is $\sim 10^{-32}$. Thus, the plot shows a general trend between SFR and the radio power across several orders of magnitude. The relation in the plot suggests that the fuel supply for the triggering of star formation and the AGN has a common origin. We suggest that the same factors that introduce scatter to the radio power vs stellar mass relation, contribute to the scatter here as well, which include gas supply mechanisms, the amount of gas available for fueling AGN and star formation, and the relative differences in life cycles of the star formation and AGN activity. Although these factors contribute to the scatter, the relative contribution of these factors remains uncertain.\ The average radio power of the BCGs is $\sim 10^{24}\,WHz^{-1}$. For an effective mechanical feedback via heating, the radio source should have $P_{1.4GHz}\sim10^{24}-10^{25}\,WHz^{-1}$ [@best2006]. The majority of the galaxies in our sample have radio powers below this value. These results are consistent with weak (or negligible) AGN feedback in our sample. ![**Radio power at 1.4GHz versus SFR - Comparing our sample with the BCGs**. The markers in pink and black are the galaxies in this study where detections are indicated in pink and upper limits with black arrow. The blue triangles and green stars are the BCGs from [@rafferty2006] and [@odea2008]. The solid blue line is the best fit line ($\log P_{1.4GHz} = 1.08\log SFR+24.0$)to the BCGs in R06 sample. The mean radio power of the BCGs is $\sim10^{24}\, WHz^{-1}$. The spread in the correlation suggests various possibilities such as different sources of gas supply, black hole spin, accretion rate and the time delay between the triggering of star formation and AGN activity.[]{data-label="fig:radio_sfr_bcg"}](fig14.pdf){width="50.00000%"} ### Comparision of sSFR To estimate the total stellar mass for the Odea08 sample, we used the flux measurements at IRAC bands 3.6 [$\mu$m]{}and 4.5 [$\mu$m]{}. The redshift range of this sample is between 0.017 to 0.25. The redshifted light at the these central wavelengths fall within the IRAC bandwidth. A simple and yet robust conversion between the stellar mass and infrared flux is given by [@eskew2012]: $$\begin{aligned} M_* = 10^{5.65} F_{3.6}^{2.85}F_{4.5}^{-1.85}\left(\frac{D}{0.05}\right)^2 \end{aligned}$$ where $M_*$ is in $M_{\odot}$, D is in Mpc, $F_{3.6}$ and $F_{4.5}$ are in Jy. We used the luminosity distance estimates to these BCGs from NED with cosmological parameters for $H_o$=71 $km s^{-1}Mpc^{-1}$, $\omega_{matter}$=0.27 and $\omega_{vaccum}$=0.73. The $F_{3.6}$ and F$_{4.5}$ estimates are taken from [@quillen2008].\ The average stellar mass we obtained for Odea08 sample is $2.3\times10^{11}\,M_{\odot}$, which is comparable to the average stellar mass of BCG at low redshifts [@liu2012; @fraser2014]. We plot the radio power against the sSFR in Figure \[fig:bcg\_radio\_ssfr\]. The average sSFR for the BCG is $3.6\times10^{-11}\, yr^{-1}$ which is roughly two orders of magnitude higher relative to the local early type galaxies. We see that both the star formation efficiency and the radio power are higher in the BCGs than in our sample. This suggests that although feedback is likely present in the BCGs [e.g., @fabian2012], it is not sufficient to completely suppress star formation [e.g., @odea2008; @tremblay2012b; @tremblay2015]. ![**Plot of radio power versus sSFR - Comparing our sample with Odea08 sample**. The description of the legend is same as that of Figure \[fig:radio\_sfr\_bcg\]. []{data-label="fig:bcg_radio_ssfr"}](fig15.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Summary ======= We collected multiple wavelength data (radio, IR and UV ) for a sample of 231 early type galaxies at $z<0.04$ and analyzed the properties of star formation and radio mode feedback. The main results are as follows. Properties of Star Formation ---------------------------- The SFR in our sample tend to be low ($< 1M_{\odot}yr^{-1}$) and only 7% of the galaxies show obvious signs of ongoing star formation via the [$[FUV-K_s]$]{}and [$[12\mu m-22\mu m]$]{}colors. In addition, the sSFR is very small. The star forming galaxies trace a radio-MIR correlation similar to that seen in other samples of star forming galaxies. These results indicate that galaxy building in early type galaxies has essentially ceased at the present epoch. AGN Radio Properties --------------------- The Radio-MIR relation shows that galaxies with $P\geq10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$ have radio power in excess of that expected to be produced by the estimated star formation rates and thus are potential candidates for being radio AGN. Only $\sim 20\%$ of the galaxies in our sample have $P\geq10^{22}\,WHz^{-1}$. Only a few of the high radio power galaxies show excess 4.6 [$\mu$m]{}flux, an indication of hot dust heated by an accretion disk. This indicates that the majority of the radio AGN are accreting gas in a radiatively inefficient manner [@ho2009].\ There is an upper envelope of radio power that is a function of galaxy stellar mass (and thus BH mass) suggesting that the maximum radio power scales with galaxy (BH) mass. The large scatter in the relation between radio power and galaxy stellar mass suggests that high black hole mass is necessary but not sufficient for producing a radio loud AGN. This is consistent with additional parameters (such as BH spin, accretion rate) playing an important role in determining radio power. Relation between Radio and Star Formation Properties ---------------------------------------------------- The sSFR is roughly independent of radio power in our sample, suggesting that radio mode feedback is not having a significant effect on star formation efficiency in these galaxies. Alternately, radio power may not be a good proxy for radio mode feedback or the feedback is episodic.\ The correlation between radio power and SFR is weak, and if real may be due to a correlation of both radio power and SFR with galaxy stellar mass. This would suggest that the host galaxy is the source for the fuel (e.g., stellar mass loss for lower mass galaxies and cooling from the ISM/halo for more massive galaxies) for star formation and AGN activity in these galaxies.\ Two samples of cool core BCGs lie on the same relation for radio power and SFR as our sample over a range of eight orders of magnitude. Although both star formation and radio mode feedback are constrained to be very low in our sample, the BCG samples exhibit both at high levels. The relatively low radio power in our sample compared to the average radio power of the BCGs (i.e. $\sim10^{24}\, WHz^{-1}$) suggest that there may be a threshold in the radio power that is needed for the feedback from the AGN to affect the star formation in the host galaxy. Acknowledgements ================ This work was supported in part by the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. We thank Dr. Christine Jones for constructing the sample and sharing it with us. We thank Dr. Bill Forman for his invaluable comments and suggestions which helped us to improve the paper. We are grateful to the facilities of Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Cambridge where the project took its initial shape. This work made use of the archival data from [*GALEX*]{}, [*2MASS*]{}, [*WISE*]{}, NRAO and SUMSS and supplemented with information from Hyperleda and NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED). The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is operated by Associated Universities, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. We thank the NSF funded REU (Research Experience for Undergraduate) program in the Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science at RIT. We also wish to acknowledge helpful conversations with colleagues. Note: Column description: (1) Name of the galaxy; (2) RA in J2000; (3) DEC in J2000; (4) Redshift; (5) Radial Velocity [@makarov2014]; (6) Morphological type (de Voucouleur’s scale) [@makarov2014]; (7) Limit on the radio flux at 1.4 GHz; (8) Radio flux at 1.4 GHz; (9) - (12) Photometric estimates in [*WISE*]{}bands; (13) Photometric estimate in [$K_s$]{}band; (14) GALEX FUV; (15) GALEX NUV; (16) Galactic reddening from [*GALEX*]{} ------------ -------------------- ------------- --------- ------------ ----------- Name SFR $M_{*}$ l\_P1.4 P1.4 $M_{K_s}$ $M_{\odot}yr^{-1}$ $M_{\odot}$ $WHz^{-1}$ mag 7ZW700 1.64E-02 1.17E+11 $<$ 1.96E+21 -24.40 ESO137006 1.54E-03 4.84E+11 $<$ 9.00E+20 -25.95 ESO269 8.69E-04 6.52E+10 — 2.22E+21 -23.77 ESO3060170 1.77E-03 4.00E+11 — 3.32E+22 -25.74 ESO351030 9.41E-05 5.97E+08 $<$ 3.62E+17 -18.68 ESO428 1.53E-04 3.76E+10 — 5.30E+21 -23.17 ESO443G024 2.91E-02 2.92E+11 — 8.14E+23 -25.40 ESO495G021 — 7.39E+09 — 1.39E+21 -21.41 ESO552G020 5.10E-02 5.56E+11 $<$ 2.67E+21 -26.10 IC1262 4.35E-02 1.96E+11 — 1.49E+23 -24.97 IC1459 2.15E-02 2.23E+11 — 9.25E+22 -25.10 IC1633 2.02E-01 8.29E+11 — 1.88E+21 -26.53 IC1729 2.65E-03 1.03E+10 $<$ 6.84E+19 -21.77 IC4296 9.09E-03 5.75E+11 — 2.59E+21 -26.14 IC5267 1.25E-01 9.77E+10 $<$ 3.96E+20 -24.21 IC5358 — 1.59E+11 — 4.62E+22 -24.74 NGC1023 — 7.78E+10 $<$ 1.26E+19 — NGC1052 4.69E-03 1.03E+11 — 5.02E+22 -24.27 NGC1132 4.91E-02 4.14E+11 — 5.86E+21 -25.78 NGC1199 — 1.18E+11 $<$ 2.18E+20 — NGC1265 8.21E-02 8.21E+11 — 6.70E+24 -26.52 NGC1316 — 2.71E+11 — 8.54E+24 — NGC1332 2.00E-02 1.37E+11 — 2.40E+20 -24.58 NGC1340 2.82E-03 5.28E+10 $<$ 4.24E+19 -23.54 NGC1381 2.40E-03 5.19E+10 $<$ 9.03E+19 -23.52 NGC1386 8.22E-03 1.76E+10 — 6.78E+20 -22.35 NGC1387 1.69E-02 6.65E+10 — 1.43E+20 -23.79 NGC1389 2.04E-04 1.04E+10 $<$ 2.57E+19 -21.78 NGC1395 2.09E-02 1.96E+11 — 7.14E+19 -24.96 NGC1399 — 1.76E+11 — 2.91E+22 — NGC1404 1.72E-02 2.41E+11 — 3.31E+20 -25.19 NGC1407 3.48E-02 2.79E+11 — 6.31E+21 -25.35 NGC1426 1.10E-03 2.79E+10 $<$ 6.32E+19 -22.85 NGC1427 4.95E-03 3.89E+10 $<$ 5.84E+19 -23.21 NGC1439 9.30E-04 4.09E+10 $<$ 8.43E+19 -23.26 NGC1482 1.95E-02 5.25E+10 — 1.85E+22 -23.54 NGC1521 2.37E-02 1.63E+11 — 1.68E+21 -24.77 NGC1549 — 1.48E+11 $<$ 1.37E+20 — NGC1550 5.48E-02 1.55E+11 — 6.75E+21 -24.71 NGC1553 2.88E-03 1.53E+11 — 1.38E+20 -24.70 NGC1587 8.43E-03 1.83E+11 — 3.95E+22 -24.89 NGC1600 7.29E-02 6.44E+11 — 3.06E+22 -26.26 NGC1638 2.95E-02 5.88E+10 $<$ 3.28E+20 -23.66 NGC1700 — 2.89E+11 $<$ 4.59E+20 -25.39 NGC1705 1.40E-01 6.41E+08 $<$ 3.49E+19 -18.75 NGC1800 4.89E-02 1.34E+09 $<$ 1.94E+19 -19.55 NGC205 5.00E-03 1.05E+10 $<$ 1.76E+18 -21.79 NGC2110 1.10E-03 1.14E+11 — 3.58E+22 -24.38 NGC221 1.63E-03 1.48E+10 $<$ 1.21E+18 -22.16 NGC2305 1.14E-02 1.64E+11 $<$ 1.13E+21 -24.77 NGC2314 3.65E-03 1.47E+11 — 7.82E+21 -24.66 NGC2329 4.11E-02 2.09E+11 — 5.51E+23 -25.03 NGC2340 2.81E-02 4.01E+11 — 3.94E+20 -25.74 NGC2434 1.55E-02 4.59E+10 $<$ 1.86E+20 -23.39 NGC2563 2.37E-02 1.79E+11 $<$ 4.24E+20 -24.87 NGC2768 1.25E-02 1.17E+11 — 6.36E+20 -24.40 NGC2778 8.63E-04 2.50E+10 $<$ 8.88E+19 -22.73 NGC2787 — 1.30E+10 — 1.19E+20 — NGC2832 5.00E-02 4.32E+11 — 5.34E+21 -25.83 ------------ -------------------- ------------- --------- ------------ ----------- : Derived properties of a subset of the sample.[]{data-label="tab:derivedprop"} Note: Column description: (1) Name of the galaxy; (2) Star Formation Rate; (3) Stellar Mass; (4) Limit on the radio flux at 1.4 GHz; (5) Radio power at 1.4 GHz; (6) Absolute [$K_s$]{}band magnitude Calculations ============ From the apparent magnitude, absolute magnitude is calculated using the following distance modulus relation: $$M_{k} = m_{k}-5logD_{L} + 5 \;,$$ where, $m_{k}$ is the apparent magnitude in [$K_s$]{}band, distance $D_{L}$ is the luminosity distance calculated using the relation $$D_L = v/H_o\;, \label{eq:distance}$$ where $v$, the radial velocity is obtained from hyperleda [^5], and $H_o$ is the Hubble constant.\ Redshift is calculated using the radial velocity with the relation $z=v/c$.\ Flux densities for $K_{s}$ and *WISE* bands in the units of $W/cm^{2}/\mu m$ are calculated using the zero-magnitude fluxes given in Table  \[tab:zeromagflux\]. [Band]{} [$F_{\lambda}-0\;mag\;(W/cm^{2}/\mu m$)]{} [$F_{\nu}-0\;mag\;(Jy)$]{} ------------- -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- [$K_{s}$]{} [4.283E-14]{} [666.7]{} [W1]{} [8.1787E-15]{} [309.540]{} [W2]{} [2.4150E-15]{} [171.787]{} [W3]{} [6.5151E-17]{} [31.674]{} [W4]{} [5.0901E-18]{} [8.363]{} : [*2MASS*]{}[@cohen2003] and *WISE* [@jarrett2011] fluxes for zero-magnitude.[]{data-label="tab:zeromagflux"} Photometry comparisions ======================= Comparision with the 2MASS -------------------------- A comparison of our [$K_s$]{}band measurements with that of the 2MASS XSC catalog has been done. We compare our results with the isophotal measurements that are set to 20 mag [$\mathrm{arcsec^{-2}}$ ]{}surface brightness isophote at [$K_s$]{}using elliptical apertures (identified with k\_m\_k20fe in the catalog). This corresponds to roughly 1$\sigma$ of the typical background noise in the [$K_s$]{}images.\ The 2MASS ellipse fitting pipeline is described in [@jarrett2000]. The basic step in the fitting method is to first isolate an approximate 3$\sigma$ isophote which at [$K_s$]{}band magnitude is at 18.55. This step is called isovector operationand is done by analyzing the radial profiles at different position angles and determining the pixels that correspond to the 3$\sigma$isophote. The center of the isophote corresponds to the pixel with peak intensity. A best-fit ellipse to the pixel distribution is obtained by minimizing the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of the radial distribution at the 3$\sigma$ isophote. Using the axis ratio and position angle of the 3$\sigma$ isophote, an ellipse fit to [$K_s$]{}band at 20 mag [$\mathrm{arcsec^{-2}}$ ]{}is obtained by varying the semi-major axis such that the mean surface brightness along the ellipse is 20 mag [$\mathrm{arcsec^{-2}}$ ]{}. The integrated flux within this ellipse after background subtraction is the 2MASS isophotal magnitude.\ The Figure  \[fig:k\] shows the comparison with the 2MASS. Our magnitude measurements match closely with that of 2MASS catalog. Galaxies that do not have 2MASS magnitudes are shown with green stars. Out of 231 galaxies in the sample, estimates for 47 galaxies were excluded, either because they are close to the edge of the image or due to the presence of a very close companion which could not be masked. ![Comparison between 2MASS [$K_s$]{}magnitude from the catalog ($m_{K_{2MASS}}$ ) and our measurements ($m_{K_{1\sigma aper}}$). Solid blue line shows the one-to-one relation between the x and y. The yellow dashed line is the linear fit with a slope of 0.97 and an intercept of 0.23. Our magnitude measurements match with that of the 2MASS magnitude. The green stars are the galaxies whose 2MASS magnitudes are not present. The outlier galaxy is IC5358 whose 2AMSS mag is brighter than our measurement. This is because of the presence of a companion galaxy which was not excluded in the catalog estimates.[]{data-label="fig:k"}](fig16.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Comparison with WISE -------------------- The WISE extended source photometry pipeline uses the aperture that is based on the elliptical shape reported by the 2MASS XSC. Due to the larger beam size of WISE, the aperture is scaled accordingly. They sum the pixel fluxes within this aperture and subtract it with the background to obtain the elliptical aperture photometry measurement which is indicated by w?gmag in their catalog. Since W1 is the most sensitive wavelength for all galaxies where the emission is from the evolved stellar population, the 2MASS [$K_s$]{}aperture is typically 3 to 4 times smaller than the 1$\sigma$ aperture for W1. This underestimates the integrated flux by about 30-40%. Hence, we performed photometry on the WISE images to estimate the galaxy magnitude within an elliptical aperture fit to 1$\sigma$ isophote.\ Shown in Figure  \[fig:w1\] is the comparison with WISE W1 magnitude. The WISE W1 catalog magnitudes are faint compared to our measurements on an average by 0.31 mag. There are few outliers whose WISE magnitudes are brighter to our measurements. NGC4467 at mag of  11 is brighter by 0.1 mag. This is because the WISE aperture is bigger than the size of the galaxy because of which some of the light from the adjacent galaxy is also included. In case of NGC4782, NGC5353 NGC821, the emission from the nearby source increased the WISE W1 flux. These are consistently brighter in W2 band as well.\ ![Comparison between WISE W1 magnitude with our measurements. Notation used in this figure is same as that used in Figure  \[fig:k\]. The WISE catalog measurements give galaxy magnitudes that are faint compared to the magnitudes that we measured. The uncertainty in magnitude is smaller than the point size. The mean difference between WISE catalog and our measurements is $\sim$0.34 mag with a range of percentage difference between $\sim$5% to 70%. The slope of the fit is 1.05 with an intercept of $-0.06$[]{data-label="fig:w1"}](fig17.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Figures  \[fig:w2\] through  \[fig:w4\] show the comparison of W2, W3 and W4 bands. The WISE W2 magnitudes also are fainter than our measured values. In the case of W3 band, the extended emission from the galaxy is contained within the WISE apertures. Hence we see that the one-to-one correspondence matches with the line fit for W3 magnitude.\ ![Comparison between WISE W2 magnitude with our measurements. The WISE magnitudes are fainter by  0.32 mag. the slope of the fit is 1.04 with an intercept of $-0.07$. []{data-label="fig:w2"}](fig18.pdf){width="50.00000%"} We modified our program when we measure W3 and W4 magnitudes. We do not go through the two stage process in these cases and ignore the process of obtaining the 3$\sigma$ aperture and fixing the ELLIPSE parameters. This is because, the flux from the galaxy is very faint and is almost always about 3$\sigma$ or less.\ ![Comparison between W3 WISE magnitude with our measurements. It can be noticed that the WISE catalog measurements give galaxy magnitudes that are close to the magnitudes that we measured. The mean difference is $\sim$0.095.[]{data-label="fig:w3"}](fig19.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Figure  \[fig:w4\] shows the W4 magnitude comparison. Majority of the galaxies have very faint emission at this wavelength. Since the apertures used in WISE measurements are larger, the magnitude measurements indicate them as bright galaxies due to contamination from faint foreground stars that are not subtracted in the images. In our method, we use an aperture at 1$\sigma$ which gives an aperture that is just right to measure the galaxy flux without adding noise.\ ![Comparison between W4 WISE magnitude with our measurements. There is huge scatter in the measurements for faint galaxies and the catalog estimates small magnitudes for the faint galaxies. The slope of the fit is 0.92 with an intercept of 0.39.[]{data-label="fig:w4"}](fig20.pdf){width="50.00000%"} We show the difference in the aperture between our method and that from WISE in W1 mag in Figure  \[fig:smadiff\]. About 95% of the galaxies have small WISE apertures. ![Difference between the aperture sizes obtained using our method and that used in the WISE catalog.[]{data-label="fig:smadiff"}](fig21.pdf){width="50.00000%"} Error Analysis -------------- The uncertainty in the flux measurement include contribution from possion noise and error in the sky background estimation. 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Q: Convert mcrypt_generic to openssl_encrypt PHP no longer supports mcrypt. I have to make an OpenSSL alternative that has the exact same output as I only have access to half the code base. My attempts have all failed. As you can see below OS doesn't match MC. I've tried different $methods and combinations of OPENSSL_RAW_DATA | OPENSSL_ZERO_PADDING. Where am I going wrong? const n = "\n"; $text= 'hello my friends'; $method = 'AES-128-CBC'; $key = base64_decode('AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA'); $text = base64_decode('MDEyMzQ1Njc4OUFCQ0RFRgAAAAYxMjM0NTYxMjMDAwM='); $size = openssl_cipher_iv_length($method); $iv = substr($key, 0, $size); // MCRYPT METHOD $module = mcrypt_module_open(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128, '', MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, ''); mcrypt_generic_init($module, $key, $iv); $mcrypt = mcrypt_generic($module, $text); // OPENSSL METHOD $method = 'AES-128-CBC'; $openssl = openssl_encrypt($text, $method, $key, OPENSSL_RAW_DATA | OPENSSL_ZERO_PADDING, $iv); echo "MC: " . base64_encode($mcrypt) . n; echo "OS: " . base64_encode($openssl) . n; /* MC: 9+gMhSSAHhJ4g4rdjwP02YQJTfU2qEThBco+W9ob9UU= OS: Qsz5HitF4X+2DV48wh7ExCjWjGEOAl88MKXk/g24Z/I= */ A: Mcrypts: MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC is equivalent to: OPENSSL: AES-256-CBC I have no idea why there's the difference, but changing the 128 to 256 solved it for me.

