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He served with distinction in the Apache Wars, including the Red River War relocating Southern Plains tribes to reservations in Oklahoma. |
General Pope made political enemies in Washington when he recommended that the reservation system would be better administered by the military than the corrupt Indian Bureau. |
He also engendered controversy by calling for better and more humane treatment of Native Americans, but author Walter Donald Kennedy notes that he also said "It is my purpose to utterly exterminate the Sioux" and planned to make a "final settlement with all these Indians". |
Pope's reputation suffered a serious blow in 1879 when a late-convened Board of Inquiry called by President Rutherford B. Hayes and led by Maj. Gen. John Schofield (Pope's immediate predecessor in the Department of the Missouri and then head of the Department of the Pacific) concluded that Major General Fitz John Porter had been unfairly convicted of cowardice and disobedience at the Second Battle of Bull Run. |
The Schofield report used evidence of former Confederate commanders and concluded that Pope himself bore most of the responsibility for the Union loss. |
The report characterized Pope as reckless and dangerously uninformed about events during the battle, also criticized General Irvin McDowell (whom Pope detested), and credited Porter's perceived disobedience with saving the Union army from complete ruin. |
Pope was promoted to major general in the Regular Army in 1882 and was assigned to command of the Military Division of the Pacific in 1883 where he served until his retirement. |
Pope retired as a major general in the Regular Army on March 16, 1886, and his wife, Clara Pope, died two years later. |
The "National Tribune" serialized his memoirs, publishing them between February 1887 and March 1891. |
General Pope died on September 23, 1892 at the Ohio Soldiers' Home near Sandusky, Ohio. |
He is buried beside his wife in Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri. |
Ferrari 308 |
Ferrari 308 refers to a 3 liter 8-cylinder Ferrari sports car, of which there were two different models: |
List of viscountcies in the peerages of Britain and Ireland |
This article is a list of viscountcies in the peerages of Britain and Ireland, including the England, the Scotland, the Ireland, the Great Britain and the Peerage of the United Kingdom, listed in order of creation, including extant, extinct and abeyant titles. |
A viscount is the fourth rank in the peerage of the United Kingdom, Great Britain, England, Scotland and Ireland. |
A relatively late introduction, holders of the title take precedence after earls and before barons. |
The term "viscount" ("vice-comes") was originally a judicial honorific, long used in Anglo-Norman England to refer to a county sheriff. |
It was only turned into a noble title, with hereditary dignity, in England by Henry VI in 1440, following the similar transformation of that title in France. |
The majority of viscountcies are held by peers with higher titles, such as duke, marquess or earl; this can come about for a number of reasons, including the title being created as a subsidiary title at the same time as the higher peerage, the holder being elevated at a later time to a higher peerage or through inheritance when one individual is the heir to two separate titles. |
Viscounts were created in the peerages of England and Scotland until the Act of Union 1707, thereafter being created in the peerage of Great Britain. |
After the Acts of Union 1800 came into effect in 1801, all peerages were created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. |
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland were created by English and British monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland. |
Irish peers were not initially granted a seat in the House of Lords and so allowed the grantee to sit in the House of Commons. |
Viscounts of Ireland have precedence below peers of England, Scotland, and Great Britain of the same rank, and above peers of the United Kingdom of the same rank; but Irish peers created after 1801 yield to United Kingdom peers of earlier creation. |
A number of Speakers of the House of Commons have been elevated to the peerage as viscounts. |
Of the nineteen Speakers between 1801 and 1983, eleven were made viscounts, five were made barons, one refused a peerage and two died in office (and their widows were created a viscountess and a baroness). |
The last such was George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy upon his retirement in 1983. |
Since then it has had become more common to grant life peerages to retiring Speakers. |
In British practice, the title of a viscount may be either a place name, a surname, or a combination thereof: examples include the Viscount Falmouth, the Viscount Hardinge and the Viscount Colville of Culross, respectively. |
An exception exists for Viscounts in the peerage of Scotland, who were traditionally styled "The Viscount "of" [X]", such as the Viscount of Arbuthnott. |
