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What a pity that David Foster Wallace is not alive today. The American novelist, formerly a junior tennis prodigy in Illinois, was once the leading chronicler of Roger Federer’s greatness. It was Foster Wallace who described Federer’s forehand as “a great liquid whip” and the man himself as “a creature whose body is both flesh and, somehow, light”. He rolled up a salvo of epigrams into a classic New York Times essay: “Roger Federer as Religious Experience.” Had he lived, Foster Wallace might have reached an even higher plane of ecstasy today. At the age of 35 years and 11 months, Federer is about to play his 11th Wimbledon final. And over the first two-thirds of the 2017 tennis season, he has delivered the greatest tennis of his career. If you don’t believe me, just ask Magnus Norman, the man widely seen as the world’s leading coach. At Queen’s last month, Norman told Telegraph Sport “For sure, Roger and Rafa [Nadal] are playing better now than they were ten years ago. They play closer to the baseline and they move much better, much faster. That’s the evolution of the game.” Few Wimbledon finals have been as imbalanced as this one in terms of popular interest and support. Marin Cilic is perhaps less of an underdog than Cedric Pioline, the little-known Frenchman who mounted a doomed attempt to overcome Pete Sampras in 1997. But only just. Pete Sampras after defeating France's Cedric Pioline in 1997 credit: AP With respect to Cilic – who is both a fine player and a charming man – he is still only Croatia’s second-most-famous tennis player after his own former coach, Goran Ivanisevic. Yes, he might have gone on David Letterman’s show after lifting the US Open title in 2014 – a victory that Ivanisevic described as “fresh blood, fresh air for tennis”. But he has not inspired the Nobel Prize-winning author, J M Coetzee, to write to his fellow novelist Paul Auster, saying, “I have just seen something like the human ideal made visible.” Men of letters usually consider sport to be beneath their notice. Yet Federer’s artistry takes him into a different sphere, where he is as likely to be compared to Mikhail Baryshnikov as to Rod Laver. The same artistic flair also makes him overwhelmingly popular with the everyday tennis fan. To quote Ivanisevic again, when you play against Federer, “you are also playing 20,000 people”. View more! However Sunday’s match progresses, one suspects that Wimbledon 2017 will be remembered not for dodgy grass, nor for rows over sexist scheduling, but for what happens to Federer. Either he becomes the first man to win an eighth Wimbledon title, overcoming the record he now shares with Sampras and the 19th century gentleman amateur William Renshaw. Or he falls at the last, showing an unexpected hint of mortality on the same Centre Court that turned him into a sporting deity in the first place. For today’s ticket-holders, it is a win-win situation. If Federer wins, there will be a party in SW19, no matter how easily the job is done. If he is to be beaten, then Cilic will have to produce one of those note-perfect attacking performances – think not only of his own dash to the title in New York three years ago, but also of Stan Wawrinka’s win over Novak Djokovic in the 2015 French Open final – that leave scorch-marks on the court. Roger Federer celebrates after winning against Czech Republic's Tomas Berdych credit: GETTY IMAGES The one thing we can discount is any sort of Federer freeze. Retired tennis champions say that big points become harder to play as you get older. No matter how hard you try to block it out, you know in the back of your mind that you might never get another chance. You grip the racket handle as if it were a lifebuoy when you should be cradling it like a baby. Yet Federer, made of different stuff in so many ways, seems immune to such flickers of self-consciousness. Is he too focused on creating art? Or just constitutionally immune to self-doubt? Either way, he has played his whole career with the cavalier instincts of Marshal Foch, the French general whose response to a setback was to roar, “Situation excellent. I will attack.” View more! Rather like Nadal’s frictionless progress through last month’s French Open, Federer has yet to drop a set. On Friday, when faced with the thunderous strokeplay of the heavy-thewed Tomas Berdych, he looked disappointed even to commit the occasional error, throwing a mini-tantrum when one of his backhand slices caromed off the frame. The only time he has played with nerves all fortnight was during his second-round match against Dusan Lajovic – because “I didn’t know my opponent very well”. Otherwise, he has been building with each round towards some as-yet unguessed peak. Should it arrive today, then Cilic – like Berdych in the previous round – could be reduced to the status of an accomplice or sidekick, providing the set-ups for Federer’s punchlines. It is to Cilic’s advantage that he has beaten Federer before at a grand slam, in the 2014 US Open semi-final. Yet there might also be scarring from last year’s quarter-final here, where he held three match points for a four-set win. “Marin lost that game, rather than Roger winning it,” said Ivanisevic earlier this week, “because he did not get one return in on the match points. Roger is like someone from a film. You have to kill him about 77 times to win.” The thought might not be as elegantly expressed as a Foster Wallace essay. But it captures the magnitude of Cilic’s task today.

#![allow(unused_imports)] use super::*; use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*; #[wasm_bindgen] extern "C" { # [wasm_bindgen (extends = :: js_sys :: Object , js_name = CustomElementRegistry , typescript_type = "CustomElementRegistry")] #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)] #[doc = "The `CustomElementRegistry` class."] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "[MDN Documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CustomElementRegistry)"] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "*This API requires the following crate features to be activated: `CustomElementRegistry`*"] pub type CustomElementRegistry; # [wasm_bindgen (catch , method , structural , js_class = "CustomElementRegistry" , js_name = define)] #[doc = "The `define()` method."] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "[MDN Documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CustomElementRegistry/define)"] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "*This API requires the following crate features to be activated: `CustomElementRegistry`*"] pub fn define( this: &CustomElementRegistry, name: &str, function_constructor: &::js_sys::Function, ) -> Result<(), JsValue>; #[cfg(feature = "ElementDefinitionOptions")] # [wasm_bindgen (catch , method , structural , js_class = "CustomElementRegistry" , js_name = define)] #[doc = "The `define()` method."] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "[MDN Documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CustomElementRegistry/define)"] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "*This API requires the following crate features to be activated: `CustomElementRegistry`, `ElementDefinitionOptions`*"] pub fn define_with_options( this: &CustomElementRegistry, name: &str, function_constructor: &::js_sys::Function, options: &ElementDefinitionOptions, ) -> Result<(), JsValue>; # [wasm_bindgen (method , structural , js_class = "CustomElementRegistry" , js_name = get)] #[doc = "The `get()` method."] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "[MDN Documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CustomElementRegistry/get)"] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "*This API requires the following crate features to be activated: `CustomElementRegistry`*"] pub fn get(this: &CustomElementRegistry, name: &str) -> ::wasm_bindgen::JsValue; #[cfg(feature = "Node")] # [wasm_bindgen (method , structural , js_class = "CustomElementRegistry" , js_name = upgrade)] #[doc = "The `upgrade()` method."] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "[MDN Documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CustomElementRegistry/upgrade)"] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "*This API requires the following crate features to be activated: `CustomElementRegistry`, `Node`*"] pub fn upgrade(this: &CustomElementRegistry, root: &Node); # [wasm_bindgen (catch , method , structural , js_class = "CustomElementRegistry" , js_name = whenDefined)] #[doc = "The `whenDefined()` method."] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "[MDN Documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CustomElementRegistry/whenDefined)"] #[doc = ""] #[doc = "*This API requires the following crate features to be activated: `CustomElementRegistry`*"] pub fn when_defined( this: &CustomElementRegistry, name: &str, ) -> Result<::js_sys::Promise, JsValue>; }

Q: Pandas Data Frame not Appending I am trying to append dataframes via for loop. CODE def redshift_to_pandas(sql_query,**kwargs): # pass a sql query and return a pandas dataframe cur.execute(sql_query) columns_list = [desc[0] for desc in cur.description] data = pd.DataFrame(cur.fetchall(),columns=columns_list) return data Input - all_schema = [('backup')] Loop - try: if len(all_schema) == 0: raise inputError("The Input has no schema selected. EXITING") else: modified_schemadf=pd.DataFrame(columns=['columns_name','status']) for i in range(len(all_schema)): #print (redshift_to_pandas("select '"+all_schema[i]+"' as columns_name,(select exists ( select distinct table_schema from information_schema.tables where table_schema like '%"+all_schema[i]+"')) as status",mechanism='append')) modified_schemadf.append(redshift_to_pandas("select '"+all_schema[i]+"' as columns_name,(select exists ( select distinct table_schema from information_schema.tables where table_schema like '%"+all_schema[i]+"')) as status",mechanism='append')) print (modified_schemadf) except inputError as e: print(e.message) logger.error("UNEXPECTED INPUT FOUND, Please check the I/P List . EXITING") print (modified_schemadf) I feel the issue is very obvious but i dont seem to find the issue. Here is the o/p - So the the first print ( commented out ), does return me the correct result. the next steps i.e appending the result to the declared dataframe ( name - modified_schemadf) is the problem area. When i print its value , it still throws a empty dataframe. For some reason the appending isnt happening. When the code enters else , i.e when the input is legit, there will be empty dataframe created called modified_schemadf. To this empty dataframe, there will be as many number of appends as there are inputs. Thanks in Advance. Please dont mind the indentations, copying might have affected them. A: Isn't the issue just that you don't assign the appended dataframe? Try changing this line modified_schemadf.append(redshift_to_pandas("select '"+all_schema[i]+"' as columns_name,(select exists ( select distinct table_schema from information_schema.tables where table_schema like '%"+all_schema[i]+"')) as status",mechanism='append')) to this line modified_schemadf = modified_schemadf.append(redshift_to_pandas("select '"+all_schema[i]+"' as columns_name,(select exists ( select distinct table_schema from information_schema.tables where table_schema like '%"+all_schema[i]+"')) as status",mechanism='append'))

Q: Storing data to NSUserDefaults In my iPhone app, I have a class called Contact which consists of an ABRecordRef to serve as a reference to a particular contact. I need to store groups of these contacts in NSUserDefaults, but things aren't working out so well since Contact is a custom class. Any ideas of what to do in this case? A: You cannot use NSUserDefaults for a custom class. From the documentation: The NSUserDefaults class provides convenience methods for accessing common types such as floats, doubles, integers, Booleans, and URLs. A default object must be a property list, that is, an instance of (or for collections a combination of instances of): NSData, NSString, NSNumber, NSDate, NSArray, or NSDictionary. If you want to store any other type of object, you should typically archive it to create an instance of NSData. Try using NSData. For example, to load custom objects into an array, you can do NSUserDefaults *currentDefaults = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults]; NSData *dataRepresentingSavedArray = [currentDefaults objectForKey:@"savedArray"]; if (dataRepresentingSavedArray != nil) { NSArray *oldSavedArray = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithData:dataRepresentingSavedArray]; if (oldSavedArray != nil) objectArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:oldSavedArray]; else objectArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; } To archive the data, use: [[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] setObject:[NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:objectArray] forKey:@"savedArray"]; This will all work so long as your custom object complies with the NSCoding protocol: - (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder; { [coder encodeObject:label forKey:@"label"]; [coder encodeInteger:numberID forKey:@"numberID"]; } - (id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder; { self = [[CustomObject alloc] init]; if (self != nil) { label = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"label"]; numberID = [coder decodeIntegerForKey:@"numberID"]; } return self; } ABRecord is an opaque C type, so it's not an object in the sense of Objective-C. That means you can not extend it, you can not add a category on it, you can not message it. The only thing you can do is call functions described in ABRecord Reference with the ABRecord as a parameter. You could do two things to be able to keep the information referenced by the ABRecord around: Get the ABRecords id by ABRecordGetRecordID(). The ABRecordID is defined as int32_t so you can cast it to an NSInteger and store it wherever you like. You can later get the record back from ABAddressBookGetPersonWithRecordID() or ABAddressBookGetGroupWithRecordID(). However, the record could be changed or even deleted by the user or another app meanwhile. Copy all values inside the record to a standard NSObject subclass and use NSCoding as discussed above to store it. You will then, of course, not benefit from changes or additions to the record the user could have made.

---------------------- Forwarded by Benjamin Rogers/HOU/ECT on 10/19/2000 03:13 PM --------------------------- [email protected] on 10/18/2000 06:18:51 PM To: [email protected] cc: Subject: (no subject) Ben- This is a lengthy info/doc request - please give me feedback on how best we can close the loop. Thanks Susan Flanagan - DocReq 001013b.doc

This application extends follow-up of old and very-old persons who have received cognitive interventions as part of ACTIVE (Advanced Cognitive Training for independent and Vital Elderly). Findings at five years indicate the effects of the intervention on cognitive abilities are durable and that these intervention effects nave transferred to maintenance of IADL function as hypothesized. The Specific Aims of this extended follow-up are to: 1) To determine if the cognitive interventions continue to have protective effects up to 10 years after initial training: a) basic cognitive abilities of memory, reasoning, and speed or processing; b) self- reported and performance-based instrumental activities of daily living; and c) health-related quality of life. 2) To determine if the cognitive interventions have beneficial effects on the distal outcomes of driving safety, personal care activities of daily living, health service utilization, and mortality. 3) To examine heath, genetic and cognitive moderators in individual response to training, including such factors as low cognitive function, cardiovascular status, engagement, and ApoE genotype. 4) To estimate and project the effects of ACTIVE training to the general population of older adults by linking the measures and outcomes of ACTIVE to the Health and Retirement Study. This application affords a unique opportunity to prospectively study lagged effects of three types of cognitive interventions on functional decline in this well-characterized cohort that, given its advancing age, is now at imminent risk for both IADL and ADL decline. We will be able to test the basic question in this study: For older adults exposed to these cognitive interventions, can disability in the performance of key everyday activities be delayed and independence maintained as subjects age into their 80s. We estimate power to detect effect sizes of 0.2 over 10 years for the cognitive abilities, everyday problem solving, and everyday speed and an effect size of 0.4 for everyday functioning. The ACTIVE study will determine if cognitive training can help older adults to continue functioning and living independently for a longer period of time. The ACTIVE study will determine if cognitive training can help older adults to continue functioning and living independently for a longer period of time. [unreadable] [unreadable] This application is a renewal of the application rifled "ACTIVE Phase II: UAB Field Site". This application is for the Field Site at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Phase I of ACTIVE (Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly) was a randomized controlled trial of three cognitive intervention arms, addressing the question of whether improving basic cognition aided in maintaining functional independence in elders. As to be reported in JAMA (11/12/02), Phase I found strong, broad and durable cognitive ability-specific training effects. The effect sizes were comparable to or greater than the amount of cognitive decline observed in other longitudinal studies, suggesting that the interventions have the potential to reverse age-related decline. There was minimal transfer of training effects to everyday activities (i.e., functional competence). However, it should be noted that through the two- year followup, there was no evidence of a significant decline in ADL and IADL status. Therefore, to adequately understand the cognitive transfer effects of the training interventions, a longer followup period is required, particularly to see whether there is a separation of the change trajectories for everyday activities of trained and untrained participants over time. Phase II of ACTIVE is proposed as a followup study focused on measuring the long-term impact of training effects on cognitive function and cognitively demanding everyday activities. The Phase II followup will consist of one assessment to include the Phase I post-test battery and a clinical assessment. The ACTIVE cohort (n = 2832) is a special sample, containing substantial oversampling of African American, socioeconomically poor, and very old adults. The Specific Aims of Phase II of ACTIVE are: 1) to determine whether the cognitive interventions (as initial treatment or as a consequence of repeated boosters) have long-term protective effects on functional outcomes; 2) to document any delayed transfer of the cognitive training to secondary outcomes; and 3) to identify individual factors that affect response to intervention. As in Phase I, the primary analytical approach to detecting treatment effects on both cognitive and functional abilities will be a repeated-measures, mixed-effects model incorporating all design features as fixed effects and individual-level variability as random effects. Other multivariate analyses including lagged and cross-lagged analyses of change using latent change analysis, structural equation modeling, and growth curve analyses will also be used as appropriate to characterize relationships between individual difference factors and change in functional competence. Retention is projected conservatively at 72% with 65% of the cohort providing full data and another 7% providing partial data at year 5. Power analysis shows that extending the study will make it possible to observe effect sizes on the order of 0.05-0.10 with excellent power, in the range of at least 80-90%. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]

# uncompyle6 version 2.9.10 # Python bytecode 2.7 (62211) # Decompiled from: Python 3.6.0b2 (default, Oct 11 2016, 05:27:10) # [GCC 6.2.0 20161005] # Embedded file name: __init__.py # Compiled at: 2012-05-08 15:43:06 pass

1. Field of Invention Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to a method and apparatus for retaining a substrate in a polishing system. 2. Background of Invention As part of the manufacturing process of semiconductor devices, semiconductor wafers are increasingly being polished by CMP. The uniform removal of material from and the planarity of patterned and un-patterned wafers is critical to wafer process yield. Generally, the wafer to be polished is mounted on a substrate carrier which holds the wafer using a combination of vacuum suction or other means and, most often, a wafer backing pad to contact the rear side of the wafer. A retaining lip or ring is generally provided around the edge of the wafer to keep the wafer contained under the substrate carrier. The front side of the wafer, the side to be polished, is then contacted with an abrasive material such as an abrasive pad or abrasive strip. The abrasive pad or strip may have free abrasive fluid sprayed on it, may have abrasive particles affixed to it, or may have abrasive particles sprinkled on it. The ideal wafer polishing process can be described by Preston""s equation: R=Kp*P*V, where R is the removal rate; Kp is a function of consumables (abrasive pad roughness and elasticity, surface chemistry and abrasion effects, and contact area); P is the applied pressure between the wafer and the abrasive pad; and V is the relative velocity between the wafer and the abrasive pad. As a result, the ideal CMP process should have constant cutting velocity over the entire wafer surface, constant pressure between the abrasive pad and wafer, and constant abrasive pad roughness, elasticity, area and abrasion effects. In addition, control over the temperature and pH is critical and the direction of the relative pad/wafer velocity should be randomly distributed over the entire wafer surface. One common type of wafer polishing apparatus having a wafer carrier is the CMP model 372M made by Westech Systems Inc. A wafer is held in the substrate carrier during polishing. The substrate carrier rotates about the axis of the wafer. A large circular abrasive pad is rotated while contacting the rotating wafer and substrate carrier. The rotating wafer contacts the larger rotating abrasive pad in an area away from the center of the abrasive pad. Another related apparatus is a polishing machine for polishing semiconductor wafers containing magnetic read-write heads, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,453 to Baldy et al. With this machine, a semiconductor wafer is held by a substrate carrier which is moved in a circular translatory motion by an eccentric arm. The wafer is polished by contacting an abrasive strip that is advanced in one direction. The relative motion between the wafer and the abrasive strip is a combination of the circular motion of the wafer and the linear motion of the advancing abrasive strip. Connected to the eccentric arm is a support head that includes a rigid part and a xe2x80x9cflexible diskxe2x80x9d made from a xe2x80x9cflexible materialxe2x80x9d having a xe2x80x9ccertain thicknessxe2x80x9d. The wafer 44 to be polished is described as being xe2x80x9cpartly embedded in the disk 142 during polishing by the effect of the force exerted on the support headxe2x80x9d. The gimbal point of a CMP substrate carrier is a critical element of the polishing process. The substrate carrier must align itself to the polish surface precisely to insure uniform, planar polishing results. Many CMP substrate carriers currently available yield wafers having anomalies in planarity. The vertical height of the pivot point above the polishing surface is also important, since the greater the height, the larger the moment that is induced about the pivot point during polishing. Two pervasive problems that exist in most CMP wafer polishing apparatuses are underpolishing of the center of the wafer, and the inability to adjust the control of wafer edge exclusion as process variables change. For example, substrate carriers used on many available CMP machines experience a phenomenon known in the art as xe2x80x9cnose divingxe2x80x9d. During polishing, the head reacts to the polishing forces in a manner that creates a sizable moment, which is directly influenced by the height of the gimbal point, mentioned above. This moment causes a pressure differential along the direction of motion of the head. The result of the pressure differential is the formation of a standing wave of the chemical slurry that interfaces the wafer and the abrasive surface. This causes the edge of the wafer that is at the leading edge of the substrate carrier, to become polished faster and to a greater degree than the center of the wafer. The removal of material on the wafer is related to the chemical action of the slurry. As slurry is inducted between the wafer and the abrasive pad and reacts, the chemicals responsible for removal of the wafer material gradually become exhausted. Thus, the removal of wafer material further from the leading edge of the substrate carrier (i.e., the center of the wafer) experiences a diminished rate of chemical removal when compared with the chemical action at the leading edge of the substrate carrier (i.e., the edge of the wafer), due to the diminished activity of the chemicals in the slurry when it reaches the center of the wafer. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as xe2x80x9cslurry starvationxe2x80x9d. Apart from attempts to reshape the crown of the substrate carrier, other attempts have been made to improve the aforementioned problem concerning xe2x80x9cnose divingxe2x80x9d. In a prior art substrate carrier that gimbals through a single bearing at the top of the substrate carrier, sizable moments are generated because the effective gimbal point of the substrate carrier exists at a significant, non-zero distance from the surface of the polishing pad. Thus, the frictional forces, acting at the surface of the polishing pad, act through this distance to create the undesirable moments. U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,451 to Leoni et al. describes a wafer carrier that xe2x80x9cprojectsxe2x80x9d the effective gimbal point down to the surface of the polishing pad, thereby eliminating the moment arm through which the frictional forces create the undesirable xe2x80x9cnose divingxe2x80x9d. Leoni et al. produce this effect by instituting a conical bearing assembly which allows the projection of a xe2x80x9cuniversal pivot pointxe2x80x9d to a point that is located at or near the surface of the polishing surface. The solution proposed by Leoni et al., however, requires the use of a number of bearings in the assembly in order to effect this projection, thereby increasing the cost of the wafer carrier. Additionally, there is still a moment produced because of the actual contact points at the bearings. There is also a substantial risk that, due to inexact manufacturing, the projected pivot point will not lie exactly on the contact surface of the carrier, which will also introduce moments. FIG. 17 shows a prior art carrier design 900 that transfers the polishing load from a bellows 910 to a guided shaft 920 into a gimbal 930 (shown in phantom to illustrate the gimbal point 933 and outward into a carrier plate 940. If the gimbal mechanism is not free, stiction will prevent the gimbal 930 from its intended free and smooth movement and the guided shaft 920 will begin to over-constrain the system during polishing. Additionally, it is not uncommon for loads in this type of a system to become excessive enough to cause plastic deformation of the gimbal. Because of the offset rotation points of the gimbal 930 and the ring flexure 950, the dynamics of such a carrier assembly can become unstable during a high friction polishing operation. A semiconductor wafer polishing apparatus by Banks in U.S. Pat. No. 4,373,991, uses a plurality of channels 27 to inject pressurized water, preferably slightly greater than 15 psi, between a plate and a wafer to allow free floating of the wafer. However, the carrier of Banks uses a conventional gimbal arrangement and therefore experiences the moment induced anomalies such as nose-diving and crowning, as discussed above. Another phenomenon that generates anomalies in the edge areas of a substrate that is polished by conventional techniques is due to limitations inherent in a carrier that employs a deformable/conformable crown or plate. For example Applied Materials European Patent Application No. EP 0 774 323 A2 discloses a carrier head having a lower planar surface 9104 and a bow chamber 9102 which is capable of being pressurized so as to bow out the surface 9104, or reduced in pressure to bow in the surface 9104. A bellows cavity 1192 is pressurizable to bias the entire carrier plate 1164, including the surface 9104 toward the polishing surface for loading the substrate to be polished. FIG. 18 illustrates a problem inherent in a prior art carrier 1100 having a deformable plate 1110. Upon deformation of the plate 1110 by application of pressure thereto, either through increasing the pressure within chamber 1130 or by other means, the deflection of the plate 110 is greater toward the center of the plate than at the edge areas 1120 (as shown in phantom in FIG. 16). This is true even if greater flexibility is afforded at the edge areas through living hinges or other mechanisms to extend the flexibility outward, since the very edge defines a boundary of fixed points that do not deflect. The plate 1110 deflects according to the typical bending formula (as shown in phantom in FIG. 16) which results in a relative underpolishing of the edges of the wafer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,083 to Breivogel et al., discloses a method and apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing of a substrate having a wafer carrier attached to a steel rotatable drive shaft. The drive shaft is hollow to allow pneumatic pressure to be conveyed into a chamber created above the backside of a wafer to be polished and below the base of the carrier. A wear resistant retaining ring extends from the base of the carrier and surrounds and is in contact with the wafer to be polished. A resilient lip seal is attached just inside the retaining ring and seals with the backside of the wafer to form the chamber together with the base of the carrier. Not only does this arrangement restrict wafer precession because of the seal contact, but there is also always a risk of not forming an adequate seal due to contamination between the seal and the backside of the wafer, by slurry or other contaminants. An apparatus described in JP 9-225821 to Ebara Corp. includes first, second and third pressure chambers within a top ring that is used to polish a semiconductor wafer. An elastic mat is provided between the top ring and the semiconductor wafer to be polished. The elastic mat and the top ring each have multiple jets that align to connect with the pressure chambers. Three concentrically defined pressure zones are defined on the mat, through which controlled pressures can be applied to the wafer to control the conformation of the pressure profile between the elastic mat and the semiconductor wafer. Therefore, there is a need for a method and apparatus for retaining a substrate during a polishing process. One aspect of the invention generally provides a carrier for retaining of a substrate. In one embodiment, a carrier comprises a carrier plate having a lower surface, at least one first fluid outlet and a second fluid outlet. The first fluid outlet is fluidly coupled to the lower surface of the carrier plate. The second fluid outlet is fluidly coupled to the lower surface of the carrier plate. A first fluid circuit is coupled to the first fluid outlet and is adapted to flow a fluid forms a fluidic layer between the carrier plate and the substrate. A second fluid circuit is coupled to the second fluid outlet and is separate from the first fluid circuit. In another aspect of the invention, a method for retaining a substrate in a polishing system is provided. In one embodiment, a method for retaining a substrate comprises the steps of disposing the substrate adjacent a carrier plate, flowing a first fluid through a first port disposed on the carrier plate between the substrate and the carrier plate, and applying a second fluid or vacuum through a second port disposed on the carrier plate between the substrate and the carrier plate.

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Some other benefits of working with our prostitution attorneys include: Having responsive counsel who will keep you updated on any case developments and answer emails and phone calls promptly Knowing that your lawyer has a presence within the Manassas court system and understands the nuances of practicing there The peace of mind that your attorney has your best interests at heart and can work to negotiate a lesser penalty if the charges cannot be dropped completely Time is often important when dealing with sensitive legal matters, so please contact us quickly to conduct your free initial legal consultation. Prostitution Charges in Manassas Prostitution offenses refer to the illegal practice of commercial sexual conduct [Virginia Criminal Code § 18.2-346] and can include a variety of charges, depending on the circumstances of the crime. If someone performs any sex act for money or an equivalent return (such as drugs or any sort of compensation), they can be charged with prostitution. This is charged as a class 1 misdemeanor, and the accused can face up to 12 months in jail and/or a fine of up to $2,500. If prostitution offenses involve the crossing of state lines, or abduction for the purposes of prostitution, federal charges are possible, with penalties much more punitive than Commonwealth laws. Those accused need the experienced counsel of a seasoned Manassas prostitution lawyer. Additionally, all who are arrested for offering money to a prostitute to perform any sexual favor is charged with a class 1 misdemeanor of solicitation of prostitution, regardless of whether the act was performed or not [VA Code 18.2-346(B)] (maximum $2,500 fine and/or up to a year in jail). Soliciting prostitution from a minor is charged against those who seek sexual favors from someone who is 16 years old. It is a class 6 felony [VA Code 18.2-346(B)(i)]. The punishment upon conviction is one to five years in prison, though a discretionary maximum of 12 months in jail for a first-time offense is possible. Once convicted, a fine of up to $2,500 may also be ordered [VA Code 18.2-10(f)]. On the other hand, if an individual is found guilty of soliciting prostitution from a minor under 16 years of age, it’s a class 5 felony [VA Section 18.2-346(B)(ii)]. The penalty for this conviction is one to 10 years in prison, with the same discretionary reduction of 12 months in jail, plus a possible fine of up to $2,500 [VA Section 18.2-10(e)]. The Commonwealth’s “pimping law” [VA Section 18.2-348] covers those who transport anyone to any place for the purpose of prostitution. This is a class 1 misdemeanor with a sentence upon conviction of a maximum 12 months in jail and/or a fine up to $2,500. Those who share information with others that aid them in finding a prostitute can also be found guilty of a pimping and receive the same penalty. Other Prostitution-Related Charges Keeping, living in, or visiting a “bawdy place” [VA Code 18.2-347] – These constitute any location (indoors or outdoors) used to perform prostitution. One who keeps, lives in, or visits a bawdy place for the purposes of prostitution is charged. The maximum is $2,500 and/or up to a year in. Each day that the bawdy place is kept, lived in, or visited can be charged as a separate offense (and the corresponding penalty for each count). Receiving money for procuring prostitution [VA Code 18.2-356] – One who accepts money or something of pecuniary value in exchange for placing someone in a bawdy place, or any location where prostitution is performed is alleged to have committed a class 4 felony, which is punishable by two to 10 years in prison and a possible fine of up to $100,000 upon conviction [VA Code 18.2-10(d)]. Receiving money from a prostitute’s earnings [VA Code 18.2-357] – If someone is knowingly “paid” money or anything of value from a prostitute, under any circumstances which may or may not have involved the activity itself, they can be charged with a class 4 felony and face a sentence of two to 10 years in prison and a possible fine of up to $100,000. For example, if a prostitute shares her income with a boyfriend or roommate who is not involved in her “profession” (like helping to pay rent on an apartment they share), that person could be charged. Retain an Experienced Prostitution Lawyer in Manassas All who are alleged to have committed any prostitution-related offense in Virginia are best served by an experienced Manassas prostitution lawyer. Contact our legal team today in order to complete your initial consultation, completely free of charge.

It's a digital world. The magnanimous hike in computers and mobile gadgets are proof, both, for B2B or B2C. So, in this fiercely competitive market, only the best survive, and succeed! And, we'll help you get there. With only the best eCommerce solutions, such as customized digital methodology and paramount eCommerce development services, win over your customers today! 1 eCommerce Web Development 2 Responsive (Desktop, Tablet, Mobile) 3 Mobile eCommerce Applications 4 eCommerce Enterprise Development 5 CRM Solutions Production 6 eCommerce Integration 7 eCommerce Performance Optimization 8 Any Custom eCommerce Development One of the Top eCommerce Companies in DubaiCutting-edge Technology & Specialised Support MAGENTO SHOPIFY OPENCART WOOCOMMERCE CUSTOM As a top notch eCommerce web design company in Dubai, Magento is the cleverest tool to provide infinite services. Being a completely customizable eCommerce platform, Magento promises a rich web experience, brilliant features and innovative experience. So, be empowered and get on board now. Let your business grow and choose between a plethora of third party extensions just like a few of the world's most successful brands and companies have. Powerfull Store Management Extensions & Themes OpenCart-based Shopping Cart Development Payment, Shipping & Tax Integration OpenCart Module Integration OpenCart Customized Template Design Have a vision for your online business? Let us know. We will bring together the best possible eCommerce avenues for you, such as Shopify. As a renowned eCommerce website development agency, we'll turn your business aspirations into action points. Listed as one of the most progressive and flexible platforms for eCommerce modules, Shopify will help in adding personality to your brand and make it stand out above the rest. Alongside Shopify, our specialists to help grow your unique business and track your phenomenal growth. Along with OpenCart, we promise to make your online venture a refreshing and successful enterprise. With fabulous marketplace features, themes, community support, service integration options and more, OpenCart fuels over 320000 success stories all over the world. At Wisoft, we understand the need for a seamless eCommerce website design. So, with OpenCart, our experts will deliver the most powerful store management programs and provide the best eCommerce solutions in Dubai. Powering close to 30 per cent of online stores, WooCommerce is without a doubt one of the most popular eCommerce solutions platforms in the world. Slated as the ultimate WordPress toolkit provider, it provides extensive marketplace experience, secure codes, customizable platform services, open sources, mobile friendly options and much more. We'll integrate the best of this fastest growing Word Press ecosystem and deliver Dubai's finest eCommerce solutions. We supercharge your business with custom eCommerce Development. If you are looking to develop a custom ecommerce site, Wisoft Solutions offers solutions to help you achieve your goals on a large scale. With endless features and functionality, we push the limits of custom ecommerce website to bring new ideas to user experience with today's ecommerce technology. From initial consulting and brainstorming, through development and implementation, your project will be handled professionally and creatively. We love our clients, and they love us right back!HERE'S WHAT THEY HAD TO SAY ABOUT US SARAH Marketing ManagerMafeemushkil.com "We have found working with Wisoft to be a very informative and professional experience. Their team is extremely thorough and abreast with latest technology. One of their biggest strength is the broad spectrum of top notch digital services they provide and the synergy they bring in with their multi-faceted digital strategies. It is truly a pleasure working with them. We highly recommend them to any startup looking for a foresighted digital partner." Want to know all about the latest eCommerce web development trends and fads? Read now!

/****************************************************************************** * most_balanced_minimum_cuts.h * * * Source of KaHIP -- Karlsruhe High Quality Partitioning. * Christian Schulz <[email protected]> *****************************************************************************/ #ifndef MOST_BALANCED_MINIMUM_CUTS_SBD5CS #define MOST_BALANCED_MINIMUM_CUTS_SBD5CS #include "data_structure/graph_access.h" #include "partition_config.h" class most_balanced_minimum_cuts { public: most_balanced_minimum_cuts(); virtual ~most_balanced_minimum_cuts(); void compute_good_balanced_min_cut( graph_access & residualGraph, const PartitionConfig & config, NodeWeight & perfect_rhs_weight, std::vector< NodeID > & new_rhs_node ); private: void build_internal_scc_graph( graph_access & residualGraph, std::vector<int> & components, int comp_count, graph_access & scc_graph); void compute_new_rhs( graph_access & scc_graph, const PartitionConfig & config, std::vector< NodeWeight > & comp_weights, int comp_of_s, int comp_of_t, NodeWeight optimal_rhs_weight, std::vector<int> & comp_for_rhs); }; #endif /* end of include guard: MOST_BALANCED_MINIMUM_CUTS_SBD5CS */

Polyamines increase Ca2+ sensitivity in permeabilized smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum. The effects of polyamines were investigated in strips of smooth muscle from guinea pig ileum permeabilized with beta-escin (0.005%). Spermine (1 mM) inhibited transient contractions induced in Ca(2+)-free medium by carbachol (0.1 mM) and GTP gamma S (0.1 mM) but potentiated responses to caffeine (20 mM) and D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (40 microM). At high ethylene glycol-bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid concentration (10 mM) and in the presence of A-23187 (10 microM), force at optimal and suboptimal Ca2+ concentrations was increased both by spermine and by carbachol. Spermine did not potentiate contraction in Ca(2+)-free medium or after full thiophosphorylation of the regulatory 20-kDa myosin light chains but slightly potentiated contractions produced by partial thiophosphorylation. Also, spermidine and putrescine, as well as the aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin, increased sensitivity to Ca2+, with potency correlating with number of positive charges. After permeabilization by a high concentration (0.1%) of beta-escin, the sensitivity to Ca2+ was increased by spermine but not by GTP gamma S. In preparations permeabilized by Triton X-100, spermine slightly increased Ca2+ sensitivity but not maximal force. Tissue contents of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in intact ileum muscle were 8, 98, and 184 nmol/g, respectively. Permeabilization by 0.005 and 0.1% beta-escin reduced spermine contents by 40 and 53%, respectively. Effects of added polyamines in permeabilized preparations may thus reflect physiological effects of endogenous polyamines modulating contraction in the intact tissue.

This Week in HN podcast – our first episode - ThatMightBePaul https://soundcloud.com/thatmightbepaul/this-week-in-hacker-news ====== jaywunder You guys really need better quality microphones. I appreciate the idea that you have, and I think you're generally a funny bunch, but I can't hear what you're saying if your laughing overcomes that one quiet guy's audio. Other suggestions would be to introduce yourselves at the start, and keep topicality more. I enjoyed listening though!

Q: How can I return custom http header in asp.net core? Ciao, I'm developing a series of microservices with aspnet core. I want to return a custom http header on 500 responses. I tried to create a custom ASP.NET Core Middleware that update context.Response.Headers property but it works only when the response is 200. This is my custom middleware: namespace Organizzazione.Progetto { public class MyCustomMiddleware { private readonly RequestDelegate _next; public ExtractPrincipalMiddleware(RequestDelegate next) { _next = next; } public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context) { context.Response.Headers.Add("X-Correlation-Id", Guid.NewGuid()); await _next.Invoke(context); return; } } } This is my configure method: public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) { app.UseMiddleware<MyCustomMiddleware>(); if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); } else { app.UseHsts(); } app.UseHttpsRedirection(); app.UseMvc(); app.UseSwagger(); app.UseSwaggerUI(c => { c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "My API"); }); } How can I return my custom header on a 500 response caused by unhandled exception (or possibly on all the responses)? Thank you a lot A: You have to subscribe on httpContext.Response.OnStarting public class CorrelationIdMiddleware { private readonly RequestDelegate _next; public CorrelationIdMiddleware(RequestDelegate next) { this._next = next; } public async Task Invoke(HttpContext httpContext) { httpContext.Response.OnStarting((Func<Task>)(() => { httpContext.Response.Headers.Add("X-Correlation-Id", Guid.NewGuid().ToString()); return Task.CompletedTask; })); try { await this._next(httpContext); } catch (Exception) { //add additional exception handling logic here //... httpContext.Response.StatusCode = 500; } } } And register it your Starup app.UseMiddleware(typeof(CorrelationIdMiddleware));

The effects of acute carbon monoxide intoxication on the cerebral energy metabolism of the rat. The cerebal metabolic effects of 60 min exposure to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% carbon monoxide (CO) and 60 min exposure to 1.0% CO were studied in lightly anesthetized rats by measurement of brain tissue contents of glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates, as well as tissue energy phosphates. The results indicate that cerebral energy homeostasis is maintained until advanced levels of CO intoxication (2.0%) are reached. Animals exposed to 2.0% CO developed significant decreases in systemic blood pressure, with attendent decreases in cerebral ATP, increases in ADP and AMP, plus early depletions of tissue citrate and alpha-oxyglutarate. The similarity of this pattern to that previously documented for various cerebral oligemic states suggests a possible modifying role for altered cerebral production in its production. A correlation between conscious behavior and cerebral energy state was suggested by the observation that unanesthetized animals exposed to 1.0% CO for 30 and 60 min retained consciousness, whereas animals exposed to 2.0% CO for 30 min became unresponsive late on in the exposure. A comparison of CO induced changes in intermediary metabolites, energy phosphates, intracellular pH, and cytoplasmic redox state with those seen in hypoxemia indicate no basic qualitative or quantiative differences in the metabolic response of brain tissue to the two conditions.

<?php /* * Copyright 2016 Google Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of * the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under * the License. */ class Google_Service_Spanner_Binding extends Google_Collection { protected $collection_key = 'members'; public $members; public $role; public function setMembers($members) { $this->members = $members; } public function getMembers() { return $this->members; } public function setRole($role) { $this->role = $role; } public function getRole() { return $this->role; } }

Ree Drummond Ann Marie "Ree" Drummond (née Smith, born January 6, 1969) is an American blogger, author, food writer, photographer and television personality who lives on a working ranch outside of Pawhuska, Oklahoma. In February 2010, she was listed as No. 22 on Forbes' Top 25 Web Celebrities. Her blog, The Pioneer Woman, which documents Drummond's daily life as a ranch wife and mother, was named Weblog of the Year 2009, 2010 and 2011 at the Annual Weblog Awards (The Bloggies). Capitalizing on the success of her blog, Drummond currently stars in her own television program, also entitled The Pioneer Woman, on The Food Network which began in 2011. She has also appeared on Good Morning America, Today Show, The View, The Chew and The Bonnie Hunt Show. She has been featured in Ladies' Home Journal, Woman's Day, People and Southern Living. Her first cookbook, The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Recipes from an Accidental Country Girl, was published in October 2009. Her second cookbook, The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Food from My Frontier, was published in March 2012. Early life Anne Marie, nicknamed Ree, grew up in a home overlooking the grounds of a country club in the oil town of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, with two brothers, Doug and Mike, and a younger sister, Betsy. She graduated from Bartlesville High School in 1987 after which she left Oklahoma to attend college in Los Angeles, California. She graduated from the University of Southern California in 1991, having first studied journalism before switching to gerontology. After graduation she hoped to attend law school in Chicago, but her plans changed unexpectedly when she met and married her husband, Ladd Drummond. Her father, William Dale Smith, an orthopedic surgeon, and her mother Gerre Schwert are divorced. "Bill" Smith, as he is more commonly known, later married his current wife, Patsy. Drummond was raised Episcopalian. She is an alumna of Pi Beta Phi fraternity for women. Blog (ThePioneerWoman.com) Drummond began blogging in May 2006, initially using the subdomain pioneerwoman.typepad.com within the Typepad blogging service. She registered her own domain – thepioneerwoman.com – on October 18, 2006. Drummond's blog, titled The Pioneer Woman, was originally titled Confessions of a Pioneer Woman. The latter is now the title of a section within the site. The site is hosted by Rackspace. Drummond writes about topics such as ranch life and homeschooling. About a year after launching her blog, she posted her first recipe and a tutorial on "How to Cook a Steak". The tutorial was accompanied by 20 photos explaining the cooking process in what she calls "ridiculous detail". Her stories about her husband, family, and country living, and her step-by-step cooking instructions and elaborate food photography, proved highly popular with readers. Confessions of a Pioneer Woman won honors at the Weblog Awards (also known as the Bloggies) in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010. In 2009 and 2010 it took the top prize as Weblog of the Year. As of September 2009, Drummond's blog reportedly received 13 million page views per month. On May 9, 2011, the blog's popularity had risen to approximately 23.3 million page views per month and 4.4 million unique visitors. According to an article in The New Yorker, "This is roughly the same number of people who read The Daily Beast". An article in the Toronto newspaper The Globe and Mail described it as "[s]lickly photographed with legions of fans . . . arguably the mother of all farm girl blogs." The blog has been referenced in the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, and BusinessWeek. In 2009 TIME Magazine named Drummond's Confessions of a Pioneer Woman one of the "25 Best Blogs" in the world. Estimates for her site's income suggest she is making a million dollars or more per year from display (advertisement) income alone. Drummond's blog is especially noted for its visually descriptive recipes and high-quality photography. Food community (TastyKitchen.com) In April 2008, Drummond held a giveaway contest in the cooking section of her blog The Pioneer Woman in which she asked readers to share one of their favorite recipes. The response was an unexpected 5,000+ recipes in less than 24 hours. She realized that she had not only grown a community of loyal readers but a community of food lovers as well. She immediately sought a way to catalog the recipes and make them searchable for all. A little over a year later, on July 14, 2009, Drummond announced the launch of TastyKitchen.com – a simple and free online community website with the tagline Favorite Recipes from Real Kitchens Everywhere!. The site was built for her food-loving readers as a place where they could easily contribute, search for and print recipes. In addition to sharing recipes, users can create personal membership profiles and communicate with one another via posts and direct messages. Users also have the ability to rate and review recipes. Tasty Kitchen quickly rose to become a favorite among food bloggers who could link their recipes back to posts on their own websites, thus exposing themselves to a wider readership. Books The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Recipes from an Accidental Country Girl Drummond's first cookbook, The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Recipes from an Accidental Country Girl, was published in October 2009 after reaching the top spot on Amazon.com's preorder list for hardcover books. A New York Times reviewer described Drummond as "funny, enthusiastic and self-deprecating", and commented: "Vegetarians and gourmands won’t find much to cook here, but as a portrait of a real American family kitchen, it works." Black Heels to Tractor Wheels In 2007, Drummond began writing a series on her blog titled From Black Heels to Tractor Wheels. In the series, she chronicled her personal love story detailing how, in the process of relocating from Los Angeles to Chicago, she wound up settling down with a cowboy on a cattle ranch in rural Oklahoma. In February 2011, the series was compiled into a book and published by William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollins. It quickly rose to No. 2 on both The New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover nonfiction and The Wall Street Journal's list. Charlie the Ranch Dog In April 2011, Drummond published a children's book titled Charlie the Ranch Dog, featuring her family's beloved Basset Hound Charlie. According to Publishers Weekly, “Adult readers will recognize in Charlie’s voice the understated humor that has made Drummond’s blog so successful; kids should find it irresistible.” The book was illustrated by Diane deGroat, an illustrator of more than 120 children's books. The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Food from My Frontier Drummond's second cookbook, The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Food from My Frontier, released in March 2012 and was a #1 New York Times Bestseller. Charlie and the Christmas Kitty Diane deGroat again illustrates this children book about the family's Basset Hound. Released in December 2012. The Pioneer Woman Cooks: A Year of Holidays: 140 Step-by-Step Recipes for Simple, Scrumptious Celebrations A cookbook for holidays throughout the year. Released October 29, 2013. Charlie and the New Baby Another children's book about the family's basset hound, illustrated by Diane deGroat. Released in April 29, 2014. Charlie the Ranch Dog: Charlie Goes to the Doctor An I Can Read story about Charlie the basset hound's trip to the doctor, illustrated by Diane deGroat. Released June 17, 2014. Charlie the Ranch Dog: Stuck in the Mud An I Can Read story about Charlie the basset hound, illustrated by Diane deGroat. Released January 6, 2015. Charlie Plays Ball A Children's book about Charlie the basset hound, illustrated by Diane deGroat. Released March 24, 2015. The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Dinnertime A cookbook featuring 125 dinner recipes. Released October 20, 2015. Charlie the Ranch Dog: Rock Star An I Can Read story about Charlie the basset hound, illustrated by Diane deGroat. Released November 17, 2015. Little Ree A children's book about a little girl named Ree and her adventures in the country, illustrated by Jacqueline Rogers. Released March 28, 2017 The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Come and Get It! A cookbook featuring 120 simple and delicious recipes. Released October 24, 2017. Little Ree: Best Friends Forever! A children's book about a little girl named Ree and her best friend, Hyacinth, illustrated by Jacqueline Rogers. Released March 27, 2018 Television Drummond made her television debut on an episode of Throwdown! with Bobby Flay when the celebrity chef was challenged by her (in a change from the show's normal format) to a special Thanksgiving face-off. Flay traveled to her Oklahoma ranch for the event. The episode aired on the Food Network on Wednesday, November 17, 2010. Drummond's home cooking beat Flay's gourmet-style spread in a tight contest. Music artist and fellow Oklahoma resident Trisha Yearwood was one of the judges. In April 2011, the Food Network announced that Drummond would host her own daytime television series on the network. The Pioneer Woman premiered on Saturday, August 27, 2011. Film On March 19, 2010, Drummond confirmed media reports that Columbia Pictures had acquired the film rights to her book From Black Heels to Tractor Wheels. The production company was reported to be in talks with Reese Witherspoon to star as Drummond in a motion picture based on the book. However as of 2019, the movie has stalled with the project landing in development hell. Personal life On September 21, 1996, Drummond married Ladd Drummond, a fourth-generation member of a prominent Osage County cattle ranching family whom she refers to as "the Marlboro Man" in her books and her blog. They spent their honeymoon in Australia and live on a remote working cattle ranch approximately 8 miles west of Pawhuska, Oklahoma. They have four children – Alex, Paige, Bryce and Todd. Alex is a graduate of Texas A&M University, while Paige is currently a sophomore at the University of Arkansas. The Drummonds homeschool their sons in parts of the summer. In late 2016, the Drummonds opened The Mercantile, a restaurant retail store located in a 100-year-old downtown Pawhuska building that they bought and began renovating in 2012. In April 2018 the Drummonds also opened a bed and breakfast, called "The Pioneer Woman Bed and Breakfast". Awards Bibliography Excerpts available at Google Books. Excerpts available at Google Books. References External links The Pioneer Woman blog Tasty Kitchen food community Pioneer Woman cooking show on Food Network Category:1969 births Category:American bloggers Category:American food writers Category:American television chefs Category:Food Network chefs Category:Living people Category:People from Bartlesville, Oklahoma Category:American women bloggers Category:Women cookbook writers Category:Women chefs Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers

A week ago we published a guest post from David Galland of Casey's Daily Dispatch in which Galland presented his view on what the consequences of the upcoming introduction of a 1099-filing requirement for gold transactions over $600 would be. "Can’t a person just keep their gold purchases under $600? With the price of gold heading higher, that will increasingly require buying smaller-denomination bullion coins – which typically carry a higher premium. More importantly, a large body of case law gives the government license to charge people for “structuring” – i.e., taking active measures to get around a particular law. Thus, two $500 gold purchases could be construed as active evasion and carry additional penalties." The topic is suddenly red hot once again, this time with ABC finally getting on the bandwagon. Starting Jan. 1, 2012, Form 1099s will become a means of reporting to the Internal Revenue Service the purchases of all goods and services by small businesses and self-employed people that exceed $600 during a calendar year. Precious metals such as coins and bullion fall into this category and coin dealers have been among those most rankled by the change. This provision, intended to mine what the IRS deems a vast reservoir of uncollected income tax, was included in the health care legislation ostensibly as a way to pay for it. The tax code tweak is expected to raise $17 billion over the next 10 years, according to the Joint Committee on Taxation. Pat Heller, who owns Liberty Coin Service in Lansing, Mich., deals with around 1,000 customers every week. Many are individuals looking to protect wealth in an uncertain economy, he said, while others are dealers like him. With spot market prices for gold at nearly $1,200 an ounce, Heller estimates that he'll be filling out between 10,000 and 20,000 tax forms per year after the new law takes effect. "I'll have to hire two full-time people just to track all this stuff, which cuts into my profitability," he said. An issue that combines gold coins, the Obama health care law and the IRS is bound to stir passions. Indeed, trading in gold coins and bars has surged since the financial crisis unfolded and Obama took office, metal dealers said. The sudden interest into gold tax reporting requirement is occurring as gold selling companies are increasingly being put under a regulatory microscope: The recently revealed investigation by California authorities into consumer complaints against Goldline International, which has used Beck as a pitchman, and Superior Gold Group (which has not) has put a spotlight on what one liberal leaning politician, Rep. Anthony Weiner, D-N.Y., calls the "unholy alliance" between gold coin sellers, such as Goldline, and conservative talk personalities, such as Beck. Beck, who through his spokesman, Matt Hiltzik, declined to comment for this story, and Goldline marketers portray gold coins as a better alternative to owning bullion in the event that the U.S. government ever decides, as it did under FDR in 1933, to make it illegal for private citizens to own physical gold. At that time, the U.S. dollar was still pegged to the price of gold; the gold standard was abandoned during the Nixon administration. Several legal responses have already been drafted in opposition to the proposed "healthcare" law: Rep. Daniel Lungren, R-Calif., has introduced legislation to repeal the section of the health care bill that would trigger the new tax reporting requirement because he says it's a burden on small businesses. "Large corporations have whole divisions to handle such transaction paperwork but for a small business, which doesn't have the manpower, this is yet another brick on their back," Lungren said in a statement e-mailed to ABCNews.com. "Everyone agrees that small businesses are job creators and the engine which drives the American economy. I am dumfounded that this Administration is doing all it can to make it more difficult for businesses to succeed rather than doing all it can to help them grow." Yet while the escalating surveillance over the gold market can not infuse one with confidence that gold transactions will not be increasingly regulated in the future, as David Galland pointed out last week, the implications are more substantial than just in regulating the gold market: The implications of this move transcend just the precious metals. Rather, this is a deliberate step in the direction of implementing a VAT – once the government has everyone reporting essentially every transaction, taking the next step is a snap.. And for those that may have missed it, here is David's previous conclusion:

813 F.Supp. 1 (1992) Albert LEWIS, et al., Plaintiffs, v. NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE, et al., Defendants. Civ. A. No. 91-2685 (RCL). United States District Court, District of Columbia. November 3, 1992. Richard Ben-Veniste, James W. Quinn, Jeffrey L. Kessler, David G. Feuer, Weil, Gorshal & Manges, New York City, for plaintiffs. Herbert Dun, Gregg H. Levy, Sonya D. Winner, Covington & Burling, Washington, DC, for defendants. MEMORANDUM OPINION (Denying Dismissal, Transfer, or Stay) LAMBERTH, District Judge. This matter comes before the court on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss or Transfer or, in the Alternative, for a Stay ("Defendants' Motion"); Plaintiffs' Memorandum in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss or Transfer or, in the Alternative, for a Stay of this Action ("Plaintiffs' Opposition"); Defendants' Reply Memorandum in Support of Motion to Dismiss, Transfer, or Stay ("Defendants' Reply"); Plaintiffs' Surreply in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss or Transfer or, in the Alternative, for a Stay of this Action ("Plaintiffs' Surreply"); and Defendants' Supplemental Memorandum in Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, Transfer, or Stay ("Defendants' Supplement"). Upon consideration of the representations of counsel, and for the reasons presented below, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendants' Motion to Dismiss or Transfer or, in the Alternative, for a Stay is DENIED. I. FACTS. This case, as amended, was filed in October 1991 by three professional football players against the National Football League and its twenty-eight member teams. The plaintiffs claim damages under the anti-trust laws arising out of the NFL's "Plan B" right of first refusal/compensation system during the 1989 NFL season.[1]*2 The plaintiffs have since filed a motion for class certification on behalf of all players[2] who were subject to Plan B during the 1989 season. This case is one of several cases between football players and the NFL that either have recently been litigated or are currently pending. The first case of recent vintage was filed in the District Court for Minnesota in October 1987. Powell v. National Football League, Civ. No. 4-87-917 (D.Minn.). In that case, nine football players filed a class action lawsuit challenging the first refusal/compensation system then in effect. The NFL claimed that a nonstatutory labor exemption to the anti-trust laws applied. U.S. District Judge David Doty agreed in part, holding that the exemption applied to the player/NFL relationship, but only until negotiations between the NFL and the players reached an impasse as to the particular issue in question. The nonstatutory labor exemption issue was certified to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. That court held that the exemption applied as long as the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) served as the players' collective bargaining representative. Powell v. NFL, 930 F.2d 1293 (8th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1040, 111 S.Ct. 711, 112 L.Ed.2d 700 (1991). In light of this decision, the NFLPA relinquished its role as the players' collective bargaining representative on November 6, 1991, thus terminating the parties' labor relationship. Thereafter, eight players filed suit against the NFL, in the District Court of New Jersey, seeking damages under Plan B for the 1990 NFL season. McNeil v. NFL, Civ. Action No. 90-1402 (D.N.J.).[3] On motion by the NFL, the case was transferred to Judge Doty in Minnesota. A trial jury recently found against the defendants, and damages were awarded to four of the eight plaintiffs. Meanwhile, Judge Doty decertified the class in Powell, on remand from the Eighth Circuit, and dismissed without prejudice the claims of the class members based upon the 1989 season.[4] Finally, on October 15, 1991, the NFL filed a declaratory judgment action in the District Court for Minnesota against three Minnesota-resident football players and the NFLPA. NFL v. NFLPA and Hilton, Civ. No. 3-91-635 (D.Minn.). The suit seeks a declaratory judgment that the NFL bears no anti-trust liability for the first refusal/compensation restriction as applied during the 1989 season. On October 17, 1991, the three named plaintiffs in this suit brought this action against the NFL and its twenty-eight member teams, their claim being that the NFL's application of the first refusal/compensation system in 1989 violated the anti-trust laws. Defendants have now filed this motion to dismiss, transfer, or stay plaintiffs' action. II. DEFENDANTS' ARGUMENTS. In defendants' view, the basis for this motion is "relatively simple": pending litigation in the District Court for Minnesota and the Eighth Circuit render plaintiffs' suit in this forum duplicative, thus justifying a dismissal, transfer, or stay of the present action. Defendants' Reply at 1. Duplicative litigation, defendants argue, is to be avoided whenever the equities allow. By allowing only one suit — the firstfiled *3 suit — to go forward, the court saves resources (both of the court and of the parties) and avoids piecemeal litigation and inconsistent adjudication. On this basis, defendants claim that since Hilton, their Minnesota declaratory judgment action, is the first-filed suit, it should be allowed to proceed. Defendants' Motion at 6-7. The defendants do acknowledge that equitable concerns are relevant to the decision as to which litigation will proceed, yet claim that the equities weigh in their favor. Defendants' first argument is that the present action, as an "exact duplicate" of the first-filed Hilton case, should be dismissed. Defendants' Motion at 8. Defendants claim that the central legal issues raised in this case are "virtually identical" to those in Hilton (at least if the court accepts defendants' claim that the current plaintiffs' claims for damages would be compulsory counterclaims in the Minnesota declaratory judgement action), and thus that "dismissal of this action will not preclude plaintiffs from fully litigating their damage claims." Defendants' Motion at 9. In the alternative, defendants claim that this case should be transferred under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) to the District Court for Minnesota, "a court that has related cases pending before it and has developed substantial expertise on the subject." Defendants' Motion at 9. Such a transfer would, it is claimed, further the "interest of justice," 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), since 1) there is an identical case, Hilton, already filed in Minnesota; 2) pending litigation in Minnesota and the Eighth Circuit might moot this case; and 3) Judge Doty has already handled "an entire family of related cases," Defendants' Motion at 11, and in so doing has acquired "considerable expertise." Defendants claim that these justifications support transfer and consolidation of this case with Hilton, and that transfer would satisfy the "fundamental statutory goals" of 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) — the conservation of time and resources and consistent adjudications — without causing plaintiffs any significant inconvenience. As evidence of the reasonableness of this determination, the defendants rely heavily on U.S. District Judge Bissell's decision to transfer McNeil v. NFL from New Jersey to Minnesota. Finally, defendants' third alternative is to have this court stay this case pending the decisions of the District Court for Minnesota in Hilton and McNeil and the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in Powell. III. ANALYSIS. The defendants' arguments raise several issues of federal civil procedure and federal jurisdiction. However, the simple conclusion defendants would have this court reach is not justified by the facts. Rather, the equitable factors which must support defendants' motion under both the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, and 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) instead weigh in favor of allowing this litigation to continue in this court. Each of defendants' three alternative motions will be addressed in turn. A. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss: The Hilton Declaratory Judgment Action. One of defendants' main contentions is that this suit should be dismissed because of the pendency of the earlier-filed declaratory judgement action, NFL v. NFLPA and Hilton, in Minnesota. Defendants claim that the two cases involve similar, if not identical, issues of law and fact and therefore should be consolidated in Minnesota. Although this court believes that the two cases may well be consolidated, it should be done in this court. Case law involving a declaratory judgment and an inverse action filed in another jurisdiction typically addresses the role of the district court in which the declaratory judgment action is filed. However, from those cases, it is possible to determine an appropriate role for the second court, as well. In this action, the court finds itself in this "second court" role. 1. First to File Rule. Defendants, having filed the Powell litigation two days prior to the plaintiffs' filing of this case, place heavy emphasis on the first to file rule. This rule typically requires the court of the second-filed case to dismiss or transfer the action before it in *4 favor of comparable litigation previously filed in another jurisdiction. However, that standard is not applied as universally as defendants would have this court believe. In fact, as defendants acknowledge in a footnote, even Columbia Plaza Corp. v. Security Nat'l Bank, 525 F.2d 620 (D.C.Cir.1975), the D.C. Circuit case on which defendants rely for the proposition that duplicative litigation should be avoided, explicitly rejects defendants' contention that the "first to file" rule necessarily determines the proper forum. In Columbia Plaza, the District of Columbia District Court refused to enjoin the prosecution of a second suit in the Southern District of New York; the second suit was based on matters which, the D.C. plaintiffs alleged, would have been a mandatory counterclaim in the D.C. cause of action. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the solution to the problem of enjoining duplicative litigation "requires a balancing not of empty priorities but of equitable considerations genuinely relevant to the ends of justice." Id. at 628 (citation omitted). Taking its cue from the Supreme Court, the D.C. Circuit noted that "[t]he factors relevant to the wise administration here are equitable in nature." Kerotest Mfg. Co. v. C-O-Two Fire Equip. Co., 342 U.S. 180, 183, 72 S.Ct. 219, 221, 96 L.Ed. 200 (1952). The court must follow the D.C. Circuit's view that "choice of forum cannot be suitably made by the mechanical application of [the first to file] principle." Columbia Plaza, 525 F.2d at 627. Although the fact that defendants filed their Minnesota case two days prior to the plaintiffs' filing here is relevant, it cannot obscure the fact that equitable concerns and the interest of justice dictate that the action proceed in this court. 2. Equitable considerations. One consideration in determining which action should proceed is whether it appears that the declaratory judgment action was filed in anticipation of litigation by the other party. Ven-Fuel, Inc. v. Department of the Treasury, 673 F.2d 1194 (11th Cir.1982). Courts have held that such a preemptive strike should be disregarded in selecting the proper forum if equitable concerns so merit. See, e.g., Ven-Fuel; State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. v. Taylor, 118 F.R.D. 426 (M.D.N.C.1988); Yoder v. Heinold Commodities, Inc., 630 F.Supp. 756 (E.D.Va.1986); Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Grand Trunk Western R. Co., 592 F.Supp. 562 (C.D.Pa.1984). Anti-trust cases are no exception. See, e.g., Natural Gas Pipeline Co. v. Union Pacific Resources Co., 750 F.Supp. 311 (N.D.Ill.1990) (court dismissed earlier-filed declaratory judgment action in light of later-filed anti-trust lawsuit). In this case, it is clear that the NFL filed Hilton to preempt suits brought by players in other fora. At the time it filed Hilton, the NFL had notice of the McNeil and Allen cases (which are based on claims post-dating 1989). In addition, the NFL clearly expected more suits, including suits based on the 1989 season: as paragraph 50 of the NFL's Class Action Complaint for a Declaratory Judgement in Hilton states, "It appears likely that individual players and the NFLPA will take advantage of the District Court's September 30 Order by filing individual anti-trust lawsuits." Complaint at 19. Moreover, even though the defendants disclaim such a motive here, it was certainly in defendants' best interests to adjudicate this matter in a friendly jurisdiction, the Eighth Circuit, rather than to wait for players to file suits in less comfortable fora, such as New Jersey (McNeil), California (Allen), and Washington, D.C. These elements indicate that the NFL's declaratory judgment complaint was a preemptive strike that does not deserve the protection of the first to file rule. A second equitable concern relevant to the decision to dismiss one of two duplicative lawsuits is that the time of the hearing of the motion to dismiss or transfer, not the time of filing, determines the relevant procedural posture. As of the present time, the existence of this coercive litigation renders moot the declaratory judgment action in Minnesota and argues against the dismissal of this case. As a third concern, a district court is within its discretion to refuse to entertain a *5 declaratory judgment action when another proceeding in another jurisdiction will resolve the issue in its entirety. Sturge v. Diversified Transport Corp., 772 F.Supp. 183 (S.D.N.Y.1991). See also Brillhart v. Excess Ins. Co., 316 U.S. 491, 495, 62 S.Ct. 1173, 1175, 86 L.Ed. 1620 (1942). Defendants readily admit that this case will indeed resolve all issues of law and fact raised by the Hilton action. And, there is no indication that adjudication will be had more quickly in Minnesota than here. Thus, even though this line of cases addresses the role of the "first court," it offers guidance to this court in its "second court" role. There is no reason to transfer this case to Minnesota when full, fair, and complete adjudication of all issues may be had before this court. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the plaintiffs have made the District of Columbia their choice of forum for this action in which they litigate harms allegedly done to them by the NFL defendants. That choice must be afforded proper weight and cannot be dismissed merely because defendants opt for a different forum. These considerations render the first to file rule inapplicable to the present situation. The equitable concerns weigh in favor of granting the plaintiffs their choice of forum. Thus, defendants' motion to dismiss will be DENIED. B. Defendants' Motion to Transfer: Forum Shopping, and Equitable Concerns. Defendants have asserted that the "interest of justice" requires a transfer of this case. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Their first arguments, as in their motion to dismiss, concern forum shopping. In addition, they also claim that the equitable considerations demonstrate that this case should be transferred. Finally, as an example, they rely heavily on Judge Bissell's decision to transfer McNeil v. NFL from New Jersey to Minnesota. Each of these contentions are addressed below. 1. Forum Shopping. While each party has accused the other of engaging in impermissible forum shopping in choosing the situs of this lawsuit, it is plainly evident that both sides have filed their respective cases in a jurisdiction favorable to their respective positions. Notwithstanding both parties' protestations of innocence, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the District of Columbia is the proper forum for this suit. Defendants first claim that Minnesota is the proper forum since it was chosen by the Powell plaintiffs several years ago; defendants claim that the current plaintiffs now should have to abide by that decision. However, although these plaintiffs may have been class members in the Powell case, they were not named plaintiffs and there is no indication that they had any say in where that lawsuit was brought. Thus, there is no reason to bind them to somebody else's strategic decisions. Defendants next assert that the District of Columbia is an improper forum because no plaintiffs reside here, only one resides close to this district (Mr. Paige resides in Silver Spring, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C.), and even he does not wish to serve as a class representative. Defendants' Supplement at 2. These arguments are unavailing. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1391 and 15 U.S.C. § 22, venue is proper here due to the contacts the defendants have with this district. Thus, venue is proper in this district; further confirmation of this determination is supplied by equitable factors. 2. Equitable Concerns. As in the discussion of the motion to dismiss, above, the court finds that, on the whole, the equities run in favor of maintaining this litigation here. Defendants first note that an identical case, Hilton, is pending before Judge Doty. As demonstrated above, however, there is no magic in the fact that a declaratory judgment action has been filed in Minnesota. In fact, as this opinion demonstrates, the interest of justice indicates that Hilton, *6 not this case, should be transferred or dismissed. Defendants next claim that litigation in Minnesota and before the Eighth Circuit might moot this case. Since briefs were filed, however, the McNeil[5] case has been decided against the NFL, thus destroying one of their arguments. In the Defendants' Reply, the NFL places great emphasis on the fact that collateral estoppel might bar the claims in this case if the Eighth Circuit were to decide Powell against the players. Of course, collateral estoppel applies to an individual regardless of the forum, and transfer is thus not justified on that basis. Finally, defendants note the expertise Judge Doty has acquired in NFL anti-trust cases. Of course, this court has already completed a 235-member anti-trust class action against the NFL[6] and has another NFL player anti-trust class action pending.[7] Notwithstanding Judge Doty's expertise, and recognizing that the specific issues in the various cases are not identical, the court feels quite competent in being able to handle the class certification, discovery, and trial matters arising from this particular type of professional football anti-trust case. When these considerations are combined with the plaintiffs' election of forum and defendants' preemptive declaratory judgment action, discussed above, the equitable concerns again weigh against defendants' motion to transfer. 3. Contrast: The decision to transfer McNeil. Finally, the defendants claim that the "fundamental statutory goals" of 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) (as cited by defendants), the conservation of time and resources and consistent adjudication, require transfer (even though it appears that these would be satisfied by a unified proceeding in either court). To substantiate their claim that Minnesota is the superior forum, the defendants rely on Judge Bissell's decision to transfer McNeil. Defendants fail to acknowledge, however, that the situation facing Judge Bissell was radically different from that facing this court. First, Judge Bissell concluded that "[t]he claims in the two cases presently under review in Minnesota encompass the underlying claims presented in the litigation here." McNeil v. NFL, Civ.Act. 90-1402, slip op. at 12 (D.N.J. June 12, 1990). Judge Bissell then noted that the eight McNeil plaintiffs were also members of the Powell class; thus, the relief sought in McNeil was encompassed by that already sought on behalf of the McNeil plaintiffs by virtue of their membership in the Powell class. On the other hand, this suit, claiming damages for the implementation of the first refusal/compensation system for the 1989 season, is not before Judge Doty; in fact, these claims were omitted from the Powell litigation by Judge Doty's decision. Moreover, these issues have expressly been excluded from consideration by the Eighth Circuit's decision in Powell Thus, the unity of parties and issues evident in McNeil is not present here. Judge Bissell then sought to avoid creating inconsistent adjudications between New Jersey and Minnesota regarding the players' rights. As this court's decision in Brown v. Pro Football, Inc., No. 99-1071, June 4, 1991, has already determined that the NFL faces anti-trust liability for the 1989 season, consistent adjudication regarding the 1989 season may only be had if this case is tried in this court. Moreover, as that decision is in conflict with the decision of the Eighth Circuit, the creation of a split is no longer an issue. 4. Conclusion. Therefore, despite defendants' best efforts to demonstrate that Minnesota is the proper forum for this action, defendants' *7 arguments are unavailing. Rather, there appears to be a race to the courthouse, and the interest of justice, the touchstone of 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), demands that defendants' victory in that race not prejudice the valid claims of the plaintiffs. The equities, properly considered, justify trial in this jurisdiction. Defendants' motion to transfer is therefore DENIED. C. Defendants' Motion to Stay this Case. Finally, defendants argue that a final alternative would be to stay this lawsuit until the issues are resolved in Hilton, Powell, and McNeil. As discussed above, there is no reason to hold this lawsuit for the declaratory judgment action in Hilton; rather, of the two lawsuits, this one is the superior. Moreover, there is no indication that the Eighth Circuit will reverse Judge Doty's decision in Powell, which closely tracked the Eighth Circuit's first Powell decision. Thus, a stay would only serve to postpone, potentially to plaintiffs' detriment, an inevitable resolution of this case. And finally, the McNeil case has already been decided, and its outcome was not favorable to the NFL. Therefore, a stay of the present lawsuit would serve no purpose and defendants' motion to stay this case is DENIED. IV. CONCLUSION. In short, the defendants won the race to the courthouse and beat the plaintiffs in the filing of their anticipated litigation by two days. However, but for the earlier filing date, the equitable concerns do not weigh in favor of a Minnesota trial. Rather, a proper lawsuit lies in this court, and the motion to dismiss, transfer, or stay the present lawsuit will therefore be DENIED. NOTES [1] Plan B was adopted by the National Football League in February 1989. Under the first refusal/compensation system, a player whose contract has expired with one NFL team may negotiate with other NFL clubs. However, before signing with the second club, the first team is given an opportunity to match the contract the player has negotiated with the second team. If the first team chooses not to match the offer, the second club must compensate the first team with draft choices. [2] Excluded from the class would be the named plaintiffs in Powell v. National Football League, No. 4-87-917 (D.Minn.). See fn. 4. [3] Another player-brought case, Allen v. San Diego Chargers, Civ. No. 91-4342 (C.D.Cal.), is pending, but has been stayed. [4] The NFL has appealed this ruling to the Eighth Circuit. The 1989 claims of the named plaintiffs in Powell were dismissed with prejudice. As a result, the named plaintiffs can not be members of the plaintiff class in this case. [5] Since the NFL's briefs were filed, a jury in the McNeil case found against the NFL and awarded damages to four of the eight plaintiff players. The Powell appeal is still pending before the Eighth Circuit. [6] Brown v. Pro Football, Inc., Civ. No. 90-1071 (RCL) (D.D.C.). [7] Tice v. Pro Football, Inc., Civ. No. 91-2314 (RCL) (D.D.C.).

Stu is getting married. Along with Doug, Phil, and his soon-to-be brother-in-law Teddy, he regretfully invites Alan to Thailand for the wedding. After a quiet night on the beach with a beer and toasting marshmallows by the camp fire, Stu, Alan and Phil wake up in a seedy apartment in Bangkok. Doug is back at the resort, but Teddy is missing, there's a monkey with a severed finger, Alan's head is shaved, Stu has a tattoo on his face, and they can't remember any of it. The wolf-pack retrace their steps through strip clubs, tattoo parlors and cocaine-dealing monkeys on the streets of Bangkok as they try and find Teddy before the wedding. Written by napierslogs

Lucknow, Nov 7: Ayodhya Deepostav 2018, an event organised to mark Diwali celebrations in Ayodhya town - has entered Guinness Book of World Records on Tuesday. A Guinness certificate was issued to UP government's tourism department and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia (RML) Avadh University, Faizabad, on Tuesday evening when over three lakh clay lamps were illuminated at Ram Ki Paidi on Chhoti Diwali as part of Deepotsava. Faizabad district will now be known as Ayodhya The event also witnessed some important announcements. Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath said that Faizabad district will now be known as Ayodhya. "Ayodhya is a symbol of our pride. Ayodhya's identity is with Lord Ram. From today, Faizabad district's name will be Ayodhya," he said. Three lakh Diyas on banks of river Sarayu The mega Deepostav 2018 celebrations which began today with an aim to set a world record, entered the Guinness Book of Record for lighting as many as 3,01,152 earthen lamps, on the bank of River Sarayu. More than three lakh ‘diyas' or ‘earthen lamps' were lit on both sides of the banks of River Saryu. 30-feet statue of Lord Ram A massive 30-feet statue of Lord Ram was also installed on the banks of Saryu, along with that of Lord Hanuman, for Diwali celebrations in the city. Ayodhya Deepotsav 2018 The Deepotsav is an initiative by the Tourism and Cultural Department of Uttar Pradesh to celebrate Lord Rama's victory over Ravana and return to His kingdom in Ayodhya. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This includes cookies from third party social media websites and ad networks. Such third party cookies may track your use on Oneindia sites for better rendering. Our partners use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on Oneindia website. However, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Learn more

You can't do it exactly without a scale but a pretty good approximation is to get the washer legs set and level the washer, then apply my proprietary technique called "rocking the washer along the diagonals." Looking down at the top panel of the washer, place your hands at the ends of one set of diagonals and try to rock the washer. If you get any movement at all, you have a weight distribution problem. Repeat for the other diagonal.

I think the real issue here is that most people don't understand /how/ to use MongoDB. The best use case for MongoDB is as a document store. I can essentially cache numerous MySQL requests into a compiled set of useful information. Especially if the information changes somewhat infrequently, then instead of running MySQL requests for every page load I can pull the information from MongoDB. In most cases when I use MongoDB, its not as a persistent data store, but as a "compiled" data store. MongoDB also has some useful set operations. I for one don't believe that MongoDB is /directly/ competing with MySQL, Postgres, etc. but rather enhances these databases.

Mamillisphaeria Mamillisphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain. References Category:Melanommataceae

Q: Separate node js query results into objects? I have a node query that is returning results. However, the handlebars helpers on my view is treating the entire array as one result: {{#if donations}} {{#each donations}} {{this}} is printing the entire set of donations! {{/each}} {{/if}} The {{this}} prints the entire set of the array instead of just printing one object on the web page: { owner: '5a6d4c99d6320c05223e0cdb', _id: 5a930456d5ff0809409d15d8, name: 'test', price: 24, description: 'please donate to our cause', enddate: null, __v: 0 },{ owner: '5a6d4c99d6320c05223e0cdb', _id: 5a9a0b601be9210796083c9b, name: 'please donate again', price: 150, description: 'medical condition', enddate: null, __v: 0 }, Here's the relevant router code: // GET user by username router.get('/:username', function(req, res) { //var id = req.params.id; var username = req.params.username; User.getUserByUsername(username,function(err, user){ const vm = user; var id = vm.id; Donation.getDonationsByUserId(id, function(err, donations){ const vd = { donations }; //console.log(vd); res.render('user', {donations: vd, user: vm}); }) }); }); And here's the model function it's referencing: module.exports.getDonationsByUserId = function(id, callback){ return Donation.find({owner: id}, function(err, donations) { //ar query = {owner: id}; return callback(err, donations); }); } How can I iterate through each individual object result? Thanks! A: Considering your JSON structure as below, { "donations": [ { "owner": "5a6d4c99d6320c05223e0cdb", "_id": "5a930456d5ff0809409d15d8", "name": "test", "price": 24, "description": "please donate to our cause", "enddate": null, "__v": 0 }, { "owner": "5a6d4c99d6320c05223e0cdb", "_id": "5a9a0b601be9210796083c9b", "name": "please donate again", "price": 150, "description": "medical condition", "enddate": null, "__v": 0 } ] } You may use the below template structure. {{#if donations} {{#each donations}} {{#each this}} {{this}} {{/each}} is printing the entire set of donations! {{/each}} {{/if}} Which prints the output as, 5a6d4c99d6320c05223e0cdb 5a930456d5ff0809409d15d8 test 24 please donate to our cause 0 is printing the entire set of donations! 5a6d4c99d6320c05223e0cdb 5a9a0b601be9210796083c9b please donate again 150 medical condition 0 is printing the entire set of donations! Tested using http://tryhandlebarsjs.com Hope this helps.

Q: Skip "$RECYCLE.BIN" when copying all directories I am trying to copy all folders to c: the issue is it keeps trying to access the recycle bin folder. I tried many thing to avoid it but it did't work. I had same issue with system volume information but i simply skipped over it. I don't know why this approach is not working with the $recycle.bin public void Copy(string sourceDirectory, string targetDirectory) { DirectoryInfo diSource = new DirectoryInfo(sourceDirectory); DirectoryInfo diTarget = new DirectoryInfo(targetDirectory); string[] entries; try { //Gets list of all files and directories (we need it for progress bar) entries = Directory.GetFileSystemEntries(sourceDirectory, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories); //entries = Directory.GetFiles(sourceDirectory, "*.*", SearchOption.AllDirectories) // .Where(d => !d.StartsWith("$RECYCLE.BIN")) // .Where(d => !d.StartsWith("System Volume Information")).ToArray(); } catch (Exception ex) { MessageBox.Show(ex.Message); return; } Invoke(new Action(() => progressBar1.Maximum = entries.Count())); Invoke(new Action(() => progressBar1.Step = 1)); Invoke(new Action(() => progressBar1.Value = 0)); //Using Invoke to prevent Cross thread exception CopyAll(diSource, diTarget, entries); } public void CopyAll(DirectoryInfo source, DirectoryInfo target, string[] entries) { // lblInfo.Text = "Copying " + source; Directory.CreateDirectory(target.FullName); // Copy each file into the new directory. foreach (FileInfo fi in source.GetFiles()) { try { if (source.ToString() != "D:\\$RECYCLE.BIN" && source.ToString() != "System Volume Information") { if (!IsWorking) { Invoke(new Action(() => lblInfo.Text = "Stopped")); return; } //Using Invoke to prevent Cross thread exception Invoke(new Action(() => this.lblInfo.Text = string.Format("Copied {0}\\{1}", source.FullName, fi.Name))); if (File.Exists(Path.Combine(target.FullName, fi.Name))) { File.Delete(Path.Combine(target.FullName, fi.Name)); } fi.CopyTo(Path.Combine(target.FullName, fi.Name), true); Application.DoEvents(); Invoke(new Action(() => progressBar1.Value++)); } } catch (UnauthorizedAccessException ex) { // ok, so we are not allowed to dig into that directory. Move on. } } // Copy each subdirectory using recursion. foreach (DirectoryInfo diSourceSubDir in source.GetDirectories()) { try { if (diSourceSubDir.ToString() != "System Volume Information" && diSourceSubDir.ToString() != "$RECYCLE.BIN") { DirectoryInfo nextTargetSubDir = target.CreateSubdirectory(diSourceSubDir.Name); CopyAll(diSourceSubDir, nextTargetSubDir, entries); Invoke(new Action(() => progressBar1.Value++)); } else { Invoke(new Action(() => progressBar1.Value = progressBar1.Value + 2)); } } catch (UnauthorizedAccessException ex) { // ok, so we are not allowed to dig into that directory. Move on. } } I tried the commented out LINQ and if statements and most online answers. I don't want to run it as admin and I deleted the app.manifest file I appreciate the help. A: Here is what I did: I added the conditions and removed the return; and show box so when it catch something it just moves on to the next directory. try { if (!diSource.ToString().Contains("System Volume Information") && !diSource.ToString().ToUpper().Contains("$RECYCLE.BIN")) { entries = Directory.GetFileSystemEntries(sourceDirectory, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories); } } catch (UnauthorizedAccessException ex) { //ok, so we are not allowed to dig into that directory. Move on. }

Modulation of swimming behavior in the medicinal leech. I. Effects of serotonin on the electrical properties of swim-gating cell 204. The effects of serotonin on the electrical properties of swim-gating neurons (cell 204) were examined in leech (Hirudo medicinalis) nerve cords. Exposure to serotonin decreased the threshold current required to elicit swim episodes by prolonged depolarization of an individual cell 204 in isolated nerve cords. This effect was correlated with a more rapid depolarization and an increased impulse frequency of cell 204 in the first second of stimulation. In normal leech saline, brief depolarizing current pulses (1 s) injected into cell 204 failed to elicit swim episodes. Following exposure to serotonin, however, identical pulses consistently evoked swim episodes. Thus, serotonin appears to transform cell 204 from a gating to a trigger cell. Serotonin had little effect on the steady-state current-voltage relation of cell 204. However, serotonin altered the membrane potential trajectories in response to injected current pulses and increased the amplitude of rebound responses occurring at the offset of current pulses. These changes suggest that serotonin modulates one or more voltage dependent conductances in cell 204, resulting in a more rapid depolarization and greater firing rate in response to injected currents. Thus, modulation of intrinsic ionic conductances in cell 204 may account in part for the increased probability of swimming behavior induced by serotonin in intact leeches.

Early tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from the pulmonary macrophage in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is a proinflammatory mediator required for the development of experimental lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. The alveolar macrophage is a rich source of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in multiple models of acute lung injury. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the alveolar macrophage is an important source of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and whether suppression of its function protects against injury. Left lungs of Long-Evans rats underwent normothermic ischemia for 90 minutes and reperfusion for up to 4 hours. Treated animals received gadolinium chloride, a rare earth metal that inhibits macrophage function. Injury was quantitated via lung tissue neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase content), lung vascular permeability, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid leukocyte, cytokine, and chemokine content. Separate samples were generated for immunohistochemistry. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion occurred at 15 minutes of reperfusion and was localized to the alveolar macrophage by immunohistochemistry. In gadolinium-treated animals, lung vascular permeability was reduced by 66% at 15 minutes (P <.03) of reperfusion and by 34% at 4 hours (P <.02) of reperfusion. Suppression of macrophage function resulted in a 35% reduction in lung myeloperoxidase content (P <.03) and similar reductions in bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte accumulation. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and microphage inflammatory protein-1alpha protein levels were markedly reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage of gadolinium-treated animals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The alveolar macrophage secretes tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein by 15 minutes of reperfusion, which orchestrates the early events that eventually result in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury at 4 hours. Gadolinium pretreatment markedly reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha elaboration, resulting in significant protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.

John Thomas Davies John Thomas Davies VC (29 September 1895 – 28 October 1955) was an English soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that was awarded in the British Empire, and to this day in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth.. He was 22 years old and a corporal in the 11th (Service) Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Volunteers), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 24 March 1918 near Eppeville, France, when his company was ordered to withdraw, Corporal Davies knew that the only line of withdrawal lay through a deep stream lined with a belt of barbed wire; he saw it imperative to hold up the enemy as long as possible. He mounted the parapet in full view of the enemy in order to get a more effective field of fire and kept his Lewis gun in action to the last, causing many enemy casualties and enabling part of his company to get across the river, which they would otherwise have been unable to do. He was taken prisoner after the action. During World War II, he was a Captain in the Home Guard. He was buried in St. Helens Borough Cemetery, Lancashire, England. (C. of E. Section. Area 59. Grave 426.) The Medal His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Imperial War Museum, London, England. References Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997) VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 1997) External links Victoria Cross recipients, Lancashire County Category:1895 births Category:1955 deaths Category:People from Birkenhead Category:British Army personnel of World War I Category:British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross Category:South Lancashire Regiment soldiers Category:British Home Guard officers Category:British World War I prisoners of war Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Germany Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross

Salisbury (1818 ship) Salisbury was launched c.1814 in the almost certainly under another name and was possibly a prize. She was possibly captured by the British or sold to British owners in 1815. She made one voyage seal hunting in 1820 and transported settlers to South Africa in 1821. She was lost in 1827. Origins and career Salisbury origins and career are difficult to untangle because there were at various times several vessels by that name, all ranging between 117 and 125 tons burthen, and having similar trades. In 1821 Lloyd's Register (LR) carried two vessels named Salisbury, and the Register of Shipping carried four. It appears that LR missed one vessel completely and may have conflated two different vessels. Salisbury first appeared in LR in 1815 with S. Creedy, master, London owners, and trade London–Sierra Leone. Her origins were given as a foreign prize. She first appeared in the Register of Shipping (RS) with J. Creedy, master, Craig, owner, and trade London–Africa. Her origins were given as Portugal, built in 1812.<ref name=RS1816>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214267?urlappend=%3Bseq=650 '"RS (1816), Seq.№1119.]</ref> However, in 1818 RS had two listings for Salisbury while LR had one that seemingly combined the two listings in RS. Seal hunting voyage (1820–1821): On 8 September 1820 Messrs Cannan, Smith and Millars appointed Captain Thomas Hodges, late master of , to command of Salisbury to engage in seal hunting. He sailed from England on 15 September, bound for the South Shetland Islands. He arrived at New South Shetland in January 1821 and left on 16 February. Salisbury called at Buenos Aires and arrived in the Downs on 13 May and in the Thames by 22 May. She returned with 9000, or 9,821, or 8,926 seal skins. FateSalisbury, of Liverpool, was lost off Cape Mount, Africa, on 1 June 1827. Her crew survived. Lloyd's List gave the name of her master as Bryan. Citations and references Citations References Jones, A.G.E. Jones (April 1985) British Sealing on New South Shetland 1819-1826: Part I", Great Circle'', Vol.7, No.1, pp. 9-22. Category:1814 ships Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England Category:Sealing ships Category:Ships of the 1820 settlers Category:Maritime incidents in June 1827