Reading Time: 5 minutes George H.W. Bush, known to family and friends as “Poppy,” celebrated his 90th birthday this year parachuting from a helicopter, one of several jumps he’s made to mark his birthdays with a nod to his career as a WWII naval aviator. He made his first jump on Sept. 2, 1944, when the plane he was flying got hit by Japanese fire over the Pacific. His escape by parachute became an essential part of his image as a war hero, a status that fuelled his political ambitions. Here to mark the 70th anniversary of Bush’s first jump is an excerpt from WhoWhatWhy Editor-in-Chief Russ Baker’s bestseller, Family of Secrets: The Bush Dynasty, America’s Invisible Government and the Hidden History of the Last Fifty Years. This section of Chapter 2 examines the enduring discrepancies surrounding Bush’s story of survival over the Pacific. (Note: Although this excerpt does not contain footnotes, the book itself is exhaustively footnoted and sourced.) A Changing Story The enveloping fog extends even to Poppy Bush’s most sterling political symbol: his record as a war hero. On September 2, 1944, the plane he was piloting was hit by Japanese fire during a bombing run over Chichi Jima, a small island in the Pacific. Bush successfully parachuted to the ocean surface, where he was rescued. His two crew members perished. A documentary film about the rescue was aired as part of a 1984 Republican Convention tribute to Vice President Bush. And on September 2, 1984, forty years to the day of his doomed bombing mission, a ceremony was held at the Norfolk Naval Station, complete with a Navy band and an encomium from Navy Secretary John Lehman. Bush’s war service, Lehman declared, was the beginning of a career “which went on to mark some of the most remarkable achievements in the annals of American politics.” The real story turns out to be far more complicated. In particular, there are two unresolved issues: What did Bush know of his crew members’ fate? And how badly was his plane hit at the moment when he decided to bail out? These are not merely hypothetical: as the pilot, Bush’s decision to ditch the craft would have doomed anyone still on board. Navy regulations dictate that officers who are thought to have abandoned crew members could be court-martialed. On board with Bush that day were Radioman Second Class John Delaney, situated below in the plane’s belly, and, directly behind Bush, the turret gunner Lieutenant Junior Grade William Gardiner “Ted” White. Bush would claim in an early 1980s interview with author Doug Wead that he had seen at least one parachute leaving the plane. In 2002 he told the author James Bradley that he had not known the fate of either of his crew members. After Bradley had finished conducting an interview with Bush for his book Flyboys: A True Story of Courage, the former president turned to the author and asked if he had any information on the fate of his two crewmen. “It still plagues me if I gave those guys enough time to get out,” Bush said. Bradley would later write in his book: “No one knew exactly what had happened to Ted and John that day, only that both of them died.” Yet Poppy has offered multiple conflicting versions of the episode. In a letter to his parents following his rescue, Poppy asserted that after the plane was hit, he had ordered his crew members to parachute out. He was uncertain what happened next, he claimed, due to the smoke that filled the cockpit: They didn’t answer at all, but I looked around and couldn’t see Ted in the turret so I assumed he had gone below to get his chute fastened on. Another version surfaced in the 1980s, when his staff decided that Bush had previously been too modest and now needed to acknowledge his heroism. They hooked him up with a writer, Doug Wead, who prepared the book George Bush: Man of Integrity. In that book, which got little attention, Poppy says: I looked back and saw that my rear gunner [White] was out. He had been machine-gunned to death right where he was. There also exists a tape of Bush being interviewed by Wead, as part of a set of interviews the author conducted with famous figures, including Jimmy Carter and former Israeli leader Menachem Begin. On that tape, Bush can be heard to refer clearly to White, and to mention that he saw that White was very much in the plane before bailing out: One of them jumped out and his parachute streamed. They had fighter planes over us and they could see the chute open, and the other one… he was killed in the plane. You can see, [in] a torpedo bomber, the pilot is separate from the crew, but you can look over and see the turret, and he was just slumped over. [Emphasis mine.] Another claim of Poppy’s would later be challenged: that his plane was effectively crippled. In Looking Forward, a 1988 campaign book co-authored by Bush and campaign staffer Victor Gold, Poppy writes: The flak was the heaviest I’d ever flown into . . . Suddenly there was a jolt, as if a massive fist had crunched into the belly of the plane. Smoke poured into the cockpit, and I could see flames rippling across the crease of the wing, edging toward the fuel tanks. Not so, said Chester Mierzejewski, the tail gunner in the plane directly ahead of Bush’s. Mierzejewski came forward to challenge Bush after noticing inconsistencies in public accounts of Bush’s mission that day. He was struck by how all the versions differed from what he saw. Mierzejewski had the best and most unobstructed view, and could see directly into Bush’s cockpit. A nonpolitical man who had been Bush’s partner in shipboard bridge games, Mierzejewski wrote a personal letter to the vice president in March 1988, stating that his memory of that day was “entirely different” from what Bush had been saying in television interviews. Bush, an assiduous letter writer, never responded, so Mierzejewski took his story to the New York Post in August 1988. The Post quoted the tail gunner as saying that only Bush himself had bailed out and that Bush’s plane was never on fire. No smoke came out of his cockpit when he opened his canopy to bail out . . . I think he could have saved those lives if they were alive. I don’t know that they were, but at least they had a chance if he had attempted a water landing. In interviews with other papers over the next few days, Mierzejewski, also a recipient of a Distinguished Flying Cross, would say that he was inclined to give Bush the benefit of the doubt until he realized the extent of the inconsistencies. Perhaps this problem with story discrepancies, a problem that would resurface time and again in Poppy’s life, so often it became a virtual theme, explains why Poppy Bush never penned a comprehensive autobiography. There were too many secrets, too many different stories to keep straight. More than half a century later, when he was seventy-two years old, Poppy again began parachuting out of planes, ostensibly as a birthday celebration. He would continue this show of bravado and virility into his eighties. Jim McGrath, Bush’s assistant, said when the 1997 jump was announced, The reasons behind this are strictly personal. It has to do with World War Two. When it happens, we’ll explain it. But when the time came, no satisfying explanation emerged. Poppy treated his skydive as a novelty and a thrill—and never clarified what happened on September 2, 1944. Where else do you see journalism of this quality and value? Please help us do more. Make a tax-deductible contribution now. Our Comment Policy Keep it civilized, keep it relevant, keep it clear, keep it short. Please do not post links or promotional material. We reserve the right to edit and to delete comments where necessary. Related print