In practice, however, very few maintain this style, instead using the more common version "The Viscount [X]" in general parlance. |
Many extant viscountcies are used as courtesy titles; a specifically British custom is the heir apparent of an earl or marquess being referred to as a viscount, if the second most senior title held by the head of the family is a viscount. |
For example, the eldest son of the Earl Howe is Viscount Curzon, because this is the second most senior title held by the Earl. |
However, the son of a marquess or an earl can be referred to as a viscount when the title of viscount is not the second most senior if those above it share their name with the substantive title. |
For example, the second most senior title of the Marquess of Salisbury is the Earl of Salisbury, so his heir uses the lower title of Viscount Cranborne, to avoid any possible confusion caused by them both being referred to as "Lord Salisbury". |
Sometimes the son of a peer can be referred to as a viscount even when he could use a more senior courtesy title which differs in name from the substantive title. |
Family tradition plays a role in this. |
For example, the eldest son of the Marquess of Londonderry is Viscount Castlereagh, even though the Marquess is also the Earl Vane. |
T6 |
T6 or T-6 may refer to: |
Football League Second Division |
The Football League Second Division was the second level division in the English football league system between 1892 and 1992. |
Following the formation of the FA Premier League, it became the third level division. |
After the rebranding of the football league in 2003-04, it became known as Football League One. |
In 1888, Scotsman William McGregor a director of Aston Villa, was the main force between meetings held in London and Manchester involving 12 football clubs, with an eye to a league competition. |
These 12 clubs would later become the Football League's 12 founder members. |
The meetings were held in London on 22 March 1888. |
The main concern was that an early exit in the knockout format of the FA Cup could leave clubs with no matches for almost a year; not only could they suffer heavy financial losses, but fans did not wait long without a game, when other teams were playing. |
Matters were finalised on 17 April in Manchester. |
McGregor had voted against the name The Football League, as he was concerned that it would be associated with the Irish Land League. |
But this name still won by a majority vote and was selected. |
The competition guaranteed fixtures for all of its member clubs. |
Geographically, these were split equally between the North and the Midlands. |
A rival English league called the Football Alliance operated from 1889 to 1892. |
In 1892 it was decided to formally merge the two leagues, and so the "Football League Second Division" was formed, consisting mostly of Football Alliance clubs. |
The existing League clubs, plus three of the strongest Alliance clubs, comprised the Football League First Division. |
The Second Division was formed in 1892 with 12 clubs, most of which had previously played in the Football Alliance. |
The original members were: Ardwick (now Manchester City), Bootle, Burton Swifts, Crewe Alexandra, Darwen, Grimsby Town, Lincoln City, Northwich Victoria, Port Vale, Sheffield United, Small Heath (now Birmingham City), and Walsall. |
Manchester City and Leicester City jointly hold the record for most second tier championships (7). |
It expanded over the years to its final total of 24 clubs, as follows: |
For the first few years, there was no automatic promotion to the First Division. |
Instead, the top few teams in Division Two, including the winners, contested a series of test matches against the bottom teams in Division One. |
Small Heath, Second Division champions in 1892–93, were denied promotion after losing in test matches to Newton Heath. |
However, runners-up Sheffield United beat Accrington to become the first team to win promotion to the First Division. |
Test matches were abolished in 1898 after Burnley and Stoke conspired to deliberately draw their test match 0–0, which resulted in Burnley being promoted and Stoke being saved from relegation. |
Relegation to the Football League Third Division was in place in the season before the latter even started, as Grimsby Town (last place in 1919–20) made way for Cardiff City and formed the new Third Division with southern clubs. |
For subsequent seasons, two clubs were relegated into either the Third Division North or Third Division South depending on their geographical location. |
When the Third Division was reunified in 1958–59, the relegation arrangement was kept; a third club began being relegated in 1974. |
See List of teams promoted from the English Football League Championship and predecessors for winners from 1893 to 1992 and List of winners of English Football League One and predecessors for winners from 1993 to 2004. |
Michael Scammell |
Michael Scammell (born 1935) is an English author, biographer and translator of Slavic literature. |