--- abstract: 'Franson’s Bell experiment with energy-time entanglement \[Phys. Rev. Lett. [**62**]{}, 2205 (1989)\] does not rule out all local hidden variable models. This defect can be exploited to compromise the security of Bell inequality-based quantum cryptography. We introduce a novel Bell experiment using genuine energy-time entanglement, based on a novel interferometer, which rules out all local hidden variable models. The scheme is feasible with actual technology.' author: - Adán Cabello - Alessandro Rossi - Giuseppe Vallone - Francesco De Martini - Paolo Mataloni title: 'Proposed Bell Experiment with Genuine Energy-Time Entanglement' --- Two particles exhibit “energy-time entanglement” when they are emitted at the same time in an energy-conserving process and the essential uncertainty in the time of emission makes undistinguishable two alternative paths that the particles can take. Franson [@Franson89] proposed an experiment to demonstrate the violation of local realism [@Bell64] using energy-time entanglement, based on a formal violation of the Bell Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality [@CHSH69]. However, Aerts [*et al.*]{} [@AKLZ99] showed that, even in the ideal case of perfect preparation and perfect detection efficiency, there is a local hidden variable (LHV) model that simulates the results predicted by quantum mechanics for the experiment proposed by Franson [@Franson89]. This model proves that “the Franson experiment does not and cannot violate local realism” and that “\[t\]he reported violations of local realism from Franson experiments [@KVHNC90] have to be reexamined” [@AKLZ99]. Despite this fundamental deficiency, and despite that this defect can be exploited to create a Trojan horse attack in Bell inequality-based quantum cryptography [@Larsson02], Franson-type experiments have been extensively used for Bell tests and Bell inequality-based quantum cryptography [@TBZG00], have become standard in quantum optics [@Paul04; @GC08], and an extended belief is that “the results of experiments with the Franson experiment violate Bell’s inequalities” [@GC08]. This is particularly surprising, given that recent research has emphasized the fundamental role of a (loophole-free) violation of the Bell inequalities in proving the device-independent security of key distribution protocols [@Ekert91], and in detecting entanglement [@HGBL05]. Polarization entanglement can be transformed into energy-time entanglement [@Kwiat95]. However, to our knowledge, there is no single experiment showing a violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality using genuine energy-time entanglement (or “time-bin entanglement” [@BGTZ99]) that cannot be simulated by a LHV model. By “genuine” we mean not obtained by transforming a previous form of entanglement, but created because the essential uncertainty in the time of emission makes two alternative paths undistinguishable. Because of the above reasons, a single experiment using energy-time entanglement able to rule out all possible LHV models is of particular interest. The aim of this Letter is to describe such an experiment by means of a novel interferometric scheme. The main purpose of the new scheme is not to compete with existing interferometers used for quantum communication in terms of practical usability, but to fix a fundamental defect common to all of them. We will first describe the Franson Bell-CHSH experiment. Then, we will introduce a LHV model reproducing any conceivable violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality. The model underlines why a Franson-type experiment does not and cannot be used to violate local realism. Then, we will introduce a new two-photon energy-time Bell-CHSH experiment that avoids these problems and can be used for a conclusive Bell test. [*The Franson Bell-CHSH experiment.—*]{}The setup of a Franson Bell-CHSH experiment is in Fig. \[Fig1\]. The source emits two photons, photon $1$ to the left and photon $2$ to the right. Each of them is fed into an unbalanced interferometer. $BS_i$ are beam splitters and $M_i$ are perfect mirrors. There are two distant observers, Alice on the left and Bob on the right. Alice randomly chooses the phase of the phase shifter $\phi_A$ between $A_0$ and $A_1$, and records the counts in each of her detectors (labeled $a=+1$ and $a=-1$), the detection times, and the phase settings at $t_D-t_I$, where $t_D$ is the detection time and $t_I$ is the time the photon takes to reach the detector from the location of the phase shifter $\phi_A$. Similarly, Bob chooses $\phi_B$ between $B_0$ and $B_1$, and records the counts in each of his detectors (labeled $b=+1$ and $b=-1$), the detection times, and the phase settings. The setup must satisfy four requirements: (I) To have two-photon interference, the emission of the two photons must be simultaneous, the moment of emission unpredictable, and both interferometers identical. If the detections of the two photons are coincident, there is no information about whether both photons took the short paths $S$ or both took the long paths $L$. A simultaneous random emission is achieved in actual experiments by two methods, both based on spontaneous parametric down conversion. In energy-time experiments, a non-linear crystal is pumped continuously by a monochromatic laser so the moment of emission is unpredictable in a temporal window equal to the coherence time of the pump laser. In time-bin experiments, a non-linear crystal is pumped by pulses previously passing through an unbalanced interferometer, so it is the uncertainty of which pulse, the earlier or the later, has caused the emission what provokes the uncertainty in the emission time. In both cases, the simultaneity of the emission is guaranteed by the conservation of energy. (II) To prevent single-photon interference, the difference between paths $L$ and $S$, i.e., twice the distance between $BS1$ and $M1$, $\Delta {\cal L}=2 d(BS1,M1)$ (See Fig. \[Fig1\]), must satisfy $\Delta {\cal L} > c t_{\rm coh}$, where $c$ is the speed of light and $t_{\rm coh}$ is the coherence time of the photons. (III) To make distinguishable those events where one photon takes $S$ and the other takes $L$, $\Delta {\cal L}$ must satisfy $\Delta {\cal L} > c \Delta t_{\rm coinc}$, where $\Delta t_{\rm coinc}$ is the duration of the coincidence window. (IV) To prevent that the local phase setting at one side can affect the outcome at the other side, the local phase settings must randomly switch ($\phi_A$ between $A_0$ and $A_1$, and $\phi_B$ between $B_0$ and $B_1$) with a frequency of the order $c/D$, where $D=d({\rm Source},BS1)$. The observers record all their data locally and then compare them. If the detectors are perfect they find that $$\begin{aligned} P(A_i=+1)=P(A_i=-1)=\frac{1}{2}, \label{Amarginal} \\ P(B_j=+1)=P(B_j=-1)=\frac{1}{2}, \label{Bmarginal}\end{aligned}$$ for $i,j \in \{0,1\}$. $P(A_0=+1)$ is the probability of detecting a photon in the detector $a=+1$ if the setting of $\phi_A$ was $A_0$. They also find $25\%$ of two-photon events in which photon $1$ is detected a time $\Delta {\cal L} /c$ before photon $2$, and $25\%$ of events in which photon $1$ is detected $\Delta {\cal L}/c$ after photon $2$. The observers reject this $50\%$ of events and keep the $50\%$ that are coincident. For these selected events, quantum mechanics predicts that $$P(A_i=a, B_j=b)=\frac{1}{4}\left[1+ab \cos(\phi_{A_i}+\phi_{B_j})\right], \label{joint}$$ where $a,b \in \{-1,+1\}$ and $\phi_{A_i}$ ($\phi_{B_j}$) is the phase setting corresponding to $A_i$ ($B_j$). The Bell-CHSH inequality is $$-2 \le \beta_{\rm CHSH} \le 2, \label{CHSH}$$ where $$\beta_{\rm CHSH} = \langle A_0 B_0 \rangle + \langle A_0 B_1 \rangle + \langle A_1 B_0 \rangle - \langle A_1 B_1 \rangle.$$ According to quantum mechanics, the maximal violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality is $\beta_{\rm CHSH} = 2 \sqrt{2}$ [@Tsirelson80], and is obtained, e.g., with $\phi_{A_0}=0$, $\phi_{A_1}=\frac{\pi}{2}$, $\phi_{B_0}=-\frac{\pi}{4}$, $\phi_{B_1}=\frac{\pi}{4}$. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- $A_0$ $A_1$ $B_0$ $B_1$ $\langle $\langle A_0 B_1 \rangle$ $\langle A_1 $\langle A_1 B_1 \rangle$ A_0 B_0 \rangle$ B_0 \rangle$ -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------------ --------------------------- -------------- --------------------------- -- $S+$ $S+$ $S+$ $L\pm$ $+1$ rejected $+1$ rejected $L+$ $L+$ $L+$ $S\pm$ $+1$ rejected $+1$ rejected $S+$ $S-$ $L\pm$ $S+$ rejected $+1$ rejected $-1$ $L+$ $L-$ $S\pm$ $L+$ rejected $+1$ rejected $-1$ $S+$ $L\pm$ $S+$ $S+$ $+1$ $+1$ rejected rejected $L+$ $S\pm$ $L+$ $L+$ $+1$ $+1$ rejected rejected $L\pm$ $S+$ $S+$ $S-$ rejected rejected $+1$ $-1$ $S\pm$ $L+$ $L+$ $L-$ rejected rejected $+1$ $-1$ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : \[TableI\]$32$ sets of instructions (out of $64$) of the LHV model (the other $32$ are in Table \[TableII\]). Each row represents $4$ sets of local instructions (first $4$ entries) and their corresponding contributions for the calculation of $\beta_{\rm CHSH}$ after applying the postselection procedure of the Franson experiment (last $4$ entries). For each row, two sets (corresponding to $\pm$ signs) are explicitly written, while the other two can be obtained by changing all signs. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- $A_0$ $A_1$ $B_0$ $B_1$ $\langle $\langle A_0 B_1 \rangle$ $\langle A_1 $\langle A_1 B_1 \rangle$ A_0 B_0 \rangle$ B_0 \rangle$ -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------------ --------------------------- -------------- --------------------------- -- $S+$ $S+$ $S-$ $L\pm$ $-1$ rejected $-1$ rejected $L+$ $L+$ $L-$ $S\pm$ $-1$ rejected $-1$ rejected $S+$ $S-$ $L\pm$ $S-$ rejected $-1$ rejected $+1$ $L+$ $L-$ $S\pm$ $L-$ rejected $-1$ rejected $+1$ $S-$ $L\pm$ $S+$ $S+$ $-1$ $-1$ rejected rejected $L-$ $S\pm$ $L+$ $L+$ $-1$ $-1$ rejected rejected $L\pm$ $S-$ $S+$ $S-$ rejected rejected $-1$ $+1$ $S\pm$ $L-$ $L+$ $L-$ rejected rejected $-1$ $+1$ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : \[TableII\]$32$ sets of instructions of the LHV model. [*LHV models for the Franson experiment.—*]{}A LHV theory for the Franson experiment must describe how each of the photons makes two decisions. The $+1/-1$ decision: the decision of a detection to occur at detector $+1$ or at detector $-1$, and the $S/L$ decision: the decision of a detection to occur at time $t_D=t$ or a time $t_D=t+\frac{\Delta {\cal L}}{c}$. Both decisions may be made as late as the detection time $t_D$, and may be based on events in the backward light cones of the detections. In a Franson-type setup both decisions may be based on the corresponding local phase setting at $t_D-t_I$. For a conclusive Bell test, there is no problem if photons make the $+1/-1$ decision based on the local phase setting. The problem is that the $50\%$ postselection procedure should be independent on the phase settings, otherwise the Bell-CHSH inequality (\[CHSH\]) is not valid. In the Franson experiment the phase setting at $t_D-t_I$ can causally affect the decision of a detection of the corresponding photon to occur at time $t_D=t$ or a time $t_D=t+\frac{\Delta {\cal L}}{c}$. If the $S/L$ decision can depend on the phase settings, then, after the $50\%$ postselection procedure, one can formally obtain not only the violations predicted by quantum mechanics, as proven in [@AKLZ99], but any value of $\beta_{\rm CHSH}$, even those forbidden by quantum mechanics. This is proven by constructing a family of explicit LHV models. Consider the $64$ sets of local instructions in tables \[TableI\] and \[TableII\]. For instance, if the pair of photons follows the first set of local instructions in Table \[TableI\], $(A_0=)S+$, $(A_1=)S+$, $(B_0=)S-$, $(B_1=)L+$, then, if the setting of $\phi_A$ is $A_0$ or $A_1$, photon $1$ will be detected by the detector $a=+1$ at time $t$ (corresponding to the path $S$), and if the setting of $\phi_B$ is $B_0$, photon $2$ will be detected by $b=-1$ at time $t$, but if the setting of $\phi_B$ is $B_1$, photon $2$ will be detected by $b=+1$ at time $t+\frac{\Delta {\cal L}}{c}$ (corresponding to the path $L$). If each of the $32$ sets of instructions in Table \[TableI\] occurs with probability $p/32$, and each of the $32$ sets of instructions in Table \[TableII\] with probability $(1-p)/32$, then it is easy to see that, for any value of $0 \le p \le 1$, the model gives $25\%$ of $SL$ events, $25\%$ of $LS$ events, $50\%$ of $SS$ or $LL$ events, and satisfies (\[Amarginal\]) and (\[Bmarginal\]). If $p=0$, the model gives $\beta_{\rm CHSH}=-4$. If $p=1$, the model gives $\beta_{\rm CHSH}=4$. If $0 < p < 1$, the model gives any value between $-4 < \beta_{\rm CHSH} < 4$. Specifically, a maximal quantum violation $\beta_{\rm CHSH} = 2 \sqrt{2}$, satisfying (\[joint\]), is obtained when $p=(2+\sqrt{2})/4$. The reason why this LHV model is possible is that the $50\%$ postselection procedure in Franson’s experiment allows the subensemble of selected events to depend on the phase settings. For instance, the first $8$ sets of instructions in Table \[TableI\] are rejected only when $\phi_B=B_1$. The main aim of this Letter is to introduce a similar experiment which does not have this problem. There is a previously proposed solution consisting on replacing the beam splitters $BS_1$ and $BS_2$ in Fig. \[Fig1\] by switchers synchronized with the source [@BGTZ99]. However, these active switchers are replaced in actual experiments by passive beam splitters [@TBZG00; @BGTZ99] that force a Franson-type postselection with the same problem described above. One way to avoid the problem is to make an extra assumption, namely that the decision of being detected at time $t_D=t$ or a time $t_D=t+\frac{\Delta {\cal L}}{c}$ is actually made at the first beam splitter, before having information of the local phase settings [@AKLZ99; @Franson99]. This assumption is similar to the fair sampling assumption, namely that the probability of rejection does not depend on the measurement settings. As we have seen, there are local models that do not satisfy this assumption. The experiment we propose does not require this extra assumption. [*Proposed energy-time entanglement Bell experiment.—*]{}The setup of the new Bell experiment is illustrated in Fig. \[Fig2\]. The source emits two photons, photon $1$ to the left and photon $2$ to the right. The $S$ path of photon $1$ (photon $2$) ends on the detectors $a$ on the left ($b$ on the right). The difference with Fig. \[Fig1\] is that now the $L$ path of photon $1$ (photon $2$) ends on the detectors $b$ ($a$). In this setup, the two photons end in different sides only when both are detected in coincidence. If one photon takes $S$ and the other photon takes $L$, both will end on detectors of the same side. An interferometer with this last property is described in [@RVDM08]. The data that the observers must record is the same as in Franson’s experiment. The setup must satisfy the following requirements: (I’) To have two-photon interference, the emission of the two photons must be simultaneous, the moment of emission unpredictable, and both arms of the setup identical. The phase stabilization of the entire setup of Fig. \[Fig2\] is more difficult than in Franson’s experiment. (II’) Single-photon interference is not possible in the setup of Fig. \[Fig2\]. (III’) To temporally distinguish two photons arriving at the same detector at times $t$ and $t+\frac{\Delta {\cal L}'}{c}$, where $\Delta {\cal L}'=2 [d({\rm Source},BS2)+d(BS2,M1)]$ (see Fig. \[Fig2\]), the dead time of the detectors must be smaller than $\frac{\Delta {\cal L}'}{c}$. For detectors with a dead time of $1$ ns, ${\Delta {\cal L}'} > 30$ cm. (IV’) The probability of two two-photons events in $\frac{\Delta {\cal L}'}{c}$ must be negligible. This naturally occurs when using standard non-linear crystals pumped continuously. (V’) To prevent that the local phase setting at one side can affect the outcome at the other side, the local phase settings must randomly switch ($\phi_A$ between $A_0$ and $A_1$, and $\phi_B$ between $B_0$ and $B_1$) with a frequency of the order $c/D'$, where $D'=d({\rm Source},\phi_A)\gg \Delta {\cal L}'$. There is a trade-off between the phase stabilization of the apparatus (which requires a short interferometer) and the prevention of reciprocal influences between the two local phase settings (which requires a long interferometer). By considering a random phase modulation frequency of 300 kHz, an interferometer about 1 km long would be needed. Current technology allows us to stabilize interferometers of up 4 km long (for instance, one of the interferometers of the LIGO experiment is 4 km long). With these stable interferometers, the experiment would be feasible. The predictions of quantum mechanics for the setup of Fig. \[Fig2\] are similar to those in Franson’s proposal: Eqs. (\[Amarginal\]) and (\[Bmarginal\]) hold, there is $25\%$ of events in which both photons are detected on the left at times $t$ and $t+\frac{\Delta {\cal L}'}{c}$, $25\%$ of events in which both photons are detected on the right, and $50\%$ of coincident events for which (\[joint\]) holds. The observers must keep the coincident events and reject those giving two detections on detectors of the same side. The main advantages of this setup are: (i) The rejection of events is local and does not require communication between the observers. (ii) The selection and rejection of events is independent of the local phase settings. This is the crucial difference with Franson’s experiment and deserves a detailed examination. First consider a selected event: both photons have been detected at time $t_D$, one in a detector $a$ on the left, and the other in a detector $b$ on the right. $t_I$ is the time a photon takes from $\phi_A$ ($\phi_B$) to a detector $a$ ($b$). The phase setting of $\phi_A$ ($\phi_B$) at $t_D-t_I$ is in the backward light cone of the photon detected in $a$ ($b$), but the point is, could a different value of one or both of the phase settings have caused that this selected event would become a rejected event in which both photons are detected on the same side? The answer is no. This would require a mechanism to make one detection to “wait” until the information about the setting in other side comes. However, when this information has finally arrived, the phase settings (both of them) have changed, so this information is useless to base a decision on it. Now consider a rejected event. For instance, one in which both photons are detected in the detectors $a$ on the left, one at time $t_D=t$, and the other at $t_D=t+\frac{\Delta {\cal L}'}{c}$. Then, the phase settings of $\phi_B$ at times $t_D-t_I$ are out of the backward light cones of the detected photons. The photons cannot have based their decisions on the phase settings of $\phi_B$. A different value of $\phi_A$ cannot have caused that this rejected event would become a selected event. This would require a mechanism to make one detection to wait until the information about the setting arrives to the other side, and when this information has arrived, the phase setting of $\phi_A$ has changed so this information is useless. For the proposed setup, there is no physical mechanism preserving locality which can turn a selected (rejected) event into a rejected (selected) event. The selected events are independent of the local phase settings. For the selected events, only the $+1/-1$ decision can depend on the phase settings. This is exactly the assumption under which the Bell-CHSH inequality (\[CHSH\]) is valid. Therefore, an experimental violation of (\[CHSH\]) using the setup of Fig. \[Fig2\] and the postselection procedure described before provides a conclusive (assuming perfect detectors) test of local realism using energy-time (or time-bin) entanglement. 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+ d**2) - 519 + 519 + 5*d**2. 4*d**2 Expand (-1 - 2 + 0 + (1 - 4 + 4)*(-2 - 3 + 4))*(158 - 158 + 136*c). -544*c Expand (-43*k + 4 - 1 + 46*k)*(4*k**2 + 0*k**2 - 3*k**2)*(-k + 3*k + 3*k). 15*k**4 + 15*k**3 Expand 5*s**5 + 2 - 2 + (-s**5 - 2*s**5 + 2*s**5)*(0 - 3 + 4) + 0*s + 0*s - s**5 - 5*s**5 + 6*s**5 - 3*s**5. s**5 Expand 0*c + c - 2*c + 4*c + c - 3*c + c - c + c + (-2 + 4 - 4)*(-2*c + c + 2*c) + c - 3*c + 4*c + 2*c + 6*c - 2*c. 8*c Expand (-3 - 1 + 2 + 1 - 1 - 2 + 3 - 3 + 2 - 2 + 2 + 1 - 3 - 1 + 2 + (-4 + 6 + 0)*(1 + 1 - 1) - 2 + 1 + 0)*(4*s**3 - 52*s**3 - 32*s**3). 160*s**3 Expand (-4*r + 3*r - 3*r)*(1 - 3 - 1)*(7 - 1 + 3). 108*r Expand (-24*b - 15*b + 7*b)*(-4*b**3 - 1 + 1)*(4*b - 2*b - b). 128*b**5 Expand (-1 + 1 + 2)*(p - 1 + 1) + p + p - p + (16 - 2 + 0)*(-4*p - 3*p + 11*p) + 2 + 4*p + 0*p - 2*p. 61*p + 2 Expand (3 - 2 - 4)*(-2*n**3 + 23 - 7*n**3 - 26) + 3*n**3 - n**3 - n**3. 28*n**3 + 9 Expand -5*n + 6*n + 3*n + (-3 + 0 + 4)*(2 - 2 - 2*n) - 2*n + 1 - 1 - 196 + 196 + 75*n. 75*n Expand (-x + 8*x - 8*x)*(-4 + 4 - 1 + (-7 + 2 + 3)*(-1 + 3 + 0) + 1 - 3 + 1) + (-x + 0*x + 3*x)*(3 - 4 - 1). 2*x Expand (3*y**2 - 4*y**2 + 3*y**2 + (5 - 2*y - 5)*(-y - 3 + 3) - 5*y**2 + 5*y**2 - 3*y**2 - 1 + 1 + 6*y**2)*(0 + 4 - 3)*(2 + 0 - 3). -7*y**2 Expand (1 - 1 + 2*k - 1)*(-2 + k + k + 260 + (3*k - 6*k + k)*(2 - 5 + 1)). 12*k**2 + 510*k - 258 Expand (0 - s + 0)*((-2*s + 0 + 0)*(-22 + 4 + 6) + (-5 + 2 + 1)*(4*s - 3*s - 2*s)). -26*s**2 Expand (11780 - o**2 - 11780)*(-3 - o**3 + 4 + 2*o**3 - o**2). -o**5 + o**4 - o**2 Expand (-2*o + 2*o - 2*o)*(3 + 2 - 6)*(3*o - 4*o + 2*o)*(45*o + 134 - 8*o - 136). 74*o**3 - 4*o**2 Expand (2*f - 1 + 1)*(-49 - 48 + 36 - f)*(0 + 3 - 4). 2*f**2 + 122*f Expand (-2*h**4 + 3*h**4 - 2*h + 0*h**4)*(12*h + 6*h - 15*h) + 0*h**5 + 2*h**5 + 0*h**5. 5*h**5 - 6*h**2 Expand (-10*t + 2*t + 2*t)*(-5*t + 2*t + 4*t) + 12 - 12 - 4*t**2. -10*t**2 Expand 3*p - p**3 - 3*p + p**3 + 1 - 1 + (11*p**2 - 14 + 14)*(p - 2*p - p) + (-2*p**2 - 2*p**2 + 3*p**2)*(2*p + p - 5*p). -20*p**3 Expand (-6 + 1 + 2)*(142 - 142 + 82*k). -246*k Expand (-739 + 739 - 6*h)*(2*h + h + h + (3 - 5 + 1)*(-1 - 2*h + 1) + 4*h + 0*h - 5*h). -30*h**2 Expand (-2*u - 2*u + 2*u)*(0 - 5 - 2)*(-4*u + 3*u + 3*u). 28*u**2 Expand (-5*s + 16*s - 2*s)*(4*s**3 + 10*s**3 + s**3). 135*s**4 Expand (-2*v**2 + 3*v - 3*v)*(-14 - 95 + 8*v + 55). -16*v**3 + 108*v**2 Expand (-3*f + 5*f + 0*f)*(4 - 2 - 1) + 3*f + 3*f - 5*f + (-2 - 3 + 3)*(-2*f + 0 + 0) - 32*f + 11*f + 15*f. f Expand (-2*g**3 - g**4 + 2*g**3)*(-2 - 2 + 2) + (4*g**3 - 3*g**3 + 0*g**3)*(-4*g - 9 + 9) - 3*g**4 + 6*g - 6*g - 2*g**3. -5*g**4 - 2*g**3 Expand (-1 - 1 + 1)*(10*p + 43*p - 16*p)*(-4 + 2 + 0)*(0*p - 2*p + p) + (-p + 3*p + 0*p)*(-3*p - p + 3*p). -76*p**2 Expand 0 + 0 - x + (2 + 2 - 2)*(-2*x + 3*x - 3*x) - 20*x + 22*x + 22*x - 2*x + x + 2*x + (0 + 1 - 3)*(-x - 2*x + 4*x) - 4 - 2*x + 4. 16*x Expand (-1 - 2 + 0)*(-12 - 7*d - 3*d + 8*d). 6*d + 36 Expand (-8*g**2 - 2 + 2)*(0 + 0 + 3*g) + 0*g**3 + 4*g**3 - 5*g**3 - 5*g**3 + 4*g**3 + 4*g**3 + 0*g**3 + 0*g**3 + g**3. -21*g**3 Expand 0 + 0 + 2*s**4 + (3*s**2 - s + s)*(-s - s + 8*s)*(2 - 2 - s + (0 - 3 + 2)*(-3 + 3 - 2*s)) - 31*s**4 - 51*s + 51*s. -11*s**4 Expand (-15*u + 42 - 42 + (-1 + 1 + u)*(-3 + 1 + 0))*(-7*u**2 + 5*u**2 + 3*u**2). -17*u**3 Expand (y**2 + 0*y**2 - 3*y**2)*(-38*y + 241*y + 223*y + 150*y). -1152*y**3 Expand -21*u**3 - 21*u**2 + 21*u**2 + (u**3 + u**3 + u**3)*(5 - 2 - 2) + u**3 - 2*u**3 + 0*u**3. -19*u**3 Expand (2 + 2*o**2 - 2)*(0 + 3 - 4)*(-5 + 2 + 2). 2*o**2 Expand (-21*j**3 - 20*j**3 - 78*j**3)*(0 - 1 + 3)*(0*j - 2*j + 5*j). -714*j**4 Expand (0*f**3 - f**3 + 4*f**3)*(-3*f**2 + 3*f**2 - 2*f**2) + (-3*f**4 + 5*f**4 + f**4)*(11 - 11 - 6*f) + 4*f**3 + 2*f**5 - 2*f**3 - 4*f**3. -22*f**5 - 2*f**3 Expand (3 - 5 + 1)*(0*r + 3*r + 0*r)*(-2 + 0 + 3) + 1 - 1 - 4*r + 2*r + 2 - 2 - 3*r - 2*r + 3*r + (-2 - 1 + 2)*(1 - 1 + 2*r) - 311 + 24*r + 311. 15*r Expand (0*w**2 - 2*w**2 + 3*w - 5*w - 1)*((-3 + 3 - 6)*(-w + 0*w + 3*w) + 2*w - 3*w + 0*w). 26*w**3 + 26*w**2 + 13*w Expand 113*u - 9*u - 22*u + (3 - 1 - 1)*(-4 - u + 4). 81*u Expand -2*o**4 + 231*o**4 + 7*o**4 + (-o**2 + 3*o - 3*o)*(-2*o + 2*o - o**2). 237*o**4 Expand 1 - 2*f - 1 + (-3*f - 3 + 3 + (3 + 1 - 3)*(3*f - 2*f + 0*f))*(-4 + 7 + 2) - 6*f + f + f. -16*f Expand (-2*c**3 + 5*c**3 + 0*c**3 + (1 - 2 + 3)*(-5*c**3 + 3*c**3 + 0*c**3))*(-c - 190 + 183 + 7*c). -6*c**4 + 7*c**3 Expand (3*s**2 + s**2 - 2*s**2)*(4*s**2 - 4*s**2 - 3*s**2) - 13*s**4 + 17*s**3 - 17*s**3. -19*s**4 Expand (20 - 16 - 25)*(3*d + 1 - 1). -63*d Expand (81 + 63*n - 122*n + 58*n)*(-4*n + 0*n + n + 2 + (2*n + 2*n - 3*n)*(0 + 5 - 4) - 4*n - n + 6*n). n**2 - 83*n + 162 Expand (3*w**3 + 1 - 1)*(-4 + 1 + 1)*(4 - 3 + 0 + (-20 - 4 + 11)*(6 - 1 - 1)). 306*w**3 Expand -2*p - 3 + 3 + (2 + 0 - 4)*(-3 + 3 + 2*p) - p - 5*p + 0*p + (-p + 5*p + 2*p)*(-3 + 2 + 0). -18*p Expand 1 + o**5 - 1 + (o**3 + 3*o**2 - 3*o**2)*(2 + o**2 - 2) + (2 - 1 + 7)*(-2 + 5 - 5*o + 3*o)*(-o**4 + 2*o - 2*o). 18*o**5 - 24*o**4 Expand (f - f - 2*f**3 + 2*f**3 + 5*f**3 + f**3 + (-5*f**2 - 13*f**2 + 4*f**2)*(-f + 0*f - 2*f))*(f**2 - 2*f**2 - 2*f**2). -144*f**5 Expand (c + 0*c + c)*(-67 - c - c**2 - 61 + 99). -2*c**3 - 2*c**2 - 58*c Expand (-1 - 4 + 6)*(-28207 - 23*a + 28207)*(-a**4 + 0*a + 0*a). 23*a**5 Expand (3*j - 2*j - 14 + 12)*(-3 - 3 + 4) + (-1 - 1 + 0)*(-3*j + 2*j - j). 2*j + 4 Expand -2*a**5 - 2*a**5 + 6*a**5 + (0*a**2 + 0*a**2 + a**3)*(-5*a**2 + 6*a**2 + a**2) + 6*a**5 - a**2 + a**2 + (3 + 1 - 2)*(-11*a**5 + 31*a**5 + 32*a**5). 114*a**5 Expand (-3*k + k - k)*(3 - 4 - 3) + 6*k + 0*k - 4*k + 3*k + 12*k + 5*k. 34*k Expand 222 - 222 + 34*m**4 + (5 - 2 - 1)*(-2*m**4 - m + m) + 34*m**3 + 3*m**2 + 3*m**4 - 20*m**3 - 17*m**3. 33*m**4 - 3*m**3 + 3*m**2 Expand (r - r - 2*r)*(2 + 2*r - 2)*((0*r**2 + 5*r**2 + 4*r**2)*(0*r + 3*r - r) + 2*r**3 - r + r) - 99*r**4 - 24*r**5 + 99*r**4. -104*r**5 Expand (-960 + 514 + 523)*(3 - 3 + 2 + 2*x). 154*x + 154 Expand (0*m**3 + m**3 - 3*m**3)*((3*m + m - 5*m)*(11*m + 6*m - m) + (m - m + 3*m**2)*(2 + 1 - 4) - 5*m**2 - 2*m**2 + 5*m**2). 42*m**5 Expand (-3*q - 3*q + q + (0*q + 3*q - q)*(1 - 2 + 2) + 6*q - 2*q + 3*q)*(0*q**2 + 2*q**2 + 0*q**2). 8*q**3 Expand (-194*y - 216*y - 114 + 114)*(-y - y + 4*y)*(2*y + 3 - 3). -1640*y**3 Expand (-t**2 + 8*t**2 + 0*t**2)*(-1 + 1 + 2) - t + t + 1 - 7*t**2. 7*t**2 + 1 Expand -a**4 - a**4 + a**4 + (-1 - 1 + 0)*(0 - 2*a**4 + 0) + 4*a**4 - 4 + 4 - a**4 + 5*a**4 - 3*a**4 - 6 + 6 - 3*a**4. 5*a**4 Expand (11*i**2 + 3*i**2 - 20*i**2)*(-2*i**3 - 1 + 2 + 0*i**3). 12*i**5 - 6*i**2 Expand (4 - 4 + s**4)*(-3*s + 0*s - 5*s) - 3*s**5 + 13*s**5 - 6*s**5. -4*s**5 Expand (-2*t**2 + t**2 - t**2)*(2 - 3 - 1) - 5*t**2 + t**2 + 2*t**2 + 14*t**2 - 77*t**2 + 3*t**2. -58*t**2 Expand 3*s**5 + s**5 - 7*s**5 + 3*s**4 - 3*s**4 + 3*s**5 + (0*s**2 + s**3 + 0*s**2)*(-s + s + 2*s**2) + 1 - 1 + 2*s**5 + (s - 3*s + 5*s)*(2*s**4 + 1 - 1). 10*s**5 Expand (-2*l - 3*l - l)*(-4*l**3 - 100*l + 2*l**2 + 2*l**4 + 100*l). -12*l**5 + 24*l**4 - 12*l**3 Expand -2*a**2 + 5*a + a**2 - 2*a + (a - 1 + 1)*(-12*a + 21*a - 54*a). -46*a**2 + 3*a Expand -3*b**3 + b**3 - b**3 + (-7*b**3 + 8*b**3 + b**3)*(1 - 1 - 4). -11*b**3 Expand -883*p**2 - 24*p**3 + 883*p**2 + (0*p**2 + 4*p**2 - 3*p**2)*(p + 1 - 1) + 2*p**3 + 5*p**3 - 5*p**3. -21*p**3 Expand (4*o**3 - 2 + 2)*(203 - 192 + 2*o - o). 4*o**4 + 44*o**3 Expand (-2*u + 8 - 8)*(-2*u**2 - 38*u**2 + 4*u**2)*(-2*u**2 - 3*u + 3*u). -144*u**5 Expand -f + 2*f + f - f + 1 - 1 + (4*f + 0*f - 2*f)*(-1 + 0 + 2) + 0*f - 4*f + 5*f + 5 - 2 - 695*f + 569*f. -122*f + 3 Expand (-7 - 2 - 8)*(8 + 1 + 5)*(2*p + 3 - 3). -476*p Expand (2*c - c + 2*c)*(-5 + 5 - c) + (-c + 4*c + 0*c)*(c + 6*c - 5*c) + 2*c**2 + 4*c - 4*c + (3 - 2 - 3)*(5*c**2 + 2*c**2 - 5*c**2) + c**2 - c**2 + 3*c**2. 4*c**2 Expand -2*f**2 + f**2 - 3*f**2 + (12*f - 2*f + 5*f)*(3*f - 3*f + 2*f). 26*f**2 Expand b + 2*b - b + (1 - 2 + 3)*(-2*b + 1 - 1) - 5 - 2*b + 5 + 2122*b - 6363*b + 2129*b + 2131*b - 5. 15*b - 5 Expand (-2*b + b - 7*b)*(-3 + 2 + 4 + (-2 - 2 + 1)*(-4 + 0 + 1)). -96*b Expand (0*b**3 - b**3 + 4*b**3)*(-2*b**2 + b**2 + 3*b**2 + (-b + 0*b + 3*b)*(b - 3*b + 0*b) + 7*b - 13*b**2 - 7*b + b**2 - b**2 + b**2). -42*b**5 Expand (5*v**2 + 10*v**2 - 5*v**2)*(v + 12*v + 2*v + 12*v). 270*v**3 Expand (0

Newcastle United’s squad is valued at £147million, according to new stats from the CIES Observatory – a football think tank based in Switzerland. CIES place United’s squad as the 25th most expensive in Europe – but only the 11th in the Premier League, behind the likes of Crystal Palace, Leicester and West Ham. The data is based on fees spent on the squad to assemble it. The data illustrates the growing chasm between Europe’s super-elite clubs and even the Premier League’s clubs. (Image: Newcastle United) The values are given in Euros – top of the charts are Manchester City, who invested a record value of €853 million in transfer fees to assemble its current squad. This value is €850 million for Paris St-Germain and €784 million for previous record holder Manchester United. Newcastle boss Rafa Benitez, of course, wanted to see more investment to break into the top ten in the Premier League but he will no doubt be satisfied with back-to-back top flight wins. United’s net spend was worked out by the think tank as £27million – 22nd highest in Europe. That is below Huddersfield and Brighton and 11th highest in the Premier League. CIES have also worked out valuations for four of United’s big summer signings. They rate Mikel Merino at £6.6million, Joselu at £3.4million and Florian Lejeune at £13.25million.

The People’s Forum of New York hosted an assembly on Thursday of solidarity with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which brought together a group of US social movements interested in knowing in detail the social progress that the South American country has made during the last 19 years. In this important space for reflection – in which Commander Hugo Chávez, South African leader Nelson Mandela and North American activist Martin Luther King were honored – the organizations expressed their support for the Venezuelan people who wage a historic battle for their right to self-determination . “From New York we send our support and solidarity to the people of Venezuela, understanding that we are brothers and sisters, and that within the revolutionary process there have been many acts of international solidarity, particularly in the city of New York,” said Claudia de la Cruz, cultural director of the People’s Forum. Specifically, the director made reference and thanked the contributions of the Bolivarian Republic under the leadership of Hugo Chávez to the New York community of the Bronx, after a visit of the then venezuelan leader to that town in 2005. “We give thanks for that solidarity between peoples and for the Bolivarian Revolution that is a revolution of the people,” she added. Similarly, Reverend Danilo Lachapel expressed his solidarity towards the Venezuelan government and people, and condemned Washington’s hostile policy against Caracas. “We will continue by the side of the people who represent the Latin American Homeland, the Bolivar dream, the unity of the Latin American and Caribbean peoples. We know that Venezuela will triumph in this tough battle, overcoming all the aggressions of the empire, we trust that the people of Bolívar and Chávez will triumph ¡Long live to Venezuela!” he stressed. In this context, Venezuelan Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza denounced – once again – the disastrous consequences of the coercive measures that the US government has unilaterally imposed on the Caribbean country, which prevent the state from acquiring basic goods to fulfill the needs of the population. The diplomat expressed in his speech Venezuela's esteem for the American people, regardless of the hegemonic pretensions of Washington. “We love and respect the people of the United States, our criticism is against the imperialism practiced by the United States government. Venezuela is considered an enemy of imperialism because it gives life to the Bolivarian Doctrine, which has always been in opposition to the Moroe Doctrine, “he added. Nevertheless, Arreaza pointed out the willingness of President Nicolás Maduro to meet with his counterpart Donald Trump, despite the political differences between the two leaders. “Venezuela has no arsenal, but its people are stronger than any nuclear weapon,” stressed Foreign Minister Arreaza who, along with a national delegation, had a busy diplomatic agenda at the 73rd Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The People’s Forum of New York is a space of diverse social movements. Currently, about 240 progressive organizations are organically articulated. It is also a meeting point of the international progressive movement. Translation by Venezuela's Foreign Ministry.

* Broadcom BCM283x GPIO controller Required properties: - compatible: must be "brcm,bcm2835-gpio" - reg: exactly one register range with length 0xb4

7.14.2010 Controversy Time! Welcome folks, to the first episode of Controversy Time! Your host today is the beautiful Miss Mara! Today's topic: Anti-Twihards. Eh, yeah, that's right. We're going to be discussing (and by "we" and "discussing," I mean "I" and "writing a monologue about") the most popular, mainstream form of Twihard. The anti-Twihard. Buckle your seatbelts, kiddies, 'cause you're about to be faced with a whole lot of rant, philosophy, hypocrisy, and possibly some digressions that have nothing at all to do with Twilight. So, to start: a brief timeline of the Twihard. 1. Twilight is published. Barnes & Noble rejoices because of the gigantic sales. So do nine-year-old girls-- finally, a romance book that doesn't have any S-E-X in it! This is the first form of Twihard.2. The 9-yr-olds' sisters and mothers read the book, and are convinced by the 9-yr-old that Twilight is the best book in the history of books. These sisters and mothers are the second wave of Twihards. Somewhere in here, the movies come out.3. Boys become aware of the series. Some are forced to read it themselves, and it instantly becomes an internet meme that boys and sane girls hate the series with all their hearts. Much to their dismay, I'm sure, the boys and girls who hate Twilight with a passion, and read it every day just so that their arguments can be absolutely sound, are the most recent form of Twihard. Whaaaaaaat, you say? How on Earth can someone who hates Twilight with all their heart possibly be a Twihard? Psshhhht. You have much to learn, young grasshopper. As far as I can tell, Twihards love Twilight because they genuinely like the series (usually). The same is true with the original anti-Twihards: they hate it because they genuinely hate the characters, or the writing, or the plotline, or whatever. But the ensuing waves of anti-Twihards, who now have a 10:1 ratio over the Twihards, dislike Twilight for a different reason. Disliking Twilight is mainstream. It's what the cool kids do. The cool kids hate Twilight. They go against the flow. They look down upon those who still like the series. So in that sense, Twihards are actually morally superior to most anti-Twihards. It's fine not to like the series. But it takes effort to actually hate something. So the next time you go trolling, think a little. Are you disagreeing with the Twihards because you honestly think Twilight is the bane of your existence? Or is it just because you want to feel cool and socially superior?

;; Copyright (C) 2011-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc ;; Author: Rocky Bernstein <[email protected]> ;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify ;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by ;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or ;; (at your option) any later version. ;; Perl trepanning Debugger tracking a comint buffer. (require 'load-relative) (require-relative-list '( "../../common/cmds" "../../common/menu" "../../common/track" "../../common/track-mode" ) "realgud-") (require-relative-list '("core" "init") "realgud:trepanpl-") (require-relative-list '("../../lang/perl") "realgud-lang-") (realgud-track-mode-vars "realgud:trepanpl") (declare-function realgud-goto-line-for-pt 'realgud-track-mode) (declare-function realgud-track-mode 'realgud-track-mode) (declare-function realgud-track-mode-setup 'realgud-track-mode) (declare-function realgud:track-mode-hook 'realgud-track-mode) (declare-function realgud:track-set-debugger 'realgud-track-mode) (declare-function realgud-perl-populate-command-keys 'realgud-lang-perl) (defun realgud:trepanpl-goto-syntax-error-line (pt) "Display the location mentioned in a Syntax error line described by PT." (interactive "d") (realgud-goto-line-for-pt pt "syntax-error")) (define-key realgud:trepanpl-track-mode-map (kbd "C-c !s") 'realgud:trepanpl-goto-syntax-error-line) (realgud-perl-populate-command-keys realgud:trepanpl-track-mode-map) (defun realgud:trepanpl-track-mode-hook() (if realgud:trepanpl-track-mode (progn (use-local-map realgud:trepanpl-track-mode-map) (message "using trepanpl mode map") ) (message "trepan.pl track-mode-hook disable called")) ) (define-minor-mode realgud:trepanpl-track-mode "Minor mode for tracking trepan.pl source locations inside a process shell via realgud. trepan.pl is a Perl debugger see URL `https://metacpan.org/pod/Devel::Trepan'. If called interactively with no prefix argument, the mode is toggled. A prefix argument, captured as ARG, enables the mode if the argument is positive, and disables it otherwise. " :init-value nil ;; :lighter " trepanpl" ;; mode-line indicator from realgud-track is sufficient. ;; The minor mode bindings. :global nil :group 'realgud:trepanpl :keymap realgud:trepanpl-track-mode-map (realgud:track-set-debugger "trepan.pl") (if realgud:trepanpl-track-mode (progn (realgud-track-mode-setup 't) (realgud:trepanpl-track-mode-hook)) (progn (setq realgud-track-mode nil) )) ) (define-key realgud:trepanpl-short-key-mode-map "T" 'realgud:cmd-backtrace) (provide-me "realgud:trepanpl-")

119 B.R. 727 (1990) In re Desmond Lee PAULINE, Debtor. Raymond CAREY, Chapter 7 Trustee, Appellant, v. Desmond Lee PAULINE, Appellee. BAP No. NC-90-1288-JAsV, Bankruptcy No. 1-89-00008. United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Ninth Circuit. Argued and Submitted July 26, 1990. Decided October 25, 1990. David N. Chandler, Santa Rosa, Cal., for appellant. Douglas B. Provencher, Santa Rosa, Cal., for appellee. Before JONES, ASHLAND and VOLINN, Bankruptcy Judges. OPINION JONES, Bankruptcy Judge: I. OVERVIEW In response to a motion for abandonment, the bankruptcy court held that Raymond Carey ("Appellant Carey"), the Chapter 7 Trustee for Desmond Lee Pauline ("Debtor"), had sixty (60) days to find a party willing to buy the Debtor's home at a price sufficient to satisfy all of the liens on the home plus the allowed amount of the Debtor's homestead exemption. The court further held that if Appellant Carey did not find such a buyer the Debtor's home would be deemed abandoned. We affirm the court's order. II. FACTS The Debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on January 3, 1989. At the time of the filing, the encumbrances on the Debtor's home, including IRS tax liens and the Debtor's homestead exemption, totalled more than the petition-date value of the home. Six-months later, Appellant Carey determined that the Debtor's home should be abandoned. In a letter to a creditor of the Debtor dated August 23, 1990, Appellant Carey memorialized this determination by stating in the letter that he was "abandoning [his] trustee interest in the [home]." Notwithstanding his stated intention to abandon the home, Appellant Carey later reversed himself and decided to sell the home. When the Debtor found out that Appellant Carey intended to sell the home, the Debtor filed a motion urging the bankruptcy court to order the abandonment of the home. After considering the motion, *728 the bankruptcy court gave Appellant Carey sixty (60) days to find a buyer who would be willing to buy the home at a price sufficient to cover all of the liens on the home plus the allowed amount of the Debtor's homestead exemption. The bankruptcy court further stated that in the event no purchaser was found within the sixty day period the property would be deemed abandoned. Appellant Carey timely appealed. III. DISCUSSION We decline to overturn the bankruptcy court's decision for three reasons. First, Appellant Carey failed to object to the Debtor's homestead exemption claim within the thirty day time period established by Bankruptcy Rule 4003(b). As a result, the Debtor's homestead exemption became final with respect to any action which Appellant Carey might have taken against the Debtor's home. See In re Montgomery, 80 B.R. 385, 388 (Bankr.W.D.Tex.1987) ("[I]f no one objects within the time frame established by Bankruptcy Rule 4003(b)[, t]he debtor's entitlement to the [claimed] exemption . . . becomes invulnerable to later attack.") Second, Appellant Carey's reversal regarding the home was apparently triggered by a realization that if he sold the home, rather than abandoning it, he might be entitled to a trustee's fee on the funds used to satisfy the IRS's tax liens. As such, Appellant Carey's actions would appear to be startlingly similar to those types of property churning actions which 11 U.S.C. § 554 (1986) (the "Abandonment" section) was intended to address. See, e.g., Morgan v. K.C. Machine & Tool Co. (In re K.C. Machine & Tool Co.), 816 F.2d 238, 246 (6th Cir.1987) ("In enacting [section] 554, Congress was aware of the claim that formerly some trustees took burdensome or valueless property into the estate and sold it in order to increase their commissions. Some of the early cases condemned this particular practice[,] . . . and decried the practice of selling burdensome or valueless property simply to obtain a fund for their own administrative expenses." (citing Standard Brass Corp. v. Farmers Nat'l Bank, 388 F.2d 86 (7th Cir.1967); Miller v. Klein (In re Miller), 95 F.2d 441 (7th Cir. 1938); Seaboard Nat'l Bank v. Rogers Milk Products Co., 21 F.2d 414 (2d Cir. 1927))); see also In re Paolella, 79 B.R. 607, 609 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1987) ("[T]he principle of abandonment was developed . . . to protect the bankruptcy estate from the various costs and burdens of having to administer property which could not conceivably benefit unsecured creditors of the estate." (citation omitted) (emphasis added)). Lastly, we note that the IRS never asked Appellant Carey to sell the home for its benefit. It is reasonable to assume that the IRS did not ask Appellant Carey to liquidate the IRS's tax liens on the Debtor's home because the IRS felt that it could liquidate the liens at least as efficiently as could Appellant Carey. IV. CONCLUSION Because the Debtor's homestead exemption is final with respect to the Trustee and because the Trustee has apparently engaged in a course of conduct designed to enhance the size of his bank account rather than the size of the funds available for the Debtor's unsecured creditors, we decline to overturn the bankruptcy court's decision.

Max Scherzer and the Nationals deliver the Mets again toward the cellar The Mets shed the initially activity of 4 video games versus the Nationals inside their greatest sequence prior to the All-Star Crack. With Max Scherzer currently being the starting up pitcher, the Mets are privileged they experienced as significantly offense as they did. He experienced not confronted the Mets this year till previous evening, still in just the 97 innings he pitched from them within his occupation, Scherzer owned a 2.23 Generation. The Nationals squandered no year turning into in the direction of effort from Steven Matz within the to start with inning. The instant batter of the video game, Juan Soto, singled and then Anthony Rendon strike a very first-pitch household function towards place Washington up 2-0 prior to quite a few followers even received toward their seats. Nevertheless, Matz all of a sudden recovered and mounted the following 2 batters down upon floor balls. Considerably together with Washington, the Mets3rd batter of the sport did some harm in opposition to the opposing beginner. Just after an Asdrubal Cabrera double, Jose Bautista introduced him dwelling with a solitary. Bautista was termed out at minute foundation once a analyze upon a toss against Michael A. Taylor, who experienced only bobbled the ball. In just the supreme of the instant, Matz learned himself inside a jam once providing up singles towards Daniel Murphy and Matt Wieters in the direction of location adult males upon to start with and moment with merely just one out https://www.shopmetsgearonline.com/Jose_Lobaton_Camo_Jersey-534. When a sacrifice bunt by means of Scherzer, Matz was ready towards order Trea Turner in direction of fly out toward specifically business in direction of position an conclusion toward the risk Wilmer Flores White/Royal Jersey. Matz ran into a common condition in just the 3rd inning at the time Anthony Rendon went backyard back again Jose Lobaton Men's Jersey, this year inserting Washington up 3-1. Other than 2 regrettable pitches towards Rendon, Steven Matz didn Quite incorporate a terrible night time. Within just the evening, he pitched himself out of a couple of sticky circumstances and minimal the non-Rendon hitters within just the lineup towards 6 hits in just 6-moreover innings https://www.shopmetsgearonline.com/Seth_Lugo_Royal_Jersey-435. In just the fourth inning, substantially including Washington, the guy who scored the team initial function of the sport scored the following. Jose Bautista drove within just an additional work upon a solo household work, his 7th of the yr and 5th as a Achieved. Steven Matz found out himself inside dilemma once more in just the 6th inning. Soon after a couple of walks toward Daniel Murphy and the participant of the 7 days, Mark Reynolds, Matz experienced adult males upon initial and instant with 2 outs and Scherzer coming up. Components grew to become Quite dicey whenever Scherzer achieved foundation and introduced up Trea Turner with the bases rich. When 2 pitches, Matz obtained Turner toward pop out in the direction of Wilmer Flores at 3rd towards close the inning. Regretably, the 7th inning didn include these kinds of a delighted finishing. At the time Matz arrived out of the recreation, Tim Peterson arrived in just, gave up a one toward Rendon, and then routinely still left. Jerry Blevins was known as inside of toward encounter Bryce Harper and factors went relating to as properly as by yourself needed. Harper deposited the ball into the instantly industry seats and gave the Nats a direct that they under no circumstances surrender. The Mets strike 2 far more household operates right before the close of the activity, yet they weren sufficient in direction of conclusion the hole as both equally were being solo pics. Kevin Plawecki strike his inside the backside of the 7th and Asdrubal Cabrera matched him in just the closing 50 percent of the future inning. The Mets attempted toward produce a comeback 1 previous period within the backside of the 9th, yet that far too arrived up quick. A Kevin Plawecki solitary obtained components begun off very well, still Jose Reyes and his .473 OPS grounded into a fielder alternative. Amed Rosario, who was benched in just choose of Reyes for no matter what purpose, grounded into a double participate in toward conclude the video game and finish the Nationals 5-4 gain. The Mets and Nationals are again at it once more tomorrow night time for the minute recreation of this 4-activity mounted as the returning Noah Syndergaard can take upon Tanner Roark and his fiery bosoms https://www.shopmetsgearonline.com/Kevin_Plawecki_Royal_Blue_Jersey-708. SB Country GameThreadsAmazinAvenueFederal BaseballBox scoresESPNMLBWin Chance AddedWhat WPA? Fangraphs.com Massive winners: Jose Bautista, +20.7% WPA, Kevin Plawecki, +14.0% WPA, Michael Conforto, +11.5% WPA, Asdrubal Cabrera, +11.0% WPABig losers: Wilmer Flores, -21.5% WPA, Amed Rosario, -20.0% WPA, Jerry Blevins, -18.0% WPA, Jose Reyes, -16.0% WPA, Matt den Dekker, -14.5% WPATeh aw3s0mest perform: Kevin Plawecki 9th inning solitary, +13.3% WPATeh sux0take it easy participate in: Amed Rosario recreation-finishing double participate in, -20.0% WPATotal pitcher WPA: -16.8% WPATotal batter WPA: -33.2% WPAGWRBI!: Bryce Harper

Same-sex marriage legalized in Australia by overwhelmingly public vote Australians at home and abroad are rejoicing because their fellow countrymen & women have made sure their voices are heard regarding same-sex marriage — and they are all unanimously in favor of it! According to the results of a groundbreaking national postal survey that was carried out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), close to 62 percent of Australians who voted said YES to legalize same-sex marriage with a clear majority in every single state and territory demanding they get marriage equality. The overall turnout of eligible voters nationwide was close to 76 percent. The government, which chose to survey the people instead of conventional methods, will present the results before the parliament to pass the verdict on the issue. Its expected that a bill for the same will pass, with many opponents of same-sex marriage in their parliament surprisingly promising to respect the result and provisions for amendments. Labor MPs are unanimously in favor of the bill along with a large section of cross-benchers expected to support the bill. Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull (who voted yes), has already pledged to follow through with the popular vote. “We must respect the voice of our people. We asked them for their opinion and they have clearly given it to us. It is overwhelming,” he said at a press conference. The Prime Minister said a decision vote will come sometime before Christmas. The Opposition Labor Party’s leader, Bill Shorten, at a rally in Melbourne, said: “What a fabulous time to be an Australian – because in this survey the Australian population has stated that Australia is absolutely ready for wholesome marriage equality. With this, Australia is en route to become the 25th country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage (in at least some jurisdictions and provinces).

The present invention relates generally to apparatus for lifting machinery and more particularly relates to safety lift apparatus for portable grain elevators. Portable grain elevators have been used for many years as a convenient mechanism for transferring grain from near ground level to the tops of graineries for filling grain bins therein. Until recently, most grain bins were not very high, and elevators for elevating the grain into those bins were of a managable size. Consequently, a totally manual lift mechanism was satisfactory for raising the rear end of an elevator from a storage and transfer position near the ground to a position high above the ground over the top of a grain bin. A conventional manual lift mechanism for raising the rear end of the elevator included a pivotal attachment of the lower end of an elevator to a stationary carriage assembly and a strut pivotally attached to the stationary carriage assembly and extending into longitudinally movable contact with the elevator. A cable was connected to the strut on one end and onto a manually operated winch on the other end. By manually operating the winch to wind the cable around a reel, the strut was drawn longitudinally forwardly along the elevator resulting in raising the rear end of the elevator to the desired height. In recent years, the use of much larger and higher grain bins plus the desire for grain elevators having much larger grain carrying capacities has resulted in the demand for significantly larger grain elevators which are both much longer and much larger and heavier than the elevators common in years past. Once set up, these longer and larger elevators are capable of transferring grain into higher bins at considerably increased rates; however, they are much more cumbersome and difficult to manipulate, position and set up. Therefore, it is desirable to utilize a power lift mechanism for raising the rear end of an elevator to the desired height over a grain bin, and it is preferable that such mechanism be operable from the seat of a tractor or other vehicle to which the elevator is attached so that it can be simultaneously raised and moved backward into position over the grain bin. Indeed, some persons skilled in the art have substituted hydraulically powered winches on the ends of the lift cables in place of the conventional manual winches for raising elevators. These powered systems, while basically accomplishing the purpose of making it more convenient to raise the elevator to the desired height, have also resulted in some significant problems. For example, the power lift can be a safety hazard if operated by inexperienced or inattentive persons who allow the mechanism to lift the elevator to unsafe heights. The structure of the carriage and lift apparatus of most elevators is such that if the lift apparatus is allowed to travel too far, the center of gravity of the elevator may become positioned to the rear of the supporting apparatus causing the elevator to topple with the rear end falling to the ground from a considerable height while the front end suddenly vaults high into the air. Such a situation can occur without warning and can cause severe injury to persons near the elevator and severe structural damage to the elevator itself. Also, because the grain bins for which such elevators are commonly used are quite high and the elevators become somewhat more unstable when raised to such heights, it is common practice, once the elevator is in position over the grain bin, to tie the upper end of the elevator to the top of the grain bin to anchor it to prevent it from tipping in case of high winds or other adverse conditions. Such a tie-down anchor, while being a considerable safety advantage to keep the elevator from tipping, also resists further raising of the rear end of the elevator. Therefore, if the operator should attempt to raise the elevator, for example, to remove the down spout of the elevator from the filler hatch on top of the bin, but forgets to unfasten the anchoring tie-down, severe structural damage could occur to both the elevator and the bin and could result in the elevator collapsing and injuring persons in the vicinity. While such an eventuality is unlikely with a manually operated winch because the operator could feel the resistance of the anchoring cable, it could quite easily happen with a powered winch. Consequently, the safety concern of most manufacturers as well as governmental regulations have generally inhibited the wide spread use of the more convenient power lift mechanisms on large elevators. Another problem which has arisen from elevators equipped with power lift mechanisms is that while it is generally contemplated that a necessary power source such as a tractor with a hydraulic system for those mechanisms powered by hydraulic fluid will be available when the elevator is used, there are occcasions in which a tractor with a hydraulic system is unavailable. Yet the operator may desire to operate the elevator with another vehicle such as a jeep or tractor which does not have the appropriate power source necessary to raise the elevator. In these circumstances, it is very desirable to be able to alternatively raise the elevator with manual means even though such manual raising means may not be as convenient as the powered lift means.

Introduction Replace the Oil with Unsweetened Applesauce to make these Waffles perfect in taste as well as Calories and Fat. Replace the Oil with Unsweetened Applesauce to make these Waffles perfect in taste as well as Calories and Fat.

Corporate Town of Jamestown The Corporate Town of Jamestown was a local government area in South Australia, centred on the town of Jamestown. It was proclaimed on 25 July 1878, severing the seven-year old settlement of Jamestown from the surrounding District Council of Belalie. The first mayor was John Cockburn, later Premier of South Australia, with George Hingston Lake as town clerk. Under the new council, it instituted a tree-planting program from 1879, reportedly the first town in rural South Australia to do so. In 1881, it was reported to have a population of 995; while this remained static for some decades, by 1936, it was reported to have a population of over 1,500, with 361 dwellings and 106 businesses, with the surrounding area described as "one of the best agricultural districts in this state". In the 1950s, the council offices were based out of the former Jamestown Institute, by then converted to a memorial hall. In 1979, the council launched a program of kerbing and sealing Jamestown streets. On 1 January 1991, it merged into the surrounding District Council of Jamestown; the merged council would itself amalgamate with surrounding municipalities to form the Northern Areas Council in 1997. Mayors References Jamestown

204 Va. 316 (1963) LESTER POLLARD v. ELIZABETH SMITH POLLARD. Record No. 5548. Supreme Court of Virginia. April 22, 1963. William Davis Butts, on brief for the appellant. Present, All the Justices. Lester Pollard's bill for divorce on the ground of wilful desertion by his wife Elizabeth Pollard was dismissed because it was shown that she became and was adjudged insane after the date of the alleged desertion. The evidence showed the desertion without cause on January 28, 1947; the adjudication of insanity on February 26, 1947; and that defendant had given no indication of insanity prior to the date of the desertion. On this evidence it was error to refuse the divorce. Code 1950, section 20-93, changes the prior rule of the cases in such situations and expressly states that insanity so occurring is no defense to a bill for divorce by the deserted spouse. Appeal from a decree of the Circuit Court of the city of Hampton. Hon. Frnk A. Kearney, judge presiding. The opinion states the case. William Alfred Smith, on brief for the appellee. Case submitted on briefs. CARRICO CARRICO, J., delivered the opinion of the court. In this divorce case we are, for the first time, presented the question of the application of Code, | 20-93, the pertinent provisions of which are as follows: "Insanity of guilty party after commencement of desertion no defense. -- When the suit is for divorce from the bond of matrimony for wilful desertion or abandonment, it shall be no defense that the *317 guilty party has, since the commencement of such desertion, and within one year thereafter, become and has been adjudged insane, but at the expiration of one year from the commencement of such desertion the ground for divorce shall be deemed to be complete. . . ." The question here presented arises from an appeal granted Lester Pollard, the complainant, from a final decree dismissing his bill of complaint for divorce, alleging wilful desertion and abandonment, filed against Elizabeth Smith Pollard, the defendant. The bill was dismissed because it was shown that the defendant had been adjudged insane subsequent to the date of the alleged desertion and prior to the expiration of one year from such date. The bill alleged, and the evidence showed, that the Pollards were married on April 19, 1941; that they lived together for six years, during which time the complainant was a dutiful husband; that the defendant deserted the complainant on January 28, 1947, without just cause or excuse; that the desertion had continued uninterrupted since that date; that on February 26, 1947, the defendant was adjudged insane and was committed to Central State Hospital at Petersburg, where she was still confined when the case was heard. The evidence further showed that the defendant displayed no signs of mental illness at the time she left the complainant on January 28, 1947. Prior to the enactment, in 1926, of what is now Code, | 20-93, it was the law in this state that when a defendant in a divorce case became and was adjudged insane between the date of desertion and the running of the statutory period prescribed to make the ground for divorce complete, such insanity was a bar to the granting of a divorce. We had so held in Wright Wright, 125 Va. 526, 99 S.E. 515, decided June 12, 1919, where it was stated that the reason for the rule was that, "an insane person is incapable of forming the intent, either to continue the desertion or to seek a reconciliation." 125 Va., at pp. 528, 529. In the Wright case, Judge Prentis conceded that the rule there enunciated would, in some cases, cause undue hardship. He said, however, that, "[if] there be hardship, the question is one of public policy for the consideration of the General Assembly." 125 Va., at p. 529. The legislature, perhaps motivated by the cases of hardship pointed to by Judge Prentis but, in any event, in sound consideration of public policy, saw fit to change the rule adopted in the Wright case. In *318 clear and unambiguous language it provided that insanity, occurring between the commencement of desertion and the running of the statutory period, is not a bar to divorce for wilful desertion or abandonment. A defense based upon such insanity, previously provided by judicial rule was, by legislative rule, declared no longer to exist. Now, when desertion occurs and continues uninterrupted for one year the ground of divorce is complete, notwithstanding that the defendant meanwhile has become and has been adjudged insane. It is the duty of the courts to recognize and give effect to such a legislative rule. In the case before us, the evidence was sufficient to sustain the complainant's ground for divorce, and it was error to refuse him a decree because the defendant became and was adjudged insane in the one-year period following the desertion. Accordingly, the decree will be reversed and the cause remanded with direction to enter a decree awarding the complainant a divorce from the defendant for wilful desertion and abandonment for more than one year. Reversed and remanded.