A normal ear transmits sounds as shown in FIG. 1 through the outer ear 101 to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) 102, which moves the bones of the middle ear 103 (malleus, incus, and stapes) that vibrate the oval window and round window openings of the cochlea 104. The cochlea 104 is a long narrow duct wound spirally about its axis for approximately two and a half turns. It includes an upper channel known as the scala vestibuli and a lower channel known as the scala tympani, which are connected by the cochlear duct. The cochlea 104 forms an upright spiraling cone with a center called the modiolar where the spiral ganglion cells of the acoustic nerve 113 reside. In response to received sounds transmitted by the middle ear 103, the fluid-filled cochlea 104 functions as a transducer to generate electric pulses which are transmitted to the cochlear nerve 113, and ultimately to the brain. Hearing is impaired when there are problems in the ability to transduce external sounds into meaningful action potentials along the neural substrate of the cochlea 104. To improve impaired hearing, auditory prostheses have been developed. For example, when the impairment is related to operation of the middle ear 103, a conventional hearing aid may be used to provide acoustic-mechanical stimulation to the auditory system in the form of amplified sound. Or when the impairment is associated with the cochlea 104, a cochlear implant with an implanted stimulation electrode can electrically stimulate auditory nerve tissue with small currents delivered by multiple electrode contacts distributed along the electrode. FIG. 1 also shows some components of a typical cochlear implant system which includes an external microphone that provides an audio signal input to an external signal processor 111 where various signal processing schemes can be implemented. The processed signal is then converted into a digital data format, such as a sequence of data frames, for transmission into the implant 108. Besides receiving the processed audio information, the implant 108 also performs additional signal processing such as error correction, pulse formation, etc., and produces a stimulation pattern (based on the extracted audio information) that is sent through an electrode lead 109 to an implanted electrode array 110. Typically, this electrode array 110 includes multiple electrodes on its surface that provide selective stimulation of the cochlea 104. Existing cochlear implant systems need to deliver electrical power from outside the body through the skin to satisfy the power requirements of the implanted portion of the system. FIG. 1 shows a typical arrangement based on inductive coupling through the skin to transfer both the required electrical power and the processed audio information. As shown in FIG. 1, an external transmitter coil 107 (coupled to the external signal processor) is placed on the skin adjacent to a subcutaneous receiver coil in the implant 108. Often, a magnet in the external coil structure interacts with a corresponding magnet in the subcutaneous secondary coil structure. This arrangement inductively couples a radio frequency (rf) electrical signal to the receiver in the implant 108, which is able to extract from the rf signal both the audio information for the implanted portion of the system and a power component to power the implanted system. In most prior systems, the external components generally have been held in separate housings so that the external transmitter coil 107 would not be in the same physical housing as the power source or the external signal processor. The various different physical components would generally be connected by hard wire, although some systems used wireless links between separate external components. A few systems have been proposed in which all of the external components such as an external processor and a rechargeable battery could be placed within a single housing. See U.S. Patent Publication 20080002834 (Hochmair) and U.S. Patent Publication 20070053534 (Kiratzidis), which are incorporated herein by reference. The rechargeable batteries (e.g. Lithium-Ion batteries) for such systems have conductive band materials such as aluminum and copper which are coated with battery chemistry (e.g. graphite) and are stacked on top of each other. But when such a battery is placed within a magnetic field generated by a current-carrying coil, the conductive band materials generate undesired eddy currents. Excessive eddy currents are a significant problem because they cause decreased coupling which reduces efficiency. U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,474 by Schulman et al. teaches a coil design in the form of a long ribbon of battery electrodes. Conductive band materials are wound in a spiral (see FIGS. 7 and 9) so that the magnetic field lines generated by a coil are parallel to the conductive band materials thereby reducing eddy currents. One drawback of this approach is that in the region of overlapping conductive band materials, adjacent cathodic (46′) and anodic (48′) bands (separated by an insulator material (50′, 52′)) act as parallel plate capacitors. Such capacitance in turn may seriously increase the impedance of the coil and thereby reduce the efficiency of data and power transmission between the external coil and the implanted coil.

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Hi everyone, Please find a very important rescue story of our friends over at the PDSA below. Biggles the cat saved thanks to PDSA Vet charity advises that early neutering can reduce cancer risk A cat from Gateshead has seen his odds of developing a type of cancer eradicated after an undescended testicle was picked up in the nick of time, thanks to PDSA. Biggles, a blue-coloured domestic short haired cat, had been taken to the charity’s Gateshead Pet Hospital for a routine check-up when Vet Nurse Lauren Walton noticed something wasn’t quite right. While examining the two-year-old cat she found that only one of his testicles had descended – which, if left untreated, would put him at a higher risk of developing cancer. Lauren said: “I was carrying out a routine pet health check and found that only one of his testicles was present. We explained to Biggles’ owner that if we didn’t operate to remove the one that hadn’t descended there was a real risk of it becoming cancerous further down the line.” The very next day Biggles was taken into theatre where the undescended testicle was removed from his abdomen. He was also castrated and microchipped. Lauren added: “If we hadn’t picked up on this when we did it could easily have gone unnoticed and the outcome may have been very different. “PDSA is educating owners about the importance of preventive health care such as neutering, vaccinations and microchipping. Thanks to players of People’s Postcode Lottery we will deliver 30,000 neutering operations to pets this year.” Janine, Biggles’ owner, is extremely grateful to PDSA for the treatment her cat received. Janine, from South Shields, said: “I’m so glad that I took him to PDSA for his check-up that day. If I hadn’t he might not be with me now. It just goes to show why it’s so important to visit your vet regularly.” Biggles has made a full recovery following his surgery and now he is neutered he’s also less likely to roam and fight with other cats, reducing his chances of contracting conditions like FIV – the feline equivalent of the HIV virus. For more information about pet health or neutering owners can visit www.pdsa.org.uk We hope you liked this story and don’t’ forget that you can sign-up to our Newsletter here. Thanks, Marc More about the PDSA: PDSA is the UK’s leading veterinary charity, providing free veterinary care for the sick and injured pets of people in need and promoting responsible pet ownership. For further information about PDSA please visit www.pdsa.org.uk or call 0800 731 2502. Don't miss out! Subscribe To Newsletter Receive top cat news, competitions, tips and more! Invalid email address Give it a try. You can unsubscribe at any time. Thanks for subscribing! Please check your email for further instructions. Click to purchase the sleepypod mobile pet bed. Share this: Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Pinterest Email WhatsApp More Reddit Tumblr Pocket Telegram Skype Print Like this: Like Loading...

Q: Negative margins: can they work in IE7 and IE8? I'm trying to have a kind of dirty underline effect using a string of hyphens, but I want it slightly closer to the multi-line title than the line-height. Negative margin works a treat in FF but no joy in IE? <p>a multiline title here<p><p style="margin: -7px 0px 10px 0px;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> A: ok fixed it, i reduced the line height on my ------'s tag, the line height acts like a top margin... thanks guys

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It is expected to fetch up to $4 million An extremely rare bag used by NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong to collect the first dust samples from the Moon is expected to fetch up to $4 million at an auction in the U.S. The bag brought back to Earth 48 years ago contains traces of the moon dust and is an exceptionally rare relic of humanity’s greatest achievement. It will be up for auction on July 20 along with a signed photograph of Armstrong’s companion Buzz Aldrin on the Moon and other memorabilia. “The star lot of the sale is the most important space exploration artefact to ever come to market, the outer decontamination bag used by Neil Armstrong on Apollo 11 to bring back the very first samples ever collected of the Moon, traces of which remain in the bag,” according to the Sotheby’s auction house. During the Apollo 11 mission, Armstrong collected nearly 500 grammes of material finer than 1 cm, as well as 12 rock fragments larger than one cm from five different locations on the lunar surface in the region known as the Sea of Tranquillity. The true history of the bag went unknown for decades until just a year ago. It was offered three separate times in 2014 by a small auction house garnering not a single bid. It was re-listed again in 2015, where Nancy Carlson, the current owner won the lot with a bid of $995, Sotheby’s said. Landing anniversary Interested in the history of her purchase, she sent it to NASA in the hope of obtaining further information. Scientific tests revealed the dust in the bag to be moon dust, specifically from the Apollo 11 landing site. The auction will coincide with the anniversary of Apollo 11 landing on the Moon.