Michael Scammell was born in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, England, attended Brockenhurst Grammar School, and after two years working as a copy boy for the "Southern Daily Echo" in Southampton, was drafted into the British army, spending most of his time at the Joint Services School for Linguists in Cambridge and Bodmin, where he was trained as a Russian interpreter. |
In 1958 he earned a B.A. |
degree with first class honors in Slavic Studies from the University of Nottingham, and edited the prize-winning student newspaper, "The Gongster". |
Having spent a year teaching English at the University of Ljubljana in the former Yugoslavia, he attended graduate school at Columbia University and later obtained his doctorate in Slavic Studies. |
While in graduate school, Scammell taught Russian Literature at Hunter College and began translating books from Russian. |
His first translation was a novel, "Cities and Years", by the Soviet author, Konstantin Fedin. |
Having been introduced to Vladimir Nabokov, he translated two of Nabokov's Russian novels into English, "The Gift" and "The Defense," followed by a translation of "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. |
After moving back to England in 1965, Scammell translated "Childhood, Boyhood and Youth" by Lev Tolstoy and a detective novel, "Petrovka 38", by the Soviet author, Yulian Semyonov. |
Two years later he joined the External Services division of the BBC as a Language Supervisor for East European Languages, and after becoming interested in the plight of Russian dissidents, translated a memoir about the post-Stalin gulag, "My Testimony", by a former prisoner, Anatoly Marchenko. |
Together with the Slovenian poet, Veno Taufer, whom he met at the BBC, he also translated a selection of modern Slovenian poetry for a special issue of "Modern Poetry in Translation". |
Many years later, he and Taufer translated a selection of poems by Slovenia's premier modern poet, Edvard Kocbek, under the title, “Nothing Is Lost.” |
In 1971, Scammell became the first director of the nonprofit Writers and Scholars International (later the Writers and Scholars Educational Trust) in London, and started the quarterly magazine, "Index on Censorship", devoted to documenting censorship worldwide and promoting freedom of expression. |
In 1976 he was asked to revive the International PEN Club's moribund Writers in Prison Committee and remained Chair for the next ten years. |
For the next few years, he edited and partly translated an anthology of censored writing, "Russia's Other Writers"; edited an illustrated catalog, "Unofficial Art from the Soviet Union" to accompany an exhibition of paintings and sculpture he helped to organize under the same name; translated "To Build a Castle" by Vladimir Bukovsky; edited and supervised the translation of a set of cultural and political essays selected by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, "From Under the Rubble"; vetted the American translation of the first two volumes of "The Gulag Archipelago" by Solzhenitsyn; and arranged for the translation and publication of Solzhenitsyn's pamphlet, "Letter to the Soviet Leaders", written shortly before the latter's expulsion from the Soviet Union. |
After meeting Solzhenitsyn in Zurich and Frankfurt, Scammell undertook to write Solzhenitsyn's biography (with the author's consent and cooperation, but without his authorization) and resigned from "Index on Censorship" to work on it full-time. |
Between 1981 and 1983 he lived in New York, chaired a seminar on censorship at New York University, ran an exchange program with Eastern Europe funded by George Soros, and attended weekly meetings of the New York Institute for the Humanities. |
Returning to England, he completed and published "Solzhenitsyn, A Biography" (1984). |
Scammell was commissioned to write the authorized biography of Arthur Koestler, which after fifteen years of research and writing was published in the United States in 2009 as "Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth Century Skeptic," and in the UK in 2010 as "Koestler, The Indispensable Intellectual." |
The book won the PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for the best biography of 2009 in the United States and the Spears Magazine Award for best biography of 2010 in the UK. |
It was also shortlisted for the 2010 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for biography. |
The New York Times Book Review listed it as one of the “100 Best Books of 2010.” |
In 2016, Scammell reported the discovery by German doctoral candidate Matthias Weßel of the original German version of Koestler's "Darkness at Noon". |
A Swiss university had archived it under the title "Koestler, Arthur. |
Rubaschow: Roman. |
Typoskript, März 1940, 326 pages." |
He deemed the discovery important because ""Darkness at Noon" is that rare specimen, a book known to the world only in translation." |
In 2018, he reported that Elsinor Verlag (publisher of the 1946 German translation) had published the German original, as "Sonnenfinsternis" ("Solar Eclipse") in May 2018, with an introduction by Scammell and an afterword by Weßel. |
He also reported a new English translation to appear in 2019, with a different introduction and appendices. |