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On August 5, India revoked the special status accorded to Jammu & Kashmir by abrogating Constitution’s Article 370. While the Valley remains under lockdown with many phone and internet connections snapped and restrictions on the movement of people in place, several musicians have taken the situation as an opportunity to release songs and music videos celebrating the decision. Several of the songs relate to the Modi government’s decision on scrapping Jammu & Kashmir’s special status – referring to, for instance, how men from other states can now have Kashmiri women as their wives. Most of these songs are either in Bhojpuri or in Haryanvi dialects. On August 11, Haryana Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar had said, “Now some people are saying we can bring girls from Kashmir also.” A Haryanvi song that anticipates this view was posted on YouTube on August 8, although it carries a disclaimer that it is “for fun and does not intend to hurt anyone”. Here is an example of a song celebrating the permission to buy land in Kashmir Also watch Protests or peace in Srinagar? Videos from the BBC and from Prasar Bharti show conflicting footage Zee reporter’s claims that Kashmir wants development vociferously contradicted by bystanders ‘Nobody is at peace’: Kashmir residents express unhappiness at curbs on communication, movement Read Does the scrapping of Jammu and Kashmir’s special status violate the terms of accession to India? Two petitions by Kashmiris challenge changes to 370, say Constitution’s basic structure is violated

Difference in the effects of low temperatures on the tension of human pulmonary artery and vein ring segments. Although limited data suggest that pulmonary flushing with organ preservation solutions should not be performed at too low temperatures, the influence of temperature on pulmonary vascular tone is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of low temperatures of the tension of human pulmonary artery and vein ring segments and the vascular resistance of perfused rat lungs. 5 sets of human pulmonary artery and vein ring segments were suspended from a force displacement transducer at 37, 24 and 8 degrees C, and the effect of 30 mM K(+) on the tension was monitored. The effect of 30 mM K(+) on vascular resistance was also examined at low temperatures in 5 perfused rat lungs. Pulmonary artery segments dilated at 24 degrees C, and more significant vasodilatation was observed at 8 degrees C. In contrast, there was a significant constriction of pulmonary veins at 8 degrees C. Vasoconstriction induced by 30 mM K(+) at 37 degrees C was significantly inhibited at low temperatures in both pulmonary arteries and veins. In rat lungs, perfusion at 8 degrees C caused a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, even though no further increase was observed in the presence of 30 mM K(+). Our data indicate that pulmonary arteries dilate and the veins constrict at 8 degrees C and may increase pulmonary vascular resistance. We conclude that the different effect of low temperatures between pulmonary arteries and veins may explain why pulmonary vascular flushing with organ preservation solutions at room temperature is more satisfactory.

Q: How to Read data from generic repository in ASP.NET controller class? I am using ASP.NET mvc 5 in visual studio 2013 and tending to read data from function table (SQL Server) in the controller class via generic repository. I have IGenericRepository which has IQueryable one function, I have GenericRepository class where i am implementing this interface. I got FunctionContext which is inherited from baseContext. The reason i have baseContext so all the dbcontexts can use one path to hit database but same time keep number of table limited to business need. I have manage to implement genericRepository but seems getting null data against _dbSet while debugging in GenericRepository and I cant read data in controller class either there plus getting error on "var query" An exception of type 'System.InvalidOperationException' occurred in EntityFramework.dll but was not handled in user code many thanks in advanced.... Generic Repository Interface public interface IGenericRepository<TEntity> : IDisposable { IQueryable<TEntity> GetAll(); } Generic Repository public class GenericRepository<TEntity> : IGenericRepository<TEntity> where TEntity : class { protected DbSet<TEntity> _DbSet; private readonly DbContext _dbContext; public GenericRepository() { } public GenericRepository(DbContext dbContext) { this._dbContext = dbContext; _DbSet = _dbContext.Set<TEntity>(); } public IQueryable<TEntity> GetAll() { return _DbSet; } public void Dispose() { } } BaseContext public class BaseContext<TContext> : DbContext where TContext : DbContext { static BaseContext() { Database.SetInitializer<TContext>(null); } protected BaseContext() : base("name = ApplicationDbConnection") { } } FunctionContext public class FunctionsContext : BaseContext<FunctionsContext> { public DbSet<App_Functions> Functions { get; set; } } Function Mapping class [Table("Functions")] public class App_Functions { public App_Functions() { } [Key] public int Function_ID { get; set; } [StringLength(50)] [Required] public string Title { get; set; } public int Hierarchy_level { get; set; } } Function Domain class public class Functions { public Functions() { } public int Function_ID { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public int Hierarchy_level { get; set; } } Controller class public class HomeController : Controller { public ActionResult Index() { using (var repository = new GenericRepository<Functions>(new FunctionsContext())) { ????????????????????????????????? var query = repository.GetAll().Select(x => new Functions { Function_ID = x.Function_ID, Title = x.Title, Hierarchy_level = x.Hierarchy_level }); foreach(var item in query) { var a2 = item.Title; } } return View(); } } A: The type parameter on your repository constructor is incorrect. It should be new GenericRepository<App_Functions>(new FunctionsContext())) Because App_Functions is the type of the entity.

Stroke, defined as an abnormality in brain function resulting from disruption of cerebral circulation, is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. Even when a stroke does not result in death, the costs it imposes on the victim may include serious physical and emotional damage, which may result in loss of productivity. These costs stem from the tremendous damage done to the victim's brain by the stroke. With a reduction in oxygen and glucose, cells display a rapid disruption of protein synthesis, depletion of intracellular energy stores, destabilization of the cell membrane, and activation of the NMDA receptor, leading to excitotoxic and oxidative cell damage in the brain. In an attempt to survive and repair the oxidative damage and return the cell to homeostasis, numerous compensatory energy-consuming processes are activated. However, over-activation of these pathways can deleterious, further depleting cellular energy, and resulting in further brain damage. Such brain damage is, generally, irreversible. Accordingly, a method of protecting brain tissue from damage during a stroke (neuroprotection) would be tremendously important. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a member of a metabolite-sensing protein kinase family, is a known sensor of peripheral energy balance (Carting D., “The AMP-activated protein kinase cascade—a unifying system for energy control.” Trends Biochem Sci 6:314 (2): 580-585, 2004.) AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein composed of a catalytic α subunit (α1 or α2), and 2 regulatory subunits (β and γ). AMPK is phosphorylated and activated when cellular energy levels are low. AMPK in turn regulates cellular metabolism and chronically regulates gene expression to restore ATP levels. Increases in the AMP/ATP ratio, changes in cellular pH and redox status, and increases in the creatine/phosphocreatine ratio are known to activate AMPK (Hardie D G, Salt I P, Hawley S A, Davies S P, “AMP-activated protein kinase: an ultrasensitive system for monitoring cellular energy charge,” Biochem J 338:717-22, 1999; Hawley S A, Davison M, Woods A, et al., “Characterization of the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase from rat liver and identification of threonine 172 as the major site at which it phosphorylates AMP-activated protein kinase,” J Biol Chem 271:27879-87, 1996.) AMPK increases fatty acid oxidation and restricts fatty acid synthesis in an attempt to augment ATP levels in energy-depleted cells. However, in neurons that have a restricted capacity for fatty acid oxidation, this effect could be deleterious (Almeida A, Moncada S, Bolanos J P, “Nitric oxide switches on glycolysis through the AMP protein kinase and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase pathway,” Nature Cell Biology 6:45-51, 2004). Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS), the enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of palmitate, with C75, a synthetic FAS inhibitor disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,575 (incorporated herein by reference), increases ATP levels in a number of cell types, including neurons. AMPK is highly expressed in neurons in the hypothalamus, where it appears to play a role in the regulation of food intake. Hypothalamic phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK) is increased with starvation; C75 treatment inactivates and dephosphorylates AMPK, and induces profound anorexia. The consequences of AMPK activation in neurons that do not have access to energy supplies is unknown. Until the present invention, it has been unclear whether AMPK activation during stress was protective or damaging. There have been no prior studies examining the role of AMPK in stroke.

About Brent Maher Brent Maher is a producer, engineer, and songwriter currently residing in Nashville, Tennessee. He has produced and engineered six Grammy-winning records and received awards from the CMA, ACM, CCMA, ASCAP, SOCAN and NSAI. He is credited with discovering and developing country duo, The Judds, and subsequently produced all ten of their albums, writing many of their hit songs. Maher is also the CEO of Moraine Music Group and has served two terms on the Board of Directors of the Academy of Country Music. , , Early life: Born in Chase, Kansas, Maher lived there until he moved to Denver, Colorado as a teenager. He joined the Air Force after high school where he played guitar and trumpet in his band, The Journeymen. After leaving the Air Force, Maher was hired by Monument Records president, Fred Foster and chief engineer and eventual mentor, Bill Porter, as an assistant engineer in Nashville, Tennessee. Maher later moved to Las Vegas, Nevada to work at United Recording where he engineered Ike and Tina Turner's "Proud Mary," The 5th Dimension's "Age of Aquarius", Duke Ellington's last record, Chuck Berry, Sammy Davis Jr., Gladys Knight, Sly and the Family Stone, and others. Maher's work as a producer picked up when he recorded Benny Hester's debut LP in Vegas. In the late 1970s, Maher moved back to Nashville to help owner Buzz Cason build Creative Workshop Recording Studio. In Nashville, Maher engineered Elvis' last number one song "Way Down" in addition to engineering records with Olivia Newton-John, Ray Charles, and Merle Haggard. Other producer credits include albums with Dottie West, Kenny Rogers and Dave Loggins. In the early '80's, Maher discovered mother/daughter duo, The Judds and developed their acoustic county sound. After getting The Judd's a record deal with RCA/Curb, he co-wrote many of their hits and produced all their platinum LP's. Musical career: Songwriter: Maher received Song of the Year by the Academy of Country Music for writing and producing the Judds' 1984 chart-topping single, "Why Not Me." It was followed by awards for "Girls Night Out" (1985), "Rockin' with the Rhythm of the Rain" (1986), "I Know Where I'm Going" (1987), "Let Me Tell You About Love" (1989), "Born To Be Blue" (1990), and other Judd hits. Maher also co-wrote many of Johnny Reid's hit singles in Canada including "Out of the Blue" (2007), "A Woman Like You" (2009 - CCMA for Single of Year), "Let's Go Higher" (2010), and "Today I'm Gonna Try and Change the World" (2010). Additional hits include "Some Kind Of Trouble," (Tanya Tucker), "Lesson In Leaving'," (Jo Dee Messina), "When Love Starts Talkin'," (Wynonna) and other recordings by Tina Turner, Kenny Rogers, Dottie West, Carl Perkins, Jo Dee Messina, Wynonna, and Shelby Lynne. Producer: Maher produced all ten of The Judds' records, Kathy Mattea's "Good News," Shelby Lynne's big band project "Temptation," and albums by artists including Kenny Rogers, Dottie West, Benny Hester, and Jo Dee Messina. On the international scene, Maher produced Canadian Country artist Johnny Reid's breakthrough Country record "Kicking Stones" and following LP's "Dance With Me" and "A Place Called Love," making Reid one of the top-selling artists in Canada. The albums won CCMA awards for Album of the Year (2009), Best Selling Canadian Album (2009, 2010, 2011), and a Juno Award for Country Album of the Year (2010, 2011). Maher also developed and produced the Grammy nominated self-titled debut from Bering Strait, a young band composed of seven Russian musicians whose story was covered by 60 Minutes. Engineer: Maher's engineering credits include all the projects he has produced, and also extend to Ike and Tina Turner's "Proud Mary," Roy Orbison, Diana Ross & the Supremes, Faces, Duke Ellington, Chuck Berry, Sammy Davis Jr., Gladys Knight, Merle Haggard and the Strangers, Glen Campbell/ Tanya Tucker, Sly and the Family Stone, and others. Publisher: Brent Maher is also a music publisher and CEO of Moraine Music Group, which has produced hit singles over the last 20 years. His current studio is called The Blue Room and located in Nashville, Tennessee. Awards and nominations: Grammy Awards: 2007 - Lost Highway - Willie Nelson and Ray Price (Engineer) 1993 - Good News - Kathy Mattea (Producer) 1991 -Love Can Build A Bridge - The Judds (Producer) 1988 - Give A Little Love - The Judds (Producer) 1986 - Grandpa - The Judds (Producer) 1984 - Mama, He's Crazy - The Judds (Producer) ASCAP Awards: 1978 - Bluer Than Blue - Michael Johnson (Producer) 1979 - You Pick Me Up (And Put Me Down) - Dottie West (Writer) 1980 - Leavin's for Unbelievers - Dottie West (Writer) 1980 - A Lesson in Leavin' - Dottie West (Writer) 1985 - Why Not Me - The Judds (Writer) 1985 - Girls' Night Out - The Judds (Writer) 1986 - Rockin' with the Rhythm of the Rain - The Judds (Writer) 1988 - I Know Where I'm Going - The Judds (Writer) 1989 - Turn It Loose - The Judds (Writer) 1989 - Crying Shame - The Judds (Writer) 1990 - Let Me Tell You About Love - The Judds (Writer) 1991 - Born to be Blue - The Judds (Writer) 1992 - Some Kind of Trouble - Tanya Tucker (Writer) NSAI Awards: 1987 - Rockin' with the Rhythm of the Rain - The Judds (Writer) Songwriter discography: SONG ARTIST ALBUM LABEL CHART POSITION/CERTIFICATIONS COUNTRY Girls' Night Out The Judds Why Not Me RCA/Curb #1 Country Single, Multi-Platinum US I Know Where I'm Going The Judds Heartland RCA/Curb #1 Country Single, Album rel., Multi-Platinum US Let Me Tell You About Love The Judds River of Time RCA/Curb #1 Country Single, Multi-Platinum US Why Not Me The Judds Why Not Me RCA/Curb #1 Country Single/ACM Song of the Year, Multi-Platinum US Rockin' with the Rhythm of the Rain The Judds Rockin' with the Rhythm RCA/Curb #1 Billboard, Multi-Platinum US Born to be Blue The Judds Love Can Build A Bridge RCA/Curb #1 Country Single, #4 Billboard, Album rel., Multi-Platinum US Turn It Loose The Judds Heartland RCA/Curb #1 Country Single, Multi-Platinum US When Love Starts Talkin' Wynonna Judd The Other Side Curb #13 Country Single, Multi-Platinum US Leavin's for Unbelievers Dottie West & Kenny Rogers Special Delivery EMI/Capitol #13 Country Single US Lesson in Leavin' Jo Dee Messina I'm Alright Curb #2 Country Single, Album rel., Multi-Platinum US Some Kind of Trouble Tanya Tucker What Do I Do with Me Liberty #1 Country Single US Crying Shame Michael Johnson That's That RCA #4 Country Single US Tell Me True Juice Newton Emotion RCA #8 Country Single US Where Do We Go From Here Shelby Lynne Temptation Morgan Creek Album rel. US Work On Me Tina Turner Work On Me/Born Free United Artists Album rel. US What I Did For Love Kenny Rogers Love Is Strange Reprise Album rel. US Written On My Heart Jenai Cool Me Down Atlantic Album rel. US Out of the Blue Johnny Reid Kicking Stones Open Road/UMG Top 10, Multi-Platinum CA A Woman Like You Johnny Reid Dance With Me Open Road/ UMG #3 Country Single, Multi-Platinum CA Today I'm Gonna Try and Change the World Johnny Reid A Place Called Love EMI #2 Country Single, Platinum CA Let's Go Higher Johnny Reid A Place Called Love EMI #2 Country and AC Single, Multi-Platinum CA Other ventures: Beyond his musical career, Brent Maher has given lectures on engineering and production for various schools and universities. Maher has one of the largest collections of vintage Gretsch guitars in the US. Maher was also one of the founding members of Middle Tennessee Fly Fishers Inc. In 2011, he created "Cowboy Golf" and now designs golf courses on farms, which led to founding the Boots and Bandana Golf Association based in Franklin, Tennessee at Pines Golf Course. Maher, John Reger, Jr. and Michael Pasternak and associates are currently establishing a network of BBGA courses with ranch owners and recreational facilities across the country to build their own cowboy style golf courses. The events benefit MusiCares, The Facial Pain Research Foundation, and Gentle Carousel Therapy Horses.

1. Field of Invention The present invention relates to semiconductor processing, and in particular, to chemical vapor deposition in a high density plasma reactor. 2. Related Art High density plasma (HDP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes are used in the fabrication of integrated circuits for depositing films on a substrate. One application of an HDP CVD process is to fill gaps on a semiconductor device having high aspect ratios (e.g., about 2.5:1 or greater) and close spacing (e.g., about 0.25 xcexcm or less). Existing HDP CVD processes typically employ deposition with a process gas mixture that includes oxygen, silane, and inert gases, such as argon, to achieve simultaneous dielectric etching and deposition. In an HDP process, RF bias is applied to a wafer substrate in a reaction chamber. As a result, the flux of deposition precursors is perpendicular to the wafer, and the net film growth occurs perpendicularly to the bottom of the feature. Some of the gas molecules (particularly argon) are ionized in the plasma and accelerate toward the wafer surface when the RF bias is applied to the substrate. Material is thereby sputtered when the ions strike the surface. As a result, dielectric material deposited on the wafer surface is simultaneously sputter-etched to help keep gaps open during the deposition process, which allows higher aspect ratio gaps to be filled. An important goal in HDP deposition of these and other layers is to deposit a film of uniform thickness across the surface of a substrate and across different batches of substrates. One factor mitigating against uniform deposition is dopant concentrations in the processing environment. In HDP CVD processes, this is important because the reactor can act either as a sink or a source for dopants that affect the growth rate on the wafer. A typical HDP CVD reactor includes a reaction chamber having an upper lid or dome, typically made of a ceramic such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3). During the deposition process, process gases are introduced into the chamber, and a plasma of the processing gases is generated within the chamber to effectuate chemical vapor deposition onto the substrate. However, the deposition typically occurs on all the surfaces exposed to the processing gases, including the interior surfaces of the chamber. If the dopant concentration of the processing environment is not in equilibrium, a shift in deposition rate can occur. This shift in deposition rate due to changing reactor conditions can be as high as 500 xc3x85/min. When the reactor is in an idle state, an argon and oxygen plasma, Known as an xe2x80x9cidle plasmaxe2x80x9d, is used maintain the reactor temperature. The oxygen in the idle plasma will deplete the fluorine species adsorbed to the sidewalls over time. This creates an environment that is not in equilibrium. For example, when depositing fluorine-doped silicon oxide layers, such as fluorosilicate glass (FSG), a reactor in an idle condition has been depleted of the dopants adsorbed to the chamber surfaces. When FSG deposition begins again, SiF species are adsorbed again to the reactor walls. This retards the deposition on the substrate surface. As the reactor approaches an equilibrium state, the deposition rate on the substrate rises and eventually levels off. Depending on the reactor conditions, the dopant concentration, and the target thickness of the FSG on the wafer, 200 or more deposition sequences may be required to reach a steady state. Once the reactor is in a steady state, processing must be continuous or the idle plasma will again begin to deplete the adsorbed dopants in the reactor causing the deposition rate on subsequent wafers to be reduced. Accordingly, it is desirable to deposit a dielectric film without the problems discussed above that are associated with conventional techniques. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, prior to beginning deposition of doped dielectric layers on wafers, a high density plasma (HDP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber is first conditioned by forming a layer of the doped material within the chamber walls. This conditioning quickly brings the chamber to an equilibrium state so that subsequent deposition of the doped dielectric material onto wafers yields consistent deposition rates because dopants are already adsorbed to the chamber walls. Approximately constant deposition rates can be maintained as long as the reactor is running and depositing layers onto wafers. However, if the deposition is halted for a certain amount of time, e.g., 20 minutes, and the reactor becomes idle, the chamber is plasma cleaned and a thin layer of the doped material is deposited onto the chamber walls. Periodically, for example, every 12 hours, the chamber is plasma cleaned and the thin layer is re-deposited. This allows consistent deposition rates even when the reactor has been idle for prolonged periods of time. In one embodiment, initial conditioning, such as after a wet clean, is carried out by introducing a gas containing silicon fluoride (SiF4), argon, and oxygen into the chamber to form a fluorosilicate glass (FSG) approximately 10 to 30 xcexcm thick. After idle (e.g., 20 minutes without processing), the chamber is plasma cleaned and a thin FSG layer of approximately 1 to 3 xcexcm is deposited. The plasma clean and deposition of the thin FSG layer is repeated periodically, e.g. every 12 hours, to maintain the chamber in an equilibrium state. The present invention will be more fully understood when taken in light of the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying drawings.

Q: Left click only on Dijit MenuItem using the basic tutorial here as example: https://dojotoolkit.org/documentation/tutorials/1.10/menus/demo/simpleProgMenu.html I've noticed that there's no (obvious) way to differentiate between left and right clicks. I'd like right click to do nothing, but left click to call the onClick() on the menuitem. Inspecting the contents of the event parameter passed to the onClick function, there doesn't appear to be anything telling me which mouse button was clicked. Is there a way to achieve this? A: If you want right click to do nothing, you don't have to do anything special. If you want to handle right clicks you can use the dojo/mouse module and its mouseButtons object. An example from the documentation: require(["dojo/mouse", "dojo/on", "dojo/dom"], function(mouse, on, dom){ on(dom.byId("someid"), "click", function(evt){ if (mouse.isLeft(event)){ // handle mouse left click }else if (mouse.isRight(event)){ // handle mouse right click } }); });

Q: What is the basis for anointing of physical objects and who practices this? It's been a tradition of my family and friends to anoint a home with oil when a family moves in. I understand the significance of praying and dedicating the space as God's, used for His purposes and will - and my interpretation of anointing has mostly been along the lines of prayer in this manor. However is there a biblical reason or basis for the practice of anointing a physical object? Were does this originate and what Christian traditions practice it? A: Anointing an object certainly appears in the Bible, and is part of ancient Jewish practice: Then the Lord said to Moses, ‘Take the following fine spices: 500 shekels of liquid myrrh, half as much (that is, 250 shekels) of fragrant cinnamon, 250 shekels of fragrant calamus, 500 shekels of cassia – all according to the sanctuary shekel – and a hin of olive oil. Make these into a sacred anointing oil, a fragrant blend, the work of a perfumer. It will be the sacred anointing oil. Then use it to anoint the tent of meeting, the ark of the covenant law, the table and all its articles, the lampstand and its accessories, the altar of incense, the altar of burnt offering and all its utensils, and the basin with its stand. You shall consecrate them so they will be most holy, and whatever touches them will be holy. Exodus 30:22–29 [NIV] It's also part of the Catholic liturgy for consecrating an altar Reference. The oil of chrism which is used is a fragrant oil rather like that described in Exodus. However this use of oil is part of the consecration, the setting-apart, of the object to God's use. The objects would not be put to any other use whatsoever. Whether a house is set apart in quite the same way may be open to question, and most house-blessings (such as the one I was involved with recently) would involve sprinkling1 holy water. 1 Sprinkling is a technical term, which refers to splashing water around with a brush or some sort of shaker. It's not usually a delicate operation!

" Author: Sumner Evans <[email protected]> " Description: write-good for Texinfo files call ale#handlers#writegood#DefineLinter('texinfo')

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False Is 23271042 a multiple of 209? False Does 28 divide 12013337? False Does 401 divide 376996541? True Is 21574132 a multiple of 43? True Does 26 divide 237495554? False Does 3724 divide 162898932? True Does 82 divide 2287381897? False Is 97344548 a multiple of 3522? False Is 7401 a factor of 1123107355? False Does 5 divide 22393344? False Is 82730944 a multiple of 32? True Does 717 divide 10936016? False Does 6 divide 2839918? False Is 174944787 a multiple of 9? False Is 7087044283 a multiple of 11? True Is 10 a factor of 20734356? False Is 38 a factor of 101811272? True Is 51960615 a multiple of 519? False Is 68834049 a multiple of 26? False Does 532 divide 113773520? True Is 13 a factor of 891919054? True Is 15 a factor of 59856240? True Is 1350798623 a multiple of 7? False Does 158 divide 30195287? False Is 92 a factor of 744050623? False Is 39 a factor of 20595354? True Is 257976202 a multiple of 118? True Is 3536257400 a multiple of 20? True Does 12 divide 45991101? False Does 420 divide 132212619? False Is 135011250 a multiple of 11? True Is 996 a factor of 134401368? False Is 357 a factor of 51596496? True Is 15633564 a multiple of 15? False Is 123 a factor of 15184104? True Is 4 a factor of 211591332? True Does 551 divide 86039201? True Is 5 a factor of 40534080? True Is 11921790 a multiple of 1504? False Is 14 a factor of 21391312? False Does 33 divide 61091682? False Is 10 a factor of 145349271? False Is 254 a factor of 20112078? False Is 167167131 a multiple of 12? False Does 99 divide 10871406? False Is 175109497 a multiple of 2126? False Is 56 a factor of 2363845959? False Does 33 divide 610747735? False Does 14 divide 61593840? True Does 560 divide 1557745280? True Does 1275 divide 24536478? False Does 547 divide 255320519? False Is 21015207 a multiple of 27? True Does 4 divide 17529006? False Does 216 divide 30755667? False Does 693 divide 82317312? True Is 10564997 a multiple of 2361? False Is 227078336 a multiple of 103? False Does 8 divide 110268035? False Is 3899 a factor of 125630027? False Is 4796998 a multiple of 8? False Does 1622 divide 154662566? True Is 61430127 a multiple of 31? True Is 2337 a factor of 404279967? True Is 15 a factor of 298131180? True Does 17 divide 365222632? False Is 759829590 a multiple of 15? True Is 27948781 a multiple of 22? False Does 84 divide 5913216? False Does 158 divide 81982324? False Is 604 a factor of 385067006? False Is 1605032529 a multiple of 23? True Is 3144 a factor of 92176192? False Does 11 divide 127137286? False Does 13 divide 5434461256? False Does 735 divide 245710628? False Is 471 a factor of 342866908? False Is 83 a factor of 9573915? False Is 166 a factor of 7603132? True Is 234 a factor of 64851930? True Is 5658612379 a multiple of 669? False Is 25 a factor of 328187596? False Is 261697077 a multiple of 13? False Does 42 divide 14579166? True Is 20 a factor of 5933860? True Is 215 a factor of 146117652? False Is 3219291135 a multiple of 253? False Does 490 divide 398429708? False Does 145 divide 908984845? True Is 61 a factor of 4213121679? False Is 9214724 a multiple of 144? False Is 3 a factor of 359786029? False Is 6 a factor of 17977734? True Is 1094429549 a multiple of 13? False Is 69 a factor of 19230438? True Does 378 divide 79496424? True Does 485 divide 41350130? True Is 925429094 a multiple of 99? False Is 19306918 a multiple of 28? False Is 269344826 a multiple of 82? True Does 525 divide 495937196? False Is 885 a factor of 1200589230? True Is 536 a factor of 1329635904? True Does 60 divide 1714027620? True Is 57 a factor of 418728669? True Is 554784689 a multiple of 5865? False Does 19 divide 1437407? True Is 387 a factor of 71034520? False Is 543872628 a multiple of 69? True Does 12 divide 268586253? False Is 41 a factor of 174985622? True Is 13767576 a multiple of 435? False Does 19 divide 62504442? False Does 45 divide 32409990? True Does 8 divide 2862155049? False Does 1475 divide 756595350? True Is 629313504 a multiple of 24? True Is 1571934080 a multiple of 32? True Is 3177383 a multiple of 68? False Is 29902795 a multiple of 883? True Does 6 divide 7353640? False Is 18 a factor of 15719352? False Is 31 a factor of 381021? True Does 210 divide 174267660? True Is 222 a factor of 461662166? False Is 46856445 a multiple of 33? False Does 352 divide 68022592? True Is 57181784 a multiple of 44? True Does 11 divide 3890370? True Is 153 a factor of 150516810? True Is 5471270 a multiple of 35? True Does 46 divide 245995396? True Does 2 divide 173241268? True Is 3142415 a multiple of 1802? False Is 6 a factor of 115589750? False Does 17 divide 6252515? True Does 12 divide 1012262016? True Is 12503195 a multiple of 160? False Is 17 a factor of 49361646? False Is 2247677 a multiple of 114? False Does 689 divide 365329405? False Is 10139139 a multiple of 127? False Is 85 a factor of 10887310? True Is 18491760 a multiple of 16? True Is 3637434040 a multiple of 1940? True Does 13 divide 431106351? True Is 105254676 a multiple of 2740? False Does 111 divide 7434434? False Is 1317 a factor of 511581378? False Is 12 a factor of 38735851? False Is 47 a factor of 95188771? True Is 23535156 a multiple of 6? True Does 3 divide 1061355456? True Does 419 divide 334169679? True Is 1003772717 a multiple of 83? False Is 657690 a multiple of 11? True Is 164084565 a multiple of 1865? True Is 126 a factor of 53328114? True Is 107 a factor of 7922708? True Does 1373 divide 24222466? True Does 314 divide 17532504? True Is 881257433 a multiple of 167? False Is 10 a factor of 5869590? True Does 18 divide 81862164? True Is 30 a factor of 776489970? True Does 7 divide 179385147? False Is 3 a factor of 66484328? False Is 241714720 a multiple of 10? True Is 97064376 a multiple of 7? False Is 29498044 a multiple of 7? False Is 92 a factor of 70146872? True Is 24674814 a multiple of 1242? True Is 20 a factor of 197872598? False Is 240 a factor of 1309568798? 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I love travelling because, I have come to know the tradition living styles and a lot more about the people where i travels.The main problem which i face in travelling is the lack of money. I wish i could have a lot of money and i can travel around the world. iwantmore wrote:I have to say that travelling help me alot. I have learned alot from travelling everywhere. I'd like to be a gust of wind. Blowing everywhere. I don't mind how life is happening to me!!! I mind how life is happening to everybody. That's why I love travelling.Unfortunately : I DON'T HAVE MONEY :( hichichichichichichichic Hi, Nice hobby. I like to travel too, but I have same problem like you. My pocket doesn't allow me to do so. You should say - Unfortunately, I don't have enough money to travel. We all have money, but we may not have enough money to do something.

package cnab import ( "testing" "github.com/docker/cli/cli/command" cliflags "github.com/docker/cli/cli/flags" "gotest.tools/assert" ) func TestRequiresBindMount(t *testing.T) { dockerCli, err := command.NewDockerCli() assert.NilError(t, err) err = dockerCli.Initialize(cliflags.NewClientOptions()) assert.NilError(t, err) testCases := []struct { name string targetContextName string targetOrchestrator string expectedRequired bool expectedEndpoint string expectedError string }{ { name: "kubernetes-orchestrator", targetContextName: "target-context", targetOrchestrator: "kubernetes", expectedRequired: false, expectedEndpoint: "", expectedError: "", }, { name: "no-context", targetContextName: "", targetOrchestrator: "swarm", expectedRequired: true, expectedEndpoint: "/var/run/docker.sock", expectedError: "", }, } for _, testCase := range testCases { t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) { result, err := RequiredBindMount(testCase.targetContextName, testCase.targetOrchestrator, dockerCli.ContextStore()) if testCase.expectedError == "" { assert.NilError(t, err) } else { assert.Error(t, err, testCase.expectedError) } assert.Equal(t, testCase.expectedRequired, result.required) assert.Equal(t, testCase.expectedEndpoint, result.endpoint) }) } } func TestIsDockerHostLocal(t *testing.T) { testCases := []struct { name string host string expected bool }{ { name: "not-local", host: "tcp://not.local.host", expected: false, }, { name: "no-endpoint", host: "", expected: true, }, { name: "docker-sock", host: "unix:///var/run/docker.sock", expected: true, }, { name: "named-pipe", host: "npipe:////./pipe/docker_engine", expected: true, }, } for _, testCase := range testCases { t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) { assert.Equal(t, testCase.expected, isDockerHostLocal(testCase.host)) }) } } func TestSocketPath(t *testing.T) { testCases := []struct { name string host string expected string }{ { name: "unixSocket", host: "unix:///my/socket.sock", expected: "/my/socket.sock", }, { name: "namedPipe", host: "npipe:////./docker", expected: "/var/run/docker.sock", }, { name: "emptyHost", host: "", expected: "/var/run/docker.sock", }, { name: "tcpHost", host: "tcp://my/tcp/endpoint", expected: "/var/run/docker.sock", }, } for _, testCase := range testCases { t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) { assert.Equal(t, testCase.expected, socketPath(testCase.host)) }) } }

Q: Linha com valor NULL é desconsiderada pela função SUM? Participei do concurso do IFNMG, prova elaborada pela Fundação CEFET. Resolvi a questão a seguir e marquei a letra C, mas o gabarito diz que o correto é a letra A. Questão 31 Considere que a tabela NotaFiscalItem está armazenada em um sistema gerenciador de banco de dados (SGBD) relacional, contendo os seguintes dados. Tabela: NotaFiscalItem Em seguida, observe o comando SQL apresentado a seguir. Figura: Comando SQL O resultado produzido pela execução do comando SQL, ao considerar os dados apresentados na tabela NotaFiscalItem, é a) 28,00 7,00 48,00 b) 28,00 NULL NULL c) 48,00 7,00 48,00 d) 48,00 0,00 55,00 e) NULL NULL NULL A instrução "sum(qtd_item*vlr_unitario - vlr_desconto)" não soma a primeira linha por conta do "null" na coluna "vlr_desconto"? Mas isso não depende do SGBD que se está utilizando? A: Na documentação de funções agrupadas do MySQL: ... group functions ignore NULL values. OU em tradução livre: ... funções agrupadas ignoram valores NULOS. No SQL Server o NULL de colunas agrupadas invalida a expressão, então para responder com precisão essa questão seria necessário saber qual o SGBD utilizado, porém segundo esta página (a qual não posso atestar com 100% de certeza a veracidade), no padrão ANSI todas as funções agregadas, exceto COUNT vão ignorar os valores NULL ao computar seus resultados. Schema (MySQL v5.7) CREATE TABLE NotaFiscalItem( nro_nota_fiscal int, nro_item smallint, qtd_item smallint, vlr_unitario numeric(7, 2), vlr_desconto numeric(7, 2) ); INSERT INTO NotaFiscalItem VALUES (1, 1, 2, 10.00, NULL), (1, 2, 2, 7.50, 2.00), (1, 3, 1, 20.00, 5.00); Query #1 SELECT SUM(qtd_item * vlr_unitario - vlr_desconto), SUM(vlr_desconto), SUM(qtd_item * vlr_unitario) - SUM(vlr_desconto) FROM NotaFiscalItem; Resultado: | SUM(qtd_item * vlr_unitario - vlr_desconto) | SUM(vlr_desconto) | SUM(qtd_item * vlr_unitario) - SUM(vlr_desconto) | | ------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | | 28 | 7 | 48 | Você pode verificar a execução no DB Fiddle. A: Para criar o banco de dados: CREATE TABLE NotaFiscalItem ( nro_nota_fiscal integer, nro_item smallint, qtd_item smallint, vlr_unitario numeric(7, 2), vlr_desconto numeric(7, 2) ); INSERT INTO NotaFiscalItem (nro_nota_fiscal, nro_item, qtd_item, vlr_unitario, vlr_desconto) VALUES (1, 1, 2, 10, NULL); INSERT INTO NotaFiscalItem (nro_nota_fiscal, nro_item, qtd_item, vlr_unitario, vlr_desconto) VALUES (1, 2, 2, 7.50, 2.00); INSERT INTO NotaFiscalItem (nro_nota_fiscal, nro_item, qtd_item, vlr_unitario, vlr_desconto) VALUES (1, 3, 1, 20.00, 5.00); Transcrevendo o SELECT: Select sum(qtd_item*vlr_unitario - vlr_desconto), sum(vlr_desconto), sum(qtd_item*vlr_unitario) - sum(vlr_desconto) from NotaFiscalItem Ao executar isso (no MySQL 5.6), veio essa resposta: 28 7 48

Radio Crowd besieges Danish Tehran embassy A crowd of over 1,000 people tonight attempted to storm the Danish embassy in Tehran, which sits behind a high wall in the north of the city. After they rammed the metal gate to the compound, police drove them back with teargas and arrested some. Firefighters were seen trying to put out a fire inside, apparently caused by a firebomb. Earlier, hundreds of demonstrators pelted the Austrian embassy compound with petrol bombs and rocks late, as protests over cartoons portraying the Prophet Mohammed spread across the Muslim world. Denmark had previously asked the Iranian authorities to increase security at the embassy, following weekend attacks on its embassy in Damascus and its consulate in Beirut, which were both burned by angry demonstrators. Iran's commerce minister announced today, however, that all trade with Denmark had been suspended. Anger at the cartoons rose across east Africa: at least one person was killed in a protest in Somalia and Djibouti banned the import of Danish products. In Kenya, the country's main Islamic group announced plans for a mass protest against Denmark. Qatar's Chamber of Commerce said it had halted dealings with Danish and Norwegian delegations, urging Muslim states to do the same. In Bahrain, parliament formed a committee to contact Arab and Islamic governments to enforce the boycott. In Strasbourg, the Council of Europe described as 'unacceptable' the violence of the past few days. Freedom of opinion and expression is protected by European human rights law, 'even in cases when the views expressed were offensive,' said Secretary General Terry Davis. Denmark told its nationals to avoid Muslim countries even as it pursued diplomatic efforts to defuse tension over the publication of the cartoons. The foreign ministry warning lists 14 Muslim countries travellers should avoid following violent protests against the cartoons, which first appeared in a Danish daily. Earlier today, there were demonstrations and riots across muslim Asia against the cartoons Authorities in Afghanistan say three people have been killed during clashes between police and protestors. Two were killed in gunfire from among protestors at the main gates of Bagram Airbase, 60km north of the capital Kabul. A crowd of about 5,000 people had gathered to protest outside the US-led coalition's Bagram headquarters. Five protestors and eight police officers were wounded in the incident. And in the eastern province of Lakhman, a third protestor died after being shot during a demonstration. In Somalia, a 14-year-old boy was shot dead and several others were injured after crowds attacked police. There have also been demonstrations in Indonesia, India, Gaza, Thailand and New Zealand. The cartoons were first published in a Danish newspaper in September and have since been reprinted in several publications, most of them European. UK police have govt support The British government has said the behaviour of some Muslim demonstrators outside the Danish Embassy in London in recent days was completely unacceptable. A Downing Street statement added that the police would have the government's full support in any actions they wished to take as a result of the protests. Police have been criticised for failing to arrest some of the London demonstrators, as they carried signs threatening to kill those who published the cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed. Earlier, some of Lebanon's political leaders accused Syria of being behind the attack on the Danish embassy in Beirut yesterday. The mission was ransacked and burnt during the violent protests. The attack on the embassy has resulted in the resignation of Lebanon's Interior Minister, Hassan Sabeh.

76 Ariz. 390 (1953) 265 P.2d 447 STATE ex rel. JONES, Atty. Gen. v. LOCKHART. No. 5857. Supreme Court of Arizona. December 26, 1953. *391 Ross F. Jones, Atty. Gen., in pro. per. A.M. Crawford and Thaddeus G. Baker, Asst. Attys. Gen., for plaintiff. Ruffo Espinosa, Nogales, for defendant. Parker & Muecke, and Robt. L. Myers, Phoenix, amici curiae. UDALL, Justice. The State of Arizona upon the relation of Ross F. Jones, Attorney General, brings this original action in quo warranto, asking that this court adjudge defendant Lynn Lockhart not entitled to hold or enjoy the office of state senator from Apache County, and that judgment of ouster be entered against him. *393 The undisputed facts are that on March 30, 1953, there was filed with the secretary of state a regularly adopted Senate concurrent resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of Arizona relating to the legislature, and directing that said amendment be submitted to the qualified electors at the next regular general election or at a special election called for that purpose. Thereafter, by the provisions of Chapter 123, Laws 1953, the legislature called a special election, to be held September 29, 1953, for the purpose of submitting the above and other proposed constitutional amendments to a vote of the people. The election was held, and when the official returns were canvassed it appeared the amendment in question had carried by a majority of 444 votes. Thereupon His Excellency, Governor Howard Pyle, in obedience to Article IV, Part 1, Section 1, subsection (13) of the Constitution, issued a proclamation declaring said amendment to be law. The amendment is an amendment of Article IV, Part 2, Section 1, subsection (1) of our Constitution, Laws 1953, p. 360, and provides in part as follows: "2. The Legislature "(1) The Senate shall consist of two members from each county elected at large. "Beginning with the Twenty-second Legislature the House of Representatives shall be composed of not to exceed eighty members, to be apportioned to the counties according to the number of ballots cast in each county at the preceding general election for governor in the manner herein provided. * * *" (Then follows a complicated apportionment formula, presently based upon each 3520 ballots cast for Governor, which will freeze the House membership at the maximum above prescribed.) At all times prior to the adoption of the foregoing amendment, the state senate had been composed of nineteen members, the apportionment by enumeration of counties being as follows: two senators each from Cochise, Gila, Maricopa, Pima, and Yavapai counties, and one senator from Apache County and each of the other eight counties of the state. The governor evidently considered that with adoption of the amendment, in the nine counties having but one senator under the old provisions of the Constitution, there was a newly-created additional office of state senator, and that there was a vacancy in the term thereof. The parties to this case seem to agree, and we think properly so, that Chapter 37, Laws 1923, which appears in Article 11 of Chapter 55, A.C.A. 1939, providing for special election to fill vacancies in the legislature, has no application to the instant situation, wherein there has never been an incumbent of the *394 office. That law obviously provides only for the filling of vacancies caused by death, resignation or removal of a person who is already serving a term in the legislature. However, Article 5, Section 8, of our Constitution provides: "When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode shall be provided by the constitution or by law for filling such vacancy, the governor shall have the power to fill such vacancy by appointment." Believing that this section did apply to the situation, that a term existed and there was a vacancy in the office, and that he was by law empowered to fill the same, the Governor on October 31, 1953, undertook to appoint defendant Lynn Lockhart, of Springerville, Arizona, as state senator from Apache County for a short term, effective November 2, 1953. On that day defendant appeared at the office of the Governor and took his oath of office as state senator, and in compliance with the rules of the Senate subscribed to a non-communist oath. On the following day while the Senate was assembled in open session, defendant intruded upon that body and made demand upon the Senate President, Hon. Hubert Merryweather, that he be seated as a duly qualified senator from Apache County. His words were substantially as follows: "I am a member of this Senate; my name is Lynn Lockhart. I have been appointed by the Governor of this State to serve as the second state senator from Apache County. I hand you my certificate of appointment, my noncommunistic oath, and my oath of office. There not appearing to be any desk available for me at this time, I will sit here until a desk is provided for me." Apparently Mr. Lockhart then seated himself in a vacant chair on the Senate floor. Thereupon a motion to adjourn sine die was made and carried, and the senators left the chambers. Defendant presently claims to hold and exercise the office of state senator, and to assume and perform the duties pertaining thereto, and to be entitled to receive the emoluments thereof. Upon the verified complaint of the Senate president and pursuant to Section 28-301, A.C.A. 1939, the attorney general has brought this quo warranto action, asking that judgment of ouster be entered against defendant. Article 6, Section 4 of the Constitution of Arizona, confers upon this court original jurisdiction in quo warranto proceedings as to all state officers. Members of the legislature are undoubtedly state officers. While elected from a single county or a subdivision thereof, this fact cannot alter their official rank, which arises from the fact that the legislature is under our Constitution a co-ordinate branch of the state government. Certainly their duties *395 concern the state at large, for the legislature is an instrumentality appointed by the state to exercise a part of its sovereign powers. See Morril v. Haines, 2 N.H. 246; 42 Am.Jur., Public Officers, § 20; 49 Am.Jur., States, Territories and Dependencies, § 28. Therefore, it is of great public concern that only persons lawfully entitled thereto shall discharge the duties of a member of the state legislature, and from the facts here presented we deem the case to be a proper one for this court to exercise its original jurisdiction. Some question is raised whether quo warranto is a proper proceeding to decide the problems here involved. We hold that it is. Section 28-301, A.C.A. 1939, says: "An action may be brought by the attorney-general in the name of the state upon his relation, * * * upon the verified complaint of any person, in the Supreme Court, * * * against any person who usurps, intrudes into or who unlawfully holds or exercises any public office or any franchise within this state, and he shall bring such action whenever he has reason to believe that any such office or franchise is being usurped, intruded into or unlawfully held or exercised." When defendant received a purported appointment by the highest executive officer of this state, and pursuant thereto took an oath of office, entered the Senate chambers, claimed to be a duly qualified and acting senator, and seated himself therein as a regular member of that body, he was more than a mere volunteer or interloper without color of right, and brought himself within the terms of our statute as one who "usurps, intrudes into or who unlawfully holds or exercises any public office." Whether the ancient prerogative writ would lie in these circumstances we need not decide. It suffices that there is a controversy justiciable by this court. We stated in State ex rel. Sullivan v. Moore, 49 Ariz. 51, 65, 64 P.2d 809, 815, "No officer nor tribunal other than the courts may determine whether an election or appointment is void or not." Nor is this exercise of jurisdiction by the courts an encroachment upon the power of the legislature to judge the qualifications of its own members. See State v. O'Brien, 47 Ohio St. 464, 25 N.E. 121. The constitutional amendment in question embraces both (a) an increase in the size of the Senate, and (b) a limitation on the future membership of the House to freeze it at its present size, accomplished by a changed basis of apportionment. It is contended that the amendment never became part of the Constitution of this state because the manner in which it was submitted to a vote of the people violated Article *396 21, Section 1, of the Constitution of Arizona, which provides in part as follows: "* * * If more than one proposed amendment shall be submitted at any election, such proposed amendments shall be submitted in such manner that the electors may vote for or against such proposed amendments separately. We believe the prohibition of Article 21, Section 1 was not violated, and we shall proceed to point out why. In the case of Kerby v. Luhrs, 44 Ariz. 208, 36 P.2d 549, 554, 94 A.L.R. 1502, this court laid down the yardstick to be used in determining what matters fall within the ban of the constitutional provision, and said: "If the different changes contained in the proposed amendment all cover matters necessary to be dealt with in some manner, in order that the Constitution, as amended, shall constitute a consistent and workable whole on the general topic embraced in that part which is amended, and if, logically speaking, they should stand or fall as a whole, then there is but one amendment submitted. But, if any one of the propositions, although not directly contradicting the others, does not refer to such matters, or if it is not such that the voter supporting it would reasonably be expected to support the principle of the others, then there are in reality two or more amendments to be submitted, and the proposed amendment falls within the constitutional prohibition." In applying that gauge to the facts shown therein, the court had no hesitancy in declaring as "log rolling of the worst type" and violative of "both the spirit and the letter of the Constitution", three new proposed amendments to the Constitution to be voted on as a single measure. The amendments would have (a) made the Tax Commission a constitutional body, (b) changed the method of taxing public utilities, and (c) changed the procedure by which copper mines should be taxed. It had been contended that all of said measures fell under the general head of "taxation". Deciding just what changes do or do not fall within the purview of the prohibition becomes a matter of applying reason to fact. At the outset it should be stated that courts do not lightly declare laws unconstitutional, and we agree with the Supreme Court of Colorado that: "* * * every reasonable presumption, both of law and fact, is to be indulged in favor of the validity of an amendment to the Constitution when it is attacked after its ratification by the people. * * *" People ex rel. Elder v. Sours, 31 Colo. 369, 74 P. 167, 169; Cf. State v. Gastelum, 75 Ariz. 271, 255 P.2d 203; Duhame v. State Tax Commission, 65 Ariz. 268, 179 P.2d 252, 171 A.L.R. 684. *397 Since the organization of the Territory of Arizona in the year 1863, the Legislative Assembly, as our legislative body was known prior to statehood, was composed of two bodies, viz.: the Council and the House of Representatives. With the framing and adoption of the Constitution of Arizona in the year 1912, and at all times since, the provisions for the composition and apportionment of the two houses of the legislature have been consolidated into Article 4, Part 2, Section 1, subsection (1), thereof, as a Senate and House of Representatives. Until the adoption of the amendment now in question the Senate membership, by constitutional mandate, has remained the same, i.e., nineteen members to be elected in the fourteen counties according to the apportionment heretofore set forth. However, the people through the initiative, first in the year 1918 (see Sess. Laws Arizona 1919, Initiative and Referendum Measures, p. 7), and later in the year 1932 (see Sess. Laws Arizona 1933, p. 619) amended said subsection and changed the size and apportionment formula for the House membership, while leaving unchanged the Senate membership, although somewhat different phraseology was used each time to accomplish this last result. True, only the latest amendment has changed the number of senators from any county, but each amendment was an amendment of the whole subsection. Although it did not change the number of senators, it amended the previous provisions just as much as if it had changed the number. The question of change in the number of senators has nothing to do with the problem, the question is whether a provision as to senators and their apportionment to the counties may logically and lawfully be coupled with a provision as to representatives and their apportionment. Clearly both relate to, and are germane to, one general subject, i.e., the composition of the state legislature, and historically the people of this state have considered that but one subject was involved, to-wit: "The Legislature", albeit that legislature is bicameral. We cannot say that the people of this state in dealing with this subject for the past forty years have erred and acted unreasonably in treating their legislature as a single subject in constitutional amendments. We hold that but one proposed amendment was submitted to a vote of the people, and the legislature did not violate Article 21, Section 1, of the Constitution. The action of the governor in appointing defendant necessarily is founded upon the premise that proclamation of the amendment made it law, and that the law operated eo instanti to create the second office of senator from Apache County and to create a short term thereof to which defendant could be appointed. If this premise be false, all else falls with it. The date a measure becomes law and the date it becomes operative may be the same, as in Priser v. Frohmiller, 42 Ariz. 30, 21 P.2d 927, but, the authorities agree, and reason *398 compels us to accept as true, that the date a provision becomes law and the date it becomes operative may be different. 16 C.J.S., Constitutional Law, § 39. For example, a provision that today becomes part of the body of law of the state may by its terms declare that beginning one year from the date thereof an officer shall have certain powers conferred upon him. While the law exists as law in the interim, it operates to confer the powers only upon the day specified. Let us examine the amendment here with a view to determining at what time it operates to create the term of office which defendant purports to occupy. It is fundamental that "The prime effort in construing Constitutions or statutes is to ascertain the intention of those who framed them * * *." Clark v. Boyce, 20 Ariz. 544, 185 P. 136, 140. In 11 Am.Jur., Constitutional Law, Sec. 61, the rule is phrased: "The fundamental principle of constitutional construction is to give effect to the intent of the framers of the organic law and of the people adopting it. A constitutional clause must be construed reasonably to carry out the intention of the framers, which gives rise to the corollary that it should not be construed so as to defeat the obvious intent if another construction equally in accordance with the words and sense may be adopted which will enforce and carry out the intent. The intent must be gathered from both the letter and spirit of the document. "It has been very appropriately stated that the polestar in the construction of Constitutions is the intention of the makers and adopters. "Wherever the purpose of the framers of a Constitution is clearly expressed, it will be followed by the courts. Even where terms of a constitutional provision are not entirely free from doubt, they must be interpreted as nearly as possible in consonance with the objects and purposes in contemplation at the time of their adoption, because in construing a constitutional provision, its general scope and object should be considered. Of course no constitutional provision is to be construed piece-meal, and regard must be had to the whole of the provision and its relation to other parts of the Constitution. Guided by the foregoing principles, our examination of the amendment has convinced us defendant purports to hold a nonexistent term of office. The amendment begins by declaring "The Senate shall consist of two members from each county elected at large." (Emphasis supplied.) The word "elected" here can refer only to the regular election processes provided for by the Constitution and laws of this state. Certainly nothing in the phraseology of the amendment leads us to believe *399 it was the intent of the electorate to have the amendment become effective instanter and of itself create a term for the new offices. To uphold the appointment we would be forced to read into the amendment something conspicuously absent from it, namely, the creation of a "short term" to be filled by appointment, for the nine new offices. We reject such a strained interpretation, and hold the legal effect of the amendment was to create, at the time it was proclaimed to be law, the nine additional senate offices therein named, and that it was intended the terms thereof should commence when the offices had been filled by persons elected in the manner other senators are elected. The second sentence of the amendment declares "Beginning with the Twenty-second Legislature the House of Representatives shall be composed * * *." Here the matter is left in no doubt whatsoever, it is spelled out clearly and completely, and in unmistakable terms tells us the change wrought in the manner of apportioning the House of Representatives is not effective until the 1954 elections are held. Here it is both possible and reasonable to read the provisions as to the House as applicable to the Senate, not merely because the provisions follow one another in the amendment, but because the sense of the amendment as a whole when read by an intelligent voter is that it was not meant to become operative as to either house until the next elections. We reiterate, the amendment treats with but one subject, "The Legislature", and the changes made are changes in that legislature. There is one amendment, and one set of changes, and ordinarily we should expect but one date for the changes to become effective. We are not impressed with the construction urged by defendant that it was intended during the interim we should have a legislature with an increased Senate membership but with an unchanged House apportionment. To say the new offices are created and the term thereof becomes presently effective (the vacancy thus resulting to be filled by appointment), would in our opinion be in direct conflict with the plain language of the amendment, and the result would be to deprive the people in the nine counties granted an additional senator, of the privilege of exercising their electoral franchise to select the person to fill the office. We believe this was never the intent of the electorate, for they have ever jealously guarded their right to elect their public officials and vested the appointing power in other hands only in exceptional cases. For example, see Chapter 135, Laws 1947 (now Section 19-210 of the 1952 Cumulative Supplement), enlarging the membership of the Supreme Court. A departure from this policy would have to be declared in clearer words than are here found. Furthermore, we note that the amendment was proposed by a concurrent resolution of the legislature, and therein it was *400 provided that it should be submitted to a vote of the people at the next regular general election, or at a special election called for that purpose. This meant that possibly there would be no submission to the electorate until November, 1954, which indicates the legislature never intended there be any term other than the regular two-year term provided for by Article 4, Part 2, Section 21, of the Constitution, which reads: "The members of the first legislature shall hold office until the first Monday in January, 1913. The terms of office of the members of succeeding legislatures shall be two years." It appears that another court has reached a similar conclusion upon a comparable fact situation. In State ex rel. Sanchez v. Dixon, La. App., 4 So.2d 591, 595, the issue presented was whether the governor could appoint as interim appointments, four additional police jurors, under an act authorizing the creation of these offices upon varying population increases. The court said: "The general rule is that, where no time is fixed for the beginning of the term of an elective office, it begins at the time the office is filled by an election, and if the office is an appointive one, the term begins when the appointment is made. So, where an election is necessary, the term does not begin until after that election is held. 46 C.J., pages 965, 966; 22 R.C.L. p. 550, Sec. 251; State [ex rel. Foot] v. Rogge, 80 Mont. 1, 257 P. 1029; State [ex rel. Kriebs] v. Halladay, 52 S.D. 497, 219 N.W. 125 et seq.; People [ex rel. Quereau] v. Hamrock, 74 Colo. 411, 222 P. 391." Cf. Graham v. Lockhart, 53 Ariz. 531, 91 P.2d 265; People ex rel. Bagshaw v. Thompson, 55 Cal. App.2d 147, 130 P.2d 237; State ex rel. Rosenthal v. Smiley, 304 Mo. 549, 263 S.W. 825; and State ex rel. Cotter v. Leipner, 138 Conn. 153, 83 A.2d 169. Following the analysis of the Louisiana court, the failure of the amendment to declare otherwise means the office, though created, was not to be filled until the beginning of the term prescribed by law. The new term not yet having come into existence, there is no vacancy to be filled. It is the judgment of the court that the defendant is guilty of usurping or intruding into the State Senate, in that he is claiming without right to be a member thereof as a Senator from Apache County, and he is therefore ordered ousted and excluded from said legislative body. STANFORD, C.J., and PHELPS, LA PRADE and WINDES, JJ., concur.