[**** ]{}\ Arnab Laha^1^, Abhijit Biswas^2^, Somnath Ghosh^1,\*^\ **[1]{} Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India\ **[2]{} Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700009, India\ [email protected]**** Abstract {#abstract .unnumbered} ======== We report a specially configured non-Hermitian optical microcavity, imposing spatially imbalanced gain-loss profile, to host an exclusively proposed next nearest neighbor resonances coupling scheme. Adopting scattering matrix ($S$-matrix) formalism, the effect of interplay between such proposed resonance interactions and the incorporated non-Hermiticity in the microcavity is analyzed drawing a special attention to the existence of hidden singularities, namely exceptional points ($EP$s); where at least two coupled resonances coalesce. We establish adiabatic flip-of-states phenomena of the coupled resonances in the complex frequency plane ($k$-plane) which is essentially an outcome of the fact that the respective $EP$ is being encircled in system parameter plane. Encountering such multiple $EP$s, the robustness of flip-of-states phenomena have been analyzed via continuous tuning of coupling parameters along a special hidden singular line which connects all the $EP$s in the cavity. Such a numerically devised cavity, incorporating the exclusive next neighbor coupling scheme, have been designed for the first time to study the unconventional optical phenomena in the vicinity of $EP$s. Introduction ============ Over the years, resonance interaction phenomena in open quantum systems have been attracted enormous attention in various research field of modern physics. Various interesting interaction phenomena exploiting local and non-local interdependence between the resonance states have reported in literature. Specifically, in the photonics domain, interesting techniques have developed for modeling and simulation of different specially configured coupled optical systems to study such interactions between the states. This paper present a specially configured coupled optical system with discrete resonances where interesting effects of next nearest neighbor interaction between them have been topologically explored. In the contemporary research field, next nearest neighbor interaction between the resonances has always been a great physical insight because it is a pivotal feature in many natural and artificial physical phenomena. Statistically, 1D Ising model, a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in solid state physics, gives a clear interpretations of next nearest neighbor interaction, while considering the physical effect of superimposition of very long range spin interaction with conventional nearest neighbor short range interaction on a 1D crystalline lattice [@Kijewski]. Lately, next nearest neighbor interactions have also been explored in the contexts of QCD through three states Potts model (a generalization of the Ising model) [@Bernaschi], Betts lattice considering extended Hubbard model to study pairing enhancement [@Fang]. Influence of such interactions phenomena have also attracted considerable attention to study various physical applications like entanglement of the Heisenberg chain [@Gu], thermal transportation in low dimensional lattice [@Santhosh], spectrum of plasmon excitations in graphene (considering next-nearest-neighbor tight-binding model) [@Kadirko] etc. In the optical context lately, effect of next nearest neighbor coupling have widely discussed on optically pumped nanodevice arrays [@Csaba], Bose–Einstein condensation in optical lattices [@Zaleski], photonic superlattice to implements 1D random mass Dirac equation on a chip [@Keil] etc. Apart from the previous studies, corroborating the analogy between non-Hermitian open quantum system and counterpart open optical geometries with suitable pumping, we explore an innovative unconventional scheme to study a nontrivial special next nearest neighbor interaction between discrete resonance states in a coupled optical microcavity. The cavity is partially pumped via spatially distributed inhomogeneous gain-loss profile. In such a cavity the resonances are appeared in complex energy plane. Here the coupling phenomena between the resonances are entirely controlled internally i.e. by system topology and internal gain-loss variation. ![(Color online) Schematic diagram of the proposed coupling scheme between the resonances appeared in complex energy plane. The resonances labeled by green colors are being interacted whereas the resonances labeled by red colors remain isolated. []{data-label="figure_1"}](figure1.eps){width="7cm"} The special non-trivial coupling scheme, schematically shown in figure \[figure\_1\], is proposed in such a way that, a specific resonance is strictly allowed to interact with its next nearest neighbor only with a restriction of one-to-one coupling when the intermediate resonances between each of the two coupled states remains isolated. Proposed coupling scheme can be mathematically demonstrated by the following Hamiltonian function described below. Consider a quantum mechanical coupled system subjected by an external field $h_n$ with discrete resonances characterized by the parameters $\Lambda_n (n=1,2,3...)$. Now the Hamiltonian can be written as- $${H}=p\sum\limits_{i,j} C_{2i-1,2j+1}\Lambda_{2i-1}\Lambda_{2j+1} +q\sum\limits_{k,l} C_{2k-1,2l+1}\Lambda_{2k-1}\Lambda_{2l+1}+r\sum\limits_{n}h_n\Lambda_n \label{equation_1}$$ Here, $i,j=1,3,5....2n+1$ and $k,l=2,4,6....2n$ $(i,j,k,l\in n)$. The coefficients $C$ indicate the interaction of one resonance to its next nearest neighbor. $p$, $q$ and $r$ are the real dimensionless parameters. For our proposed scheme, there must be one isolated resonance between two coupled resonances. i.e. the resonances appears in sites labeled by odd integers ($i$ and $j$) are interacting, whereas the resonances appears in sites labeled by even integers ($k$ and $l$) remain isolated. So, purposely choosing the parameter $q$ as 0 we neglect the second term of Eqn. \[equation\_1\]. Here we also deliberately neglect all possible coupling phenomena of the resonances with external field and henceforth set the parameter $r$ at 0. So, according to the proposed coupling scheme the Hamiltonian function (Eqn. \[equation\_1\]) must be reformed as $${H}=p\sum\limits_{i,j} C_{2i-1,2j+1}\Lambda_{2i-1}\Lambda_{2j+1};\quad i,j=1,3,5.. \label{equation_2}$$ Towards the topological studies based on resonance interactions in such a non-Hermitian open optical microcavity the phenomena of avoided resonance crossing ($ARC$) play a key role [@Heiss1; @Cartarius3; @Laha2; @Ghosh; @Laha1]. Usually, $ARC$ occur in complex energy plane where two interacting resonances repel each other via crossing/anticrossing of their energies and widths i.e. essentially their real and imaginary parts. Such $ARC$ phenomena between two interacting resonance states have been referred the presence of a specific spectral singularity where they are very close to a special type of degeneracy which is rather different form genuine Hermitian degeneracy. These specific hidden spectral singularities, usually appeared in parameter space with at least either two real valued parameters or a complex parameter, are named as [*exceptional points*]{} ($EP$s). At these $EP$s the system Hamiltonian becomes defective and two coupled levels coalesce [@Heiss1; @Cartarius3; @Laha2; @Ghosh]. An $EP$ leads to crucial modifications on associated coupled eigenvalues’ behavior under the influence of coupling parameters; where the phenomenon of flipping of states in the complex eigenvalue plane is the most significant in the context of optical mode converter [@Laha2; @Ghosh]. In parameter space, adiabatically a moderate variation of the chosen coupling parameters along a closed contour around an $EP$ results in the permutation between the corresponding coupled eigenvalues (exchanging their positions) in complex energy plane exhibiting $EP$ as a second order branch point [@Cartarius3; @Laha2; @Ghosh; @Menke]. Consequently, the corresponding eigenstates are also permuted exhibiting $EP$ as a forth order branch point followed by an additional phase change after each round [@Heiss1] in a manner like $\{\psi_1,\psi_2\}\rightarrow\{\psi_2,-\psi_1\}$. By contrast, for an $EP$ which is not being enclosed by the parametric contour; associated eigenvalues make individual loop and avoid any kind of permutation. This unique features of [*flip-of-state*]{} phenomenon in the vicinity of $EP$s have theoretically been explored in various non-Hermitian systems like atomic [@Cartarius3; @Menke] as well as molecular [@Lefebvre] spectra, partially pumped optical microcavity [@Laha2], laser [@Berry], optical waveguide [@Ghosh] etc. and also verified experimentally [@Dembowski2]. Technologically, this unconventional phenomena leads a key feature towards sensor operation [@Wiersig1] in the context of single particle detection in microcavity [@Wiersig2] and also for mode management in dark-state laser [@Hodaei]. In this paper for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we explore $EP$s with their unconventional specific features in a non-Hermitian optical microcavity operating under the proposed non-trivial next-nearest-neighbor resonance coupling condition. A specially configured non $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric Fabry-Perot type optical microcavity with spatially unbalanced gain-loss profile has been reported for this specific purpose. Recent advanced development in fabrication technology for growth of such Fabry-Perot type optical micro-resonators with enhanced precision and control on output coupling without proper phase matching (which is not possible for other geometries) have resulted in extensive contemporary research attention towards easier technological implementation. Numerically designing such a microcavity, we encounter at least three second order $EP$s in the functional parameter space of the cavity via internally coupled resonances situated in next nearest neighbor positions with rigid one-to-one coupling restriction which is entirely controlled by topology of the microcavity. We also establish a formation of special hidden singular line, namely [*exceptional line*]{}, to correlate the identified $EP$s in parameter plane. Very recently such correlation have reported by the authors in the similar form of the optical microcavity operating under nearest neighbor resonance interaction only [@Laha2]. Unconventional cascaded flip-of-state mechanism in complex frequency plane ($k$-plane) with its robustness against parameter fluctuations/ deformations has also reported in the vicinity of $EP$s by encircling multiple $EP$s in parameter plane via continuous tuning of coupling parameters along exceptional line. Overall, exploiting $EP$s the optical performances of the microcavity have judicially tailored under restricted operating condition. Matrix formulation towards appearance of exceptional points incorporating next nearest neighbor resonance coupling {#matrix_formulation} ================================================================================================================== Mathematically, to elaborate all the essential aspects of a second order $EP$ under specially proposed next nearest neighbor coupling scheme as described by Eqn. \[equation\_2\], a matrix formulation should be needed. The proposed scheme demands at least a real $3 \times 3$ Hamiltonian for this specific purpose. The following Hamiltonian $H$ with the form $H_0+\lambda H_p$ describes a passive quantum system $H_0$ with three discrete energy eigenvalues $\varepsilon_i (i = 1,2,3)$, which is subjected by a perturbation $H_p$. i.e. $${H}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\varepsilon_1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & \varepsilon_2 & 0 \\0 & 0 & \varepsilon_3\end {array}\right)+\lambda U\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\omega_1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & \omega_2\ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \omega_3\end {array}\right)U^\dagger \label{equation_3}$$ where, $${U(\xi)}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\cos\xi & 0 & -\sin\xi \\0 & 1 & 0 \\\sin\xi & 0 & \cos\xi\end {array}\right) \label{equation_4}$$ This matrix form can be trivially extended for specific higher dimensional applications. Here, $\lambda$ is a real/ complex tunable constant and an unitary transformation across the parameter $\lambda$ is executed by the matrix $U$, parametrized by $\xi$. The form of the unitary matrix $U$ is intentionally chosen to explore the proposed coupling scheme only. In the perturbation part, $\omega_i (i = 1,2,3)$, represent the coupling terms. Now the eigenvalues of $H$ are given by $$\begin{aligned} & E_{1,3}(\lambda)=\frac{\varepsilon_1+\varepsilon_3+\lambda\left(\omega_1+\omega_3\right)}{2}\pm {C}\\ & E_{2}(\lambda)=\varepsilon_2+\lambda\omega_2 \end{aligned}$$ \[equation\_5\] where, $${C}=\biggl[\left(\frac{\varepsilon_1-\varepsilon_3}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{\lambda\left(\omega_1-\omega_3\right)}{2}\right)^2 +\frac{\lambda}{2}\left(\varepsilon_1-\varepsilon_3\right)\left(\omega_1-\omega_3\right)\cos(2\xi)\biggr]^{1/2} \label{equation_6}$$ From the eigenvalue expressions (Eqns. \[equation\_5\]), it is clearly observed that the coupling term $C$ (given by (Eqn. \[equation\_6\])) appears only in the expressions of $E_1$ and $E_3$ but not in the expression of $E_2$. i.e. the states $E_1$ and $E_3$ are being interacted keeping $E_2$ as an isolated state. Clearly, at $\xi = 0$ two interacting levels $E_1$ and $E_3$ are degenerate at the point $\lambda = -(\varepsilon_1-\varepsilon_3)/(\omega_1-\omega_3)$. To lift this degeneracy one need to couple them by switching on $\xi$ and then avoided resonance crossing ($ARC$) occur between $E_1$ and $E_3$ with variation of the parameter $\lambda$. Now, to explore $EP$ with pertinent connection to this phenomena of $ARC$, the parameter $\lambda$ is chosen as a complex variable with form $\lambda = \lambda_R + i\lambda_I$. For a specific set of parameters all the three eigenvalues are plotted in Fig. \[figure\_2\] as a function of $\lambda_R$ for two distinct values of $\lambda_I$. Interestingly, two different behavior of $ARC$s between $E_1$ and $E_3$ are clearly observed with anti-crossing and crossing between $\Re(E)$ and $\Im(E)$ in the top panel; whereas, crossing and anti-crossing between $\Re(E)$ and $\Im(E)$ in the bottom panel of Fig. \[figure\_2\] respectively. Accordingly, it is also observed that the change in $\lambda_I$ does not effect the intermediate state $E_2$ i.e. it remains isolated and varies as a function of $\lambda_R$ only. So in complex $\lambda$ plane two types of $ARC$s between $E_1$ and $E_3$ must be connected by a square root branch point singularity, whereas the intermediate state $E_2$ must be unaffected by such type of singularities. At this singular point (i.e. essentially where $C$ should be vanished) two interacting levels are being coalesced. Such singular point are called hidden singularity namely exceptional point ($EP$). So the $EP$ of the defined Hamiltonian is situated at a complex conjugate point given by $${\lambda_{EP}}=-\frac{\varepsilon_1-\varepsilon_3}{\omega_1-\omega_3}\exp(\pm 2i\xi) \label{equation_7}$$ Now, the coupled energy eigenvalues can be expressed in terms of the characteristics of identified $EP$ as $$E_{1,3}(\lambda)=E_{EP} \pm c_1\sqrt{\lambda-\lambda_{EP}} \label{equation_8}$$ In complex $\lambda$-plane, the values of $\sqrt{\lambda-\lambda_{EP}}$ on two different Riemann surfaces specify two distinct coupled energy levels, where the cross-joint of them represents the approximate $EP$ location. In similar way without losing any generality for higher dimensional situation, introducing a Hamiltonian matrix of the order $3n \times 3n$ $(n \in I)$ with appropriate coupling elements we should be able to establish the existence of such multiple second order $EP$s validating the proposed robust interaction restriction. Design of the Fabry-Perot type microcavity ========================================== Cavity specifications with operating parameters ----------------------------------------------- ![**(a)** (Color online) $3D$ schematic diagram of the designed Fabry-Perot type optical microcavity with nonuniform back ground refractive index; **(b)** $2D$ cross-sectional view of the same microcavity occupying the region $0\le x\le L$ with $L=10$ $\mu m$. Here $L_G=3$ $\mu m$ and $L_R=7$ $\mu m$ . The real background refractive indices are as $n_{R1}=1.5$ and $n_{R2}=4.5$. The eigenstates $\psi_L^+$ and $\psi_R^-$ indicate the incident waves with complex amplitudes $A$ and $D$ whereas the eigenstates $\psi_L^-$ and $\psi_R^+$ indicate the scattered waves with complex amplitudes $B$ and $C$ respectively; **(c)** Schematic non-linear distribution of $S$-matrix poles in complex $k$-plane of the microcavity under operating condition. The poles indicated by green circles represent the pair of interacted states whereas the poles indicated by red circles represent the isolated states. []{data-label="figure_3"}](figure3.eps){width="8.5cm"} In order to achieve our goals, we design a two port Fabry-Perot type open optical microcavity with one dimensionally nonuniform background refractive index i.e. $n_R(x)$, as schematically shown ($3D$ view) in Fig. \[figure\_3\](a). Fig. \[figure\_3\](b) represents the $2D$ cross-section of the same microcavity which occupies the region $0\le x\le L$. Along length scale the distribution of $n_R(x)$ is given as follows. $$n_R(x)= \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} n_{R1}, & 0\le x\le L_G\\ n_{R2}, & L_G\le x\le L_R\\ n_{R1}, & L_R\le x\le L\\ \end{array} \right. \label{equation_9}$$ Now to add non-hermiticity, the cavity is pumped partially by introducing spatially unbalanced gain (with co-efficient $\gamma$) and loss profile in the two halves i.e. in the regions $0\le x\le L_G$ and $L_R\le x\le L$ respectively maintaining a fixed loss-to-gain ratio $\tau$. Hence, for $\gamma=0$ the cavity behaves like an Hermitian system. Under operating condition the refractive indices of the gain and loss regions are denoted by $n_G$ and $n_L$ respectively which can be expressed as $$\begin{aligned} n_G & = n_R-i\gamma,\quad 0\le x\le L_G\\ n_L & = n_R+i\tau\gamma,\quad L_R\le x\le L \end{aligned}$$ \[equation\_10\] Specifically, for $\gamma \not=0$ the parameter $\tau$ can adjust the incorporated non-hermiticity independently in terms of system openness and coupling strength. For a fixed value of $\tau=1$, $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetry is conserved. But during operation, we set the parameter $\tau \not= 1$ to avoid $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetry constraint deliberately. Scattering matrix formalism for calculation of eigenvalues ---------------------------------------------------------- Numerically, to study the resonance interaction phenomena in the designed microcavity we adopt a established method of scattering matrix ($S$-matrix) formalism where virtual states of resonances of the Hamiltonian corresponding to the real system are calculated in terms of poles of the associated $S$-matrix [@Laha2; @Laha1]. Using electro-magnetic scattering theory, here the matrix elements are analytically calculated as function of real system parameters. Now, for the designed cavity associated $S$-matrix can be defined through the input and output eigenstates relation given by $$\left(\begin{array}{c}B\\C\end {array}\right)=S(n(x),\omega)\left(\begin{array}{c}A\\D\end {array}\right) \label{equation_11}$$ Exploiting numerical root finding method, the poles of the defined $S$-matrix are calculated by solving the equation $$\frac{1}{max[eig S(\omega)]}=0 \label{equation_12}$$ Here, the denominator in L.H.S. of Eqn. \[equation\_12\] gives the maximal-modulus eigenvalues of the matrix $S(\omega)$. Obeying current conservation and causality conditions, the $S$-matrix poles are calculated only at the lower half of the complex frequency plane ($k$-plane) for physical acceptability. Distribution of the calculated poles are schematically shown in Fig. \[figure\_3\](c). Interestingly, a nonlinear pattern have been observed in the pole distribution. Contextually, the equidistant linear distribution of $S$-matrix poles have already shown by choosing a same form of Fabry-Perot type optical microcavity with uniform background refractive index along length scale [@Laha2]. But to establish the proposed next nearest neighbor coupling scheme, such nonlinearity in pole distribution is deliberately introduced by choosing nonuniform background refractive index along cavity-length, where only tuning such non-uniformity the distribution in $S$-matrix poles may be controlled as required for specific purposes. Associated interaction phenomena between the matrix poles (as shown in Fig. \[figure\_3\](c)) are topologically controlled through the spatial variation of unbalanced gain-loss profile with tunable parameters $\gamma$ and $\tau$. Accordingly, three pairs of interacting poles are deliberately identified keeping an intermediate isolated pole between each pairs. During operations, cavity is accompanied by avoided crossings between the interacting $S$-matrix poles. Numerical results towards encounter of hidden singularities with associated optical performances ================================================================================================ Identifying the hidden singular points -------------------------------------- ![(Color online) Trajectories of three chosen poles (dotted blue, red and black line) exhibiting $ARC$s (clearly shown in upper panel for both **(a)** and **(b)**) followed by the partial pumping in terms of unbalanced spatial gain-loss distribution in the cavity. In the passive cavity two green circles indicate the position of two poles which are interacting and the red circle denotes the position of intermediate isolated pole. The loss-to-gain ration is set at $\tau = 5.32$ in **(a)** and $\tau = 5.33$ in **(b)** respectively. The crossing/ anticrossing behavior of $\Re(k)$ and $\Im(k)$ are separately depicted as a function of $\gamma$ for both the $\tau$ values in lower panels. The red crosses in the top right panels represent the approximate positions of branch point singularities.[]{data-label="figure_4"}](figure4.eps){width="13cm"} To encounter an $EP$, the mathematical concept of $ARC$s between eigenvalues of the matrix Hamiltonian (Eqn. \[equation\_3\]) as delineated in section \[matrix\_formulation\], has been exploited where the cavity resonances (i.e. the eigenvalues) are treated as associated $S$-matrix poles. Accordingly, in the passive cavity three distinguish poles are precisely chosen over a particular frequency range. Then introducing the spatially unbalanced gain-loss profile by tuning the parameters $\gamma$ and $\tau$ the chosen poles are forced to interact mutually. It has been observed that with introduction of non-uniform gain-loss in the cavity, a pole belonging to the chosen set is being coupled with the pole situated at the next-nearest-neighbor position, whereas the intermediate pole remains unaffected. Now, for two distinct values of $\tau$, the evolution of resonance energies and widths with increasing amount of the parameter $\gamma$ are plotted in Fig. \[figure\_4\] in terms of the $\Re(k)$ and $\Im(k)$ (i.e. real and imaginary part of the frequencies) of the chosen S-matrix poles. At first, we have set the parameter $\tau=5.32$ and accordingly slowly tuned the gain-coefficient $\gamma$ from $0$ to $0.1$. In this situation the trajectories of $S$-matrix poles are depicted in Fig. \[figure\_4\](a). The level repulsion phenomenon between the poles appearing in the next neighbor position are clearly observed in the upper panel with a zoomed in view. With increase in $\gamma$, the $\Re(k)$ experiences crossing whereas the $\Im(k)$ undergoes anti-crossing as shown in the lower panel. But for slight increase in $\tau=5.33$, a different behavior of level repulsion phenomenon has occurred as shown in Fig. \[figure\_4\](b); where the exchange in identities between the coupled poles (i.e. change in evolution direction from the previous case) have clearly observed in the upper panel. In this situation $ARC$ occurs with $\Re(k)$ undergoing anti-crossing and $\Im(k)$ experiencing crossing as shown in lower panel. Now, in both cases it is clearly observed that the intermediate pole is not effected by the incorporated non-hermiticity in the resonator. Even in significant change of the parameter $\tau$ it remains unaffected by other coupled poles and behaves as an isolated pole with change in the parameter $\gamma$. Thus the behavior of $ARC$s between the coupled poles for two different $\tau$ values as depicted in Fig. \[figure\_4\](a) and \[figure\_4\](b) are topologically dissimilar. So, there must be an abrupt transition between two $\tau$-values where the coupled poles coalesce at a critical square root singular point in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane; at which the associated eigenfunctions loose their identities. In complex $k$-plane, the positions approximately indicated by red crosses in upper panel (right side) of both Fig. \[figure\_4\](a) and \[figure\_4\](b) respectively are identified as the appearance of such singular point. For our chosen specific set of cavity parameters, in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane the position of this singular point have found at $\sim(0.055, 5.328)$. Cascaded state flipping around the identified singularity --------------------------------------------------------- ![(Color online) Trajectories of the three poles in complex $k$-plane (initial positions are marked by the brown circles) associated with the identified singularity denoted by red cross in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane at inset for an encircling process (blue circular path at inset) centering it with $a=0.04\ a.u.$. In $k$-plane, dotted red and blue lines represent the trajectories of the coupled poles whereas dotted black line represent the trajectories of the intermediate isolated poles after one round encirclement around the singularity in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane. The dynamics of coupled poles are depicted with respect to the $\Im(k)$ axis where the ticks labels are shown in the right sides, while the left side distribution in ticks labels correspond to the $\Im(k)$ axis to depict the dynamics of isolated pole. Such two different distribution in ticks labels corresponding to the $\Im(k)$ axis is considered for clear visibility. A zoomed in view around the passive position of the intermediate pole is also shown for clear visibility in loop formation.[]{data-label="figure_5"}](figure5.eps){width="8.5cm"} In this part we have explored an unique feature of the designed microcavity in the vicinity of the identified hidden singularity towards flipping of cavity resonances in the context of optical mode converter. Accordingly, we study the effect of encircling around this singular point. We choose circle with center at $(\gamma_0, \tau_0)$ as a closed loop in $2D$ ($\gamma, \tau$)-plane which can be expressed by the following parametric equation [@Cartarius3; @Laha2; @Ghosh; @Menke] $$\begin{aligned} &\gamma(\phi)=\gamma_{0}\left[1+a\,cos(\phi)\right]\\ &\tau(\phi)=\tau_{0}\left[1+a\,sin(\phi)\right] \end{aligned}$$ \[equation\_13\] where, $a$ $(\in [0,1])$ represents a certain small characteristics parameter (equivalent to radius of the circle) and $\phi$ $(\in [0, 2\pi])$ is a tunable angle. This method opens up a possibility to scan a large area around the singularity at once. Choosing enough small steps on the enclosing loop, motion of resonances can be properly traced. Once the described circle in parameter place is traced, successively the position exchanging behavior between the eigenvalues gives the proof about existence of an exceptional point [@Cartarius3; @Laha2; @Ghosh; @Menke]. Now choosing the identified singularity as the center, a closed contour is patterned in ($\gamma, \tau$)-plane with $a=0.04$ $a.u.$ as shown at the inset of Fig. \[figure\_5\]. The parameter $a$ have chosen in such a way that the described contour should rightly enclose the identified singularity. An anticlockwise operation has been performed along this closed contour. Now Fig. \[figure\_5\] shows how the coupled pair of poles (appear in next nearest neighbor positions) are associated with the singularity and the intermediate isolated pole is affected by such encircling process in complex $k$-plane. Here, in $k$-plane each point on the red blue and black trajectories indicate the point-to-point evolution of $S$-matrix poles from their starting positions (represented by the brown circles) with associated encircling process (following green circle at the inset) around the respective singularity (denoted by red cross at the inset) in ($\gamma, \tau$)-plane. Interestingly, as the result of one round encircling process in parameter plane around the singularity, two coupled poles have exchanged their positions in complex $k$-plane. However, the intermediate pole has completed an individual loop in same plane i.e. after complete of encircling process it returns to its initial position. Thus the intermediate pole remains unaffected by the presence of singularity inside the enclosing loop. Accordingly, another encirclement around the singularity (i.e. total two successive rounds) results that the pair of coupled poles regain their initial positions with formation of a complete loop; whereas, intermediate pole makes an extra loop exactly along the previous path in $k$-plane. Such position exchanging behavior between the coupled poles may be called as the *flip-of-states*. Trajectories marked by dotted red, blue and black curves are associated with the pair of coupled poles and intermediate isolated pole respectively. Arrows indicate the direction of progression in both $k$-plane and ($\gamma, \tau$)-plane. Now, we demonstrate a numerical observation behind the reason for isolation of intermediate pole even in presence of sufficiently effective pumping in terms of spatially unbalanced gain-loss profile. The complex cavity resonances are listed in the table \[table\_1\] for both passive and initial pumped conditions. ------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- $\Re(k)$ $\Im(k)$ $\Re(k)$ $\Im(k)$ State-1 8.683 - 0.078 8.731 0.021 State-2 (intermediate) 8.726 - 0.118 8.306 - 1.765 State-3 8.770 - 0.078 8.730 0.068 ------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- : Complex resonances of the microcavity for both passive and initial pumped conditions. All values are given in absolute unit. \[table\_1\] It has been observed that in passive cavity the imaginary part of the resonance frequencies ($\Im(k)$) are almost equal for two poles appear in next nearest neighbor position whereas the intermediate pole appears at a lower $\Im(k)$. Now when the encircling process around the singularity starts, certain amount of gain and proportionate loss (which depends on position of the respective singularity in ($\gamma, \tau$)-plane and the characteristics parameter $a$ of the enclosing loop) is imposed instantly on each of the three poles; which results in starting their movement. So after this instant initial pumping, it has been significantly noticed that there is a huge change in the value of $\Im(k)$ of the poles appearing in the next nearest neighbor positions, however there is a very small change in $\Im(k)$ of the intermediate pole. Due to this anamolous behavior of poles in $\Im(k)$, we display results in Fig. \[figure\_5\] in a different manner for clear visibility; where in same $k$-plane the trajectories of two coupled pole and the intermediate pole are depicted with two different distribution in $\Im(k)$-axis as shown in the right and left sides respectively. For clear visibility in the loop formation for the case of intermediate pole, we also present a zoomed out view around its position in $k$-plane. Essentially, the factor $\Im(k)$ physically represents the resonance width. Thus from this numerical observation it can be said that the resonance width may be responsible for this anamolous interaction process [@Menke]. Because of sufficient change in $\Im(k)$, the poles appearing in the next nearest neighbor positions are coupled as we increase the pumping, and depicts the phenomena of flip-of-sates following the adiabatic encirclement around associated singularity. Whereas due to exact opposite behavior of $Im(k)$ (i.e. very little change due to initial pumping) of the intermediate state, it remains unaffected by the presence of singularity even in addition of sufficient pumping. ![Approximate locations of three embedded $EP$s denoted by three red crosses in the ($\gamma, \tau$)-plane. Blue dashed line represents the exceptional line with negative tangent.[]{data-label="figure_6"}](figure6.eps){width="7cm"} ![(Color online) Trajectories of the coupled eigenvalues (initial positions are marked as the brown circles) corresponding to all three consecutive $EP$s in complex $k$-plane (denoted as three red crosses at the inset) for a common encircling process in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane around the center at $\sim(0.056, 5.325)$ (marked as blue dot in inset) with $a=0.065\ a.u.$. in presence of modest random fluctuations on the enclosing contour (described as blue fluctuated circular path at inset). Here the described prametric path encloses both $EP_1$ and $EP_2$, except $EP_3$.[]{data-label="figure_7"}](figure7.eps){width="13cm"} Thus the state flipping behavior between the pair of coupled poles associated with the identified singularity clearly establishes the fact that their dynamics is entirely controlled by the exception point ($EP$) even in presence of intermediate isolated pole. Here the $EP$ conventionally exhibits as a second order branch point for eigenvalues. This is the direct observation of exceptional singular behavior of a hidden branch point [@Cartarius3; @Laha2; @Ghosh; @Menke]. Formation of hidden singular line --------------------------------- Similarly, tuning the factor $\tau$ over the amount of gain-coefficient $\gamma$, we have encountered at least three different $EP$s in $(\gamma,\tau)$-plane with deliberate identification of three different set of poles, where each set must contain three distinguished poles according to the proposed scheme. To correlate all the identified $EP$s, we plot them in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane as shown in Fig. \[figure\_6\] where each red cross denotes each of the embedded $EP$s in the cavity. Here, blue dotted line gives the best fitting which indicates that the identified $EP$s follow a special straight line in parameter plane which may be called as hidden singular line. Here such hidden singular line is termed as [*exceptional line*]{}. Previously, this formation of exceptional line has been reported for the first time by the authors while considering the nearest neighbor coupling situations between the consecutive poles to explore $EP$s in a different class of Fabry-Perot microcavities [@Laha2]. As all the identified second order $EP$s in the designed cavity are correlated by an single exceptional line, successive state switching between the $EP$s has been achieved straight forwardly i.e. simply by tuning the coupling parameters $\gamma$ and $\tau$ adiabatically. Towards the exploration of unconventional optical effects associated with $EP$s, the formation of such exceptional line brings in a new degree of freedom for manipulation of cavity resonances. Stable optical performance towards cascaded state-flipping mechanism -------------------------------------------------------------------- Exploiting the special feature of exceptional line, we explore the stable optical performance of the designed microcavity in the vicinity of identified $EP$s via numerical exemplification of robustness of associated flip-of-state phenomena. A common encircling process in parameter plane has been chosen to explore such flip-of-state phenomena corresponding to all the identified $EP$s in complex $k$-plane at a time. Associated results are displayed in Fig. \[figure\_7\]. To consider all the $EP$s with respect to the same enclosing process, the center of described loop has chosen at any arbitrary point following exceptional line in ($\gamma, \tau$)-plane say at $\sim(0.056, 5.325)$ (denoted by black dot at the inset); i.e. none of the $EP$s represent the center of described contour in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane. The characteristics parameter $a$ has chosen as $0.075$ $a.u.$ to enclose $EP_1$ and $EP_2$ only; except $EP_3$ (as shown in inset of Fig. \[figure\_7\]). So we can observe the effect of encircling on $EP$s for both inside and outside the enclosing loop in same $k$-plane. Here exceptional line has been exploited to shift the encircling parameter set around the particularly chosen arbitrary center between three identified $EP$s and accordingly the dynamics of the poles corresponding to each $EP$ have been analyzed. We have also added some deliberate random fluctuations on the enclosing loop to substantiate the rigidity of described state-flipping behavior associated with each $EP$ against unwanted fabrication tolerances of state-of-the-art techniques due to various real natural effects. Now following the one round encircling process along the described contour in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane, it has been observed that the coupled poles associated with $EP_1$ and $EP_2$ are exchanging their positions in a very generic fashion; while the coupled poles corresponding to $EP_3$ are constructing the individual loops in complex $k$-plane. Accordingly, for two successive encirclement along the contour in parameter plane the eigenvalues corresponding to the first two $EP$s have formed complete loop (two individual complete loop corresponding to different $EP$) in $k$-plane after second permutation; whereas eigenvalues corresponding to $EP_3$ traversed the exact previous path once again avoiding any kind of permutations. We also study the trajectories of intermediate isolated poles associated with each $EP$. However, here also they have behaved in previous manner as expected i.e. all of them are unaffected by presence of other singularities and remain isolated making individual loops followed by the described encirclement process. Hence purposely we exclude the trajectories of isolated poles form Fig. \[figure\_7\] for clear visibility of trajectories of the coupled poles associate with the described encirclement process around the $EP$s. Thus the flip-of-states phenomena around $EP$s is omnipresent until the one-to-one coupling restriction is topologically preserved and the identified $EP$s must be untouched by the deformations in parametric loop. Contextually, due to substantial modifications in the encircling process the microcavity may support secondary states unconventionally which can interact with both scattering as well as isolated states in the microcavity [@Laha2]. As a result, described one-to-one coupling restriction between the resonances with an intermediate isolated resonance may be interrupted and then the singular behavior of the identified $EP$s may be destroyed i.e. state-flipping behavior should no longer be stabled. Thus from the results described in Fig. \[figure\_7\] the following conclusions should be drawn. The state-flipping behavior in $k$-plane corresponding to each identified $EP$ is independent as unaffected by the presence of any other $EP$ inside or outside the contour in $(\gamma, \tau)$-plane. Such optical performances of the designed cavity present the robust behavior even in presence of parameter fluctuations/ deformations. Hence, robust behavior of flip-of-state phenomena is extremely promising for device level implementation using any state-of-the-art fabrication technique with modest tolerances. Conclusions =========== In summary, using $S$-matrix formalism we have modeled a non $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric two port open Fabry-Perot styled optical microcavity to explore a non-trivial next nearest neighbor resonance interaction which is entirely controlled by the system topology i.e. geometry of the cavity and spatial distribution of unbalanced gain-loss. Non-uniform variation in background real refractive index has adopted purposely to introduce an inherent non-linearity in distribution of $S$-matrix poles in complex eigenvalue plane. Adjusting the factor $\tau$ over gain co-efficient $\gamma$, three different second order $EP$s have been embedded in operating parameter plane of the cavity under strict restriction of one-to-one coupling. Unveiling the formation of special exceptional line in the parameter plane supported by each identified $EP$s, we explore unique cascaded state-flipping mechanism between the coupled poles corresponding to the encircled $EP$s with successive state switching between them along the reported special line. We have established that if an $EP$ is rightly encircled by the parametric loop which may centered either at that $EP$ or any arbitrary point following the exceptional line, then associated flip-of-state phenomena is ubiquitous. Moreover, this occurs irrespective from presence of any other $EP$ inside the described parametric loop. Such state-flipping mechanism is evident even in presence of moderate deformation/ fluctuations on parameter variation during encircling process. Hence exploring the special next-nearest-neighbor coupling scheme and exploiting the concept of exceptional line, stable optical performance of such degenerate microcavity has been achieved by establishing the robustness of unique state-flipping behavior in the vicinity of $EP$s even in presence of an intermediate isolated resonance between two coupled resonances. Recent developments in the fabrication technology for growth of such optical microcavities with high precision and control may open up a new platform to implement high performances integrated photonic devices on chip. Funding Information {#funding-information .unnumbered} =================== This work acknowledges the financial support by Department of Science and Technology (DST), India under the INSPIRE Faculty Fellow grant \[IFA-12; PH-23\]. [1]{} L.J. Kijewski, and M.P. Kawatra, “One-dimensional Ising model with long-range interaction”, Phys. Lett. A **31**, 479–480 (1970). M. Bernaschi, L. Biferale, L.A. Fernandez, U.M.B. Marconi, R. Petronzio, and A. Tarancon, “Renormalization group study of the three state three dimensional Potts model”, Phys. Lett. B **231**, 157–160 (1989). K. Fang, G.W. Fernando, and A.N. Kocharian, “Pairing enhancement in Betts lattices with next nearest neighbor couplings: exact results”, Phys. Lett. A **376**, 538–543 (2012). S-J. Gu, H. Li, Y-Q. Li, and H-Q. Lin, “Entanglement of the Heisenberg chain with the next-nearest-neighbor interaction”, Phys. Rev. A **70**, 052302 (2004). 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H. Cartarius, J. Main, and G. Wunner, “Exceptional points in the spectra of atoms in external fields”, Phys. Rev. A **79**, 053408 (2009). A. Laha, and S.N. Ghosh, “Connected hidden singularities and toward successive state flipping in degenerate optical microcavities”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B **34**, 238–244 (2017). S.N. Ghosh, and Y.D. Chong, “Hidden singularities and asymmetric mode conversion in quasi-guided dual-mode optical waveguides”, Sci. Rep. **6**,19837 (2016). A. Laha, and S.N. Ghosh, “Suppression of excess noise of longer-lived high-quality states in nonuniformly pumped optical microcavities”, Opt. Lett. **41**, 942–945 (2016). H. Menke, M. Klett, H. Cartarius, J. Main, and G. Wunner, “State flip at exceptional points in atomic spectra”, Phys. Rev. A **93**, 013401 (2016). R. Lefebvre, O. Atabek, M. Šindelka, and N. Moiseyev, “Resonance Coalescence in Molecular Photodissociation”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **103**, 123003 (2009). M.V. Berry, “Mode degeneracies and the Petermann excess-noise factor for unstable lasers” J. Mod. Opt. **50**, 63–81 (2003). C. Dembowski, H.D. Gräf, H.L. Harney, A. Heine, W.D. Heiss, H. Rehfeld and A. Richter, “Experimental Observation of the Topological Structure of Exceptional Points”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **86**, 787–790 (2001). J. Wiersig, “Sensors operating at exceptional points: General theory”, Phys. Rev. A **93**, 033809 (1–9) (2016). J. Wiersig, “Enhancing the Sensitivity of Frequency and Energy Splitting Detection by Using Exceptional Points: Application to Microcavity Sensors for Single-Particle Detection”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **112**, 203901 (2014). H. Hodaei, A.U. Hassan, W.E. Hayenga, M.A. Miri, D.N. Christodoulides, and M. Khajavikhan, “Dark-state lasers: mode management using exceptional points”, Opt. Lett. **41**, 3049–3052 (2016). C. Dembowski, B. Dietz, H.D. Gräf, H.L. Harney, A. Heine, W.D. Heiss, and A. Richter, “Observation of a Chiral State in a Microwave Cavity”, Phys. Rev. Lett. **90**, 034101 (2003). R. Gutöhrlein, J. Main, H. Cartarius, and G. Wunner, “Bifurcations and exceptional points in dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates”, J. Phys. A **46**, 305001 (1–18) (2013). E.M. Graefe, U. G$\ddot{u}$nther, H.J. Korsch, and A.E. Niederle, “A non-Hermitian $PT$ symmetric Bose–Hubbard model: eigenvalue rings from unfolding higher-order exceptional points”, J. Phys. A **41**, 255206 (1–26) (2008). K. Ding, Z.Q. Zhang, and C.T. Chan, “Coalescence of exceptional points and phase diagrams for one-dimensional $PT$-symmetric photonic crystals” Phys. Rev. B **92**, 235310 (2015). S. Bittner, B. Dietz, H.L. Harney, M. Miski-Oglu, A. Richter, and F. Schäfer, “Scattering experiments with microwave billiards at an exceptional point under broken time-reversal invariance”, Phys. Rev. E **89**, 032909 (2014).