OUTLOOK EMAIL NOTIFICATION Your Date of Migration is: May 23rd YOU WILL BE UNABLE TO SEND E-MAIL unless you take the following action: Please go through your Notes email and clean out as many old/un-needed email items as possible BEFORE your date of migration.? After you are migrated to Outlook you will only be allocated 100MB of total Mailbox space.?? If more than this amount of data is migrated to Outlook YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO SEND E-MAIL until it is below the 100MB limit.? Cleaning up your Notes email now will prevent this from happening to YOU. Enron's messaging platform is migrating from Lotus Notes to Microsoft Outlook 2000 worldwide. You will be accessing Outlook for all of your email functions. WHY IS ENRON MIGRATING TO OUTLOOK 2000? Many factors contributed to the decision to migrate from Lotus Notes to Microsoft Exchange/Outlook. The most prominent factors were: ? Significant advantages to moving to a product that is more integrated with current Enron apps (Windows 2000, Office and Internet Explorer) ? More efficient Shared PC and Roaming User features ? Improved support and integration for Palm/CE devices ? Instant Messaging capabilities WHAT IS BEING MIGRATED TO OUTLOOK 2000? ? Email Messages. From the date of your scheduled migration, the last (30) thirty days of your Email will be converted for use in Outlook. ? All your folders in Notes you use to store email messages in. ? To Do Items ? Journal Items ? Calendar Entries dating from (1) one year in the past to (10) ten years in the future will be converted. ? Address Books, but NOT your Distribution Lists that you created. You will need to re-create these in Outlook. Thank you, Outlook 2000 Migration Team

Is human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome decreasing among Brazilian injection drug users? Recent findings and how to interpret them. We briefly review findings from Brazilian settings where the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic among injection drug users (IDUs) seems to be decreasing, highlighting recent findings from Rio de Janeiro and discussing methodological alternatives. Former analyses using serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion have shown that HIV incidence has been low in IDUs recruited by two different surveys carried out in Rio, where low injection frequencies and infection rates have been found among new injectors. The proportion of AIDS cases among IDUs in Rio has been fairly modest, compared to São Paulo and especially to the southernmost states. Notwithstanding, the interpretation of findings from serial surveys constitutes a challenge, magnified in the assessment of HIV spread among IDUs due to the dynamic nature of the drug scenes and limitations of sampling strategies targeting hard-to-reach populations. Assessment of epidemic trends may profit from the triangulation of data, but cannot avert biases associated with sampling errors. Efforts should be made to triangulate data from different sources, besides exploring specific studies from different perspectives. In an attempt to further assess the observed trends, we carried out original analyses using data from Brazilian AIDS databank.

Brødrene Hansen Brødrene Hansen ("Hansen Brothers") is a real estate company and former retailer in Oslo, Norway. It was established by the brothers August, Jørgen, and Hans O. Hansen on 17 October 1864. It was located at the address Kongens gade 29, then Nedre slotsgade 15 from 1899. August Hansen was both the first to retire from the company, and the first founder to die (in 1913). The company was passed down to Jørgen's sons August and Thomas Walle-Hansen. The third generation, with Tom and Hans Jørgen Walle-Hansen, later entered the company. The company contained retailing and wholesaling of dry goods as well as a readymade clothing factory. In 1969 the retail outlet in Nedre slottsgate 15 was sold to Adelsten Jensen. Brødrene Hansen is now a real estate company. It still owns Nedre slottsgate 15, and in the last half of the 1990s they expanded and bought Konowsgate 80 in Oslo, Astridsgate 26, Astridsgate 34 and Oskarsgate 2 in Sarpsborg and Madam Arnesens vei 43 and Kongens gate 24 in Moss. References Category:Companies established in 1864 Category:1864 establishments in Norway Category:Real estate companies of Norway Category:Defunct retail companies of Norway Category:Companies based in Oslo Category:Retail companies established in 1864

Introduction ============ Classical trace amines (TAs), including tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine (β-PEA), tryptamine and octopamine, have been implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with monoaminergic dysfunction, including schizophrenia, major depression, and Parkinson's disease ([@B9]; [@B70]; [@B11]; [@B15]; [@B4]; [@B85]; [@B59]; [@B45]; [@B5]). TAs are structurally, metabolically and functionally related to monoamines, and are synthesized in nerve terminals by decarboxylation of the amino acids that serve as precursors for dopamine (DA), noradrenaline, and serotonin ([@B4]). TAs are present in mammalian tissues at very low (nanomolar) concentrations ([@B34]), and are stored in monoaminergic nerve terminals where they are released together with monoamines ([@B11]). TAs are recognized as substrates for monoamine transporters, suggesting similarities between the regulation of extracellular levels of TAs and monoamines ([@B58]; [@B16]; [@B82]; [@B54]; [@B63]). Neuroanatomical observations and cellular studies indicate that TAs have a modulatory influence on monoaminergic neurotransmission, in particular on dopaminergic transmission, which is expressed across multiple cerebral structures ([@B31]; [@B95], [@B96]; [@B86]; [@B45]; [@B61]). A reduction in TA levels has been proposed to be associated with depressed states ([@B77]; [@B79]; [@B21]; [@B76]; [@B91]; [@B11]). TA levels are enhanced by inhibition of monoamine oxidase A and B in animals where the corresponding genes have been deleted ([@B41]). For a long time the pharmacological effects of TAs were attributed to a direct interference with aminergic pathways, up until the cloning and characterization of a large family of G protein-coupled receptors, named trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) which were found to be activated by TAs ([@B8]; [@B14]). These receptors responded to the endogenous TAs along with several amphetamines. Outside the central nervous system (CNS), TAAR1 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, stomach, intestines, thyroid gland, and leukocytes ([@B92]; [@B45]; [@B5]). It is therefore interesting that endogenous 3-iodothyronamine (T~1~AM), which is a derivative of thyroid hormone (thyroxine, or T~4~), has been found to be an endogenous agonist at TAAR1 ([@B80]; [@B36]; [@B26]). The reduction of core temperature and cardiac output induced by T~1~AM, which contrast to the effects induced by thyroxine itself, have been suggested to be mediated by TAAR1 activation ([@B80]; [@B103]; [@B18]; [@B26]; [@B33]; [@B22]). In the brain, TAAR1 is enriched in the major nuclei of the monoaminergic system such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei as well as their projection targets, the hypothalamus, layer V pyramidal neurons of prefrontal cortex (PFC), caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens (NAc), hippocampus, and amygdala ([@B8]; [@B14]; [@B94]; [@B55]; [@B29]; [@B45]; [@B68]; [@B5]). However, the highest TAAR1 mRNA levels are clearly found in the dopaminergic cell groups (VTA and SNc) as compared to other brain regions ([@B57]). The detailed expression pattern of TAAR1 among the different neuronal populations has not been yet fully defined. Nonetheless, since its discovery, TAAR1 has emerged as a modulator of monoaminergic functions and a mediator of psychostimulant effects ([@B63]; [@B97]; [@B22]). Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is coupled with stimulatory G~s~ proteins, but its signaling also involves the G protein independent β-arrestin2/Akt/Glucogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway ([@B35]). The latter pathway is known to be downstream of D~2~ receptors ([@B30]; [@B68]). There is evidence that TAAR1 interacts directly with D~2~ receptor by forming heterodimers, however, a peculiar aspect of the receptor is its intracellular residence ([@B68]). This intracellular localisation of the receptor has been indicated by experiments with tagged TAAR1 proteins where it was observed that the chimeric molecules showed robust intracellular distribution ([@B14]; [@B98]; [@B35]). The elucidation of TAAR1 function has been greatly facilitated by the development of selective pharmacological tools and the generation of mutant TAAR1 animal models. *N*-(3-ethoxy-phenyl)-4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzamide (EPPTB) is a selective TAAR1 antagonist ([@B10]; [@B87]), whereas several agonists, including RO5166017, binds to TAAR1 with high affinity ([@B73]). TAAR1 knockout (KO) mouse lines have been generated to further delineate the role of TAAR1 ([@B94]; [@B55]; [@B22]). There are no gross behavioral abnormalities in TAAR1 KO mice, but upon closer examination they show an impulsive and perseverative phenotype ([@B94]; [@B28]). Baseline extracellular DA levels in striatum are similar between wild-type (WT) and TAAR1 KO mice ([@B55]; [@B22]; [@B48]; [@B68]). However, electrophysiological experiments have shown that dopamine neurons in VTA and serotonin neurons in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) from TAAR1 KO mice display increased firing rates compared with WT mice ([@B55]; [@B10]; [@B62]). The endogenous TA, tyramine, specifically decreased the spike frequency of VTA neurons in WT but not in TAAR1 KO mice ([@B55]). Trace amine-associated receptor 1 KO mice have repeatedly been shown to display increased sensitivity to amphetamines, measured as an enhanced increase in locomotor activity and enhanced striatal release of DA compared with WT animals ([@B94]; [@B55]; [@B62]; [@B1]). Accordingly, TAAR1 is thought to act in the mesocorticolimbic system to regulate cocaine-seeking behavior ([@B57]). We have also found an increased behavioral responsivity toward [L]{.smallcaps}-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA) in TAAR1 KO mice rendered unilaterally dopamine denervated by 6-hydroxydopamine injections in the median forebrain bundle ([@B2]). Taken together, studies in TAAR1 KO animals support the role of TAAR1 as a regulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission, underlining the role of TAAR1 as a potential novel target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we extended the studies of TAs, thyronamines and TAAR1 on dopamine neurotransmission in the dorsal striatum. Special emphasis was put on T~1~AM, which contains the aryethylamine backbone of monoamine neurotransmitters ([@B17]). Remarkably, T~1~AM is a product of the enzymatic deiodination and decarboxylation of T~4~ ([@B40]). We used slices from WT and TAAR1 KO mice and examined the effects of tyramine, β-PEA, and T~1~AM on the phosphorylation state of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which regulates DA synthesis ([@B20]), along with TH activity. For further evaluation of TH activity, we measured with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) the levels of [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA after the administration of a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. Using the same slices, we also studied effects of T~1~AM on evoked DA release. We also studied effects on the phosphorylation state of the post-synaptic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1, which plays a crucial role in regulating transmission and plasticity at excitatory synapses in striatum. Finally, mass spectrometry imaging was used to detect T~1~AM at baseline and upon systemic administration. Materials and Methods {#s1} ===================== Animals ------- The experiments were approved by the local ethical committee at Karolinska Institute (N351/08) and conducted in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986 (86/609/EEC). Adult male WT and TAAR1 KO mice on a C57Bl6 background were used ([@B22]). They were housed in temperature- and humidity-controlled rooms (20°C, 53% humidity) with a 12 h dark/light cycle. They had access to standard lab pellets and water *ad libitum*. Preparation and Incubation of Dorsal Striatal Slices for Phosphorylation Experiments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mouse brains were rapidly removed and placed in ice-cold, oxygenated (95% O~2~/5% CO~2~) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing (in mM): 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 NaH~2~PO~4~, 1.3 MgCl~2~, 2.4 CaCl~2~, 10 glucose and 26 NaHCO~3~, pH 7.4. Coronal slices (300 μm thick) were prepared using a Leica vibratome (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Dorsal striata were dissected from the slices in ice-cold aCSF buffer. Each slice was placed in a polypropylene incubation tube with 2 ml fresh aCSF buffer. The slices were preincubated at 30°C under constant oxygenation (95% O~2~/5% CO~2~) for 60 min with a change of buffer after 30 min. The buffer was then replaced with fresh aCSF and slices were treated with tyramine (1, 10, 100 μM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States), T~1~AM (1, 10, 100 μM; synthesized by Servier, kind gift from Mark J. Millan), β-PEA (100 μM; Sigma-Aldrich), SCH23390 (5 μM; Sigma-Aldrich), EPPTB (10 nM, synthesized by Servier, kind gift from Mark J. Millan), KN-92 (10 μM; Sigma-RBI), H-89 (10 μM; Calbiochem, Gibbstown, NJ, United States) and 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP (10 μM; Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, United Kingdom), alone or in combination. The higher doses of all compounds exceeds by far the IC~50~ or Kd values for their respective target, but it is known that much higher concentrations are needed to exert actions in brain slices when compared to cell culture systems ([@B66]). After the drug treatment, the buffer was removed, the slices rapidly frozen on dry ice and stored at -80°C until assayed. Immunoblotting -------------- Immunoblotting was performed as described earlier ([@B71]). Frozen tissue samples were sonicated in 1% SDS, transferred to Eppendorf tubes and boiled for additional 10 min. Small aliquots of the homogenate were retained for protein determination using the bicinchoninic acid protein assay method (Pierce, Rockford, IL, United States). Equal amounts of protein (20 μg) were loaded onto 12% acrylamide gels, and the proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to Immobilon^®^-P Polyvinylidene Difluoride membranes (Sigma). Immunoblotting was performed on the membranes using P-Ser^19^-TH (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, United States), P-Ser^31^-TH (Millipore), P-Ser^40^-TH (Millipore), P-Ser^845^-GluA1 (UBI), and antibodies, which are not phosphorylation state-specific to estimate total levels of TH (Millipore) and GluA1 (UBI). The antibody binding was detected by incubation with goat anti-mouse or anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-linked IgG (1:6000--8000 dilution) and detected using ECL immunoblotting detection reagents (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). Determination of [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA in Dorsal Striatal Slices --------------------------------------------------------------- Dorsal striatal slices were incubated for 5 min with T~1~AM (10 μM) or tyramine (100 μM), and then for 15 min with T~1~AM or tyramine along with the [L]{.smallcaps}-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1015 (100 μM, Sigma-Aldrich). After the removal of the solutions, tissue slices were frozen and sonicated (10,000 *g* for 10 min) in 100 μL perchloric acid (0.1 mM). The pellets were resuspended in 100 μl 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and the protein content was determined. The level of [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA in the supernatant was determined using HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detection system with a refrigerated microsampling unit (model CMA/200; CMA Microdialysis, Kista, Sweden). The HPLC apparatus comprised an HPLC pump (model 2150; Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology AB, Uppsala, Sweden) that kept a constant flow of 0.2 mL/min of the mobile phase (0.12 m NaH~2~PO~4~H~2~O; 0.09 m EDTA, 0.05 mm 1-octanesulfonic acid, and 15% methanol, pH 4.2) and a pressure of ∼0.5 bar on a reverse-phase ion pair C-18 column prepacked with Biophase ODS 5 μm particles (BAS, West Lafayette, IN, United States). [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA was detected with an amperometric detector (model LC-4C; BAS) and a glassy carbon electrode set at 0.75 V. The limit of detection was ∼10 nM. Amperometry in Dorsal Striatal Slices ------------------------------------- Sagittal striatal brain slices were prepared and maintained as above. Amperometric detection of DA release was performed as described earlier ([@B100]). Carbon fiber electrodes (10 μm in diameter, World Precision Instruments, Hertfordshire, England) had an active part (100 μm) that was positioned within the dorsal striatum in the brain slice. A constant voltage of +500 mV was applied to the carbon fiber via an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Axon Instruments) and currents were recorded with the same amplifier. A stimulating electrode (patch electrode filled with aCSF) was placed on the slice surface, in the vicinity of the carbon fiber electrode. Stimulation consisted of a single pulse (0.1 ms, 8--14 μA) applied every minute, which evoked a response corresponding to oxidation of DA at the surface of the electrode. When the carbon fiber electrode was held at 0 mV, stimulation of the slice did not produce any current. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) -- Mass Spectrometry (MS) Imaging ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adult male WT and TAAR1 KO mice were injected with saline or T~1~AM (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and killed by decapitation 30 or 60 min post-dose. All brains were immediately removed, snap frozen, and stored at -80°C until further analysis. The frozen brain tissues were cut using a cryostat-microtome (Leica CM3050S; Leica Microsystems, Welzlar, Germany) at a thickness of 14 μm, thaw-mounted onto conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides (Bruker Daltonics), and stored at -80°C. Sections were dried gently under a flow of nitrogen and desiccated at room temperature for 15 min, after which they were imaged optically using a photo scanner (Epson perfection V500). The samples were then coated with derivatization reagents, 2, 4-diphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (DPP-TFB). Stock solution of DPP-TFB (8 mg in 1.2 ml MeOH) was prepared and diluted in 6 mL of 70% methanol containing 3.5 μL of trimethylamine. An automated pneumatic sprayer (TM-Sprayer, HTX Technologies, Carrboro, NC, United States) was used to spray DPP-TFB solution over the tissue sections. The nozzle temperature was set at 80°C and the reagent was sprayed for 30 passes over the tissue sections at a linear velocity of 110 cm/min with a flow rate of about 80 μL/min. Samples were then incubated for 15 min (dried by nitrogen flow every 5 min) in a chamber saturated with vapor from a 50% methanol solution. MALDI-MSI experiment was performed using a MALDI-TOF/TOF (Ultraflextreme, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) mass spectrometer with a Smartbeam II 2 kHz laser in positive ion mode. The laser power was optimized at the start of each run and then held constant during the MALDI-MSI experiment. Data Analysis and Statistics ---------------------------- Autoradiograms from western blotting experiments were digitized using a Dia-Scanner (Epson Perfection 4870 PHOTO). Optical density values were measured using NIH Scion Image for Windows (alfa 4.0.3.2; © 2000--2001 Scion Corporation). Biochemical data were analyzed using one-way ANOVAs followed by Newman--Keuls *post hoc* test. Data from Amperometry were acquired and analyzed with the pClamp 9 or pClamp 10 software (Axon Instruments). Data are expressed as % of the baseline response measured for each slice during the 5--10 min preceding start of perfusion with T~1~AM. Statistical significance of the results was assessed by using Student's *t*-test for paired observations (comparisons with baseline within single groups) or one-way [ANOVA]{.smallcaps} multiple comparison test followed by Newman--Keuls *post hoc* test since the samples from WT and KO mice were loaded in separated gels. The numbers of individual replicates are shown in the graphs, while *p*-values, degrees of freedom and *F* values are detailed in the results part. Results ======= Dose Responses of Tyramine and T~1~AM on Phosphorylation of TH and GluA1 in Striatal Slices From TAAR1 Receptor WT and KO Mice ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ We first studied the dose responses of the tyramine and T~1~AM on the phosphorylation of TH and GluA1 in striatal slices from TAAR1 receptor WT and KO mice. To study effects of compounds in the both genotypes, their individual baseline was set at 100%. One way ANOVA analysis showed that tyramine caused a significant change of P-Ser^40^-TH in both WT (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 60.28; *p* \< 0.0001) and KO mice (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 9.928, *p* = 0.0003). *Post hoc* test showed that the lower (1 and 10 μM) concentrations of tyramine did not have any significant effect, whereas 100 μM tyramine significantly reduced phosphorylation of P-Ser^40^-TH in both groups of mice, suggesting an effect independent of TAAR1 (**Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). Meanwhile, there were no effects at the same concentration of tyramine on P-Ser^19^-TH (WT: *F*~\[3,20\]~: 2.913; *p* = 0.06; KO: *F*~\[3,20\]~: 2.718; *p* = 0.07) and P-Ser^31^-TH (WT: *F*~\[3,20\]~: 0.9955; *p* = 0.42; KO: *F*~\[3,20\]~: 0.9157; *p* = 0.45) in neither WT nor KO mice (**Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). One way ANOVA analysis in T~1~AM treated mice revealed that only in the WT but not in the KO mice, the drug affected significantly the levels of P-Ser^19^ (WT: *F*~\[3,20\]~: 3.641; *p* = 0.0004; KO: *F*~\[3,20\]~: 0.1953, *p* = 0.8983) and P-Ser^40^-TH (WT: *F*~\[3,16\]~: 4.393, *p* = 0.02; KO: *F*~\[3,16\]~: 0.823, *p* = 0.5001). *Post hoc* test showed that 10 μM T~1~AM enhanced P-Ser^19^ and P-Ser^40^-TH in the striatum of WT but not TAAR1 KO mice (**Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). The effects of T~1~AM were biphasic with a further increase in drug concentrations resulting in less phosphorylation of TH. There was no effect of T~1~AM on P-Ser^31^-TH both in WT (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 0.7911, *p* = 0.5131) and KO mice (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 0.446, *p* = 0.7228) (**Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). Tyramine altered significantly the phosphorylation of P-Ser^845^-GluA1 in WT (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 9.387; *p* = 0.0004) and KO mice (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 22.89; *p* \< 0.0001) (**Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). In contrast, T~1~AM had no effect on P-Ser^845^-GluA1 in striatal slices from either TAAR1 WT (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 0.8744; *p* = 0.4709) or KO mice (*F*~\[3,20\]~: 0.4367; *p* = 0.7295) (**Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). These data suggest that tyramine and T~1~AM act differently on pre- and post-synaptic striatal targets. {#F1} To further study the effect of a high dose of endogenous TAs, we incubated striatal slices from WT mice with the tyramine (100 μM), β-PEA (100 μM) alone or with the D~1~ receptor antagonist SCH23390 (5 μM). As shown in **Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**, we found that β-PEA, like tyramine, decreased P-Ser^40^-TH (*F*~\[5,18\]~: 68.88; *p* \< 0.0001) while not significantly affecting P-Ser^19^-TH (*F*~\[5,18\]~: 1.442; *p* = 0.2573) or P-Ser^31^-TH (*F*~\[5,18\]~: 1.18; *p* = 0.3574). The effects of tyramine and β-PEA on P-Ser^40^-TH were not affected by SCH23390. On the other hand, tyramine significantly enhanced P-Ser^845^-GluA1 (*F*~\[5,18\]~: 2.455; *p* \< 0.0001), an effect that was reversed to baseline by D~1~ receptor blockade using SCH23390. Likewise, β-PEA tended to increase P-Ser^845^-GluA1, but this effect did not reach significance. The data of β-PEA was further to confirm that classical TAs and T~1~AM act differently. {#F2} Effects of Tyramine and T~1~AM on TH Activity Measured by [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA in Striatal Slices From TAAR1 WT and KO Mice --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- There was also a baseline increase of TH activity in TAAR1 KO mice as compared to WT mice ([@B22]). To study effects of compounds in the both genotypes, their individual baseline was set at 100%. One way ANOVA revealed significant difference among the groups in WT mice (*F*~\[2,18\]~: 6.856; *p* = 0.0061) (**Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). *Post hoc* test showed that T~1~AM (10 μM), but not tyramine (100 μM), induced [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA accumulation in the presence of a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor in WT mice. No effects were detected in TAAR1 KO mice (*F*~\[2,18\]~: 0.08823; *p* = 0.9159), indicative of a TAAR1-mediated mechanism of action of T~1~AM. ![Effect of tyramine and T~1~AM on TH activity measured by [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA in striatal slices from WT and TAAR1 KO mice. The activity of TH as measured by [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA was enhanced by T~1~AM (10 μM) in WT mice whereas no change was detected in TAAR1 KO mice. Tyramine (100 μM) had no effect on [L]{.smallcaps}-DOPA. ^∗∗^*p* \< 0.01; one-way ANOVA followed by Newman--Keuls test for pairwise comparisons. The number of individual replicates is indicated within each column.](fphar-09-00166-g003){#F3} Effects of T~1~AM Alone or in Combination With H-89, 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP, and KN-92 on Phosphorylation of TH in Dorsal Striatal Slices From WT Mice ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To further study intracellular signaling cascades underlying the T~1~AM-induced phosphorylation of TH, we combined the T~1~AM with KN-92 or H-89, inhibitors of CamKII and protein kinase A (PKA), respectively. The effects of T~1~AM on both P-Ser^19^ (*F*~\[7,75\]~: 3.651; *p* = 0.0019) and P-Ser^40^-TH (*F*~\[7,75\]~: 3.871; *p* = 0.0012) could be significantly inhibited by either KN-92 or H-89 (**Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}**). Since TAAR1 is a Gs-coupled receptor and generates cAMP, we also examined the effects of 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP, an EPAC (Exchange Protein directly Activated by cAMP) activator, on TH phosphorylation. 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP alone tended to increase TH phosphorylation, but did not interact with T~1~AM (**Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}**). {#F4} Effects of T~1~AM and EPPTB, Alone or in Combination, on Evoked Dopamine Release and Phosphorylation of TH in Dorsal Striatal Slices From WT and TAAR1 KO Mice -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We evaluated the effect of T~1~AM on stimulation-evoked release of DA from DA-containing fibers present in sagittal striatal slices, as shown in **Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**. We found that bath application of T~1~AM (10 μM) significantly increased the amplitude of evoked DA release measured with carbon fiber electrodes coupled to amperometry in dorsal striatal brain slices from WT mice, and that this effect was significantly reduced in TAAR1 KO mice. In presence of the TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB (10 nM), the effect of T~1~AM on evoked DA release in WT mice was significantly reduced, but not completely blocked (*F*~\[2,20\]~: 7,252; *p* = 0.0043). EPPTB had no effect on evoked DA release by itself (data not shown). Similar to the results as above, T~1~AM significantly increased P-Ser^40^-TH (*F*~\[3,30\]~: 3.384; *p* = 0.0309). This effect was blocked when T~1~AM was combined with EPPTB, suggesting a mechanism of action mediated via TAAR1. {#F5} The Relative Distribution and Abundance of T~1~AM in Sagittal Brain Sections From WT and TAAR1 KO Mice ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ T~1~AM was derivatized by 2, 4 diphenyl pyranylium and detected by MALDI-MSI. No clear endogenous signal of T~1~AM was found in uninjected sections neither from WT nor TAAR1 KO mice. However, widespread signals corresponding to derivatized T~1~AM was detected in mice intraperitoneally administered with T~1~AM (20 mg/kg). The concentration of the drug appeared higher after 30 min compared to 60 min post-dose (**Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). {#F6} Discussion ========== Our experiments demonstrate that the thyronamine T~1~AM enhance phosphorylation and activity of TH along with evoked DA release in dorsal striatum, while not significantly affecting the phosphorylation of post-synaptic AMPA receptor GluA1 subunits. The effects on TH phosphorylation observed following T~1~AM administration were abolished in TAAR1 KO mice, while the effects on evoked DA release were attenuated in TAAR1 KO mice and following TAAR1 blockade, supporting a role of TAAR1 as a partial mediator of these effects. We can conclude that T~1~AM acts through TAAR1 to enhance the production of dopamine. This *de novo* dopamine creation heightens the synaptic dopamine content and raises extracellular dopamine. In contrast, tyramine and β-PEA reduced TH phosphorylation via a mechanism independent of TAAR1. The Differential Effects of the TAs Tyramine, β-PEA and Thyronamine, T~1~AM, on Phosphorylation and Activity of TH and on GluA1 Phosphorylation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alterations of DA synthesis are regulated via phosphorylation of TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines ([@B20]), and Ser^19^, Ser^31^, and Ser^40^ have been identified as the functionally most important sites of TH phosphorylation ([@B39]). Phosphorylation of Ser^19^ is induced by enhanced intracellular Ca^2+^ concentrations and activation of CaM kinase II, whereas phosphorylation at Ser^31^ is induced by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases, and phosphorylation of Ser^40^ is catalyzed by PKA ([@B37]). TH phosphorylation at Ser^40^ and Ser^31^ leads to increased TH activity, whereas phosphorylation at Ser^19^ exerts a positive modulatory influence on Ser^40^ phosphorylation ([@B7]; [@B27]). Notably, TAAR1 KO animals exhibit a basal increase in TH activity and increased basal phosphorylation at Ser^19^, Ser^31^, and Ser^40^ in striatal slices compared to WT animals, perhaps due to developmental compensations ([@B22]). An increased TH activity at Ser^19^, Ser^31^, and Ser^40^ was observed in WT mice following administration of 1 to 10 μM T~1~AM, but this effect was attenuated upon increasing or lowering the concentration, indicating a bell-shaped dose--response. The effects of T~1~AM on TH activity were abolished in TAAR1 KO mice, identifying TAAR1 as a mediator of these actions. TAAR1 is coupled with stimulatory G~s~ proteins as well as G protein independent pathways and, upon activation, TAAR1 signals through the cAMP/PKA/CREB, β-arrestin2/Akt/GSK-3β and the protein kinase C (PKC)/Ca++/NFAT pathways ([@B8]; [@B14]; [@B67]; [@B35]). Here we found that the T~1~AM-mediated increases on Ser^19^ and Ser^40^ TH were inhibited by blockade of CamKII and PKA by either KN-92 or H-89, respectively. The protein responsible for the phosphorylation of TH at the site Ser^31^ is MAPK ([@B38]). As a consequence we suppose that the TAAR1's activation by T~1~AM stimulates the activity of MAPK, either through PKA or through an alternative direct pathway like β-arrestin2 ([@B69]). In order to confirm that the observed phosphorylation of TH leads to increased enzymatic activity, we made measurements of DOPA with HPLC in striatal slices. T~1~AM induced a higher level of DOPA accumulation in the presence of a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor in WT mice. This effect of T~1~AM was abolished in KO counterparts. **Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}** shows a schematic, and somewhat speculative, drawing of the proposed signaling pathway induced by T~1~AM/TAAR1/PKA activation. TAAR1 is a G~s~ protein-coupled receptor and activation results in increased cAMP via activation of adenylyl cyclase and PKA signaling, which directly phosphorylates TH at Ser^40^. Another pathway could involve activation of inhibitor 1 by PKA, which inhibits protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1). PP-1 inhibits the phosphorylation of CamKII, which activates phosphorylation of Ser^19^-TH. CamKII can also inhibit protein phosphatase 2A which activates phosphorylation of Ser^40^-TH. The regulation of the suggested signal transduction pathways could explain how KN-92 and H-89, inhibitors of CamKII and PKA respectively, both can block the effect of T~1~AM. 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP, the EPAC analog, had no influence on TH phosphorylation. In summary, this higher phosphorylation rate leads to the accumulation of DOPA. {#F7} In contrast to T~1~AM, under the present conditions, the endogenous TAs tyramine and β-PEA appeared to elicit mainly non-TAAR1 dependent effects. Tyramine, at a high dose, reduced phosphorylation of Ser^40^-TH, but increased phosphorylation of the post-synaptic AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit in striatal slices from both WT and TAAR1 KO mice. Similarly, another endogenous TA, β-PEA also reduced phosphorylation of Ser^40^-TH and tended to increase phosphorylation of Ser^845^-GluA1 in slices from WT mice. The quantification of GluA1 phosphorylation on Ser^845^, help us to evaluate the status of GluA1 in the post-synaptic membrane of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal synapses, which are the main classes of glutamatergic synapse in the striatum ([@B83]). The corticostriatal and thalamocortical projection neurons innervate the principal population of MSNs, but also various subtypes of interneurons ([@B83]). By measuring the phosphorylation of GluA1 we cannot rule out which types of interneurons and MSNs (D~1~ positive or D~2~ positive) are activated. Nevertheless, it is shown that D~1~ agonists and D~2~ antagonists induce robust increases in GluA1 phosphorylation while D~2~ agonists and D~1~ antagonists have no effect ([@B99]). Considering this fact, we deduce that the effect of tyramine on GluA1 trafficking could be explained by either the post-synaptic regulation of D~1~ or D~2~ receptors. D~1~ receptor blockade by SCH23390 blocked the tyramine-induced phosphorylation of GluA1 subunits, but had no effect on tyramine- or β-PEA-reduced Ser^40^-TH phosphorylation, suggesting that the post-synaptic effects of tyramine are dependent on D~1~-receptor activation. According, GluA1 upregulation may be a consequence of the dopamine's net effect upon D~1~ and D~2~ receptors ([@B99]). In our study, we observed that tyramine attenuated the TH phosphorylation at Ser^40^. However, diminished enzymatic activity of TH does not mean a reduction in dopamine release, whilst a negative feedback mechanism for dopamine control of TH activity has been documented ([@B56]; [@B20]). It is conceivable that tyramine has amphetamine-like effects on the excitability of the post-synaptic membrane and possibly leads to the vesicular leak of dopamine by its interaction with VMAT2 ([@B102]). Moreover, it has been suggested that TAs act like amphetamines and could increase extracellular DA levels by promoting DA release via inducing reversal of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and by displacing DA from vesicular stores ([@B89]; [@B43]; [@B64]). β-PEA, which is structurally related to amphetamine, has been proposed to act as an endogenous amphetamine ([@B42]), and has previously been shown to increase extracellular levels of DA in striatum and NAc via a DAT-dependent mechanism ([@B84]; [@B65]). Notably, Xie and Miller found that TAs, including tyramine and β-PEA, do not directly activate monoamine autoreceptors ([@B96]). However, they have been proposed to indirectly activate dopamine autoreceptors by enhancing the efflux of dopamine ([@B32]). One possible explanation for tyramine's TAAR1 independent effect on GluA1 phosphorylation, may be that this TA acts through MSN-localized TAAR1 to affect the availability of GluN1 and through VMAT2 to alter the surface density of GluA1. Indeed, several studies have supposed that tyramine can affect glutamate receptor membrane availability through MSN-localized TAAR1 ([@B2]; [@B28]; [@B88]). To conclude, our data support the notion that T~1~AM can modulate DA synthesis via a mechanism of action that involves presynaptic TAAR1. Moreover, we suppose a direct effect of tyramine on dopamine release that could lead to the observed decline in TH phosphorylation due to secondary activation of indirect D~2~ autoreceptors ([@B56]). The Effect of T~1~AM on Evoked DA Release in the Dorsal Striatum Using Amperometry ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our experiments suggest that striatal dopamine release can be enhanced by T~1~AM-mediated TAAR1 activation. However, most previous slice experiments addressing the modulatory influence of TAAR1 on the dopaminergic system have been performed in the VTA ([@B55]; [@B72]), which may be a source of discrepancy between our study and previous findings. Previous slice experiments in the VTA of TAAR1 KO mice revealed enhanced spontaneous firing rates of dopaminergic neurons in TAAR1 KO mice compared to WT mice, suggesting that TAAR1 exerts an attenuating effect on dopaminergic neuron activity ([@B55]). This has been supported by slice experiments in mouse VTA using the specific ligands RO5166017 and EPPTB to stimulate and block TAAR1, respectively ([@B10]; [@B73]). However, the increased DA neuron firing rate observed in TAAR1 KO mice did not lead to enhanced basal levels of extracellular striatal DA compared to WT mice as detected by microdialysis ([@B55]). Indeed, mice overexpressing TAAR1, like TAAR1 KO mice, also exhibit an enhanced spontaneous firing activity of monoaminergic neurons of the VTA, DRN, and locus coeruleus ([@B72]). Moreover, it is likely that the functional outcome of TAAR1 activation differs between specific classes of ligand and distinct brain regions depending on the characteristics of the dopaminergic innervation and basal tone. Although midbrain DA neurons are considered to be relatively homogenous, emerging data support a high level of diversity among VTA and SNc neurons as regards electrophysiological properties, synaptic connectivity, protein expression profiles, and behavioral functions ([@B75]). The expression levels of two TAAR1 related proteins, D~2~ receptor and GIRK2, are implicated in the differences between the two subpopulations ([@B10]; [@B74]; [@B6]; [@B12]). In agreement with this, it is reported that TAAR1 has a differential role in dopamine release between VTA and SNc projection sites in striatum ([@B53]). In contrast, [@B22] showed that TAAR1 decreases the amplitude of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) induced dopamine release both in ventral and dorsal striatum. In the same study it was observed that the TAAR1 agonist, *o*-phenyl-3-iodotyramine (*o*-PIT) blunted the para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) induced dopamine release in both structures ([@B22]). Accordingly, TAAR1 may exert a complex pattern of effects on dopaminergic terminals in ventral as compared to dorsal compartments of the striatum. Furthermore, both the VTA and SNc can be further distinguished regarding the expression of calbindin D28k (CB), with the highest density of CB positive neurons located in VTA ([@B90]). CB positive neurons have the tendency to send projections in CB poor islands in striatum (striosomes), while CB negative cells mainly innervate CB rich regions of the striatum (striatal matrix) ([@B13]; [@B81]). It has been reported that the evoked striatal DA release differs between these two compartments but also that the dopamine release ratio of striosome over matrix is higher in the ventral than dorsal striatum ([@B78]). Consequently, TAAR1 could have diverse effects not only among VTA and SNc neurons but also between CB positive and negative subgroups. Our findings with T~1~AM, may also be explained by differences in the methodologies and protocols employed to evoke and measure dopamine release. For example, the use of strong stimulation intensities might evoke maximal release. Conversely, local, low intensity stimulation, as used in the present study, allows for observation of both inhibition and potentiation of dopamine release. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that dopamine release in brain slices can be evoked by direct stimulation of dopaminergic axons and indirectly by stimulation of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum ([@B93]; [@B101]). It has not yet been established whether cholinergic neurons express TAAR1 but the contrasting effects of RO5166017 and T~1~AM might result from differences in the involvement of cholinergic control of dopamine release between different experimental paradigms. Taken together, these studies raise the question of a possible differential control of dopamine release by TAAR1 receptors in cholinergic interneurons and in dopamine axon terminals. In this study, we investigated the action of T~1~AM at TAAR1 on dopaminergic terminals as compared to those of TAs. However, T~1~AM is also known to be an agonist of TAAR5 ([@B25]). Moreover, the β-phenylethylamine-like structure affords T~1~AM the ability to bind with various members of GPCR superfamily and ion channels ([@B17]; [@B44]). It is indeed claimed that T~1~AM interacts with α2a adrenergic receptors, β2-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors ([@B46]; [@B23],[@B24]; [@B51], [@B50]). Notably, outside the CNS, T~1~AM has been found to differentially regulate insulin secretion through actions at TAAR1 and α2a adrenergic receptor ([@B17]; [@B52]). Hence, despite blockade of the actions of T~1~AM in KO mice and by pharmacological antagonist, the possibility that it exerts actions via other mechanisms should not be excluded. In this study we incubated the slices in a T~1~AM containing buffer. It is important to access the roles of T~1~AM in the intact brain. We show here that T~1~AM can be detected by MALDI-MSI in mouse brain slices 30 and 60 min after systemic administration. Since T~1~AM was detected in many brain areas, we can conclude that T~1~AM can penetrate the blood brain barrier. This finding is in accordance with previous studies showing effects on glucose metabolism by intraperitoneally administered T~1~AM ([@B47]). Using MALDI-MSI, no clear endogenous levels of T~1~AM could be detected. However, it will be interesting to study T~1~AM levels in pathological states, particularly in hyperthyroid conditions. In addition to a circulating source, direct enzymatic transformation of T~4~ to T~1~AM may occur in neurons. The responsible enzyme for this reaction is ornithine decarboxylase ([@B40]), which is expressed by neuronal and astroglial cell types of the CNS ([@B3]). Apart from T~1~AM itself, its metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) is implicated in the modulation of histaminergic neurotransmission and might likewise interact with dopaminergic pathways: this remains to be clarified ([@B49]). Conclusion ========== This study demonstrates that TAAR1 mediates the effects of T~1~AM on dorsal striatal TH phosphorylation, activity and evoked dopamine release. No comparable alterations were found after application of tyramine and β-PEA. This simultaneous augmentation in TH phosphorylation and striatal dopamine release after the administration of T~1~AM indicates that this thyronamine favors dopamine synthesis and subsequent secretion through TAAR1. Conversely, TAs act in a TAAR1 independent manner to influence dopamine secretion resulting in feedback inhibition of TH. This study further indicates that the modulatory properties of TAAR1 may differ depending on the identity of the ligand in question, the extracellular milieu, basal levels of monoamines, neuronal circuitry, and the cellular localization of TAAR1, which are mutually regulated by interactions with D~2~ receptors and DAT, and by the available signaling transduction systems. Further elucidation of the complex pattern of influence of TAAR1 upon monoaminergic and other pathways controlling mood, motor function and cognition may lead to the elaboration of urgently-need, novel strategies for improving the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and other neuropsychiatric disorders ([@B60]; [@B45]; [@B5]; [@B19]). Author Contributions ==================== Participated in research design: XZ, KC, and PS. Collected the samples and conducted the experiments: XZ, MS, MP, AN, and TY. Performed the data analysis and discussed the data: XZ, IM, AA, TY, JK, PEA, MJM, KC, and PS. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript and to revising it critically for scientific discussions: XZ, IM, AA, MJM, KC, and PS. All authors approved the final version to be published. Conflict of Interest Statement ============================== The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. **Funding.** This study was supported by Konung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias Frimurarestiftelse and the Swedish Research Council to PS. PEA was supported by the Swedish Research Council (Medicine and Health \#2013-3105, Natural and Engineering Science \#2014-6215), the Swedish Brain Foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research \#RIF14-0078 and Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab). MP got a scholarship from CAPES -- Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel. [^1]: Edited by: *Stefano Espinoza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Italy* [^2]: Reviewed by: *Lucia Caffino, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Grazia Chiellini, University of Pisa, Italy* [^3]: This article was submitted to Neuropharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology

Rational synthesis of carbon-coated hollow Ge nanocrystals with enhanced lithium-storage properties. High-capacity anode materials based on alloy-type group IV elements always have large volume expansion during lithiation when they are used in lithium-ion batteries. Designing hollow structures is a well-established strategy to accommodate the volume change because of sufficient internal void space. Here we report a facile template-free route to prepare hollow Ge nanospheres without using any templates through a quasi-microemulsion method. Ge nanocrystals are preferably self-assembled along the interface of liquid vesicles between water and tetrahydrofuran, and well-defined hollow architectures of ∼50 nm in diameter are formed. Both the wall thickness and hollow interiors can be easily tuned. After subsequent carbon coating via pyrolysis of acetylene, the as-formed Ge@C nanocomposite with hollow interiors exhibits a highly reversible capacity of about 920 mA h g(-1) at 200 mA g(-1) over 50 cycles, and excellent rate capability. The small size and the high structural integrity of hollow Ge@C structures contribute to the superior lithium-storage performances.