Highlights from the Society for Neuro Oncology annual meeting, San Francisco California, November 16-19 2017 Al Musella's Comments: (This is his personal views and are not necessarily the views of the Musella Foundation!) Our medical editor, Stephen Western, put together what we feel are the most important stories from the SNO meeting! There are a few reports of long term survivors with no recurrence after a few years - with Optune, Toca 511, and a new vaccine. If it were possible to combine these things, we may have something that is effective for the majority of patients! We are working on that - stay tuned! Posted on: 12/23/2017 Highlights from the Society for Neuro Oncology annual meeting, San Francisco California, November 16-19 2017

Introduction {#sec1_1} ============ Gallstone ileus represents a rare complication of cholelithiasis. It usually occurs in elderly female patients and symptomatic biliary disease is usually elicited from the patient\'s history. Multiple episodes of acute cholecystitis can finally result in the formation of a bilio-digestive fistula \[[@B1]\]. The variant of gallstone ileus associated with gastric outlet obstruction due to the impaction of a large gallstone in the duodenum defines Bouveret syndrome. A cholecystoduodenal fistula represents the necessary prerequisite condition. Mortality rates ranging from 12 to 30% have been reported in the literature \[[@B2]\]. Recently, the advancements in diagnostic imaging, the utilization of sophisticated endoscopic techniques as well as the introduction of the laparoscopic surgical approach set the stage for the optimization of this dismal prognosis. On the other hand, the causative correlation between cholelithiasis and acute pancreatitis appears solid \[[@B3]\]. Epidemiological data render acute pancreatitis as a relatively common complication of cholelithiasis \[[@B3]\]. However, the co-existence of the two conditions, i.e. pancreatitis and gallstone-induced gastric outlet obstruction, creates a challenging combination for both diagnosis and timely treatment. The purpose of this study was to present the unusual case of a female patient with acute pancreatitis and concomitant gallstone-induced gastric outlet obstruction, i.e. Bouveret syndrome. Case Report {#sec1_2} =========== A 61-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department complaining of mid-epigastric and right upper quadrant abdominal pain radiating band-like in the thoracic region of the back as well as repeated episodes of vomiting over the last 24 h. An episode of biliary colic had been successfully treated conservatively on an outpatient basis 7 days before. Hypertension, hyperuricemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under the proper medication summarized the patient\'s past medical history. Physical examination revealed right upper quadrant abdominal tenderness and a positive Murphy\'s sign. The patient had a body temperature of 37.8°C. Laboratory tests showed a white blood cell count of 13,500/μl and markedly elevated serum and urine amylase levels of 2,544 and 3,352 U/l, respectively. Liver function tests as well as serum bilirubin levels were within normal range. An ultrasound scan of the gallbladder revealed the presence of a large single gallstone and a common bile duct diameter of up to 9 mm. The patient was admitted to the department\'s clinic with a relatively certain diagnosis of mild acute pancreatitis as no signs of organ dysfunction were noted. Due to copious bilious vomiting, a nasogastric tube was inserted while the administration of proton pump inhibitors and broad-spectrum antibiotics was simultaneously initiated. However, despite aggressive supportive management the patient\'s symptoms failed to ameliorate during the first 24 h of observation. In addition, the markedly high bilious nasogastric tube output (\>2,000 ml/24 h) dictated further diagnostic investigation. An emergency abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast medium was carried out and confirmed the presence of edematous pancreatitis accompanied with peri-pancreatic fluid collections. Surprisingly, a gallstone obstructing the lumen of the duodenum as well as air within the gallbladder and the biliary tree were observed (**fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). With a nearly certain diagnosis of Bouveret syndrome a gastroduodenoscopy for both diagnosis confirmation and therapeutic purposes was decided. Endoscopy revealed the presence of a cholecystoduodenal fistula as well as a gallstone approximately 3 cm in diameter obstructing the lumen of the third portion of the duodenum. However, endoscopic removal of the gallstone was unsuccessful. Under these circumstances, an emergency operation was decided. Laparotomy under general anesthesia via a right subcostal Kocher incision was performed. The gallbladder was found firmly adherent to the duodenal wall and blunt dissection revealed the two openings of the fistula between the third portion of the duodenum and the gallbladder corpus. A formal cholecystectomy was then performed. A duodenotomy that elongated the opening in the duodenal wall aided the removal of the gallstone (**fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). The entire gastrointestinal tract was then palpated in order to exclude the possible presence of additional stones. The resultant defect in the duodenal wall was closed with one layer of interrupted 2-0 monofilament absorbable sutures reinforced with the application of a surgical adhesive material. Finally, a pyloric exclusion and a gastrojejunostomy were added. One silicon drain was placed adjacent to the duodenum. Postoperative recovery was episodic, with aggravation of the existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring aggressive postoperative pulmonary toilet. Additional imaging workup one month after the procedure due to pain recurrence revealed the presence of a 4 cm pancreatic pseudocyst. However, conservative treatment proved adequate for the management of this complication. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 45th postoperative day. Discussion {#sec1_3} ========== Bouveret syndrome is defined as gastric outlet obstruction caused by a relatively large gallstone. Given that the 'normal' route -- cystic duct, common bile duct, ampulla of Vater -- is of insufficient range in order to allow the migration of large gallstones into the duodenum, the presence of a cholecystoduodenal fistula is the prerequisite that provides the gallstone access to the gastrointestinal tract. Generally, gallstone ileus occurs in approximately 15% of patients after the formation of a bilio-digestive fistula, with the duodenum involved only in 2--3% of cases \[[@B2], [@B4]\]. Rigler\'s triad, i.e. bowel obstruction, air in the biliary tree and an ectopic gallstone, is the hallmark for imaging diagnosis \[[@B5]\]. CT scan is currently considered as the imaging modality of choice in order to identify the indirect signs of Rigler\'s triad and to confirm the diagnosis \[[@B6]\]. The role of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography still remains secondary and adjuvant to CT \[[@B6]\]. The nonspecific clinical symptoms triad of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting characterizes Bouveret syndrome \[[@B1]\]. Patient age, comorbidities as well as the size of the gallstone determine the prognosis \[[@B1]\]. Early accurate diagnosis and an appropriately chosen therapeutic strategy can reduce the reported high morbidity and mortality rates \[[@B2]\]. Besides endoscopy that is currently considered as the first-line treatment, laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted procedures have been successfully employed, offering alternative treatment options \[[@B2]\]. However, open surgery is still the mainstream of definitive treatment, by resolving the obstruction, removing the gallbladder and finally restoring the anatomic defects, i.e. fistula. In this study, we present an interesting case of complicated cholelithiasis in a female patient manifesting with an unusual clinical combination. A diagnosis of pancreatitis based on the presence of characteristic band-like abdominal pain as well as on the elevation of plasma levels of pancreatic enzymes was initially correctly established. Nausea and vomiting, present in up to 90% of patients with pancreatitis, further advocated the diagnosis \[[@B3]\]. The relatively certain diagnosis of pancreatitis in the setting of the emergency department rendered an early abdominal CT scan unnecessary. However, the unpredictable clinical course of the patient with a copious amount of vomiting as noted from the nasogastric tube output dictated a detailed imaging evaluation. Interestingly, the CT scan performed confirmed the concurrent presence of two pathologies with relatively similar clinical presentations, i.e. acute pancreatitis and Bouveret syndrome. Initial endoscopic treatment failed; the size of the stone and the distorted anatomy due to the presence of inflammation were the main arguments. Under these circumstances, a surgical approach was decided where gallstone removal was followed by cholecystectomy and restoration of the normal anatomy by eliminating the fistula. However, controversies do exist especially in cases of lower gallstone-induced intestinal obstructions. The need for cholecystectomy and repair of the cholecystoduodenal fistula in one surgical procedure has been questioned \[[@B7], [@B8]\]. The one-stage procedure has been associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates compared with simple enterolithotomy alone \[[@B7], [@B8]\]. However, low-risk patients should be offered the one-stage definite procedure given that the appropriate surgical expertise is available \[[@B9]\]. In conclusion, Bouveret syndrome is a rare form of gallstone ileus. Attempts for endoscopic removal of the impacted stone should be the initial approach. Surgery, either open or laparoscopic, should be reserved for cases refractory to the endoscopic approach and when definite treatment is the actual challenge. Disclosure Statement {#sec1_4} ==================== The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. {#F1} {#F2}