There has been entertained a communication system in which Av apparatus, such as a video tape recorder (VTR), a monitor or a tuner, are connected to a bus for exchanging digital video signals or digital audio signals. FIG. 8 shows an example of such communication system, which is provided with a root node 21, a leaf node 22, a branch node 23, a leaf node 24 and a leaf node 25. Input/output ports between the nodes 21 and 22, also referred to as nodes 21-22, hereinafter the same, the nodes 21-23, the nodes 23-24 and the nodes 23-25, are connected by two sets of twist pair cables. The nodes 21 to 25 are the digital VTRs, tuners or personal computers, as discussed above, each having one or more input/output ports. Each node 21 to 25 has an amplifier and a relay enclosed therein. The communication system shown in FIG. 8 is equivalent to a communication system in which the nodes 21 to 25 are connected to a bus 26. The structure shown in FIG. 8 is a hierarchical structure in which the nodes 22 and 23 are connected in the lower layer relative to the node 21 and the nodes 24 and 25 are connected in the lower layer relative to the node 23. In other words, the node 21 is a master node for the nodes 22 and 23, while the node 23 is a master node for the nodes 24 and 25. The sequence for determining such hierarchical structure is now explained. If the nodes 21-22, 21-23, 23-24 and 23-25 are connected by cables, the node only one input/output port of which is connected to an other node notifies the node to which it is connected that the latter node is the master node. In the case of FIG. 8, the nodes 24 and 25 notify the node 23 of the fact that the node 23 is the master node, while the node 22 notifies the node 21 of the fact that the node 21 is the master node. The node plural input/output nodes of which are connected to other nodes notifies a node other than the node which has notified the firstly-stated node that the firstly-stated node is the master node that such other node is the master node. In the case of FIG. 8, the node 23 notifies the node 21 that the node 21 is the master node, while the node 21 notifies the node 23 that the node 23 is the master node. Since in such case the nodes 21, 23 notify each other that the counterpart node is the master node, the node which has made such notification first becomes the master node. FIG. 8 shows a case in which the node 21 has become the master node. The sequence of according an address to each node is explained. Basically, the node address is accorded by the master node permitting an address to be accorded to a slave node. If there are plural slave nodes, addresses are accorded in the order of the smaller port numbers to which the slave nodes are connected. In FIG. 8, in which the node 22 is connected to a port #1 of the node 21 and the node 23 is connected to a port #2 of the node 22, the node 21 permits an address to be accorded to the node 22. The node 22 accords the address (i) to itself and transmits data indicating that the address (i) has been accorded to itself over a bus 26. The node 21 then permits the node 23 to set its own address. The node 23 permits an address to be accorded to the node 24 connected to its port #1. The node 24 accords the address (ii) to itself. The node 23 permits an address to be accorded to a node 25 connected to its port #2. The node 25 accords an address (iii) to itself. After having accorded addresses to its slave node 24 and slave node 25, the node 23 accords an address (iv) to itself. After having accorded addresses to its slave node 22 and slave node 23, the node 21 accords an address (v) to itself. With the present communication system, it is possible to carry out synchronous communication or continuous communication at a constant data rate and asynchronous communication for transmitting control commands, for example, non-periodically, that is whenever the necessity arises. With the present communication system, communication is carried out at a communication cycle having a pre-set period, such as 125 .mu.s, as shown in FIG. 10. The communication cycle starts with a cycle start packet csp, followed by a period for transmitting a packet for synchronous communication. By affixing channel numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . N to the respective packets for synchronous communication, plural synchronous communication cycles may be carried out. For example, if the channel 1 is allocated to the communication from the node 22 to the node 23, communication is carried out by the node 22 transmitting the packet for synchronous communication having the channel number 1 directly after the cycle start packet csp and by the node 23 monitoring the bus 26 and fetching the packet for synchronous communication having the channel number 1. Similarly, the communication from the node 24 to the node 21 can be accorded to the channel 2, while the packet of a channel can be received by plural nodes. If plural synchronous communication cycles are carried out, it is attempted to transmit the packets for synchronous communication over plural channels directly after the cycle start packet cps. In such case, the packet of synchronous communication of a channel is first transmitted by arbitration means (such as CSMA/CD) as determined by the bus 26. The packets of synchronous communication of other channels are then transmitted sequentially. After termination of transmission of the packets of synchronous communication of all of the channels, the time interval until the next cycle start packet csp is employed for asynchronous communication. To the packets for asynchronous communication (packets A and B in FIG. 10) are affixed addresses of the transmitting node and the receiving node. The respective nodes fetch the packets having the addresses proper to the nodes affixed thereto. Since the details of the above-described communication system are publicized as "IEEE P1394 Serial Bus Design Statement, they are not explained herein specifically. In order for the above-described communication system to operate correctly, it is necessary for the respective synchronous communication packets to have different channel numbers, while it is necessary for the sum total of the communication time of the synchronous communication packets of the respective channels not to exceed the period of the synchronous communication. To this end, it is necessary to check before the start of synchronous communication of a node that the communication capacity necessary for the communication is available on the bus and to have an un-used channel allocated for the communication if there is any residual communication capacity in the bus. For supervising the communication capacity and the channel number employed for synchronous communication, it is commonplace practice that one of the nodes connected to a bus become a bus management node and to effect required management. In such case, other nodes indicate the communication capacity desired to be employed to the bus management node, using the asynchronous communication packet, and require channels to be allocated to them. The bus management node checks if the communication capacity in use added to the communication capacity newly requested does not exceed the maximum communication capacity of the bus. If the sum is not in excess of the maximum communication capacity of the bus, the bus management node notices the channel number and the effect of permission of synchronous communication. If the sum is in excess of the maximum communication capacity of the bus, the bus management node notices that the channel allocation is not permitted. After termination of the synchronous communication, the management node is notified of the channel number and the channel capacity which will not be in use. Since the bus supervision is in need of complex processing operations, it is commonplace practice with the communication system centered about e.g., a personal computer to use the personal computer as a bus management node and to perform the processing operations using the software possessed by the personal computer. However, if this method is employed for the communication system between the AV apparatus, such as a digital VTR, tuner or a monitor, it becomes necessary to interconnect an apparatus having powerful data processing functions, such as personal computer, to the bus, in addition to the AV apparatus, thus raising the cost of the communication system. In view of the above problem, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for realizing facilitated management of a bus in a system for carrying out synchronous communication between plural nodes connected to the bus.

Meet the Yeast Priests While you’re at the Art of Beer, say hey to Beaumont’s first craft beer advocacy group the Yeast Preasts. Local beer-lover Jeffrey Wheeler — one of the event’s organizers — is one of the group’s founders, and he’s planning to bring more craft beer to Beaumont than you can shake a drunk stick at. What started as a beer and wine pairing at Wheeler’s house has grown into a powerful local advocacy group that is bringing more selection to local bars and events. Wheeler said the group has a number of big events coming up, including the tapping of a cask of Saint Arnold Brewing Company’s Elissa IPA at the Oct. 13 Merchant Soiree at Art of Beer co-organizer and Yeast Priests co-founder Jeffrey Wheeler enjoys a sampling of a fall craft beer during a tasting at Del Papa. Valentino Mauricio/cat5 Goodfella’s. The group is also working with Miller Liquor to create a “Yeast Priests-approved” tag to tip shoppers off to great new craft beer. And better yet, the Yeast Priests are planning a craft beer pub crawl downtown in November. Trust us, we’ll have more information about that when it’s time. Because that is awesome.

It has not been a great year for television so far. There have been plenty of treats, to be sure, and even some real treasures. But compared to the way 2017 seemed to haul out new classics with astonishing regularity (to the degree that I couldn’t rank them when it came time to make a list), 2018 has featured a lot of shows where my recommendation comes with a caveat, or where I love it but plenty of my critical comrades despise it, or something like that. This is fine, in many ways. TV criticism was defined too long by the idea that there were a simple handful of good shows, and critics could mostly agree on them. It’s exciting to get away from that era in some way, to argue about if Westworld is magnificent or malarkey, to discuss whether The Handmaid’s Tale is incisive or exploitative. But it also means lists like these require far more grains of salt than they might have in the past. So here, presented alphabetically, are 24 TV shows from the first half of 2018 that I gave four stars or more and that have stuck around in my memory in the time since they aired. I hope you like them! But maybe you won’t! And since the TV year typically features more good shows in its first half than its second (due to the Emmys falling in September), my year-end list will likely feature almost all of these shows. Related The 15 best movies of 2018 so far (A few caveats: I typically use the summer to catch up on stuff I missed, so some shows that aren’t here almost certainly will be come December. And I’ve tried to limit this to shows that aired six or more episodes in 2018 so far, cutting out some other favorites. I’ve made a list of things that missed due to one or the other of these caveats at the bottom of this article.) One of the best final seasons I’ve ever seen, the last 10 episodes of The Americans circled back to what the spy drama had always been about — whether this unlikely marriage between two KGB spies pretending to be ordinary Americans could survive all of the things threatening to rip it apart. The series finale is a pitch-perfect cap to six years of bleak but beautiful television. How to watch it: The Americans is available for digital purchase, or on FX’s streaming platforms. It will eventually be on Amazon Prime. Related How The Americans built one of the best final seasons ever made The second installment of American Crime Story after 2016’s The People vs. O. J. Simpson was less immediately arresting. But its depiction of ’90s America is just as impressive, tracing the circuitous route of serial killer Andrew Cunanan backward from his most famous victim through a gay scene struggling not to be forced back in the closet. Darren Criss’s work as Cunanan is masterful. How to watch it: American Crime Story is available for digital purchase, or on FX’s streaming platforms. It will eventually be on Netflix. Donald Glover’s laconically loopy trip through the titular city grew bolder and more confident in its second season, as the characters endlessly debated ideas of what it means to be “fake” versus “real.” The season’s standout was the darkly funny horror tale “Teddy Perkins,” about the legacies of child abuse, but every episode stands as a pitch-perfect, beautifully honed gem. How to watch it: Atlanta is available for digital purchase, or on FX’s streaming platforms. It will eventually be on Hulu. So far, 2018 has been a year of uneasy comedies, of stories that are ostensibly funny but hide something dark and sad at their core. No “comedy” embraced this idea more than Barry, about a hitman who would be an actor, played by Bill Hader. The show is terrifically funny, especially in its depiction of the fringes of show business, but what sticks with you is Barry’s inability to change. How to watch it: Barry is available for digital purchase, or on HBO’s streaming platforms. A riotous trip through the deleterious effects of income inequality, Billions had its best, most cutting season this year, as the show blew up its own premise (by burying the investigation that had always been at its center), then spent the rest of its season vamping for time by digging into the ways those with money and power seem utterly oblivious to those without those qualities in the 2010s. How to watch it: Billions is available for digital purchase, or on Showtime’s streaming platforms. You like fish? This has so many fish! How to watch it: Blue Planet II is available for digital purchase, or on BBC America’s streaming platforms. It will eventually be available on Netflix. A deeply funny dark comedy about the cost of working for a terrible company, Corporate is one of the most visually audacious shows of the year, turning the workplace comedy into an excuse to indulge in gray, chilly frames, in the style of David Fincher. Somehow, that only makes the jokes, about the dehumanization inherent in trying to hold down a corporate job, even funnier. How to watch it: Corporate is available for digital purchase, or on Comedy Central’s streaming platforms. For whatever reason, 2018 has been full of terrific spy dramas, but this one seemed to get a bit lost in the shuffle. Starring Oscar winner J.K. Simmons, it tells the story of a world that split in two late in the Cold War, with the second universe, initially a copy of our own, slowly becoming more and more different. Forget just having one great J.K. Simmons performance. Counterpart had two. How to watch it: Counterpart is available for digital purchase, or on Starz’s streaming platforms. This satirical comedy, set on the campus of a predominantly white college, but focusing primarily on the school’s black students, hit another level in its second season. The show crystallizes Trump-era racism — just a new face on a very old American horror — through its storytelling and especially its visuals. The eighth episode, structured as one long conversation, is a marvel. How to watch it: Dear White People is available on Netflix. I include the “season one” here in hopes that it’s unnecessary. Netflix has made noise about following up this dark British comedy with a second season, but doing so would be self-defeating, as this first season tells its story so perfectly that to tack on more would feel wrong. So watch this gem of a miniseries about a teenage sociopath and the girl he can’t bring himself to kill before it gets all screwed up. How to watch it: The End of the F***ing World is available on Netflix. The space-faring political drama tightened the screws and ratcheted up the tension in its third installment, which collapses a full novel and a half from the book series it’s based on into a single season of television. Complete with memorable guest arcs from David Strathairn and Elizabeth Mitchell, the series finally dug into the true nature of the mysterious alien presence in our solar system. How to watch it: The Expanse is available for digital purchase, or on Syfy’s streaming platforms. It will eventually be available on Amazon Prime. The comedy about women wrestlers and the basic cable TV show that broadcast them to the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area has a bit more sprawl than it knew what to do with in its second season. But the show is so open-hearted and generous to its characters that it doesn’t matter. Its stories of women navigating men’s spaces and womanhood as a kind of performance make for riveting television. How to watch it: GLOW is available on Netflix. Already brutal and bruising, The Handmaid’s Tale became even more so in its second season. It removed some of the cold comforts of the first season to examine how living in a totalitarian society inevitably means that you become complicit in at least some of its horrors, even as those horrors are being visited upon you. Elisabeth Moss and Yvonne Strahovski are fantastic as they navigate a society set up to oppress them. How to watch it: The Handmaid’s Tale is available on Hulu. This stand-up set is a must-see, as Australian comedian Gadsby sets up a long series of punchlines that then resolve into a complete deconstruction of jokes and who gets to tell them in a society filled with fatal power imbalances. It’s funny, yes, but also filled with a scorching fury that finally resolves in a sense that to do better, we have to tear apart every assumption we have. How to watch it: Hannah Gadsby: Nanette is available on Netflix. I’ve always enjoyed this rural noir about two best friends who solve strange mysteries in and around the American South. But the third season, which features the two of them taking on the Klan, felt like the show turning a corner into its examination of how much America is defined by its gruesome past and how little any of us are willing to pay attention to that. Naturally, Sundance canceled it after the season aired. How to watch it: Hap and Leonard is available for digital purchase, or on Sundance’s streaming platforms. It will eventually be available on Netflix. The CW’s daffy and inventive telenovela has always been some of my favorite TV comfort food. But in its fourth season, it somehow became something even more, leaning into storylines that underlined the show’s themes of family, perseverance, and love. It’s rare for a TV show to do a “character might have cancer” arc that doesn’t feel like a cheat, but Jane more than pulled it off. How to watch it: Jane the Virgin is available for digital purchase, or on Netflix. Some episodes are available on the CW’s website. Related Jane the Virgin just took its sex positivity to a whole new level Here’s another terrific spy drama, this one focused on a bored spy (Sandra Oh) who finds herself intrigued — and then maybe even more — by her new quarry, a mysterious assassin (Jodie Comer). Killing Eve takes tropes you’ve seen a million times and makes them feel new again, and it’s the first TV show in ages to remind me of my beloved, dearly departed Hannibal. How to watch it: Killing Eve is available for digital purchase, or on BBC America’s streaming platforms. The Looming Tower is dry and occasionally impenetrable. But I ended up loving the way this miniseries about the build-up to 9/11 slowly but surely built its case for how US intelligence agencies failed to spot what was right in front of them, leading to one of the biggest tragedies to ever occur on American soil. It’s not an argument for more intelligence work; it’s an argument for smarter intelligence work that remains relevant to this day. How to watch it: The Looming Tower is available on Hulu. The middle stretch of this season reeled off classic episodes, like the show was in a groove it was never going to leave. What’s more, those episodes are all so recognizable as episodes — from a magic-inflected hour of short stories to a musical — that it became hard not to get caught up in the inventiveness. And the series’s emotional core about sad 20-something magicians trying to bring back the thing that makes them sad (magic) remains rock solid. How to watch it: The Magicians is available for digital purchase, or on Syfy’s streaming platforms. It will eventually be available on Netflix. The second season of the remake of the 1970s sitcom of the same name is perhaps the most joyful show of the year, as the Alvarez family at its center struggles through life in these United States with heart and hope. You’ll see few TV performances as terrific this year as the work of Justina Machado and Rita Moreno, as a mother and daughter who are never defined by their conflicts. How to watch it: One Day at a Time is available on Netflix. Ryan Murphy’s final series for FX (before leaving for Netflix) is this delightful, warm ’80s period piece about drag ball culture of the era and the idea of found families among people all across the LGBT spectrum. In particular, the show tells stories about trans women like few TV shows ever have, allowing them to have full lives and desires beyond their transition narratives. How to watch it: Pose is available for digital purchase, or on FX’s streaming platforms. My favorite workplace comedy had maybe its best season with its third run, which both deepens the show’s interest in social issues (including age discrimination, something few TV shows would even think to touch) and also serves as a master class in how to spin romantic and sexual tension across an entire season of a TV series. When all of its stories came together in the finale, it felt almost magical. How to watch it: Superstore is available for digital purchase, on NBC’s site, or on Hulu. More than 100 men sail into the Arctic in the mid-1800s, sure they’ll win glory for the British crown by discovering the Northwest Passage. None of them return, and this miniseries (the first in a new anthology series under the banner of The Terror), based on a Dan Simmons novel, imagines what might have happened to them, utilizing both historical research and a mighty monster to tell its tale. It’s grim and unrelenting but also starkly beautiful. How to watch it: The Terror is available for digital purchase, or on AMC’s streaming platforms. Two sisters return to their Los Angeles neighborhood in the wake of their mother’s death, then vow to keep the bar she ran open to preserve their neighborhood in the face of gentrification. This lively half-hour drama examines ideas of identity, sexuality, and class consciousness, but never in a way that feels didactic. Instead, it offers heart, humor, and a touch of magical realism. How to watch it: Vida is available for digital purchase, or on Starz’s streaming platforms. Seven I either missed or cut 12 Monkeys and Channel Zero are other Syfy treats I’ve highly recommended in the past, but I’ve been able to catch up with neither so far. The CW’s Crazy Ex-Girlfriend technically aired six episodes in 2018 (exactly six), but I really want to see where it’s going with its current story arc. CBS All Access’s The Good Fight is one I just haven’t caught up with yet, to the consternation of my friends. NBC’s The Good Place will surely be on my year-end list but only aired five episodes in 2018 so far. I loved HBO’s The Tale, a searing story about the aftermath of sexual abuse, but it already made our “best movies of 2018 so far” list. And someday I will finish Netflix’s Wild Wild Country, but I liked what I saw.

Hello, everyone. Player Unknown’s Battlegrounds Mobile (PUBGM) by Tencent Games got 0.9.0 update today for its mobile app on both Android and iOS platforms. In this article I will go in detail about the new PUBG Mobile 0.9.0 Update Night Mode, QBU Sniper, Updated major Patch Notes and here is how to download it. Here is the tentative Live Countdown to this major update. Subscribe to our Reddit community for more Updates. PUBG MOBILE LIVE COUNTDOWN TO 0.9.0 UPDATE Official Version is now available on Play Store and App Store Status = Released, Check your app updates. Download here: Apple App Store Link. Google Play Store Link. This Update includes the famous Night Mode in Erangel randomly, new guns, vehicles, new mode (competitive) and new in game improvements, major Bug fixes. Released today PUBG Mobile 0.9.0 version. Watch official teaser below: A sad news is Beryl M762 won’t be there in this update but it would be there in 0.10.0, now instead a QBU Sniper would be there in Sanhok map which will replace Mini 14. The 0.9.0 update is not live for anyone who will be asking. This type of maintenance is a preliminary process to get ready for the update on the 25th. Here is detailed Link/Source to the official Google Document from Tencent for overview skeptics of this update. All of the data in it belongs to the Tencent Games, here it is just for informational purposes as per fair use. The update mainly consists of New Weather, Map Improvements, Festival Effects, Matchmaking Improvements, Enemy/friend Spectator Mode, new Ingame-Purchases, Crew Challenges, changes in Custom Rooms, Character Action Improvements, New settings; Improvements, Projectile Improvements, Bug Fixes.

#ubuntu-installer 2009-12-28 <Dan48p> how do you save all of your applications and drivers and settings to reuse in a fresh installation? #ubuntu-installer 2009-12-30 <aaronrus_> i have tried to install ubuntu form CD but get errno 5 input/output half way through the install I have did the md5sum the media check and memory test I run badblocks and everything tests ok. I have tried to install from USB but my computer will not boot to USB i checked the BIOS <aaronrus_> this is the second computer i have had issues installing ubuntu on I can install Fedora core 12 just fine. at one point i got error sessions bus /bin/dbus <aaronrus_> im starting to wonder if there is a bug in the installer <aaronrus_> read my post for more info http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=8575415#post8575415 <aaronrus_> please pass this info on to the development team <dmarkey_> is there a way to disable ext4 via preseed? <dmarkey_> at least for the default fs <CIA-4> usb-creator: evand * r253 trunk/ (3 files in 3 dirs): Hack around GTK's lack of good label wrapping (again). <CIA-4> usb-creator: evand * r254 trunk/ (debian/changelog man/usb-creator-gtk.8 man/usb-creator-kde.8): Point to correct location for the log file in the man page. <dmarkey_> is there a way to specify grub legacy to be installed in presees in 9.10? #ubuntu-installer 2009-12-31 <stgraber> usually I find my way around quite easily, especially with switches but I really hate their router/firewall mess <stgraber> oops <CIA-4> ubiquity: superm1 * r3632 ubiquity/debian/ (changelog control): <CIA-4> ubiquity: debian/control: Drop Recommends on gnome-system-tools. Code that was <CIA-4> ubiquity: using time-admin was removed back in ubiquity 1.3.7. <CIA-4> ubiquity: superm1 * r3633 ubiquity/ (d-i/manifest debian/changelog): <CIA-4> ubiquity: Automatic update of included source packages: console-setup <CIA-4> ubiquity: 1.34ubuntu6, partman-base 135ubuntu3. <CIA-4> ubiquity: superm1 * r3634 ubiquity/debian/changelog: releasing version 2.1.6 #ubuntu-installer 2010-01-02 <dmarkey> is there a preseed option to shutdown instead of restart at the end of the install <Samus_Aran> where has manual partitioning gone to in the installer ? <CIA-4> wubi: Agostino Russo * r173 trunk/ (data/wubildr.cfg debian/changelog): Partially reverted rev 171 since root.disk is always present, which invalidates the logic.

Search teams scour 21-mile area along the Big Thompson River in Loveland 9/18 4 pm -- Search crews with dogs from outside Colorado are looking for people in the flooding aftermath. Lindsey Sablan reports from Loveland. KMGH The search and rescue team team includes people and dogs from federal search teams based in Boone County, Missouri and Clark County, Nevada Copyright 2013 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Bailey, a search dog with a federal team based in Clark County, Nevada. Copyright 2013 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. LOVELAND, Colo. - A crew of 33 people and eight dogs searched a 21-mile area along Big Thompson River in Loveland on Wednesday. In addition to the searchers from the Poudre and Loveland Fire Authorities, the team includes people and dogs from federal search teams based in Boone County, Missouri and Clark County, Nevada. They're looking for people who could be trapped or killed in the massive debris flow. "We're doing good, the crews are holding their own. They're working longs hours," said Jason Starck, a battalion chief with the Loveland Fire Rescue Authority. "They're spirits are up and we're just trying to get one task off the list at a time." "The dogs are trained to alert for live human scent," said Dr. Erin Venable, a K-9 handler with the team from Boone County, Missouri. "What we're doing basically is clearing any spot where a human could possibly be and we’re also making sure we haven’t missed someone who might have been stuck in the debris field." The dogs are Labrador retrievers and German Shepherd breeds who were trained and certified in a process that takes up to two years. The training includes behavior, agility and search practice. "By the time these dogs make it to this level, they are literally the best of the best," Venable said. The large scale of the search provides unique challenges for the dogs, she explained. "We need to keep dogs happy, need to keep dogs motivated," she said, "So we’ll stop every now and then and just offer dogs motivation." The muddy, potentially hazardous debris makes it difficult for the searchers and the dogs. "Obviously mud and silt is the biggest thing," Starck said. "Some of that acts like quicksand. When we step in it, we go down to our waist." "I was just down in the bottoms with our team and we had to get three of us to get one guy out of the mud," he continued. Starck explained that a hazardous materials team will be in the area Thursday to handle all the propane tanks and sewage that was swept downhill by the flood. "We have human waste that's come down from the canyon. We know we have 55-gallon drums and various other primarily oil facilities that have spilled out a little bit. Propane is probably our biggest hazardous material we're trying to deal with," he said. Copyright 2013 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.

Available Options Pouch to mag. 1 SVD / carbine "Tiger" on fasteksy. Replaces Pouch to mag. SVD (mod.2). Compared with the old model pouch has been redesigned from the ground up and is more comfortable in the design Mounting: two built-in clip. For mounting on a classical system PALS / MOLLE need two cells wide and two horizontal rows of cells in height UniClick third-generation system, which replaced UniClick Plus Lightweight installation pouch - hidden pocket for the end of the bending tucked clips, unlike the system UniClick Plus clip does not rest in the pouch and cell platform that hosts the pouch Easy removal pouch - to bend the end of the clip has a convenient manners of tape for quick retrieval of clips from his pocket Corrected geometry - relative positioning of the clip horizontally corresponding cell PALS width of 37 mm instead of the old 35 mm, so that the pouch is mounted on the latest generation of platforms Fusion and foreign products without deformation Suitable for 8-round magazine Saiga-308 and Tiger 308 Pouch sewn entirely of two layers of fabric Cordura® 500d Fastens with fasteksy Duraflex®, the parent part is mounted on the front wall of the pouch. Fitting fasteksy strengthened from within the second layer of fabric. Fasteksy unbuttoned silent, easy to handle In the front wall of the pocket between two layers of fabric sewn Cordura® 500d piece of plastic. It supports form a pocket, making it easy insertion and removal of the shop From the main compartment pouch looks at least 2.5 cm in height shop SVD, which is convenient for removal Dimensions are spacious enough for easy insertion and extraction of shops, including the option of placing the lid down The special shape of the valve pouch contents are protected against ingress of water and dirt. When the valve is easily tilted without hindering recovery Store All tissue sections and lines are hidden under seams or edged for reliability and neat appearance

Jared Allen (quarterback) Jared Allen (born August 26, 1981) is an American football coach and former player. He was the starting quarterback at FAU from 2001 to 2004 and also played professionally for the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe in 2006. High school career Allen attended Edmond Santa Fe High School in Edmond, Oklahoma. As a senior, he completed 171 of 282 passes for 1,973 yards and 18 touchdowns. As a junior, he connected on 145 of 232 attempts for 1,502 yards and 9 touchdowns. He was named a 1999 Blue Chip athlete. He earned first-team All-Edmond Area, All-Metro Conference, All-District 6A-1, all-city (Oklahoma City) and Oklahoma Coaches Association all-state honors. Allen was named to the Jim Thorpe All-Star Game and was selected MVP. He was a two-sport athlete (football and basketball). College career Allen started four years at Florida Atlantic and was named the team's MVP in 2003, the offensive MVP in 2002, and the team MVP in 2001. He played in 47 games and started 44 times. Throughout his collegiate career, he completed 570 of 1,003 passes for 8,100 yards and 50 touchdowns. He was redshirted in 2000 and majored in political science. Professional career 2005 season Allen signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2005. He was released on August 31, 2005. 2006 season Allen was re-signed on January 5, 2006 and was allocated to the NFL Europe's Amsterdam Admirals. He shared backup quarterback duties with Reggie Robertson playing one quarter per game every other week, until starting quarterback Gibran Hamdan broke his ankle. Jared Allen was then granted the starting job, leading the Amsterdam Admirals to one win (away vs. the Frankfurt Galaxy) and two losses during the remaining regular season games. The one win was sufficient to secure first place in the season and a spot in the World Bowl, which was lost to the Frankfurt Galaxy by 7–22. Allen was released on August 29. Coaching career In January, 2012 Allen was name the tight ends coach at Florida Atlantic University (FAU). After the 2013 season, Allen stepped back into an administrative role as director of player personnel and external relations. In 2015, he returned to a positional coach this time coaching running backs. Following the 2016 season, Allen stepped back from coaching for the 2017 season. External links FAU profile Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:American football quarterbacks Category:Amsterdam Admirals players Category:Florida Atlantic Owls football coaches Category:Florida Atlantic Owls football players Category:Players of American football from Oklahoma Category:Sportspeople from Edmond, Oklahoma

1. Introduction =============== RM 8640 consists of six plastic bottles each containing a 2 mL suspension of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres with a specified amount of immobilized fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The microspheres are intended for calibrating the fluorescence response of flow cytometers \[[@b1-j110-2gai]\]. This paper describes the procedures used for assigning values of *MESF* (molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophore) to the microspheres with immobilized FITC. There are three major measurements in this procedure. First, the concentration of microspheres is measured using a Multisizer 3 (Coulter Corporation, Miami FL) particle counter[1](#fn1-j110-2gai){ref-type="fn"}. Second, a fluorometer is calibrated using SRM 1932, a fluorescein solution. Third, the fluorescence signal is measured for each of the microsphere suspensions. Finally, the data from the three measurements are used to calculate the *MESF* values of the microspheres. In practice, we made serial dilutions of SRM 1932 and calibrated the fluorometer response as a function of fluorescein concentration. Since the concentration of fluorescein varies from 10^−12^ mol/L to 10^−9^ mol/L, it was necessary to pay special attention to contamination, linearity, photodegradation, and background subtraction. The measurements of the concentration of the microsphere suspension constitutes the operational definition of particle concentration. There are at present no particle number standards to validate the concentration measurement. A cytometer was used to measure the fluorescence signals associated with the five microsphere populations each with a different amount of immobilized FITC. A valid assignment of *MESF* values should yield a linear relation between the measured fluorescence signal in the cytometer and the assigned *MESF* values. A linearization procedure was used to impose a linear relation between the cytometer response of the five microsphere populations and their *MESF* values. 2. Revised Measurement Model and the Assignment of *MESF* ========================================================= It was pointed out \[[@b2-j110-2gai]\] that the quantum yield as defined in Eqs. (A3) and (A14) in Ref. \[[@b3-j110-2gai]\] is the ratio of fluorescent radiant flux to absorbed radiant flux. Since the radiant flux is the product of the number flux and average spectral energy, the ratio of radiant fluxes is not the same as the ratio of number fluxes. In the following we introduce a modification to the measurement model which allows a consistent use of quantum yield, a molecular property defined in terms of number flux. In the previous paper \[[@b3-j110-2gai]\] we expressed the fluorescence spectral radiance, *L*~f~(*λ*~m~,*λ*~x~), as $$\begin{array}{l} {L_{f}\left( {\lambda_{m},\lambda_{x}} \right) = \frac{S_{f}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)}{S^{\prime}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)}L^{\prime}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)} \\ {= 2.3FNly\left( {\lambda_{m},\lambda_{x}} \right)\varepsilon\left( \lambda_{x} \right)\Phi_{i}\left( \lambda_{x} \right)\Delta\lambda_{x}} \\ \end{array}$$ *λ*~m~ and *λ*~x~ are the emission and excitation wavelengths, *S*~f~, *S*′, are measured signals, *L*′ is the spectral radiance of a reference source, *F*, *l*, *Φ*~i~(*λ*~x~), and ∆*λ*~x~ are instrument characteristics, and *N*, *y*, and *ε* are sample properties. The quantity *y*(*λ*~m~, *λ*~x~) relates the absorbed radiant flux at wavelength *λ*~x~ to the fluorescent radiant flux at wavelength *λ*~m~. In other words, the radiant flux from fluorescence is a fraction *y* of the absorbed radiant flux. The radiant flux can be converted to a photon number flux by dividing the radiant flux by the energy of a single photon. Thus the quantity *y*(*λ*~m~, *λ*~x~) can be converted into a relation between fluorescence photon number flux and absorbed photon number flux by multiplying it by the ratio of the respective wavelengths. $$y^{\prime}\left( {\lambda_{m},\lambda_{x}} \right) = \frac{\lambda_{m}}{\lambda_{x}}y\left( {\lambda_{m},\lambda_{x}} \right).$$ The quantity *y*′(*λ*~m~, *λ*~x~) is conveniently separated into a quantum yield *φ* and a normalized relative photon emission function *s*′(*λ*~m~, *λ*~x~) (1/nm), where $${\int{s^{\prime}\left( {\lambda_{m},\lambda_{x}} \right)d\lambda_{m}}} = 1.$$ Thus [Eq. (1)](#fd1-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} can be rewritten as $$\frac{S_{f}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)}{S^{\prime}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)}\frac{\lambda_{m}}{\lambda_{x}}L^{\prime}\left( \lambda_{m} \right) = 2.3FNl\phi s^{\prime}\left( {\lambda_{m},\lambda_{x}} \right)\varepsilon\left( \lambda_{x} \right)\Phi_{i}\left( \lambda_{x} \right)\Delta\lambda_{x}.$$ Integrating over all emission wavelengths gives $${\int{S_{f}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)\left\lbrack {\frac{\lambda_{m}}{\lambda_{x}}\frac{L^{\prime}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)}{S^{\prime}\left( \lambda_{m} \right)}} \right\rbrack}}d\lambda_{m} = \Omega N\phi\varepsilon\left( \lambda_{x} \right)I_{0}.$$ The change in the measurement model amounts to a modification of the spectral correction function given by the term in brackets on the left side of [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} supplants a similar equation in Ref. \[[@b3-j110-2gai]\]. The left side of [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} is found experimentally by performing the specified operation on the measured fluorescence emission spectrum. The reference source used to calibrate the detector wavelength response was unpolarized. In order to minimize the effects due to polarization of the fluorescence emission, the incident laser beam polarization was confined to the plane defined by the incident and detected light beams. We made no estimate of possible artifacts due to polarization differences. Suppose that the operation in [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} is performed on the emission spectrum from a reference solution with known concentration of fluorophore and the emission spectrum from a suspension of microspheres with immobilized FITC. Furthermore, the number concentration of microspheres is known. In the case that the two numbers on the left of [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} are equal, the corresponding solution and suspension properties on the right side of [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} are also equal. $$\mathrm{\Omega}N_{\text{sol}}\phi_{\text{sol}}\varepsilon_{\text{sol}}\left( \lambda_{x} \right)I_{0} = \mathrm{\Omega}N_{\text{sus}}\phi_{\text{sus}}\varepsilon_{\text{sus}}\left( \lambda_{x} \right)I_{0}.$$ The subscripts "sol" and "sus" in [Eq. (6)](#fd6-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} refer to solution and suspension, respectively. We assume that the experimental conditions used for the measurements on solution and suspension are the same and that the solution and suspension have equal indexes of refraction. In that case, *I*~0~ and Ω are the same on both sides of [Eq. (6)](#fd6-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} and can be factored out. $$N_{\text{sol}}\phi_{\text{sol}}\varepsilon_{\text{sol}}\left( \lambda_{x} \right) = N_{\text{sus}}\phi_{\text{sus}}\varepsilon_{\text{sus}}\left( \lambda_{x} \right).$$ It is known from measurements that there are shifts in the wavelength of maximum absorption. It is likely that the absolute value of the extinction coefficient is also different. The extinction coefficient of fluorophore immobilized on a microsphere has not been measured due to predominance of scattering. However, we make the major assumption that the molar extinction coefficient is the same for fluorophore in solution and immobilized on the microsphere. Thus, [Eq. (7)](#fd7-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} reduces to an equality of fluorescence yields. $$N_{\text{sol}}\varphi_{\text{sol}} = N_{\text{sus}}\phi_{\text{sus}}.$$ Based on [Eq. (8)](#fd8-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}*N*~sol~ is equivalent to *N*~sus~. The calculation used to assign molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophore (*MESF*) values to the microspheres is given by $$MESF = \frac{N_{A}}{1000}\frac{C_{\text{eq}}}{N_{\text{spheres}}}$$where *N*~sus~ = *N*~sphere~ (mL^−1^) is the number concentration of fluorescein labeled microspheres and *C*~eq~ is the molar concentration of soluble fluorescein which gives the same value for the left side of [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} as the suspension of microspheres. Avogadro's constant, *N*~A~ (6.022 × 10^23^), in [Eq. (9)](#fd9-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} is a conversion factor between molar and number concentrations. The equivalent concentration of soluble fluorescein is determined using the fluorescein calibration curve $$C_{\text{eq}} = 10^{- \text{intercept}}\left( {FS \times P_{\text{adj}}} \right)^{\text{slope}}$$where "intercept" and "slope" are the linear fit parameters describing the relationship between the logarithm of the observed fluorescence signal and the logarithm of the concentration of fluorescein. *FS* is the fluorescence signal of the microsphere suspension evaluated according to the left side of [Eq. (5)](#fd5-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The value *FS* has to be adjusted for possible differences in illumination intensity between the calibration measurements and the microsphere measurements. The ratio of the average of the power readings taken during the calibration and microsphere measurements is set equal to the adjustment factor, *P*~adj~, which multiplies *FS* in [Eq. (10)](#fd10-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The power readings varied by less than 1 % during the calibration or the microsphere measurements. However, since the two measurements were taken on different days, the difference in average power could be as high as several percent. [Eq. (9)](#fd9-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [Eq. (10)](#fd10-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} constitute the operational definition of the *MESF* assignment. In the following we describe the procedure used for obtaining the five factors needed in [Eq. (9)](#fd9-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [Eq. (10)](#fd10-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. As an example, the value of *MESF* is obtained for one specific suspension of microspheres. 3. Calibration of the Fluorometer ================================= [Figure 1](#f1-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows a schematic of the fluorometer used in the *MESF* assignments. A water-cooled argon ion laser (Lexel model 95) was the source of 488 nm light. A glass slide reflected a portion of the output beam and directed it towards a photo diode (Newport 818 UV) whose output was processed by a power meter (Newport 1815-C). The accuracy of the power reading was about 2 % (product specifications). The output of the power meter was monitored as an index of relative illumination power which was used to determine the factor *P*~adj~ in [Eq. (10)](#fd10-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The laser beam, transmitted through the glass slide, passed a neutral density (ND) filter wheel which contained ND filters of nominal optical density (OD) values 0, 1, 2, and 3. The beam passed through a laser line filter to eliminate plasma lines from the laser and then was directed via two mirrors to the entrance aperture of a 10× microscope objective. The two reflections changed the vertical polarization into horizontal. The objective lens focused the laser beam on a square capillary flow cell (WWP100375 from Polymicro Technologies) with a inner dimension of 100 µm. The portion of the capillary that was illuminated by the laser was stripped of the polyimide coating which normally surrounds the glass capillary. The capillary flow cell was mounted on a rotary stage which in turn was mounted on a *X*-*Y* translation stage. The rotary stage was used to position the capillary so that the incident beam was perpendicular to one of the sides. The *X*-*Y* stage was used to position the capillary at the position of the monochromator entrance slit image. The Model 270M monochromator, made by JY Horiba, was equipped with a CCD-3000 Detector System. The CCD chip used in the measurements was back illuminated with a minimum quantum efficiency of 65 % at 550 nm. The operational temperature of the chip was 213 K with a dark current less than 4 e^−^ pixel^−1^ min^−1^. The pixel layout was 1024 by 256, and the dynamic range of the 16 bit analog to digital converter was 65535 digital number (*DN*). The measurements were performed by binning the 256 pixels in the short direction of the CCD chip. The entrance slit of the monochromator was equipped with a mechanical shutter, the single axial Model 227MCD (JY Horiba). Appendix A describes the procedures used to validate the performance of the fluorometer \[[@b4-j110-2gai]\]. 3.1 Calibration of the Fluorometer With SRM 1932 ------------------------------------------------ SRM 1932 certifies the concentration of fluorescein as (60.97 ± 0.88) µmol/kg. Given the density of the SRM buffer as 1.003 g/mL, the molar concentration of the SRM 1932 is (61.15 ± 0.88) µmol/L. This value of the concentration was used as the initial concentration. Serial dilutions were made by combining previously made solution with additional buffer. All solutions were prepared gravimetrically using a calibrated balance (Sartorius 2024MP) with a resolution of 0.01 mg. The errors were obtained from the standard deviation of four weighins. The standard error in the fluorescein concentrations was about 1.6 % and originated mostly from the initial error in the SRM concentration. The weighin errors contributed a minimal error to the final fluorescein concentrations. 3.2 Measurement of the Fluorescence Signal ------------------------------------------ The fluorescein solution was pumped with a peristaltic pump through a capillary flow cell \[[@b5-j110-2gai]\]. The 10× objective and the capillary were mounted on appropriate mounts to provide the necessary adjustment. A good adjustment was indicated by the appearance of a clean circular beam cross section after the transit through the capillary. Poor adjustment was characterized by complex interference bands from light reflected by various surfaces of the capillary. The capillary tube (length = 0.7 m) was coupled to a plastic tube (length = 20 cm) via a stainless steel pressure "Swagelok" coupling. The plastic tube was inserted into the pumping mechanism of a peristaltic pump (PP). A centrifuge vial (1.5 mL capacity) contained the test solution and a small magnetic stirring bar. The ends of the capillary or the plastic tube were inserted in the solution and the pump direction set appropriately to pump the solution to the waste container. Neither the capillary nor the plastic tube touched the waste solution. Formation and detachment of small droplets above the waste container was an indicator of flow. The spectrum was accumulated over a period of 40 s leading to appearance of sharp spikes in the CCD response. The spikes are pixels with unusually large charge content, the spikes are confined to one or two adjacent pixels. We removed the spikes by simply replacing the contents of the pixel containing a spike (attributed to cosmic ray events hitting a pixel in the CCD array) by an average of the contents of two nearby pixels. The necessary overall dynamic range was obtained by varying the integration time from 0.5 s to 40 s, and by the dynamic range of the CCD itself (about 60). The ND filter was not used to modify the illumination intensity. The peristaltic pump produced a pulsating flow with a time period of approximately 1.6 s. The strong illumination caused substantial photodegradation of the fluorescein solution in the capillary. The photodegradation and the pulsating flow produced a time variation in the fluorescence signal. This variation was averaged adequately during integration times longer then 5 s. However, for shorter integration times we had to take multiple measurements and average the resulting fluorescence signals. The pulsating fluorescence intensity enlarged the measurement errors for the concentrated fluorescein solutions. We avoided changing the intensity of the illuminating beam since that would change the photodegradation rate for measurements performed on solutions with different fluorescein concentrations. The assumption is made that the photodegradation is the same for solution and fluorescein immobilized on microspheres. To minimize possible systematic errors due to photodegradation, the flow conditions for the calibration and microsphere measurements were made as similar as possible. The polarization anisotropy for fluorescein solutions was approximately zero. Therefore, the measured spectra are characteristic of a solution of random emitters and systematic effects due to polarization are small. 3.3 Background Subtraction -------------------------- [Figure 2a](#f2-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows the measured spectra of a pure phosphate buffer (solid circles) and a fluorescein solution with a concentration of approximately 16 pM (open circles) in phosphate buffer. The laser line filter shown in [Fig. 1](#f1-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} was a critical component in the fluorometer since without it the spectra in [Fig. 2a](#f2-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} would be an order of magnitude higher and dominated by laser plasma lines. The spectra in [Fig. 2a](#f2-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} have *DN* values larger than 2000, suggesting that CCD linearity correction was not significant. [Figure 2b](#f2-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows the spectrum when the buffer response is subtracted from the fluorescein solution response. As expected, the emission spectrum peaks at approximately 510 nm. The integration of the spectrum was performed by summing the *DN* values of the subtracted spectrum in [Fig. 2b](#f2-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"}. The resulting truncation errors for wavelengths less than 595 nm and wavelengths greater than 620 nm were not evaluated. We estimate that these truncations lead to a systematic bias of less than −1 %. Similar spectra were collected for solutions with higher values of fluorescein concentration and the integration time was lowered as required to insure that the resulting CCD response was not saturated. The subtracted spectrum was corrected for the spectral response of the detector as described in Appendix A. The corrected integration times were used to normalize all integrated fluorescence signals (*FS*) to the fluorescence signal (*FS*) at an integration time of 1 s. [Figure 3](#f3-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows a log-log plot of the integrated *DN* values on the horizontal axis and five different concentrations of fluorescein plotted on the vertical axis. The best linear fit to the data in [Fig. 3](#f3-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} is $$\log(\text{concentration}) = - 15.20 + 0.957 \times \log(FS)$$ The errors of the fit parameters were 0.09 and 0.009 for the intercept and slope, respectively. The errors were obtained from a linear regression procedure in Mathcad. The lowest point (for a concentration of approximately 7 pmol/L) was systematically lower than expected from the linear trend set by the higher points. We rationalize this as an effect of adsorption of fluorescein on the capillary walls \[[@b4-j110-2gai]\]. A calibration was accepted if the slope of the best fit fell between 0.95 and 1.05. A perfectly linear relation has a slope of 1.0, however a deviation of ± 0.05 was accepted. The values of "intercept" and "slope" are used in [Eq. (10)](#fd10-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. 4. Measurement of Fluorescence From Microspheres With Immobilized FITC ====================================================================== The measurements of fluorescence signal were carried out in the identical apparatus as the calibration with serially diluted fluorescein solutions. Since the microsphere measurements were carried out after the fluorescein solution, great care was needed to eliminate possible contamination. Prior to the microsphere measurements, the capillary flow cell was washed for several hours. The washing was performed by pumping buffer through the capillary in alternating directions. The switch in pumping direction was important to clear possible dead spaces in the connection between the capillary tube and the plastic tube. As a rule of thumb, the cleaning was sufficiently good when the CCD signal was about 370 *DN* at 510 nm with an integration time of 10 s, and a power indicator of about 20. This number was obtained through experience. During all measurements the following pumping sequence was followed: first the suspension was pumped through the plastic tube into the capillary (this direction filled the capillary quickly); second the suspension was pumped through the capillary into the tube and fluorescence spectra were accumulated. Normal flow was indicated by the presence of a scattering diffraction pattern in the transmitted light. The pattern indicated the presence of spheres in the capillary as well as proper alignment. The intensity of the diffraction pattern fluctuated as expected since the number of microspheres in the sensing volume was of the order of twenty. On occasion, small bubbles passed through the illuminated region in the capillary. The passage of a bubble was obvious from the distortion of the transmitted laser beam. Clogging was obvious because flow stopped and the fluorescence signal decreased. 4.1 Fluorescence Measurement ---------------------------- [Figure 4a](#f4-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows the spectrum measured for a suspension of microspheres (Suspension \#1, open circles) and a suspension of blank microspheres (solid circles). The suspensions were identical to those used in the microsphere concentration measurements. The measurements in [Fig. 4a](#f4-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} were performed with integrating time of 40 s, and power indicator displaying 19.2. [Figure 4b](#f4-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows the difference spectrum. The location of maximum emission shifts to the red, and the spectrum is broader. Both facts are typical of emission from immobilized FITC and serve as additional indicators that the flow cell is clean and free of fluorescein in solution. The quality of background subtraction was gauged by the disappearance of the water Raman line centered at 585 nm. In further analysis, the spectra in [Fig. 4a](#f4-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} were corrected for CCD non linearity (≈0.8 % effect) and normalized to an integration time of 1 s. The spectrum was summed and the errors of the summed spectrum were estimated from multiple measurements. Spectral response corrections were made on the data in [Fig. 4](#f4-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} (≈3 % effect). The resultant summed spectrum for Suspension \#1 was (11220 ± 600) *DN*. The value of the summed spectrum was substituted for FS in [Eq. (10)](#fd10-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. Taking the ratio of average power levels during calibration and microsphere fluorescence measurements gave *P*~adj~ = 0.92 ± 0.02. 5. Measurement of Microsphere Concentration =========================================== The microsphere concentration was measured using a Coulter Multisizer 3 particle counter. The instrument detects small changes in conductivity between two reservoirs separated by a narrow orifice of diameter 100 µm. Whenever a particle passes through the orifice from one reservoir to the other, a transient change in conductivity is detected and recorded as a particle. In practice, the reservoir outside the orifice is the test reservoir into which samples are placed. A volumetric syringe withdraws fluid from the test reservoir through the orifice and the concentration is determined as the particle counts divided by the preset volume of fluid withdrawn. The fluid that was placed into the test reservoir was obtained from the original fluid by diluting the original fluid about 500 times using Isotone fluid. Isotone is a proprietary fluid which has optimal properties for the performance of the Multisizer 3. The composition of Isotone is sufficiently close to that of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) so that microsphere suspension stability is not degraded. The concentration of the particles in the original fluid is found by multiplying the measured concentration by the reciprocal of the dilution. 5.1 Determination of the Dilution Factor of the Test Suspension --------------------------------------------------------------- The microspheres were obtained from Bangs Laboratories as a special order and were delivered in 5 mL opaque plastic bottles. The nominal solids mass fraction was about 2 %. The microspheres, as shipped, were suspended in a solvent optimized for enhancing the stability of the suspension. For the purpose of measuring the fluorescence signal of the microspheres, it was necessary to re-suspend the microspheres in pH = 7.2 PBS. The first step was to take about 1 ml of the microsphere suspension directly from the plastic bottle and centrifuge it (Marathon 13K centrifuge from Fisher Scientific at 2000 rpm). The pellet of microspheres was then re-suspended in 1 ml of PBS, pH 7.2, containing ≈0.1 mg SDS. An additional advantage of buffer exchange is that possible soluble fluorescent impurities in the bottle are minimized. The mass of about 200 µg of the resulting suspension was placed into a container with a mass of Isotone equivalent to about 100 ml of Isotone. The mass of the buffer was determined using a balance, OHaus ED4130, while the suspension was transferred using calibrated 100 µL or 200 µL pipettes and the mass approximated as 0.1996 g using the known density of water. A gravimetric check of the amount of solution delivered by the 100 µL pipette gave (0.10016 ± 0.0006) g using water at 23 °C and a Sartorius 2024 MP balance. The error in the reciprocal of the dilution factor was estimated to be less than 1 %. The remaining suspension was used for fluorescence measurements as described above. 5.2 Concentration Measurement ----------------------------- Prior to each series of measurements the operation of the Multisizer 3 was verified by running a suspension of calibration microspheres. The quality of the measurement was evaluated by measuring the mean diameter of the microspheres, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of the diameter values. The diluted microsphere suspension was placed in the Multisizer 3 and stirred at an indicated rate of 13 rpm. An image of the orifice was always examined to verify that the orifice was free from debris. The instrument analytical volume was set to 500 µL or 1 ml and a dilution factor (as determined above) was entered as a parameter in the acquisition software. [Figure 5](#f5-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows a typical result of a single Multisizer 3 measurement. The horizontal axis gives the inferred particle diameter, and the vertical axis gives the number of times a particle with this diameter passed through the orifice. Using the dilution factor, the vertical axis can be converted into concentration. The inferred concentration of Suspension 1 was (1.427 ± 0.016) × 10^6^ mL^−1^ for all particles with diameters between 6.3 µm and 8.1 µm. The peak to the right of the main peak corresponds to "doublets". These are events associated with the passage of two particles. The concentration of "doublets" (diameters between 8.3 µm and 9.7 µm) was calculated to be (0.077 ± 0.002) × 10^6^ mL^−1^. Since the concentration of particles in the test solution is small, it is likely that the "doublets" correspond to permanent associations of two microspheres. For permanent associations, the radii of doublets and triplets are related to the particle radius by *r*~doublet~ = 2^1/3^*r*~sphere~ and *r*~triplets~ = 3^1/3^*r*~sphere~ respectively. These relations are consistent with the observed size distributions of singlets, doublets, and triplets. This measurement of particle associations is relevant to the proper interpretation of the fluorescence signal as discussed below. The concentration measurement was repeated five times and the error associated with each concentration was found by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of 5, the number of trials. It should be noted that the error in the concentration is about 5 % implying that the error due to the uncertainty of the dilution factor (about 1 %) is negligible. The error of the concentration measurement is due mainly to the statistics of the particles entering the orifice. Whenever possible, the errors in the concentration measurement were minimized by using more concentrated test suspensions and larger sampling volumes. 5.3 Correction for Microsphere Doublets --------------------------------------- Both the Multisizer 3 and the cytometer measurements show the presence of microsphere doublets- permanent associations of two microspheres. Some aggregation of colloidal particles is expected and the amount depends on previous treatments (e.g., sonication, age, and solvent). The concentration measurements were performed with the same suspension as the fluorescence measurements. Furthermore the two measurements were performed on the same day. The simplest assumptions are that the Multisizer 3 gives the correct concentration of doublets in the suspension used for fluorescence measurements and that the fluorescence intensity from doublets is twice the fluorescence intensity from single microspheres. Therefore, in comparing the fluorescence yield of a suspension and solution we multiply the doublet concentration by a factor of two relative to the singlet concentration. $$N_{\text{Total}} = N_{\text{Single}} + 2N_{\text{Double}}.$$ Where *N*~Single~ is the number concentration of single microspheres, *N*~Double~ is the number concentration of double microspheres, and *N*~Total~ is the total concentration which should be used in comparing fluorescence yields in [Eq. (9)](#fd9-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The assumption that the fluorescence intensity from a double microsphere is twice the fluorescence from a single microsphere is qualified by such consideration as distortion of the illuminating light and changes in quantum yield at point of contact between the microspheres. The measured polarization anisotropy in microsphere suspensions was about 0.08. This small value was rationalized by the large tether length of the chain of seven carbon atoms that immobilized the FITC to the microsphere surface. A long tether permits considerable rotational freedom. The systematic effects due to polarization differences between solution and microsphere suspension were neglected. 6. Assignment of *MESF* Values ============================== The assignment of values of molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophore (*MESF*) entails the comparison of the fluorescence signal from suspensions of microspheres with immobilized fluorophore and solutions of fluorophore \[[@b3-j110-2gai]\]. The comparison requires the integration of the emitted fluorescence over all wavelengths. The comparison requires a correction for differences in the molar absorption coefficient of soluble and immobilized fluorescein. Fluorescence excitation spectra show that the absorption spectra of the soluble and immobilized fluorescein are shifted relative to each other \[[@b3-j110-2gai]\]. The fluorescence excitation spectra allow us to estimate the change in absorbance at 488 nm due to the shift. However, we were not able to measure the absolute value of the molar absorption coefficient for the immobilized fluorescein. This adjustment is left for a future refinement. The values of FS, "intercept", "slope", Padj, and *N*~spheres~ were used in [Eq. (9)](#fd9-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [Eq. (10)](#fd10-j110-2gai){ref-type="disp-formula"} to calculate a value of *MESF* of 1667 ± 400. The same procedure was carried out for the other suspensions. Four independent series of measurements were carried out and the resulting *MESF* values averaged to give the final value reported in the Certificate of Investigation. 7. Linearization of *MESF* Assignments With a Cytometer ======================================================= The objective of this measurement was to demonstrate that the *MESF* assignments obtained with the fluorometer were self-consistent. The microspheres were passed through a cytometer, and the response was measured. Each population of microspheres produced a population of fluorescence pulses which are characterized by a mean pulse area and a standard variation. Since the cytometer response is linear, the mean pulse height of the five populations of microspheres should correlate linearly with the assigned values of *MESF*. The cytometer does not provide a measurement of the absolute *MESF* values, however it does place a stringent constraint on relative *MESF* values. The *MESF* values obtained with the fluorometer were modified so that they correlate linearly with the mean channel measured with the cytometer. Appendix B gives details of the procedure used for validating the performance of the cytometer. 7.1 Microsphere Measurements ---------------------------- Alignment microspheres from Spherotech Corp. were used to align the cytometer laser beam. The alignment was sufficiently good when the fluorescence pulse mean channel was between 180 000 *DN* and 200 000 *DN*, and the CV was better than 4 %. After the alignment, the six populations of the microspheres in the reference material were mixed and pumped through the cytometer and the corresponding fluorescence and scattering peaks recorded. The suspensions were prepared by putting two drops of the suspension from each of the six plastic bottles into 1 ml of PBS buffer. [Figure 6](#f6-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows typical results. Note that the single and double microsphere signals are resolved. The dense groupings with circular bounds correspond to single microsphere signals. Diagonally to the upper right of each dense grouping are less dense groupings (not enclosed by boundaries) corresponding to the passage of double microspheres. The table in [Fig. 6](#f6-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} gives the properties of the groups of dots enclosed by the circular bounds. The *Y* geometric mean gives the mean scattering pulse amplitude, while the *X* geometric mean gives the mean fluorescence pulse height for each population. As expected, the scattering is relatively constant for the five populations, while the fluorescence signal differs substantially. [Figure 7](#f7-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} shows a plot of the log of the mean fluorescence channel (*X* geometric means in [Fig. 6](#f6-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"}) associated with each microsphere as a function of the log of the assigned *MESF* value for each microsphere. As described above, the *MESF* assignments were performed using the fluorometer. A fit to a straight line gives a slope of 0.984, indicating that there is a small deviations from linearity. All points are within two standard deviations of the best straight line fit. Since the cytometer is a linear device, the measured mean channels should correlate linearly with the *MESF* values which are proportionate to the number of fluorophore on the microsphere and hence to the fluorescence signal. This fact provides a means to linearize the assigned *MESF* values. 7.2 Linearization ----------------- The response of the cytometer was shown to be linear over the dynamic range encompassing the response of the five microsphere populations. Therefore, the *MESF* values have to correlate linearly with the observed mean channels in the cytometer measurement. The cytometer measurement provides a relative ordering of the *MESF* values but gives no measure of the absolute values. The procedure that was used to impose a linear relation on the *MESF* values determined by fluorometer was as follows. The solid circles in [Fig. 7](#f7-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} show the *MESF* values obtained in Series 4 measurements as a function of mean cytometer channel. The data in [Fig. 7](#f7-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"} was fitted with a straight line whose slope was constrained to 1.027, which characterizes the cytometer linearity. Next, the *MESF* value given by the straight line was calculated for each mean channel. This calculated value is the linearized *MESF* value obtained for that series of measurements. 8. Certification of *MESF* Values ================================= The *MESF* values were assigned by averaging the values obtained in four independent measurements each consisting of 1) calibration of the fluorometer using SRM 1932, 2) measurement of the microsphere fluorescence intensity, and 3) measurement of the microsphere concentration. The data in each set of four measurements gave an assignment of *MESF* values to the five populations of microspheres. The four different assignments provide a measure of reproducibility and an estimate of random error. The possible error obtained from the variation of the four *MESF* assignments was consistent with the error estimate for each of the four *MESF* assignments. The average values are reproduced in the Certificate of Investigation for RM 8640. The cytometer measurements were used to linearize the *MESF* values yielding values of linearized *MESF*. The four values of linearized *MESF* were averaged to give the average linearized *MESF* values in the Certificate of Investigation. The certificate includes both the average *MESF* values determined by the fluorometer, and the average linearized *MESF* values. The *MESF* values were assigned under certain assumptions which are restated below in the order of decreasing relevance. The molar extinction coefficient is the same for fluorescein in solution and fluorescein immobilized on the microspheres. It is known that there are differences in the wavelength of maximum absorption between fluorescein in solution and on the surface of the microsphere. It is expected that the magnitude at maximum absorption will also be different, however these have not been measured yet. The difference in molar extinction coefficient can be taken into account as soon as the values become available. The equality of fluorescence yield would imply that *N*~sus~ microspheres are equivalent to a concentration of soluble fluorophore given by *N*~sol~\[*ε*~sol~(*λ*~x~)/*ε*~sus~(*λ*~x~)\].Photodegradation of fluorescein is the same in solution and at the surface of the microsphere. Systematic measurements of photodegradation in the two environments are not available. Differences in photodegradation rate would lead to systematic differences in the fluorescence signal between calibration measurements and microsphere measurements.Residual polarization of fluorescence emission is the same for fluorescein in solution and at the surface of the microsphere. The measured polarization anisotropies are slightly different for fluorescein in solution and on the surface of a microsphere. Sensitivity of detectors to polarization would lead to small systematic differences in fluorescence signal between fluorescein in solution and on the surface of microspheres.Adsorption on capillary flow cell walls is the same. If the adsorption (and holdup in dead spaces) of fluorescein in solution and fluorescein on microspheres is not the same, then there will be systematic differences in the fluorescence signal at low and high concentrations.Illumination of FITC immobilized on microspheres is the same as the illumination of fluorescein in homogeneous solution. 9. Conclusions ============== A method was described for comparing the fluorescence yields of a solution of fluorescein and a suspension of microspheres with immobilized fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The equality of fluorescence yields leads to an assignment of molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophore (*MESF*) to a microsphere with immobilized FITC. The *MESF* values may be the appropriate units for comparing fluorescence measurements. There is a need to investigate the validity of some of the assumptions that were made in carrying out the *MESF* assignment as described above. 10. Appendix A. Fluorometer Characterization ============================================ 10.1 Wavelength Calibration --------------------------- The wavelength calibration was performed using mercury lamp lines, and a neon lamp (Oriel 6032). The parameters in the data acquisition software were adjusted so that over the wavelength range 480 nm to 700 nm, the deviation between the true and measured wavelengths was less than 1 nm. 10.2 CCD Linearity ------------------ The output of a light emitting diode (LED) was passed through a variable ND filter and focused on the end of a bifurcated optical fiber. One of the arms of the optical fiber was placed at the location of the sample in the monochromator setup (see [Fig. 1](#f1-j110-2gai){ref-type="fig"}), and the other arm was placed in front of a photo diode (PD). Silicon photodiodes are known to be linear within 0.1 % up to a photocurrent of 200 µA \[[@b6-j110-2gai]\]. The LED spectrum was recorded by the CCD for an integration time of 0.2 s. The spectrum was taken with automatic subtraction of the dark current. The CCD response was characterized by finding the average value of *DN* in a narrow range (518 nm to 522 nm) of wavelengths around the maximum response. The integrated CCD response was compared to the photo diode reading. We examined the dependence of the average signal in *DN* as a function of the PD response. There was a substantial deviation from linearity at low values of *DN*. The most likely source of this deviation is trapping of electrons during the readout process \[[@b7-j110-2gai]\]. During readout, the electrons are switched sequentially from pixel to pixel. The trapping centers prevent some of the electrons from reaching the final register pixel. Since the number of trapping sites is fixed, the relative importance of these sites increases with decreasing number of total electrons. The measured deviations provide a factor which can be used to linearize the CCD response. Thus the linearized *DN* value is given by $$\begin{array}{l} {{(DN)}_{\text{linear}} = {(DN)}_{\text{measured}}(1 + f)} \\ {\mspace{67mu} f = 10^{\lbrack 0.6418 - 0.7181^{\prime}\log(DN_{\text{measured}})\rbrack}} \\ \end{array}$$where (*DN*)~measured~ is the *DN* value that is read out during a measurement and (*DN*)~linear~ is the linearized value of the CCD response which is used in further data analysis. The factor *f* was obtained from the fit of the deviation of the measured CCD data from the linear PD response. We did not assign an error to the correction. The correction was applied to background measurements and sample measurements prior to subtraction of background. The correction is negligible for *DN* values above 600. 10.3 Integration Time Linearity ------------------------------- The CCD accumulates electrons for a preset integration time that is determined by a mechanical shutter located after the entrance slit of the monochromator. To measure the correspondence between the integration time setting in the software and the actual time, we illuminated the monochromator entrance slit with a constant light source and measured the CCD response for different indicated integration times *t*~indicated~. The reference light source (see Sec. 10.4) was used as the constant light source. The CCD response was integrated from 540 nm to 560 nm. The ratio of the CCD response divided by indicated time *t*~indicated~ relative to the CCD response for 1 s of indicated integration time showed a bias in the indicated time setting. At indicated times longer than 1 s, the actual integration time is shorter than the indicted time. The difference between the actual integration time, *t*~actual~, and the indicated integration time, *t*~indicated~, was corrected by multiplying the indicated time by the correction factor 1.00102--0.000782 × *t*~indicated~. 10.4 Spectral Response ---------------------- The reference lamp's output was calibrated at NIST over the range of wavelengths 340 nm to 800 nm in steps of 20 nm. The output port of the calibrated lamp was placed at the location of the sample in the fluorometer. The variable iris of the calibrated lamp was set so that the CCD response was between 10 000 *DN* and 40 000 *DN*. The CCD linearity is excellent in this region. We formed the ratio of calibrated output of the reference lamp to the output at 520 nm (normalized reference output) and compared it to the ratio of measured CCD response of the reference lamp to the CCD response at 520 nm (normalized CCD response). The sharp decline in the response at shorter wavelengths was due to the holographic filter which was used to reject the 488 nm excitation light. The spectral correction factor was obtained by dividing the normalized reference output by the normalized CCD response to the reference lamp. Multiplying the measured CCD response by the correction factor corrects for the variability of the detector response over the wavelength range. 11. Appendix B. Cytometer Characterization ========================================== The cytometer was constructed to be as simple as possible with all physical processes open to inspection. An air-cooled Argon ion laser (Omnichrome Model 150) provided the source of 488 nm illumination. The laser beam was focused by a spherical lens with a focal length of 50 mm. The focal point was located in the flow channel of a cytometer flow cell provided by Becton Dickinson Biosciences. The sample was pumped by a syringe pump (Yale Apparatus Model YA-12), and the sheath fluid was pumped by the pressure in the container vessel. A flow meter (Aalberg Model TMR1-010426) in the sheath flow line gave an indication of the flow rate (usually set to 90 scale units). The laser beam passed through a glass plate whose orientation provided a sensitive adjustment of the beam position in the scattering plane. The flow cell contained the collection optics that focused the emitted light about 25 cm from the lens where photomultiplier (PMT) detectors (Hamamatsu Model H6780) were placed. The usual arrangement of dichroic mirror (DM) and bandpass filters selected the fluorescence and elastically scattered light components. The outputs from the two PMTs were processed by digital electronics provided by Becton Dickinson Biosciences (BD FACSDiVa system). An oscilloscope provided a visual monitor of the pulses associated with the side scattering (SSC) and the first fluorescence (FL1) channels of the detection electronics. 11.1 Linearity and Dynamic Range -------------------------------- The output of a green LED was focused on a slit of a chopper and then split by a glass plate reflector and passed to the inputs of two optical fiber (FO) bundles. One of the split beams (that transmitted through the glass plate) passed through a neutral density (ND) filter, and the FO routed the light to the PMT associated with the first fluorescence channel (FL1). The other beam (reflected from the glass plate) was incident on the FO that routed the light to the PMT associated with the side scattering channel (SSC). The chopper rotation was adjusted to give pulses that approximated the duration of the pulses from the microspheres in the flow cell. The adjustment was performed by visual inspection of the oscilloscope traces. The pulse rate was about 190 pulses per second. The linearity measurements were performed by noting the mean channel of the detected pulses in FL1 for a given OD value of the ND filter. Six ND filters were purchased from Newport Corp., and the attenuation values were used as provided by the manufacturer. The data was accumulated by recording events for different OD values of the ND filters. The six mean channels corresponding to OD values of 0, 0.51, 1.05, 1.50, 1.98. and 2.49 were recorded. The mean channels were plotted on a log-log scale versus the OD values. The average slope was found to be 1.027 ± 0.008. Therefore, we conclude that the cytometer response is linear. We assume that the photon pulses in the above simulation and from fluorescent microspheres behave in an identical fashion. The noise properties of the cytometer are given by the coefficient of variation (CV) defined as the standard deviation of a pulse distribution divided by the mean pulse amplitude \[[@b8-j110-2gai]\]. A linear relation between (CV)^2^ and the inverse of the mean pulse amplitude was observed, and indicated that the main source of noise was the statistics of photon arrival at the photomultiplier cathode. The authors are indebted to Dr. John Lu for assistance in the statistical analysis of data. We are indebted to Dr. Gary Kramer for the use of a reference light source. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper to foster understanding. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. **About the authors:** A. K. Gaigalas is a physicist and Lili Wang a research chemist both in the Biotechnology Division of the NIST Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory. Abe Schwartz is a chemist at the Center for Quantitative Cytometry. Gerald E. Marti is a review and research officer at CBER, FDA and an attending physician at NCI. Robert F. Vogt is a chemist at the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is an agency of the Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. {#f1-j110-2gai} {#f2-j110-2gai} {#f3-j110-2gai} {#f4-j110-2gai} {#f5-j110-2gai} {#f6-j110-2gai} {ref-type="fig"}). The cytometer measurements provide a relative relation between the *MESF* values. The *MESF* values determined by the fluorometer were modified slightly to conform to the linear relation as given by the cytometer measurements.](j110-2gaif7){#f7-j110-2gai}

Immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratins and epithelial membrane protein 2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its potential implications. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an aggressive disease and tends to involve surrounding tissues, and biomarkers for better management are yet to be identified. One hundred and fifty tissue samples with NPC diagnosis were were investigated using pan cytokeratin (CK) and epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) antibodies. Immunohistochemical expression of CK was identified in 144/150 (96%) and of EMP2 in 120/150 (80%). There is a high loss of EMP2 in NPC, especially high grade examples. Loss of CK expression is also linked to high grade NPC types.

CASE REPORT {#S0001} =========== A 68-year old woman presented with urge-incontinence, resistant to anticholinergic therapy. Urinalysis revealed a urinary tract infection caused by E. coli and cytology showed several neutrophils, but no malignant cells. Despite treatment with ciprofloxacin, the urge-incontinence persisted. Ultrasonography revealed right hydronephrosis and thickening of the bladder wall. In addition a cystoscopy was performed, displaying abnormal tissue at the level of the trigon and on both sides of the bladder wall. Transurethral biopsies were obtained revealing tumor cells of unknown primary origin. The immunohistochemical studies disclosed positivity for CK7, estrogen and progesterone receptors compatible with metastatic lobular carcinoma of the breast. In 1989 the patient had undergone a right radical mastectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy for a lobular breast carcinoma pT1N0M0. Analysis of the family history revealed that her mother had pancreatic cancer; her father esophageal cancer and her daughter a teratoma of the ovary. Genetic analysis for gene mutations, including BRCA1, was negative. Further staging using positron emission tomography (PET)-CT displayed local recurrence in the right breast and confirmed the unique metastatic location at the level of the trigon. Treatment with tamoxifen, 20 mg daily, was started with progressive improvement of the urge-incontinence within 5 months. A follow-up PET-scan showed decreased intensity of the breast lesion and trigon lesion. Nearly 10 months after diagnosis the patient is in clinical and partial radiological remission and the urge-incontinence has dissipated, while she has no overt toxicities from treatment with tamoxifen. DISCUSSION {#S0002} ========== The typical symptoms of urge-incontinence are frequent and urgent micturitions with incontinence. In most of the cases, no underlying cause is observed. However, when adequate behavioral attitude, pharmacological treatment and intense physiotherapy do not lead to improvement of urge-incontinence, an underlying disease should be ruled out. Primary bladder cancer should be excluded with a cystoscopy. Metastasis in the bladder occurs in 2% of all malignant disease and only 2.4% of these bladder metastases arise from a primary breast carcinoma \[[@CIT0001]\]. Only a few cases of an isolated bladder metastasis of breast cancer have been reported \[[@CIT0002]--[@CIT0009]\]. Various therapeutic options have been employed in these cases. Isolated metastases of primary breast carcinoma to the bladder are mostly treated by systemic chemotherapy \[[@CIT0002], [@CIT0003], [@CIT0007], [@CIT0009]\]. In only two estrogen-receptor positive cases, successful hormonal treatment with tamoxifen has been reported. Soon et al. reported an 87-year old patient presenting with genuine stress incontinence as a first sign of breast cancer \[[@CIT0005]\]. Unlike in our case, family history for breast cancer was positive. Choudhary et al. describe a patient with mixed incontinence, 18 years after an infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma \[[@CIT0006]\]. In both cases, a cystoscopy with biopsy revealed a metastasis of the breast, positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Tamoxifen treatment resulted in improvement of the urinary symptoms. No estrogen-receptor negative cases treated with tamoxifen have been described. In our case the patient suffered from a lobular subtype of breast cancer. Of the 19 cases with bladder metastases from breast cancer reviewed by Feldman et al. about one third had a lobular carcinoma subtype \[[@CIT0010]\]. The two cases previously described as successfully treated by tamoxifen presented one patient with a history of lobular subtype and another with a ductal subtype. This current third case report describes tamoxifen as a successful treatment of urge-incontinence, due to an isolated bladder metastasis. In the advent of an unknown cancer history or inconclusive malignant history, we propose to take a biopsy and to look for the presence of estrogen receptors as this offers an opportunity for a well-tolerated treatment that can produce long-term disease control and allows a conservative approach with regard to the local treatment. Zagha et al. promoted a more invasive approach \[[@CIT0004]\]. After discovering bladder metastasis of a primary breast cancer, they performed a partial cystectomy, followed by long-term treatment with fulvestrant. CONCLUSION {#S0003} ========== There is no standard therapy to the rare occurrence of isolated bladder metastasis from breast cancer. This current case report describes tamoxifen as a successful treatment of urge-incontinence due to an isolated bladder metastasis.

For a more tranquil walk explore the Edwardian rose garden, ravine garden or luxurious herbaceous borders next to the reflecting lake where a certain Mr Darcy met Miss Bennet in the BBC production of 'Pride and Prejudice'. Children can let off steam in Crow Wood Playscape with its giant slide, badger den and ropewalks, whilst the nearby Timber Yard Cafe offers delicious hot and cold snacks, soups and range of cakes. Opening Times: Park: 8:30am - 6pm House: 11am – 5pm Closed until Friday 26 February Garden: 11am – 5pm Book a Minibus, Coach or School Bus with a discounted ticket package for any attraction

Q: Adding a directory to the system path variable through registry I am trying to add a directory to the PATH variable in windows. This is what I am entering the command line. (Or a batch file) @echo off set value=%path%;%ProgramFiles%\AtomScript\ reg add "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Sessions Manager\Environment" /v Path /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d %value% /f And it comes up with this message ERROR: Invalid syntax. Type "REG ADD /?" for usage. What am I doing wrong? A: You probably have to quote %value% (with double-quotes) because its expansion has embedded blanks for C:\Program Files, etc. That would be reg add "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Sessions Manager\Environment" /v Path /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d "%value%" /f You can see what the actual expansions are by turning echo on in your script: @echo on

In general, customers using an online order processing system may order products using a local computer (e.g., a client) over a connection to a vendor, such as by dialing in over a modem to a computer network, such as the Internet, to the vendor's computer (e.g., server). Typically, the customer can enter in ordering information into a user interface provided by the vendor's order processing software over the connection which is displayed on a visual display of the customer's computer. For example, the customer can begin by entering in the customer's name and address if the customer is interested in a particular product, and the customer can enter in the name and/or model number of the product that the customer is considering ordering. The customer can then receive product information including pricing information, configuration information, and so on. After receiving this product information over the network connection, the customer can decide whether to place the order or to hold off submitting the order until a later time. If placing the order, the customer can indicate that the customer wishes to submit the order by further manipulating the computer display provided by the vendor's computer. The vendor's order processing software may require the customer to submit additional information, such as a purchase order number and shipping address. After entering this information, the order processing software processes this information and accepts (or rejects) the order. If the order is accepted, the vendor's computer indicates the acceptance and typically provides the customer with verification information, such as a confirmation number or order number, that the customer writes down on a piece of paper or prints out on a printer connected to the customers' local client computer. If the customer is not sure of the product to be ordered, the customer can request information from the vendor's order processing software, which is then displayed on the customer's client computer as one or more screens of information provided over the network connection by the order processing software. The customer can then read through the displayed screens, or print them out to read the hard copies of the information for comparison with the customer's requirements and needs. If the customer is a business (e.g., wholesaler, distributor, value added reseller or VAR, original equipment manufacturer or OEM, or other business), then the customer can check or compare its own inventory, requests from its customers (e.g., its retail customers) and other information against the information provided by the vendor's computer to determine what products and configurations of those products to order from the vendor. In addition, the customer can use the ordering information (from a display screen or printout) and then enter (e.g., type in at a keyboard or copy and paste using a mouse) this information into an ordering application or other application (e.g., customer's inventory application) that the customer maintains at its own local computer. In another conventional approach, a customer can log onto a vendor's web site over the Internet, and view information about products for sale at the web site provided by the vendor's order processing software from the vendor's web server. The customer can select products from displays on the web site for an order and can then submit the order through the web site. The web site then displays a confirmation number to the customer, who can print it out if desired.

Q: unable to receive UDP broadcast in Xamarin.Forms app I created a test Xamarin.Forms project, tabbed app, with support for iOS, Android, and UWP. The app with the boilerplate starter code builds and and runs correctly on all 3 platforms. Am trying to test receiving UDP broadcast in the app. The UDP broadcast is being sent from another machine on the same subnet (have tested broadcasting from another machine and from the same machine, results are the same). If I run a standalone, unmanaged UDP listener test tool on this machine (one we wrote internally), I can see all the messages coming through from the other machine. I added the code (shown below) to the Xamarin.Forms project and ran the UWP build on this machine. What I'm seeing is that in the debug output I get the "started receiving" message, then nothing else. I'm not actually receiving the messages (or at least, the callback is not being invoked). I checked netstat and can see that when my Xamarin.Forms app is running, it is bound to the specified UDP port. But my OnUdpDataReceived never gets called. EDIT: I double-clicked the UWP project's Package.appxmanifest file in solution explorer which brought up a UI and in that I checked "Capabilities >> Internet (Client & Server)" thinking it was a permissions thing, but this did not help. EDIT: I verified connectivity by creating two console projects, a sender and a receiver. The sender just loops forever sending a test UDP broadcast each second. The receiver uses the same code shown here. These projects work as expected. So the same receiver code is working in the console project, but not in the Xamarin.Forms project. First, a simple UDP receiver class. public class BaseUdpReceiver { private UdpClient _udpClient; public BaseUdpReceiver() { } public void Start() { _udpClient = new UdpClient() { ExclusiveAddressUse = false, EnableBroadcast = true }; _udpClient.Client.SetSocketOption(SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReuseAddress, true); _udpClient.Client.Bind(new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, Constants.Network.SOME_CONSTANT_PORT_INTEGER)); _udpClient.BeginReceive(OnUdpDataReceived, _udpClient); Debug.WriteLine($">>> started receiving"); } private static void OnUdpDataReceived(IAsyncResult result) { Debug.WriteLine($">>> in receive"); var udpClient = result.AsyncState as UdpClient; if (udpClient == null) return; IPEndPoint remoteAddr = null; var recvBuffer = udpClient.EndReceive(result, ref remoteAddr); Debug.WriteLine($"MESSAGE FROM: {remoteAddr.Address}:{remoteAddr.Port}, MESSAGE SIZE: {recvBuffer?.Length ?? 0}"); udpClient.BeginReceive(OnUdpDataReceived, udpClient); } } Then, the code in App.xaml.cs which uses this class. public partial class App : Application { private BaseUdpReceiver _udpReceiver; public App() { InitializeComponent(); DependencyService.Register<MockDataStore>(); MainPage = new MainPage(); _udpReceiver = new BaseUdpReceiver(); _udpReceiver.Start(); } protected override void OnStart() { } protected override void OnSleep() { } protected override void OnResume() { } } version info Visual Studio 2019 Enterprise v16.4.5 Xamarin 16.4.000.322 (d16-4@ddfd842) Windows 10 64-bit v1909 (OS Build 18363.657) Microsoft.NETCore.UniversalWindowsPlatform, v6.2.9 NETStandard.Library, v2.0.3 Xamarin.Essentials, v1.5.0 Xamarin.Forms, v4.5.0.356 A: Got it working for both UWP and Android with help from MS support. Note that the code provided in the original post is correct and works, given the following considerations. UWP Due to network isolation with UWP, you can't broadcast and receive on the same machine, while this works fine with the console apps, it doesn't work with Xamarin.Forms UWP, so the trick is you just have to broadcast from a different machine Need to adjust Package.appxmanifest >> Capabilities settings On 2 machines (a wifi laptop and wired desktop), I found it was sufficient to have "Internet (Client)" and "Internet (Client & Server)" checked On a 3rd desktop machine with 2 NICs, one plugged in and one unplugged, it still didn't work with the above options, it was necessary to also check the "Private Networks (Client & Server)" Android The emulator appears to create its own subnet, you can see this by checking the emulator's network settings, it clearly isn't on the same subnet as the desktop machine on which its running As a result, you can't get UDP broadcasts in the Android emulator in an easy way (aside from some sort of forwarding scheme which I did not experiment with) Verified that with a physical Android tablet (tested with Samsung Galaxy Tab A 8"), it works and I'm able to receive UDP broadcasts Note that on Android I didn't have to change any permissions from the defaults as with UWP, it worked without issue iOS As of yet, have not tested on a physical iOS device, I have an iPhone, but I'm using a cloud Mac build server so can't test on my device When it comes time to deal with iOS, it looks like I'll probably need to get a local Mac

Spoilers for book 1 and Deadhouse Gates to Chapter 2| More info and previous posts |Please no spoilers for future books/events In my plan to read The Malazan Book of The Fallen, I’m now on book 2, Deadhouse Gates. This post covers chapter 2. Chapter Two Duiker is wandering around in Hissar, looking at markings on the wall, which are some sort of local pictographic code. He makes his way to a trader camp, mixing with the locals and feeling out the public opinion. He’s good enough that no one recognises that he’s actually Malazan. He also witnesses two seers doing some sort of ritual, foretelling the spirit of Dryjhna and bloody times ahead. Then one of them drops dead, probably to make sure we take it extra seriously. I wonder if Dryjhna is an actual god(dess) like Shadowthrone, or something more abstract. Once he’s done with his undercover shenanigans, Duiker goes to a meeting with Coltaine. There is some banter about past battles, Dujek’s lost arm is mentioned. Now I feel stupid for expecting some big epic backstory to it, turns out a horse just randomly bit it off. They bring in a warlock to the council as well. Interestingly, all warlocks were killed by Laseen a while ago but fortunately their souls/power were collected by crows and they were reborn. Um, what? Are these seven cities people for real? I can swallow resurrection, but Magic soul transporting crows?! Maybe Coltaine/Bult are just messing with Duiker. Also, what’s the difference between a warlock and a regular magician? Is it just a local term, or do they do some different sort of warren stuff? Anyway, the council proceeds. There’s the usual talk of seven cities rising up, which I think has been mentioned at least a couple dozen times so far in the books. Then Mallick Rel gives Coltaine his orders from the High Fist, which are to pack up and go to Aren so Pormqual can check out the Seventh. Coltaine tells him to sod off. It was expected with the way Coltaine’s been acting and talked about, but still fun. But he clearly likes Duiker. Soon after, the meeting is adjourned and Kulp and Duiker go off to chat. Duiker wants Kulp to help rescue Heboric (and presumably Felisin) from the Otataral mines. Kulp seems reluctant, but I think he’ll cave. Good for Heboric and friends, but why does Duiker give a crap about him? Is there a secret Illuminati-esque Historian association? *grabs tinfoil hat* We are treat to some extensive backstory about the city of Ehrlitan. Spooky stuff. Apparently Seven Cities was founded by seven Ascendants. On a sidenote, the depiction of Seven Cities as this exotic, unwelcoming place steeped in aaaaancient history is starting to feel a bit heavy handed. I mean, every place has its own history, right? Anyway, Fiddler watches a bunch of Red Swords brutalise some random unarmed citizens. In their wake, two little girls are snatched by a pimp. Fiddler goes after him, and rescues the girl by the brilliant tactic of buying them from the pimp. Rescue of the day right there. Then he escorts them back to their house, and loses most of the respect he gained from me by selling them back to their people. Dude, not cool. It’s one thing to accept some reward, another to demand it. Anyway, the girls’ family is quite pleased, and invites him in. Their grandfather turns out to be some sort of big shot Tano wizard/priest. They chat a bit, he tells Fiddler about the upcoming convergence in Raraku. “A gate. The Prophecy of the Path of Hands. Soletaken and D’ivers. A gate promising…something. They are drawn as moths to a flame.” Well that was certainly illuminating. NOT. He does elaborate though, saying that this might be a way to Ascendancy. Hmm, that is certainly a prize that would draw all sorts of nutters. Although I’m still not clear exactly what it is. Then the guy offers to sing a magic song that has the potential to make all the Bridgeburners Ascendants (the shapeshifters ought to be chasing this guy), but Fiddler doesn’t have time to tell their story, and so he’s sent off with a conch shell for protection. Also, we learn this guy, Kimloc Spiritwalker, is so powerful he could’ve decimated the Malazan armies, but didn’t because that would not stop the Empire. They would send the T’lan Imass after. Fiddler returns and reports his findings to Kalam, and the two of them then administer this epic burn to Crokus: Crokus dragged a chair to the table, dropped into it and reached for the wine. “We’re tired of waiting,” he pronounced. “If we have to cross this damned land, then let’s do it. There’s a steaming pile of rubbish behind the garden wall, clogging up the sewage gutter. Crawling with rats. The air’s hot and so thick with flies you can barely breathe. We’ll catch a plague if we stay here much longer.” “Let’s hope it’s the bluetongue, then,” Kalam said. “What’s that?” “Your tongue swells up and turns blue,” Fiddler explained. “What’s so good about that?” “You can’t talk. Now it’s Kalam’s turn to have a trip into the city. He goes to meet an old frenemy, and asks him for signs that will keep them safe on their journey. The man tells him that it’s the sign of the Whirlwind. Dude, even I could have guessed that. Kalam also takes a book from the guy. This is a special book, the Book of Dryjhna, to be delivered to Sha’ik in Raraku, at which point she will supposedly unleash the apocalypse. Kalam decides to take it as insurance against betrayal. When Kalam is gone, some other warriors come to talk. They’re Red Blades, and intend to tail Kalam and kill Sha’ik. They’re also curious about what Kalam’s plans are. Hmm, schemes upon schemes within schemes… Icarium and Mappo meanwhile are still on their desert safari. They’ve run up against other D’ivers, this time a bunch of leopards that they slaughtered down to the last one. Mappo seems apprehensive that this will bring out some sort of madness in Icarium. I would be worried too, but considering the (relative) ease with which the Jaghut tyrant was taken care of in the last book, I’m not. Anyway, they arrive at an inhabited cliff, and set to looking for a way in. A Soletaken, this time a bear, comes, and transforms back into a man. They recognise him as Messremb. The guy makes an interesting observation, that Icarium’s scent is close to Jaghut, but not quite. Wait, so he’s not actually a Jaghut? What is Icarium then? Ex-Jaghut? Is this related to his amnesia? The bearman soon leaves, and someone else arrives, a guy on a mule. You know, for a desert, this place is feeling pretty packed. The guy and the mule are a pretty weird pair though. For a start the mule is also a shapeshifter, for another the guy – Iskaral Pust, seems to be batshit crazy. At least partly. The cliff turns out to be an abandoned monastery, now occupied by Shadow people, with Pust as their High Priest. The four make their way into the cliff. Surprisingly, Icarium doesn’t remember their fight with the leopards. So his memory loss is continuous? Memento: Malazan incoming? Another very late post. My excuses are the same as before, but I have not, and don’t intend to, give up on the read. It’s just going to be slower than I expected. I hoped this one would come out sooner and be longer, but stuff happened, like me falling and getting a back injury. Oh well, let’s hope I speed up, or we’ll be doing this for like twenty years at this rate. Anyway, the plot. In the tradition of big fantasy series, the beginning of a book is not generally where the exciting stuff happens. It takes a lot of time and pages to setup the explosive finales, after all. So we’ve got people pretty much just slowly making their way through the plot. Just like chapter one, Fiddler and co. probably had the best scenes. I’m still mad at him for trying to haggle for a reward when he returned those girls though. I’m warming up to Icarium and Mappo a bit, though their whole plot remains weird and inscrutable as ever, and Iskaral Pust’s craziness won’t help. Maybe they’ll run into Kalam and co. as they pass through the desert. Yeah I know the Raraku and Pat’potsun Odhan are different deserts, but they’re still pretty close together, so it’s not that outlandish. Also I’m getting the feeling that Kalam’s assassination mission might not be resolved within this book, from the pace they’re moving at, and the number of other side plots. Maybe this upcoming convergence will form the climax of book two. Though I’d hate for climax = convergence to become a pattern. How Duiker’s and Felisin’s plotlines will figure into this I can’t guess.

Mention libertarianism, and most would think of such figures as Milton Friedman, Robert Nozick, Ayn Rand (though she was in fact an Objectivist and would loathe being called a libertarian, but her political philosophy is essentially libertarian), Ron Paul, and Murray Rothbard. What the above class of people has in common is that they existed in the American milieu. They are part of the American libertarian tradition. It should be noted however that libertarianism as a term did not originate in America. As with most things American, the term was imported from foreign sources, from the European countries. But the mainstream usage of the term libertarianism has since been co-opted by the Americans. Mention libertarianism in Great Britain and Europe however, and some of the locals would think of radically different terms from their American counterpart—some of which would seem to the American libertarian to be contradictions in terms—terms such as libertarian socialism (socialism! gasp!), libertarian communism (communism! gasp!), and anarchism (another term that is being expropriated by a group of American right-wingers in Alabama—the so-called anarcho-capitalists at the Ludwig von Mises Institute). Few mainstream libertarians I have met are aware of their own intellectual history. I think they would be very surprised if they flipped through some history books. There have been attempts though by these libertarians to give a historical account of their own political philosophy, such as this Cato Institute (a prominent mainstream libertarian think-tank) article titled “The Roots of Modern Libertarian Ideas”. But what it is in fact is a dishonest whitewashing of actual libertarian history, completely leaving out certain crucial historical periods and key libertarian philosophers (with whom the Cato libertarians disagree very vehemently of course). The article amounts to nothing but a propagandistic attempt at rewriting history through their narrow conception of the libertarian narrative. The first person to use the term libertarian was in fact the French writer Joseph Déjacque, a—wait for it…—communist anarchist (!), in 1857, in a critical letter to the socialist and mutualist philosopher P.J. Proudhon, describing the latter as a “moderate anarchist, liberal, but not libertarian”. What Déjacque has done, according to Shawn Wilbur (an anarchist/mutualist scholar), is to have invoked a “fine tradition, of calling your opponents ‘just liberals,’ rather than ‘real libertarians.’” Since then, libertarianism has been used by the radical libertarian left to quasi-synonymously mean communism, socialism, and anarchism. Mainstream libertarians have always prided themselves on “transcending” the left-right spectrum. In one sense it is true, if we take the left-right spectrum to mean the mainstream conservative-liberal dichotomy. But if we look at the left and the right historically, their long-held positions on certain issues of authority, hierarchy, property, culture, social and economic organization, and so forth, their differences become distinct. Mainstream libertarians are in fact right-wingers—right-libertarians. What I mean is that these people either favor certain values that are distinctly to the right and do not oppose certain things that left-libertarians think should be opposed. An important example is the issue of property. Right-libertarians favor private property—i.e. private ownership of the means of production, to be distinguished from personal property—which left-libertarians view as being one chief source of harmful authority. Social hierarchy and domination emerge when one group of people own the means of production—the means of sustaining life—and the rest, in order to survive, have no choice but to subordinate themselves to labor for the former group. A class of capitalists and wage laborers result. The upper class, the middle class, and the working class are phenomena caused by the current private propertarian system, so is the problem of vast income inequality that vexes many today—which as left-libertarians see, cannot be in any way reduced or resolved unless the current private propertarian system is dismantled so that a more libertarian and egalitarian (<–no contradiction there) system can be erected to replace it. Another source of harmful authority is the Corporation. Christopher Hitchens, a renowned journalist and man of the left, said in his only Reason Magazine (a mainstream libertarian publication) interview that he found “libertarians more worried about the over-mighty state than the unaccountable corporation.” He was of course referring to the right-libertarians. Left-libertarians on the other hand have always been opposed to the corporate form. Noam Chomsky called corporations “unaccountable private tyrannies”, many of which have traversed the globe destroying people’s lives, properties, and economies especially in the Third World and in countries like Burma and Argentina, cooperating with fascistic nation-states in pursuit of natural resources, building and supplying weapons to warmongering nation-states in pursuit of profit, causing irreversible environmental damage, and so forth. It perplexes me that not more right-libertarians are arguing for the abolition of the corporation since it is in the first place created and sustained by the State. In opposing private property and the corporation, what are left-libertarians arguing for? Workers’ self-determination as in freedom from being ordered around by a boss and egalitarianism as in equality of opportunity and social equality (non-hierarchical social relations), among other things. And here I want to bring in the related concept of democracy that most people endorse. If democracy means a form of governance in which everyone have equal say in the making of decisions (and not as right-libertarians love to define as “tyranny of the majority”), then I don’t see why it has to be limited to politics. Extend it to the workplace, where it is now the most undemocratic and dictatorial of places, and beyond. Choosing to only focus their attention on the public tyranny of the State, right-libertarians miss out and in some cases even endorse many forms of private tyranny. One can say therefore that left-libertarians have a thicker and more robust conception of liberty. They not only want freedom in the personal sphere and in civil society, they desire freedom in the workplace and in all areas of life. Right-libertarians only want freedom from the authority of the State. Left-libertarians, whom I have shown to be more consistently anti-authoritarian and libertarian, want freedom from all harmful authority and the freedom to pursue their values and lives unconstrained. Or as Emma Goldman, an individualist communist anarchist (<–no contradiction there also), put it:

Analysis of the origins of black carbon and carbon monoxide transported to Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in China. A novel back-trajectory approach was adopted to determine the origins of black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) transported to Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Results showed that the transport efficiency was controlled mainly by mid-latitude westerlies in winter, the South Asian monsoon in summer and prevailing westerly and northwesterly winds in spring and autumn. Hebei was identified as the most important source region of both BC (respectively accounting for 55% and 49%) and CO (39% and 38%) transported to Beijing and Tianjin. Inner Mongolia contributed more to the effective emission intensity (EEI) in winter than in summer for both BC and CO transported to Beijing and Tianjin. Shandong was responsible for higher EEI in summer than in winter. The six provinces making the greatest contributions to BC transported to Hebei were Shandong (19%), Shanxi (19%), Inner Mongolia (17%), Beijing (11%), Henan (11%), and Tianjin (10%), whereas those making the greatest contributions to CO transported to Hebei were Shandong (20%), Inner Mongolia (10%), Tianjin (9%), Henan (9%), Shanxi (9%), and Beijing (8%). In summary, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Tianjin and Shanxi were determined as the dominant source regions of not only BC but also CO transported to Beijing. Hebei, Shandong, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Liaoning and Shanxi were relatively important source regions for Tianjin. Shandong, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Henan, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jiangsu and Anhui were the main source regions for Hebei. Residential and industrial sectors were the dominant sectors for BC and CO transported to the receptors, respectively. These results are consistent with the results of previous studies. Finally, comparing the observed ΔBC/ΔCO ratio with the enhancement ratio of the EEI of BC with that of CO (ΔEEIBC/ΔEEICO) at Miyun site, we further confirmed that the EEI can be used to represent the amounts of BC and CO reaching receptors.

Q: unix: looping through results of find command I have a find command that outputs as I would like (it looks for files with strelka in the name and ends with .vcf): find . -name *strelka* | grep '.vcf$' But I want to then iterate over each and perform additional stuff. To simply experiment, I'm just having it do a line count on each file (but ultimately I would want to do more in the end, this is just me playing around), but it already doesn't seem to work. I have : for i in find . -name \*strelka\* | grep '.vcf$'; do wc -l $i; done Anyone know what is wrong with this? A: Use find . -name '*strelka*.vcf', thereby avoiding the grep and letting you use find ... -exec Either pipe into xargs, or use -exec: find . -name '*strelka*.vcf' | xargs wc -l find . -name '*strelka*.vcf' -exec wc -l '{}' \; Prefer the latter, for various reasons. Your approach (with a $(...) around your find) is OK, except: You'll have grief if there are spaces in filenames. (You'd have grief with xargs too - there's a way round that involving \0, but it's a bit arcane.) You'll exceed the command line length limit if there are too many matching files. A: Assuming you are using a recent (4.0 or greater) version of bash, you don't need to use find for this; a file pattern is sufficient, along with the globstar option. shopt -s globstar for i in **/*strelka*.vcf; do wc -l $i done For a small number of files, you can probably just use wc -l **/*strelka*.vcf For a large number of files, find -name '*strelka*.vcf' -execdir wc -l '{}' + is most efficient.

Q: Can main() and its parameters have attributes? In standard C++, can the main function and its parameters have attributes? For example, is this following legal? [[noreturn]] int main() { std::abort(); } or something like [[nodiscard, carries_dependency]] int main(int argc [[maybe_unused]], char * argv [[carries_dependency, maybe_unused]] []) { /* ... function body omitted ... */ } A: Yes, it is legal. There is no wording in the C++ standard (in [basic.start.main], [dcl.attr], or elsewhere) to prevent any of this. One can even mark main() as [[deprecated]] if wanted.