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Cardinals created by Benedict XII Pope Benedict XII (r. 1334–1342) created six new cardinals in one consistory celebrated on 18 December 1338: Gozzio Battaglia, patriarch of Constantinople – cardinal-priest of S. Prisca (received the title on 12 May 1339), † 10 June 1348 Bertrand de Déaulx, archbishop of Embrun – cardinal-priest of S. Marco (received the title on 16 January 1339), then (4 November 1348) cardinal-bishop of Sabina, † 21 October 1355 Pierre Roger, O.S.B., archbishop of Rouen – cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo (received the title on 12 May 1339), became Pope Clement VI on 7 May 1342, † 6 December 1352 Guillaume de Court, O.Cist., bishop of Albi – cardinal-priest of SS. IV Coronati (received the title on 16 January 1339), then (18 December 1350) cardinal-bishop of Tusculum, † 12 June 1361 Bernard d'Albi, bishop of Rodez – cardinal-priest of S. Ciriaco alle Terme (received the title on 2 August 1339), then (19 January 1349) cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, † 23 November 1350 Guillaume d'Aure, O.S.B., abbot of Montolieu – cardinal-priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio (received the title on 16 January 1339), † 3 December 1353 Several later authors claimed that cardinal-priest of S. Stefano created in this consistory was Raymond de Montfort, O. de M., who died before the news of his promotion reached him, and it was only in January 1339 when Pope Benedict XII promoted Guillaume d'Aure in his place. Even Eubel (1913) still accepted this story. However, the contemporary Vitae Benedicti XII, and especially the documents from the registers of Benedict XII clearly deny this legend. Guillaume d'Aure is mentioned among the six newly created cardinals from the very beginning, and the alleged promotion of Montfort is not mentioned at all. As early as on 22 December 1338 Guillaume d'Aure is explicitly referred to as cardinal of the Holy Roman Church. References Sources Konrad Eubel: Hierarchia Catholica, I, 1913, p. 17 Etienne Blauze: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vols. I-II, ed. G. Mollat, Paris 1916-1927 J. M. Vidal, Benoit XII. Lettres de communes, vol. II, Paris 1910 Benedict XII Category:Avignon Papacy Category:College of Cardinals Category:14th-century Catholicism

Security (public) User Story the reports table saves a small subset of the raw crash data. Each time the a new field is added to the raw_crash for which someone wants access, we've got to modify the schema of the reports table. By saving the entire raw crash json, we don't have to modify the reports table. This will necessitate getting the crashmover to write to both HBase and PG. This change enables crashmover to actually do this. The using the `PolyCrashStorage` class in the crashmover with both HBase and Postgres will allow this. Of course, one thing that could be strange here is that we restrict access to fields with private data, and the raw JSON definitely contains private data - so we might need to restrict access to that as well - which makes it harder for someone like me to run reports against that data as the user we access the DB with doesn't have access to private data, and so we need to move fields from that raw JSON into a different, public spot again if we want us to have access... Also, note that there can be quite huge stuff in the raw JSON, like the 200 lines of logcat on newer Android versions. (In reply to Robert Kaiser (:[email protected]) from comment #2) > Of course, one thing that could be strange here is that we restrict access > to fields with private data, and the raw JSON definitely contains private > data - so we might need to restrict access to that as well - which makes it > harder for someone like me to run reports against that data as the user we > access the DB with doesn't have access to private data, and so we need to > move fields from that raw JSON into a different, public spot again if we > want us to have access... > Also, note that there can be quite huge stuff in the raw JSON, like the 200 > lines of logcat on newer Android versions. Thanks for raising these issues. This is all easily addressed - and I think largely *already addressed*, for the following reasons: 1) There is a limited amount of PII in PostgreSQL currently, primarily in the reports table and also in the email-related table (a feature that hasn't been turned on yet, afaik) 2) PostgreSQL has supported column-level permissions since version 8.4: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-grant.html And the analyst user already operates with a limited view of the data. 3) The raw JSON will be in it's own table. Our suspicion is that we will be creating special reporting tables with aggregate information from the primary JSON table. Let me know if I've missed something here!