That's why she seemed so familiar, she looks like her and has a computer backpack just like Velma could pull a large computer out of no where. The only part I figured out is she's voiced by the same voice actress who did Rika in Digimon.

Q: Easy Frontend/GUI for Python I have seen a few solutions to this, but I want to know what the absolute best front-end solution is for my application. I'm making a basic web app, that needs a front end capable of taking in input and storing it, then display it later. I need an easy to learn a solution that works with Python 3, I have tried tkinter but that was a little confusing, and most of the documentation is for Python 2, I have also seen Flask and Django, but I'm not 100% sure what exactly they are. Any help would be much appreciated. A: There's no "absolute best front-end", the choice depends entirely on what you're trying to achieve. First and foremost you should do more reading; tkinter is certainly not a web development framework. Flask and Django are. If you're not sure what they do, then again there's some reading ahead of you. My recommendation would be to go with Flask, as it's relatively nice & easy. Plus, deployment of Flask apps is made quite easy with popular cloud providers. You might want to check out Dash, as it makes development of analytical web applications exceptionally easy. Is it the best? All depends on your application. Again, there's no "best" - there's just a good fit. I can tell you Django isn't (yet!) for you.

Wednesday, October 6, 2010 In Which Adam Spends Too Much Time and Energy Pondering Over What Having Stretchy Powers Entails Wednesday! Along with the yellow oval underneath Batman's chest emblem, we started getting Elongated Man as a back-up story. While I have nothing against J'Onn J'Onzz or Roy Raymond, TV Detective, I found Ralph and Sue Dibny's stories a lot more entertaining. And hey! Why not start the day with some Fun with Out of Context Dialogue?(tm!): Over the years, Ralph's powers were a little undefined, depending on who wrote the story. But basically, Ralph was only supposed to be able stretch. Thusly: Personally, I can wiggle my ears, but it kind of freaks me out that Ralph was able to use his nose as an appendage. I mean, no matter how large my nose became, I don't think I would have the muscular control to wrap it around a pistol like that. I think the fact that he's referring to his nose as an "elephant's trunk" is our clue that the writer over-stepped Ralph's abilities to stretch. And there's also this: This kind of makes more sense to me, because the muscles in your arms make smacking someone with your elbow an easy thing to do. So while I question that stretching gives you the ability to use your nose as an eleventh finger, things like smacking someone with an outstretched arm, leg, elbow, knee, etc. made perfect sense. This, however, confuses me: Stretching does not equal giganticism. Ralph is not Plastic Man, who could actually change his shape. Ralph stretches, the end. Is anyone of the opinion that you could actually stretch your hand and make it bigger, thereby making it a plausible use of his powers? In this particular run, Ralph's stretching powers are all over the map, and I'm thinking we may have crossed the line here. If this was a "legal" use of the power, why didn't Ralph stretch out his chest to make himself appear more buff? He was vain enough to do it back in the day. I'm thinking "stretching" means "extending," and they went a little too far. Your thoughts? It also bothered me when Mr. Fantastic would become a bouncing ball. I don't think stretching means you can do that, either. And hey, did you know there was a Plastic Man tv pilot pitched to the Cartoon Network? Ah, what could have been. 5 comments: Of course, Sue Dibny and Sue Storm Richards were grateful for their hubbys' ...er...talents! Reminds me of Fred Hembeck's "Comic Book Newlywed Game" strip: Bob Ewebanks: "What's the most unusual place you and Reed've made whoopee?"Sue Richards: "The kitchen and the bedroom."Bob: "Well, we can only take one answer, Sue, so…"Sue: "No, you don’t understand, Bob.I was in the kitchen, Reed was in the bedroom....." Luffy, the rubbery hero of One Piece, can make his body parts gigantic, but only by inflating his bones (!) first. Plus, it has the nasty side effect of leaving him shrunken and vulnerable for a few minutes afterwards. About Me Be My Facebook Pal! Subscribe to CMNS! Review and Revenue Policies This site supports itself. Time and materials needed to bring you the laughs is a labor of love from me to you. However, there are a countless number of innocent souls out there who do need your support. Find your nearest Animal Rescue group with this link and dontate your time, money and love to them. Thanks! This site will consider reviewing any comic book-related media, including (but not limited to) graphic novels, television programs, movies, music, PC software, banana bread and video games. However, no compensation of any kind will be expected or accepted. Please contact comicsmakenosense (at) gmail (dot) com for submission guidelines. I reserve the right to say anything I dang well please (or nothing at all) about anything. If you don't like it, start your own blog. I'm certainly not stopping you.

Neighbourhood income gradients in hospitalisations due to motor vehicle traffic incidents among Canadian children. To investigate income gradients in motor vehicle traffic injury hospitalisation for vehicle occupants and pedestrians/cyclists among children in urban and rural Canada. Four years (2001/02-2004/05) of acute-care hospitalisation discharge records for children aged 0-19 years were analysed. International Classification of Disease codes were used to determine hospitalisations due to motor vehicle traffic incidents for occupants and pedestrians/cyclists. Rates of injury (per 10 000 person years) were calculated by neighbourhood income quintiles for urban and rural areas. Among children (0-19 years), rates of vehicle occupant hospitalisation were higher in rural (5.07, 95% CI 4.90 to 5.25) than urban areas (2.08, 95% CI 2.03 to 2.14). In rural areas, children from lower income neighbourhoods had higher vehicle occupant hospitalisation rates than those from the richest neighbourhoods (5.52, 95% CI 5.13 to 5.93 vs 4.30, 95% CI 3.97 to 4.66). In urban areas vehicle occupant hospitalisation rates were similar among children from the poorest and richest neighbourhoods--but higher among children from middle income neighbourhoods. In urban areas, but not rural areas, the hospitalisation rate for pedestrians/cyclists systematically increased with decreasing neighbourhood income. In urban areas the pedestrian/cyclist hospitalisation rate was four times higher for children from the poorest (1.40, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.57) than from the richest (0.34, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.43) neighbourhoods. While vehicle occupant and pedestrian/cyclist motor vehicle traffic injuries are more frequent among children from lower income neighbourhoods, gradients are most pronounced for pedestrians/cyclists in urban areas.

Q: Optimalization of sum $f(x_i, x_j)$ for all $i < j$ pairs through permutation only? $\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}$Can something be said about the difficulty of minimizing the quantity $$g(x) = \sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=i+1}^n f(x_i, x_j)$$ of some string of symbols $x \in \Sigma^n$ solely through permuting $x$? That is, finding $$\underset{\sigma\in S_n}{\argmin}\ g(\sigma(x))$$ $f: \Sigma \times \Sigma \to \mathbb{R}$ is here a black-box function with no other properties. A: Your problem is at least as hard as the NP-hard problem called Minimum Feedback Arc Set. Consider a directed graph and set $f(u,v)=1$ if it contains an arc from $u$ to $v$, and $0$ otherwise. Then your problem corresponds to finding a minimum feedback arc set: a minimum set of arcs whose removal yields a directed acyclic graph (DAG). From such a DAG, one can obtain the desired permutation using a topological sort, and the corresponding value of $g$ will be the size of the feedback arc set. Moreover, the problem of deciding whether there is a permutation $\sigma$ with $g(\sigma(x))\leq k$ is in NP: just guess the permutation and compute $g$.

Navigation Win 8 Help / VS 11 Help posted Oct 22, 2011, 7:07 AM by Robert Chandler The new Visual Studio 11 help "Help Viewer 2.0" runtime will be used for Windows 8 F1 help. This is good news for those of us who have been waiting for an open Unicode help system. Currently no release dates available on either product. For more information read these blogs...

‘Well, this is weird, isn’t it?” says Damon Albarn. Six days ago, he was in Mexico City, playing with Gorillaz. Now, he and his bandmates in the Good, the Bad & the Queen are in Kent, taking turns to explain their second album in a fake American diner adjacent to the Maidstone studio where they will be performing on Later … with Jools Holland. The seats are regulation red leatherette, and there are pictures on the wall of Stevie Wonder circa 1980’s Hotter Than July, a Ford truck and a Route 66 sign. And under glaring lights, as he picks at a vegetarian dinner in a polystyrene box, Albarn is talking about things that feel as if they have no place here at all: English folk myths; the north of England’s coastal resorts; his family’s background in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire – and, more than anything, Brexit. Harking back almost 25 years, he describes the new album as “the next instalment of Parklife. Like Parklife is a world, this is another world. Not entirely the real world, but not entirely far off it.” Merrie Land comes nearly 12 years after its predecessor. Like that record, this one was created by Albarn, former Clash bassist Paul Simonon, the trailblazing Nigerian drummer Tony Allen and guitarist/keyboard player Simon Tong (late of the Verve). After that, the similarities end. As if to illustrate the kind of openness and diversity that Albarn thinks Brexit might imperil, the new album has a broader musical palette. Not for nothing has Simonon described Merrie Land as a work of “modern English folk music with a bit of rub-a-dub in it”. “This time around, people can dance,” says Allen, a youthful 78, with the easy confidence that comes from having made breathtakingly original music since the 1960s. “Even without getting up, they can still have their body moving to the music. Everything is in there. With the first record, people asked me: ‘Tony Allen – what the fuck are you doing on this album? We don’t hear you.’ This time around, nobody’s going to ask me that. They can hear me on every track.” Brexit is wrong. Jacob Rees-Mogg and people in Blackpool should never be together The biggest shift, though, is in the album’s theme. The first record portrayed the murky, bohemian parts of Albarn and Simonon’s west London home turf. To evoke the contorted confusion of Brexit, Merrie Land widens its focus beyond the capital and has an even sharper sense of place. There are moments when Albarn suspends his usual fondness for dealing in mood and texture, rather than lyrical specifics, and clearly speaks his mind. The title track is a perfect example, featuring more pointedly political lyrics than Albarn has ever previously written. One of its most plainspoken passages questions the strange alliance between a swathe of working-class Brexit voters and the privately educated opportunists who style themselves as their leaders: “You were the ones who work together / Put the money in the pockets / Of the few and their fortunes / Who crowd the school benches / And jeer at us all because they don’t care about us / They are graceless and you shouldn’t be with them.” Watch the video for Merrie Land He doesn’t understand why so many people apparently are with “them”. “That’s what I’m really upset about,” he says. “But because my family come from the north, and I grew up in Essex in the 80s, I can feel a great affinity with [Brexit voters] as well. “But this” – he means Brexit – “is wrong. Jacob Rees-Mogg and people in Blackpool should never be together. Unless Jacob Rees-Mogg is prepared to go to Blackpool on a Saturday night and have a fucking great time.” The referendum result arrived a few hours before Albarn and the Orchestra of Syrian Musicians were set to perform at Glastonbury 2016. “We had this great performance ready and none of the Syrians could really understand why a lot of us were so upset and shocked,” he says. “If I’d had any idea that we were going to act as a people in the way that we have – prior and post – I would definitely have come back a lot earlier, if you know what I mean. As a person who loves their country, I would have expressed a very strong opinion. In public.” Does he regret not having done that? “Well, I had no idea. I don’t know if I should tell you this. It’s too political …” He mentions Ian Birrell, the journalist who briefly worked as David Cameron’s speechwriter. He and Albarn co-founded Africa Express, an organisation that aims to break down cultural barriers by bringing together musicians from different countries. “He texted Cameron on Thursday [the day of the vote], just at the airport before we were flying to Bristol, to say: ‘What do you think is going to happen?’ And the text came back: ‘It’s going to be fine.’ “So I would imagine there were quite a few people who were surprised. It was very strange. Strange times. And from that point onwards, I’ve been thinking about how to express how I feel about it all.” I wanted to begin to understand how this abyss had opened up in the centre of our culture Some of Merrie Land’s key songs began to cohere in Blackpool, where 67.5% of voters backed Brexit. “The day after the referendum, I realised I was … guilty, in the sense of having looked in different directions,” Albarn explains. “I’ve played the big towns in England, which is what you get drawn into. But I wanted to begin to understand how this abyss had opened up in the centre of our culture. And Blackpool, maybe from the time I’d been there with Blur, just fascinated me. It was partly about memory: those pictures of everyone dressed beautifully, hanging out on the sand. And the modern Blackpool. The hedonism. The families who look after the piers and are still trying to make a go of it. The tower, which is sturdy and magnificent. You also get into the anti-fracking campaign in the countryside not that far away. It’s just a whole musical terrain.” Albarn, Simonon and Tong spent a week there working on new material in January 2017. The album was going to focus on Blackpool, but its scope widened when Albarn began an on-off odyssey around the country, fitted in between two years of touring with Gorillaz. “I was observing,” he says. “Watching, listening. Just taking it all in, like a fine wine,” he laughs. “I went to St Albans. I went to Banbury, Oxford and Luton. Liverpool, Southend. I just walked around – had a cup of tea somewhere, or went to a pub. I wasn’t interviewing people: I was on these quiet, meditative pilgrimages to towns I’d never been to, to learn more about where I came from.” The music they wrote suggests no end of ghosts: off-key pub pianos, bass recorders, an abundance of old-school organ that instantly evokes the British seaside. A song called Lady Boston has the most vivid sense of place, pushing the record out of England and into Wales. It was inspired by Albarn’s visit to Penrhyn castle, near Bangor, a Victorian stately home built using the inherited proceeds from slavery in Jamaica. The band returned there to record the finished song, which has a Welsh-language refrain sung by the Penrhyn male voice choir: “Dwi wrth dy gefn”, which roughly translates as, “I’ve got your back.” “It has a sense of, ‘We rely on each other’,” says Albarn. “We live on this stroppy little island, and we need to talk to each other. But have we not just spent the last couple of years going round in circles? As Danny Dyer said, it’s a mad riddle. Or you could say it’s an Anglo-Saxistentialist crisis.” What does he mean? “I was looking through stuff not that long ago, and I found a front page of the Sun from the Britpop era. I’d written on a bit of it in Biro when I was doing Parklife: ‘Anglo-Saxistentalism’. I thought: ‘That’s weird – that’s what I’m talking about now.’ In the most crass form, we say we want our country back. But you need to know what your country is before you want it back. And part of that is understanding who we are. We’re Vikings. We’re Anglo-Saxons. We’re French, Belgian, Nigerian, Caribbean, Ghanian, Somalian, Pakistani. To say, ‘We’re just this’ seems ridiculous to me. That’s all. That’s my biggest problem with [Brexit]: don’t limit yourself, guys. I don’t think we can afford to have that attitude. We need to be very outward-looking.” He returns to Blackpool, or somewhere like it. “That’s why we have all those piers. That’s a kind of metaphor for trying to reach out into the world.” The Good, the Bad & the Queen in London, 2018. Photograph: David Levene/Guardian For Simonon, Brexit fits awkwardly with his family background, which lies variously in the Belgian city of Liège, Nice and Whitby – and lots of the popular instincts that fed into the referendum result sit at odds with the band with which he cut his teeth. In the Clash documentary Westway to the World, made 18 years ago, Joe Strummer offered a boiled-down version of what they stood for: “We weren’t little Englanders. At least we had the suss to embrace what we were presented with: the world in all its weird varieties.” “That was a while ago, wasn’t it?” says Simonon, with a grim laugh. “People have grown up – or forgotten. I said to somebody recently: ‘If it wasn’t for the refugees, or immigrants, or people coming over here to work by invitation, there’d be a strong element of the Clash that wouldn’t have existed.’ This album is called Merrie Land, which kind of alludes to people’s nostalgic, sentimental vision of how England used to be. And it never really existed.” So, as the hour of Brexit approaches, what should we do? When I ask Albarn how he feels about a second referendum, he says that “the question wasn’t right in the first place. It should have been: ‘Who are we, and who do we want to become?’ We’ve started to have that conversation. It’s complicated, but there are no easy answers.” He says he will vote Labour at the next election, “but it doesn’t mean I agree with everything they stand for. I’d vote to keep the maximum dialogue possible with our neighbours.” And a little later, he offers this: “On certain days, I just feel like going on to Parliament Square with a handmade placard saying: ‘What are you doing?’ Cos I don’t know what they’re doing. I don’t know why they think this is such a good idea – for the England that I love, and why this is going to be a good thing for us as a culture. It’s King Arthur stuff, really,” he says, and he mimes pulling on a large object. “The placard from the stone! Oh dear …” The key thing is that, in the midst of endless Brexit cacophony, he knows he has something vital to contribute, and if it sits outside the binary language of politics, that’s half the point. “I want to add another voice,” Albarn says. “And I’m going to do it with my music.” He pauses for emphasis. “And with this band.” • Merrie Land is released on Studio 13 on 16 November

Heads And Tails Heads and Tails is a solitaire card game which uses two decks of playing cards. It is mostly based on luck. First, a row of eight cards are dealt; this is the "Heads" row. Then 8 piles of 11 cards are dealt; this is reserve. Below them is another row of eight cards, the "Tails" row. The object of the game is to free one Ace and one King of each suit and build each of them by suit; the Aces are built up to Kings while the Kings are built down to Aces. Only the cards on the Heads and Tails rows are available to play on the foundations or on either the Heads or Tails row; the eight piles are used only to fill gaps. The cards on the Heads or Tails rows can be built either up or down by suit; building can change direction, but Aces cannot be built onto Kings and vice versa. When a gap occurs on either the Heads or the Tails row, it is filled by the top card of the reserve pile immediately below or above it (depending on which row the gap is). But when a gap occurs above or below an empty pile, two different rule sets say the gap is filled with: The top card of the pile to the immediate left of the empty pile (Solsuite, BVS Solitaire Collection) The top card of any other pile. (Pretty Good Solitaire) The game is won when all cards are built onto the foundations. Category:Double-deck patience card games Category:Planners

Between 1968 and 1971 the Coca Cola company worked on a series of advertisements loosely grouped together as the “Real Thing Campaign”. You might be old enough to remember one of them from 1971 – the famous inter-racial song on the hillside: “I’d like to buy the world a Coke…” which ended with the refrain “It’s the real thing…”. Would you know the real thing if it kicked you in the backside? Would the “Real Thing” fulfil your expectations or defy them? Maybe you’ve spent years yearning for something you knew so well that you could almost taste it. You’d recognize it a kilometre away - this or that opportunity – this or that perfect person. You’ll have fleshed out the desired thing in your imagination during sleepless nights. It will look like this – he or she will be like that. The imaginary thing or person or occasion or opportunity has grown quite specific. You could draw a picture of it. You're waiting, then, for something just like that to wander into view so that you can hop up and shout “bingo”? Give it a sec. You’ve built up in your mind an idea of what the real thing will look like. You’re the one supplying its arms and legs, setting out the rules by which it will work, what it looks like, sounds like and smells like. That might pose a problem for you out there in the real world. I suggest that when you finally do encounter a “Real Thing” it will be a bit strange and it will be strange precisely because it’s not you. It is not the product of your imagination. It does not resemble your own face staring back up at you from the depths of the well. In our reading from Matthew’s Gospel this Sunday, John the Baptist has already been put into prison by Herod Antipas. His days are numbered and he has time to think. He has time, even, to fret. He sends his disciples to Jesus to ask him if he’s the real thing or should they keep on looking. John, you will remember, has publicly recognized Jesus as God’s lamb, as the coming Messiah and as one more worthy than himself. But he is now assailed by a doubt: something about Jesus’ ministry has not conformed to what he, John, had imagined. And so he needs to ask. Jesus words are that the benefits of his ministry are abundant and obvious. The blind, the deaf, the lepers, the lame and even the dead will all attest to its power. Jesus finishes, however, with these words: “Blessed is he who takes no offense at me”. Jesus ministry will not be tamed by the cultivated hopes of either the great or the small of Israel. You may not control the answer to your greatest desire. What comes to you from God is not generated or limited by your own imagination. Be encouraged and even delighted by its strangeness. Discomfort may be the greatest proof that something real has entered the world—there to be met and known and followed. Friday, 25 November 2016 A statement. There is no question mark:You have enough information to know that the school bus is coming or that you risk being late for work if the traffic is heavy. No doubt it’s tax time somewhere in the world.The mailing limit for Christmas presents is almost here.Don’t you owe the world a better degree of attention? What do folk say in response? Answers are at the ready:How time flies—where have the years gone—goodness is it that time already?Time, it seems, is something which catches up with us like a predator. We present ourselves as victims of time. A quick survey of the readings during the four Sundays in Advent reveals that there are lots of people not payingattention to the movements in the world and the movements of the Kingdom of God which are happening around them. A voice cries in the wilderness—a young woman conceives a child in a provincial backwater—a stump produces a shoot—the thief arrives in the dead of night. We’re not alone. Plenty of people are not paying attention. Which makes you special, then. This Sunday you are going to be privy to what Jesus said to his disciples : Keep awake, therefore... or there amongst the Christians of Rome to whom Paul wrote: You know what time it is, how it is now the moment for you to wake from sleep. You have choices to make and a life to be greeted with open eyes and clear vision. There is darkness to put off from us, to cast out from within us and to resist around us. There is never enough time for those who will not redeem the time they have been given by being wakeful. God is at work in the world and you are invited to join him. The time is now—in this mortal life. Now—in the year which begins this Sunday. Here—in the place where we live and amongst these people beside us. If it was the latter, for example, do remember that people emerge from all sorts of things – World Wars, state imposed famines in Russia or China, the Holocaust and the Armenian or the Rwandan Genocide, the fall of the Roman Empire, the Thirty Years War or the War of the Roses.In the midst of the events it will appear to those on the losing end as if the real world or perhaps just the ‘known world’ were ending.If you tacked up a sign or scrawled some graffiti on a wall which captured the beleaguered community’s self-diagnosis or the spirit of that moment it might well read: “No Exit”. There’s something quite cold, then, about the archaeologist or historian who treats this or that ten-year or even fifty-year period - as if it were just another chapter in the human story.You want to scream at them as they dig around toppled Corinthian columns or through the layers of bones of an ancient gravesite: “Have you no empathy?Don’t you understand that the world ended here?” “But it didn’t”, she says to you over the top of her horn-rimmed specs, and points with her yardstick at the layers of civilization to be found above the burnt brick and the rubble.“Here – here and here”, she says, shrugs her shoulders and then looks at you as if you were some sort of pillock. In the small “apocalyptic” section of Luke’s Gospel, which we are reading this Sunday, Jesus uses three imperative verbs for his followers who will live in “interesting times” – outlining the things they are to do or not do: Verse 8: “Watch”. From the fact that Jesus needs to say this to folks who are obviously already looking around and observing, we must conclude that the word contains some sense that discernment is more than just observation.Open your eyes and cultivate an eagerness to see something beyond the mere facts of victory, loss and change. Verse 14: “Decide now that you will not make up your mind ahead of time about what to say” in your defence or in the defence of your party or your ideals. Verse 19: “In your endurance (or patience) acquire/possess/gain your soul”.Most English translations of the New Testament cast this as a future verb (“In your endurance you will gain your soul”) but the verb is an imperative in the original Greek text. An imperative is an instruction. There is very little which is automatic about the process.You must choose to follow it.Waiting can just be waiting - a fruitless exercise.But you, the faithful follower of Jesus, have taken the first two imperatives seriously, which makes such patience a fruitful exercise. Discerning rather than merely watching (v.8), and refusing to cloud that discernment by anticipating every evil outcome ahead of time (v.14), you open the door to the full possession of your own self, in its novelty and openness to God and to the world (v.19). What could be better? What could be more necessary right now? Friday, 14 October 2016 “…because this widow keeps bothering me, I will grant her justice, so that she may not wear me out by continually coming.” We’ve all known somebody like this widow – a person who will not take no for an answer.If we find ourselves in a difference of opinion with such a man or woman we muse to ourselves that it won’t be a question of ifshe (or he) wins the battle but merely a question of when.Jesus exercises a sense of humour when he pits this widow against a corrupt judge and the scene ends with the judge on his front doorstep in slippers and housecoat rewriting his judgement there and then in the widow’s favour just to be rid of the woman. A few commentators note that English Bibles usually soften the widow’s fearsomeness in saying that the judge worries about being “worn down” by the constant complaints of the widow.The Greek verb comes from the world of boxing and refers to a darkening of the face.The judge is worried about getting a black eye one of these days.Crooked judges are not immune to the persistence of nagging plaintiffs, says Jesus, so why would your heavenly father (who, after all, is not an unjust judge) be deaf to the constant and persistent prayer of his children?Now, you might pray for the wrong thing.You could pray for things which you may not or cannot and, ultimately, do not receive.God is not a soda machine which distributes the desired product when the button is pressed. But... What you must abandon foreveris the thought that once you ask politely on asingle occasion you must, from then on, hold your piece at the risk of being rude.Before prayer is a concise request for a particular thing it is a conversation in space and over time and a relationship between you and your maker. Your words and your feelings are a key component to it. Prayer should make room for strong language.It allows for a heated comparison of the promises of God with the way things have actually turned out.It will beneficially contain elements of your anger, sorrow and outrage. The unrighteous judge says to himself:Here she comes again in high dudgeon, with her papers and her affidavits and her high pitched voice.He looks forward to the encounter with dread and wishes it over. Your heavenly father sees you coming as well. He knows what you want and he knows what you need.Heanticipates the fruits your conversation will bear and does not, in fact, want rid of you. Friday, 30 September 2016 The Lord replied, "If you had faith the size of a mustard seed, you could say to this mulberry tree, `Be uprooted and planted in the sea,' and it would obey you. Similar sayings of Jesus in Mark’s and in Matthew’s Gospels juxtapose mustard seeds with mountains instead of mulberry trees. The phrase “faith that moves mountains” has found a home in our language as a figure of speech. I’d say “You get the drift” except I’m not sure you and I always do get the drift. We might assume that the apostles are asking for the faith necessary to perform unthinkable miracles: to strike their enemies dumb, to heal the one-legged at tent meetings or to teleport mountains and mulberry trees through air and water. Are ordinary people here asking (and should we be asking, therefore) to be given superhuman powers? The apostles ask Jesus to increase their faith. I hear echoes of the father in the 9th chapter of Mark whose child has a convulsing spirit. This father is asked whether he believes Jesus can heal his son. He cries out “I do believe, help my unbelief” It might profit us to consider the request which these people make (“increase our faith” - “help my unbelief”) rather than Jesus’ more memorable answer. What do these people believe they are lacking? The apostles, like the father from Mark 9, stand on the edge of a world which shows itself to be the Kingdom when Jesus speaks and acts in it. We had grown used to seeing the world as a fixed place where the wheels turn as they must and where one thing leads inexorably to the next. Random chance might be our best hope in seeing our fortunes change. Jesus asks his followers to jump in with him and to see the world as the place where the sick son can be well again, as a place where we not only should but indeed can forgive our brother when he sins against us seven times and where we are now free to forswear the things which cause us and others to stumble. The old world still grips us in its claws but you, like these characters from the Gospels, are gathered at Jesus feet and have obeyed the summons into his presence. This is true whether you are a character in the Gospels or a contemporary man or woman who presents yourself in prayer and corporate worship to your living Lord. Are we to believe that faith, the quantity of which might even best be described as something the size of a mustard seed, is missing from us? Or has it simply not yet been used? It may not yet a normal tool in the conduct of your lives, in the facing down of conflicts, in your striving for justice in your place of work and in the hammering out of your path in life? This is the threshold upon which we stand - not the possession of faith but our willingness to use it. We have the seed in our hands. It needs to be planted in the ground upon which we live and work. Thursday, 8 September 2016 At the outset of this week’s Gospel reading, the scribes and the Pharisees expressed unhappiness about all the "low-life" to be found among the followers of Jesus: “This fellow welcomes sinners and eats with them”. Listen to what Jesus says at the end of the reading: “I tell you, there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner who repents.” If all we had were these two ends – the opening and the conclusion – we might conclude that some sinners work hard at this whole business of repentance and can overcome the stigma of their past behavior with a rigourous and athletic turnaround. These “deserving sinners” get cheered on by angels in heaven as they cross the finish line and join the righteous on the other side. In fact, the intervening two mini-parables (the Lost Sheep and the Lost Coin) are no testament whatsoever to the ability of the lost sheep to climb out of a deep chasm and work its way out of the heather and return to the sheepfold or of a coin to hoist its own shiny edge up between the floorboards and catch the woman’s attention in order to get itself found. God, says Jesus, is a shepherd. He will go to great lengths to find the one who is well and truly lost. God, says Jesus, is a poor widow. She will sweep the lengths of her house repeatedly until she finds the thing she has set out to find. The nature of the Good News that Jesus preaches is not that there now exists a novel way for men and women to work their way along the narrow path into the favor of heaven. The Good News is that God is at work looking for his children, energetically and relentlessly. The redeemed sinner is the handiwork of God and the fruits of God’s labour. Thursday, 7 July 2016 Jesus asks a lawyer to summarize the Law and the man obliges: We are to love God and we are to love our neighbour, he says. Jesus commends the lawyer for having come up with the right answer. The man then asks Jesus: “So who is my neighbour?” Our lawyer is not merely being difficult. This matters rather a lot. Luke tells us the story of their exchange in the Greek language and the word used for neighbour (plesios) merely describes “One who is near”. In a similar fashion, when St Jerome translated the Bible into Latin from Greek the word he chose to use here in this passage was proximus (“the one beside me”). Luther’s German New Testament uses the word nächster (as in “the nearest"). Our inclination, however, is to love those who are attached to us by blood, affection, background or common purpose. We will go out of our way to find some biblical warrant for it. So when the Greek Old Testament uses the word neighbour (plesios) to translate a Hebrew word, the word is most often a Hebrew word (re’a) best translated as “compatriot”. That’s better. Instead of referring to whoever happens to be standing next to me or living in the house next door the earlier word seems to refer to “One with whom one has something to do” You shall not take vengeance or bear any grudge against the sons of your own people but you shall love your neighbour (re’a) as yourself. Leviticus 19:18 We might conclude that the Greek language here is the odd man out and ill equipped to express the natural loyalty I feel towards those who are like me - towards the sons and daughters of my own people. This might have been the case except that Jesus then proceeds to tell a story which indicates that natural loyalty itself is the problem he wants to address. A Jewish man was set upon by thieves. Those with a natural kinship to him gave him a wide berth and left him lying wounded in the road while an ethnic enemy – the Samaritan for whom the parable is named – dressed the man’s wounds and paid for his lodging. Who then, asks Jesus, was neighbour to this man? I don’t need to tell anybody reading this that the events dominating our news media for the past few weeks in Britain, America and around the world are all wrapped up with the very question which the lawyer poses to Jesus: Who is my neighbour? Who am I connected to? Who can live in the place where I live? To whom do I owe love, protection and the assurance of their wellbeing. While I would not presume to oversimplify questions of migration, national identity or religious pluralism as they apply to the countries of our birth, I can’t help pointing out that Jesus goes out of his way to say that this natural inclination towards those who are most like us is wholly insufficient. 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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a digital-to-analog converter which converts a quantized digital signal into an analog signal, and more specifically, to an improvement in a current addition type digital-to-analog converter which uses weighted resistors. 2. Description of the Related Art FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional current addition type 16-bit digital-to-analog converter which uses weighted resistors. A 16-bit digital signal consisting of a train of pulses, each being quantized data "1" or "0", is applied to an input terminal IN. The pulses of the digital signal are successively stored in a shift register 1 in accordance with a shift clock input to a clock terminal CLK1. The digital signal stored in the shift register 1 is input to a latch 2 in accordance with a latch pulse which is input to a clock terminal CLK2 after all the 16 bits are stored in the shift register 1. 16 output terminals D0-D15 of the latch 2 are connected, through respective resistors R0-R15, to an inverting input terminal of an operational amplifier 3, which functions as an adder. The inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier 3 is coupled to an output terminal OUT thereof via a resistor R16, and a non-inverting input terminal thereof is grounded. The resistors R0-R16 each has a weighted resistance equal to a multiple of 2. More specifically, the following relationships are established: R16=2R15, R15=2R14, Rn=2Rn-1, ..., R1=2R0. Assuming that voltages output via the output terminals D0-D15 of the latch 2 are V0-V15 in the above-mentioned structure, an output voltage Vout of the operational amplifier 3 is: EQU Vout=(V15/R15+V14/R14+...+Vn/Rn+...+V0/R0)R16 Thus, when output data via the output terminals D0-D15a are "0", zero volt is generated, and when the output data are "1", 1 volt is generated. Thus, the 16-bit digital signal which consists of 16 data pieces, each having "1" or "0", and which is input to the input terminal IN are completely converted into an analog signal. For example, in a case where a 12-bit D/A converter is used so that it converts a 16-bit digital signal into an analog signal, it is necessary to omit any four bits of the 16 bits. (1) Normally, in many cases, four low-order bits are omitted. In a case where the digital signal ranges equally from the strongest sound to the weakest sound, the low-order bits are omitted. In this case, if the original digital signal has no distortion, an analog signal converted from the 12-bit digital signal does not deteriorate greatly. However, weak sound components expressed by the omitted four low-order bits are lost. (2) If there is no strong sound, four high-order bits are omitted. When weak sound components are meaningful, and strong sound components are not significant (or does not appear frequently), the four high-order bits are omitted. (3) Some high-order bits and some low-order bits are omitted. This method is intermediate between the above-mentioned methods (1) and (2) and suitable for cases where strong and weak sound components must be handled. It should be noted that none of the above-mentioned methods (1), (2) and (3) provide a dynamic range equal to or higher than 72 dB. Further, in each of the methods (1), (2) and (3), the input has information equal to 16 bits (92 dB), while each conventional method utilizes only 12 bits (72 dB). In the aforementioned circuit configuration, the precision of the resistance values of the resistors R0-R15 which serve as an input resistor of the operational amplifier 3 directly determines the converting precision of the digital-to-analog converter. In the 16-bit digital-to-analog converter, the resistance ratio of the resistor R16 to the resistor R0 is equal to 2.sup.16 (=65536). Assuming that the resistor R0 is selected to have a resistance equal to 10 k.OMEGA., the resistor R16 must have a resistance of 655.36 M.OMEGA.. It is difficult to realize such a high resistance by a highly precise resistor. When the aforementioned digital-to-analog converter is formed on a single LSI chip, it is necessary to form large resistor cells in order to secure the required resistance precision. This leads to an increase in the chip size. In order to overcome the problems as described above, a circuit is known which does not utilize a plurality of high-order and low-order bits. However, since predetermined high-order and low-order bits are always omitted, an output waveform may deteriorate greatly when input data mainly includes strong sound components or weak sound components.

A popular American burger company surprised Kiwi fans with a brief pop-up store today. In-N-Out burger fans were treated to limited classic California-style burgers, chips and drinks in Ponsonby, Auckland this afternoon. Diners had to be in quick - the food ran out within 90 minutes and doors closed at 1.30pm. Three In-N-Out staff were flown into Auckland to sell the burgers using New Zealand beef, but there are no further plans to open a permanent store here. The pop-up was the 28th 'testing kitchen' done around the world in the last three years, event co-ordinator at Soiree Events, Holly Bidwell said. The company is still focused on spreading its reach in the United States. The Ponsonby pop-up attracted a flurry of interest after just one advertisement ran in the Auckland City Harbour News, Bidwell said. Fast food fans took to Twitter to air their delight that an outlet was in town, and disappointment that it didn't last long. "I am so upset. I had NO idea In-n-Out Burger was in Ponsonby today. #PleaseComeBack," Vanessa @nessleberry tweeted. "This is a little crazy with the weather today I kind of feel like Im in LA 'In-N-Out Burger pop up store in Auckland", tweeted Abby Rose @byarose. In-N-Out burger is known for its neopolitan shakes and home-style Secret Menu that includes three-pattie burgers and grilled cheese sandwiches. It also allegedly has a swathe of celebrity fans including the likes of Beyonce and Kim Kardashian. Earlier this year Bloomberg reported the chain's 30-year-old owner and president is one of the worlds' youngest female billionaires, and refused to franchise to outside operators so as to retain control over the brand.

Introduction {#sec1-1} ============ Ununited fractures of clavicle are occasionally seen in adults, but are rarely found in children\[[@ref1][@ref2]\]. Post-traumatic non-union of the clavicle is a rare complication in adulthood with a frequency of about 1%. This condition is also exceptional in children, despite the frequency of clavicular fracture at any given age\[[@ref3][@ref4]\]. Clavicular fractures usually occur at the junction of the medial two third with the lateral one third of the bone and usually heal by conservative treatment within three weeks. Surgery is required in about one in 100 cases in which there is remaining deformity. Case Report {#sec1-2} =========== {#sec2-1} ### Patient one {#sec3-1} An 8-year-old male child presented with a right-sided clavicular fracture for one year. There was a history of fall while playing and the patient sustained injury to the right shoulder, which led to the fracture of the clavicle. Both swelling and severe pain were present. The patient had received treatment from an orthopedic surgeon with a figure 8 bandage for three weeks; however, the pain was not relieved. At one-year follow-up, the upper part of the chest, the bony prominence in the clavicular region and the overlying skin appeared normal. On palpation, there was bony protuberance at the site of the injury. There were no signs or symptoms of neurological deficit. All of the arterial pulses were present in the affected limb (i.e., axillary, brachial and radial). Movements of the shoulder were within normal range. On auscultation, no bruit was heard at the site of injury. Diagnosis was made following a radiograph of the right shoulder, which showed old, non-union of the clavicle at the junction of the medial two third with the outer one third. There was rounding of both ends without any callus formation ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The patient was treated conservatively with analgesics and shoulder exercise as the movements of the shoulder were within normal range. At one-year follow-up, the child was doing well. {#F1} ### Patient two {#sec3-2} A 26-year-old male patient presented with a history of fracture of the right clavicle six years ago. He received treatment from an orthopedic surgeon in Patna with figure 8 bandages and a shoulder sling for three weeks. The patient now complained of pain in the right shoulder with limitation of movement for one year. On local examination, there was no swelling or deformity and shoulder joint movements were within normal limits, up to 90%. There had been restriction of the movements of the shoulder joint, up to 10 degrees on internal and external rotation. All pulses were felt normally. A radiograph of the shoulder joint revealed an old, non-united fracture of the mid one third of the clavicle on the right side with no callus formation ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The patient was treated conservatively with analgesics and physiotherapy exercises. At a six-month follow-up visit, the patient was asymptomatic. {#F2} Discussion {#sec1-3} ========== Ununited fractures of the clavicle are rare\[[@ref1][@ref2]\]. The non-union rate has been reported to be between 0.1% and 15%\[[@ref5][@ref6]\]. Clavicular non-union is rarely asymptomatic and often results in disability from pain at the site of non-union, altered shoulder mechanics, or a compression lesion involving the underlying brachial plexus or vascular structures\[[@ref5]\]. Fractures of the clavicle are usually in the medial two third of the bone, which may result from a fall and subsequent outstretched hand during the fall. The lateral fragment is displaced forward and downward by the weight of the limb, while the medial fragment is held at a higher level by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The essential treatment is to support the weight of the limb by a sling tied over the opposite shoulder. The fractures are almost always clinically united within three weeks. About one in 100 fractures of the clavicle require primary surgical treatment. Rarely, a fragment may be displaced backward and endanger the subclavian vessels. Sir Robert Peel, who established the police force of Great Britain, died of a fractured clavicle which ruptured the subclavian vein. Peel was attended by Sir Benjamin Brodie who wrote, "The hemorrhage itself was the consequence of the subclavian vein having been lacerated by splinters of the fractured bone"\[[@ref3]\]. Cosmetically, it is best to treat clavicular fractures conservatively. If deformity persists at the bony ends of the clavicle after several months, surgical smoothening of these ends is indicated by a short incision in the line of the skin creases. This causes less deformity than the scarring resulting from more extensive operative procedures that may be required for primary open reduction with internal fixation. In addition, major surgical procedures may carry the risk of additional surgery for non-union\[[@ref4]\]. The majority of clavicular fractures can be effectively treated non-surgically\[[@ref7]\]. The non-union rate of fractures of the lateral end of the clavicle can rise to 37% when a nonsurgical treatment protocol is initially adopted. Reported results for the nonsurgical treatment of fractures of the clavicle have been uniformly positive; a combined series of over 3000 fractures showed a rate of non-union of 0.4%. Occult fracture has been well documented in the hip and the scaphoid and failure to recognize this type of fracture could lead to serious consequences. While clavicular fracture is often viewed as benign, it is important for patients to be aware that any fracture may impact expected time of recovery. In addition, complications such as non-union do occur and inadequate initial immobilization is a common cause\[[@ref5][@ref8]\]. Patients who have suffered a clavicular fracture often recover well in spite of the risk of non-union; fatal complications that may occur following vascular injuries are extremely rare. Fracture location and the type of immobilization have little effect on the final result or prognosis. Functional outcome is mainly determined by associated systemic and critical trauma. Conclusion {#sec1-4} ========== Careful attention should be paid when obtaining a detailed history and physical examinations, as traumatic arthritis at either clavicular joint may mimic the symptoms of non-union. The explicable evidence of osseous non-union on radiographs may be minor and may not correlate with the clinical symptoms. A patient with an atrophic pattern of non-union may become asymptomatic with time. Surgeons should be cautious when operating on the non-union merely due to its presence, although asymptomatic. If a surgical procedure is planned, possible outcomes should be communicated to the patient, including the possibility of additional surgery, if required. This study was completed in the Dr. Kundan Lal Hospital, Ahmedgarh-148021, District: Sangrur (Punjab), India.

Network reset: a simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function. Unraveling the functional role of neuromodulatory systems has been a major challenge for cognitive neuroscience, giving rise to theories ranging from a simple role in vigilance to complex models concerning decision making, prediction errors or unexpected uncertainty. A new, simplified and overarching theory of noradrenaline function is inspired by an invertebrate model: neuromodulators in crustacea abruptly interrupt activity in neural networks and reorganize the elements into new functional networks determining the behavioral output. Analogously in mammals, phasic activation of noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in time with cognitive shifts could provoke or facilitate dynamic reorganization of target neural networks, permitting rapid behavioral adaptation to changing environmental imperatives. Detailed analysis and discussion of extensive electrophysiological data from the locus coeruleus of rats and monkeys in controlled behavioral situations is provided here to support this view. This simplified 'new look' at locus coeruleus noradrenaline function redirects the challenge of understanding neuromodulatory systems towards their target networks, particularly to the dynamics of their interactions and how they organize adaptive behavior.

628 So.2d 773 (1993) George D. EUBANKS v. Jo Ann HALL. AV92000080. Court of Civil Appeals of Alabama. July 23, 1993. *774 D.E. Brutkiewicz, Jr., of Brutkiewicz Attorneys, Mobile, for appellant. Samuel N. Crosby and L. Brian Chunn of Stone, Granade, Crosby & Blackburn, P.C., Bay Minette, for appellee. THIGPEN, Judge. This is a malicious prosecution case. Jo Ann Hall filed suit against George D. Eubanks in September 1991, charging him with malicious prosecution and seeking $1 million in damages. She alleged that the complaint resulted from an arrest warrant which Eubanks had sworn against Hall, charging her with criminal charges, and that she sustained damages, including legal expenses, although the criminal proceedings terminated in her favor. Following a jury trial, the jury returned a verdict favoring Hall in the amount of $10,000, and the trial court entered a judgment accordingly. Eubanks appeals. Eubanks contends on appeal that the trial court erred in allowing certain testimony to be admitted at trial; that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict; and that the trial court improperly refused to use his proffered jury instructions regarding punitive damages. At the outset, we note that jury verdicts are presumed to be correct. Uphaus v. Charter Hospital of Mobile, 582 So.2d 1140 (Ala.Civ.App.1991). Malicious prosecution actions, however, are not favored in law, and face stringent limitations. Uphaus, supra. The elements of an action for malicious prosecution are: "(1) a judicial proceeding initiated by the defendant; (2) the lack of probable cause; (3) malice on the part of the defendant; (4) termination of the judicial proceeding favorably to the plaintiff; and, (5) damages." Empiregas, Inc., of Elberta v. Feely, 524 So.2d 626, 627 (Ala.1988). Testimony adduced at trial reveals that Eubanks apparently was tried in an August 1991 criminal proceeding, and, according to Hall, her husband testified against Eubanks. There is testimony that afterwards, Eubanks reportedly threatened to "get" the witnesses who testified against him. Hall testified that approximately one month after Eubanks's trial, she and another woman were cleaning crabs on Hall's property on Tensaw Island when Eubanks's son and his cousin began travelling on the river, yelling obscenities. Hall testified that when she and the other woman got into a boat to bait the crab baskets in the river, Eubanks's son and nephew deliberately maneuvered close to Hall's boat, splashing Hall with water. She testified that Eubanks's son was on a "kneeboard" and was riding in the water behind the boat, and that at that time, they came so close that she believed that their boat would hit them. She stated that he fell from the kneeboard, and that she and the other woman drove the boat over to him and accused him of trying to run over them. They then told the boys that they were going to call the water patrol. At trial, Eubanks's nephew disputed Hall's version of events. Eubanks's nephew testified that after the alleged incident, he called the police for Eubanks's son, and that Eubanks's son told the police that Hall cursed them, and that there was a paddle and gun involved. The nephew also testified that Eubanks actually signed the complaint at the police's behest, because Eubanks's son and nephew were too young to sign the complaint. Although Hall was charged with harassment and menacing, the trial court granted Hall's motion for judgment of acquittal in September 1991, and Hall filed suit against Eubanks for malicious prosecution that same month. Eubanks first contends that the trial court erred in admitting, over his objection, testimony regarding his prior acts. Jerry Crowe, another witness in Eubanks's criminal trial, testified that after that trial, Eubanks harassed him in various ways, including discharging firearms near Crowe's house, making numerous phone calls to him, and by harassing him while driving. A person's character, when offered for the purpose of showing his conduct on a specific occasion, *775 may not be proven by evidence of his specific acts or conduct. Mayfield v. State, 591 So.2d 143 (Ala.Crim.App.1991); C. Gamble, McElroy's Alabama Evidence, § 26.01 (4th ed. 1991). Hall argues that Crowe's testimony was proffered not to show that Eubanks acted in conformity therewith in signing the complaint, but rather to establish Eubanks's malice towards the witnesses who testified against him at his criminal trial. Malice, for purposes of a malicious prosecution action, may be inferred from want of probable cause or it may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding and attending prosecution. Thompson v. Kinney, 486 So.2d 442 (Ala.Civ.App.1986). "This is because malice is incapable of positive, direct proof and must out of necessity be rested on inferences and deductions from facts which are heard by the trier of fact." Thompson at 445. The element of malice may be inferred from the conduct of the defendant if no other reasonable explanation exists for his actions. Johnson v. Smith, 503 So.2d 868 (Ala.Civ. App.1987). Therefore, Crowe's testimony was admissible for the narrow purpose of establishing Eubanks's malice towards the witnesses. Eubanks next contends that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his motion for a directed verdict. A directed verdict in favor of a defendant is proper only when there is no evidence to support one or more of the elements in the plaintiff's cause of action. Smith v. Wendy's of the South, Inc., 503 So.2d 843 (Ala.1987). Eubanks argues that Hall had failed to prove he lacked probable cause for instigating the judicial proceedings against Hall. Probable cause is the state of facts which would lead a person of reasonable prudence to honestly believe that the claims put forth in the prior suit would prevail. Empiregas, supra. The issue of probable cause must go to a jury when the material facts are in dispute, as in this case. Harris v. Harris, 542 So.2d 284 (Ala.Civ.App.1989). The question of probable cause being a jury question, the trial court properly refused Eubanks's motion for a directed verdict. Eubanks last contends that the trial court erred in refusing to give one of his jury instructions. Specifically, the trial court refused Eubanks's request to charge the jury that in order to award punitive damages, the jury must find by "clear and convincing evidence" that he lacked probable cause to instigate criminal proceedings against Hall. Eubanks cites Ala.Code 1975, § 12-21-12(a), in support of this contention; however, this section establishes the "substantial evidence" rule for testing the sufficiency of evidence in rulings by the trial court and does not apply to the instant case. It appears that Eubanks intended to cite Ala.Code 1975, § 6-11-20, as requiring that the absence of probable cause be proven by clear and convincing evidence in awarding punitive damages. We find, however, that this statute requires "clear and convincing evidence" only for awarding punitive damages in cases of oppression, fraud, wantonness, or malice. Ala.Code 1975, § 6-11-20(a). Nowhere does this statute require that the absence of probable cause be proven by the same standard. Moreover, we find that the issue of punitive damages was properly submitted to the jury. See Delchamps, Inc. v. Larry, 613 So.2d 1235 (Ala.1992). A court cannot be reversed for its refusal to give a charge that is not expressed in the exact and appropriate terms of the law. Johnston v. Byrd, 279 Ala. 491, 187 So.2d 246 (1966). The trial court instructed the jury that it must be "reasonably satisf(ied)" that Eubanks had no probable cause to instigate the action against Hall, and this was not reversible error. See also Alabama Pattern Jury Instructions, § 24.05. Based on the foregoing, we find that the judgment of the trial court is due to be affirmed. AFFIRMED. ROBERTSON, P.J., and YATES, J., concur.

Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan. This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 10(2)-10(3)pgm(-3) order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13000 ng g(-1)) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad <or=0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs - decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants' exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.