Q: Possible ways to sort elements of set so that all elements of type x are next to each other. We have a set $A=\{a_1, a_2, ..., a_{2n}\}$ such that $|A|=2n$. We have subsets of $A$, $G = \{a_1, a_2, ..., a_n\}$, $B=\{a_{n+1}, a_{n+2}, ..., a_{2n}\}$. For the sake of this example, lets say $A$ is all the students in a classrom; $G$ are girls and $B$ are boys. There are $n$ girls and $n$ boys, such that in total there are $2n$ students. We are asked to line these students so that all girls are together forming a single block on the line. For example, if first letters of the alphabet are girls and last are boys, $wxyabcdefzuv$ In this line we have three boys, $wxy$, six girls, $abcdef$, and three other boys $efg$ lined up in a way that all girls are together. Of course in this example $n=6$. The question is: how many possible ways are there to sort the students for any value of $n$ so that girls are all next to each other on the line? What I've tried so far is to state that, when forming a line, I can either choose a boy or a girl. So I have $2n$ possibilities, $n$ for choosing a girl and $n$ for choosing a boy. If I choose a boy, my alternatives for the second choice are down to $n-1$ for the boys and still $n$ for the girls. If, on the other hand, I'd chosen a girl, my alternatives would have been $(n-1)!$, this is all the girls that I didnt choose in the first place. In either decisition, it seems I can choose $n!$ for the boys or $n!$ for the girls, so the ways to line them up should be $n! + n!=2n!$ But I then supposed $n=3$ and tested the possibilities and I think there are more than $3! + 3!=12$. What am I getting wrong? A: Treat the girls as a block. Then we have $n + 1$ objects to arrange, the $n$ boys and the block of $n$ girls. The objects can be arranged in $(n + 1)!$ ways. The girls can be arranged within the block in $n!$ ways. Hence, there are $(n + 1)!n!$ ways to arrange $n$ boys and $n$ girls in a row if all $n$ girls are together. To keep the numbers manageable, consider the case of two boys and two girls. Suppose the boys are Alan and Bruce and the girls are Claire and Debra. The block of girls must start in the first, second, or third position. The block of girls, Alan, and Bruce can be arranged in $3!$ ways. The girls can be arranged within the block in $2!$ ways, giving us $3!2! = 12$ possible arrangements. They are Alan, Bruce, Claire, Debra Bruce, Alan, Claire, Debra Alan, Bruce, Debra, Claire Bruce, Alan, Debra, Claire Alan, Claire, Debra, Bruce Bruce, Claire, Debra, Alan Alan, Debra, Claire, Bruce Bruce, Debra, Claire, Alan Claire, Debra, Alan, Bruce Claire, Debra, Bruce, Alan Debra, Claire, Alan, Bruce Debra, Claire, Bruce, Alan

FILE PHOTO: The logo of Apple company is seen outside an Apple store in Bordeaux, France, March 22, 2019. REUTERS/Regis Duvignau (Reuters) - Apple Inc AAPL.O is in the final stages of certifying advanced screens from Chinese display maker BOE Technology Group Co Ltd 000725.SZ for its iPhones, as it attempts to reduce reliance on Samsung Electronics, the Nikkei reported on Wednesday. Apple will decide by the end of this year whether to take BOE on as a supplier of organic light-emitting displays (OLED), the Japanese business daily reported, citing sources. Apple did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The iPhone maker is "aggressively testing" BOE's flexible OLED, raising the possibility that Apple could for the first time source this advanced display technology from China, according to the report. (s.nikkei.com/2Z8Axf9)

The present invention relates to a probe adapted to be used with a pulse oximeter which enables measurement of oxygen saturation of arterial blood (SpO2) while being attached to a finger of a hand or a toe of a foot of a subject. For measurement of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood of a subject, there has hitherto been used a probe adapted to be used with a pulse oximeter. In the pulse oximeter, a light emitting element and a light receiving element, which pair up with each other, are disposed opposite each other with a piece of tissue of a living body interposed therebetween, and oxygen saturation of arterial blood is determined by measuring the intensity of the light having passed through the tissue of the living body. A probe, which has hitherto been known as a probe for a pulse oximeter of this type, has housings to which, e.g., a light emitting element and a light receiving element are mounted so as to oppose each other, and the housings are opened and closed while being pivoted around a joint shaft in the manner of a clothespin (see U.S. Pat, No. 4,685,464). With a spring (a clip), the light emitting element and the light receiving element are impelled so as to come close to each other. This probe is used for fingers of a hand, and the housings are attached to the finger of the subject in a pinching manner. That is, the subject's finger is sandwiched between the housings. However, the two mutually-opposing housings are actuated around the joint shaft to thus open, or close. Hence, when variations exist among individuals in terms of thickness or size, as in the case of a finger, difficulty is encountered in causing a single probe to conform to all subjects. The probe cannot be appropriately attached to a finger which is greater than a predetermined thickness, and encounters difficulties of being displaced from a measurement site or becoming readily detached from the same. Since the spring force used for opening and closing the housings is specified, pain is inflicted when the probe is continuously attached over a long period of time. For this reason, the probe is inconvenient for use in, e.g., screening inspection of SAS (Sleep Apnea Syndrome), which requires attachment of a probe overnight. In contrast with the probe adapted to be used with a pulse oximeter of such a spring (clip) type, there is also proposed another probe (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,059). The probe comprises a first casing section having a light receiving element, and a second casing section having a light emitting element, the casing sections being connected so as to be V-shaped. An adhesive member is provided at least on an interior surface of the first casing section. A nail of a finger or a toe of the subject is sandwiched between the first and second casing sections, to thus measure oxygen saturation of arterial blood. In order to fix this probe to the measurement site of the subject, providing the adhesive member to the interior surface of the casing section is indispensable. The thus-configured probe is configured such that the first and second casing sections are connected so as to possess some degree of resilience. However, in order to cause the probe to be appropriately fixed to all fingers or the like, which vary in thickness or size among individuals, providing the adhesive member is indispensable. When dust, or the like, adheres to the adhesive member and this probe is reused, the accuracy of measurement is adversely affected, and a problem of sanitary administration is also raised. Moreover, a disposable probe of an adhesive sheet structure has also been proposed as a probe which differs from the above-described probes in terms of structure (see Japanese Utility Model No. 2547840). However, when screening inspection of SAS is performed at home, the subject must wear this probe by himself/herself. In such a case, no limitations are imposed on a location where the probe is to be attached. However, attaching the probe to an appropriate measurement site requires knowledge or a technique. Further, the subject encounters difficulty in attaching the probe by himself or herself. As mentioned previously, a required technique is required when the probe for a pulse oximeter is appropriately attached to a measurement site, and difficulty is encountered in the subject wearing the probe. Further, when the subject has attached the probe by himself/herself, the quality of measurement is often dependent on the state of attachment. For this reason, in order to accurately measure oxygen saturation of arterial blood, operation performed by a specialized engineer or by nursing personnel is required. There may be a case where long-duration attachment of the probe results in an increase in a sense of discomfort created by the living tissue in the measurement site, so that the subject takes the probe off consciously or subconsciously the probe for reasons of aches. Attaching the probe over a long period of time results in an increase in the chance of occurrence of a pressure mark, caused by localized pressure of the measurement site, and occurrence of blisters. Hence, the point where the probe is to be attached needs to be changed frequently, which in turn results in an increase in the burden imposed on the operator who performs measurement.

FILE - In this Aug. 22, 2013 file photo, former New York Gov. Eliot Spitzer participates in a primary debate for New York City comptroller in the WCBS-TV studios, in New York. The New York Police Department says detectives are looking into Jamie Antolini's claim that Spitzer, the disgraced former New York governor who resigned in 2008 amid revelations that he had sex with prostitutes, threatened to stab him during an irate interaction in a Manhattan restaurant. (AP Photo/Frank Franklin II, File) FILE - In this Aug. 22, 2013 file photo, former New York Gov. Eliot Spitzer participates in a primary debate for New York City comptroller in the WCBS-TV studios, in New York. The New York Police Department says detectives are looking into Jamie Antolini's claim that Spitzer, the disgraced former New York governor who resigned in 2008 amid revelations that he had sex with prostitutes, threatened to stab him during an irate interaction in a Manhattan restaurant. (AP Photo/Frank Franklin II, File) NEW YORK (AP) — Detectives are looking into a man’s claim that disgraced former Gov. Eliot Spitzer threatened to stab him during an irate interaction in a restaurant, police said Sunday. Jamie Antolini filed a complaint on Friday regarding an argument earlier in the month, authorities said. Antolini said he was having dinner Jan. 2 when Spitzer went into the Manhattan restaurant and became angry at hearing Antolini loudly praise someone Spitzer had publicly fought with during his years in the public sector. Police said Antolini accused Spitzer of threatening him with bodily harm, including stabbing him with a knife, and making statements that he would kill him. Spitzer spokeswoman Lisa Linden said that there was an argument started by a restaurant patron and that Spitzer initially ignored his remarks. She said at no time did Spitzer make any threats. Spitzer, a Democrat, resigned in 2008 amid revelations that he had sex with prostitutes. Before being governor, he had been the state attorney general.

Effect of long-range interactions on the phase transition of Axelrod's model. Axelrod's model with F=2 cultural features, where each feature can assume k states drawn from a Poisson distribution of parameter q, exhibits a continuous nonequilibrium phase transition in the square lattice. Here we use extensive Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling to study the critical behavior of the order parameter ρ, which is the fraction of sites that belong to the largest domain of an absorbing configuration averaged over many runs. We find that it vanishes as ρ∼(q_{c}^{0}-q)^{β} with β≈0.25 at the critical point q_{c}^{0}≈3.10 and that the exponent that measures the width of the critical region is ν^{0}≈2.1. In addition, we find that introduction of long-range links by rewiring the nearest-neighbors links of the square lattice with probability p turns the transition discontinuous, with the critical point q_{c}^{p} increasing from 3.1 to 27.17, approximately, as p increases from 0 to 1. The sharpness of the threshold, as measured by the exponent ν^{p}≈1 for p>0, increases with the square root of the number of nodes of the resulting small-world network.

"Joshua D. Drake" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > Tom Lane wrote: >> I believe the reason we keep it separate is so that people can easily >> make crypto-free versions of PG for use in countries where encryption >> capability is considered subject to arms regulations. Not sure how >> important that case really is today, but it was a big consideration >> last time this was discussed. > That is a good question but in reality people who need to do so, can get > the source from a mirror that is outside the country that has the rules. You miss the point. Everybody knows that those laws are not too hard to circumvent if you are willing to break the law. The question is how hard is it for someone to distribute Postgres into one of those countries *without* breaking any local law. We won't be making things better if we make it difficult or impossible to put together a crypto-free PG distribution; we'll just be cutting off some potential users. As Peter keeps pointing out, this urge to push everything into core is misguided anyway. The fact that you can build useful functionality as extension modules is a strength of PG, not a weakness, and we should build on that strength instead of running away from it. If you ask me we should be working on these things: * Better packaging support, eg make it easier to add/remove an extension module and control how pg_dump deals with it. We talked about that awhile back but nobody did anything with the ideas. * Better documentation for the contrib modules; some of them are reasonably well doc'd now, but many are not, and in almost all cases it's only plain text not SGML. * Better advertising, for instance make the contrib documentation available on the website (which probably requires SGML conversion to happen first...) regards, tom lane ---------------------------(end of broadcast)--------------------------- TIP 2: Don't 'kill -9' the postmaster